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19:58:46',0),(37,'434d586a7289674ade6ba604b1a60ff5.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/089_434d586a7289674ade6ba604b1a60ff5.zip','application/zip',8764,'zip.gif','Žvaigždės','','attachments/089_434d586a7289674ade6ba604b1a60ff5.zip',62,89,1,'','','','2010-03-31 20:20:19','2010-03-31 20:20:19',0),(38,'148a7bc2e9d2c936c8136925184f37ff.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/087_148a7bc2e9d2c936c8136925184f37ff.zip','application/zip',5353,'zip.gif','Špera apie žvaigždynus','','attachments/087_148a7bc2e9d2c936c8136925184f37ff.zip',62,87,1,'','','','2010-03-31 20:39:30','2010-03-31 20:39:30',0),(39,'092a6cba072e0e15245bbf5204df2dfa.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/085_092a6cba072e0e15245bbf5204df2dfa.zip','application/zip',7320,'zip.gif','Žemės planetos kilmė ir raida','','attachments/085_092a6cba072e0e15245bbf5204df2dfa.zip',62,85,1,'','','','2010-03-31 20:48:37','2010-03-31 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19:19:45',0),(46,'9ddfadb83baf0c81d9d45b2450242050.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/078_9ddfadb83baf0c81d9d45b2450242050.zip','application/zip',5689,'zip.gif','Galaktikos išvaizdos','','attachments/078_9ddfadb83baf0c81d9d45b2450242050.zip',62,78,1,'','','','2010-04-05 19:34:02','2010-04-05 19:34:02',0),(47,'9c6f779172152e57a6e06cbc2ff6126e.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/077_9c6f779172152e57a6e06cbc2ff6126e.zip','application/zip',25220,'zip.gif','Referatas apie saulės kalendorių','','attachments/077_9c6f779172152e57a6e06cbc2ff6126e.zip',62,77,1,'','','','2010-04-05 19:43:03','2010-04-05 19:43:03',0),(48,'8e6bca9472c7f6915a66e09d9e95c2ba.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/076_8e6bca9472c7f6915a66e09d9e95c2ba.zip','application/zip',109209,'zip.gif','Tūkstantmečio katastrofa saulės sistemoje','','attachments/076_8e6bca9472c7f6915a66e09d9e95c2ba.zip',62,76,1,'','','','2010-04-05 19:58:17','2010-04-05 19:58:17',0),(49,'7e101f9e6218a38e6abcd6dc15099dda.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/075_7e101f9e6218a38e6abcd6dc15099dda.zip','application/zip',9265,'zip.gif','Šperos apie planetas','','attachments/075_7e101f9e6218a38e6abcd6dc15099dda.zip',62,75,1,'','','','2010-04-05 20:16:58','2010-04-05 20:16:58',0),(50,'7d4f491c35bc8c073ac28e7ab9581793.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/074_7d4f491c35bc8c073ac28e7ab9581793.zip','application/zip',6576,'zip.gif','Saulės kalendoriai','','attachments/074_7d4f491c35bc8c073ac28e7ab9581793.zip',62,74,1,'','','','2010-04-05 20:26:32','2010-04-05 20:26:32',0),(51,'6a360a0dfbd6d0d38fcf99c5628a08a9.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/073_6a360a0dfbd6d0d38fcf99c5628a08a9.zip','application/zip',4883,'zip.gif','Santraukos apie planetas','','attachments/073_6a360a0dfbd6d0d38fcf99c5628a08a9.zip',62,73,1,'','','','2010-04-06 18:52:07','2010-04-06 18:52:07',0),(52,'05f456a333e964b247fec1c3097b0d9c.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/072_05f456a333e964b247fec1c3097b0d9c.zip','application/zip',5143,'zip.gif','Paukščių takas','','attachments/072_05f456a333e964b247fec1c3097b0d9c.zip',62,72,1,'','','','2010-04-06 19:01:30','2010-04-06 19:01:30',0),(53,'5d2993e7de89b0c7cc96b330ff3f2e9d.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/071_5d2993e7de89b0c7cc96b330ff3f2e9d.zip','application/zip',5352,'zip.gif','Astronomijos pagrindai','','attachments/071_5d2993e7de89b0c7cc96b330ff3f2e9d.zip',62,71,1,'','','','2010-04-06 19:08:56','2010-04-06 19:08:56',0),(54,'4c877a3fd267059bd3f7b10b6ba23453.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/070_4c877a3fd267059bd3f7b10b6ba23453.zip','application/zip',3832,'zip.gif','Saulės vieta galaktikoje','','attachments/070_4c877a3fd267059bd3f7b10b6ba23453.zip',62,70,1,'','','','2010-04-06 19:18:45','2010-04-06 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18:36:50',0),(508,'9dfe58e4a5e2080c10127d4f280a8c18.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/566_9dfe58e4a5e2080c10127d4f280a8c18.zip','application/octet-stream',470668,'zip.gif','Sofijos pasaulis','','attachments/566_9dfe58e4a5e2080c10127d4f280a8c18.zip',62,566,1,'','','','2010-06-01 18:46:48','2010-06-01 18:46:48',0),(509,'22ca200303bf9872897c5d9b46c87220.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/567_22ca200303bf9872897c5d9b46c87220.zip','application/octet-stream',13130,'zip.gif','Friedrich Nietzsche ,,Tragedijos gimimas\"','','attachments/567_22ca200303bf9872897c5d9b46c87220.zip',62,567,1,'','','','2010-06-01 19:02:05','2010-06-01 19:02:05',0),(510,'32cf82c952f1507aff7d3cad23f8ca79.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/568_32cf82c952f1507aff7d3cad23f8ca79.zip','application/octet-stream',242384,'zip.gif','Sifito mitas','','attachments/568_32cf82c952f1507aff7d3cad23f8ca79.zip',62,568,1,'','','','2010-06-01 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20:31:26',0),(533,'b97e280443cc137948e9145709972866.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/592_b97e280443cc137948e9145709972866.zip','application/octet-stream',19631,'zip.gif','Filosofijos tradicija ir kūryba','','attachments/592_b97e280443cc137948e9145709972866.zip',62,592,1,'','','','2010-06-02 20:35:30','2010-06-02 20:35:30',0),(534,'b758ebe8783262e63da9b325649b1156.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/593_b758ebe8783262e63da9b325649b1156.zip','application/octet-stream',578831,'zip.gif','Erich Fromm ,,Meilės menas\"','','attachments/593_b758ebe8783262e63da9b325649b1156.zip',62,593,1,'','','','2010-06-02 20:38:33','2010-06-02 20:38:33',0),(535,'b07241798f196a319afee4d05ea437ab.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/594_b07241798f196a319afee4d05ea437ab.zip','application/octet-stream',39933,'zip.gif','Plati filosofijos špera','','attachments/594_b07241798f196a319afee4d05ea437ab.zip',62,594,1,'','','','2010-06-02 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21:06:09',0),(541,'d93941922923136a9a1ffbcd04bd44a1.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/600_d93941922923136a9a1ffbcd04bd44a1.zip','application/octet-stream',10256,'zip.gif','Didieji filosofai','','attachments/600_d93941922923136a9a1ffbcd04bd44a1.zip',62,600,1,'','','','2010-06-02 21:12:59','2010-06-02 21:12:59',0),(542,'dd77aec5a41c93dc2687174e654ddfab.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/601_dd77aec5a41c93dc2687174e654ddfab.zip','application/octet-stream',14583,'zip.gif','Platono idėjų pasaulis','','attachments/601_dd77aec5a41c93dc2687174e654ddfab.zip',62,601,1,'','','','2010-06-02 21:17:29','2010-06-02 21:17:29',0),(543,'e0bb3516cad662fc68a0603233ea1b80.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/602_e0bb3516cad662fc68a0603233ea1b80.zip','application/octet-stream',17009,'zip.gif','Holbacho ateistinė filosofija','','attachments/602_e0bb3516cad662fc68a0603233ea1b80.zip',62,602,1,'','','','2010-06-02 21:24:30','2010-06-02 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21:39:35',0),(547,'eb08a9ac91466f10e4808486cba700fc.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/606_eb08a9ac91466f10e4808486cba700fc.zip','application/octet-stream',5371,'zip.gif','Filosofijos teorija','','attachments/606_eb08a9ac91466f10e4808486cba700fc.zip',62,606,1,'','','','2010-06-02 21:42:13','2010-06-02 21:42:13',0),(548,'ed18c10e2566c8638e4225dd1db430ba.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/607_ed18c10e2566c8638e4225dd1db430ba.zip','application/octet-stream',28447,'zip.gif','Tiesa, kaip pažinimo idealas','','attachments/607_ed18c10e2566c8638e4225dd1db430ba.zip',62,607,1,'','','','2010-06-02 21:46:32','2010-06-02 21:46:32',0),(549,'ee45f353e45f41f2de031ef782c04893.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/608_ee45f353e45f41f2de031ef782c04893.zip','application/octet-stream',16358,'zip.gif','Platonas rusiškai','','attachments/608_ee45f353e45f41f2de031ef782c04893.zip',62,608,1,'','','','2010-06-02 21:56:33','2010-06-02 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22:13:26',0),(553,'fae99f900e2430b9b6127eee5e828b79.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/612_fae99f900e2430b9b6127eee5e828b79.zip','application/octet-stream',15175,'zip.gif','Žmogiškojo pažinimo šaltiniai','','attachments/612_fae99f900e2430b9b6127eee5e828b79.zip',62,612,1,'','','','2010-06-02 22:28:47','2010-06-02 22:28:47',0),(554,'fe6ab0e321975186917814f934e4185a.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/613_fe6ab0e321975186917814f934e4185a.zip','application/octet-stream',16579,'zip.gif','Religijos filosofija','','attachments/613_fe6ab0e321975186917814f934e4185a.zip',62,613,1,'','','','2010-06-02 22:33:33','2010-06-02 22:33:33',0),(555,'ffb8f12a82e2ad086f66eedf6e5b63fc.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/614_ffb8f12a82e2ad086f66eedf6e5b63fc.zip','application/octet-stream',262864,'zip.gif','Nyčė Fridrichas ,,Zaratustro prakalba\"','','attachments/614_ffb8f12a82e2ad086f66eedf6e5b63fc.zip',62,614,1,'','','','2010-06-02 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M. 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Baliukonytė','','attachments/1659_7a9bc00758185b1f31a7b0aed69dbda3.zip',62,1659,1,'','','','2010-09-29 09:27:33','2010-09-29 09:27:33',0),(1597,'7b36169c129f1f6b5b89333729c54412.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1660_7b36169c129f1f6b5b89333729c54412.zip','application/zip',13358,'zip.gif','V. M. Putino eilėraščiai','','attachments/1660_7b36169c129f1f6b5b89333729c54412.zip',62,1660,1,'','','','2010-09-29 09:31:50','2010-09-29 09:31:50',0),(1598,'7c4db1cec683e9c804f27cf75fb341b7.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1661_7c4db1cec683e9c804f27cf75fb341b7.zip','application/zip',5177,'zip.gif','A. Kamiu \"Kaligula\" egzistencialistinė drama','','attachments/1661_7c4db1cec683e9c804f27cf75fb341b7.zip',62,1661,1,'','','','2010-09-29 09:34:51','2010-09-29 09:34:51',0),(1599,'7cd976812cf1b3bffa78df962433dec2.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1662_7cd976812cf1b3bffa78df962433dec2.zip','application/zip',37591,'zip.gif','Linas Urbonas \"Gyvasis vanduo\"','','attachments/1662_7cd976812cf1b3bffa78df962433dec2.zip',62,1662,1,'','','','2010-09-29 09:37:39','2010-09-29 09:37:39',0),(1600,'7d9a5716d6bf87121001fa6f633f5331.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1663_7d9a5716d6bf87121001fa6f633f5331.zip','application/zip',2530,'zip.gif','A.Vaičiulaitis santrauka','','attachments/1663_7d9a5716d6bf87121001fa6f633f5331.zip',62,1663,1,'','','','2010-09-29 09:46:37','2010-09-29 09:46:37',1),(1601,'7dab46c80dd58d8102ccaf22f6697f2b.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1664_7dab46c80dd58d8102ccaf22f6697f2b.zip','application/zip',9215,'zip.gif','Grėtės paveikslas I. 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De Balzakas \"Tėvas Gorijo\"','','attachments/1667_8a93a5d7ba37f14a895f589dfa0554d4.zip',62,1667,1,'','','','2010-09-29 11:21:06','2010-09-29 11:21:06',0),(1605,'8c6dec0bb72cde60603cc676499f05fd.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1668_8c6dec0bb72cde60603cc676499f05fd.zip','application/zip',7002,'zip.gif','Liudo Vasario išsivadavimo kelias','','attachments/1668_8c6dec0bb72cde60603cc676499f05fd.zip',62,1668,1,'','','','2010-09-29 11:23:31','2010-09-29 11:23:31',0),(1606,'8c58757daff89dfefa07a4091931ccab.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1669_8c58757daff89dfefa07a4091931ccab.zip','application/zip',5882,'zip.gif','Analizės ir interpretacijos atmintinė','','attachments/1669_8c58757daff89dfefa07a4091931ccab.zip',62,1669,1,'','','','2010-09-29 11:50:36','2010-09-29 11:50:36',0),(1607,'8dc4623d6f568ac96a3330b4627317d8.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1670_8dc4623d6f568ac96a3330b4627317d8.zip','application/zip',15538,'zip.gif','Juozo Erlicko \"Knygos\" kūrybos kelias','','attachments/1670_8dc4623d6f568ac96a3330b4627317d8.zip',62,1670,1,'','','','2010-09-29 12:02:48','2010-09-29 12:02:48',0),(1608,'8ed861349cddc3bfd25738116a63bb47.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1671_8ed861349cddc3bfd25738116a63bb47.zip','application/zip',3927,'zip.gif','H. 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Krėvės apsakymo \"Silkės\" analizė','','attachments/1679_9ec9d05511ad62f69c5946c1b15bbcd0.zip',62,1679,1,'','','','2010-09-30 10:35:23','2010-09-30 10:35:23',0),(1617,'9f3f64ebb66e3d88b08e025c18b488b9.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1680_9f3f64ebb66e3d88b08e025c18b488b9.zip','application/zip',5905,'zip.gif','I. Simonaitytės romano \"Vilius Karalius\" problematika ir veikėjų charakteriai','','attachments/1680_9f3f64ebb66e3d88b08e025c18b488b9.zip',62,1680,1,'','','','2010-09-30 10:51:25','2010-09-30 10:51:25',0),(1618,'9f424f6f9124443ea7ecc3168d7ec5de.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1681_9f424f6f9124443ea7ecc3168d7ec5de.zip','application/zip',4248,'zip.gif','Santrauka apie stilistiką','','attachments/1681_9f424f6f9124443ea7ecc3168d7ec5de.zip',62,1681,1,'','','','2010-09-30 10:58:32','2010-09-30 10:58:32',0),(1619,'10a6d77450dab4d1cc808799983c233b.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1682_10a6d77450dab4d1cc808799983c233b.zip','application/zip',4982,'zip.gif','M. Meterlinko \"Nekviestoji viešnia\"','','attachments/1682_10a6d77450dab4d1cc808799983c233b.zip',62,1682,1,'','','','2010-09-30 11:01:57','2010-09-30 11:01:57',0),(1620,'10c45f6a06f1a1bf955f48b985223ce0.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1683_10c45f6a06f1a1bf955f48b985223ce0.zip','application/zip',4827,'zip.gif','Rašinys pagal J. 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Biliūno \"Liūdna pasaka\" apibūdinimas','','attachments/1686_20b7733d122a2b9e1ec1749dabf39993.zip',62,1686,1,'','','','2010-09-30 12:05:52','2010-09-30 12:05:52',0),(1624,'20b5967375dd8f091cece716a91b4824.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1687_20b5967375dd8f091cece716a91b4824.zip','application/zip',3328,'zip.gif','Tristanas ir Izolda','','attachments/1687_20b5967375dd8f091cece716a91b4824.zip',62,1687,1,'','','','2010-09-30 12:08:42','2010-09-30 12:08:42',0),(1625,'20e85d95ec92e3b1659b009f664900e0.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1688_20e85d95ec92e3b1659b009f664900e0.zip','application/zip',191469,'zip.gif','J. K. Rowling \"Haris Poteris ir filosofijos akmuo\"','','attachments/1688_20e85d95ec92e3b1659b009f664900e0.zip',62,1688,1,'','','','2010-09-30 12:12:22','2010-09-30 12:12:22',0),(1626,'20f340084a0c7bbfd47f2519a27a465a.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1689_20f340084a0c7bbfd47f2519a27a465a.zip','application/zip',2961,'zip.gif','Lietuva Simono Daukanto akimis','','attachments/1689_20f340084a0c7bbfd47f2519a27a465a.zip',62,1689,1,'','','','2010-09-30 12:42:10','2010-09-30 12:42:10',0),(1627,'21bf217ee29f0371200617c0b91b395c.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1690_21bf217ee29f0371200617c0b91b395c.zip','application/zip',8099,'zip.gif','Pasakos podirvis romane \"Baltaragio malūnas\"','','attachments/1690_21bf217ee29f0371200617c0b91b395c.zip',62,1690,1,'','','','2010-09-30 12:45:13','2010-09-30 12:45:13',0),(1628,'21e10121e3588658bb24dee114d708fb.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1691_21e10121e3588658bb24dee114d708fb.zip','application/zip',5246,'zip.gif','Trys motinos R.Granausko apysakoje “Gyvenimas po klevu”','','attachments/1691_21e10121e3588658bb24dee114d708fb.zip',62,1691,1,'','','','2010-09-30 12:47:45','2010-09-30 12:47:45',0),(1629,'26c7c86893e157b1c5d5f62aa11ed7b9.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1692_26c7c86893e157b1c5d5f62aa11ed7b9.zip','application/zip',4339,'zip.gif','A. Miškinio eilėraščio \"Taip gera būtų pagyvent be rūpesčio...\" analizė','','attachments/1692_26c7c86893e157b1c5d5f62aa11ed7b9.zip',62,1692,1,'','','','2010-09-30 12:51:37','2010-09-30 12:51:37',0),(1630,'27a65814749fdadecd58e0a2191a6052.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1693_27a65814749fdadecd58e0a2191a6052.zip','application/zip',272205,'zip.gif','Rėjus Bredberis \"Pienių vynas\"','','attachments/1693_27a65814749fdadecd58e0a2191a6052.zip',62,1693,1,'','','','2010-09-30 12:54:14','2010-09-30 12:54:14',0),(1631,'28bb8a5d46dcb72addbcb735ca0782f1.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1694_28bb8a5d46dcb72addbcb735ca0782f1.zip','application/zip',12297,'zip.gif','Seni ir maži V. Krėvės kūryboje','','attachments/1694_28bb8a5d46dcb72addbcb735ca0782f1.zip',62,1694,1,'','','','2010-09-30 12:56:40','2010-09-30 12:56:40',0),(1632,'31f796db117da52cb7278fe92b821fe5.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1695_31f796db117da52cb7278fe92b821fe5.zip','application/zip',10989,'zip.gif','Balys Sruoga biografija','','attachments/1695_31f796db117da52cb7278fe92b821fe5.zip',62,1695,1,'','','','2010-09-30 12:59:45','2010-09-30 12:59:45',0),(1633,'33b3f8d35fe96c98ac24504176710e3d.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1696_33b3f8d35fe96c98ac24504176710e3d.zip','application/zip',3732,'zip.gif','J. Aisčio lyrikos savitumas','','attachments/1696_33b3f8d35fe96c98ac24504176710e3d.zip',62,1696,1,'','','','2010-09-30 13:02:31','2010-09-30 13:02:31',0),(1634,'37bcff47e48f37dc3c601da4c0e44afa.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1697_37bcff47e48f37dc3c601da4c0e44afa.zip','application/zip',3469,'zip.gif','Eilėraščio \"Dainuok, širdie, gyvenimą\" analizė','','attachments/1697_37bcff47e48f37dc3c601da4c0e44afa.zip',62,1697,1,'','','','2010-09-30 13:07:59','2010-09-30 13:07:59',0),(1635,'41fc555328fdbcaf048b4b30c840fc0b.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1698_41fc555328fdbcaf048b4b30c840fc0b.zip','application/zip',2659,'zip.gif','Kodėl šį kūrinį galima vadinti sakme?','','attachments/1698_41fc555328fdbcaf048b4b30c840fc0b.zip',62,1698,1,'','','','2010-09-30 13:16:22','2010-09-30 13:16:22',0),(1636,'42a0b760d8a91fad99be861eeb07ea89.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1699_42a0b760d8a91fad99be861eeb07ea89.zip','application/zip',3883,'zip.gif','Žemaitės asmenybės bruožai','','attachments/1699_42a0b760d8a91fad99be861eeb07ea89.zip',62,1699,1,'','','','2010-10-04 09:27:12','2010-10-04 09:27:12',0),(1637,'45a52a1035decad6efbce97db29e8826.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1700_45a52a1035decad6efbce97db29e8826.zip','application/zip',7193,'zip.gif','J. Aisčio poezija. Eilėraščių analizė','','attachments/1700_45a52a1035decad6efbce97db29e8826.zip',62,1700,1,'','','','2010-10-04 09:32:35','2010-10-04 09:32:35',0),(1638,'47aee80433a154872624bd3af953af3a.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1701_47aee80433a154872624bd3af953af3a.zip','application/zip',35587,'zip.gif','Lietuvių egzamino santrauka','','attachments/1701_47aee80433a154872624bd3af953af3a.zip',62,1701,1,'','','','2010-10-04 09:46:11','2010-10-04 09:46:11',0),(1639,'49ea958e4ea6e77e75aac98428d8d44a.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1702_49ea958e4ea6e77e75aac98428d8d44a.zip','application/zip',21774,'zip.gif','Motiejus Valančius','','attachments/1702_49ea958e4ea6e77e75aac98428d8d44a.zip',62,1702,1,'','','','2010-10-04 09:50:47','2010-10-04 09:50:47',0),(1640,'52a413852ec6c69953a600505bc30160.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1703_52a413852ec6c69953a600505bc30160.zip','application/zip',31379,'zip.gif','Rašinys \"Šiapus ir anapus mirties ribos\"','','attachments/1703_52a413852ec6c69953a600505bc30160.zip',62,1703,1,'','','','2010-10-04 10:01:16','2010-10-04 10:01:16',0),(1641,'52f7e665631bb25dcec51764cdb6be0c.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1704_52f7e665631bb25dcec51764cdb6be0c.zip','application/zip',4404,'zip.gif','Rašinys \"Motinos paveikslas Žemaitės kūryniuose\"','','attachments/1704_52f7e665631bb25dcec51764cdb6be0c.zip',62,1704,1,'','','','2010-10-04 11:37:20','2010-10-04 11:37:20',0),(1642,'57ab35092b287def9c10026d4174b80b.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1705_57ab35092b287def9c10026d4174b80b.zip','application/zip',5322,'zip.gif','S. Nėries eilėraščio \"Žydi saulė\" interpretacija','','attachments/1705_57ab35092b287def9c10026d4174b80b.zip',62,1705,1,'','','','2010-10-04 11:41:43','2010-10-04 11:41:43',0),(1643,'57f9bbde8a02c2e0ffd4e5f64d5b732a.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1706_57f9bbde8a02c2e0ffd4e5f64d5b732a.zip','application/zip',964916,'zip.gif','Robertas A. Heinleinas \"Durys į vasarą\"','','attachments/1706_57f9bbde8a02c2e0ffd4e5f64d5b732a.zip',62,1706,1,'','','','2010-10-04 11:47:50','2010-10-04 11:47:50',0),(1644,'58bfead3dc34f0792b16cbf202b9170c.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1707_58bfead3dc34f0792b16cbf202b9170c.zip','application/zip',7131,'zip.gif','Marius Katiliškis','','attachments/1707_58bfead3dc34f0792b16cbf202b9170c.zip',62,1707,1,'','','','2010-10-04 12:35:21','2010-10-04 12:35:21',0),(1645,'58e98838cec5b1eb0f73d0615ad60b44.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1708_58e98838cec5b1eb0f73d0615ad60b44.zip','application/zip',13566,'zip.gif','Žanrai','','attachments/1708_58e98838cec5b1eb0f73d0615ad60b44.zip',62,1708,1,'','','','2010-10-04 12:40:11','2010-10-04 12:40:11',0),(1646,'58ebe7219965d91d2beb90e0fb421e63.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1709_58ebe7219965d91d2beb90e0fb421e63.zip','application/zip',646259,'zip.gif','Saulius Tomas Kodrotas \"Ir apsiniauks žvelgiantys pro langą\"','','attachments/1709_58ebe7219965d91d2beb90e0fb421e63.zip',62,1709,1,'','','','2010-10-18 07:33:49','2010-10-18 07:33:49',0),(1647,'59d1676d1207fef54a2be6dbf93ac3f1.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1710_59d1676d1207fef54a2be6dbf93ac3f1.zip','application/zip',5407,'zip.gif','Nakties vaizdinių prasmės V.Mykolaičio-Putino lyrikoje','','attachments/1710_59d1676d1207fef54a2be6dbf93ac3f1.zip',62,1710,1,'','','','2010-10-18 07:50:39','2010-10-18 07:50:39',0),(1648,'59e416cdcada1e91969884c4854e770b.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1711_59e416cdcada1e91969884c4854e770b.zip','application/zip',130150,'zip.gif','Michailas Bulgakovas \"Šuns širdis\"','','attachments/1711_59e416cdcada1e91969884c4854e770b.zip',62,1711,1,'','','','2010-10-18 07:57:50','2010-10-18 07:57:50',0),(1649,'63ed6848dfff5c407761164ea39f3bed.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1712_63ed6848dfff5c407761164ea39f3bed.zip','application/zip',17519,'zip.gif','Getė','','attachments/1712_63ed6848dfff5c407761164ea39f3bed.zip',62,1712,1,'','','','2010-10-18 08:01:36','2010-10-18 08:01:36',0),(1650,'67edcf1d1b9f98b0f94366ef03937521.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1713_67edcf1d1b9f98b0f94366ef03937521.zip','application/zip',12278,'zip.gif','S. Nėries biografija','','attachments/1713_67edcf1d1b9f98b0f94366ef03937521.zip',62,1713,1,'','','','2010-10-18 08:07:52','2010-10-18 08:07:52',0),(1651,'69c089ad546025574c8d17befe7c7a95.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1714_69c089ad546025574c8d17befe7c7a95.zip','application/zip',10145,'zip.gif','Pirmykštė bendruomenė','','attachments/1714_69c089ad546025574c8d17befe7c7a95.zip',62,1714,1,'','','','2010-10-18 08:23:51','2010-10-18 08:23:51',0),(1652,'69ea4aea41539f2ed0ed772848560110.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1715_69ea4aea41539f2ed0ed772848560110.zip','application/zip',928468,'zip.gif','Džeromas Deividas Selindžeris \"Rugiuose prie bedugnės\"','','attachments/1715_69ea4aea41539f2ed0ed772848560110.zip',62,1715,1,'','','','2010-10-18 08:30:50','2010-10-18 08:30:50',0),(1653,'75df8eae0e56cc900ee0557cc2a5bc1d.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1716_75df8eae0e56cc900ee0557cc2a5bc1d.zip','application/zip',5547,'zip.gif','Henrikas Algis Čigriejus','','attachments/1716_75df8eae0e56cc900ee0557cc2a5bc1d.zip',62,1716,1,'','','','2010-10-18 08:41:32','2010-10-18 08:41:32',0),(1654,'79c9998262d4bbf5ddaff4dc0516dbe2.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1717_79c9998262d4bbf5ddaff4dc0516dbe2.zip','application/zip',4121,'zip.gif','Liudas Radžius \"Valdovo ir žmogaus tragedija\"','','attachments/1717_79c9998262d4bbf5ddaff4dc0516dbe2.zip',62,1717,1,'','','','2010-10-18 08:45:37','2010-10-18 08:45:37',0),(1655,'82b718bce2200df8c219d6ef5ba562df.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1718_82b718bce2200df8c219d6ef5ba562df.zip','application/zip',5914,'zip.gif','Jaunimo gyvenimo tragedija J. Grušo dramoje \"Meilė, džiazas ir velnias\"','','attachments/1718_82b718bce2200df8c219d6ef5ba562df.zip',62,1718,1,'','','','2010-10-18 08:49:02','2010-10-18 08:49:02',0),(1656,'82c227a4d565b5f688f4538920759570.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1719_82c227a4d565b5f688f4538920759570.zip','application/zip',1398577,'zip.gif','J. R. R. Tolkien \"Žiedų valdovas. Boromiro mirtis\"','','attachments/1719_82c227a4d565b5f688f4538920759570.zip',62,1719,1,'','','','2010-10-18 09:50:31','2010-10-18 09:50:31',0),(1657,'84a3523217b2e576cdd284a04e483d1d.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1720_84a3523217b2e576cdd284a04e483d1d.zip','application/zip',4319,'zip.gif','Ar Juza tragiškas herojus?','','attachments/1720_84a3523217b2e576cdd284a04e483d1d.zip',62,1720,1,'','','','2010-10-18 09:59:57','2010-10-18 09:59:57',0),(1658,'84e3141ff96b75dfab24c72b2feee8bd.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1721_84e3141ff96b75dfab24c72b2feee8bd.zip','application/zip',12114,'zip.gif','Mariaus Katiliškio \"Užuovėja\"','','attachments/1721_84e3141ff96b75dfab24c72b2feee8bd.zip',62,1721,1,'','','','2010-10-18 11:04:07','2010-10-18 11:04:07',0),(1659,'85bbdb20bf27682cfd430d1922201567.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1722_85bbdb20bf27682cfd430d1922201567.zip','application/zip',9758,'zip.gif','Gėtės \"Faustas\": jo aprašymas,analizavimas','','attachments/1722_85bbdb20bf27682cfd430d1922201567.zip',62,1722,1,'','','','2010-10-18 11:07:46','2010-10-18 11:07:46',1),(1660,'86cab507732e5d6536c0f2b36e8e4e0c.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1723_86cab507732e5d6536c0f2b36e8e4e0c.zip','application/zip',24533,'zip.gif','William Gibson \"New Rose\" viešbutis','','attachments/1723_86cab507732e5d6536c0f2b36e8e4e0c.zip',62,1723,1,'','','','2010-10-18 11:11:18','2010-10-18 11:11:18',0),(1661,'90c56a1241dded489476e2e9122cdcb2.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1724_90c56a1241dded489476e2e9122cdcb2.zip','application/zip',5645,'zip.gif','V. Kudirkos eilėraščio \"Labora!\" analizė','','attachments/1724_90c56a1241dded489476e2e9122cdcb2.zip',62,1724,1,'','','','2010-10-18 11:15:03','2010-10-18 11:15:03',0),(1662,'91be087afe436270340c9b879c8bab9d.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1725_91be087afe436270340c9b879c8bab9d.zip','application/zip',9356,'zip.gif','Nacionaliniai lietuvio bruožai','','attachments/1725_91be087afe436270340c9b879c8bab9d.zip',62,1725,1,'','','','2010-10-18 11:17:42','2010-10-18 11:17:42',0),(1663,'92b8f6f2fc96fe73ae07eb945bcbbc76.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1726_92b8f6f2fc96fe73ae07eb945bcbbc76.zip','application/zip',2334000,'zip.gif','J. R. R. Tolkien \"Žiedų valdovas. Karaliaus sugrįžimas\"','','attachments/1726_92b8f6f2fc96fe73ae07eb945bcbbc76.zip',62,1726,1,'','','','2010-10-18 11:21:16','2010-10-18 11:21:16',0),(1664,'92ebbf87c3586036407789d7e7d48b90.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1727_92ebbf87c3586036407789d7e7d48b90.zip','application/zip',9957,'zip.gif','A. Škėmos palikimas','','attachments/1727_92ebbf87c3586036407789d7e7d48b90.zip',62,1727,1,'','','','2010-10-18 11:23:52','2010-10-18 11:23:52',0),(1665,'97a6da267cd6c73961a7872a7284c262.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1728_97a6da267cd6c73961a7872a7284c262.zip','application/zip',3359,'zip.gif','Koks tas faustiškojo tipo žmogus?','','attachments/1728_97a6da267cd6c73961a7872a7284c262.zip',62,1728,1,'','','','2010-10-18 11:26:38','2010-10-18 11:26:38',0),(1666,'121ffc170ac56f34ee20b3c15f394e7c.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1729_121ffc170ac56f34ee20b3c15f394e7c.zip','application/zip',4311,'zip.gif','Žemaitės kūryba','','attachments/1729_121ffc170ac56f34ee20b3c15f394e7c.zip',62,1729,1,'','','','2010-10-18 12:02:56','2010-10-18 12:02:56',0),(1667,'131af229ccccc690c7c23e02a3721600.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1730_131af229ccccc690c7c23e02a3721600.zip','application/zip',7941,'zip.gif','Vienatvės ėjimo į mirtį motyvas A. Mackaus kūryboje','','attachments/1730_131af229ccccc690c7c23e02a3721600.zip',62,1730,1,'','','','2010-10-19 09:17:11','2010-10-19 09:17:11',0),(1668,'177f04f732facacbd55f1dd8918e9824.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1731_177f04f732facacbd55f1dd8918e9824.zip','application/zip',8856,'zip.gif','Antanas Kalanavičius','','attachments/1731_177f04f732facacbd55f1dd8918e9824.zip',62,1731,1,'','','','2010-10-19 10:49:59','2010-10-19 10:49:59',0),(1669,'178b06fa4fce09e40659a8c8ce471faa.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1732_178b06fa4fce09e40659a8c8ce471faa.zip','application/zip',4356,'zip.gif','A. Vaičiulaitis \"Valentina\"','','attachments/1732_178b06fa4fce09e40659a8c8ce471faa.zip',62,1732,1,'','','','2010-10-19 10:53:04','2010-10-19 10:53:04',0),(1670,'0183a795a653d41316e6b1e10f06be78.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1733_0183a795a653d41316e6b1e10f06be78.zip','application/zip',3688,'zip.gif','Pasirinktų V. Mačernio eilėraščių analizė','','attachments/1733_0183a795a653d41316e6b1e10f06be78.zip',62,1733,1,'','','','2010-10-19 11:16:55','2010-10-19 11:16:55',0),(1671,'235ad3bd29c1bec779a2ef2fb62a4e4a.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1734_235ad3bd29c1bec779a2ef2fb62a4e4a.zip','application/zip',331044,'zip.gif','H. Hesė \"Paskutinė Klingzoro vasara\"','','attachments/1734_235ad3bd29c1bec779a2ef2fb62a4e4a.zip',62,1734,1,'','','','2010-10-19 11:20:54','2010-10-19 11:20:54',0),(1672,'272ad9da88bb97a1789b3b22aa688f5e.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1735_272ad9da88bb97a1789b3b22aa688f5e.zip','application/zip',3166,'zip.gif','Gražinos paveikslas A. Mickevičiaus poemoje “Gražina”','','attachments/1735_272ad9da88bb97a1789b3b22aa688f5e.zip',62,1735,1,'','','','2010-10-19 11:24:02','2010-10-19 11:24:02',1),(1673,'275a6e2aa2461ef0655db9862d6ceb78.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1736_275a6e2aa2461ef0655db9862d6ceb78.zip','application/zip',4495,'zip.gif','Kodėl V. Krėvė simpatizavo seniems žmonėms?','','attachments/1736_275a6e2aa2461ef0655db9862d6ceb78.zip',62,1736,1,'','','','2010-10-19 11:27:09','2010-10-19 11:27:09',0),(1674,'284f816801633bcf39dfbc89c30da856.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1737_284f816801633bcf39dfbc89c30da856.zip','application/zip',4278,'zip.gif','Vizijos (Septintoji) interpretacija','','attachments/1737_284f816801633bcf39dfbc89c30da856.zip',62,1737,1,'','','','2010-10-19 11:29:53','2010-10-19 11:29:53',0),(1675,'296ff0795b20660ca8f497ccfcc5e859.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1738_296ff0795b20660ca8f497ccfcc5e859.zip','application/zip',8782,'zip.gif','A. Nyka - Niliūnas referatas ir eilėraščio analizė','','attachments/1738_296ff0795b20660ca8f497ccfcc5e859.zip',62,1738,1,'','','','2010-10-19 11:33:42','2010-10-19 11:33:42',0),(1676,'359b24fa52bddf75e15f1ece3fff3a1d.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1739_359b24fa52bddf75e15f1ece3fff3a1d.zip','application/zip',95329,'zip.gif','Frederic Beigbeder \"Meilė trunka trejus metus\"','','attachments/1739_359b24fa52bddf75e15f1ece3fff3a1d.zip',62,1739,1,'','','','2010-10-19 12:49:32','2010-10-19 12:49:32',0),(1677,'361ef27176aa5e84b1d2658b2b0e2c9e.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1740_361ef27176aa5e84b1d2658b2b0e2c9e.zip','application/zip',7094,'zip.gif','Egzistencializmas santrauka','','attachments/1740_361ef27176aa5e84b1d2658b2b0e2c9e.zip',62,1740,1,'','','','2010-10-19 13:00:53','2010-10-19 13:00:53',0),(1678,'367cabc616fef1e6c19eaf41a7fa2c44.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1741_367cabc616fef1e6c19eaf41a7fa2c44.zip','application/zip',424073,'zip.gif','Trumenas Kapotė \"Pusryčiai pas Tifanę\"','','attachments/1741_367cabc616fef1e6c19eaf41a7fa2c44.zip',62,1741,1,'','','','2010-10-19 13:19:09','2010-10-19 13:19:09',0),(1679,'389a890a0ded2fcf19aa2084de212c31.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1742_389a890a0ded2fcf19aa2084de212c31.zip','application/zip',2192000,'zip.gif','Jurga Ivanauskaitė \"Placebas\"','','attachments/1742_389a890a0ded2fcf19aa2084de212c31.zip',62,1742,1,'','','','2010-10-19 13:22:44','2010-10-19 13:22:44',0),(1680,'395c71519e723294d8ac857e38f33708.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1743_395c71519e723294d8ac857e38f33708.zip','application/zip',2500799,'zip.gif','Dan Brown \"Angelai ir demonai\"','','attachments/1743_395c71519e723294d8ac857e38f33708.zip',62,1743,1,'','','','2010-10-19 13:32:23','2010-10-19 13:32:23',0),(1681,'451eef3424251fd62a5f102b332da8e6.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1744_451eef3424251fd62a5f102b332da8e6.zip','application/zip',12721,'zip.gif','V. Krėvės kūrybos bruožai','','attachments/1744_451eef3424251fd62a5f102b332da8e6.zip',62,1744,1,'','','','2010-10-19 13:35:38','2010-10-19 13:35:38',0),(1682,'457eabd77b9bb8894137af9d2ee52a1c.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1745_457eabd77b9bb8894137af9d2ee52a1c.zip','application/zip',4607,'zip.gif','J. Marcinkevičiaus eilėraščio \"Prisipažinimas\" analizė','','attachments/1745_457eabd77b9bb8894137af9d2ee52a1c.zip',62,1745,1,'','','','2010-10-19 13:38:35','2010-10-19 13:38:35',0),(1683,'459eed4819076c7f49ce58abeb28d6d3.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1746_459eed4819076c7f49ce58abeb28d6d3.zip','application/zip',10747,'zip.gif','A. Škėmos kūrybos ypatumai','','attachments/1746_459eed4819076c7f49ce58abeb28d6d3.zip',62,1746,1,'','','','2010-10-19 13:42:00','2010-10-19 13:42:00',0),(1684,'470d6831bff85a854ba8edf6bb2b109d.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1747_470d6831bff85a854ba8edf6bb2b109d.zip','application/zip',17009,'zip.gif','Jonas Mačiulis - Maironis','','attachments/1747_470d6831bff85a854ba8edf6bb2b109d.zip',62,1747,1,'','','','2010-10-19 13:45:14','2010-10-19 13:45:14',0),(1685,'474d2fb22582802a8e00c60f29afb465.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1748_474d2fb22582802a8e00c60f29afb465.zip','application/zip',5536,'zip.gif','Vaiko pasaulis Šatrijos Raganos kūryboje','','attachments/1748_474d2fb22582802a8e00c60f29afb465.zip',62,1748,1,'','','','2010-10-19 13:48:38','2010-10-19 13:48:38',0),(1686,'496a94a312117e154e92e73069a72ccb.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1749_496a94a312117e154e92e73069a72ccb.zip','application/zip',4456,'zip.gif','Skriaudos ir kaltės suvokimas J. Biliūno kūryboje','','attachments/1749_496a94a312117e154e92e73069a72ccb.zip',62,1749,1,'','','','2010-10-20 09:06:07','2010-10-20 09:06:07',0),(1687,'520fe58f664834ee6ff4bb7f1d534677.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1750_520fe58f664834ee6ff4bb7f1d534677.zip','application/zip',3124,'zip.gif','Egzistencinė ir absurdo drama','','attachments/1750_520fe58f664834ee6ff4bb7f1d534677.zip',62,1750,1,'','','','2010-10-20 09:08:49','2010-10-20 09:08:49',0),(1688,'572ededddb2892605949cd1976d041ec.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1751_572ededddb2892605949cd1976d041ec.zip','application/zip',4621,'zip.gif','Mykoliuko - Mykolo paveikslas J. Tumo - Vaižganto apysakoje \"Dėdės ir dėdienės\"','','attachments/1751_572ededddb2892605949cd1976d041ec.zip',62,1751,1,'','','','2010-10-20 09:19:34','2010-10-20 09:19:34',0),(1689,'583e6305ac113996f7b2c578d1db4d13.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1752_583e6305ac113996f7b2c578d1db4d13.zip','application/zip',4335,'zip.gif','Žemaitės apsakymų realizmas','','attachments/1752_583e6305ac113996f7b2c578d1db4d13.zip',62,1752,1,'','','','2010-10-20 09:29:36','2010-10-20 09:29:36',0),(1690,'607c223ddb93925260a46a273a2fe9e8.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1753_607c223ddb93925260a46a273a2fe9e8.zip','application/zip',4379,'zip.gif','Dvasinio išsivadavimo kelias romane \"Altorių šešėly\"','','attachments/1753_607c223ddb93925260a46a273a2fe9e8.zip',62,1753,1,'','','','2010-10-20 09:44:42','2010-10-20 09:44:42',0),(1691,'655a89b9d5ab1d4d531467f7b9f05539.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1754_655a89b9d5ab1d4d531467f7b9f05539.zip','application/zip',2847,'zip.gif','Hamleto aktualumas šiandien','','attachments/1754_655a89b9d5ab1d4d531467f7b9f05539.zip',62,1754,1,'','','','2010-10-20 09:49:17','2010-10-20 09:49:17',0),(1692,'690c5caac33e2f7014c66470f4e51a6c.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1755_690c5caac33e2f7014c66470f4e51a6c.zip','application/zip',6168,'zip.gif','I. Simonaitytės \"Vilius Karalius\" santrauka','','attachments/1755_690c5caac33e2f7014c66470f4e51a6c.zip',62,1755,1,'','','','2010-10-20 09:52:51','2010-10-20 09:52:51',0),(1693,'706cf9af0a09967a47a08239f82cc8d2.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1756_706cf9af0a09967a47a08239f82cc8d2.zip','application/zip',100751,'zip.gif','2000 metų analizės egzamino autorių santrauka','','attachments/1756_706cf9af0a09967a47a08239f82cc8d2.zip',62,1756,1,'','','','2010-10-20 09:56:54','2010-10-20 09:56:54',0),(1694,'719a6f97c953c3bc73436e5849785f62.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1757_719a6f97c953c3bc73436e5849785f62.zip','application/zip',5039,'zip.gif','Mitai ir tautosaka','','attachments/1757_719a6f97c953c3bc73436e5849785f62.zip',62,1757,1,'','','','2010-10-20 09:59:13','2010-10-20 09:59:13',0),(1695,'796c4c9a0037c3de25c1ae14ba2a9fdf.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1758_796c4c9a0037c3de25c1ae14ba2a9fdf.zip','application/zip',4621,'zip.gif','A. Čechovas \"Žmogus futliare\". Pamąatymai. Interpretacija','','attachments/1758_796c4c9a0037c3de25c1ae14ba2a9fdf.zip',62,1758,1,'','','','2010-10-20 10:24:28','2010-10-20 10:24:28',0),(1696,'961e4fe0ef9393938b283fa513757164.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1759_961e4fe0ef9393938b283fa513757164.zip','application/zip',141371,'zip.gif','Saulius Šaltenis \"Riešutų duona\"','','attachments/1759_961e4fe0ef9393938b283fa513757164.zip',62,1759,1,'','','','2010-10-20 12:49:55','2010-10-20 12:49:55',0),(1697,'971d01c33f84ed17b4c5870ce1fdb4f4.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1760_971d01c33f84ed17b4c5870ce1fdb4f4.zip','application/zip',6915,'zip.gif','Sofoklis \"Antiguonė\"','','attachments/1760_971d01c33f84ed17b4c5870ce1fdb4f4.zip',62,1760,1,'','','','2010-10-20 12:53:58','2010-10-20 12:53:58',0),(1698,'1002c0c6797c00ce0d43dfbe391e7c90.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1761_1002c0c6797c00ce0d43dfbe391e7c90.zip','application/zip',8315,'zip.gif','Vytautas Mačernis','','attachments/1761_1002c0c6797c00ce0d43dfbe391e7c90.zip',62,1761,1,'','','','2010-10-20 13:22:48','2010-10-20 13:22:48',0),(1699,'2447a664c0c1cc8ec59c8d52f6af6143.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1762_2447a664c0c1cc8ec59c8d52f6af6143.zip','application/zip',3928,'zip.gif','Kalbos vaizdinės raiškos priemonės','','attachments/1762_2447a664c0c1cc8ec59c8d52f6af6143.zip',62,1762,1,'','','','2010-10-20 13:27:29','2010-10-20 13:27:29',0),(1700,'2625d72fdf726742368eb704fc04bf40.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1763_2625d72fdf726742368eb704fc04bf40.zip','application/zip',3651,'zip.gif','Vydūnas \"Ką reiškia \"būti sau žmogumi\"\"','','attachments/1763_2625d72fdf726742368eb704fc04bf40.zip',62,1763,1,'','','','2010-10-20 13:30:58','2010-10-20 13:30:58',0),(1701,'2662b8a309a6a2bcb22226c8f7e3ee75.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1764_2662b8a309a6a2bcb22226c8f7e3ee75.zip','application/zip',872284,'zip.gif','Saulius Tomas Kondrotas \"Meilė pagal Juozapą\"','','attachments/1764_2662b8a309a6a2bcb22226c8f7e3ee75.zip',62,1764,1,'','','','2010-10-20 13:36:49','2010-10-20 13:36:49',0),(1702,'3363fe60a259a7fd7ea0e8443ea7ace0.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1765_3363fe60a259a7fd7ea0e8443ea7ace0.zip','application/zip',4727,'zip.gif','Veronikos tragedija','','attachments/1765_3363fe60a259a7fd7ea0e8443ea7ace0.zip',62,1765,1,'','','','2010-10-20 13:46:07','2010-10-20 13:46:07',0),(1703,'3894e4af994dbf462d99e63cf8351a9b.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1766_3894e4af994dbf462d99e63cf8351a9b.zip','application/zip',21793,'zip.gif','Dao De Dzing \"Knyga apie Dao ir De, parašyta Lao Dze\"','','attachments/1766_3894e4af994dbf462d99e63cf8351a9b.zip',62,1766,1,'','','','2010-10-20 13:50:31','2010-10-20 13:50:31',1),(1704,'3900c2769f1c685eee720d40f36ae4e8.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1767_3900c2769f1c685eee720d40f36ae4e8.zip','application/zip',8021,'zip.gif','V. Mačernio \"Vizijos penktoji I dalis\"','','attachments/1767_3900c2769f1c685eee720d40f36ae4e8.zip',62,1767,1,'','','','2010-10-20 13:54:55','2010-10-20 13:54:55',0),(1705,'3970d0d0e375f31802eef395f3247b9d.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1768_3970d0d0e375f31802eef395f3247b9d.zip','application/zip',4896,'zip.gif','J. Biliūno \"Ubagas\" aprašymas','','attachments/1768_3970d0d0e375f31802eef395f3247b9d.zip',62,1768,1,'','','','2010-10-20 13:58:09','2010-10-20 13:58:09',0),(1706,'3994adf0b518350e07fdd0edb88fd20b.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1769_3994adf0b518350e07fdd0edb88fd20b.zip','application/zip',4589,'zip.gif','S. Nėries eilėraščio \"Dainuok, širdie, gyvenimą\" analizė','','attachments/1769_3994adf0b518350e07fdd0edb88fd20b.zip',62,1769,1,'','','','2010-10-21 10:41:23','2010-10-21 10:41:23',0),(1707,'4285bf13b5a6ec4508b52c672737f419.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1770_4285bf13b5a6ec4508b52c672737f419.zip','application/zip',4968,'zip.gif','Kaimas ir jo žmonės A.Vienuolio apsakyme \"Arkliavagio duktė\"','','attachments/1770_4285bf13b5a6ec4508b52c672737f419.zip',62,1770,1,'','','','2010-10-21 10:44:23','2010-10-21 10:44:23',0),(1708,'4766a566f7dfe2e3663944f6fca7578e.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1771_4766a566f7dfe2e3663944f6fca7578e.zip','application/zip',1456666,'zip.gif','Erich Maria Remark \"Trys draugai\"','','attachments/1771_4766a566f7dfe2e3663944f6fca7578e.zip',62,1771,1,'','','','2010-10-21 10:50:08','2010-10-21 10:50:08',0),(1709,'4827aa49c327d62171cc2cd5d56b372f.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1772_4827aa49c327d62171cc2cd5d56b372f.zip','application/zip',4653,'zip.gif','K. Donelaičio asmenybė, lietuviškumo gynimas \"Metuose“','','attachments/1772_4827aa49c327d62171cc2cd5d56b372f.zip',62,1772,1,'','','','2010-10-21 10:55:41','2010-10-21 10:55:41',0),(1710,'4962b20ac376d03b3159920e5c21d4c1.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1773_4962b20ac376d03b3159920e5c21d4c1.zip','application/zip',3782,'zip.gif','Juozas Baltušis','','attachments/1773_4962b20ac376d03b3159920e5c21d4c1.zip',62,1773,1,'','','','2010-10-21 10:58:07','2010-10-21 10:58:07',0),(1711,'7089bc1882182fc6b704ece384f9a6fc.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1774_7089bc1882182fc6b704ece384f9a6fc.zip','application/zip',5884,'zip.gif','Kristijonas Donelaitis','','attachments/1774_7089bc1882182fc6b704ece384f9a6fc.zip',62,1774,1,'','','','2010-10-21 11:02:26','2010-10-21 11:02:26',0),(1712,'7093dd96ae282313ab382590b97fec0c.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1775_7093dd96ae282313ab382590b97fec0c.zip','application/zip',3732,'zip.gif','K. Donelaičio asmenybė, vertybių sistema “Metuose”','','attachments/1775_7093dd96ae282313ab382590b97fec0c.zip',62,1775,1,'','','','2010-10-21 11:05:52','2010-10-21 11:05:52',0),(1713,'8681a91bd4cb239dcd0ced08ce0a0d08.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1776_8681a91bd4cb239dcd0ced08ce0a0d08.zip','application/zip',13445,'zip.gif','Namai ir pasaulis lietuvių literatūroje','','attachments/1776_8681a91bd4cb239dcd0ced08ce0a0d08.zip',62,1776,1,'','','','2010-10-21 11:08:23','2010-10-21 11:08:23',0),(1714,'9597f7d5d15e7e71857ee279e71a1013.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1777_9597f7d5d15e7e71857ee279e71a1013.zip','application/zip',3454,'zip.gif','S. Nėris \"Kada manęs nebus\"','','attachments/1777_9597f7d5d15e7e71857ee279e71a1013.zip',62,1777,1,'','','','2010-10-21 11:12:15','2010-10-21 11:12:15',0),(1715,'09630e2d80f73f8d8c3d97e4efa10732.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1778_09630e2d80f73f8d8c3d97e4efa10732.zip','application/zip',4096,'zip.gif','Žmoniškumas šiolaikinėje lietuvių literatūroje pagal J. Aputį. Tezės','','attachments/1778_09630e2d80f73f8d8c3d97e4efa10732.zip',62,1778,1,'','','','2010-10-21 11:16:04','2010-10-21 11:16:04',0),(1716,'11430fff254928a4f7d580177f93fafb.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1779_11430fff254928a4f7d580177f93fafb.zip','application/zip',4356,'zip.gif','Velnias lietuvių liaudies pasakose ir romane “Baltaragio malūnas”','','attachments/1779_11430fff254928a4f7d580177f93fafb.zip',62,1779,1,'','','','2010-10-21 11:39:48','2010-10-21 11:39:48',0),(1717,'16682d5ea8a2a97221606e4a355b6cde.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1780_16682d5ea8a2a97221606e4a355b6cde.zip','application/zip',7121,'zip.gif','M. Katiliškis','','attachments/1780_16682d5ea8a2a97221606e4a355b6cde.zip',62,1780,1,'','','','2010-10-21 11:55:41','2010-10-21 11:55:41',0),(1718,'19299a7f5c69d830f03e275b424c7be1.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1781_19299a7f5c69d830f03e275b424c7be1.zip','application/zip',2312,'zip.gif','A. Baranausko \"Anykščių šilelyje\"','','attachments/1781_19299a7f5c69d830f03e275b424c7be1.zip',62,1781,1,'','','','2010-10-21 12:10:29','2010-10-21 12:10:29',0),(1719,'42718cdc680fcf6bdb3abd037bc3bdeb.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1782_42718cdc680fcf6bdb3abd037bc3bdeb.zip','application/zip',1244006,'zip.gif','J. Erlickas \"Prisimynimai\"','','attachments/1782_42718cdc680fcf6bdb3abd037bc3bdeb.zip',62,1782,1,'','','','2010-10-21 12:13:43','2010-10-21 12:13:43',0),(1720,'53029f12df5ba4ecda85bf75cd34a669.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1783_53029f12df5ba4ecda85bf75cd34a669.zip','application/zip',3769,'zip.gif','Rašinys pagal Žemaitės apysaka “Sename dvare”','','attachments/1783_53029f12df5ba4ecda85bf75cd34a669.zip',62,1783,1,'','','','2010-10-21 12:16:59','2010-10-21 12:16:59',0),(1721,'56982c352fb313fe4bc6f860c8c31ee6.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1784_56982c352fb313fe4bc6f860c8c31ee6.zip','application/zip',14766,'zip.gif','V. M. Putino biografija','','attachments/1784_56982c352fb313fe4bc6f860c8c31ee6.zip',62,1784,1,'','','','2010-10-21 12:20:46','2010-10-21 12:20:46',0),(1722,'68874ba140ba7622b2d676d6ba58ca9e.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1785_68874ba140ba7622b2d676d6ba58ca9e.zip','application/zip',32580,'zip.gif','Omaras Čhajamas \"Rubajatai\"','','attachments/1785_68874ba140ba7622b2d676d6ba58ca9e.zip',62,1785,1,'','','','2010-10-21 12:24:21','2010-10-21 12:24:21',0),(1723,'72594a85f62722700cbdb68afad9dc48.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1786_72594a85f62722700cbdb68afad9dc48.zip','application/zip',4298,'zip.gif','Išminčiai K. Donelaičio “Metuose”. 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Kudirkos asmenybė, biografija','','attachments/1789_95222fb3e4b98c647da85764590c71f3.zip',62,1789,1,'','','','2010-10-22 08:05:13','2010-10-22 08:05:13',0),(1727,'95853fb39fcb969ab8795d2d248f4d88.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1790_95853fb39fcb969ab8795d2d248f4d88.zip','application/zip',5925,'zip.gif','Gamtos vaizdai A.Vienuolio apsakyme “Paskenduolė”','','attachments/1790_95853fb39fcb969ab8795d2d248f4d88.zip',62,1790,1,'','','','2010-10-22 08:08:57','2010-10-22 08:08:57',0),(1728,'98920efd5cb9eda9dbf744ef5c7c5a2c.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1791_98920efd5cb9eda9dbf744ef5c7c5a2c.zip','application/zip',6058,'zip.gif','Antano Škėmos romano ,,Balta drobulė” ištraukos analizė ir interpretacija','','attachments/1791_98920efd5cb9eda9dbf744ef5c7c5a2c.zip',62,1791,1,'','','','2010-10-22 08:12:57','2010-10-22 08:12:57',0),(1729,'118985ed21f0f65c5bae14032dd81d9a.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1792_118985ed21f0f65c5bae14032dd81d9a.zip','application/zip',8506,'zip.gif','Jonas Strielkūnas','','attachments/1792_118985ed21f0f65c5bae14032dd81d9a.zip',62,1792,1,'','','','2010-10-22 08:20:49','2010-10-22 08:20:49',0),(1730,'191749d3456ac443ac7b77f80d208bf6.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1793_191749d3456ac443ac7b77f80d208bf6.zip','application/zip',111840,'zip.gif','Žodžių žaismas K. 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Mačernis - klausiantis poetas','','attachments/1796_459144bc30f050be40e35c1f34438101.zip',62,1796,1,'','','','2010-10-22 09:04:10','2010-10-22 09:04:10',0),(1734,'466133de28f4fcf03965ec0a1508972c.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1797_466133de28f4fcf03965ec0a1508972c.zip','application/zip',4338,'zip.gif','Kompiuteris ar gera knyga?','','attachments/1797_466133de28f4fcf03965ec0a1508972c.zip',62,1797,1,'','','','2010-10-22 09:06:54','2010-10-22 09:06:54',0),(1735,'508382d6ea5e64219f39a1fe27b21afa.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1798_508382d6ea5e64219f39a1fe27b21afa.zip','application/zip',4792,'zip.gif','Žmogaus jautrumo, dvasingumo tema lietuvių literatūroje','','attachments/1798_508382d6ea5e64219f39a1fe27b21afa.zip',62,1798,1,'','','','2010-10-22 09:11:08','2010-10-22 09:11:08',0),(1736,'523472fa7669c6e1bb1fdefe305a5792.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1799_523472fa7669c6e1bb1fdefe305a5792.zip','application/zip',6884,'zip.gif','Profesija','','attachments/1799_523472fa7669c6e1bb1fdefe305a5792.zip',62,1799,1,'','','','2010-10-22 09:14:09','2010-10-22 09:14:09',0),(1737,'527689bb72e76584c493838e8966b932.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1800_527689bb72e76584c493838e8966b932.zip','application/zip',3963,'zip.gif','Įvairių rašytojų aforizmai (lentelė)','','attachments/1800_527689bb72e76584c493838e8966b932.zip',62,1800,1,'','','','2010-10-22 09:16:44','2010-10-22 09:16:44',0),(1738,'989384bfbf59e65e5ad387beec1e6bbb.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1801_989384bfbf59e65e5ad387beec1e6bbb.zip','application/zip',5230,'zip.gif','Santrauka apie autorius','','attachments/1801_989384bfbf59e65e5ad387beec1e6bbb.zip',62,1801,1,'','','','2010-10-22 09:38:56','2010-10-22 09:38:56',0),(1739,'6317904cee2f74b8dcfc9f04b329db50.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1802_6317904cee2f74b8dcfc9f04b329db50.zip','application/zip',4970,'zip.gif','Rašinys K. 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Nyka - Nyliūnas - savičiausias dabarties poetas','','attachments/1809_a2a4f42a8041a1319f1749dbed4c0b71.zip',62,1809,1,'','','','2010-10-28 11:13:20','2010-10-28 11:13:20',0),(1747,'a4e3667b4433ac20f0564e868ad1808d.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1810_a4e3667b4433ac20f0564e868ad1808d.zip','application/zip',8718,'zip.gif','J. 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Cvirkos romanas \"Meisteris ir sūnūs\"','','attachments/1815_a7953aa8530a08011afc953f7f7e14b8.zip',62,1815,1,'','','','2010-10-28 11:38:53','2010-10-28 11:38:53',0),(1753,'a21577c636a92cb8139472402bd1618c.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1816_a21577c636a92cb8139472402bd1618c.zip','application/zip',7756,'zip.gif','Rašytojų kūrybos bruožai','','attachments/1816_a21577c636a92cb8139472402bd1618c.zip',62,1816,1,'','','','2010-10-28 11:50:47','2010-10-28 11:50:47',0),(1754,'a2880703d8c563a0c0766e5ab1a0576a.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1817_a2880703d8c563a0c0766e5ab1a0576a.zip','application/zip',16553,'zip.gif','Kornelijus Platelis','','attachments/1817_a2880703d8c563a0c0766e5ab1a0576a.zip',62,1817,1,'','','','2010-10-28 12:28:24','2010-10-28 12:28:24',0),(1755,'ab3b7c48f160ea92c956da3bbcc93be5.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1818_ab3b7c48f160ea92c956da3bbcc93be5.zip','application/zip',3932,'zip.gif','S. Nėries eilėraščio \"Tėvynei\" interpretacija','','attachments/1818_ab3b7c48f160ea92c956da3bbcc93be5.zip',62,1818,1,'','','','2010-10-28 12:32:38','2010-10-28 12:32:38',0),(1756,'abe5c5191ad26f6a30c43643379a1783.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1819_abe5c5191ad26f6a30c43643379a1783.zip','application/zip',5903,'zip.gif','I. Simonaitytės romano “Vilus Karalius” problematika ir veikėjų charakteriai','','attachments/1819_abe5c5191ad26f6a30c43643379a1783.zip',62,1819,1,'','','','2010-10-28 12:54:47','2010-10-28 12:54:47',0),(1757,'abf594aa053272a158de3d040567b426.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1820_abf594aa053272a158de3d040567b426.zip','application/zip',1158406,'zip.gif','Dž. R. R. Tolkinas \"Hobitas, arba ten ir atgal\"','','attachments/1820_abf594aa053272a158de3d040567b426.zip',62,1820,1,'','','','2010-10-28 13:00:43','2010-10-28 13:00:43',0),(1758,'ac23c409a3153bc836a3f2baa3225050.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1821_ac23c409a3153bc836a3f2baa3225050.zip','application/zip',2864,'zip.gif','Ieva Simonaitytė','','attachments/1821_ac23c409a3153bc836a3f2baa3225050.zip',62,1821,1,'','','','2010-10-28 13:16:17','2010-10-28 13:16:17',0),(1759,'ad664e5c1c6d354bc9c7748aa47b0328.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1822_ad664e5c1c6d354bc9c7748aa47b0328.zip','application/zip',257640,'zip.gif','Stanislavas Lemas \"Soliaris\"','','attachments/1822_ad664e5c1c6d354bc9c7748aa47b0328.zip',62,1822,1,'','','','2010-10-28 13:23:07','2010-10-28 13:23:07',0),(1760,'b1a8b00d5a1e0c6c86b88be579d76f03.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1823_b1a8b00d5a1e0c6c86b88be579d76f03.zip','application/zip',102245,'zip.gif','Paulo Coelho \"Alchemikas\"','','attachments/1823_b1a8b00d5a1e0c6c86b88be579d76f03.zip',62,1823,1,'','','','2010-10-28 13:27:39','2010-10-28 13:27:39',0),(1761,'b5c264024f8a3a42685af57a3129599f.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1824_b5c264024f8a3a42685af57a3129599f.zip','application/zip',5105,'zip.gif','Antanas Škėma “Balta Drobulė”(13-os dalies analizė)','','attachments/1824_b5c264024f8a3a42685af57a3129599f.zip',62,1824,1,'','','','2010-10-28 13:31:20','2010-10-28 13:31:20',0),(1762,'b6ca7fe9420a9cbc62f8e8fdf23db63e.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1825_b6ca7fe9420a9cbc62f8e8fdf23db63e.zip','application/zip',3960,'zip.gif','Herkus Mantas','','attachments/1825_b6ca7fe9420a9cbc62f8e8fdf23db63e.zip',62,1825,1,'','','','2010-10-28 13:34:40','2010-10-28 13:34:40',0),(1763,'b7c9920e7603c724c4812070ebd50cf6.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1826_b7c9920e7603c724c4812070ebd50cf6.zip','application/zip',785151,'zip.gif','E. M. Remarkas \"Vakarų fronte nieko naujo\"','','attachments/1826_b7c9920e7603c724c4812070ebd50cf6.zip',62,1826,1,'','','','2010-10-28 13:41:08','2010-10-28 13:41:08',0),(1764,'b23d4e0f017d36c028d5af3524c548f6.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1827_b23d4e0f017d36c028d5af3524c548f6.zip','application/zip',98847,'zip.gif','Maironis \"Pavasario balsai\"','','attachments/1827_b23d4e0f017d36c028d5af3524c548f6.zip',62,1827,1,'','','','2010-10-28 13:44:33','2010-10-28 13:44:33',0),(1765,'b59cf44bdb5680f5a6ead48b72a4e558.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1828_b59cf44bdb5680f5a6ead48b72a4e558.zip','application/zip',11176,'zip.gif','Referatas \"Šatrijos Ragana\"','','attachments/1828_b59cf44bdb5680f5a6ead48b72a4e558.zip',62,1828,1,'','','','2010-10-28 13:48:30','2010-10-28 13:48:30',0),(1766,'b61d3c85afd2a62eba579416ee4da845.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1829_b61d3c85afd2a62eba579416ee4da845.zip','application/zip',3997,'zip.gif','Lapino likimas V. Krėvės apsakyme \"Skerdžius\"','','attachments/1829_b61d3c85afd2a62eba579416ee4da845.zip',62,1829,1,'','','','2010-10-29 12:46:45','2010-10-29 12:46:45',0),(1767,'b413b9bac90aefc4532f29017079ff49.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1830_b413b9bac90aefc4532f29017079ff49.zip','application/zip',70963,'zip.gif','Referatas apie Maironį','','attachments/1830_b413b9bac90aefc4532f29017079ff49.zip',62,1830,1,'','','','2010-10-29 13:56:58','2010-10-29 13:56:58',0),(1768,'b500dfdf683888b0975116c4fb05e305.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1831_b500dfdf683888b0975116c4fb05e305.zip','application/zip',11184,'zip.gif','Šatrijos Ragana - gyvenimo ir kurybos faktai','','attachments/1831_b500dfdf683888b0975116c4fb05e305.zip',62,1831,1,'','','','2010-11-02 11:13:34','2010-11-02 11:13:34',0),(1769,'b675b3317a46132dc6b6f675ae8bb837.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1832_b675b3317a46132dc6b6f675ae8bb837.zip','application/zip',4450,'zip.gif','Švietėjai ir jų idėjos (lentelė)','','attachments/1832_b675b3317a46132dc6b6f675ae8bb837.zip',62,1832,1,'','','','2010-11-02 11:15:34','2010-11-02 11:15:34',0),(1770,'b678e23332c6fc43bd3b8df58619ee37.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1833_b678e23332c6fc43bd3b8df58619ee37.zip','application/zip',5166,'zip.gif','Meilės motyvas S. Nėries eilėraščių rinkinyje \"Anksti rytą\"','','attachments/1833_b678e23332c6fc43bd3b8df58619ee37.zip',62,1833,1,'','','','2010-11-02 11:19:36','2010-11-02 11:19:36',0),(1771,'b0970e106388a553927acefccb351c17.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1834_b0970e106388a553927acefccb351c17.zip','application/zip',16955,'zip.gif','Neoromantikai','','attachments/1834_b0970e106388a553927acefccb351c17.zip',62,1834,1,'','','','2010-11-02 11:22:06','2010-11-02 11:22:06',0),(1772,'b1456ef53eb0874d827e1fa734291758.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1835_b1456ef53eb0874d827e1fa734291758.zip','application/zip',4725,'zip.gif','Poezijos teksto analizė','','attachments/1835_b1456ef53eb0874d827e1fa734291758.zip',62,1835,1,'','','','2010-11-02 11:25:10','2010-11-02 11:25:10',0),(1773,'b4978b284b919bd7e3fac97e1f841b96.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1836_b4978b284b919bd7e3fac97e1f841b96.zip','application/zip',7362,'zip.gif','Ar sunku būti jaunam?','','attachments/1836_b4978b284b919bd7e3fac97e1f841b96.zip',62,1836,1,'','','','2010-11-02 11:28:06','2010-11-02 11:28:06',0),(1774,'bb83a2bc3df774ca4e712d69e64b26ab.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1837_bb83a2bc3df774ca4e712d69e64b26ab.zip','application/zip',14115,'zip.gif','Gabriel Garcia Marquez \"Gyvenk, kad turėtum ką papasakoti\"','','attachments/1837_bb83a2bc3df774ca4e712d69e64b26ab.zip',62,1837,1,'','','','2010-11-02 11:32:35','2010-11-02 11:32:35',0),(1775,'bbf88f8291ceddfd2450b1a8ba680126.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1838_bbf88f8291ceddfd2450b1a8ba680126.zip','application/zip',3711,'zip.gif','Raganius Gugis - laimingas charakteris','','attachments/1838_bbf88f8291ceddfd2450b1a8ba680126.zip',62,1838,1,'','','','2010-11-02 11:35:38','2010-11-02 11:35:38',0),(1776,'bc9db60454ee34f1c824eb5fd079bdd0.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1839_bc9db60454ee34f1c824eb5fd079bdd0.zip','application/zip',92708,'zip.gif','Ernestas Hemingvėjus \"Senis ir jūra\"','','attachments/1839_bc9db60454ee34f1c824eb5fd079bdd0.zip',62,1839,1,'','','','2010-11-02 11:38:57','2010-11-02 11:38:57',1),(1777,'bf492ae03fd02c6e7a5734b227911b2e.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1840_bf492ae03fd02c6e7a5734b227911b2e.zip','application/zip',4386,'zip.gif','Lietuvių meninė raiška','','attachments/1840_bf492ae03fd02c6e7a5734b227911b2e.zip',62,1840,1,'','','','2010-11-02 11:45:49','2010-11-02 11:45:49',0),(1778,'c0a58a827489c13d171a3df6814bceb1.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1841_c0a58a827489c13d171a3df6814bceb1.zip','application/zip',9447,'zip.gif','Alfonso Nykos-Niliūno prarasties filosofija','','attachments/1841_c0a58a827489c13d171a3df6814bceb1.zip',62,1841,1,'','','','2010-11-02 11:58:28','2010-11-02 11:58:28',0),(1779,'c1cb988957816a2291b225da8efd8503.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1842_c1cb988957816a2291b225da8efd8503.zip','application/zip',10445,'zip.gif','R. Kiplingas \"Apie katiną, kuris mėgo vaikščioti vienas\"','','attachments/1842_c1cb988957816a2291b225da8efd8503.zip',62,1842,1,'','','','2010-11-02 12:02:29','2010-11-02 12:02:29',0),(1780,'c3ab23d421b08a204ff8ea2391887329.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1843_c3ab23d421b08a204ff8ea2391887329.zip','application/zip',135228,'zip.gif','Sigitas Parulskis \"Nesibaigianti vienatvė dviem\"','','attachments/1843_c3ab23d421b08a204ff8ea2391887329.zip',62,1843,1,'','','','2010-11-02 12:10:31','2010-11-02 12:10:31',0),(1781,'c4e00b0a29e558d8ae32dcc2317103db.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1844_c4e00b0a29e558d8ae32dcc2317103db.zip','application/zip',170808,'zip.gif','Kobas Abe \"Moteris smėlynuose\"','','attachments/1844_c4e00b0a29e558d8ae32dcc2317103db.zip',62,1844,1,'','','','2010-11-02 12:14:31','2010-11-02 12:14:31',0),(1782,'c6bc5663f9cc0a1c322230f5facc4b94.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1845_c6bc5663f9cc0a1c322230f5facc4b94.zip','application/zip',41500,'zip.gif','Šalutiniai sakiniai A. Tatarės \"Pamoksluose išminties ir teisybės\" bei J. Dovyda','','attachments/1845_c6bc5663f9cc0a1c322230f5facc4b94.zip',62,1845,1,'','','','2010-11-02 12:18:56','2010-11-02 12:18:56',0),(1783,'c21df9fde8048f029e00c59119c2f83a.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1846_c21df9fde8048f029e00c59119c2f83a.zip','application/zip',12810,'zip.gif','Stilių sąveika','','attachments/1846_c21df9fde8048f029e00c59119c2f83a.zip',62,1846,1,'','','','2010-11-02 12:21:59','2010-11-02 12:21:59',0),(1784,'c23bb1ad9a9ff54f0b3bda6a3f5d23d3.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1847_c23bb1ad9a9ff54f0b3bda6a3f5d23d3.zip','application/zip',5132,'zip.gif','R. M. Rilkė','','attachments/1847_c23bb1ad9a9ff54f0b3bda6a3f5d23d3.zip',62,1847,1,'','','','2010-11-02 12:33:36','2010-11-02 12:33:36',0),(1785,'c29ff7e7da0ac26d82e5058c8a8de402.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1848_c29ff7e7da0ac26d82e5058c8a8de402.zip','application/zip',26137,'zip.gif','Žvilgsnis į S. Nėries gyvenimą ir kūrybą','','attachments/1848_c29ff7e7da0ac26d82e5058c8a8de402.zip',62,1848,1,'','','','2010-11-02 12:37:23','2010-11-02 12:37:23',0),(1786,'c68db3e12331f25bd72ef3d7f7a91478.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1849_c68db3e12331f25bd72ef3d7f7a91478.zip','application/zip',5933,'zip.gif','Antanas Vaičiulaitis','','attachments/1849_c68db3e12331f25bd72ef3d7f7a91478.zip',62,1849,1,'','','','2010-11-03 08:32:38','2010-11-03 08:32:38',0),(1787,'c73b867dd0928644a30b4417548ae21a.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1850_c73b867dd0928644a30b4417548ae21a.zip','application/zip',6625,'zip.gif','A. Vienažindis','','attachments/1850_c73b867dd0928644a30b4417548ae21a.zip',62,1850,1,'','','','2010-11-03 08:37:20','2010-11-03 08:37:20',0),(1788,'c154ff5f96777ad06f4477b47e9089fa.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1851_c154ff5f96777ad06f4477b47e9089fa.zip','application/zip',14238,'zip.gif','M. Katiliškio \"Užuovėja\"','','attachments/1851_c154ff5f96777ad06f4477b47e9089fa.zip',62,1851,1,'','','','2010-11-03 08:40:50','2010-11-03 08:40:50',0),(1789,'c536fe55ac1f1c72da46b71b68146de6.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1852_c536fe55ac1f1c72da46b71b68146de6.zip','application/zip',1258783,'zip.gif','E. M. Remarkas \"Laikas gyventi ir laikas mirti\"','','attachments/1852_c536fe55ac1f1c72da46b71b68146de6.zip',62,1852,1,'','','','2010-11-03 08:47:27','2010-11-03 08:47:27',1),(1790,'c835e59af7b22778290e5546569c7ade.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1853_c835e59af7b22778290e5546569c7ade.zip','application/zip',5996,'zip.gif','Kodėl nelaimingos moterys romane \"Vilius Karalius\"','','attachments/1853_c835e59af7b22778290e5546569c7ade.zip',62,1853,1,'','','','2010-11-03 08:51:26','2010-11-03 08:51:26',0),(1791,'c934e6bd55afa4b2db86acf078a55ddf.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1854_c934e6bd55afa4b2db86acf078a55ddf.zip','application/zip',6022,'zip.gif','“Kalnai kelmuoti, pakalnės nuplikę” - kaip daugiaprasmė metafora”','','attachments/1854_c934e6bd55afa4b2db86acf078a55ddf.zip',62,1854,1,'','','','2010-11-03 09:05:26','2010-11-03 09:05:26',0),(1792,'c1359e6ecef2617587e25e6568a7dd8c.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1855_c1359e6ecef2617587e25e6568a7dd8c.zip','application/zip',5256,'zip.gif','Justino Marcinkevičiaus tezės','','attachments/1855_c1359e6ecef2617587e25e6568a7dd8c.zip',62,1855,1,'','','','2010-11-03 09:08:42','2010-11-03 09:08:42',1),(1793,'c1545df64f15450b4d9aff88b30c2da8.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1856_c1545df64f15450b4d9aff88b30c2da8.zip','application/zip',9941,'zip.gif','A. Škėmos kūryba','','attachments/1856_c1545df64f15450b4d9aff88b30c2da8.zip',62,1856,1,'','','','2010-11-03 09:11:44','2010-11-03 09:11:44',0),(1794,'c6672730a000135f769585f080204084.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1857_c6672730a000135f769585f080204084.zip','application/zip',3132,'zip.gif','Santrauka apie J. Aputį','','attachments/1857_c6672730a000135f769585f080204084.zip',62,1857,1,'','','','2010-11-03 09:15:55','2010-11-03 09:15:55',0),(1795,'ca60602f54e9f328bd84e94768590083.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1858_ca60602f54e9f328bd84e94768590083.zip','application/zip',4742,'zip.gif','Ar sunku būti karaliumi? (pagal B. Sruogos \"Milžino paunksmė\"','','attachments/1858_ca60602f54e9f328bd84e94768590083.zip',62,1858,1,'','','','2010-11-03 09:19:10','2010-11-03 09:19:10',0),(1796,'cb4760b95dba07ac7c8053e6a7a96443.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1859_cb4760b95dba07ac7c8053e6a7a96443.zip','application/zip',2900,'zip.gif','Moterys I. Simonaitytės kūryboje','','attachments/1859_cb4760b95dba07ac7c8053e6a7a96443.zip',62,1859,1,'','','','2010-11-03 09:54:00','2010-11-03 09:54:00',0),(1797,'cb938967dc9b04bcac5fd4df00318485.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1860_cb938967dc9b04bcac5fd4df00318485.zip','application/zip',172449,'zip.gif','Graikų mitologijos testas','','attachments/1860_cb938967dc9b04bcac5fd4df00318485.zip',62,1860,1,'','','','2010-11-03 10:44:35','2010-11-03 10:44:35',1),(1798,'cbc04a698e0dbd5006489fc73e6a40a8.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1861_cbc04a698e0dbd5006489fc73e6a40a8.zip','application/zip',17160,'zip.gif','\"Užuovėja\"','','attachments/1861_cbc04a698e0dbd5006489fc73e6a40a8.zip',62,1861,1,'','','','2010-11-03 10:47:56','2010-11-03 10:47:56',0),(1799,'cc8d358bf253f146bf5058ebb52abd27.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1862_cc8d358bf253f146bf5058ebb52abd27.zip','application/zip',3353,'zip.gif','Santrauka apie J. Biliūną','','attachments/1862_cc8d358bf253f146bf5058ebb52abd27.zip',62,1862,1,'','','','2010-11-03 10:51:18','2010-11-03 10:51:18',0),(1800,'cc62ebff1bc6703160d3930c20eb14cb.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1863_cc62ebff1bc6703160d3930c20eb14cb.zip','application/zip',3899,'zip.gif','Liūnės Sutemos eilėraščio “Tėvo nukaltu raktu” interpretacija','','attachments/1863_cc62ebff1bc6703160d3930c20eb14cb.zip',62,1863,1,'','','','2010-11-03 10:53:50','2010-11-03 10:53:50',0),(1801,'cd0f7567a4596f1b322cd9a95896b4a5.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1864_cd0f7567a4596f1b322cd9a95896b4a5.zip','application/zip',4612,'zip.gif','Santrauka apie Šatrijos Raganą','','attachments/1864_cd0f7567a4596f1b322cd9a95896b4a5.zip',62,1864,1,'','','','2010-11-03 10:56:24','2010-11-03 10:56:24',0),(1802,'cd5da0b663f9a36a575fb13ebaab02b1.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1865_cd5da0b663f9a36a575fb13ebaab02b1.zip','application/zip',3397,'zip.gif','S. Nėries jaunystės polėkis (\"Anksti rytą\")','','attachments/1865_cd5da0b663f9a36a575fb13ebaab02b1.zip',62,1865,1,'','','','2010-11-03 10:59:20','2010-11-03 10:59:20',0),(1803,'cde526cb50a176bab477c15123fd04d4.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1866_cde526cb50a176bab477c15123fd04d4.zip','application/zip',3909,'zip.gif','J. Avyžius \"Sodybų tuštėjimo metas\" 3-4 dalys','','attachments/1866_cde526cb50a176bab477c15123fd04d4.zip',62,1866,1,'','','','2010-11-03 11:02:47','2010-11-03 11:02:47',0),(1804,'d0a1b8cc26ae26dc48e4be27947a919d.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1867_d0a1b8cc26ae26dc48e4be27947a919d.zip','application/zip',8467,'zip.gif','Antanas Škėma','','attachments/1867_d0a1b8cc26ae26dc48e4be27947a919d.zip',62,1867,1,'','','','2010-11-03 11:05:57','2010-11-03 11:05:57',0),(1805,'d1c11ffa1e6f597e7145a13f0e6c73b2.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1868_d1c11ffa1e6f597e7145a13f0e6c73b2.zip','application/zip',4002,'zip.gif','Čiurlionio kūryba','','attachments/1868_d1c11ffa1e6f597e7145a13f0e6c73b2.zip',62,1868,1,'','','','2010-11-03 11:08:32','2010-11-03 11:08:32',0),(1806,'d1fa9e60fdb8aec9cded29bad8bf4f68.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1869_d1fa9e60fdb8aec9cded29bad8bf4f68.zip','application/zip',28494,'zip.gif','Laimingasis - tai aš','','attachments/1869_d1fa9e60fdb8aec9cded29bad8bf4f68.zip',62,1869,1,'','','','2010-11-03 13:07:43','2010-11-03 13:07:43',0),(1807,'d014ca117507414bd7bee6833c24d3ae.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1870_d014ca117507414bd7bee6833c24d3ae.zip','application/zip',138056,'zip.gif','Egzamino tekstai interpretacijai','','attachments/1870_d014ca117507414bd7bee6833c24d3ae.zip',62,1870,1,'','','','2010-11-03 13:11:16','2010-11-03 13:11:16',0),(1808,'d100ed1027e80bd9aceb1ebe7a2110ae.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1871_d100ed1027e80bd9aceb1ebe7a2110ae.zip','application/zip',5075,'zip.gif','K. Borutos \"Baltaragio malūnas\" ištrauka','','attachments/1871_d100ed1027e80bd9aceb1ebe7a2110ae.zip',62,1871,1,'','','','2010-11-03 13:13:58','2010-11-03 13:13:58',0),(1809,'d0627dff3a5492eb1e12d74186f2f19b.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1872_d0627dff3a5492eb1e12d74186f2f19b.zip','application/zip',3522,'zip.gif','J. Baltušio \"Sakmė apie Juzą\" analizė pasirinktu aspektu','','attachments/1872_d0627dff3a5492eb1e12d74186f2f19b.zip',62,1872,1,'','','','2010-11-03 13:34:55','2010-11-03 13:34:55',0),(1810,'d3146f805e78fb86a6651f4d30504c59.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1873_d3146f805e78fb86a6651f4d30504c59.zip','application/zip',4694,'zip.gif','Rašytojų nuopelnai (lentelė)','','attachments/1873_d3146f805e78fb86a6651f4d30504c59.zip',62,1873,1,'','','','2010-11-03 13:45:21','2010-11-03 13:45:21',0),(1811,'d61870f1645548ba6d4531bd1dc66791.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1874_d61870f1645548ba6d4531bd1dc66791.zip','application/zip',4266,'zip.gif','K. Bradūno poezija. 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Kondrotas \"Ir apsiniauks žvelgiantys pro langą\" I dalis','','attachments/1879_dd278d8438e33853deee78f9d351d046.zip',62,1879,1,'','','','2010-11-04 10:16:36','2010-11-04 10:16:36',0),(1817,'ddce7b1c3575cdd78ef871c0ca292a04.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1880_ddce7b1c3575cdd78ef871c0ca292a04.zip','application/zip',3714,'zip.gif','Žmogaus kelias visuomenėje','','attachments/1880_ddce7b1c3575cdd78ef871c0ca292a04.zip',62,1880,1,'','','','2010-11-04 11:16:03','2010-11-04 11:16:03',0),(1818,'defbd58a9a5f839f9a8aa3a9829637d5.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1881_defbd58a9a5f839f9a8aa3a9829637d5.zip','application/zip',1939198,'zip.gif','Michailas Bulgakovas \"Meistras ir Margarita\"','','attachments/1881_defbd58a9a5f839f9a8aa3a9829637d5.zip',62,1881,1,'','','','2010-11-04 11:21:32','2010-11-04 11:21:32',1),(1819,'df79628b93215e8a40fd71fd4ac79f58.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1882_df79628b93215e8a40fd71fd4ac79f58.zip','application/zip',3945,'zip.gif','Vaikystės pasaulis B.Radzevičiaus romane “Priešaušrio vieškeliai”','','attachments/1882_df79628b93215e8a40fd71fd4ac79f58.zip',62,1882,1,'','','','2010-11-04 11:38:46','2010-11-04 11:38:46',0),(1820,'dfc022c8174d21e6f2392b59d970f327.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1883_dfc022c8174d21e6f2392b59d970f327.zip','application/zip',5159,'zip.gif','Teisingo ir iðmintingo gyvenimo samprata “Metuose”','','attachments/1883_dfc022c8174d21e6f2392b59d970f327.zip',62,1883,1,'','','','2010-11-04 11:55:47','2010-11-04 11:55:47',0),(1821,'dfe798fbe55b7ee09c905347ebcc240a.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1884_dfe798fbe55b7ee09c905347ebcc240a.zip','application/zip',6226,'zip.gif','J. 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Baranausko “Anykščių Šilelyje”','','attachments/1891_e93d93b78ac954d3ff7080c1b7a26dd6.zip',62,1891,1,'','','','2010-11-04 14:10:43','2010-11-04 14:10:43',0),(1829,'e191c71e39ced46f411aa7997de9216d.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1892_e191c71e39ced46f411aa7997de9216d.zip','application/zip',4213,'zip.gif','V. Krėvės apsakymo \"Kūčių vakaras\" analizė','','attachments/1892_e191c71e39ced46f411aa7997de9216d.zip',62,1892,1,'','','','2010-11-04 14:14:40','2010-11-04 14:14:40',0),(1830,'e212e6d63fcb53a2484d8234c22e05cb.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1893_e212e6d63fcb53a2484d8234c22e05cb.zip','application/zip',8756,'zip.gif','A. Nyka - Niliūnas referatas ir eilėraščio analizė','','attachments/1893_e212e6d63fcb53a2484d8234c22e05cb.zip',62,1893,1,'','','','2010-11-04 14:19:03','2010-11-04 14:19:03',0),(1831,'e783acc4380fa42357dc26a98ac37ce8.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1894_e783acc4380fa42357dc26a98ac37ce8.zip','application/zip',964924,'zip.gif','R. A. Heinleinas \"Durys į vasarą\"','','attachments/1894_e783acc4380fa42357dc26a98ac37ce8.zip',62,1894,1,'','','','2010-11-04 14:24:35','2010-11-04 14:24:35',0),(1832,'e1260c717e5e2f148506d45eccc6beb4.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1895_e1260c717e5e2f148506d45eccc6beb4.zip','application/zip',83383,'zip.gif','Referatas \"Simonas Daukantas\"','','attachments/1895_e1260c717e5e2f148506d45eccc6beb4.zip',62,1895,1,'','','','2010-11-04 14:40:21','2010-11-04 14:40:21',0),(1833,'ea241c810f3890b902d0fa5539884647.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1896_ea241c810f3890b902d0fa5539884647.zip','application/zip',12578,'zip.gif','Santrauka apie Kristijoną Donelaitį','','attachments/1896_ea241c810f3890b902d0fa5539884647.zip',62,1896,1,'','','','2010-11-04 14:48:03','2010-11-04 14:48:03',0),(1834,'eb964a9a599d1a5c6b51dcfb48cc9738.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1897_eb964a9a599d1a5c6b51dcfb48cc9738.zip','application/zip',8580,'zip.gif','Dainuojamoji tautosaka','','attachments/1897_eb964a9a599d1a5c6b51dcfb48cc9738.zip',62,1897,1,'','','','2010-11-04 14:52:11','2010-11-04 14:52:11',0),(1835,'ebb25329dcba9c62c26eccc9fb1ac65f.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1898_ebb25329dcba9c62c26eccc9fb1ac65f.zip','application/zip',3410,'zip.gif','P. 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Putino \"Parafrazės\"\"','','attachments/1904_f0d6fca25d75a91163ea4b5ab4f2e8de.zip',62,1904,1,'','','','2010-11-05 11:36:43','2010-11-05 11:36:43',0),(1842,'f0eb62d8cb8bbf906e10a571df5aa264.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1905_f0eb62d8cb8bbf906e10a571df5aa264.zip','application/zip',8319,'zip.gif','Vytauto Mačernio pasaulis','','attachments/1905_f0eb62d8cb8bbf906e10a571df5aa264.zip',62,1905,1,'','','','2010-11-05 11:45:15','2010-11-05 11:45:15',0),(1843,'f02f087b54ab2150b97f4eb6e9109661.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1906_f02f087b54ab2150b97f4eb6e9109661.zip','application/zip',3632,'zip.gif','Rašinys \"Lapino paveikslas V. Krėvės \"Skerdžiuje\"\"','','attachments/1906_f02f087b54ab2150b97f4eb6e9109661.zip',62,1906,1,'','','','2010-11-05 11:51:23','2010-11-05 11:51:23',0),(1844,'f3a05c1ee110c06a4c4a508174b4d879.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1907_f3a05c1ee110c06a4c4a508174b4d879.zip','application/zip',7251,'zip.gif','Rašinys \"Baltaragio malūnas\"','','attachments/1907_f3a05c1ee110c06a4c4a508174b4d879.zip',62,1907,1,'','','','2010-11-05 11:54:43','2010-11-05 11:54:43',0),(1845,'f7d426728ee6f3e632d964ab30b73d62.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1908_f7d426728ee6f3e632d964ab30b73d62.zip','application/zip',36396,'zip.gif','R. M. Rilkė \"Laiškai jaunam rašytojui\"','','attachments/1908_f7d426728ee6f3e632d964ab30b73d62.zip',62,1908,1,'','','','2010-11-05 11:58:01','2010-11-05 11:58:01',0),(1846,'f9df0bce620a5706356eb662a9cba7af.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1909_f9df0bce620a5706356eb662a9cba7af.zip','application/zip',3932,'zip.gif','Vaikystės pasaulis lietuvių literatūroje','','attachments/1909_f9df0bce620a5706356eb662a9cba7af.zip',62,1909,1,'','','','2010-11-05 12:23:22','2010-11-05 12:23:22',0),(1847,'f9ecdb4bf3ee4b075bbbaa6541cfefa0.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1910_f9ecdb4bf3ee4b075bbbaa6541cfefa0.zip','application/zip',6696,'zip.gif','Našlaitės motyvas','','attachments/1910_f9ecdb4bf3ee4b075bbbaa6541cfefa0.zip',62,1910,1,'','','','2010-11-05 12:25:53','2010-11-05 12:25:53',0),(1848,'f12b700f751591dab5849f4287257ace.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1911_f12b700f751591dab5849f4287257ace.zip','application/zip',6641,'zip.gif','Romantizmo literatūra','','attachments/1911_f12b700f751591dab5849f4287257ace.zip',62,1911,1,'','','','2010-11-05 12:29:14','2010-11-05 12:29:14',0),(1849,'f26ef7127f10e5585318f79f6e1e1018.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1912_f26ef7127f10e5585318f79f6e1e1018.zip','application/zip',3716,'zip.gif','Žmogaus ir gamtos ryšys M.Katiliškio romane “Užuovėja”','','attachments/1912_f26ef7127f10e5585318f79f6e1e1018.zip',62,1912,1,'','','','2010-11-05 12:38:41','2010-11-05 12:38:41',0),(1850,'f34a572070b13fffe3dd1b510d4f824b.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1913_f34a572070b13fffe3dd1b510d4f824b.zip','application/zip',4146,'zip.gif','\"Baltaragio malūno\" ištrauka','','attachments/1913_f34a572070b13fffe3dd1b510d4f824b.zip',62,1913,1,'','','','2010-11-05 12:48:35','2010-11-05 12:48:35',0),(1851,'f72a1796eefc010fb145cb4408e5b4a2.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1914_f72a1796eefc010fb145cb4408e5b4a2.zip','application/zip',5555,'zip.gif','Klaipėda - Lietuvos uostas','','attachments/1914_f72a1796eefc010fb145cb4408e5b4a2.zip',62,1914,1,'','','','2010-11-05 12:51:16','2010-11-05 12:51:16',0),(1852,'f243dc28e75632629648f19869e8b439.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1915_f243dc28e75632629648f19869e8b439.zip','application/zip',4432,'zip.gif','Menininkas ir visuomenė (lentelė)','','attachments/1915_f243dc28e75632629648f19869e8b439.zip',62,1915,1,'','','','2010-11-05 12:53:49','2010-11-05 12:53:49',0),(1853,'f278c0d01596ce0a3b0397b1579dd0fd.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1916_f278c0d01596ce0a3b0397b1579dd0fd.zip','application/zip',4122,'zip.gif','Tas begalinis motinos skausmas ir rūpestis pagal P.Cvirkos romaną \"Žemė maitinto','','attachments/1916_f278c0d01596ce0a3b0397b1579dd0fd.zip',62,1916,1,'','','','2010-11-05 13:05:55','2010-11-05 13:05:55',0),(1854,'f16447c4fb6618fa7811b6ed6d85fed3.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1917_f16447c4fb6618fa7811b6ed6d85fed3.zip','application/zip',8694,'zip.gif','Jonas Basanavičius','','attachments/1917_f16447c4fb6618fa7811b6ed6d85fed3.zip',62,1917,1,'','','','2010-11-05 13:09:01','2010-11-05 13:09:01',0),(1855,'f90206edcf5e9762965296b954acab88.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1918_f90206edcf5e9762965296b954acab88.zip','application/zip',5075,'zip.gif','Literatūros rūšys ir žanrai','','attachments/1918_f90206edcf5e9762965296b954acab88.zip',62,1918,1,'','','','2010-11-05 13:12:11','2010-11-05 13:12:11',0),(1856,'f787567dbe7a4bbae1e68c678a1b8d57.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1919_f787567dbe7a4bbae1e68c678a1b8d57.zip','application/zip',4526,'zip.gif','A. Vaičiulaitis','','attachments/1919_f787567dbe7a4bbae1e68c678a1b8d57.zip',62,1919,1,'','','','2010-11-05 13:14:43','2010-11-05 13:14:43',0),(1857,'fae3a3c4a54ed67c1151d09390562d8d.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1920_fae3a3c4a54ed67c1151d09390562d8d.zip','application/zip',19746,'zip.gif','Pranešimas \"Remarkas ir jo romanas \"Vakarų fronte nieko naujo\"\"','','attachments/1920_fae3a3c4a54ed67c1151d09390562d8d.zip',62,1920,1,'','','','2010-11-05 13:18:04','2010-11-05 13:18:04',0),(1858,'fc1c9ad7f72278300a7501f190fb8414.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1921_fc1c9ad7f72278300a7501f190fb8414.zip','application/zip',4454,'zip.gif','Maironis \"Dvi žvaigždės\" analizė','','attachments/1921_fc1c9ad7f72278300a7501f190fb8414.zip',62,1921,1,'','','','2010-11-05 13:23:06','2010-11-05 13:23:06',0),(1859,'fc1f5dd3c31c8a2932c088ed93a892c3.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1922_fc1f5dd3c31c8a2932c088ed93a892c3.zip','application/zip',45299,'zip.gif','Žanas Kokto \"Orfėjas\"','','attachments/1922_fc1f5dd3c31c8a2932c088ed93a892c3.zip',62,1922,1,'','','','2010-11-05 13:25:57','2010-11-05 13:25:57',0),(1860,'fca8f1946e9a388ee486ff0e6c1513e3.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1923_fca8f1946e9a388ee486ff0e6c1513e3.zip','application/zip',3648921,'zip.gif','H. Hesė \"Stepių vilkas\"','','attachments/1923_fca8f1946e9a388ee486ff0e6c1513e3.zip',62,1923,1,'','','','2010-11-05 13:29:13','2010-11-05 13:29:13',1),(1861,'fcaee109774b97373839e79d2d315496.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1924_fcaee109774b97373839e79d2d315496.zip','application/zip',11256,'zip.gif','Lyrinio subjekto pasaulėjautos įpatumai Vytauto Mačernio “Vizijose”','','attachments/1924_fcaee109774b97373839e79d2d315496.zip',62,1924,1,'','','','2010-11-05 13:31:39','2010-11-05 13:31:39',0),(1862,'fd934acff26fee1b753e3b01218e93e2.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1925_fd934acff26fee1b753e3b01218e93e2.zip','application/zip',53977,'zip.gif','D. Keyes \"Gėlės Eldžernonui\"','','attachments/1925_fd934acff26fee1b753e3b01218e93e2.zip',62,1925,1,'','','','2010-11-05 13:37:57','2010-11-05 13:37:57',0),(1863,'fd79415ee4115a61fcdb65d2307390f1.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1926_fd79415ee4115a61fcdb65d2307390f1.zip','application/zip',22871,'zip.gif','K. Donelaitis \"Metai\"','','attachments/1926_fd79415ee4115a61fcdb65d2307390f1.zip',62,1926,1,'','','','2010-11-05 13:40:47','2010-11-05 13:40:47',0),(1864,'fe131f8a47b8b154dfdcb2d5a50bba54.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1927_fe131f8a47b8b154dfdcb2d5a50bba54.zip','application/zip',2628,'zip.gif','Pasakotojo žvilgsnis novelių triptike „Ak, Teofili” (J. Aputis)','','attachments/1927_fe131f8a47b8b154dfdcb2d5a50bba54.zip',62,1927,1,'','','','2010-11-05 13:48:08','2010-11-05 13:48:08',0),(1865,'fe674a7c16da82dc66a4a0c6af8acef0.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1928_fe674a7c16da82dc66a4a0c6af8acef0.zip','application/zip',11448,'zip.gif','\"Altorių šešėly\" trumpas konspektas','','attachments/1928_fe674a7c16da82dc66a4a0c6af8acef0.zip',62,1928,1,'','','','2010-11-05 13:56:04','2010-11-05 13:56:04',8),(1866,'fe674a7c16da82dc66a4a0c6af8acef0.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1929_fe674a7c16da82dc66a4a0c6af8acef0.zip','application/zip',11448,'zip.gif','Tautosaka','','attachments/1929_fe674a7c16da82dc66a4a0c6af8acef0.zip',62,1929,1,'','','','2010-11-05 14:00:05','2010-11-05 14:00:05',0),(1867,'0e8e67f0e5a163235a37df24b4fe38a3.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1930_0e8e67f0e5a163235a37df24b4fe38a3.zip','application/zip',6066,'zip.gif','Trigonometrijos formulės','','attachments/1930_0e8e67f0e5a163235a37df24b4fe38a3.zip',62,1930,1,'','','','2010-11-10 19:06:22','2010-11-10 19:06:22',0),(1868,'0f2b9e98e15cca8a7a5247f934423b5c.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1931_0f2b9e98e15cca8a7a5247f934423b5c.zip','application/zip',10946,'zip.gif','Terminų bei sąvokų kilmė (referatas)','','attachments/1931_0f2b9e98e15cca8a7a5247f934423b5c.zip',62,1931,1,'','','','2010-11-10 19:14:24','2010-11-10 19:14:24',0),(1869,'0f7d469aac8042d1d0228f1f1d9e9f86.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1932_0f7d469aac8042d1d0228f1f1d9e9f86.zip','application/zip',3458,'zip.gif','Logoritminės ir rodyklinės lygtys','','attachments/1932_0f7d469aac8042d1d0228f1f1d9e9f86.zip',62,1932,1,'','','','2010-11-10 19:19:52','2010-11-10 19:19:52',0),(1870,'1c2c8e9ac0ee7609e7d658970cb0a630.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1933_1c2c8e9ac0ee7609e7d658970cb0a630.zip','application/zip',910366,'zip.gif','Analitinė geometrija','','attachments/1933_1c2c8e9ac0ee7609e7d658970cb0a630.zip',62,1933,1,'','','','2010-11-10 19:22:41','2010-11-10 19:22:41',0),(1871,'1d62f6e8f99e8195a796ff6ad3461daa.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1934_1d62f6e8f99e8195a796ff6ad3461daa.zip','application/zip',173070,'zip.gif','Geometrija ir algebra','','attachments/1934_1d62f6e8f99e8195a796ff6ad3461daa.zip',62,1934,1,'','','','2010-11-10 19:24:56','2010-11-10 19:24:56',0),(1872,'1f7cc42561ef2bdabc4a2e65766cc42d.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1935_1f7cc42561ef2bdabc4a2e65766cc42d.zip','application/zip',3153,'zip.gif','Išvestinių skaičiavimo formulės','','attachments/1935_1f7cc42561ef2bdabc4a2e65766cc42d.zip',62,1935,1,'','','','2010-11-10 19:30:51','2010-11-10 19:30:51',0),(1873,'2a2b0ea45592bc8fa86d938d7ef47e25.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1936_2a2b0ea45592bc8fa86d938d7ef47e25.zip','application/zip',1243738,'zip.gif','Ribinės teoremos','','attachments/1936_2a2b0ea45592bc8fa86d938d7ef47e25.zip',62,1936,1,'','','','2010-11-10 19:34:23','2010-11-10 19:34:23',0),(1874,'3a32dee1185da8d44e5094e38ae8f70e.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1938_3a32dee1185da8d44e5094e38ae8f70e.zip','application/zip',2513,'zip.gif','Diskrečioji matematika','','attachments/1938_3a32dee1185da8d44e5094e38ae8f70e.zip',62,1938,1,'','','','2010-11-10 19:46:40','2010-11-10 19:46:40',0),(1875,'3dca6f7ea8bcb189742b65029f930274.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1939_3dca6f7ea8bcb189742b65029f930274.zip','application/zip',5966,'zip.gif','Diferencinės lygtys','','attachments/1939_3dca6f7ea8bcb189742b65029f930274.zip',62,1939,1,'','','','2010-11-10 20:02:08','2010-11-10 20:02:08',0),(1876,'2b7296bf3fc929acb5727e9ad6952a68.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1940_2b7296bf3fc929acb5727e9ad6952a68.zip','application/zip',10016,'zip.gif','VDU namų darbų užduotys','','attachments/1940_2b7296bf3fc929acb5727e9ad6952a68.zip',62,1940,1,'','','','2010-11-15 08:19:37','2010-11-15 08:19:37',1),(1877,'4c0f70c172d0f7c56404f4826c13f0e5.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1941_4c0f70c172d0f7c56404f4826c13f0e5.zip','application/zip',2064925,'zip.gif','N. Lomanienė \"Logikos uždavinynas\"','','attachments/1941_4c0f70c172d0f7c56404f4826c13f0e5.zip',62,1941,1,'','','','2010-11-15 08:49:41','2010-11-15 08:49:41',2),(1878,'020c066cd7cbd8b07425ccc7564cb924.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1942_020c066cd7cbd8b07425ccc7564cb924.zip','application/zip',37793,'zip.gif','Logikos teorijos špera','','attachments/1942_020c066cd7cbd8b07425ccc7564cb924.zip',62,1942,1,'','','','2010-11-15 09:03:45','2010-11-15 09:03:45',1),(1879,'64a7a31f50e601c70c12605f07defd90.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1943_64a7a31f50e601c70c12605f07defd90.zip','application/zip',38873,'zip.gif','Elementarių logikos užduočių pratybos','','attachments/1943_64a7a31f50e601c70c12605f07defd90.zip',62,1943,1,'','','','2010-11-15 09:10:14','2010-11-15 09:10:14',1),(1880,'75cd2d3421b24f3b33d6683e1501e604.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1944_75cd2d3421b24f3b33d6683e1501e604.zip','application/zip',12927,'zip.gif','Ką reiškia mąstyti logiškai?','','attachments/1944_75cd2d3421b24f3b33d6683e1501e604.zip',62,1944,1,'','','','2010-11-15 09:16:51','2010-11-15 09:16:51',1),(1881,'a0b955308b549d089192886a98f7f650.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1945_a0b955308b549d089192886a98f7f650.zip','application/zip',280602,'zip.gif','VGTU dėst. 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Plečkaitis \"Logikos įvadas\"','','attachments/1949_ee84b40045d21d6d6894bd7fc4fc8495.zip',62,1949,1,'','','','2010-11-15 09:43:11','2010-11-15 09:43:11',2),(1886,'0e96711e540544915eb877181897249d.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1950_0e96711e540544915eb877181897249d.zip','application/zip',4927,'zip.gif','Lotyniškų žodžių žodynėlis','','attachments/1950_0e96711e540544915eb877181897249d.zip',62,1950,1,'','','','2010-11-15 12:00:16','2010-11-15 12:00:16',0),(1887,'03e49b094c8a7d2d0d7b2b140a5177dd.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1951_03e49b094c8a7d2d0d7b2b140a5177dd.zip','application/zip',163581,'zip.gif','Cicerono gyvenimas','','attachments/1951_03e49b094c8a7d2d0d7b2b140a5177dd.zip',62,1951,1,'','','','2010-11-15 12:04:07','2010-11-15 12:04:07',0),(1888,'05db6059f4ffb95edcbfbeda9a265993.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1952_05db6059f4ffb95edcbfbeda9a265993.zip','application/zip',6422,'zip.gif','Kai kurie lotynų kalbos žodžiai','','attachments/1952_05db6059f4ffb95edcbfbeda9a265993.zip',62,1952,1,'','','','2010-11-15 12:06:37','2010-11-15 12:06:37',0),(1889,'101e0ccd2ea51e9bf91bdb13aafe6a07.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1953_101e0ccd2ea51e9bf91bdb13aafe6a07.zip','application/zip',7370,'zip.gif','Lotynų kalbos gramatika','','attachments/1953_101e0ccd2ea51e9bf91bdb13aafe6a07.zip',62,1953,1,'','','','2010-11-15 12:08:21','2010-11-15 12:08:21',0),(1890,'0899a9bd80e339d7e775fc414c030b94.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1954_0899a9bd80e339d7e775fc414c030b94.zip','application/zip',5999,'zip.gif','Tarptautiniai žodžiai','','attachments/1954_0899a9bd80e339d7e775fc414c030b94.zip',62,1954,1,'','','','2010-11-15 12:10:23','2010-11-15 12:10:23',0),(1891,'f914f73bb703d12948cc6ddd9cefc7e5.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1955_f914f73bb703d12948cc6ddd9cefc7e5.zip','application/zip',28346,'zip.gif','Cicerono gyvenimas, veikla, kūryba','','attachments/1955_f914f73bb703d12948cc6ddd9cefc7e5.zip',62,1955,1,'','','','2010-11-15 12:15:18','2010-11-15 12:15:18',0),(1892,'2b472eda108b2b354a3c78f01cc4bca7.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1956_2b472eda108b2b354a3c78f01cc4bca7.zip','application/zip',6777,'zip.gif','Salotos 1','','attachments/1956_2b472eda108b2b354a3c78f01cc4bca7.zip',62,1956,1,'','','','2010-11-15 12:19:21','2010-11-15 12:19:21',0),(1893,'3d5a1719275003d6eedca3718b1e1ba9.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1957_3d5a1719275003d6eedca3718b1e1ba9.zip','application/zip',208258,'zip.gif','Skonio prekės. 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09:04:28',0),(1899,'a0c63ba23b1ce427a6366ca3f298889f.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1963_a0c63ba23b1ce427a6366ca3f298889f.zip','application/zip',3801470,'zip.gif','Darbštuolė \"Konservavimas\"','','attachments/1963_a0c63ba23b1ce427a6366ca3f298889f.zip',62,1963,1,'','','','2010-11-16 09:12:48','2010-11-16 09:12:48',0),(1900,'e00218896f32defb030acfc296f006f4.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1964_e00218896f32defb030acfc296f006f4.zip','application/zip',4964,'zip.gif','Šalti užkandžiai, salotos, desertai ir gėrimai','','attachments/1964_e00218896f32defb030acfc296f006f4.zip',62,1964,1,'','','','2010-11-16 09:16:48','2010-11-16 09:16:48',0),(1901,'4bdaaf25eafcf315621a8a7899435417.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1965_4bdaaf25eafcf315621a8a7899435417.zip','application/zip',18450,'zip.gif','Mechanikos špera','','attachments/1965_4bdaaf25eafcf315621a8a7899435417.zip',62,1965,1,'','','','2010-11-16 09:33:47','2010-11-16 09:33:47',0),(1902,'4cad3ed7dd0ea67b7d98f6551f070209.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1966_4cad3ed7dd0ea67b7d98f6551f070209.zip','application/zip',59627,'zip.gif','Hidraulinių ir pneumatinių pavarų sistemų kursinis darbas','','attachments/1966_4cad3ed7dd0ea67b7d98f6551f070209.zip',62,1966,1,'','','','2010-11-16 09:39:00','2010-11-16 09:39:00',0),(1903,'6bea3fbb105b6d79224f5e43cba00a6c.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1967_6bea3fbb105b6d79224f5e43cba00a6c.zip','application/zip',9968,'zip.gif','Liejimo praktikos darbo aprašymas','','attachments/1967_6bea3fbb105b6d79224f5e43cba00a6c.zip',62,1967,1,'','','','2010-11-16 09:43:06','2010-11-16 09:43:06',0),(1904,'9f699185ce6e3d621dda541bbabad91a.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1968_9f699185ce6e3d621dda541bbabad91a.zip','application/zip',13488,'zip.gif','Medžiagų sandėlio 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11:21:16',0),(1910,'0a79d7d7f84b0e03b54707097b946ce7.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1974_0a79d7d7f84b0e03b54707097b946ce7.zip','application/zip',24841,'zip.gif','Matematinės analizės konspektai','','attachments/1974_0a79d7d7f84b0e03b54707097b946ce7.zip',62,1974,1,'','','','2010-11-28 12:34:31','2010-11-28 12:34:31',0),(1911,'4bdd72802fbaf1dc7adcd2ad9f6ee83f.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1975_4bdd72802fbaf1dc7adcd2ad9f6ee83f.zip','application/zip',29382,'zip.gif','Kvadratinė funkcija ir jos grafikas (parabolė)','','attachments/1975_4bdd72802fbaf1dc7adcd2ad9f6ee83f.zip',62,1975,1,'','','','2010-11-28 12:41:37','2010-11-28 12:41:37',0),(1912,'4cbda46810862bab95837dc2216cfbd4.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1976_4cbda46810862bab95837dc2216cfbd4.zip','application/zip',2259,'zip.gif','Funkcijos tyrimo planas','','attachments/1976_4cbda46810862bab95837dc2216cfbd4.zip',62,1976,1,'','','','2010-11-28 12:58:55','2010-11-28 12:58:55',0),(1913,'4ccfcc2a9e4d32b02d92cfdfc4d323c0.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1977_4ccfcc2a9e4d32b02d92cfdfc4d323c0.zip','application/zip',3818,'zip.gif','Jonas Kubilius ir jo mokykla – skaičių teorija, tikimybinė skaičių teorija ir ti','','attachments/1977_4ccfcc2a9e4d32b02d92cfdfc4d323c0.zip',62,1977,1,'','','','2010-11-28 13:06:47','2010-11-28 13:06:47',0),(1914,'4ed07d51ddffadef0657a3fd13118e5f.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1978_4ed07d51ddffadef0657a3fd13118e5f.zip','application/zip',2310230,'zip.gif','Tikimybių teorija','','attachments/1978_4ed07d51ddffadef0657a3fd13118e5f.zip',62,1978,1,'','','','2010-11-28 13:14:38','2010-11-28 13:14:38',0),(1915,'4ef506b17c383fcf7cb3a6fc1c1f2712.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1979_4ef506b17c383fcf7cb3a6fc1c1f2712.zip','application/zip',40035,'zip.gif','Teiginių logikos 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13:36:34',0),(1918,'6d020370d4cd1efc9245995d7c224b5f.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1982_6d020370d4cd1efc9245995d7c224b5f.zip','application/zip',2066429,'zip.gif','Fraktalai','','attachments/1982_6d020370d4cd1efc9245995d7c224b5f.zip',62,1982,1,'','','','2010-11-29 13:40:28','2010-11-29 13:40:28',0),(1919,'7c27c46d3e52e07c45406a526e06e5cc.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1983_7c27c46d3e52e07c45406a526e06e5cc.zip','application/zip',408371,'zip.gif','Matematinio modeliavimo pagrindai','','attachments/1983_7c27c46d3e52e07c45406a526e06e5cc.zip',62,1983,1,'','','','2010-11-29 13:44:16','2010-11-29 13:44:16',0),(1920,'8c3c32bce2eddd9826d9415ee1e23bed.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1984_8c3c32bce2eddd9826d9415ee1e23bed.zip','application/zip',2349113,'zip.gif','Antros eilės kreivių ir paviršių geometrija','','attachments/1984_8c3c32bce2eddd9826d9415ee1e23bed.zip',62,1984,1,'','','','2010-11-29 13:52:15','2010-11-29 13:52:15',0),(1921,'8fb7748012138df9adbb6ac1282db002.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1985_8fb7748012138df9adbb6ac1282db002.zip','application/zip',4641,'zip.gif','Talis Miletietis','','attachments/1985_8fb7748012138df9adbb6ac1282db002.zip',62,1985,1,'','','','2010-11-29 13:55:59','2010-11-29 13:55:59',0),(1922,'9cac97f414730df44af108a5a98ce0e8.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1986_9cac97f414730df44af108a5a98ce0e8.zip','application/zip',105265,'zip.gif','Algebrinės struktūros špera','','attachments/1986_9cac97f414730df44af108a5a98ce0e8.zip',62,1986,1,'','','','2010-11-29 14:07:54','2010-11-29 14:07:54',0),(1923,'9ce45dcd523f94fa0529e882aa116131.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/1987_9ce45dcd523f94fa0529e882aa116131.zip','application/zip',1120334,'zip.gif','Algebra. 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2','','attachments/2008_1502f91ac1af031c348631df83e14f91.zip',62,2008,1,'','','','2010-11-29 16:27:16','2010-11-29 16:27:16',0),(1943,'1989f4808191b206393908358522728b.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2009_1989f4808191b206393908358522728b.zip','application/zip',871938,'zip.gif','Diskrečioji matematika ir uždavinynai','','attachments/2009_1989f4808191b206393908358522728b.zip',62,2009,1,'','','','2010-11-29 16:38:58','2010-11-29 16:38:58',0),(1944,'4305ca4e222ad36d0d70de07786317db.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2010_4305ca4e222ad36d0d70de07786317db.zip','application/zip',22293,'zip.gif','Santykinių dydžių rūšys','','attachments/2010_4305ca4e222ad36d0d70de07786317db.zip',62,2010,1,'','','','2010-11-30 07:58:25','2010-11-30 07:58:25',0),(1945,'4406f6c20bc62fe78c6e56736d149f76.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2011_4406f6c20bc62fe78c6e56736d149f76.zip','application/zip',9127,'zip.gif','Progresijų formulės','','attachments/2011_4406f6c20bc62fe78c6e56736d149f76.zip',62,2011,1,'','','','2010-11-30 08:00:58','2010-11-30 08:00:58',0),(1946,'7042ba787bb840cd01001ef8f40f3088.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2012_7042ba787bb840cd01001ef8f40f3088.zip','application/zip',20545,'zip.gif','Tiesinė algebra','','attachments/2012_7042ba787bb840cd01001ef8f40f3088.zip',62,2012,1,'','','','2010-11-30 08:07:00','2010-11-30 08:07:00',0),(1947,'92211b7144b83f3d7212116a133aa9a3.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2013_92211b7144b83f3d7212116a133aa9a3.zip','application/zip',3465,'zip.gif','Kosinusoidės ir sinusoidės grafikai','','attachments/2013_92211b7144b83f3d7212116a133aa9a3.zip',62,2013,1,'','','','2010-11-30 08:10:13','2010-11-30 08:10:13',0),(1948,'278288c3bc6b65ab9fb735acb1f8e6bf.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2014_278288c3bc6b65ab9fb735acb1f8e6bf.zip','application/zip',8413,'zip.gif','Tikimybių teorijos 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08:53:14',0),(1954,'4767492af8db29810f14dfb8f2d8782e.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2020_4767492af8db29810f14dfb8f2d8782e.zip','application/zip',351211,'zip.gif','Algebros ir analizinės geometrijos pagrindai','','attachments/2020_4767492af8db29810f14dfb8f2d8782e.zip',62,2020,1,'','','','2010-11-30 09:22:06','2010-11-30 09:22:06',0),(1955,'5937750c5c171dd76bd720580732d2ad.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2021_5937750c5c171dd76bd720580732d2ad.zip','application/zip',489976,'zip.gif','Matematinė analizė','','attachments/2021_5937750c5c171dd76bd720580732d2ad.zip',62,2021,1,'','','','2010-11-30 09:25:08','2010-11-30 09:25:08',0),(1956,'79802884e7dbe709d9240819606c9fe7.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2022_79802884e7dbe709d9240819606c9fe7.zip','application/zip',6920,'zip.gif','Tiesinės algebros špera','','attachments/2022_79802884e7dbe709d9240819606c9fe7.zip',62,2022,1,'','','','2010-11-30 09:28:12','2010-11-30 09:28:12',0),(1957,'85626213fe46b55193b4d7d4a651c8ea.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2023_85626213fe46b55193b4d7d4a651c8ea.zip','application/zip',37624,'zip.gif','Matematinės logikos špera','','attachments/2023_85626213fe46b55193b4d7d4a651c8ea.zip',62,2023,1,'','','','2010-11-30 09:32:59','2010-11-30 09:32:59',0),(1958,'550152067cd9b36dac53ad4f2eb26d61.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2024_550152067cd9b36dac53ad4f2eb26d61.zip','application/zip',3767204,'zip.gif','Įvadas į statistiką su R','','attachments/2024_550152067cd9b36dac53ad4f2eb26d61.zip',62,2024,1,'','','','2010-11-30 09:38:54','2010-11-30 09:38:54',0),(1959,'a4e8b072ef48bba6815c8ca67b69500b.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2025_a4e8b072ef48bba6815c8ca67b69500b.zip','application/zip',5250,'zip.gif','Trigonometrijos formulės 2','','attachments/2025_a4e8b072ef48bba6815c8ca67b69500b.zip',62,2025,1,'','','','2010-11-30 09:41:14','2010-11-30 09:41:14',0),(1960,'a6ff66c7069caa92650d3875ab10361b.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2026_a6ff66c7069caa92650d3875ab10361b.zip','application/zip',4926,'zip.gif','Pagrindinės elementarinės kompleksinio kintamojo funkcijos (špera)','','attachments/2026_a6ff66c7069caa92650d3875ab10361b.zip',62,2026,1,'','','','2010-11-30 09:44:19','2010-11-30 09:44:19',0),(1961,'a8ef8c610a51725daa72baceb3e5e8a6.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2027_a8ef8c610a51725daa72baceb3e5e8a6.zip','application/zip',447605,'zip.gif','Tiesinė algebra ir geometrija','','attachments/2027_a8ef8c610a51725daa72baceb3e5e8a6.zip',62,2027,1,'','','','2010-11-30 09:52:35','2010-11-30 09:52:35',0),(1962,'a66ed2f2057cf8af66618b6ca9a7b0af.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2028_a66ed2f2057cf8af66618b6ca9a7b0af.zip','application/zip',629822,'zip.gif','Statistika','','attachments/2028_a66ed2f2057cf8af66618b6ca9a7b0af.zip',62,2028,1,'','','','2010-11-30 09:57:09','2010-11-30 09:57:09',0),(1963,'a2259e599d057ad6221e7f492a3ad2c9.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2029_a2259e599d057ad6221e7f492a3ad2c9.zip','application/zip',56756,'zip.gif','Formulės','','attachments/2029_a2259e599d057ad6221e7f492a3ad2c9.zip',62,2029,1,'','','','2010-11-30 09:59:32','2010-11-30 09:59:32',0),(1964,'a7639aab8e2a0476cfde7a6ecdbf7246.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2030_a7639aab8e2a0476cfde7a6ecdbf7246.zip','application/zip',868560,'zip.gif','Dinaminės eilutės','','attachments/2030_a7639aab8e2a0476cfde7a6ecdbf7246.zip',62,2030,1,'','','','2010-11-30 10:23:47','2010-11-30 10:23:47',0),(1965,'aabe45aa38e4121b9e344317c2c51588.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2031_aabe45aa38e4121b9e344317c2c51588.zip','application/zip',14180,'zip.gif','Funkcijos f(x) išvestinė ir geometrinė prasmė','','attachments/2031_aabe45aa38e4121b9e344317c2c51588.zip',62,2031,1,'','','','2010-11-30 10:29:57','2010-11-30 10:29:57',0),(1966,'aac8294957cbccd92b78fed9871c17ea.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2032_aac8294957cbccd92b78fed9871c17ea.zip','application/zip',5140,'zip.gif','Netiesioginiai integralai (špera)','','attachments/2032_aac8294957cbccd92b78fed9871c17ea.zip',62,2032,1,'','','','2010-11-30 10:32:19','2010-11-30 10:32:19',0),(1967,'ab0d023078ddfa79b15c4d10bd3875a8.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2033_ab0d023078ddfa79b15c4d10bd3875a8.zip','application/zip',4680,'zip.gif','Archimedas','','attachments/2033_ab0d023078ddfa79b15c4d10bd3875a8.zip',62,2033,1,'','','','2010-11-30 10:35:24','2010-11-30 10:35:24',0),(1968,'aed64f2dd54d685a9c860a1cfe0ec6ea.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2034_aed64f2dd54d685a9c860a1cfe0ec6ea.zip','application/zip',8687,'zip.gif','Lygtys su vienu kintamuoju','','attachments/2034_aed64f2dd54d685a9c860a1cfe0ec6ea.zip',62,2034,1,'','','','2010-11-30 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19:52:14','2010-12-14 19:52:14',0),(2156,'04d8261436735f2b91ce406e927d356f.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2223_04d8261436735f2b91ce406e927d356f.zip','application/zip',7890,'zip.gif','Autobiografija (pavyzdys)','','attachments/2223_04d8261436735f2b91ce406e927d356f.zip',62,2223,1,'','','','2010-12-14 19:55:54','2010-12-14 19:55:54',0),(2157,'6e57452016bd681ed1dcee1e0b5d91e2.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2224_6e57452016bd681ed1dcee1e0b5d91e2.zip','application/zip',3864,'zip.gif','Siunčiamojo - atsakomojo dokumento forma','','attachments/2224_6e57452016bd681ed1dcee1e0b5d91e2.zip',62,2224,1,'','','','2010-12-14 19:58:23','2010-12-14 19:58:23',0),(2158,'7a53602920619cfad6c9b409c131a39f.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2225_7a53602920619cfad6c9b409c131a39f.zip','application/zip',3836,'zip.gif','Įstaigos vidaus dokumento patvirtinta 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20:51:21',0),(2173,'608fd0f6481fafd03757d7e41aff4b96.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2240_608fd0f6481fafd03757d7e41aff4b96.zip','application/zip',2974,'zip.gif','Priedo forma 1','','attachments/2240_608fd0f6481fafd03757d7e41aff4b96.zip',62,2240,1,'','','','2010-12-14 20:54:17','2010-12-14 20:54:17',0),(2174,'974cc4be382ed81ca063e569a9f330b2.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2241_974cc4be382ed81ca063e569a9f330b2.zip','application/zip',8181,'zip.gif','Strumpintas CV','','attachments/2241_974cc4be382ed81ca063e569a9f330b2.zip',62,2241,1,'','','','2010-12-14 21:10:48','2010-12-14 21:10:48',0),(2175,'07578f5024a15a28ffe309f97f342b43.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2242_07578f5024a15a28ffe309f97f342b43.zip','application/zip',3328,'zip.gif','Aktas (forma)','','attachments/2242_07578f5024a15a28ffe309f97f342b43.zip',62,2242,1,'','','','2010-12-14 21:14:26','2010-12-14 21:14:26',0),(2176,'12280c0347ddbeef8c06621dd98b788a.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2243_12280c0347ddbeef8c06621dd98b788a.zip','application/zip',3908,'zip.gif','Rekomendacija (pavyzdys)','','attachments/2243_12280c0347ddbeef8c06621dd98b788a.zip',62,2243,1,'','','','2010-12-14 21:17:30','2010-12-14 21:17:30',0),(2177,'72143c1a7501ca0f85950086a675d652.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2244_72143c1a7501ca0f85950086a675d652.zip','application/zip',2896,'zip.gif','Įsakymas dėl kasmetinių atostogų (pavyzdys)','','attachments/2244_72143c1a7501ca0f85950086a675d652.zip',62,2244,1,'','','','2010-12-14 21:21:27','2010-12-14 21:21:27',0),(2178,'707799c47b55c808523d671a7b18631e.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2245_707799c47b55c808523d671a7b18631e.zip','application/zip',308562,'zip.gif','Rašto darbų rengimo metodiniai. 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21:33:16',0),(2181,'a280a27e4ac994260363c941f1812b32.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2248_a280a27e4ac994260363c941f1812b32.zip','application/zip',3051,'zip.gif','Išrašo forma','','attachments/2248_a280a27e4ac994260363c941f1812b32.zip',62,2248,1,'','','','2010-12-14 21:36:44','2010-12-14 21:36:44',0),(2182,'ac0cb81098240baaf91e1ce9742bb00c.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2249_ac0cb81098240baaf91e1ce9742bb00c.zip','application/zip',5130,'zip.gif','CV (pavyzdys) 2','','attachments/2249_ac0cb81098240baaf91e1ce9742bb00c.zip',62,2249,1,'','','','2010-12-14 21:39:26','2010-12-14 21:39:26',0),(2183,'b22826f8d7e419cd47843bd8890eae4e.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2250_b22826f8d7e419cd47843bd8890eae4e.zip','application/zip',3291,'zip.gif','Organizacinio dokumento forma 3','','attachments/2250_b22826f8d7e419cd47843bd8890eae4e.zip',62,2250,1,'','','','2010-12-14 21:42:07','2010-12-14 21:42:07',0),(2184,'bf935e202b9b266804dc8e563115c02e.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2251_bf935e202b9b266804dc8e563115c02e.zip','application/zip',55755,'zip.gif','Įvairūs šablonai','','attachments/2251_bf935e202b9b266804dc8e563115c02e.zip',62,2251,1,'','','','2010-12-14 21:45:07','2010-12-14 21:45:07',0),(2185,'c9f9e3c4991d81615c6b759c41faf189.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2252_c9f9e3c4991d81615c6b759c41faf189.zip','application/zip',3198,'zip.gif','Priedo forma 3','','attachments/2252_c9f9e3c4991d81615c6b759c41faf189.zip',62,2252,1,'','','','2010-12-14 21:47:54','2010-12-14 21:47:54',0),(2186,'ca476f5923afbb257d51838190906c89.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2253_ca476f5923afbb257d51838190906c89.zip','application/zip',3115,'zip.gif','Įstaigos vidaus dokumento (forma)','','attachments/2253_ca476f5923afbb257d51838190906c89.zip',62,2253,1,'','','','2010-12-14 21:51:15','2010-12-14 21:51:15',0),(2187,'cd5839e82f2e211d9875ca13ddf8551c.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2254_cd5839e82f2e211d9875ca13ddf8551c.zip','application/zip',3491,'zip.gif','Įstaigos vidaus dokumento forma 2','','attachments/2254_cd5839e82f2e211d9875ca13ddf8551c.zip',62,2254,1,'','','','2010-12-14 21:53:56','2010-12-14 21:53:56',0),(2188,'ce2b04e3f72451f49dbdd54f0fdd58bf.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2255_ce2b04e3f72451f49dbdd54f0fdd58bf.zip','application/zip',3279,'zip.gif','Organizacinio dokumento forma 4','','attachments/2255_ce2b04e3f72451f49dbdd54f0fdd58bf.zip',62,2255,1,'','','','2010-12-14 21:56:41','2010-12-14 21:56:41',0),(2189,'d9a9c5c6e7cf0520aad2f470d3e68b57.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2256_d9a9c5c6e7cf0520aad2f470d3e68b57.zip','application/zip',4681,'zip.gif','Darbuotojų susirinkimo protokolas','','attachments/2256_d9a9c5c6e7cf0520aad2f470d3e68b57.zip',62,2256,1,'','','','2010-12-15 17:09:28','2010-12-15 17:09:28',0),(2190,'d3891647a44383dcbfe8c059c8f46a01.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2257_d3891647a44383dcbfe8c059c8f46a01.zip','application/zip',5909,'zip.gif','Tiekimo sutarties forma','','attachments/2257_d3891647a44383dcbfe8c059c8f46a01.zip',62,2257,1,'','','','2010-12-15 17:11:47','2010-12-15 17:11:47',0),(2191,'de5903033b101ee3e7e552020aea703f.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2258_de5903033b101ee3e7e552020aea703f.zip','application/zip',3061,'zip.gif','Organizacinio dokumento forma','','attachments/2258_de5903033b101ee3e7e552020aea703f.zip',62,2258,1,'','','','2010-12-15 17:14:01','2010-12-15 17:14:01',0),(2192,'e4be4b92e0822493af108b83233918e2.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2259_e4be4b92e0822493af108b83233918e2.zip','application/zip',8536,'zip.gif','Rekomendacinis laiškas (pavyzdys)','','attachments/2259_e4be4b92e0822493af108b83233918e2.zip',62,2259,1,'','','','2010-12-15 17:16:58','2010-12-15 17:16:58',0),(2193,'eb7e16b71f7c5aa8aa746c0269bdbee7.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2260_eb7e16b71f7c5aa8aa746c0269bdbee7.zip','application/zip',41341,'zip.gif','Studentų rašto darbų rengimo reikalavimai','','attachments/2260_eb7e16b71f7c5aa8aa746c0269bdbee7.zip',62,2260,1,'','','','2010-12-15 17:20:33','2010-12-15 17:20:33',0),(2194,'ecd2c02db1932b82348b2b365fe58c91.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2261_ecd2c02db1932b82348b2b365fe58c91.zip','application/zip',21154,'zip.gif','Nutarimas (pavyzdys)','','attachments/2261_ecd2c02db1932b82348b2b365fe58c91.zip',62,2261,1,'','','','2010-12-15 17:22:40','2010-12-15 17:22:40',0),(2195,'ede7828cb442679d4f3623a0bd6981a0.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2262_ede7828cb442679d4f3623a0bd6981a0.zip','application/zip',3346,'zip.gif','Įstaigos vidaus dokumento forma 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16:21:51',0),(2461,'f3329698ac0412c9d41cd80269a5dff0.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2528_f3329698ac0412c9d41cd80269a5dff0.zip','application/zip',19445,'zip.gif','Viešbučio \"Auksinės kopos\" marketingo strategija','','attachments/2528_f3329698ac0412c9d41cd80269a5dff0.zip',62,2528,1,'','','','2011-02-09 16:29:12','2011-02-09 16:29:12',0),(2462,'0b8f0285b0dc7e8ebc4d31bc5165a08d.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2529_0b8f0285b0dc7e8ebc4d31bc5165a08d.zip','application/zip',1366,'zip.gif','Centralizuotos ir decentralizuotos struktūros','','attachments/2529_0b8f0285b0dc7e8ebc4d31bc5165a08d.zip',62,2529,1,'','','','2011-02-09 16:36:17','2011-02-09 16:36:17',0),(2463,'0b16272e544898d84bc3b2419e4c65c6.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2530_0b16272e544898d84bc3b2419e4c65c6.zip','application/zip',19328,'zip.gif','Verslo idėja','','attachments/2530_0b16272e544898d84bc3b2419e4c65c6.zip',62,2530,1,'','','','2011-02-09 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18:41:36',0),(2482,'6c8de68b181a674a14e1717763b62935.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2549_6c8de68b181a674a14e1717763b62935.zip','application/zip',2200,'zip.gif','Darbuotojų motyvavimas','','attachments/2549_6c8de68b181a674a14e1717763b62935.zip',62,2549,1,'','','','2011-02-18 18:44:57','2011-02-18 18:44:57',0),(2483,'7c24d4b1feb969d47974081b21a37b69.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2550_7c24d4b1feb969d47974081b21a37b69.zip','application/zip',7754,'zip.gif','Verslo liudijimai (špera)','','attachments/2550_7c24d4b1feb969d47974081b21a37b69.zip',62,2550,1,'','','','2011-02-18 19:01:15','2011-02-18 19:01:15',0),(2484,'7f532ff5b549564a90d21adf3ec1e33d.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2551_7f532ff5b549564a90d21adf3ec1e33d.zip','application/zip',556037,'zip.gif','Mafijos patarimai (Verslo Makevelio vadovas)','','attachments/2551_7f532ff5b549564a90d21adf3ec1e33d.zip',62,2551,1,'','','','2011-02-18 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20:04:17',0),(2494,'53d6bd0633262d32374126e185b9f576.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2561_53d6bd0633262d32374126e185b9f576.zip','application/zip',1219,'zip.gif','Finansai','','attachments/2561_53d6bd0633262d32374126e185b9f576.zip',62,2561,1,'','','','2011-02-18 20:07:24','2011-02-18 20:07:24',0),(2495,'66a8d3734e100072273653bd291a72ba.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2562_66a8d3734e100072273653bd291a72ba.zip','application/zip',1661,'zip.gif','Stresų valdymas','','attachments/2562_66a8d3734e100072273653bd291a72ba.zip',62,2562,1,'','','','2011-02-18 20:11:21','2011-02-18 20:11:21',0),(2496,'67d7451d97321cdfc608d1a83f6a3a4e.zip','/home/mindaugas/adsprojects/spargalkes.lt/attachments/2563_67d7451d97321cdfc608d1a83f6a3a4e.zip','application/zip',2418,'zip.gif','Darbo užmokesčio modeliai','','attachments/2563_67d7451d97321cdfc608d1a83f6a3a4e.zip',62,2563,1,'','','','2011-02-18 20:17:27','2011-02-18 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INSERT INTO `jos_content` VALUES (63,'Špėra apie planetas','pra-apie-planetas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Ši špargalkė aprašo planetas:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2cm;\">1. Merkurijus</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2cm;\">2. Venera</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2cm;\">3. Žemė</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2cm;\">4. Marsas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2cm;\">5. Jupiteris</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2cm;\">6. Saturnas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2cm;\">7. Uranas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2cm;\">8. Neptūnas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2cm;\">9. Plutonas</p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',-2,5,0,37,'2010-03-22 13:23:18',62,'','2010-03-22 13:29:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-22 13:23:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,0,'','',0,7,'robots=\nauthor='),(64,'Bandymas','bandymas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">LR Miškų ūkio ministerijai vadovaujant ministrams Rimantui Klimui ir Albertui Vasiliauskui buvo sukurtas ir įgyvendintas kompensacinis mechanizmas kilnoti nekilnojamą turtą – miškus, gražinant juos už miesto žemes. Tokiu būdu buvo privatizuota net keliasdešimt tūkstančių ha miškų. Ši sistema egzistavo nuo 1993 m., kol ydingas miškų dalinimo procesas 1997 m. buvo sustabdytas. Tuometinė Žemės ir miškų ūkio ministerija (ministras V.Knašys) inicijavo teisės aktų pataisas, kurios ir sulaikė šį procesą, nes kitu atveju - nebūtų užtekę visų valstybinių miškų numatytoms kompensacijoms gražinti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Už valstybės  išperkamą žemę bus siūlomi miško sklypai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Už miestų  teritorijose esančią valstybės išperkamą žemę ir vandens telkinius  gyventojams bus siūloma atlyginti lygiaverčiais miško sklypais kaimo  vietovėse.Už valstybės išperkamą žemę miestuose gyventojams bus siūlomi  miško sklypai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vyriausybė  trečiadienio posėdyje pritarė atitinkamam Piliečių nuosavybės teisių į  išlikusį nekilnojamąjį turtą atkūrimo įstatymo pakeitimo projektui.<br /> Parengtos pataisos, atsižvelgiant į Vyriausybės 2008-2012 m. programos  nuostatas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors nuostata, kad už  mieste turėtą valstybės išperkamą žemę galima atlyginti lygiaverčiu  miško sklypu, įstatyme galiojo nuo 1993 m. liepos 15 d. iki 1997 m.  liepos 1 d., tačiau šiuo laikotarpiu apie 600 piliečių valia nėra  įvykdyta ir jie nėra pasirinkę kito atlyginimo būdo.<br />Praplėtus  atlyginimo už valstybės išperkamą žemę miestuose būdų sąrašą, tais  atvejais, kai nėra galimybės piliečio prašomu būdu atkurti nuosavybės  teisių, atsakingos už tai institucijos galėtų siūlyti pasirinkti  atlyginimą lygiaverčiu miško sklypu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taip pat piliečiai,  kurie yra pasirinkę tam tikrą atlyginimo už valstybės išperkamą žemę  būdą, kuris, jų nuomone, nėra patrauklus, galėtų iki 2010 m. rugsėjo 1  d. pakeisti valią dėl atlyginimo būdo ir prašyti už valstybės išperkamą  žemę atlyginti lygiaverčiu miško plotu kaimo vietovėje.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',-2,5,0,37,'2010-03-22 13:31:47',62,'','2010-03-22 13:35:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-22 13:31:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,0,'','',0,3,'robots=\nauthor='),(65,'asdas','asdas','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Šis referatas apima šias temas:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1. Visatos modeliai<br />2. Stebejimai ir Visatos modeliai<br />3. Visatos amžius</p>','',-2,5,0,37,'2010-03-22 13:36:06',62,'','2010-03-22 13:40:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-22 13:36:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,0,'','',0,2,'robots=\nauthor='),(66,'Referatas apie visatą','referatas-apie-visat','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiame referate nagrinėjamos šios temos:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1. Visatos modeliai.<br />2. Stebėjimai ir visatos modeliai.<br />3. Visatos amžius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<address><span lang=\"EN\">\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>\r\n</span></address>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-24 10:21:07',62,'','2010-03-29 20:27:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-24 10:21:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',23,0,44,'','',0,102,'robots=\nauthor='),(67,'Dangaus kūnų stebėjimas','dangaus-kn-stebjimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: times new roman,times;\"> </span>Žinių apie dangaus kūnus svarbiausias šaltinis yra jų skleidžiami šviesos spinduliai ir radijo bangos. Astronomijos sritis, tirianti kosminius objektus 300 - 900 nanometrų elektromagnetinių bangų ruože yra optinė astronomija. Jos pradžia buvo 1610 metais, kai Galilėjo Galilėjus sukonstarvo pirmąjį teleskopą ir pradėjo stebėti dangų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Astronomijos šaka, nagrinėjanti kosminių kūnų išspinduliuotas arba atspindėtas radijo bangas, vadinama radioastronomija. Radioastronomijos rezultatus aiškina astrofizika (gr. „žvaigždžių fizika”) – astronomijos šaka, fizikiniais metodais tirianti kosminių objektų sandarą, judėjimą ir cheminę sudėtį, fizikines savybes, kilmę ir evoliuciją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kosminių šaltinių radijo spinduliavimas tiriamas radioteleskopais. Radioteleskopai turi milžiniškusparabolinius arba sferinius „veidrodžius” – antenas, pagamintas iš metalinio tinklo. Antenos sutelkiaradijo bangas iš didelio ploto į vieną vietą – židinį – kuriame sumontuota antrinė antena, perduodanti radijo signalus į imtuvą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmąjį radioteleskopą Wheaton vietovėje, Ilinojaus valstijoje (JAV) kosminėms radijo bangoms tirti 1937 m. sukonstravo amerikiečių astrofizikas G. Reberis (Grote Reber). Jis rėmesi Karlo Janskio (Karl Guthe Jansky), 1932 m. sukonstravusio pirmąjį kosminių radijo bangų detektorių ir atradusio Galaktikos kosminį radijo spinduliavimą, darbais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Radioteleskopai montuojami su judamais arba nejudamais „veidrodžiais”. Didžiausias pasaulyje radioteleskopas su nejudamu „veidrodžiu” yra Puerto Riko saloje, Arecibo vietovėje. Jo 305 m skersmens antena sumontuota užgesusio ugnikalnio krateryje. Radioteleskopai, turintys didelio ploto antenas, yra daug kartų jautresni už optinius teleskopus ir padeda kur kas toliau įsiskverbti į Visatą. Pats didžiausias radijo teleskopas su „judančiu” pilnu veidrodžiu yra Green Bank Nacionalinės Radijo Astronomijos Observatorijos (NRAO) radijo telekopas Vest Virdžinijoje (JAV). Jo skersmuo 100 m. Teleskopas pradėtas statyti 1991 m. ir baigtas 2000 m.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-24 11:24:37',62,'','2010-03-29 20:27:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-24 11:24:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',12,0,43,'','',0,96,'robots=\nauthor='),(68,'Visa astronomija','visa-astronomija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Plačiai aprašomos temos:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1. Galaktika.<br />2. Medžiaga, ūkai, spiečiai.<br />3. Planetos.<br />4. Žvagždynai.<br />5. Zodiako ženklai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-25 21:12:31',62,'','2010-04-06 19:36:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-25 21:12:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,42,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(69,'Referatas apie kosminius spindulius ir tapžvaigždinę medžiagą','referatas-apie-kosminius-spindulius-ir-tapvaigdin-mediag','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadinamieji pirminiai kosminiai spinduliai - tai realityvistiniai protonai, elektronai, helio, taip pat negausūs sunkesniųjų elementų branduoliai, kurių kiekvieno energija ne mažesnė kaip šimtai mega elektronvoltų (Me V). Atlėkę iš Galaktikos platybių, Saulės, po truputį ir iš Jupiterio, jie iš visų pusių daužo Žemės atmosferą: kas sekundė į 1 cm3 sminga kelios tokios reliatyvistinės. Daugumos kosminių spindulių dalelių energijos siekia kelis šimtus Me V - 1 Ge V.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dalelių su kelių giga elektronvoltų energija yra jau truputį mažiau. Dar didesnių energijų link dalelių skaičius iš pradžių lėtai, o paskui vis greičiau mažėja. Nuo 10 Ge V šis mažėjimas pasidaro gana spartus ir beveik pastovus - energijai padidėjus 10 kartų, dalelių skaičius sumažėja 40 kartų. Itin energingų dalelių atlekia labai mažai: pro 1 km2 plotą per valandą pralekia vos viena dalelė, kurios energija viršija šimtą milionų giga elektronvoltų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kosminių spindulių dalelės, pataikiusios į Žemės atmosferos atomų branduolius, sukelia branduolines reakcijas. Apšaudytieji branduoliai suskyla į protonus ir neutronus. Branduolinių reakcijų metu gali atsirasti ir nestabilių dalelių (pionų, miuonų, kaonų, hiperonų ir kt.), pozittronų, antiprotonų bei antineutronų, gama spindulių. Visi šie branduolinių reakcijų produktai pasidalija reakciją sukėlusios dalelės energiją ir išlaksto didžiuliais greičiais, tapdami antriniais kosminiais spinduliais. Jie turi pakankamai energijos, kad sukeltų naujas branduolines reakcijas. Taip didelės energijos pirminių kosminių spindulių dalelė Žemės atmosferoje sukelia didžiulę antrinių kosminių spindulių liūtį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirminiai kosminiai spinduliai Žemės paviršiaus beveik niekada nepasiekia . Gylyn į atmosferą jų mažėja, o antrinių kosminių spindulių gylyn į atmosferą daugėja, nes susidaro vis naujos liūtys. Daugiausia jų yra maždaug 20 kilometrų aukštyje. Leidžiantis dar žemiau, antrinių kosminių spindulių taip pat mažėja: ties Žemės paviršiumi jų lieka maždaug 30 kartų mažiau negu pirminių spindulių virš atmosferos.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-25 21:23:11',62,'','2010-04-06 19:29:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-25 21:23:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,41,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(70,'Saulės vieta galaktikoje','sauls-vieta-galaktikoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mūsų Saulė yra eilinė Galaktikos spektrinės klasės G2 pagrindinės sekos žvaigždė, viena iš pustrečio šimto milijardų. Ji skrieja  beveik apskrita orbita, esančia už 30000 šm nuo Galaktikos centro. Skriejimo orbita greitis 250 km/s vieną apsisukimą padaro per 225 mln. metų. Iš pirmo žvilgsnio atrodo, kad Saulė niekuo neišsiskiria iš kitų žvaigždžių, tačiau ji turi gražią planetų sistemą, kurios trečioji - Žemė - yra gyvenama.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau ne tik tuo Saulė skiriasi nuo kitų žvaigždžių. Jos orbita yra visai netoli unikalios vietos Galaktikoje - korotacinio žiedo, t. y. tos vietos, kur disko sukimosi greitis beveik sutampa su spiralinio ornamento sukimosi greičiu. Dėl to Saulė labai retai susiduria su spiralinėmis vijomis, o tai galėjo būti viena priežasčių, dėl ko Žemėje išsivystė gyvybė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Skriedama aplink Galaktikos centrą, Saulė dar šiek tiek svyruoja aukštyn žemyn, tai pakildama virš disko plokštumos, tai nusileisdama žemyn po ja. Pilnas svyravimo periodas yra nuo 26 iki 37 mln. m. (tiksliau nežinomas) didžiausias nukrypimas nuo plokštumos yra maždaug nuo 160 iki 300 šm. Paskutinį kartą Saulė perkirto Galaktikos plokštumą prieš 3 mln. m., dabar yra maždaug 30 šm virš plokštumos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Saulės sukimąsi apie Galaktikos centrą galima nustatyti tik nejudančių objektų atžvilgiu. Tokie objektai gali būti tolimos galaktikos, kurias dėl didelio nuotolio galima imti kaip greičio atskaitymo orientyrus. Tačiau ne visos disko žvaigždės skrieja idealiai  vienodu greičiu, net būdamos beveik vienodai nutolusio nuo centro.Vienas žvaigždes pralenkiame mes,  o kitos pralenkia mus. Nagrinėjant disko žvaigždžių Saulės aplinkoje radialinius greičius ir savuosius judėjimus, buvo nustatyta, kad daugumos aplinkinių žvaigždžių atžvilgiu Saulė juda maždaug 20 km/h greičiu link Heraklio žvaigždyne esančio taško, vadinamo aspeksu. Saulės judėjimo  orbita aplink Galaktikos centrą kryptis yra statmena krypčiai į centrą, t. y. ji juda Gulbės žvaigždyno link.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuo metu Saulės absoliutinis spindesys Mv yra +4,79 ryškių, paviršiaus temperatūra 5780 K (apie 5500 C), spalvos indeksas B - V = 0,65, spektrinė klasė G2 V. Šie duomenys rodo, kad nors Saulė yra HR diagramos pagrindinėje sekoje , bet jau (per 0,3 ryškio) nukrypusi aukštyn nuo nulinio amžiaus sekos. Tai reiškia, kad vandenilis tebedega protoninio ciklo reakcijose Saulės centre, bet jau nemažas jo procentas yra virtęs heliu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-26 14:53:26',62,'','2010-04-06 19:20:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-26 14:53:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,40,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(71,'Astronomijos pagrindai','astronomijos-pagrindai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai šperos apie:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1. Dangaus sferą.<br />2. Zenito tašką.<br />3. Horizontą.<br />4. Regimąją ir neregimąją sferas.<br />5. Dienovidinius.<br />6. Šviesulio vertikalį.<br />7. Šiaurės ir pietų ašigalius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-26 14:57:53',62,'','2010-04-06 19:09:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-26 14:57:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,39,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(72,'Paukščių takas','pauki-takas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Danguje nusidriekusią balzganą juostą, ypač gerai matomą tamsiomis nemėnesėtomis naktimis, žino turbūt kiekvienas. Ją, žinoma, pastebėjo dar mūsų tolimi protėviai, kuriems dangus ir jo reiškiniai atrodė nesuprantami ir paslaptingi. Tačiau žmogui būdingas siekimas ieškoti bet kokio reiškinio priežasčių, stengtis viską paaiškinti. Taip atsirado pasakos ir mitai, kuriuose puikiai atsispindi mūsų bočių pažiūros į pasaulį, jo atsiradimą ir būtį. Nors mitologija pasakoja apie dievus ir deives, turinčius viršgamtinę galią, tačiau neretai mituose atsispindi ir materialistinės pažiūros. Pavyzdžiui, Paukščių tako pavadinimas, be abejonės, atsirado todėl, kad rudens ir pavasario vakarais ši balzgana juosta juosia visą dangų iš šiaurės rytų pietvakarių link, t.y. maždaug sutampa su paukščių išskridimo ir parskridimo kryptimi. Ypač ji krinta į akis rudenį, - tuomet matoma pati ryškiausia ir plačiausia Paukščių Tako dalis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmosios rašytinės žinios apie bandymus moksliškai paaiškinti Paukščių Tako prigimtį pasirodė Senovės Graikijoje. Pavyzdžiui, Aristotelis manė, kad Paukščių Takas, kaip ir kometos, susidarąs iš kylančių nuo Žemės garų, kurie pasiekia ugnies sferą. Graikas Metrodotas filosofavo, kad Paukščių takas greičiausiai yra sena vaga danguje, kuria kadaise skriejo Saulė. Mat senovės graikų Saulės dievas Helijas keliavo dangumi dviračiu vežimu, traukiamu ketverto žirgų. Šis vežimas turėjo įrėžti danguje vėžes. Dar kiti manė, kad tai yra siūlė, kuri liko suklijavus du dangaus pusrutulius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau kartu buvo keliamos idėjos, kurios atspindi tikrąją Paukščių Tako prigimtį. Dar VIa. prieš Kristų Pitagoras rašė, kad Paukščių Takas iš tikrųjų yra telkinys labai gausių, bet silpnų pavienių žvaigždžių, kurių akis nesuba atskirti. Tačiau pagal Pitagorą tos žvaidždės esančios pritvirtintos prie vienos iš įsivaizduojamų skaidrių sferų. Prie kitų sferų pritvirtinta Saulė, Mėnulis, kitos planetos. Visos sferos sukasi aplink Žemę apie skirtingas ašis nepriklausomai viena nuo kitos. Sferų trynimasis turįs sukelti harmoningus garsus, arba sferų muziką, kurią išrinktieji žmonės galį girdėti. Paukščių Taką tolimų žvaigždžių sankaupa laikė ir IVa. prieš Kristų gyvenęs graikų mokslininkas Demokritas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-26 15:12:03',62,'','2010-04-06 19:02:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-26 15:12:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,38,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(73,'Santraukos apie planetas','santraukos-apie-planetas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Saulės sistemą sudaro pati saulė, devynios didžiosios planetos (žemės grupės planetos: merkurijus, venera, žemė, marsas; didžiosios planetos: jupiteris, saturnas, uranas, neptūnas), daugybė mažų planetų (asteroidų), kometoidų, meteorinių kūnų, dulkių ir dujų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Merkurijus: 1. Skersmuo 2,6 karto mažesnis negu žemės, paviršius nusėtas daugybe įvairiausių dydžio kraterių. Atmosfera labai reta, temperatūra: +430 iki -160. Magnetinis laukas maždaug 300 kartų silpnesnis negu žemės. Palydovų neturi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Venera: 2. Skersmuo beveik lygus žemės skersmeniui. Turi storą, tankią, iš CO2 sudarytą atmosferą, kurioje plaukioja sieros rūgšties garų debesys. Paviršiuje yra kalnynū, plokščiakalnių, žemumų, kraterių. Temperatūra: +460. Magnetinio lauko nerasta, palydovų neturi.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žemė: 3. Atmosfera susideda iš azoto, deguonies, argono, vandens garų, CO2. 71% paviršiaus dengia vanduo. Aplink skrieja vienas gamtinis palydovas - mėnulis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mėnulis: vienintelis gamtinis žemės palydovas. Jo skersmuo 4 kartus mažesnis už žemės. Neturi atmosferos, temperatūra: +130 iki -170. Paviršius nusėtas smūginių katerių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marsas: 4. Jo skersmuo 1,9 karto mažesnis negu žemės. Turi retą atmosferą sudarytą iš CO2. Pučia smarkūs vėjai. Paviršiuje yra kalnynų, lygumų, kanjonų, kraterių. Ties ašigaliais matomos ledo kepurės. Temperatūra; +20 iki -100. Turi du palydovus: fobą ir deimą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-26 15:20:23',62,'','2010-04-06 18:52:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-26 15:20:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,37,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(74,'Saulės kalendoriai','sauls-kalendoriai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuolaikinis mokslas turi nemaža žinių iš astronomijos ir glaudžiai su ja susijusių kalendorių istorijos. Senovėje astronomijos centrai Vakaruose buvo Babilonas, Finikija, Aleksandrija, Atėnai, Roma, Rytuose - Indija, Vidurinė Azija, Kinija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prie Saulės kalendoriaus sukūrimo nemažai prisidėjo didieji astronomai. Chronologijos tėvu laikomas Eratostenas (276 - 194 m. pr. M. e.). Jis apskaičiavo žemės spindulį (6311 km.) ir pasiūlė skaičiuoti pagal metus, o ne pagal karalių, faraonų, imperatorių ir žynių dinastijas. Timocharis ir Aristilis (II a. pr. m. e.) sudarė  pirmąjį žvaigždžių katalogą, nurodydami jų padėtis pastoviu dangaus skliauto taškų atžvilgiu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Į istoriją įėjo kaip žvaigždžių katalogų pradininkai. Timocharis ir Aristilis atliko Saulės, Mėnulio ir kitų planetų matavimus, išrado Saulės laikrodį ir sutvarkė kalendorių.  Mikalojus Kopernikas gimė 1473 m. vasario 19 d. abipus Vyslos esančiame Torūnės mieste. Daugiamečių stebėjimų ir apmąstymų rezultatus 1543m. paskelbė šešių tomų klasikiniame veikale “Apie dangaus sferų sukimąsi”, kuriame pagrindė heliocentrinę pasaulio sistemą. Tichas Brachė (1546 - 1601) - žymus danų astronomas. Pastatė observatoriją su labai tiksliais to meto instrumentais ir daugelį metų sistemingai stebėjo šviesulių padėtį bei judėjimą, koordinačių tikslumu aplenkdamas ne tik pirmtakus, bet ir savo amžininkus. Brachė ypač daug stebėjo ir matavo Saulę, Marsą, Mėnulį, Jupiterį ir Saturną. Tai leido patikslinti ir kalendorines sistemas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kalendorių sudarymo pirmenybės laurai atitenka Egiptui. Beveik visų dabartinės Europos Saulės kalendorių prototipu galima laikyti senovės Egipto kalendorių, sudarytą, pagal kai kuriuos duomenis, IV tūkstantmetyje prieš mūsų erą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 18:56:09',62,'','2010-04-05 20:26:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 18:56:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,36,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(75,'Šperos apie planetas','peros-apie-planetas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiose šperose plačiai aprašomos šios planetos:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1. Merkurijus.<br />2. Venera.<br />3. Marsas.<br />4. Žemė.<br />5. Jupiteris.<br />6. Saturnas.<br />7. Uranas.<br />8. Neptūnas.<br />9. Plutonas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 18:59:08',62,'','2010-04-05 20:17:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 18:59:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,35,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(76,'Tūkstantmečio katastrofa saulės sistemoje','tkstantmeio-katastrofa-sauls-sistemoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1994 m. liepos 16-22 d. suskilusios kometos \'\'Shumaker - Levi 9\'\' dalys įsirėžė į Jupiterį. To, ką savo teleskopuose išvydo astronomai, nelaukė niekas. Viskas prasidėjo vėlų 1993-ujų kovo 23 d. vakarą. Kaip ir visada tokiu laiku, JAV astronomai Judžinas ir Karolina Šumeikeriai stebėjo naktinį dangų. Astronomai jau buvo nufotografavę keletą dangaus žvaigždyno plotų. Vėliau Karoliną išryškino nuotraukas ir spec. aparatu ėmė jas peržiūrinėti. Tai, ką astronomė aptiko vienoje iš nuotraukų, ją tiesiog pribloškė! Judžinas taip pat žvilgtelėjo į nuotrauką. Taip, joje jis pamatė šviečiančią rūko juostelę. Jos gale buvo matoma plati uodega, nukreipta priešinga nuo Saules kryptimi. Juostelė skriejo Jupiterio link. Buvo patvirtinta, kad atrastasis dangaus kūnas, vėliau pavadintas \"Shumaker - Levi 9\" yra kometa. Ir ji nebuvo vientisa. Kometą sudarė mažiausiai 20 atskirų dalių, kurios orbitoje skriejo viena paskui kitą. Vėliau mokslininkai priėjo išvados, kad greičiausiai kometą suskaldė milžiniška Jupiterio gravitacinė jėga. Kometa priminė kelių šimtų tūkstančių kilometrų ilgio kosminį \"traukinį\".</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apdorojus gauta informacija paaiškėjo ir dar vienas dalykas: maždaug po metų, 1994 m. liepos viduryje, apie 0.5 km. skersmens  ir 65 km/s greičiu skriejantys ledo ir uolienų luitai turėjo isirėžti tiesiai į Jupiteri. Tai jau buvo tikra sensacija! Juk didesnės katastrofos Saules sistemoje (tiek, kiek apie tai žinoma mokslui) mažiausiai per pastaruosius 200 metų nebuvo įvykę! Visas pasaulis sustingo smalsiam laukime.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ne paslaptis, kad prieš didžiąja katastrofa nerimavo įvairaus plauko ir kvalifikacijos ekstrasensai, astrologai, ateities numatytojai ir kitokie šarlatanai. Jie kėlė beprotiškiausias įvykių versijas. Jos buvo pačios įvairiausios, bet turėjo ir šį tą bendro: visi galų gale pranašavo pasaulio pabaigą. Mokslininkų prognozės buvo ramesnes ir racionalesnes, paremtos tyrimų metu gautais duomenimis. Specialistams buvo aišku, kad Žemei jokio  poveikio kometos smūgis nepadarys. Nepaisant to, kad jos kinetinė energija kolosali, tūkstančius kartų viršijanti viso žmonijos iki šiol sukaupto atominio ginklo energiją, katastrofa turėjo įvykti labai toli nuo Žemes ir dėl to negalėjo jos kaip nors paveikti. Be to, mokslininkai teigė, jog tokiai didelei planetai kaip Jupiteris, kometos nuolaužos kaip uodo įkandimas. Na, sprogimas gali būti galingas, gali būti optinių ir radijo bangų spinduliavimas, bet tai ir viskas. Iš originalesnių prognozių šia tema pažymėti amerikiečių geofizikų pranašystes. Pastarųjų teigimu, susidūrimo metu turėjo kilti inertinės gravitacinės bangos. Labai panašios į tas, kurias sukelia į vandenį įmestas akmuo. Šitos bangos turėjo padidinti sprogimo vietoje ir aplink ją temperatūra maždaug 1 laipsnis. Toks, kad ir nežymus, atšilimas planetos atmosferoje butų padaręs tam tikrų korektyvu. Tačiau gamta pasirodė esanti turtingesnė įvairiais efektais ir netikėtumais.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 19:19:16',62,'','2010-04-05 19:58:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 19:19:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,34,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(77,'Referatas apie saulės kalendorių','referatas-apie-sauls-kalendori','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kalendorių sudarymo pirmenybės laurai tenka Egiptui. Beveik visų dabartinės Europos Saulės kalendorių prototipų galima  laikyti  senovės  Egipto kalendorių,   sudarytą,  pagal  kai  kuriuos  duomenis,  IV  tūkstantmetyje  prieš  mūsų  erą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Metų pradžia pagal šį kalendorių yra laikoma diena, kada pati ryškiausia dangaus žvaigždė Sirijus pirmą kartą pasirodo prieš saulėtekį po dviejų mėnesių nematomumo periodo ( apytiksliai 70 parų ). Egiptiečiai astronomai taip pat pastebėjo, kad Nilas išsilieja beveik tuo pačiu metu, kai pasirodo Sirijus, o savo ruožtu šie abu reiškiniai sutampa su vasaros saulėgrąža.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi beveik visi Egipto gyventojai buvo susitelkę Nilo slėnyje, o nuo šios “šventos” upės išsiliejimo labai priklausė ūkinė veikla, Saulės kalendorius čia įgijo gyvybišką reikšmę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Senovės Egipto astronomai ir valstybės veikėjai metų pradžią nutarė laikyti potvynio sezono pirmo mėnesio pirmą dieną, o metų trukmę nustatė 365 parų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Egiptiečių kalendoriniai metai buvo suskirstyti į 12 mėnesių po 30 dienų kiekvienas. Pirmas egiptiečių kalendorinių metų mėnuo buvo vadinamas totu, o tolesni faofiu, ačiu, chojaku, tibiu, mechiru, famenotu, farmučiu, pachonu, painiu, epifiu, mesoriu. Po to ėjo penkios pridėtinės paros. Tai buvo darnus skaičiavimas ir išvengė daugelio Mėnulio kalendoriaus trūkumų. Kadangi saulinės paros trukmė yra 365, 2422, arba 365 paros 5 h 46 s. Dėl šios priežasties kasmet egiptiečių kalendorinių metų pradžia atsilikdavo nuo  atogrąžinių metų pradžios apytiksliai ¼ paros, o per ketverius metus – viena  para. Dėl to vėliau egiptiečių kalendorių imta vadinti klaidžiojančiu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 19:32:28',62,'','2010-04-05 19:48:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 19:32:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',10,0,33,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(78,'Galaktikos išvaizdos ','galaktikos-ivaizdos-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Galaktikos pagal išvaizda skirstomos: spiralines, elipsines, netaisyklingąsias, pekuliarines. Arčiausiai mūsų - Didžiojo ir mažojo magelano debesų galaktikos, matomos pietų pusrutulyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visų tolimų galaktikų spektro linijos pasisilinkusios į raudonąją spektro pusę. Tai rodo, kad galaktikos tolsta nuo mūsų dideliu greičiu. Pagal Hablo desnį, galaktikų tolimo greitis tiesiog proporcingas nuotoliui r = v/H . Šis dėsnis teigia, kad visata plečiasi, o nuotoliai tarp galaktikų visą laiką didėja. Manoma, kad visata pradėjo plėstis prieš 13 mlrd. metų įivykus didžiąjam sprogimui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Elementariosios dalelės, elektromagnetinio spinduliavimo kvantai, taip pat 4 laukai: gravitacijos, elektromagnetinis, stiprusis ir silpnasis – susidarė per pirmąsias sekundes po didžiojo sprogimo. Praėjus 0.5 mln. metų, spinduliavimas atsiskyrė nuo medžiagos. Nuo to laiko išliko reliktinis spinduliavimas 1 mm ilgio radijo bangų diapazone.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po 250 mln. metų dujos pradėjo telktis į  progalaktinius gniužulus, o iš jų susiformavo pirmosios galaktikos. Vėliau, suskilus progalaktikoms, iš mažesnių gniužulų susidarė pirmosios žvaigždės ir jų spiečiai. Žvaigždės susidaro iš dujų gniužulų, besitraukiančių dėl gravitacijos jėgų veikimo. Įvairios masės gniužulai, tapę žvaigždėmis, atsiduria Hercšprungo ir Raselo diagramos pagrindinėje sekoje. Kuo masyvesnis gniužulas, tuo karštesnė ir šviesesnė susidariusi žvaigždė.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 19:35:36',62,'','2010-04-05 19:35:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 19:35:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,32,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(79,'Venera','venera','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Venera yra antroji planeta pagal atstumą nuo Saulės. Venera priklauso žemės grupės planetoms. Jos yra sudarytos iš silikatų ir metalų. Venera yra beveik tokio pat dydžio kaip Žemė, o jos masė prilygsta 80% Žemės masės. Venera ir Žemė beveik vienodos: jų matmenys, ir laisvojo kritimo pagreitis prie paviršiaus skiriasi labai mažai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Veneros vidutinis tankis mažesnis negu Žemės, bet ji tikriausiai turi masyvų branduolį. Nepaisant to, Venera turi storą, tankią debesuotą atmosferą, kuri neleidžia matyti planetos paviršiaus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žemės grupės planetų skersmuo siekia 5 000 - 12 000 km, o vidutinis tankis - 4 000 -  5 000 kg/m³, taip pat Žemės grupės planetos lėčiau sukasi apie savo ašis, ir turi nedaug palydovų, arba taip kaip Venera jų visai neturi, taip pat tas planetas gaubia retesnės atmosferos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Veneros vidutinis nuotolis nuo Saulės 10 8 200 000 km. Kadangi Veneros orbita apskričiausia iš visų planetų orbitų, jos nuotolis nuo saulės beveik nekinta. Venera apskrieja Saulę per 224,7 žemės paras. Iki kosminių ir radiolokacinių tyrimų pradžios Veneros sukimosi apie savo ašį periodas nebuvo žinomas, mat Veneros skritulyje nesimato pastovių detalių, kaip Merkurijuje, kurios leistų nustatyti apsisukimo periodą. Iš Žemės Veneroje galima pamatyti jos išorinį debesų sluoksnį, taigi šviesos ir tamsios sritys jos skritulyje yra neaiškios ir kinta.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 19:38:54',62,'','2010-04-05 19:22:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 19:38:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,31,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(80,'Astronomijos mokslas','astronomijos-mokslas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Astronomija – mokslas tiriantis Visatos kūnų  ir jų  sistemų sandarą,  judėjimą,  susidarymą, raidą, Visatos medžiagos fizikinę būseną ir cheminę sudėtį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žvaigždynas – tai žvaigždžių grupė su jai priklausančia erdvės dalimi.  Žvaigždės spindesio matas – ryškis (m). Ryškiausios 1 silpniausios 6. Tarp 2 vienetų ryškio skirtumas 2.5. spindesys (L).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dangaus sfera – įsivaizduojama neriboto spindulio sfera. Vertikali linija einanti per stebėtoją, kerta dangaus sferą virš galvos esančiame zenito taške. Diametraliai priešingas   zenitui yra nadyras. Plokštuma statmena linijai ir liečianti žemės paviršių stebėtojo vietoje tai horizonto plokštuma, o jos susikirtimo su dangaus sfera linija – horizontas. Jis d sferą dalija į regimąją (virš) ir neregimąją (žemiau).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Plokštuma, einanti per stebėtoją, pietų ir šiaurės taškus, zenitą ir nadyrą – dangaus dienovidinio plokštuma. Jos susikirtimo su dangaus sfera linija – dienovidinis. Dienovidinio ir horizonto plokštumų susikirtimo linija – vidurdienio linija. Pusapskritimis einantis per zenitą, šviesulį ir nadyrą – šviesulio vertikalis. D sfera su visais šviesuliais sukasi apie dangaus ašį, kertančią Dsferą 2 taškuose (šiaurės ir pietų ašigaliai). Didysis apskritimas kurio plokštuma yra statmena d ašiai, eina per stebėtoją vadinamas dangaus pusiauju (ekvatorius). D sferos apskritimas, kurio plokštuma yra lygiagreti d pusiaujo plokštumai vadinamas šviesulio dangaus lygiagrete (paralele).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 19:42:01',62,'','2010-04-05 19:10:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 19:42:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,30,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(81,'Referatas apie Jupiterį','referatas-apie-jupiter','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai didžiausia ir masyviausia saulės šeimos planeta. Jupiterio masė didesnė už visų kitų didžiųjų planetų bendrą masę net pustrečio karto. Tačiau iki Saulės masės jam dar toli gražu: iš vienos Saulės būtų galima padaryti beveik 1050 tokių kosminių kūnų kaip Jupiteris. Vidutiniškas Jupiterio tankis – pats artimiausias Saulės tankiui: 0,08 g/cm3 mažesnis už jos tankį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nepaisant didumo, Jupiteris yra mikliausia planeta, pustrečio karto greičiau negu Žemė apsisukanti apie savo ašį. Viršutiniai atmosferos sluoksniai sukasi nevienodu kampiniu greičiu: prie pusiaujo apsisukimo periodas 5m 11s trumpesnis kaip vidurinėse platumose. Dėl greito sukimosi planeta labai susiplojusi: jos ašigalinis spindulys 4400 km trumpesnis kaip pusiaujinis, taigi paplokštumas lygus net 0,06.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jupiteris – stiprus kosminis magnetas: šiauriniame poliuje jo stiprumas lygus 14 Oe, pietiniame – 11 Oe ir prie pusiaujo 4,2 Oe. Magnetinis poliarumas priešingas Žemės magnetiniam poliarumui. Magnetinis laukas panašus į Žemės magnetinį lauką, bet už jį daug kartų stipresnis ir toliau siekia. Suprantama, kad Saulės vėjo dalelės, susidūrusios su Jupiterio magnetiniu lauku, patenka kaip į spąstus. Aplink Jupiterį, skirtingai negu apie Žemę, susidaro ne radiacijos žiedas, bet elektringas diskas. Elektringos dalelės turi savo magnetinį lauką, kuris deformuoja Jupiterio lauką. Į Saulę atgręžtoje pusėje 50 – 100 Jupiterio spindulių nuotoliu susidaro frontas, o priešingoje laukas nutįsta net už Saturno orbitos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">JAV kosminės stotys, praskriejusios arti Jupiterio, aptiko labai sudėtingą ir įvairiaspalvę viršutinę planetos atmosferą. Atogrąžų sritys gauna daugiau Saulės energijos, labiau įkaista, ir oras čia kyla aukštyn, užleisdamos vietą vėsesnėms masėms iš ašigalių sričių. Tačiau Jupiteryje vėjai pučia ne išilgai dienovidinių: veikiami Koralio jėgų, kurios šioje planetoje dėl greito sukimosi apie ašį daug veiksmingesnės negu Žemėje, nukrypsta išilgai lygiagrečių. Vėjų greitis atogrąžuose apie – 100 m/s į rytų pusę, apie + 20 o, - 20 o platumų zonoje – apie 50 m/s į vakarų pasę. Šiaurės pusrutulyje dar labiau stiprus rytys tarp 20 o ir 30 o platumos pučia daugiau kaip 100 m/s greičiu. Arčiau ašigalių atmosfera ramesnė.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 19:44:09',62,'','2010-04-01 18:19:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 19:44:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,29,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(82,'Referatas apie žvaigždynus','referatas-apie-vaigdynus','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žvaigždės yra didelės masės ir didelio skersmens įkaitusios plazmos rutuliai, susidarę iš vandenilio ir helio su nedidele sunkesniųjų elementų priemaiša. Žvaigždžių gelmėse vyksta branduolinės reakcijos. Jų metu vandenilis virsta heliu ir sunkesniais elementais. Reakcijų metu išsiskirianti energija palaiko žvaigždžių spinduliavimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Branduolinių reakcijų metu atsiradusi energija iš žvaigždžių gelmių skverbiasi į paviršių dviem būdais konvekcija ir spinduliavimu. Konvekcija yra įkaitusių medžiagų masių judėjimas į išorę, o vėsesnių masių slinkimas centro link. Energija sklindanti antruoju būdu, medžiagos atomai sugeria iš žvaigždės vidaus sklindančius elektromagnetinius spindulius, po to vėl juos išspinduliuoja. Žvaigždžių paviršiaus temperatūra yra 1500 - 50000 K, o jų centrų 10 - 100 mln. K.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žvaigždės spektras vaivorykštės pavidalo juostelė - gaunama spektrografu išsklaidžius jos skleidžiamą šviesą pagal bangų ilgį. Ištisiniame spektre matyti įvairių cheminių elementų absorbcijos linijos. Pagal paviršiaus temperatūrą žvaigždės skirstomos į O, B, A, F, G, K, M spektrines klases. Karščiausios yra O spektrinės klasės, vėsiausios - M spektrinės klasės žvaigždės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Maždaug pusę Saulės aplinkoje esančių žvaigždžių yra dvinarių arba daugianarių sistemų nariai. Dvinarę sistemą sudaro dvi žvaigždės, o daugianarę nuo 3-7 žvaigždžių. Dvinarės arba daugianarės sistemos būna fizinės ir optinės. Fizinių nariai skrieja apie bendrą masės centrą , optinių nariai nesusiję tarpusavyje jokių gravitacinių ryšių ir matomi greta tik dėl atsitiktinio krypčių sutapimo. Fizinės dvinarės arba daugianarės žvaigždės skirstomos į vizualiąsias, spektrines, užtemdomąsias, astrometrines.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žvaigždžių masę galima apskaičiuoti pagal 3 - ąjį Keplerio dėsnį, tik reikia žinoti dvinarių žvaigždžių orbitų didįjį pusašį ir apskriejimo periodą. Pačių karščiausių pagrindinės sekos žvaigždžių masė lygi 50Mo, o vėsiausių - 0.1 Mo, supermilžinių - nuo 10 Mo iki 50 Mo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žvaigždžių dydį (skersmenį) galima apskaičiuoti remiantis Stefano or bolcmano dėsniu, kai žinoma žvaigždės paviršiaus temperatūra ir šviesis. Didžiausios žvaigždės yra raudonosios M spektrinės klasės supermilžinės. Jų skersmuo didesnis negu saulės iki 1000 kartų. Mažiausios - baltosios nykštukės, kurios savo dydžiu kartais prilygsta žemei ar net mėnuliui.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 19:53:25',62,'','2010-04-01 18:11:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 19:53:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,22,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(83,'Saulės užtemimai','sauls-utemimai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vienas įspūdingiausių reiškinių Saulės vainike, tai iškyšuliai.  Per amžius šie iškyšuliai buvo stebimi teleskopais Saulės užtemimų metu, kur jie pasirodydavo raudoni, ugnies pavidalo protuberantai iškildami aukštai virš Saulės. Kai kurie, ramieji protuberantai gali kyboti daug valandų, dienų ir net savaičių, pakilę virš Saulės paviršiaus dešimtis tūkstančių kilometrų. Kiti, aktyvesni protuberantai iškyla į viršų arkos pavidalu, kuri lėtai banguoja aukštyn žemyn. Panašūs, tačiau rečiau išsiveržiantys  protuberantai pasirodo išmesdami karštų dujų čiurkšles nuo 700 km/s iki 1300 km/s greičiu į Saulės vainiką. Kai kurie protuberantai pasiekia 1mln. Kilometrų aukštį virš fotosferos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Protuberantai dažnai susiję su stambiomis Saulės dėmių grupėmis. Laikosi tarp skirtingų magnetinių polių. Protuberantų išsiveržimas priklauso nuo Saulės vainiko aktyvumo. Protuberantai gali būti  kaip  simptomai neramumų, kurie vėliau įtakoja žemės magnetinį lauką.Pats įdomiausias įvykis Saulėje, tai Saulės blyksėjimai. Paprastai blykstelėjimas vyksta nuo 5 iki 10 minučių ir energijos išskiria sulyg milijonu vandenilinių bombų. Didžiausias blyksnis tęsiasi iki kelių valandų ir jo energijos užtektų aprūpinti elektros energija visas Jungtines Amerikos valstijas 100 000 metų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Detaliai šis procesas nėra išnagrinėtas, tačiau manoma, kad tai sukeliama didelio energijos kiekio, kuris atsiranda dėl magnetinių laukų viršutiniuose Saulės sluoksniuose. Jau iš anksto pastebimi maži blykstelėjimais kelis kartus per dieną, kur vyks dideli išsiveržimai. Didesni išsiveržimai gali vykti toje pačioje vietoje kartą per kelias savaites. Ir kas tai bebūtų, energijos išskiriama tiek, kad tai daro didelę įtaką  žemei.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 19:55:34',62,'','2010-04-01 17:58:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 19:55:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,28,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(84,'Galaktikos','galaktikos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugybės silpnų žvaigždžių nematomų pavieniui telkinys, balzgana  juosta nakties danguje, matoma tamsiomis be Mėnulio naktimis. Rudens vakarais driekiasi per visą dangų iš šiaurės rytų pietvakarių link (maždaug sutampa su migruojančių paukščių  skridimo kryptimi). Tai milžiniškos disko pavidalo žvaigždžių sistemos  Galaktikos  projekcija. Dangaus sferoje Galaktiką sudaro šimtai milijardų žv., jų spiečių, tarpžvaigždinių dujų ir dulkių debesų, ūkų. Saulė su savo planetomis skrieja aplink Galaktikos centrą. Galaktikos žv. tankiausiai susispietusios disko formos erdvės dalyje (disko skersmuo ~ 100000 šm). Žv. tankis Galaktikoje nevienodas, o tarpžvaigždinėje erdvėje yra šviesą sugeriančių dulkelių debesų, todėl PT atrodo kaip šviesi juosta. PT siauriausias ir silpniausiai spindi žiemą ir pavasarį, o ryškiausias vasarą ir rudenį. PT dangaus sferą dalija į dvi maždaug lygias dalis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Galaktiką sudaro diskas ir jį supantis mažesnio tankio  sferoidas.  Šis truputi suplotas. Sferoido spindulys apie 80000 šm. Disko ir sferoido centrai sutampa. Disko žvaigždžių tankis didėja artėjant prie Galaktikos centro. Centro link storėja ir diskas.Taip apie Galaktikos centrą susidaro centrinis žvaigždžių telkinys. Spindulys apie 8000 šm. Jame žvaigždės susispietusios kelis kartus tankiau negu palei Saulę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš viso Galaktikoje yra apie 250 milijardų žv. Daugiausiai žv. yra diske. Galaktikos diską sudarančios  žvaigždės ir ūkai skrieja aplink Galaktikos centrą apskritomis orbitomis.Saulės nuotoliu nuo Galaktikos centro greitis yra 220 mln. km/s, ji vieną kartą apskrieja aplink centrą per 230 mln. metų. Mūsų Galaktika yra spiralinė sistema. Jos diske didelės masės karštos  žvaigždės, supermilžinės ir dujų  bei dulkių debesys išsidėstę spiralės formos vijomis. Galaktikos centro pusėje artimiausia yra Šaulio vija, o  anticentro pusėje – Persėjo vija. Galaktikos sferoidą iš visų pusių gaubia Galaktikos vainikas, kurio spindulys 700 000 šm.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Spiečiai - vienodos kilmės erdvinės žvaigždžių grupės, susietos gravitacijos lauku. Pagal erdvinį tankį jie skirstomi: padrikieji ir kamuoliniai. Padrikuosius sudaro 10 ir 100, o kamuolinius – 1000 ir 100 tūkst. žvaigždžių. Padrikųjų skersmuo yra 10-50 šm., o kamuolinių 3 - 4 kartus didesnis. Padr. daugiausiai yra Galaktikos diske, o kamuol. - sferoide ir centriniame telkinyje. Padr. spiečių ir disko pavienių žvaigždžių judėjimo trajektorijos beveik apskritos. Kamuol. spiečiai skrieja aplink Galaktikos centrą ištęstomis elipsinėmis orbitomis.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 19:57:56',62,'','2010-03-31 21:00:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 19:57:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,27,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(85,'Žemės planetos kilmė ir raida','ems-planetos-kilm-ir-raida','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Manoma, kad Žemės amžius yra apie 4,5 mlrd. metų, tačiau nelabai aišku, kaip susidarė mūsų planeta ir visa Saulės sistema. Teorija, kaupiantis žinioms apie Saulės sistemą, nuolat kinta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindiniai šios teorijos teiginiai pagrįsti tuo, kad visa Saulės sistema - Žemė, kitos planetos ir Saulė - susidarė vienu metu ir vieningai. Tai nėra unikalu ir nepaprasta, panašūs procesai Visatoje vyksta ir dabar. Pradinė medžiaga, iš kurios susidarė Saulės sistema, buvo ūkas - didžiulis besisukantis disko formos debesis, sudarytas iš šaltų dujų ir dulkių. Šitai masei tankėjant, išsiskyrė tankesni centrai, kurie ilgainiui virto Saule ir planetomis. Žemės skersmuo, kuris dabar yra 13400 km, tada buvo keleto milijonų kilometrų, todėl dalelės buvo nutolusios viena nuo kitos. Ilgainiui jos, veikiamos Saulės jėgos, artėjo viena prie kitos, vis dažniau susidurdamos ir netekdamos energijos. Stambiausios dalelės kaip kruša “krito” sutankėjusio centro kryptimi ir dėl gravitacinio traukimosi išsiskyrė tiek šilumos, kad masė staigiai tankėjo ir virto kietu kūnu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kieto pavidalo Žemė iš pradžių buvo labai karšta. Manoma, kad geležies dalelės, įeinančios į jaunos, karštos ir tankėjančios Žemės sudėtį, lydėsi į sunkius lašelius, kurie judėjo Žemės centro link. Ten kaupėsi geležis ir kiti mineralai, iš kurių susidarė dabartinis (metalinis) Žemės branduolys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lengvesnės, ne taip “giliai” nukritusios, dalelės sudarė storą sluoksnį, gaubiantį sunkų branduolį. Šis sluoksnis buvo panašesnis į akmeninį negu metalinį, jį sudarė silikatų mineralai. Taip susidarė Žemės dalis, kuri vadinama mantija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Storas silikatų sluoksnis, nelabai laidus šilumai, stabdė (ir dabar stabdo) šilumos išsiskyrimą iš įkaitusios vidinės Žemės dalies. Nors mantijos temperatūra pasidarė aukšta, gilumoje ji neišsilydė, nes ją labai suslėgė aukščiau susidariusios storymės. Tačiau mantijos viršutinės (arba išorinės) dalies, kur buvo plonesnis ją dengiančių uolienų sluoksnis ir mažesnis slėgis, uolienos iš dalies lydėsi. Tiesa, lydėsi mineralai, turintys žemiausią lydymosi tašką, t.y. lydymasis buvo atrankinis. Taip ir susidarė magma. Ji formavosi tik iš kai kurių aplinkinių mineralų, todėl sudėtimi skyrėsi nuo pradinės uolienos, buvo panaši į bazaltų sluoksnį, šiek tiek lengvesnė už aplinkinę neišsilydžiusią uolieną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lengvesnės bazaltinės magmos masės turėjo tendenciją lėtai kilti. Tokių masių židinių buvo labai daug. Pamažu šios masės pasiekdavo Žemės paviršių, kur temperatūra buvo žemesnė, ir ten aušo, stingo. Taip ilgainiui formavosi Žemės pluta, sudaryta iš bazaltų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 20:01:11',62,'','2010-03-31 20:48:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 20:01:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,25,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(86,'Žemė visatoje','em-visatoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiame darbe plačiai nagrinėjamos temos:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1. Žemės kilmė.<br />2. Pirminė hidraulinės Žemės hipotezė.<br />3. Žemės dalys.<br />4. Žemės sukimasis aplink savo ašį.<br />5. Žemės judėjimas orbita aplink saulę.<br />6. Žemės pavidalas.<br />7. Žemės sandara.<br />8. Žemės pluta.<br />9. Šiluminiai reiškiniai.<br />10. Žemė  - magnetas.<br />11. Žemės charakteristika.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}</p>\r\n<p>&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 20:04:21',62,'','2010-03-31 19:24:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 20:04:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',12,0,26,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(87,'Špera apie žvaigždynus','pera-apie-vaigdynus','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dvinarę žv. sudaro 2 žv., o daugianarę 3 - 7.Sistemos būna optinės arba fizinės. Fizinių nariai skrieja apie bendrą masės centrą o optiniai nesusiję tarpusavyje jokiu gravitaciniu ryšiu ir matomi greta tik dėl atsitiktinių krypčių sutapimo. Fizinės dvinarės arba daugianarės skirstomos: vizualiosios, spektrinės, užtemdomosios, astrometrinės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Karščiausios pagrindinės sekos žv. masė – 50 M, o vėsiausių 0.1 M, supermilžinių nuo 10 – 50 M. Masę galima rasti žinant dvinarių žv. orbitų didįjį pusašį ir apskriejimo periodą. Dydį galima rasti žinant žv. paviršiaus temperatūrą ir šviesį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiausios žv. yra raudonosios M  spektrinės klasės supermilžinės. Jų skersmuo didesnis negu Saulės iki 1000 kartų . Mažiausios – baltosios nykštukės,jų dydis prilygsta Žemei, Mėnuliui. Žv. išorinių sluoksnių cheminė sudėtis nustatoma tiriant jų spektrus.Saulę ir į ją panašias žv. kurios vadinamos normaliomis sudaro vandenilis (74.7) ir helis (23.7).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiti elementai: deguonis, anglis, azotas, neonas, magnis, silicis, geležis yra tik (1.6). Anomaliųjų žv. spektruose matyti ryškios anglies, geležies , silicio, chromo ir kitų elementų linijos. Nemetalingųjų žv. atmosferose sunkiųjų elementų yra 100 ar 1000 kartų mažiau negu Saulės atmosferoje. Žv. kurių spindesys periodiškai kinta, vadinamos kintamosiomis. Pagal priežastis sukeliančias spindesio kitimą jos skirstomos: užtemdomąsias ir fizines, o pagal spindesio kitimo pobūdį: pulsuojančios ir sproginėjančios. Pulsuojančios: cefeidės, virginidės, lyridės. Sproginėjančių žv. spindesys per labai trumpą laiką padidėja daug kartų :novų nuo 9 – 19 ryškių, supernovų iki 20. Sprogusios novos vietoje lieka neutroninė žv. arba juodoji bedugnė. Saulės šerdį supa 3 sluoksniai: <br />1 - energija pernešama į išorę spinduliais, 2 – dujų konvekcija, 3 sluoksnis – atmosfera: fotosfera, chromosfera, vainikas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Galaktika yra spiralinė sistema, sudaryta iš centrinio telkinio, disko, steroido ir vainiko. Spiečiais vadinamos vienodos kilmės erdvinės žv. grupės, susietos gravitacijos lauku. Pagal erdvinį tankį spiečiai skirstomi į padrikuosius ir kamuolinius. Kiekvienos žv. judėjimo greitį Saulės atžvilgiu galima išskaidyti į dvi dedamąsias – tangentinį ir radialinį greitį. Tangentinis apibūdina žv. savąjį judėjimą statmeną stebėjimo kryptimi. Radialinis – nukreiptas išilgai regėjimo spindulio ir apskaičiuojamas pagal spektro linijų poslinkį, atsirandantį.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 20:24:16',62,'','2010-03-31 20:40:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 20:24:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,24,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(88,'Kosminė stotis MIR','kosmin-stotis-mir','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugelis iš mūsų matė televizijos laidas ar skaitė įspūdingas knygas, kurios nupasakoja Sovietų ir JAV kosminių programų kovą 1950 - 1960-siais. Kas gali pamiršti visų amerikiečių nuostabą, kai jie sužinojo, kad sovietų Sąjunga  paleido palydovą Sputnik 1958-siais? Po jo sekė 1961-ųjų Sovietų paleidimas Jurijaus Gagarino į kosmosą, kuris tapo pirmuoju tokiu žmogumi Žemėje. Po to sekė daug paralelių įvykių, kuriuose Sovietai ir JAV aršiai konkuravo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors kova egzistavo tarp dviejų priešių, tačiau taip pat vyko mažiau publikuotas spaudoje bendradarbiavimas, kuris išaugo į labai sėkmingą \"jungtinio\" kosmoso pastangas. Pirminiai JAV prezidento Džono f. Kenedžio ir Sovietų premjero Nikitos Chruščiovo, kuris 1962 pradėjo kryptingas kalbas ties kosmoso programų apjungimu, kuris nuvedė į platų bendradarbiavimą moksliniuose tyrinėjimuose. Dėka susitarimų padarytų 1992-siais atnaujinta partnerystė tarp NASA ir Rusų kosmoso agentūros, išvystyta šiandieninė NASA - Mir kosminė programa. Daugelis tyrimų kartu su abiejų šalių mokslininkais bus įvykdyti šiose šešiose mokslo, technologijos ir tyrimo srityse:</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">•    Patobulinta technologija kosmose<br />•    Pasiruošimas kosminei stočiai<br />•    Žmogaus gyvenimo mokslai<br />•    Mikrogravitacijos eksperimentai<br />•    Kosminė biologija.<br />•    Mūsų saulės sistemos supratimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ši atnaujinta partnerystė suteiks sklandų Tarptautinės Kosminės Stoties veikimą, taip pat suteikdama galimybę visokiems žmonėms dirbti kartu ant Žemės ir Kosmose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Eksperimentai vykdomi NASA - Mir projekte parodys mums kaip žmonės, žvėrys ir augalai reaguoja į kosmosą, leis mums geriau suprasti mūsų saulės sistemą, kaip išradinėti kosmose naujas technologijas, Taip pat padės statyti kosmines stotis ateityje.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 20:30:06',62,'','2010-03-29 20:26:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 20:30:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',8,0,23,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(89,'Žvaigždės','vaigds','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žvaigždės yra didelės masės ir didelio skersmens įkaitusios plazmos rutuliai, susidarę iš vandenilio ir helio su nedidele sunkesniųjų  elementų priemaiša.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žvaigždžių gelmėse vyksta branduolinės reakcijos. Jų metu vandenilis virsta heliu ir sunkesniais elementais. Reakcijų  metu išsiskirianti energija palaiko žvaigždžių spinduliavimą.  Branduolinių reakcijų metu atsiradusi energija iš žvaigždžių gelmių skverbiasi į paviršių dviem būdais ­ konvekcija ir spinduliavimu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konvekcija yra įkaitusių medžiagų masių judėjimas į išorę, o vėsesnių masių slinkimas centro link. Energija sklindanti antruoju būdu, medžiagos atomai sugeria iš žvaigždės vidaus sklindančius elektromagnetinius spindulius, po to vėl juos išspinduliuoja. žvaigždžių paviršiaus temperatūra yra 1500 - 50000 K, o jų centrų - 10 - 100 mln. K.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žvaigždės spektras ­ vaivorykštės pavidalo juostelė - gaunama spektrografu išsklaidžius jos skleidžiamą šviesą pagal bangų ilgį. Ištisiniame spektre matyti įvairių cheminių elementų absorbacijos linijos. Pagal paviršiaus temperatūrą žvaigždės skirstomos į O, B, A, F, G, K, M spektrines klases. Karščiausios yra O spektrinės klasės, vėsiausios - M spektrinės klasės žvaigždės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žvaigždžių nuotoliams matuoti vartojami šie ilgio vienetai: šviesmetis (šm) ir parsekas( pc). Šviesmetis tai kelias, kurį šviesa per metus nusklinda 300000 km/s greičiu. Parsekas tai nuotolis iš kurio žemės orbitos didysis pusašis matomas 1’’ kampu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 20:30:57',62,'','2010-03-31 20:23:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 20:30:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,21,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(90,'Marsas','marsas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marsas – išorinė planeta, esanti arčiausiai Žemės. Jam skiriama itin daug dėmesio. Šio amžiaus pradžioje daugelis astronomų buvo įsitikinę, kad Marse yra išsivysčiusi civilizacija. Dabar šis mitas yra sugriautas. Jau nebetikima, kad egzistuoja net ir primityvi organinė medžiaga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žiūrint pro teleskopą, Marsas panašus į rausvą skritulį su baltomis ašigalių kepurėmis ir tamsiais reljefiniais dariniais, kurie iš esmės nekinta. Jo vidutinis nuotolis nuo Saulės 228 milijonai kilometrų. Marso metai trunka 678 Žemės paras, o Marso para -  24 h 37 min. Negana to, Marso ašies posvyris į orbitos plokštumą tik truputį didesnis negu Žemės, taigi čia vyksta tokia pat metų laikų kaita, tik kiekvienas sezonas dvigubai ilgesnis negu Žemėje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip ir Žemės, Marso pietų ašigalis atsisukęs į Saulę. Marso klimatui šis reiškinys turi didesnę įtaką negu Žemės orams, nes marso orbita labiau ištęsta. Dėl to pietų pusrutulyje, palyginti su šiaurės pusrutuliu, ryškesni klimato kontrastai: vasaros karštos ir trumpos, o žiemos ilgesnės ir šaltesnės.  Ties marso pusiauju vasaros vidurdienį temperatūra gali pakilti iki 16 C ir aukščiau. Naktys labai šaltos, nes plona atmosfera negali sulaikyti šilumos. Tačiau Marsas nėra visai sustingusi nuo šalčio planeta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marso atmosfera. Marso vidutinis tankis mažesnis negu Žemės, skersmuo daug trumpesnis (6794 km), dėl to pabėgimo greitis irgi yra mažas – 5 km/s. Todėl tokia plona ir reta Marso atmosfera.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marso paviršiuje nėra skysto vandens, tačiau baltos jos ašigalių kepurės veikiausiai sudarytos iš vandens ledo su tam tikra sušalusio anglies dvideginio (sauso ledo) priemaiša. Ašigalių kepurių dydis kinta priklausomai nuo metų laikų; kai kepurės didžiausios, jas galima pamatyti proe nedidelį teleskopą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 20:33:46',62,'','2010-03-31 19:58:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 20:33:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,20,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(91,'Meteorai ir meteoritai','meteorai-ir-meteoritai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Meteorus, arba krintančiąsias žvaigždes, šiaurės pusrutulyje geriausia stebėti rugpjūčio mėnesį. Tai greitai judantys šviesūs taškeliai, dažnai su švytinčiomis uodegomis, kurios atsiranda kažkokiems objektams judant dangaus skliautu. Krintančiosios žvaigždės žinomos nuo senų senovės, bet jų prigimtis paaiškėjo tik XIX a. pradžioje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Meteoritų ne tiek daug kaip meteorų. Tai skirtingi dalykai. Meteoritas – tai ne didžiulis meteoras; jų išvaizda nieko bendro neturi su kometomis, nors krintantys stambūs meteoritai ir turi panašias kaip kometų uodegas. Meteoritai veikiausiai yra kometų branduolių ar asteroidų skeveldros.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Meteorą sukelia maža (mažesnė net už smėlio kruopelytę) dalelė (meteorinis kūnas), skriejantis aplink Saulę. Jį galima pamatyti tik tada, kai dalelė įskrieja į Žemės atmosferos išorinius sluoksnius. Įskriejimo greitis gali siekti 72 km/s. Meteorinį kūną veikia didžiulė oro molekulių trintis, nuo kurios jis suyra gerokai anksčiau, negu spėja pasiekti Žemės paviršių. Danguje matomas šviesus brūkšnys yra ne krintančio meteorinio kūno požymis, o atmosferos, kurią jis skrodžia, reakcija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Meteorai yra dviejų pagrindinių rūšių: jie sudaro meteorų srautus ir būna sporadiniai, arba atsitiktiniai. Pastarieji gali blykstelti bet kada ir bet kurioje dangaus vietoje. O meteorų srautai susiję su kometomis. Pavyzdžiui, garsusis Leonidų srautas, į kurį Žemė patenka lapkričio mėnesį, yra susijęs su blyškia periodine Templio kometa: jam priklausantys meteoriniai kūnai juda ta pačia orbita kaip minėta kometa. Sakoma, kad meteorai yra kometų pažertos skeveldros. Gal tai skamba pernelyg suprastintai, bet tvirtai nustatyta, kad periodinė Bielos kometa suiro ir jos vietoje atsirado meteorų srautas. Neabejojama, kad skriejanti erdvėje kometa palieka paskui save meteorinės medžiagos.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 20:38:51',62,'','2010-04-06 20:19:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 20:38:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,19,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(92,'Mėnulis','mnulis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mėnulis skrieja ta pačia kryptimi, kuria ir žemė sukasi aplink savo ašį, tik daug lėčiau. Todėl mums atrodo, kad žvaigždėtu dangumi Mėnulis pamažu slenka iš vakarų į rytus ( priešingai dangaus sferos sukimuisi ) apsukdamas aplink žemę vieną ratą maždaug per mėnesį. Kiekvieną parą mėnulis pasislenka į rytus žvaigždžių atžvilgiu apie 13° ir po 27,3 paros sugrįžta į tą pačią padėtį tarp žvaigždžių. Laiko tarpas, per kurį Mėnulis apskrieja žemę žvaigždžių atžvilgiu, vadinamas žvaigždiniu, arba sideriniu, mėnesiu ( 27,3 paros ). Tai tikrasis Mėnulio apskriejimo aplink žemę periodas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai Mėnulis yra tarp žemės ir saulės, kelias dienas jo nematome, nes Saulė apšviečia priešingą žemei pusę, o į mus atgręžta pusė skendi tamsoje. Be to, ją trukdo matyti ir Saulės apšviestas dangus. Perėjęs tarp žemės ir Saulės, maždaug po trijų parų pasirodo jaunas Mėnulis.  Tada jis matomas netoli nusileidusios Saulės kaip plonas pjautuvas. Įdomu tai, kad giedru oru matomas visas Mėnulio skritulys, tik didesnioji jo dalis švyti silpna pelenine šviesa. Šį švytėjimą sukelia nuo žemės paviršiaus atsispindėjusi Saulės šviesa. Po to Mėnulis vis tolsta nuo Saulės ir pilnėja, kol pasiekia priešpilnio fazę, kai Saulė apšviečia pusę matomo Mėnulio disko. Tuo laiku Saulė, žemė ir Mėnulis sudaro maždaug 90° kampą. Po savaitės prasideda Mėnulio pilnaties fazė – Saulė apšviečia visą jo diską. Tuomet Saulė, žemė ir Mėnulis būna beveik vienoje tiesėje ( t.y. žvaigždėtame danguje Saulė ir Mėnulis yra priešingose žemės pusėse ).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mėnulis teka Saulei leidžiantis ir matomas visą naktį. Po pilnaties fazės Mėnulis pradeda \"dilti\" ir praėjus savaitei lieka tik kairioji pusė, atsigręžusi į rytus. Nuo tada prasideda delčios fazė. Mėnulio pjautuvas plonėja, jis matomas vis vėliau ir vėliau prieš Saulei tekant. Pagaliau visiškai išnyksta rytmečio Saulės spinduliuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Laiko tarpas tarp vienodų Mėnulio fazių ( pvz.: nuo pilnaties iki pilnaties ) vadinamas sinodiniu mėnesiu, kuris lygus 29,5 paros. Kodėl šis mėnesis yra maždaug 2 parom ilgesnis už žvaigždinį? Po kiekvieno žvaigždinio mėnesio Mėnulis grįžta į tą pačią padėtį žvaigždžių atžvilgiu. Tačiau Saulės atžvilgiu jo padėtis pasikeičia, nes Saulė pasislenka Zodiako žvaigždynais į rytus 27°. Šiam lankui įveikti Mėnuliui prireiktų papildomai 2 parų; tik po to Saulės atžvilgiu jis atsidurtų tokioje pačioje padėtyje, t.y. būtų toje pačioje fazėje.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 20:40:48',62,'','2010-04-06 20:07:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 20:40:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,18,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(93,'Žemės grupės planetos','ems-grups-planetos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Saulės sistemą sudaro viena žvaigždė Saulė, devynios didžiosios planetos ir įvairūs mažesni kūnai pvz.: kai kurių planetų palydovai. Visus šiuos kūnus valdo Saulė, kuri yra daug kartų už juos masyvenė ir tik viena spinduliuoja. Kiti Saulės sistemos kūnai šviečia tik atspindėta Saulės šviesa, ir, nors danguje atrodo ryškūs, sunku patikėti, kad Visatoje jie toli gražu nėra tokie svarbūs, kaip atrodo iš pirmo žvilgsnio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Planetos skirstomos į dvi pagrindines grupes: Žemės grupės ir didžiąsias.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žemės grupės planetas sudaro palyginti mažos planetos – Merkurijus, Venera, Žemė ir Marsas, kurių skersmenys yra nuo 12756 km (Žemės) iki 4878 km (Merkurijaus). Šios planetos turi daug bendrų bruožų. Pavyzdžiui, jos visos turi kietą paviršių, sudarytos iš panašių medžiagų, tiktai Žemės ir Merkurijaus vidutinis tankis didesnis negu Veneros ir Marso.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šių planetų orbitos beveik nesisikiria nuo apskritimų, tik Merkurijaus ir Marso keliai aplink Saulę ištęsti labiau negu Žemės ir Veneros. Merkurijus ir Venera vadinami vidinėmis planetomis, nes jų orbitos yra Žemės orbitos viduje. Jos, kaip ir Mėnulis, keičia fazes nuo jaunaties iki pilnaties ir danguje visada matomos netoli Saulės. Merkurijus ir Venera neturi palydovų. Žemė turi vieną palydovą – visiems žimomą Mėnulį. Marsas – du palydovus – Fobą ir Deimą, kurie yra labai maži ir kitokios kilmės negu Mėnulis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Merkurijų galima pamatyti plika akimi, bet jį stebėti sunkiau negu kitas keturias planetas, žinomas nuo senų senovės. Merkurijus skrieja arčiausiai Saulės; vidutinis nuotolis nuo Saulės – 58 mln. km, aplink ją apskrieja per 88 paras. Didžiu ir mase Merkurijus panašesnis į Mėnulį nei į Žemę. Jo skersmuo – 4878 km. Pabėgimo greitis – tik 4,3 km/s. Merkurijaus paviršius nelygus, nusėtas daugybės kraterių. Dėl mažos masės ir Saulės spindulių kaitinamojo poveikio, Merkurijaus atmosfera labai reta (susideda iš helio, vandenilio, deguonies, neono ir argono), todėl jam būdingi nepaprastai dideli tempertūros svyravimai, siekiantys iki 600 C. Prieš milijardus metų jame buvo stiprus vulkanizmas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 20:43:59',62,'','2010-03-31 19:51:07',62,62,'2010-04-10 12:43:02','2010-03-28 20:43:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,17,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(94,'Orionas','orionas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Orionas dar kitaip vadinamas Septyniais Dienpjoviais, Orioniu, arba paprastai Ori yra pusiaujo zonos paukščių tako žvaigždynas. Jį dangaus pusiaujas dalina į dvi dalis. Orionas matomas visais metų laikais, bet geriausiai žiemą. Šiauriniame pusrutulyje jis matomas beveik visada aukštai danguje, tai yra nenusileidžiantis žvaigždynas. Orioną iš karto galime atpažinti nesunkiai pastebėję tris ryškias žvaigždes išsidėsčiusias vienoje tiesėje netoli viena kitos. Tai būtų oriono juosta, o tiksliau oriono ir žvaigždės Lietuvių vadinamos “Trimis sesutėmis”. Orionas yra mitologinis personažas ir daugelis nuo seno danguje mato didvyrį su lanku vienoje ir kardu kitoje rankoje. Apie Orioną pasakojama legenda, kad kadaise Apolonas norėjęs apginti savo seserį Artemidę, pasiuntė skorpioną, kad įgeltų Orionui. Šiam pavyko išvengti skorpiono įkandžio, bet jį pakirto strėlė, paleista pačios Artemidės, nežinojusios, į ką ji taikosi. Tada Artemidė įkurdino Orioną danguje tarp žvaigždžių toli nuo skorpiono.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Oriono kardas būtų iš karto po jo juosta. “Kardą” sudaro visa grupė vertikaliai išsidėsčiusių žvaigždžių: Didysis Oriono Ūkas (M42) ir čia pat maþasis (M43). Taip pat ten yra ir Oriono FU, kuriame 1936 metais buvo pastebėtas vienos žvaigždės prašviesėjimas. Tai įvyko dėl to, kad žvaigdždė “numetė” savo pirmykštį dulkių apvalkalą. Ši žvaigždė laikoma viena jauniausių žinomų žvaigždžių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Oriono ūkai tai labai dideli žvaigždžių gimimo lopšiai. Šie ūkai labiausiai traukia astronomes akis, nes ten vyksta įdomūs dalykai. Tirdami Oriono ūke vykstančius procesus, kai susiformuoja naujos ir sprogsta senos žvaigždės, mokslininkai bando paaiškinti saulės sistemos atsiradimą bei daugelį jos paslapčių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šie ūkai yra matomi plika akimi kaip miglotos mažytės žvaigždutės. Iš tikrųjų ten yra milijonai “mažyčių” jaunų žvaigždučių, galbūt ir tokių kaip mūsų Saulė, ir jos sudaro tokią visumą, kuri atrodo lig “debesėlis” per paprastą mėgėjišką reflektorių. Jos pačiame centre yra žvaigždžių spiečius ir molekulių debesis. Ten pat yra ir garsusis Arklio Galvos Ūkas. Tai Tamsus tarpžvaigždinių dulkių debesis Oriono žvaigždyne. Kodėl jis tamsus niekas negali tinkamai paaiškinti. Tokių (tamsių) ūkų yra visatoje ir daugiau tik juos labai sunku pastebėti nes jie nei matomi nei gerai apčiuopiami radijo teleskopais.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 20:45:08',62,'','2010-03-30 22:55:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 20:45:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,16,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(95,'Išorinių planetų polydovai','iorini-planet-polydovai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1877 m. Asafas Holis (1829-1907) pro Vašingtono observatorijos (JAV) 66 cm skersmens refraktorių atrado du Marso palydovus; vėliau jie bus pavadini Fobu ir Deimu. Palyginti su Mėnuliu, abu jie itin maži. Palydovai spindi labai blyškiai, dėl to, nepaisant daugelio mėginimų juos aptikti, tai padaryti pavyko tik 1877 m.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Fobas ir Deimas iki “Marinerių” skrydžių.<br />Pro teleskopą Fobas ir Deimas atrodo kaip maži, į žvaigždes panašūs taškai; prieš prasidedant kosminiaims skrydžiams, didelį susidomėjimą kėlė jų orbitos. Fobas skrieja aplink Marsą nutolęs vidutiniškai 9380 km nuo planetos centro, taigi atstumas tarp Fobo ir Marso paviršiaus yra maždaug toks pat kaip ir tarp Londono ir Adeno. Fobo skriejimo aplink Marsą pariodas 24h 37 min, Fobo mėnuo trumpesnis negu Marso diena. Marso danguje Fobas pateka vakaruose ir leidžiasi rytuose. Virš horizonto jis išbūna tik 4,5 h; per tą laiką praeina daugiau negu pusė jo fazių ciklo. Nuo vieno Fobo patekėjimo iki kito praeina truputį daugiau kaip 11 h. Regimas Fobo skersmuo niekad neviršija 12,3`, t.y. jis mažesnis negu pusės iš Žemės matomo Mėnulio skersmens. Šviesos kiekis, kuris atsispindėjęs nuo Fobo krinta į Marso paviršių maždaug toks, kokį Žemei siunčia Venera. Per metus Fobas 1300 kartų kerta Saulės skritulį, nuo vieno jo krašto iki kito per 19 s.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Netgi būdamas aukščiau Marso horizonto, Fobas ilgai skendi planetos šešėlyje, o didesnėje negu 69 laipsnių platumose jo išvis nesimato. Fobo orbita beveik apskrita, į Marso pusiaujo plokštumą pasvirusi daugiau nei 1 laipsnis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Deimas – mažesnis ir labiau nutolęs (23500 km) nuo Marso centro negu Fobas; Marsą apskrieja per 30 h 14 min, virš Marso horizonto išbūna 2.5 paros. Nuo jo į Marso paviršių krinta mažiau šviesos, negu Sirijus atsiunčia Žemei. Marse esantis stebėtojas vargiai galėtų ižiūrėti Deimo fazes. Deimo skersmuo maždaug 12 km.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėl Marso palydovų kilmės tebesigičijama. Tai gali būti asteroidai, iš asteroidų žiedo patekę į Marso traukos lauką. 1945 m. nustatyta, kad Fobas po truputi spirale artėja prie Marso ir kada nors nukris į planetą.  Manyta, kad Fobą stabdo labai reta Marso atmosfera. Tokiu atveju Fobo masė turėtu būti labai maža, o iš to būtų galima daryti išvadą , kad Fobas, ko gero, yra marsiečių įrenkta tuščiavidurė kosminė stotis. Tokią hipotezę pateikė žymus tarybinis astronautas Josifas Šklovskis (1916 - 85). Hipotezė platesnio pripažinimo nesusilaukė; kosminiai skrydžiai į Marsą ją galutinai paneigė. “Marinerio - 9” atradimai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 20:48:49',62,'','2010-03-30 22:15:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 20:48:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',10,0,15,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(96,'Galaktikos keistuoliai','galaktikos-keistuoliai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vieną 1967 metų naktį Kembridžo universiteto aspirantė Dž. Bel radioteleskopu aptiko keistus radijo signalus, kurie nuostabiai tiksliai kartojosi kas 1,337 sek., tarsi danguje būtų budėjęs radijo švyturys. Kembridžo astronomai iš karto labai apsidžiaugė - manė pagaliau suradę ilgai lauktus nežemiškų civilizacijų signalus. Tariamus jų siuntėjus Dž.Bel pavadino \"mažais žaliais žmogeliukais\"…</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau netrukus danguje buvo atrasta ir daugiau panašių mirksinčių žiburėlių. Astronomai, jau seniai įpratę prie kintamų kosminių objektų, šį kartą buvo apstulbinti: žybsniai radijo bangose visą laiką kartojosi nepaprastai dažnai ir tiksliai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po pusmečio Dž.Bel mokslinis vadovas profesorius E.Hjušas paskelbė savo prielaidą dėl šių signalų šaltinių. Pasak jo, tai turėtų būti vos keliasdešimt kilometrų skersmens, bet nepaprastai tankios neutroninės žvaigždės - pulsarai, susidariusios sprogstant supernovomis. Kokios jos ir kaip atsiranda?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Išsekus branduoliniam kurui žvaigždžių gelmėse, jos pradeda trauktis, nes nebėra vidinės jėgos, kuri galėtų atlaikyti viršutinių sluoksnių spaudimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teoriniai skaičiavimai rodo, kad Saulės masės žvaigždės virsta baltosiomis nykštukėmis - planetų dydžio žvaigždutėmis, kuriose medžiagos tankis siekia 105 - 107 g/cm3. Vadinasi, 1cm3 baltosios nykštukės medžiagos žemėje svertų maždaug toną. Atskiri atomai negali suartėti vienas su kitu labiau negu per 10 - 8 cm, vadinasi, tiek skysčių, tiek ir pačių kiečiausių medžiagų tankis negali viršyti 20g/cm3. Tuo tarpu milžiniškas slėgimas baltosiose nykštukėse sutraiško atomus: atplėšti nuo branduolių elektronai tampa laisvi. Jei žvaigždės masė ne didesnė kaip 1,5 Saulės masės, tolesnį jos traukimąsi sulaiko vadinamųjų elektroninių dujų slėgis iš vidaus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 20:50:59',62,'','2010-03-30 21:56:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 20:50:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',10,0,14,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(97,'Referatas apie Mėnulį','referatas-apie-mnul','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mėnulis - vienintelis kosminis kūnas, kurio atstumas ir matmenys yra žinomi nuo priešteleskopinių laikų. Kadangi jo atstumas nuo Žemės palyginti nedidelis, dieninis paralaksas lygus kone 1 laipsnis, todėl nesunkiai išmatuojamas. Jau Vilniaus astronomas A. Diblinskis savo “ Astronomijos šimtinėje” (1639) pateikia Mėnulio paralaksą 57’38” ir atstumą nuo Žemės – 367000 km.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mėnulis oficialiai vadinamas Žemės palydovu, bet jis aiškiai per didelis juo būti. Saulės sistemoje yra planetų palydovų, didesnių už mūsų Mėnulį ( tai 3 Jupiterio, 1 Saturno ir 1 Neptūno palydovas), bet visi jie skrieja aplink didžiąsias planetas. Pavyzdžiui, Neptūno didžiausio palydovo Tritono masė 750 kartų mažesnė negu Neptūno, nors jis didumo sulig Mėnuliu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisingiau būtų Žemę ir Mėnulį vadinti dvinare planeta ir būtent šiuo požiūriu aptarti Mėnulio problemą. Ilgą laiką buvo populiari Džordžo Darvino potvynio hipotezė, pasiūlyta XIX a. Pagal ją, Žemė ir Mėnulis kadaise buvo vienas greitai besisukantis kūnas, kuris ilgainiui tapo nenuostovus. Pagaliau šis kūnas deformavosi tiek, kad dalis jo medžiagos atitrūko. Iš jo ir susidarė Mėnulis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau ši hipotezė menkai pagrįsta matematiškai, ir dabar retas astronomas ją palaiko. Labiau tikėtina, kad Žemė ir Mėnulis susidarė iš prosaulinio ūko vienas šalia kito arba visiškai nepriklausomai; pastaruoju atveju Žemė vėliau “pasigavo” Mėnulį. Remiantis dabartinėmis žiniomis, labiau priimtinas pirmasis variantas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuo metu labai tiksliai išmatuotas vidutinis Mėnulio paralaksas lygus 57’2”,6, o vidutinis jo nuotolis nuo Žemės, patikslintas radiolokaciniais matavimais, yra 384400 km. Mėnulis – pirmas kosminis kūnas, iki kurio atstumas išmatuotas ir lazerio spinduliu, atsispindėjusiu nuo jo paviršiuje pastatyto atšvaito. Gautas neregėtas (3 cm !) tikslumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mėnulis skrieja aplink Žemę elipse, kurios posvyris į ekliptikos plokštumą 5o8’43”. Dėl to nuotolis iki Mėnulio kinta nuo 356400 perigėjuje iki 406740 km apogėjuje. Mėnulis gali pakilti virš horizonto aukščiau, negu vasaros pradžioje pakyla Saulė, arba nusileisti žemiau, negu ji būna žiemos pradžioje.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 20:54:38',62,'','2010-03-30 21:23:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 20:54:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,13,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(98,'IRIDIUM sistema','iridium-sistema','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">IRIDIUM  pirmoji sistema su 66 palydovais skriejančiais žema žemės orbita LEO (Low earth orbit). Jinai pritaikyta bevielių telefonų tinklui. Tik 780 km. aukštyje šie satelitai dirba skirtingai abipusiu ryšiu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">(With 66 satellites forming a cross-linked grid above the Earth, the Iridium system is the first low-Earth-orbiting system for wireless telephone service. Only 780 km (485 miles) high, these satellites work differently from those at a much higher orbit (36,000 km) in two major ways. First, they’re close enough to receive the signals of a handheld device; and second, they act like cellular towers in the sky - where wireless signals can move overhead instead of through ground-based cells).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">RIDIM aeronautikos servisas aprūpins pagrindinius balso, fakso ir duomenų perdavimo kelioninius, prekybinius, biznio, ir kitus lėktuvus. Mažas, lengvo svorio Iridium produktas yra suplanuotas papildyti esančias aeronautikos komunikacijas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">(Iridium aeronautical services will provide essential voice, facsimile, and data services to travelers on commercial, business, and general-aviation aircraft. Compact, lightweight Iridium units are designed to complement the existing aeronautical communications, offering passengers and crew convenient global access to telecommunications).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmaeiliai skambučiai atliekami IRIDIUM tinkle su Iridium  mobiliais  telefonais. Jie leidžia dirbti su keliais tinklais. Dabar egzistuojančiu antžeminiu tinklu ir satelitiniu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">(The Iridium phone is the primary means by which callers will communicate directly through the Iridium network. Its multi-mode capability allows the telephone to work as a typical cellular telephone (in areas where compatible cellular service exists) and as a satellite telephone. For Iridium subscribers, this means one handheld phone providing both cellular and satellite access).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sistemos kontrolės servisas yra pagrindinė priežiūros dalis Iridium sistemoje. Pagrindinis Satelitų kontrolės ir tinklo priežiūros centras yra šiaurės Virdžinijos valstijoje JAV. Kiti trys centrai (TTACs) yra Havajuose ir Kanadoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">(System Control serves as the central management component for the Iridium system. It performs satellite control and network management in conjunction with the Iridium Satellite and Network Operations Center in northern Virginia, USA. In addition, three Telemetry, Tracking, and Control Centers (TTACs) located in Hawaii and Canada, are linked directly with the Satellite and Network Operations Center. Among its many functions, the TTAC facilities communicate with the satellite network to regulate the positioning of satellites during launch placement and subsequent orbit).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 20:58:44',62,'','2010-03-30 21:12:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 20:58:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,12,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(99,'Kryžiažodis - astronomija','kryiaodis-astronomija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Klausimai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Horizontaliai</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1. Mokslas tiriantis radijo bangas kosmose.<br /> 2. Artimiausia žvaigždė.<br /> 3 .F ir G klasės žvaigždės spalva.<br /> 4  .Dangaus plotas, apribotas sutartos linijos.<br /> 5. Viena iš atmosferos  dalių.<br /> 6. Elektringųjų dalelių judėjimas spiralėmis žemės magnetinių  polių link atmosferoje.<br /> 7. Kur buvo rastas didžiausias meteoritas?<br /> 8. Kokia diena pas graikus buvo Marso diena?<br /> 9. Kas yra Didžioji  Raudonoji Dėmė?<br /> 10. Jonizuotos dujos, kur elektringųjų dalelių  koncentracija yra vienoda?<br /> 11. Kas pirmasis pastebėjo Saturno  žiedus?<br /> 12. Kokio rašytojo pasakojime buvo panaudota patranka  skrydžiui į mėnulį?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Vertikaliai</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1. Vienas iš teleskopų tipų.<br />2. Viena iš saulės sudėtinių dalių.<br />3. Kas pirmasis sudarė Merkurijaus žemėlapį?<br />4. Viena iš mėnulio fazių.<br />5. Pirmasis žmogus pakilęs į kosmosą.<br />6. Pirmoji stotis nuleidusi zondą į Marsą.<br />7. Vienas iš dviejų paskutinių astronautų  išsilaipinusių mėnulyje.<br />8. Uranas, Neptūnas ir Plutonas yra ..........planetos.<br />9. Pirmojo asteroido pavadinimas.<br />10. Kas pastatė didžiausią teleskopą?<br />11. Vienintelis palydovas turintis atmosferą.<br />12. Apolonų skrydžiams naudojamų raketų pavadinimas.<br />13. Garsus Lietuvos astronomas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 20:59:30',62,'','2010-03-31 19:41:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 20:59:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',12,0,2,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(100,'4 pagrindinės planetos','4-pagrindins-planetos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Merkurijus: lietuviškai Vaivora. Artimiausia saulei planeta. Nuotolis kinta nuo 46 – 70 mln. km. Orbita gerokai ištęsta. Skersmuo 2.6 karto mažesnis už Žemės, o masė 18 kartų. Aplink saulę apskrieja per 88 d., o aplink savo ašį – 59 d.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Venera: Vakarinė arba Aušrinė. Antra pagal nuotolį nuo saulės: 108 mln. km. Orbita beveik apskrita. Trečias pagal spindesį dangaus kūnas: ryškis siekia – 4.1. Aplink saulę per 225 d. Aplink ašį sukasi priešingai negu kitos planetos ir labai lėtai: per 243 d. Para trunka 117 d. Skersmuo mažesnis už žemės 5%, o masė  18%.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žemė: trečia pagal nuotolį nuo saulės. Sudėtis: molekulinis azotas 78%, molekulinio deguonies 21% dar yra argono, vandens garų, anglies dioksido. Atmosfera skirstoma: troposferą , stratosferą, jonosferą, egzosferą. Paviršiaus dalį dengia vanduo – hidrosfera.(71).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marsas: ketvirtas pagal atstumą nuo saulės - 2 ryškio. Skersmuo mažesnis už žemės 1,9 karto, o masė 9,3 karto.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 21:02:22',62,'','2010-03-30 20:46:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 21:02:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',14,0,11,'','',0,44,'robots=\nauthor='),(101,'Žemė','em','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žemė yra didžiausia ir masyviausia tarp vidinių planetų. Žemės masė yra 5,974 Kg. Mažiausiai skiriasi Žemė ir Venera – jų masės santykis 1:0,82. Žemės tankis yra 5520 kg/m3, skersmuo – 12 756,3 km.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lyginant Žemę ir gretimas planetas, randama ne tik bendrų bruožų, bet ir žymių skirtumų. Pirmiausia Žemė iš kitų planetų išsiskiria savo atmosfera, kurioje gausu deguonies, azoto, ir temperatūra, tinkama mums žinomai gyvybės formai. Atstumas nuo Žemės iki Saulės yra vidutiniškai 149,6 mln. km.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jeigu Žemė būtų šiek tiek toliau nuo Saulės arba šiek tiek toliau nuo jos, gyvybė nebūtų galėjusi plėtotis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žemės rutulį sudaro keletas koncentrinių apvalkalų. Pačiame Žemės centre yra branduolys, dalijamas į vidinį ir išorinį. Vidinis yra kietas, sudarytas daugiausia iš geležies ir nikelio, o išorinis – skystas. Žemės branduolį supa silikatų mantija, slūgsanti po kietu apvalkalu – pluta, kurią sudaro sustingusios lavos produktai (granitai ir bazaltai). Žemės rutulį gaubia dujų apvalkalas, vadinamas atmosfera. Ją sudaro 78% azoto, 21% deguonies ir tik truputis kitų dujų. Savo ruožtu atmosfera dalijama į tris sluoksnius: troposferą, stratosfera ir jonosferą. Žemės sukimosi ašis su statmeniu sukimosi plokštumai, vadinamai ekliptika (gr. ekleiptike – užtemimas) sudaro 23,5o kampą, dėl to atsiranda metų laikai. Žemės nuotolio nuo Saulės kitimas beveik neturi reikšmės metų laikų kaitai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 21:07:11',62,'','2010-03-30 20:09:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 21:07:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',9,0,10,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(102,'Referatas apie Neptūną','referatas-apie-neptn','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Saulės sistemos išorinė planeta, aštunta pagal nuotolį nuo Saulės. Aplink Saulę skrieja elipsine orbita 5.4 km/s vid. greičiu. Plika akimi nematomas, nes ir opozicijoje jo spindesys siekia tik 7.6 ryškio. Per teleskopus opozicijos metu Neptūno skritulys matomas 2.5 laipsnių kampu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Neptūno atmosfera susideda iš molio, vandenilio, helio, metano, amoniako. Paviršių pastoviai dengia debesys. Atmosferos geometrinis albedas 50%.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paviršių greičiausiai dengia plonas amoniako ir metano vandenynas. Po juo yra ~ 3500 km storio vandens, amoniako ir metano ledų sluoksnis, o centre ~ 20500 km spindulio tų pat ledų ir silikatų branduolys. Medžiagos tankis centre 4.8 g/cm3, tėra 12 000 K. Turi 8 gamtinius palydovus. Neptūną 1846 atrado J. G. Galia ~ 1 laipsnio nuotoliu nuo tos vietos kurią iš Urano judėjimo trikdymų apskaičiavo U. Leverjė ir Dž. Adamsas. 1989 pro Neptūną praskriejo JAV Tarppl stotis .</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Neptūno planeta turi šiuos žinomus palydovus (išvardinti tolstant nuo Neptūno): Najada, Talasa, Despina, Galatėja, Larisa, Protėjas, Tritonas ir Nereidė.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 21:18:21',62,'','2010-03-30 20:04:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 21:18:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,3,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(103,'Klausimai apie saulės sistemos kūnų judėjimą','klausimai-apie-sauls-sistemos-kn-judjim','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ką vadiname precesija ir nutacija? <br />Dangaus šiaurės ašigalis, į kurį nukreipta Žemės sukimosi ašis, keliauja žvaigždynais prieš laikrodžio rodyklę. Per 26000 metų ašigalis nubrėžia 23,5 spindulio apskritimą, kurio centras yra ekliptikos ašigalyje. Šis reiškinys, primenantis besisukančio vilkelio ašies svyravimą, vadinamas Žemės ašies precesija. Žemės ašies svyravimas, kurio periodas 18,6 metų vadinamas nutacija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apibūdinkite žvaigždinį ir sinodinį mėnesį.<br />Laiko tarpas, per kurį Mėnulis apskrieja Žemę žvaigždžių atžvilgiu, vadinamas žvaigždiniu, arba sideriniu, mėnesiu.(27,3 paros). Laiko tarpas tarp dviejų vienodų Mėnulio fazių vadinamas sinodiniu mėnesiu (29,5 paros)</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Išvardykite Mėnulio fazes.<br />Jaunas mėnulis, priešpilnio f., pilnaties f., delčios f.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kurioje Mėnulio fazėje gali įvykti visiškas Saulės užtemimas, Mėnulio užtemimas?<br />Saulės užtemimas per jaunatį, o Mėnulio užtemimas per pilnatį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kodėl Saulės ir mėnulio užtemimai gana reti?<br />Mėnulio orbitos plokštuma pakrypusi į Žemės orbitos plokštumą 5 kampu, todėl užtemimas įvyksta tik tada, kai Saulė ir Mėnulis yra ties vienu iš dviejų mazgų, kuriuose Mėnulio takas žvaigždėtame danguje susikerta su ekliptika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kas yra žvaigždinė para? Saulinė para?<br />Žvaigždinė para yra laiko tarpas tarp dviejų viena po kitos vykstančių pavasario lygiadienio tško viršutinių kuliminacijų. Tikroji saulinė para - laiko tarpas tarp dviejų gretimų Saulės disko centro viršutinių kulminacijų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 21:21:31',62,'','2010-03-29 20:50:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 21:21:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,5,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(104,'Referatas apie Žemę','referatas-apie-em','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žemė  –  trečia   pagal   nuotolį   nuo   Saulės   planeta.   Ji,  kartu   su Merkurijumi, Venera, Marsu, priskiriama prie vidinių planetų. Vidinėmis vadinamos todėl, nes jos yra tarp Saulės ir asteroidų žiedo. Planetos, esančios už šio asteroidų žiedo, vadinamos išorinėmis. Aplink Saulę skrieja beveik apskrita orbita, 29,8 km/s vidutiniu greičiu; Žemės siderinis periodas (žvaigždiniai metai) yra 365,26 dienos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tarp vidinių planetų Žemė yra didžiausia ir masyiausia. Pagal masę (59,74.1023kg) ji yra pirma tarp savo grupės (vidinių) ir penkta tarp visų planetų. Savo forma primena kamuolį: Žemės pusiaujinis skersmuo – 12756,28 km, o ašigalinis – 12713,51 km.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mūsų planeta nuo artimiausios žvaigždės – Saulės – yra nutolusi vidutiniškai 149,6 mln. km. Šis atstumas vadinamas astronominiu vienetu. Arčiausiai Saulės (perihelyje) Žemė būna apie sausio 3 d., toliausiai (afelyje) – apie liepos 3 d.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiek Žemei metų? Mokslininkų teigimu, Žemė susidarė prieš 4,5 mlrd. metų, dėl gravitacinės kondensacijos, iš dulkių ir dujų, kurios planetų formavimosi pradžioje buvo išsisklaidžiusios erdvėje aplink Saulę. Žemės geologinė istorija atkuriama, tiriant Žemės plutos uolienas. Nustatyta, kad seniausių Žemės uolienų amžius ~3,5 mlrd. metų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atradimų istorija. Žemės rutuliškumo idėją iškėlė senovės graikai (Pitagoras, VI a. pr. m. e.; Aristotelis, IV a. pr. m. e.); Žemės rutulio apytikslius matmenis apie 240 pr. m. e. nustatė Eratostenas. Skriejimo aplink Saulę idėją III a. pr. m. e. iškėlė Aristarchas Samietis. Įsigalėjus pasaulio geocentrinei sistemai, iki XVI amžiaus Žemė laikyta centriniu Visatos kūnu. Kad Žemė yra tik planeta, skriejanti aplink Saulę (Heliocentrinė sistema), 1515 įrodė M. Kopernikas (Lenkija).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 21:25:16',62,'','2010-03-29 20:26:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 21:25:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',10,0,9,'','',0,34,'robots=\nauthor='),(105,'Astronomijos špera','astronomijos-pera','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Senovėje tautos dar akmens amžiuje pažino dangaus šviesulių judėjimo dangaus sfera dėsningumus ir juos pritaikyti kaip laikrodį ir kelrodį. Nesuprasdami tikrosios šviesulių prigimties ir nežinodami jų judėjimo dangumi priežasčių, senovės žmonės sukūrė Visatos susidarymo mitus, o dangaus šviesulius sudievino.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Astronomija - mokslas, tiriantis Visatos kūnų ir jų sistemų sandarą, judėjimą, susidarymą, raidą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Astrofizika - nagrinėja kosminių kūnų ir kosminės erdvės medžiagos, sandarą, cheminę sudėtį, fizikines savybes, spinduliavimą, kosminės erdvės fizikinius laukus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Astrometrija - tiria šviesulių padėtis dangaus sferoje, tų padėčių kitimą, Žemės sukimąsį ir astronominį laiką.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Praktinė astronomija - remiantis šios šakos duomenimis, nustatomos įvairių Žemės vietų geografinės koordinatės, tvarkomos laiko tarnybos, padedama aviacijai, jūreivystei, geodezijai ir kosmonautikai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dangaus mechanika - gvildena gravitacijos veikiamų Visatos kūnų judėjimą. Pagal tai apskaičiuojamos jų orbitos ir sudaromos efemeridės, t.y. lentelės, kuriose numatoma planetų, asteroidų, kometų, žvaigždžių ir kt. Visatos kūnų padėtis ateityje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Planetų astronomija - tiria Saulės ir kt. Žvaigždžių sistemoms priklausančių planetų ir jų palydovų, asteroidų, meteoritinių kūnų, kometų sundarą, jų fizikines ir chemines savybes, atmosferas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kosmologija - yra teorinė astronomijos šaka tirianti Visatą kaip visumą, jos geometrinių struktūrų, medžiagos ir laukų struktūrą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Astronomijos mokslas turi ir pažintinių, ir praktinių reikšmių. Jo dėka sužinojome savo adresą Visatoje ir jos istoriją per milijardus metų. Pagal žvaigždžių regimąjį judėjimą dangumi galima nustatyti geografines koordinates Žemės paviršiuje, matuoti laiką. Astronomai įspėja apie artėjančias magnetines audras, apskaičiuoja, kokiomis orbitomis skrieja dirbtiniai Žemės palydovai ir tarpplanetinės stotys. Astronomijos atradimai skatina kitų mokslų raidą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 21:27:15',62,'','2010-03-29 20:39:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 21:27:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(106,'Informacija apie Mėnulį','informacija-apie-mnul','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mėnulis yra artmiausias žemei gamtinis kosminis kūnas. Jo vidutinis nuotolis nuo žemės 384400 km; tai beveik tas pats, kas 10 ratų aplink žemës rutulį. Mėnulis nedidelis: jo skersmuo 3476 km, masė lygi  1/81 žemės masės, pabėgimo greitis 2,4 km/s. Mėnulis per mažas, kad turėtų atmosferą. Teigti, kad Mėnulis skrieja aplink žemę, nėra visai teisinga. Iš tikrųjų žemė ir Mėnulis skrieja apie tam tikrą baricentrą, t.y. jų abiejų gravitacijos centrą. Jų masė labai skiriasi, dėl to baricentras yra žemės rutulio viduje, ir teiginys “Mėnulis skrieja aplink žemę” dažniausiai pakankamai tikslus. Mėnulio skriejimo aplink žemę periodas 27,3 d. Per tiek pat laiko Mėnulis apsisuka apie savo ašį, dėl to į žemę visada atsukta ta pati Mėnulio pusė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mėnulio kelias aplink žemę nėra idealus apskritimas, užtat jo skritulio regiamasis skersmuo šiek tiek kinta. Mėnulio fazės matomas todėl, kad ne visada į žemė atsukta dieninė Mėnulio pusė. Riba tarp dieninės ir naktinės Mėnulio pusių vadinamas terminatoriumi. Jis nelygus, rantytas, nes Mėnulio paviršiuje yra kalnų ir įdubų: tekanti Saulė pirmiausia apšviečia kalnų viršūnes, įdubas palikdama skendėti tamsoje. Iki to laiko, kol TSRS automatinė stotis “Luna - 3” 1959 m. pirmąkart apskriejo Mėnulį, nieko nežinota apie jo nematomąją pusę. Dėl libracijos (Mėnulio judėjimo netolygumą) iš žemės galima matyti daugiau negu pusę (59%) Mėnulio paviršiaus (kitokiu atveju būtų matoma tik 50%).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mėnulis oficeliai vadinamas žemės palydovu, bet jis aiškiai per didelis juo būti. Saulės sistemoje yra planetų palydovų, didesnių už mūsų Mėnulį (tai trys Jupiterio, vienas Neptūno palydovas), bet visi jie skrieja aplink didžiąsias planetas. Pavyzdžiui, Neptūno didžiausio palydovo Tritono masė 750 kartų mažesnė negu Neptūno, nors jis didumo sulig Mėnuliu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 21:29:59',62,'','2010-03-29 20:26:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 21:29:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,7,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(107,'Špera apie žvaigždes','pera-apie-vaigdes','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žvaigždės - didelės masės ir skersmens įkaitusios plazmos rutuliai, susidarę iš vandenilio ir helio su nedidele sunkesniųjų elementų priemaiša Žvaigždės skleidžia elektromagnetinius spindulius (šviesos, ultravioletinius, rentgeno, infraraudonuosius), elektringąsias daleles (daugiausia protonus ir elektronus) ir neutrinus. Branduolinės reakcijos metu atsiradusi energija iš žvaigždės gelmių skverbiasi į paviršių dviem būdais: konvekcija, spinduliavimu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konvekcija: įkaitusių medžiagos masių judėjimas į žvaigždės išorę, vėsesnėms masėms slenkant centro link. Spinduliavimas: kai atomai sugeria ir vėl išspinduliuoja iš žvaigždės sklindančius elektromagnetinius spindulius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Fotosfera: tokio mažo tankio sluoksnis, kai spinduliai nekliudomi sklinda iš žvaigždės; jis yra matomas kaip spindulinis paviršius. Žvaigždžių fotosferų temperatūra: 1500k-50000k.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Elektromagnetinių bangų ilgiai: violetinė (400 - 430), mėlyni (430 - 490), žali (490 - 550), geltoni (550 - 590), oranžiniai (590 - 610), raudoni (610 - 700). Kiekvienos spektrą sudaro ištisinis spinduliavimas ir įvairių cheminių elementų absorbcijos linijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Energijos pasiskirstymas ištisiniame žvaigždės spektre priklauso nuo jos paviršiaus temperatūros – kuo žvaigždė karštesnė, tuo ji spinduliuoja daugiau mėlynų, violetinių, ultravioletinių spindulių, o kuo vėsesnė – žalių, geltonų, raudonų, infraraudonųjų.Tai lemia žvaigždžių regimąją spalvą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žvaigždės spektras – vaivorykštės pavidalo juostelė – gaunama spektrografu, išsklaidžius jos skleidžiamą šviesą pagal bangų ilgį. Pagal paviršiaus temperatūrą žvaigždės skirstomos į: O, B, A, F, G, K ,M spektrines klases. Karščiausios – O, o vėsiausia - M.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 21:31:57',62,'','2010-03-31 20:42:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 21:31:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,6,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(108,'Referatas apie teleskopų rūšis ir ypatybes','referatas-apie-teleskop-ris-ir-ypatybes','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teleskopas – pagrindinis astronomų instrumentas. Be jo mūsų žinios būtų labai ribotos, nes kiti instrumentai, pavyzdžiui, veikiantys spektroskopo principu, yra susiję su teleskopu, kuris surenka jiems reikalingą šviesą. Pirmasis teleskopą sukonstravo italų astronomas G.Galilėjus 1610 m. Teleskopo paskirtis – surinkti kuo daugiau dangaus šviesulių šviesos, o jeigu stebima vizualiai – padidinti kampą, kuriuo matomas stebimasis objektas, ir šitaip sustiprinti skiriamąją akies gebą. Daug metų didžiausias pasaulyje buvo 508 cm  skersmens Maunt Palomaro observatorijos  ( JAV ) reflektorius, pastatytas Džordžo Elerio Heilio ( 1868­1938 )  iniciatyva. Heilio šūkis  ¥ Daugiau šviesos!¡ galioja ir dabar, nes astronomai stengiasi pasiekti kuo tolesnius nuo Žemės objektus ir giliau pažvelgti į visatą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teleskopai yra dviejų rūšių – refraktoriai ir reflektoriai. Ir vieni, ir kiti turi savo  panašumų bet, deja, ir trūkumų. Refraktoriai  buvo  sukurti XVII a. I dešimtmetyje. Juos naudojo Galilėjas Galilėjus ( 1564 – 1642 ) ir jo amžininkai. Dangaus kūno šviesa krinta į tam tikros formos refraktoriaus lęšį, vadinamą objektyvu; jis fokusuoja šviesos spindulius. Gautas atvaizdas didinamas antruoju lęšiu, kuris vadinamas okuliaru . Kuo didesnis objektyvas, tuo daugiau šviesos surenka teleskopas: 15,2 cm refraktoriaus ( refraktoriaus su 15,2 cm skersmens objektyvu ) šviesos galia du kartus didesnė negu 7,6 cm refraktoriaus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Objektyvo paskirtis – surinkti kuo daugiau šviesos, o atvaizdą didina okuliaras. Kiekvienas teleskopas turi kelis okuliarus, kurios prireikus galima keisti. Kokį okuliarą naudoti, lemia surinktos šviesos kiekis. Pavyzdžiui, 500 kartų didinantis okuliaras netinka 7,6 cm refraktoriui, nes taip smarkiai padidintas atvaizdas bus labai blyškus ir neryškus. Toks okuliaras tinka tik tada, kai objektyvas didelis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visi refraktoriai turi vieną bendrą trūkumą : jie sukuria netikrom spalvom nuspalvintą atvaizdą. Tai lemia šviesos prigimtis. Baltą spalvą sudaro įvairiausios spektro spalvos. Šviesos pluoštui sklindant pro objektyvą, skirtingo bangos ilgio spinduliai užlinksta nevienodai: ilgabangiai mažiau, trumpabangiai labiau. Dėl to raudonieji spinduliai fokusuojami toliau negu mėlynieji. Taip gaunamas spalvotas šviesulio atvaizdas, gražus pasižiūrėti, bet astronomams nepageidautinas. Šio reiškinio išvengiama naudojant sudėtinius objektyvus iš kronstiklo ( mažesnio optinio tankio ) ir flintstiklio ( didesnio optinio tankio ), kurie turi skirtingus lūžio rodiklius ir panaikina atsiradusias spalvas. Jų taip pat išvengiama didinant lęšių skaièių ( kaip fotoaparatuose ), bet dėl to stebėtojo akį pasiekia mažiau šviesos. Ši dilema labai svarbi astronomijoje.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,37,'2010-03-28 21:33:45',62,'','2010-03-29 20:26:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-28 21:33:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',9,0,4,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(109,'Dangaus kūnų stebėjimas','dangaus-kn-stebjimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: times new roman,times;\"> </span>Žinių apie dangaus kūnus svarbiausias šaltinis yra jų skleidžiami šviesos spinduliai ir radijo bangos. Astronomijos sritis, tirianti kosminius objektus 300 - 900 nanometrų elektromagnetinių bangų ruože yra optinė astronomija. Jos pradžia buvo 1610 metais, kai Galilėjo Galilėjus sukonstarvo pirmąjį teleskopą ir pradėjo stebėti dangų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Astronomijos šaka, nagrinėjanti kosminių kūnų išspinduliuotas arba atspindėtas radijo bangas, vadinama radioastronomija. Radioastronomijos rezultatus aiškina astrofizika (gr. „žvaigždžių fizika”) – astronomijos šaka, fizikiniais metodais tirianti kosminių objektų sandarą, judėjimą ir cheminę sudėtį, fizikines savybes, kilmę ir evoliuciją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kosminių šaltinių radijo spinduliavimas tiriamas radioteleskopais. Radioteleskopai turi milžiniškusparabolinius arba sferinius „veidrodžius” – antenas, pagamintas iš metalinio tinklo. Antenos sutelkiaradijo bangas iš didelio ploto į vieną vietą – židinį – kuriame sumontuota antrinė antena, perduodanti radijo signalus į imtuvą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmąjį radioteleskopą Wheaton vietovėje, Ilinojaus valstijoje (JAV) kosminėms radijo bangoms tirti 1937 m. sukonstravo amerikiečių astrofizikas G. Reberis (Grote Reber). Jis rėmesi Karlo Janskio (Karl Guthe Jansky), 1932 m. sukonstravusio pirmąjį kosminių radijo bangų detektorių ir atradusio Galaktikos kosminį radijo spinduliavimą, darbais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Radioteleskopai montuojami su judamais arba nejudamais „veidrodžiais”. Didžiausias pasaulyje radioteleskopas su nejudamu „veidrodžiu” yra Puerto Riko saloje, Arecibo vietovėje. Jo 305 m skersmens antena sumontuota užgesusio ugnikalnio krateryje. Radioteleskopai, turintys didelio ploto antenas, yra daug kartų jautresni už optinius teleskopus ir padeda kur kas toliau įsiskverbti į Visatą. Pats didžiausias radijo teleskopas su „judančiu” pilnu veidrodžiu yra Green Bank Nacionalinės Radijo Astronomijos Observatorijos (NRAO) radijo telekopas Vest Virdžinijoje (JAV). Jo skersmuo 100 m. Teleskopas pradėtas statyti 1991 m. ir baigtas 2000 m.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',-2,5,0,37,'2010-03-24 11:24:37',62,'','2010-03-24 13:17:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-24 11:24:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',0,0,0,'','',0,0,'robots=\nauthor='),(62,'Referatas apie visatą','referatas-apie-visat','','<p>Šis referatas apima šias temas: <br />1. Visatos modeliai<br />2. Stebejimai ir Visatos modeliai<br />3. Visatos amžius</p>\r\n<p>\r\n','\r\n{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',-2,5,0,37,'2010-03-22 13:15:56',62,'','2010-03-22 13:19:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-03-22 13:15:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',2,0,0,'','',0,7,'robots=\nauthor='),(110,'Tretinė baltymo struktūra ir gebėjimas veikti','tretin-baltymo-struktra-ir-gebjimas-veikti','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Baltymas nėra kieta konstrukcija - polipeptidinės grandinės sąranga yra judri. Vidinės globulės sritys šiek tiek juda viena kitos atžvilgiu keičiantis aplinkos sąlygoms. O paviršinės dalys yra dar judresnės. Tad tretinė struktūra gali keistis, ir būtent todėl baltymai gali atlikti daug savo funkcijų. Fermentas  - tai reakciją greitinantis baltymas (baltyminis katalizatorius). Reakcijos greitis gali padidėti iki   kartų. Substratas  - molekulė, kurią fermentas paverčia kita molekule, produktu .</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pavyzdžiui, žmogaus kraujas didžiąją dalį anglies dioksido  perneša ištirpusį vandenyje. Anglies diosidui tirpstant vandenyje susidaro anglies rūgštis. Šis procesas vyksta savaime. Tačiau žmogaus organizme šią reakciją katalizuoja fermentas karboanhidrazė. Tai labai efektyvus fermentas, nes kiekviena karboanhidrazės molekulė per sekundę sudaro 105 anglies rūgšties molekulių. Todėl kraujyje turinčiame karboanhidrazės, ši reakcija 107 kartų spartesnė, nei paprastame vandenyje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Fermento molekulės globulė turi ypatingą įdubimą, vadinamą aktyvumo centru. Šio įdubimo sieneles sudaro tik kelios amino rūgštys (nuo 3 iki 12). Nors tretinėje struktūroje šios AR liekanos būna greta, ištiesus polipeptidinę grandinę jos gali būti labai toli viena nuo kitos. Aktyvumo centro įdubimas ir aktyviųjų amino rūgščių išsidėstymas toksai, kad į aktyvumo centrą telpa tik vienos ar kelių panašių medžiagų molekulės. Substrato molekulė telpa į aktyvumo centrą kaip raktas į rakto skylutę. Aktyvumo centras turi tam tikrą trimatę sandarą ir panašus į substratą elektros krūvių išsidėstymu, hidrofiliškumu ar hidrofobiškumu. Jei tam tikra substrato dalis turi neigiamą krūvį, tai atitinkamoje aktyvumo centro dalyje bus teigiamas krūvis. Būtent todėl fermentai būna specifiniai (selektyvūs, išrankūs) - jų aktyvumo centrai jungiasi tik su tam tikromis molekulėmis, kurių forma atitinka aktyvumo centro struktūrą. Vieni fermentai yra labai išrankūs - jų aktyvumo centrai jungiasi tik su vienintelės medžiagos molekulėmis, o kiti fermentai  mažiau išrankūs - jie jungiasi su kelių medžiagų molekulėmis, kurių formos panašios. Aktyvumo centro amino rūgščių šoninės grupės su substrato molekule paprastai jungiasi ne kovalentinėmis jungtimis, o silpnesnėmis - vandenilinėmis, joninėmis, hidrofobinėmis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">O kas vyksta fermento molekulei susijungus su substrato molekule?     <br />Fermento aktyvumo centras susijungia su tinkama substrato molekule. Tuomet fermento molekulės sąranga truputį keičiasi, o keisdamasi ji per \"darbines\" aktyvumo centro amino rūgščių  grupes (jos dažniausiai yra elektringos) veikia ir substrato molekulę. Paveikta substrato molekulė gali skilti į dvi dalis arba susijungti su greta esančia prie  fermento molekulės prisitvirtinusia kitos medžiagos molekule.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-06 20:28:08',62,'','2010-04-06 21:11:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-06 20:28:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,67,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(111,'28 mutacijos','28-mutacijos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">NELYTINIO DAUGINIMOSI PAŽEIDIMAI</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nelytinių palikuonių genotipas turi būti toks pat, kaip ir motininio organizmo. Tačiau pasitaiko atvejų, kai jų genotipai skiriasi. Tokio nelytinio dauginimosi paþeidimo priežastys būna dvejopos:<br />a)  mutacija, paveikusi pirminę ląstelę, iš kurios susidarė palikuonis;<br />b)  lytinis dauginimasis (mejozė ar apvaisinimas), kuris paveikė pirminę ląstelę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">IDENTIŠKUMO PAŽEIDIMAS - MUTACIJOS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nelytinio palikuonio ir motininio organizmo genotipai turi būti vienodi, kadangi nelytinio individo pradžia būna viena motininio organizmo ląstelė ar ląstelių grupė. O visos motininio organizmo ląstelės dauginasi mitoziškai , todėl turi būti identiškos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau dukterinės ląstelės po mitozės gali būti kitokių genotipų, negu motininė ląstelė, nes:<br />a)  mutuoja genai (apie genų mutacijas skaitykite skyrių ALELIAI IR DOMINAVIMAS), ir dukterinės ląstelės genotipas skirsis nuo motininio pakitusiais genais;<br />b)  mutuoja chromosomos motininėje ląstelėje;<br />c)  mitozės metu mutuoja genomas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">CHROMOSOMŲ MUTACIJOS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jonizuojantys spinduliai yra viena iš priežasčių, sukeliančių chromosomų mutacijas. Panagrinėkime šiuos spindulius. Šie spinduliai - tai greitai skriejantys helio atomų branduoliai. Tarkime, ši - dalelė pataikė į ląstelę.  Dalelė, lėkdama citoplazma, atsitrenkia į molekulę ir perduoda jai dalį savo kinetinės energijos. Ši energija išplėšia išorinio sluoksnio elektronus, ir atomas ar molekulė virsta teigiamu jonu. Todėl šie spinduliai vadinami jonizuojančiais. Juo laþiau energinga dalelė lekia toliau, atsitrenkia į kitą molekulę, atiduoda dalį energijos... Ir t.t., kol dalelės energija tiek sumažėja, kad ji nebesugeba jonizuoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Išplėštas elektronas irgi gali turėti tiek energijos, kad pats gali jonizuoti sutiktas molekules, kol praranda energijos perteklių. Praradę energiją elektronai jungiasi prie neutralių molekulių, paversdamas jas neigiamais jonais. <br />Susidarę teigiami ir neigiami jonai dalyvauja nepageidaujamose cheminėse reakcijose, kurios kenkia ląstelei - jos baltymams, nukleino rūgštims ir kt. Tokiu būdu jonizuojantys spinduliai dažniausiai sukelia genų mutacijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Į DNR skeletinę grandinę pataikęs jonizuojantis kvantas ar dalelė nutraukia ją. DNR molekulės pataikymo vietoje trūksta, palikdama dvi laisvas jungtis. Pasisekus šie galai vėl susijungia. O kai jonizuojantis spinduliavimas intensyvesnis, DNR molekulė gali trūkti į kelias dalis, o šios dalys gali vėl susijungti, bet jau kita tvarka. Toks DNR molekulės persirikiavimas, dėl ko keičiasi chromosomos sandara, vadinamas chromosomos mutacija.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-06 20:45:40',62,'','2010-04-06 21:07:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-06 20:45:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,66,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(112,'Medžiagų pernešimas vienaląsčiuose ir daugialąsčiuose organizmuose ','mediag-perneimas-vienalsiuose-ir-daugialsiuose-organizmuose-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekviena ląstelė kvėpuoja, minta ir tam tikrą laiką auga. Beveik visos ląstelės gyvybei reikalingos ištirpusios medžiagos patenka pro ląstelės membraną. Toliau jos turi būti  pernešamos iš vienos ląstelės į kitą, norint, kad organizmas normaliai funkcionuotų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienaląsčių organizmų medžiagų pernešime ypač svarbu yra ląstelės citoplazmos judėjimas. Citoplazma nuolat juda. Jos srovės perneša ląstelėje maisto medžiagas ir joje ištirpusį CO2.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Du judėjimai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Srovelinis - (cirkuliacinis) pastebimas ląstelėse, kurios turi ne tik citoplazmos sl. esantį arti sienelių,bet taip pat daug  jos siūlų besidriekiančių į branduolį. Tokiuose siūluose ir pastebimas šis judėjimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apskritiminis - (rotacinis)  pastebimas tiktai ląstelėse, kurios turi tiktai  pasieninį citoplazmos sluoksnį.<br />Vienaląsčiai  gyv., gyvenantys gėlame vandenyje (ameba, žalioji euglena, infuzorinė klumpelė) turi tam tikrus organus - pulsuojančias vakuoles - kurie pačalina iš ląstelių vandens perteklių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienaląsčiai organizmai  neturintys pulsuojanščų  vakuolių (dumbliai), vandens perteklių šalina pro ląstelės membraną. Aukštesniųjų augalų medž. transportavimo f-ja atlieka apytakiniai audiniai. Vandens indai - sudaryti iš kelių negyvų ląstelių išdėstytų viena ant kitos.Visa gyva suyra ir lieka tik ląstelės. Skersinės pertvaros tarp šių ląstelių suyra , o sienelės sumedėja. Rėtiniai indai- sudaryti iš ilgų gyvų ląstelių su akytomis skersinėmis pertvaromis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Augalų šaknys - siurbia vandenį su jame ištirpusiomis mineralinėmis medž. Jis šakninio slėgio veikiamas vandens indais šaknies praleidžiamaja  zona, stiebu (mediena),  lapų gyslomis patenka į lapus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai Kylančioji srovė. Lapuose - fotosintezės deka gaminasi organinės medž. Jų tirpalai rėtiniais indais per lapų gyslas teka į vaisius, sėklas, stiebą (karniena), šaknis. Tai nusileidžianšioji srovė. Daugialąsčiai gyvūnai - daugeliui  kraujas, tarpląstelkinis skystis ir limfa sudaro vidinę skystą terpę, kurios pagr. f-ja - maisto medž. ir apykaitos produktų transportavimas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-07 18:48:13',62,'','2010-04-07 19:06:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-07 18:48:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,65,'','',0,69,'robots=\nauthor='),(113,'Apie gyvūnų mitybą ','apie-gyvn-mityb-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Karvių keturių skyrių skrandis labai didelis - jis sudaro 15% visos karvės masės. Pirmasis skyrius - prieskrandis, antrasis - tinklainis, trečiasis - knygenos, ketvirtas - šliužas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmi trys skyriai atsirado iš stemplės praplatėjusios apatinės dalies, todėl jų sienelės neišskiria jokių fermentų. Beveik nesukramtytas gausiai seilėtas žolinis pašaras patenka priekrandį ir tinklainį kur jis, minkomas raumeningų sienelių, įmirksta. Terpė juose silpnai šarminė, palanki tenai gyvenančioms bakterijoms, kurios ima skaldyti celiuliozę. Bakterijos iš gautos gliukozės sintetina trumpas riebiąsias rūgštis ir išskiria bei metaną. CH4 ir CO2 karvės skrandyje gaminami 2 l/min. greičiu. Dujas karvė išskiria pro burną nežymiai atsirūgdama.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prieskrandyje ir tinklainyje apdorotas pašaras gromuluojamas - porcijomis atryjamas ir dar kartą pertrinamas dantimis. Sugromuluoto pašaro tyrė vėl nuryjama, šįkart į knygenas. Knygenose dar pavirškinta ir sutirštėjusi tyrė patenka į šliužą, kur ją ima virškinti jau karvės fermentai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šliužo fermentai virškina bakterijų neįsisavintą pašarą ir savo darbą atlikusias bakterijas. Smulkiamolekules maistmedžiages toliau virškinamajame trakte įsiurbia į kraują.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atrajotojo skrandžio schema:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Karvę ir jos skrandyje gyvenančias bakterijas sieja mutualistiniai ryšiai. Karvė bakterijas aprūpina celiulioze ir šilta drėgna aplinka. Bakterijų gyvenimas karvės skrandyje trumpas, bet aprūpintas. <br />Žiemą, kai karvės minta daugiausiai šienu, jos iš tikrųjų minta daugiausia bakterijomis. Dobilų ar šunažolės celiuliozė - bakterijų maistas, o bakterijos - karvės maistas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugelis bakterijų iš šlapalo ir angliavandenių sintetina aminorūgštis. Todėl į galvijams skirtus kombinuotus pašarus neretai įmaišoma ir šiek tiek šlapalo. Skrandin patekusį šlapalą sunaudoja karvės skrandžio bakterijos baltymų sintezei, nes augaliniame pašare baltymų būna nedaug. Tad šlapalo priedas leidžia bakterijoms sparčiau augti ir daugintis, geriau virškinti celiuliozę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Neapdairūs ūkininkai kartais galvijams skirtais kombinuotais pašarais pašeria kiaules ar palesina paukščius, ir šie apsinuodija, nes gyvūnams šlapalas - šalinama azoto apykaitos atlieka.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-07 19:07:04',62,'','2010-04-07 19:14:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-07 19:07:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,64,'','',0,41,'robots=\nauthor='),(114,'Kas yra ŽIV ir AIDS?','kas-yra-iv-ir-aids','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">ŽIV – žmogaus imunodeficito virusas. Jis sukelia ligą – Žmogaus imonudeficito virusinę infekciją. Šios ligos paskutinė stadija – akvizitinis imunodeficito sindromas – AIDS. Žodis “akvizitinis” reiškia “įgytas”, o “sindromas” – ligos požymių visuma. Virusas naikina organizmo imuninę sistemą, kuri saugo žmogų nuo infekcijos. ŽIV gyvena žmogaus kūne nuo užsikrėtimo iki mirties. Svarbu suprasti, kad žmogus užsikrėtęs ŽIV, ilgus metus ( 6 – 12 m. ) paprastai jaučiasi sveikas ir gali nežinoti, kad yra užsikrėtęs, bet gali užkrėsti kitus. Ar žmogus yra užsikrėtęs ŽIV, gali pasakyti tik gydytojai po kraujo tyrimo. AIDS diagnozuojama kai, susilpnėjus  imuninei  organizmo  sistemai,  prasideda plaučių ligos ( pvz. plaučių uždegimas ),  nervų sistemos  ligos ( pvz. encefalitas, meningitas ), navikinės ligos ir kitos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiek laiko sergama iki mirties?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jau sergant AIDS, vartojant priešvirusinius vaistus gyvenama vidutiniškai 5 – 7 metus, o kartai ir dar ilgiau (tai priklauso nuo ligonio sveikatos būklės).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ar visi užsikrėtę ŽIV serga AIDS?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Liga žinoma dar labai neseniai, tik 18 metų. Nustatyta, kad apie 1,5 procento visų užsikrėtusiųjų gyvena su virusu ilgiau nei 15 metų ir nejaučia jokių ligos požymių. Galbūt jie niekada nesusirgs, bet niekas dar negali to užtikrinti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trumpa statistika pasaulyje: 1998 m. pabaigoje pasaulyje gyveno 33,4 milijonai žmonių su ŽIV/AIDS. PSO duomenimis, kas 100-asis lytiškai aktyvus pasaulio gyventojas yra užsikrėtęs ŽIV. Kas dieną daugėja ŽIV užsikrėtusių vaikų: 2,7 milijonai mirė nuo AIDS, 1,5 gyvena su ŽIV, 8,2 milijonai dėl AIDS liko našlaičiai. Lietuvoje: Lietuvoje iki 1999 m. užregistruoti 135 ŽIV nešiotojai ( 123 vyrai, 12 moterų ). Klaipėdoje – 84, Vilniuje – 21, Kaune – 6, Panevėžyje – 4, Šiauliuose – 3, kituose miestuose – 7, ne Lietuvos piliečių – 10. 21 asmuo sirgo AIDS, 8 mirė dėl AIDS sukeltų komplikacijų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Užsikrėtusių asmenų amžius nuo 16 iki 65 metų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-07 19:16:48',62,'','2010-04-07 19:28:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-07 19:16:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,63,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(115,'Sveika gyvensena','sveika-gyvensena','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogų sendina ne metai, o piktnaudžiavimai savo sveikata. Sveikame, švariame kūne visi organai pakankamai stiprūs, turi dideles gyvybinių jėgų atsargas ir funkcionuoja idealiai, o didelio krūvio metu geba savo veiklą keliagubai sustiprinti. Norint gyventi ilgai privalu saugoti organizmą nuo toksiniu atliekų nervų sistemą - nuo perkrovų, audinius ir kraujagysles - nuo sustangrėjimo. Žalingų pasekmių kone perpus trumpinančių žmogaus amžių, galime išvengti pasirinkus natūralią, sveiką gyvenseną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogus sukurtas ilgam gyvenimui. Norint gyventi ilgai, visų pirma, privalu saugoti organizmą nuo šlakų ir toksinų, nervų sistemą - nuo perkrovimų, audinius ir kraujagysles - nuo sustangrėjimo. Žalingų pasekmių, kone perpus trumpinančiu žmogaus gyvenimą, galime išvengti pasirinkus natūralią, sveiką gyvenseną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau ką kalbėti apie suaugusius, jeigu vaikai nuo pat mažens permaitinami, pernelyg aptūlojami, o dėl netinkamo auklėjimo jie dažnai tiesiog išpaikinami, išlepinami. Šitaip ir atsiranda 25 metu amžiaus \"senių\". Bet yra ir tokių, kurie išsaugo jaunystę ligi septyniasdešimties. Tarp tų, kuriems senatvė - aktyviausias gyvenimo laikotarpis, pasitaiko tiesiog atjaunėjusių. Išdygsta nauji dantys, atauga plaukai, sustiprėja akys ( beje, taip nutiko vienam Šeltpno bičiuliui einant aštuoniasdešimt penktuosius ).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmones sendina ne metai, o gyvenimo būdas. Greičiausiai sensta tie, kurie labiausiai piktnaudžiauja savo sveikata. Žmogus gyvendamas juk turi rūpintis nervų energija, tausoti ją, o ne švaistyti. Biologai tvirtina, jog organizmas turi ir stipresnių, ir silpnesnių ląstelių bei organų. Bet, jei pašalinsime visas išorines priežastis, kliudančias joms dirbti, visos bus vienodai sveikos - gamta pati suirusias ląsteles pakeičia naujomis. Tas atsinaujinimo procesas vyksta be perstojo, siekdamas išsaugoti gyvybę ir jaunystę. Sveikame organizme ląstelės ir organai funkcionuoja idealiai, o didelio krūvio metu gali savo veiklą keliagubai sustiprinti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mirtis ištinka žmogų tada, kai dėl blogo paveldo, o ypač pažeidinėjant gyvenimo dėsnius perkraunama kai kurių organų veikla. Verta prisiminti, kad gyvulių tarpe tokie organų sutrikimai praktiškai neužfiksuoti, o primityvių tautų tarpe - labai reti. Vadinasi, visi organai iš prigimties yra pakankamai stiprūs ir turi dideles gyvybines atsargas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-07 19:30:04',62,'','2010-04-07 19:36:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-07 19:30:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,62,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(116,'Lietuvos paukščiai','lietuvos-paukiai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos paukščių rūšių sąrašas nuolatos kinta. Atsirado daug naujų rūšių, o kai kurios visai išnyko. Naujų rūšių atsiradimo ar išnykimo procesai turi savus dėsningumus. Šiame šimtmetyje Lietuvos paukščių sąrašas pasipildė daugiau nei penkiasdešimčia naujų rūšių. Dauguma jų užregistruotos tada, kai praskrisdavo atsitiktiniai paukščiai. Ypač būdingas tokių rūšių išplitimas, kurių pastovaus išplitimo arealai yra į pietus ar pietvakarius nuo Lietuvos ( ibiškasis ir purpurinis garniai, karališkasis ibisas, palšasis grifas, Naumano pelėsakalis, kuoduotasis einis, vakarinė lakštingala, dūminė raudonuodegė, remeza, svilikėlis ).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taip pat būdingas Lietuvai tokių rūšių paukščių išplitimas, kurių arealai driekiasi į šiaurę ir šiaurės rytus ( baltoji žąsis, skiauterėtoji gaga, sibirinė gaga, rožinis kiras, ilgauodegė žuvėdra ir t.t. ) Šiek tiek silpniau vyksta ekspansija iš rytų, taip pat iš pietryčių ir šiaurės rytų ( geltonbruvė, nykštukinė ir rudoji pečialindos, geltongalvė kielė, sodinė nendrinukė ir kt. ). Tik pastaraisiais metais buvo pastebėti paukščiai, atklydę ir iš vakarų (padūkėlis, amerikinė cyplė, islandinė antis ).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Maždaug ketvirtadalis visų rūšių, kurios šiame šimtmetyje buvo naujai užregistruotos, įsikūrė ir tapo neretos tinkamose gyventi vietose. Šios kategorijos būdingiausi atstovai yra pietinis purplelis (Lietuvoje peri ir žiemoja), geltongalvė kielė, nendrinis žiogelis, sodinė nendrinukė, dūminė raudonuodegė, ūsuotoji zylė, remeza, svilikėlis (peri) ir sibirinė gaga (žiemoja). Labiausiai tikėtina, kad kanadinės berniklės ir indiškosios žąsys Lietuvoje stebimos dėl to, kad jos buvo introdukuotos Skandinavijos šalyse. Vidutinis naujų rūšių imigracijos greitis Lietuvoje šį šimtmetį siekė 0.15 procentų per metus. Šio šimtmečio antrojoje pusėje Lietuvoje pradėjo perėti 18 naujų rūšių. Tačiau iš jų tik pietinis purplelis išplito po visą šalį ir yra įprastas mūsų gyvenviečių ir miestų paukštis. Urvinė antis ir remeza kai kuriose Lietuvos vietose taip pat tapo įprastais paukščiais.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-07 19:42:42',62,'','2010-04-07 19:50:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-07 19:42:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,61,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(117,'Individualus organizmo vystymasis ir aplinka','individualus-organizmo-vystymasis-ir-aplinka','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po apsivaisinimo prasideda individualus augalo arba gyvūno vystymasis - ontogenezė, kurios metu susiformuoja organizmas. Ontogenezė gali būti suskirstyta į laikotarpius arba vystymosi stadijas. Jų nagrinėjimui pavyzdžiu paimsime iešmutį. Po apsivaisinimo kiaušinėlis - zigota greitai kelis kartus dalijasi mitozės būdu. Šis dalijimasis vadinamas skilimu. Zigota iš pradžių dalijasi išilgai į vienodo didumo ląsteles - blastomeras. Po to kiekviena blastomera dalijasi išilgai ir susidaro 4 ląstelės. Sekantis dalijimasis vyksta skersai - susiformuoja 8 vienodos ląstelės. Toliau ląstelės dalijasi pakaitomis išilgai, čia skersai, susidaro 16, 32, 64 ir daugiau ląstelių - blastomerų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iešmučio kiaušinėlis turi nedaug trynio, todėl jis dalijasi visas. O paukščių, žuvų ir kai kurių kitų gyvūnų kiaušinėliuose yra daug trynio, todėl dalijasi tik citoplazmos diskas su branduoliu, o pats trynys ne. Daugėjant ląstelių blastomeros neauga, mažėja. Susidaro rutulio formos gemalas, kurio viduje tuščia ertmë - blastulė. Joje ląstelės išsidėstę vienu sluoksniu. Prasideda sekantis vystymosi etapas, ląstelės dalijasi, susidaro antrasis - vidinis ląstelių sluoksnis. Gemalas tampa dvisluoksnis. Ši stadija vadinama gastrule. Išorinis jos sluoksnis vadinamas ektoderma, o vidinis entoderma. Abu tie sluoksniai vadinami gemaliniais lapeliais. Besivystant gastrulei, toliau susidaro trečiasis gemalinis lapelis - mezoderma, atsiranda chorda, susiformuoja žarnynas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tolimesniam vystymosi aiškinimui pavyzdžiu imamas stuburinių gyvūnų vystymasis. Gastrulės stadijos pabaigoje iš ektodermos susidaro nervinė plokštelė, kuri driekiasi gemalo nugaros pusėje. Visas bet kurio organizmo vystymosi stadijas veikia aplinka: temperatūra, šviesa, druskų, dujų kiekis aplinkoje, maisto medžiagos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogaus vaisiaus vystymuisi ypač lemtingi 3 pirmieji  mėnesiai. Gyvybė būna itin trapi, labiausiai jautri neigiamam poveikiui. Motina nėštumo metu turi vengti vaistų, narkotikų, alkoholio, rūkymo. Žalingi rentgeno spinduliai. Pavojingi virusai, o ypač raudoniukės. Šis virusas 90% atvejų sukelia įvairius apsigimimus. Ypač žalingas alkoholis ir rūkymas. Jie kenkia visoms organizmo sistemoms. Tėvų alkoholikų šeimoje gali gimti protiškai ir fiziškai nepilnaverčiai vaikai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-07 19:51:57',62,'','2010-04-07 20:12:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-07 19:51:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,60,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(118,'Sveikata be vaistų','sveikata-be-vaist','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viso dabartinio “civilizuoto” valgiaraščio pagrindą sudaro keturi komponentai ir jų variacijos: duona, cukrus, mėsa, pienas. Iki ledynmečio mūsų protėviai maitinosi beveik vien augaliniu maistu, 99% jų maisto sudarė augalai.Užslinkęs ledynas privertė žmogų maitintis išimtinai mėsa.Ledynas atsitraukė, bet žmogus prie mėsos jau buvo pripratęs.Augalų baltymuose, riebaluose ir angliavandeniuose yra saulės energijos, kurios mes tiesiogiai iš saulės negauname.Valgydami augalus, saulės energijos mes gauname žymiai daugiau, negu valgydami mėsą gyvulių, suėdusių tuos augalus anksčiau už mus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Senovės Rytuose buvo tokia mirties bausmė, kurios metu žmogų iki valiai maitindavo tik virta mėsa, ir 28 - 30 bausmės dieną jis būtinai mirdavo baisiose kančiose !</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmonės, kurių smegenėlės išsivysto labiau už smegenis, dažnai išprotėja, būna pikti, žiaurūs. Tai pirmas požymis, kad pagrindinis tokio žmogaus maistas yra mėsa, kiaušiniai.Nuo tokio maisto kenčia ir kepenys, kaupia adrenaliną, dėl ko žmogus pasidaro ūmus, greitai supyksta.Nuo tokio maisto atsiranda stiprus cukraus, narkotinių produktų ( kavos, arbatos, kakavos, školado ) poreikis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mėsa - tai labai koncentruoti baltymai.Skrandyje virškinami tik baltymai, visa kita -virškinami žarnyne. Pienas yra pats klastingiausias produktas.Augimo laikotarpiui žmogaus organizmas yra užprogramuotas ir visiškai įsisavina visus pieno elementus.Organizmui nustojus augti, įvyksta tam tikri cheminiai pakitimai, ir žmogaus organizmas nebesugeba skaidyti pagrindinių pieno elementų.Pieno negalima maišyti su kitais produktais.Pienas yra valgis, o ne gėrimas.Niekada pieno nevirinkite, nes pasterizuotas pienas yra grynai komercinis išradimas.Visi fermentai žūva prie 54 C .</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Duoną visada reikia valgyti padžiovintą arba truputį pakeptą, be sviesto.Tada krakmolas, kurio mes per daug suvartojame, pereina į monocukrų, kurio mums visada trūksta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jeigu ir nevisos tai bent jau daugelis virškinamojo trakto ligų atsiranda nuo duonos, kuri retai kada gerai suvirškinama, dažniausiai rūgsta ir sudaro daug dujų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Juoda rupi duona, sudaiginti javų grūdai, nevalyti ryžiai, kviečiai, kukurūzai, grikiai - pastiri ar stambiai sumalti, -  štai sveikas maistas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vanduo - gyvenimo pagrindas.Kone pusė žmonių geria per pus mažiau vandens negu reikėtų.Jogai ir šiuolaikiniai tyrimai teigia, kad vandenį reikia gerti gurkšniais, iš lėto mėgautis juo, per dieną išgerti 10-15 stiklinių (2-3 l).Vanduo prieš verdant turi būtinai nusistovėti, todėl nors vienai parai reikia palaikyti jį moliniame ar variniame inde ( tada vanduo pasidaro panašus į “gyvąjį” ).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Cukrus - švarūs, balti, mirtini nuodai.Tai nepilnas šio produkto apibūdinimas mokslo pasaulyje.Jau seniai niekas neabejoja, kad nesaikingas smaližiavimas sukelia vaikams ir suaugusiems alergiją. Cukrus po valgio - tai rūgštūs atsirūgimai, blogas virškinimas, gastritai, opos.Geriausias cukrus yra medus, bet tik tada jei per dieną suaugęs žmogus jo suvartos ne daugiau kaip vieną arbatinį šaukštelį, geriausia rytais tik pabudus, nieko nevalgius, su šiltu vandeniu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-07 20:14:36',62,'','2010-04-07 20:21:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-07 20:14:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,59,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(119,'Akys','akys','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ašarų liaukų gaminamas skystis (ašaros) drėkina jautrią regeną ir išplauna į ją patekusius smulkius svetimkūnius; ašarų perteklius ašariniu nosies lataku nuteka į nosies ertmę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rainelės vidury esančia anga ( vyzdžiu ) šviesa patenka į akies vidų.  Vyzdys prietemoje išsiplečia, o ryškiai apšviestas susitraukia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Fotoaparato lęšius atstoja akies priekinėje dalyje šviesos spindulius laužianti ragena, akies kamerų skystis ir lęšiukas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pro lęšiuką prasigavusi šviesa eina per stiklakūnį – į drebučius panašią medžiagą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Užpakalinėje akies dalyje esančioje tinklainėje susidaro regimo daikto atvaizdas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tinklainėje prasideda regos nervas, kuris perduoda impulsus smegenims. Vieta, iš kurios išeina regos nervas, vadinama akląja dėme, nes joje nėra šviesai jautrių ląstelių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žiūrint į tolį krumplyninis raumuo atsipalaiduoja, o krumplyninis raištis įsitempia. Lęšiukas tuo metu esti plokščias.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žiūrint iš arti krumplyninis raumuo susitraukia, krumplyninis raištis atsipalaiduoja ir lęšiukas išsigaubia (sustorėja). Tuomet jis stipriau laužia šviesą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trumparegio lęšiukas būna pernelyg išgaubtas arba akies obuolys pailgėjęs. Tuomet spinduliai lūžta ne tinklainėje, o priešais ją. Reikia nešioti akinius su įgaubtais lęšiais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jeigu akies obuolys esti sutrumpėjęs ar lęšiuko gebėjimas keisti išgaubtumą apsilpęs, tolimo daikto atvaizdas susidaro už tinklainės – būna toliaregystė. Reikalingi išgaubti akiniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Geltonojoje dėmėje atvaizdas matomas ryškiausiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tinklainėje esti dvejopi receptoriai: kolbelės ir lazdelės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vidurinėje tinklainės dalyje esančios kolbelės suvokia tik ryškioje šviesoje ir leidžia mums skirti tiek formą, tiek spalvas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tinklainės periferinėje dalyje gausu lazdelių, kurios suvokia tik daikto formą ir leidžia mums matyti tamsoje. Jose susidaro rodopsinas – purpurinis pigmentas, didinantis lazdelių jautrumą prieblandoje, tačiau jomis spalvų neskiriame. Veikiamas šviesos (išskyrus raudoną), rodopsinas nyksta. Jam išnykus žmogus tamsoje nebemato.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai kurie žmonės neskiria raudonos ir žalios spalvos dėl kolbelių veiklos sutrikimo. Tokia regėjimos yda vadinama daltonizmu. Tai paveldima liga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Miežis – bakterijų sukeltas akies voko riebalinės liaukos uždegimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sergant konjunktyvitu, akies junginės (jungiamojo audinio plėvelės) uždegimu, akių baltymai parausta. Tai gali sukelti bakterijos, virusai ir alerginės medžiagos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagyvenę žmonės serga katarakta, arba akies lęšio padrumstėjimu, nes su amžiumi lęšiuke susidaro įvairios nuosėdos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Glaukomai būdingas padidėjęs akies kamerų skysčio spaudimas (akispūdis). Sergant glaukoma susilpnėja rega, susiaurėja akiplotis, kamuoja galvos skausmai, didėja ir kraujo spaudimas. Jei ši liga negydoma, žmogus apanka.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-07 20:23:20',62,'','2010-04-07 20:29:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-07 20:23:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,58,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(120,'Skeletas ir raumenys','skeletas-ir-raumenys','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip ir visi audiniai, kaulinis audinys sudarytas iš ląstelių ir tarpląstinės medžiagos.<br />Tarpląstinė medžiaga. Ji kaului suteikia mechaninį tvirtumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sudaryta iš:<br /> a)  baltyminių skaidulų ( kolagenas ), kurios suteikia elastingumo ir stangrumo,<br /> b)  ir jas sutvirtinančių mineralinių druskų, kurios suteikia kietumo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dauguma druskų - tai kalcio fosfatas bei kalcio karbonatas. Šios ir kitos druskos sudaro hidroksiapatito kristalėlius. Ištirpinus mineralines druskas kaulas pasidaro lankstus ( ilguosius kaulus net galima užrišti mazgu) . Toksai tirpinimas vadinamas nukalcinimu ( arba dekalcifikacija) . Sudeginus kaulo organines medžiagas kaulas išlaiko savo formą ir kietumą,  tačiau nuo nestipraus smūgio subyra į trupinius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizmui trūkstant kalcio ar fosfato jonų, reikiamas jų kiekis paimamas iš kaulų patirpinamų kristalėlių.<br />Senstant kauluose didėja mineralinių druskų dalis, o mažėja - baltyminių skaidulų. Todėl kuo senesnis žmogus, tuo trapesni ir mažiau lankstūs jo kaulai ( ir todėl dažniau lūžta ).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ląstelės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1. Kamieninės kaulaląstės. Smulkios verpstiškos ląstelės, slypinčios išoriniame ir vidiniame antkaulyje. Esant reikalui gali intensyviai mitoziškai dalintis ir sudaryti osteoblastus. Labai svarbios kaulų gijimui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">2. Osteoblastai. Aptinkamos perstatomose, augančiose kaulo dalyse, antkaulyje.  Tarpląstinę medžiagą gaminančios ląstelės:<br /> a)  Gamina organines tarpląstinės medžiagos skaidulas. <br /> b)  Ant skaidulų nusodina mineralines druskas.<br /> c)  Kraujyje trūkstant kalcio, druskas gali ir tirpinti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">3. Osteocitai. Pagrindinės susidariusio kaulo ląstelės, būna audinio tuštumose. Susidaro iš osteoblastų. Osteocitai yra žvaigždiški, jie turi ilgas plonas ataugėles, slypinčias plonučiuose kanalėliuose, atsišakojančiuose nuo kaulaląstės ertmės. Jų funkcijos: <br /> a)  Palaiko pastovià kaulinio audinio bûsenà. <br /> b)  Kraujyje trūkstant kalcio, druskas gali ir tirpinti. Tokiu būdu padeda palaikyti kalcio jonų koncentraciją kūno skysčiuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">4. Osteoklastai. Tai daugiabranduolės ląstelės, susidarančios iš leukocitų monocitų. Perstatomose kaulo dalyse tirpina kaulo tarpląstinę medžiagą. <br />Kaulinis audinys būna:<br /> a)  tankusis,<br /> b)  akytasis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tankusis kaulinis audinys. Labai kietas, sunkus. Tankusis kaulinis audinys. A. Padidintas išilginis tankiojo kaulinio audinio pjūvis, kuriame matyti vidinės kraujagyslės, kanalai ir kiti vidiniai dariniai. B. Padidintas osteonas su lakūnomis ir kanalėliais. C. Padidintas octeocitas ( kaulaląstė)  lakūnoje. D. Osteono elektronmikroskopinė nuotrauka ( padidinta 1000 kartų ).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sudarytas iš sukalkėjusių cilindrų, vadinamų osteonais. Osteonas - tai tankiojo kaulinio audinio sandaros vienetas. <br />Osteono išilginę ašį sudaro centrinis kanalas, kuriame eina kraujagyslės, nervai, limfagyslės. Centriniai kanalai statmenais kanalais sujungti su antkauliu kaulo išorėje ir vidiniu skaiduliniu sluoksniu ( vidiniu antkauliu ), išklojančiu kaulo tuštumas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-07 20:31:31',62,'','2010-04-07 20:49:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-07 20:31:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,68,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(121,'Baltymų sandara','baltym-sandara','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Baltymus sudaro nuosekliai sujungtos aminorūgštys. Visos baltymus sudarančios aminorūgštys turi vienodą, visoms joms būdingą dalį. Ši dalis turi laisvas grupes - NH2 ( amino grupė ) ir - COOH ( karboksilo grupė ).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienos aminorūgšties amino grupei susijungus su kitos rūgšties karboksilo grupė susidaro peptidinė jungtis. Aminorūgštims jungiantis į ilgą grandinėlę susidaro polimerinė molekulė - polipeptidinė grandinė. Viename polipeptidinės grandinės gale lieka laisva - NH2 ( tai N - galas ) ir - COOH ( C - galas ).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Peptidinei jungčiai susidarant išsiskiria vandens molekulė. Toksai polimerų susidarymas, kai be polimero molekulės susidaro mažamolekulinės medžiagos, vadinamas polikondensacija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Susijungusios laisvos aminorūgštys tampa aminorūgščių liekanomis. Liekana nuo laisvos aminorūgšties skiriasi tuo, kad jos pastovioji dalis turi ne grupę - NH2, o &gt; NH, ir ne grupę COOH, o &gt; C = O.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pastoviųjų dalių virtinė sudaro ilgą nešakotą skeletinę polipeptidinės grandinės dalį. Nuo šios grandinės į šonus styro įvairuojančios aminorūgščių dalys, vadinamos šoninėmis arba R-grupėmis. Paprastai baltymuose būna 20 rūšių tokių R-grupių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paprastai baltymo polipeptidinę grandinę sudaro &gt; 40 aminorūgščių liekanų. Stambūs baltymai gali būti iš 1000 aminorūgščių ir daugiau. Baltymą sudaro daug aminorūgščių, ir vienai ar kelioms jų pasikeitus gaunasi kitoks baltymas. Todėl gali egzistuoti aibės visokių baltymų. Pavyzdžiui, baltymų iš 100 aminorūgščių yra 20100 ( tai yra ~ 10130 ) variantų. Bet tik nedaugelis baltymų iš šios gausybės gali atlikti organizmui svarbias funkcijas, nes baltymas turi būti tam tikros sandaros. O sandara priklauso nuo aminorūgščių skaičiaus ir jų išsidėstymo tvarkos .</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirminė baltymo struktūra - tai aminorūgščių liekanų išsidėstymo tvarka polipeptidinėje grandinėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Polipeptidinės baltymų grandinės yra ilgos, todėl jos neišvengiamai susirango. Tokių susirangymo variantų skaičius irgi labai didelis. Tačiau tik nedaug tų variantų yra stabilūs. Stabilumą palaiko tam tikros jungtys. Polipeptidinės grandinės skeletinėje dalyje yra laisvų jungčių. Grupės &gt; N - H ir &gt; C = O turi dalinius krūvius ( H atomas , o  dėl O ir N atomų padidinto eletroneigiamumo ) .  Šie krūviai leidžia sudaryti vandenilines jungtis. Tačiau šios grupės aminorūgšties liekanoje negali tiek suartėti, kad sudarytų vandenilinę jungtį. Negali suartėti ir gretimų liekanų grupės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip suartės krūvingosios gupės, priklauso nuo grandinės atkarpos aminorūgščių liekanų R - grupių. Vienos grandinės atkarpos paprastai susirango netaisyklingai, kitos - taisyklingai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-08 19:05:59',62,'','2010-04-08 19:19:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-08 19:05:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,57,'','',0,40,'robots=\nauthor='),(122,'Aleliai ir dominavimas','aleliai-ir-dominavimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Metabolines reakcijas katalizuoja fermentai, informacija apie kuriuos užrašyta genuose. Kiekvienas fermentas turi savą geną . Tačiau daugelis ląstelių yra diploidinės - turi po porą homologinių chromosomų. Vienas homologinių chromosomų požymis yra tai, kad homologinėse chromosomose toje pat vietoje yra tie patys genai. Taigi, homologinių chromosomų poroje yra du to paties geno egzemplioriai. O po perrašos ( replikacijos ), kai sudvigubėjusios chromosomos pasidaro dvichromatidės, kiekvieno geno būna net po keturius egzempliorius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Chromosomų dvigubėja taip, kad naujoji DNR grandinė būtų tokia pati, kaip senoji. Tačiau klaidų pasitaiko.  Vienos klaidos sukelia pakaitos mutacijas kai naujoje DNR grandinėje vietoje vieno nukleotido įmontuojamas kitas. Dėl pakaitos mutacijos pakinta vienas geno kodonas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nukraujavusiems žmonėms tenka papildyti kraujo kiekį, o stipriai apsinuodijusiems žmonėms - perpilti kraują. Perpilant kraują svarbu atsižvelgti į kraujo grupes. Pagrindinės kraujo grupių sistemos yra AB0 ir Rhezus ( rezus ).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">AB0 kraujo grupių sistemą atrado Karlas Landšteineris ( Karl Landsteiner ) apie 1901 m. Perpylus kraują, nesuderinamą pagal AB0 sistemą, šio kraujo eritrocitai suyra - hemolizuoja . In vitro  netinkami eritrocitai tiktai  suklijuojami. Tačiau pakankamai ilgai in vitro laikomas toks mišinys irgi hemolizuoja.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Imuninė sistema atpažįsta kai kurias pakankamai stambias molekules kaip svetimas organizmui. Atpažįstamos molekulės ar molekulių dalys vadinamos antigenais. Prieš atpažintas molekules imuninė sistema ima gaminti ardančius imuninius baltymus.Šie baltymai vadinami antikūnais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kraujo grupių sistemoje AB0 kraujas skirstomas į 4 pagrindinės grupės - 0, A, B ir AB. Šias grupes nulemia eritrocito membranos antigenai - glikolipidų oligosacharidinės dalys. Svetimus eritrocitus ardantys antikūnai juos suklijuoja ( todėl vadinami agliutininais ), o paskui suardo. Antigenai, pagal kuriuos svetimieji eritrocitai atpažįstami, vadinami agliutinogenais. Šios sistemos agliutinogenai žymimi lotyniškomis raidėmis, o agliutinogenus veikiantys agliutininai - graikiškomis raidėmis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Europiečiams labiausiai būdinga grupė buvo pavadinta A, o retesnioji - B. Grupė, kurios eritrocitai nesuklijuojami, buvo pavadinta 0. O paskutinė grupė, kurios eritrocitus agliutinuoja visų kitų grupių kraujo serumas, buvo pavadinta AB. Tokie kraujo grupių pavadinimai buvo oficialiai patvirtinti 1925 m. vykusiame Teismo ir socialinės medicinos kongrese.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">A grupės kraujo eritrocitai pažymėti agliutinogenais A, o kraujo plazmoje plaukioja agliutininų  molekulės, ardančios agliutinogenu B pažymėtus eritrocitus. Agliutininų ir agliutinogenų pasiskirstymas AB0 grupių kraujyje pažymėtas lentelėje.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-08 19:22:32',62,'','2010-04-08 19:50:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-08 19:22:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',9,0,56,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(123,'Masturbacija','masturbacija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Masturbacija ( lot. manus - ranka + stupro - išniekinu ), lytinio susijaudinimo ir orgazmo sukėlimas dirginant savo paties erogenines zonas, dažniausiai varpą ( vyras ) ir varputę ( moteris ). Pirmasis rašytinis šaltinis apie masturbaciją  -  tai Biblija. Žodis onanizmas yra kilęs iš biblinio asmens Onano. Pagal senovinį žydų įstatymą, Onanas, kaip artimiausias giminaitis, privalėjo savo bevaikiui mirusiam broliui jau po jo mirties sugyventi įpėdinį. Tačiau su brolio našle, kad ji išvengtų nėštumo, jis naudojo nutrauktą lytinį aktą, “leido sėklai kristi į žemę, kur ji žuvo”. ( Tikriausiai jis tai darė, norėdamas savo paties vaikams išsaugoti jų dėdės palikimą ). Jis, toliau rašoma šiame pasakojime, buvo nubaustas ankstyva mirtimi. Iš čia ir kilo žodis masturbacija   onanizmas ).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įvairiais laikais, apie šį “užsiėmimą” buvo labai prieštaringos nuomonės. Viduramžiais ir netgi paskutiniais šimtmečiais masturbacija buvo laikoma labai gėdingu dalyku, galinčiu sukelti grėsmę žmogaus sveikatai - tiek fizinei, tiek dvasinei. Šiais laikais tokie prietarai gali atrodyti gana juokingai, bet tokia žmonių nuostata turėjusi gana tvirtą pagrindą. Visų pirma todėl, kad dar nebuvo gerai pažinta žmogaus anatomija. Tačiau pagrindinės negatyvaus požiūrio į masturbaciją buvo šios:</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1. Dalis psichiškai nesveikų žmonių turi padidintą lytinį potraukį ir sumažintą savikontrolę. Kuo didesnis ligonis, tuo drąsiau jis masturbuojasi kitų žmonių akivaizdoje. Dėl šios priežasties dauguma žymių praeities mokslininkų ir medikų galvojo, kad masturbacija veda link pamišimo. Taip manė ir XX a. pradžios mokslininkas, daktaras Kraftas - Ebingas. Jis parašė knygą “Lytinė psichologija”, kurioje buvo rašoma apie įvairiausius lytinius iškrypėlius, kurių didžioji dauguma buvo psichiškai nesveiki, arba iš šeimų, kuriuose buvo psichinių susirgimų. Absoliučiai daugumai šių žmonių masturbacija buvo vienas iš būdų bent jau savo vaizduotėje įgyvendinti tai, kas jiems teikdavo malonumą. Kad būtų lengviau įsivaizduoti, ko bijojo net mūsų amžiau pradžios žmonės, čia pateikiame pavyzdį iš daktaro Krafto - Ebingo knygoj.Daktaro Krafto-Ebingo praktikoje buvo atvejis, kai 8  metė mergaitė be jokių drovinių ir etinių ribų buvo tiesiog apsėsta minties apie lytinį gyvenimą. Ji masturbavosi jau nuo 4 - erių metų, norėjo nužudyti savo tėvus, kad pastarieji netrukdytų jos seksualinių norų tenkinimui. Šis pavyzdys rodo, kad netinkamas merginos elgesys buvo siejamas su ankstyva masturbacija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Panaši  ir  kito mokslininko,  Janio Zalyčio,  nuomonė  apie  masturbaciją.  J. Zalytis, gyvenęs  Sovietų  Sąjungos  laikais,  manė,  kad  masturbacija veda prie įvairių lytinių iškrypimų ( sadizmo, mazochizmo, eksbicionizmo ir net homoseksualizmo ). Štai keletas citatų iš jo knygos “Meilės vardu”:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Klaidingai lytiškai orientuoti jaunystėje gali ir literatūra, kurioje tvirtinama, jog onanizmas - visiškai natūralus ir nekenksmingas reiškinys. Yra žinoma, kad onanizmas gana paplitęs tarp jaunuolių ir nevedusių vyrų. Ypač skatina jį akceleracija. Paaugliai onanizuojasi, net nesigėdydami vienas kito. Sveikatai ir tolesnei potencijai jis iš tiesų nekenkia, gal net priešingai. Tačiau tokiu atveju gali kilti noras vienam patalkinti, ir dėl to jaunuoliai patenka situacijon, kuri juos orientuoja į homoseksualizmą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taip pat J.Zalytis teigia, kad onanizmas gali sąlygoti meilę sau pačiam: <br />Seksualinė meilė sau pačiam - autoerotizmas, labiau būdingas moterims ir merginoms. Kai kurie autoriai net onanizmą laiko autoerotizmo išraiška. Tačiau vargu ar pagrįstai, nes onanizuojantis dažniausiai yra vaizduojamasi, jog santykiaujama su priešingos lyties asmeniu. Onanizmą galima laikyti autoerotizmu tik tada, kai jis yra grynai mechaniškas - be priešingos lyties įsivaizdavimo. Tada įvyksta ir atitinkama dezorientacija -  seksualinį susijaudinimą tokiems individams gali sukelti net tokios vietos, kur dažniausiai onanizuojamasi, tačiau šitoks onanizmas yra žalingas tik tuo, kad sukelia erotomaniją. Blogiau bus tada, jei jaunuolis onanizuosis, neišsivaizduodamas priešingos lyties, arba - kas dar blogiau - darys tai, žiūrėdamas veidrodyje į save, t.y. įsimylėdamas save patį. Čia jau ne šiaip egoizmas, bet tikra, sąmojinga ar nesąmojinga meilė sau pačiam.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-08 19:52:41',62,'','2010-04-08 20:11:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-08 19:52:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,55,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(124,'Neorganinės chemijos pagrindai','neorganins-chemijos-pagrindai','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">1. Molio sąvoka;<br />2. Tankis;<br />3. Tirpalų molinė koncentracija;<br />4. Ką nurodo cheminė formulė?;<br />5. Masės dalis;<br />6. Skaičiavimai pagal reakcijos lygtį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-10 12:46:02',62,'','2010-04-10 13:08:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-10 12:46:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,128,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(125,'Alkrilamido radikalinė polimerizacija tirpale','alkrilamido-radikalin-polimerizacija-tirpale','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">1.Poliakrilamido sintezės vizuolinis stebėjimas.<br />2.Poliakrilamido sintezės proceso įvertinimas, paskaičiuojamt tirpalų klampą.<br />Naudojamos cheminės medžiagos:<br />1.7% akrialmido tirpalas 100 ml,<br />2.5, 4, 3, arba 2 mmol/l amonio persulfato (NH4)2S2O8.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo eiga:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paskaičiuojamas reikiamas kiekis amonio persulfato ir ištirpinamas 5 ml distiliuoto vandens. Į reakcijos indą įpilama 100 ml akrilamido tirpalo, ten pat  supilamas paruoštas amonio persulfato tirpalas. Gerai išmaišoma. Tiksliai su pipete pamatuojama 10 ml paruošto tirpalo ir su “Rheoster2” matuojama klampa. Likęs tirpalas šildomas 60 0C temperatūroje maišant. Stebimi ir aprašomi pakitimai (kada tirpalas pradeda klampėti).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-10 13:08:50',62,'','2010-04-10 14:17:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-10 13:08:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',8,0,127,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(126,'Laboratorinis darbas puskoksavimas','laboratorinis-darbas-puskoksavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Puskoksavimu vadinamas beoris kieto kuro pirolizės procesas, kuris vyksta 500-600 0C temperatūroje. Šio proceso metu iš žemos rūšies kuro, kaip skalūnų, durpių, akmens anglių, netinkančių koksavimui, gaunamas dirbtinis kuras (kietas, skysts, dujinis).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Proceso metu gaunamas puskoksis yra trapus, nesukepęs, dažniausiai miltų pavidalo. Palyginus su pradine medžiaga, puskoksyje būna daugiau anglies, pelenų, ir mažiau vandenilio bei deguonies. Iš puskoksavimo metu išsiskyrusio pirogenetinio vandens ir dervų yra gaunamas benzinas ir kiti produktai, analogiški naftos perdirbimo produktams.Puskoksavimo technologinis procesas toks:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">1)žaliavų paruošimas ir pakrovimas į krosnį;<br />2)puskoksavimas;<br />3)pirogenetinio vandens ir garų kondensavimas;<br />4)dervų perdirbimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Puskoksavimo proceso greitis priklauso nuo slėgio ir temperatūros proceso metu, žaliavos gabalų dydžio ir cheminės sudėties.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Terminio skilimo pradžia priklauso nuo kuro cheminės sudėties. Kaitinant kurą be oro, 100-250 0C temperatūroje išsiskiria higroskopinis vanduo ir susidaro CO ir CO2 dujos. Derva pradeda garuoti aukštesnėje kaip 300 0C temperatūroje. Su derva iš kuro išsiskiria palyginti didelis kiekis (skystos) frakcijos, kuri yra vadinama pirogenetiniu vandeniu. Iki 500-550 0C iš kuro išsiskiria didžioji lakiųjų medžiagų dalis. Puskoksavimo metu kurą galima kaitinti labai greitai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaitinant lėtai, proceso zonoje išsiskiria dar nepakitę pirminiai kuro terminio skilimo produktai, kurie turi geresnę skystos fazės kokybę ir didesnę jos išeigą. Kaitinant greitai, proceso zonoje nespėja išsiskirti pirminiai termnio skilimo produktai ir jie toliau termiškai skyla. Tokie produktai turi didesnę fazės išeigą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-10 13:44:21',62,'','2010-04-10 14:11:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-10 13:44:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,126,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(127,'Polimerų brinkimo tyrimas','polimer-brinkimo-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">DARBO EIGA. Darbo metu nustatomas tiriamo polimero bandinio tūris skirtingais laiko tarpais, paskaičiuojamas polimero brinkimo laipsnis Qt ir jo maksimaliai galima reikšmė Qmax.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Polimero tūrio nustatymui į 50 ml talpos matavimo indą pripilame tiksliai 20 ml vandens. Į cilindrą suberiame 5 gr. tiriamo polimero ir nustatome vandens menisko pokytį matavimo cilindre. Paskaičiuojame 1 g masės polimero tūrį V0 , cm3.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Absorbuoto polimero brinkiklio tūrio matavimus atliekame inde 1. Tam į indą pripilame brinkiklį ir atžymime jo menisko aukštį graduotame vamzdelyje 1-1. 1 g polimero bandynį įdedame į prietaiso kolbą 1-2 ir sandariasi užkemšame ją kamščiu. Pasukame prietaisą tokiu kampu, kad brinkiklis apsemtų polimerą (padėtis b) ir laikome 1 min. atstatę prietaisą į padėtį (a) atžymime brinkiklio menisko padėtį ir užsirašome absorbuoto skysčio tūrį Va (cm3). Matavimus vykdome kas 1 min. tol, kol brinkiklio menisko padėtis vamzdelyje 1-1 nekinta 3-5 min. bėgyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-10 14:17:14',62,'','2010-04-10 14:27:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-10 14:17:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,125,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(128,'Santrauka apie Ia ir IIa grupės metalus','santrauka-apie-ia-ir-iia-grups-metalus','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">IA grupės metalai yra gana minkšti. Lydymosi temperatūros, tankiai maži. Temperatūros grupėse kylant aukštyn didėja, tankiai - mažėja. IIA grupės metalų fizikinės savybės: kietesni už šarminius metalus, lydymosi temperatūra aukštesnė, tankiai didesni. IA grupės metalai turi po 1 valentinį elektroną (s1), IIA grupės - po 2 elektronus (s2). Susidarant metališkajam ryšiui, kiekvienas IA grupės metalo atomas duoda tik po vieną elektroną. Dėl to šarminiai metalai yra minkšti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">IA ir IIA grupių metalų elektroninė sandara yra tokia, kad norėdami įgyti artimiausių intertinį dujų elektroninį apvalkalą, jie turi atiduoti savo valentinius elektronus. Vykstant oksidacijos, redukcijos reakcijoms, šie metalai būna tik reduktoriais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">IIA grupės metalai reaguoja: su vandeniliu (visi išskyrus Be ir Mg; vyksta tik kaitinant); su halogenais (visi); su azotu (visi, išskyrus Be); Visi, išskyrus Be su S (Se, Te); visi su deguonimi (Ba gali sudaryti oksidą ir peroksidą); visi, išskyrus Be su vandeniu (Mg reaguoja lėtai, kiti greičiau); su rūgštimis (visi).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">IA ir IIA grupių metalai linkę sudaryti junginius su VIIA, VIA ir VA grupių elementų nemetalais. Be ir Mg sąvybės skiriasi nuo kitų IIA grupės elementų, todėl šarminių žemių metalais paprastai laikomi tik Cs, Ba, Sr ir Ra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-10 14:27:44',62,'','2010-04-10 14:50:39',62,62,'2010-04-10 14:50:39','2010-04-10 14:27:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,124,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(130,'Druskų hidrolizė','drusk-hidroliz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Druskos ir vandens jonų sąveika, kuriai vykstant susidaro bent vienas silpnas elektrolitas, vadinama druskų hidrolize. Vandeniniuose tirpaluose daugelis metalų jonų hidratuoti, todėl hidrolizės procesas tampa sudėtingesniu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Todėl dažniausiai hidrolizės procesas užrašomas paprastesnėmis lygtimis (žiūr. žemiau).<br />Kadangi druskos yra rūgščių ir bazių sąveikos produktas, todėl hidrolizei turi įtakos du faktoriai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">1) atitinkamų rūgščių ir bazių stiprumas. Čia primenami stiprių ir silpnų elektrolitų apibrėžimai, disociacijos laipsnis.<br />stiprios rūgštys        stiprios bazės<br />HBr (a = 92 %)            NaOH (a = 84 %)<br />HCl (a = 92 %)            KOH (a = 89 %)<br />H2SO4 (a = 58 %)       Ba(OH)2 (a = 92 %)<br />HJ (a = 92 %) <br />HNO3 (a = 92 %)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektrolitų koncentracija - 0,1 N; HF - a = 8,5 % !!!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-10 16:28:34',62,'','2010-04-11 09:06:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-10 16:28:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',8,0,122,'','',0,34,'robots=\nauthor='),(129,'Žmonės patys teršia ir patys saugo','mons-patys-teria-ir-patys-saugo','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">1. Polimerai;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">2. Pesticidai;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">2.1. Herbicidai;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">2.2 Insekticidai;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">3. Vandens teršimas;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">4. Maisto gamybos didinimas;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">5. Žalingi šalutiniai poveikiai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-10 16:09:21',62,'','2010-04-10 16:27:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-10 16:09:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,123,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(131,'Reakcijos špera','reakcijos-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kitimai, kuriems vykstant nutrūksta cheminiai ryšiai tarp medžiagos dalelių, o iš gautų dalelių susidaro naujos medžiagos, vadinami cheminiais reiškiniais. Taip pat vadinami cheminėmis reakcijomis. Cheminės reakcijos užrašas cheminėmis formulėmis ir koeficientais, vadinama chemine lygtimi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Chemines reakcijas galima suskirstyti į keturis pagrindinius tipus: a.skilimo b.jungimosi c.pavadavimo d.mainų<br />Skilimo reakcija tai reakc., kuriai vyxtant iš vienos sudėtinės medžiagos susidaro kelios vieninės arba sudėtinės medž.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-10 17:40:53',62,'','2010-04-11 09:04:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-10 17:40:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,121,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(132,'Laboratorinis druskų hidrolizė','laboratorinis-drusk-hidroliz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.Druskų hidrolizės pokytis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atlikau sekančių druskų hidrolizės reakcijas: NaCl, AlCl3, CuSO4, Al2(SO4)3, Na2CO3, CH3OONa, Na3PO4.Į mėgintuvėlį įbėriau 0.5 g druskos ir ją tirpinau 1 ml distiliuoto vandens. Druskai ištirpus patikrinau raudonu ir mėlynu lakmusu tirpalo reakciją (ant švarios baltos plokštelės paklojau suvilgdytus distiliuotame vandenyje lakmuso gabalėlius dviem eilėm, ir stikline lazdele užlašinau po lašą druskos tirpalo).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-11 09:06:51',62,'','2010-04-11 09:13:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-11 09:06:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,120,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(133,'Referatas vanduo ir žmogus','referatas-vanduo-ir-mogus','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">TURINYS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ĮVADAS    3</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">VANDUO IŠ CHEMINĖS PUSĖS    4</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">VANDUO IŠ GEOGRAFINĖS PUSĖS    5</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">VANDUO IŠ BIOLOGINĖS PUSĖS    5</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">VANDUO IŠ MEDICININĖS PUSĖS    6</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mikrobiologinių ir cheminių teršalų poveikis sveikatai    7</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">VANDENS TARŠA    7</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">LIETUVOS VANDENYS    9</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Būklė    9</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Upės    10</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ežerai    11</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kuršių marios ir Baltijos jūra    12</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Požeminiai vandenys    13</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">VANDENS CIKLAS    15</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">NAUDOTA LITERATŪRA    18</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogaus organizme yra 65 - 70% vandens. Antuanas de Sent-Egziuperi apie vandenį rašė: “Per maža pasakyti, kad tu reikalingas gyvybei - tu pats esi gyvybė”. Vandens yra visose ląstelėse, bet kai kuriuose audiniuose bei organuose jo kiekiai skirtingi. Nevalgęs žmogus gali išgyventi keliasdešimt parų, o negerdamas vandens, - vos keletą dienų. Vanduo palaiko normalią kūno temperatūrą. Organizme esančiame vandenyje vyksta medžiagų apykaita, įvairios cheminės reakcijos, nes vanduo yra daugelio medžiagų tirpiklis. Vandens stokai žmogaus organizmas labai jautrus, dėl to gali sutrikti biologiškai aktyvių medžiagų koncentracija, nervinių bei kitų ląstelių veikla. Mokslininkai mano, kad senstančiame organizme mažėja vandens.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Su vandeniu iš virškinimo trakto įsiurbiamos maisto medžiagos, pašalinami medžiagų apykaitos produktai. Vanduo, kurį organizmas gauna su daržovėmis, uogomis ir vaisinių augalų antpilais yra labai naudingas, nes jame yra ištirpusių įvairių biologiškai veiklių medžiagų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Daugiau vandens reikia gerti sergant kepenų ir tulžies latakų ligomis, esant ūminiams ir lėtiniams apsinuodijimams, taip pat užkietėjus viduriams.<br />Patariama mažiau skysčių vartoti sergant širdies bei inkstų ligomis. Manoma, kad vanduo, gautas iš ištirpinto sniego ar ledo, yra efektyvus asterosklerozės profilaktikai ir gydymui. Štai kodėl žmonės nuo seno gydymui naudoja šaltinio vandenį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogui labai naudinga maudytis, praustis po dušu, apsitrinti ir kt. Vandens gydomosios savybės buvo pastebėtos dar 1500 metų prieš mūsų erą ir aprašytos indų himnų knygoje “Rigvedoje”: “Apsiplaudamas žmogus įgyja dešimt privalumų - jo protas pasidaro blaivus, gaivus, pats žmogus pasidaro žvalus, sveikas, įgyja jėgų, grožio, atjaunėja, dvelkia švara, jo odos spalva darosi maloni ir patraukia gražių moterų dėmesį”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-11 09:18:34',62,'','2010-04-11 09:28:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-11 09:18:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,119,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(134,'Organinės molekulės','organins-molekuls','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">NUKLEORŪGŠTYS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Deoksiribonukleininė rūgštis (DNR) susideda iš keturių nukleotidų rūšių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Adeninas ir guaninas yra purinai, o timinas ir citozinas – pirimidinai. A sudaro poras su T, G – su C. Dažniausiai literatūroje naudojami ne pilni vardai(adeninas, citozinas), bet sutrumpinimai (A,C).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ANGLIAVANDENIAI</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mokantis angliavandenius, reikia atkreipti dėmesį į šiuos tris pagrindinius teiginius:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Jie turi didelę reikšmę metabolizmui. Angliavandeniai yra pagrindinis gyvųjų organizmų energijos šaltinis. Jų anglies žiedai turi didelius kiekius energijos. Pvz.: gliukozė atpalaiduoja 686 kcal/mol.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Žinomi du būdai, kaip polimerizuojasi anliavandeniai – alfa ir beta jungtys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Krakmolas ir celiuliozė, sudaryti iš gliukozės molekulių grandinių, yra polisacharidai. Vienintelis struktūrinis skirtumas tarp jų yra jungties tipas tarp gliukozės molekulių, tačiau fizikinės savybės labai skiriasi. Celiuliozė yra kieta medžiaga, randama augalų ląstelių sienelėse, o krakmolas yra tirpus ir augalų naudojamas kaip gliukozės saugykla. <br />Norint atskirti šiuos du jungčių tipus, reikia atkreipti dėmesį pirmojo anglies atomo vandenilį. Alfa jungtyje vandenilio atomas yra angliandenilinio žiedo viršuje, beta jungtyje vandenilis yra apačioje. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-11 09:28:29',62,'','2010-04-11 09:35:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-11 09:28:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,118,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(135,'Chemijos projektas','chemijos-projektas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Data    Pusryčiai    Pietūs    Vakarienė</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">02.04    Puodelis kavos su sumuštiniu     Koldūnų    Puodelis kavos su bandele<br />02.05    Puodelis kavos su sumuštiniu    Keptos bulvės su kepsniu    Arbatos puodelis<br />02.06    Puodelis kavos su sumuštiniu    Kkoldūnų    klodūnų<br />02.07    Puodelis arbatos    100gr daržovių mišrainės    Arbatos puodelis<br />02.08    Puodelis arbatos su sumuštiniu    Pica    Nieko<br />02.09    Puodelis kavos  su sumųštiniu    Pica    Nieko<br />02.10    Puodelis kavos su sumuštiniu    Du lietiniai blynai</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Maistas ir protinė veikla (Intelektas)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jeigu jūs esate klasės arba įstaigos lyderis (pirmaujantis) ar tik norite palai-kyti savo mąstyseną geriausios formos, pusryčiai yra būtini. Švariausi šian-dienos atradimai teigia, kad pusryčių valgymas įtakoja atminties formavi-mosi ir išsaugojimo procesus vadovavimo komplekse ar informacijos pareikalavimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atlikdami tyrimus su vaikais, mokslininkai atsklaidė faktų, kad pirmo dienos valgymo praleidimas priverčia daryti daugiau klaidų testuose reikalaujan-čiuse problemų sprandimo. Jauni suaugusieji, kurie praleidžia pusryčius, taip pat parodė prastesnius rezultatus mikyklinių žinių patikrinimo testuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atrodo, kad pusryčiai duoda šiuos efektus, pakeldami gliukozės kiekį kraujyje, kuris savo ruožtu daugina neuro transmiterio(siuntėjo) smegenyse acetilcholino kiekį. Kaip rodo Velso Universiteto profesoriaus D.Bentono ty-rinėjamai šioje srityje, acetilcholinas dalyvauja atminties procesuose, tuo tarpu kai narkotikai blokuoja acetilcholino galimybę prisiminti naiją infor-maciją. Kadangi vitaminas B(titaminas) yra reikalingas susidaryti aceltilcholinui, dietos turinčios šio vitamino užtikrinimas taip pat atlieka rytinės veiklos optimizavimo role. Grudų produktai turi vitamino B, tai yra pagerinto ar rupaus malimo duona.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-11 09:36:54',62,'','2010-04-11 09:51:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-11 09:36:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,117,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(136,'Juodasis parakas','juodasis-parakas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Juodąjį paraką išrado senovės kinai. Juodieji parakai dega greitai arba lėtai priklausomai nuo ju sudėties. Beje juodieji parakai degdami išskiria nemažai dūmų, todėl jie vartojami ten kur dūmai nevaidina didelės reikšmės. Visų juodųjų parakų pagrindas yra kalio salietra, taip pat beveik visada būna dalis medžio anglies bei siera.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Salietra paprastai galima gauti kaip trašą, sodo reikmenų parduotuvėse.Medžio anglies galima pasidaryti pačiam: uzkurkite laužą ir įmeskite stambesnių pagalių, laukite kol jie sudegs taip kad butu 0.5 - 3 cm anglies gabaliukai. Gabaliukus surinkite, noredami pavartoti juos, sutrinkite gabaliukus trintuveje į miltelius. Taip pat esu matęs ūkinese prekėse medžio anglies šašlykams kiek supratau, popieriniuose maišuose po kokius 5kg. Manau ji taip pat puikiai tiktų. Sieros nedideliais kiekiais galima nupirkti vaistinese kaip vaistą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-11 09:52:19',62,'','2010-04-11 10:25:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-11 09:52:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,116,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(138,'Galvosūkis apie chemija','galvoskis-apie-chemija','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-11 10:26:57',62,'','2010-04-11 10:45:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-11 10:26:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',8,0,114,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(137,'5a grupė','5a-grup','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">AZOTO RŪGŠTIS. Gaunamas Jonavoj.  Gavimas : N   +  3H   -  2NH; 4NH  + 5O  - 4NO  + 6H O; 2NO  + O - 2NO; 4NO  + O   + 2H O  -  4HNO. Tai stiprus oks. Reaguoja beveik su visais met.( ne taur.), bet reakcijos metu niekada neišsiskiria H. Cu + 4HNO    - Cu(NO ) + 2NO  +2H O; 3Cu + 8HNO  - 3Cu(NO )  + 2NO + H O. Iš jos gaminami nitratai ( salietros).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">TRĄŠOS. Pagr. :  azoto, fosforo, kalio. (Ca , Mg). Paprastos : turi tik 1 mitybos elementą, dvig. superfosfatas  Ca(H  PO  ) amonio sal.  NH  NO karbamidas  (NH  )  CO. Sudėtinės : &gt;2 mit. el., 1 chem. jung. amofosas  (NH  )  HPO kalio sal.  KNO. Kompleksinės : &gt;2 mit. el., &gt;2 chem. jung. nitrofoska : NH NO  + (NH ) HPO  + KCl fosas : (NH ) HPO  + NH NO  + NH H PO. TRĄŠŲ SAVYBĖS. 1. Amonio druskos atpažystamos veikiant jas šarmais,požymis : aštraus kvapo NH  dujos NH NO  + NaOH - NaNO  + NH  + H O. 2. Kalio druska atpaþystama veikiant AgNO, iškrinta baltos dribsninės nuosėdos. KCl + AgNO  - AgCl   + KNO. 3. Trąšos turinčios fosfato jonų atpažįstamos veikiant AgNO  , susidaro geltonos nuosėdos. Ca(H PO )  +  6AgNO  -  2AgPO  + Ca(NO ) + 4 HNO.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-11 10:03:04',62,'','2010-04-18 19:09:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-11 10:03:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,115,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(263,'Septyni pasaulio stebuklai','septyni-pasaulio-stebuklai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Stebuklų buvo septyni: Egipto piramidės, Halikarnaso mauzoliejus, Rodo kolosas, Aleksandrijos švyturys, Efeso Artemidės šventykla, Olimpijos Dzeuso statula ir kabantieji Semiramidės sodai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jų skaičius lėmė magiška septyniukės galia, ribotos žmonių atminties galimybės, antikinio pasaulio užimtas plotas ir svarbiausia - tradicijų pastovumas. Kada maždaug III amžiuje prieš mūsų erą kaip tik šį septynetą kažkas paskelbė esant stebuklų etalonu, žmonijos dalis, gyvenusi aplinkui Viduržemio jūrą, pakluso autoritetui, ir tik kai kurie vietiniai patriotai, neneigdami paties principo, stengėsi padaryti vieną kitą pataisą. Pavyzdžiui, Romos poetas Marcialis septintuoju pasaulio stebuklu laikė Koliziejų, kiti - Aleksandrijos biblioteką, dar kiti - Pergamo altorių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Netrukus stebuklai vienas po kito pradėjo nykti. Jau Romos keliautojas nebūtų pamatęs visų septynių. O iki mūsų dienų išliko tik vienas, kuris - kad ir labai paradoksalu - yra visų seniausias, būtent Egipto piramidės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmasis stebuklas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">EGIPTO PIRAMIDĖS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Egipto piramidės - žinomiausi žemės statiniai. Įžymesnių nerasi. Be to, ir seniausi iš visų įžymiųjų. Ketvirtosios Egipto dinastijos faraonų Chufaus( Cheopso) ir Chafros (Chefreno) milžiniški antkapiai pastatyti maždaug prieš penkis tūkstantmečius, ir nei laikas, nei užkariautojai nieko negalėjo jiems padaryti. Po to Egipto valstybė gyvavo beveik tris tūkstančius metų: keitėsi faraonai ir karaliai, tačiau piramidės, pastatytos Egipto civilizacijos pradžioje, tebėra impozantiškiausi šalies, kartu ir viso pasaulio statiniai. Šiandien, sakydami, jog 1889 m. Cheopso piramidė nustojo būti aukščiausias pasaulio pastatas ir pirmenybę užleido Eifelio bokštui, mes, gretindami abstrakčius negyvus skaičius, tiesiog nutylime, kad šie statiniai nepalyginami. Aukštis - tik viena iš piramidės charakteristikų. 137 metrų milžinas (anksčiau piramidė buvo 147 metrų, tačiau jos viršūnė nugriuvo) sukrautas iš 2 300 000 kruopščiai aptašytų klintinių luitų, kurių kiekvienas sveria daugiau kaip dvi tonas. Tiesiog be jokių mechanizmų, vien pleištais ir kūjais. Luitai būdavo iškertami akmens skaldyklose kitapus Nilo, vietoje apdailinami, paskui papirusiniais lynais atvelkami prie vandens, perplukdomi, atitempiami į statybos aikštelę ir su piramide augusios kalvos nuožulniu šlaitu užtempiami į viršų. Herodotas tvirtina, kad ši piramidė buvo statoma dvidešimt metų, vienu laiku statyboje dirbo 100 000 žmonių, kurie būdavo pakeičiami kas trys mėnesiai, ir kiek jų per šiuos tris mėnesius likdavo gyvų, galėjo pasakyti tik faraono raštininkai - mes nebežinome, kiek gyvybių reikėjo paaukoti piramidei, kol ji tapo vieno žmogaus kapu. Į tamsiąją mirties karalystę faraonas išsivedė dešimtis, greičiausiai šimtus tūkstančių valdinių. Užtat gerai žinoma, kad šiame dvidešimt metų trukusiame tautos žygdarbyje, kuris, atrodo, beprasmiškas, tačiau didingas, niekas daugiau nedalyvavo, tik egiptiečiai ir vergai iš gretimų šalių. Kiekvieną statybos etapą užfiksavo dailininkai, o mūsų dienomis patvirtino archeologai. Prireikus šią piramidę būtų galima pastatyti iš naujo, tiksliai nukopijavus visus statytojų veiksmus: akmens skaldyklose rasta papirusinių lynų, kuriais iš ten būdavo išvelkami luitai, ir akmenskaldžių įrankių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mes žinome, kuo vardu buvo ir netgi kaip atrodė tasai genijus, ko gero pirmasis žmonijos istorijoje paminėtas genijus. Jį pripažino gyvą ir neužmiršo tūkstančius metų po mirties. O jeigu taip, tai ir mums reikia žinoti jo vardą - Imchotepas. Leonardas da Vinčis turėjo didį pirmtaką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 08:01:10',62,'','2010-04-19 08:58:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 08:01:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,35,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(139,'Santrauka apie atomus','santrauka-apie-atomus','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Erdvės dalis, kurioje rasti elektroną yra didžiausia tikimybė, vadinama <strong>elektrono orbitale</strong>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Valentiniai elektronai</strong> - elektronai, orbitalėse turintys didžiausią energiją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Periodai</strong> - periodinės elementų lentelės horizontalios eilės, <strong>grupės</strong> - vertikalūs stulpeliai. Periodo numeris sutampa su elektronų sluoksnių skaičiumi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Bendros metalų savybės</strong>: metalai linkę atiduoti valentinius elektronus ir virsti teigiamais jonais. Dauguma metalų reaguoja su rūgštimis, o metalų oksidai ir hidroksidai - su rūgštimis arba rūgštiniais oksidais ir sudaro druskas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Žemyn, į kairę stiprėja elementų metališkosios ir oksidų bazines sąvybės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Atomo spindulys</strong> - pusė atstumo tarp 2 vienodų atomų centrų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atimant elektroną iš atominės dalelės, reikia įveikti branduolio trauką, t.y. sunaudoti energiją, vadinamą jonizacijos energija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmoji jonizacijos energija - kiek reikia energijos, kad atimti po 1 elektroną iš 1 molio elemento M atomų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antroji jonizacijos energija - kiek reikia energijos, kad atimti po 1 elektroną iš 1 molio M+ jonų ir t.t.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Didesni atomai lengviau atiduoda valentinius elektronus. Metalų jonizacijos energijos yra gerokai mažesnės už nemetalų jonizacijos energijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektronas turi bangos ir dalelės sąvybių. Neįmanoma nurodyti tikslios elektrono padėties atome kiekvienu momentu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Galimoms energetinėms elektrono būsenoms žymėti buvo įvestas specialus dydis, pavadintas pagrindiniu kvantiniu skaičiumi n, kartu atsirado ir elektronų sluoksnių įvaizdis. Elektronai, turintys tą patį pagrindinį kvantinį skaičių sudaro vieną elektronų sluoksnį. Elektronai, kurių n=1, turi mažiausiai energijos ir sudaro arčiausiai branduolio esantį pirmąjį elektronų sluoksnį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Orbitalių tipams apibūdinti ir įvardinti buvo įvestas šalutinio kvantinio skaičiaus l savoka. Skirtinų tipų orbitalės, net ir priklausydamos tam pačiam elektronų sluoksniui, šiek tiek skiriasi savo energija. Priklausomai nuo šalutinio kvantinio skaičiaus l orbitalės yra skirstomos į keturis tipus: s, p, d, f. Galimi 3 p orbitalių orientavimo būdai: ant x, y, arba z ašių. Orbitų orientacijos erdvėje apibūdinamos magnetiniu kvantiniu skaičiumi (ml).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-11 10:45:44',62,'','2010-04-11 10:58:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-11 10:45:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,113,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(140,'Cheminė kinetika','chemin-kinetika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Cheminių r-jų greitis - reaguojančių medžiagų arba r-jos produktų koncentracijos pokytis per laiko vienetą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Cheminių reakcijų greitį veikiantys faktoriai:<br />(a) reaguojančių medžiagų prigimtis. Nulemia ar r-ja vyks lėčiau ar greičiau. Jei reaguojanti medžiaga chemiškai labai aktyvi, greitis bus labai didelis (pvz.: šarminiai metalai su vandeniu).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">(b) reaguojančių medžiagų koncentracija. Įtaka reakcijos greičiui tiesioginė (kuo didesnė reaguojančių medžiagų koncentracija, tuo r-jos greitis didesnis).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">(c) temperatūros įtaka. Yra nustatyta, kad pakėlus t0 10C chem r-jų greitis padidėja 2-4 kartus. Keliant t0 didėja šiluminis dalelių judėjimas, atsiranda daugiau dalelių, įgyjančių aktyvacijos energiją</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">(d) katalizatoriaus įtaka chem r-jų greičiui. Katalizatorius dažniausiai atlieka tarpinį vaidmenį, t.y. padeda sureaguoti pradinėms medžiagoms, kurios be katalizatoriaus visai nereaguoja.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Cheminė pusiausvyra: tai reaguojančio mišinio būsena, kai tiesiogninės ir grįžtamos r-jos greičiai tampa lygūs. Ši sąvoka taikoma tik tada, kai reakcija vyksta 2 priešingomis kryptimis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vykstant kiekvienai ch reakcijai galima pastebėti tam tikrus E arba šilumos pokyčius. Reaguojančio mišinio E kitimą apibūdina entalpija (dydis - H). ch reakcijose entalpiją galima sutapatinti su sąvoka energija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-11 10:58:24',62,'','2010-04-11 11:06:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-11 10:58:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,112,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(141,'Žmogaus mityba ir chemija - du neatsiejami dalykai','mogaus-mityba-ir-chemija-du-neatsiejami-dalykai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Riebalai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Riebalai ir į juos panašios medžiagos, vadinami lipoidai, jie įeina į kiekvienos ląstelės sudėtį. Chemiškai riebalai yra glicerino ir riebalinių rūgščių junginiai. Riebalinės rūgštys skirstomos į sočiąsias ir nesočiąsias. Sočiosios riebalinės rūgštys yra palmitininė ir stearininė, nesočiosios – oleininė, linolinė, linoleinė ir kt. Sočiosios riebalinės rūgštys lydosi aukštoje temperatūroje, dėl to iš jų sudaryti riebalai kambario temperatūroje esti kieti; nesočiosios riebalinės rūgštys lydosi žemoje temperatūroje, ir iš jų sudaryti riebalai kambario temperatūroje yra skysti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Riebalai skrandyje užsilaiko ilgiau, kaip baltymai ir angliavandeniai. Su jeis žmonės gauna jiems būtinus riebaluose tirpstančius vitaminus (A, D, E ir K). Žmogui per parą vidutiniškai reikia apie 100 g riebalų. <br />Ilgiau stovėdami riebalai genda. Gedimo metu atsirandę aldehidai ir ketoniniai junginiai duoda riebalams nemalonų skonį bei kvapą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Baltymai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Baltymai yra būtina sudedamoji kiekvieno gyvo organizmo dalis. Didesnė su maistu gaunamų baltymų dalis organizme sunaudojama naujoms ląstelėms ir audiniams susidaryti. Baltymai skirstomi į pilnaverčius ir nepilnaverčius. Pilnaverčiai baltymai labiau patenkina mūsų organizmo poreikius; šiai grupei priskiriami gyvulinės kilmės baltymai, esantieji piene, mėsoje, kiaušiniuose. Nepilnaverčiai – augaliniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-11 11:06:26',62,'','2010-04-11 11:11:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-11 11:06:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,111,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(142,'Angliavandenių lentelė','angliavandeni-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-11 11:12:01',62,'','2010-04-11 11:17:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-11 11:12:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,110,'','',0,40,'robots=\nauthor='),(143,'Elektrinio neigiamumo lentelė','elektrinio-neigiamumo-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-11 11:17:19',62,'','2010-04-11 11:19:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-11 11:17:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,109,'','',0,157,'robots=\nauthor='),(144,'Oro tarša Šiaulių mieste','oro-tara-iauli-mieste','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiaulių miesto municipalinė tyrimų laboratorija be kitų tyrimų, atlieka ir oro užterštumo tyrimus bei analizes. Skaičiuojama atskirų medžiagų koncentracija. Išskiriamos 2 medžiagų grupės:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmoji - dulkės, azoto dioksidas, sieros dioksidas bei anglies monoksidas;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antroji - benzapirenas, švinas, varis, cinkas, chromas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Azoto oksidas (NO) - bekvapės dujos. Jos veikia nervų sistemą, mažina kraujospūdį. Azoto dioksidas (NO2) - rusvos, troškios dujos. Dirgina viršutinius kvėpavimo organus, sukelia kosulį, ašarojimą, mažina kraujospūdį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Leistina NO2 norma - 0,00 - 0,09 mg/m3.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Anglies monoksidas - bekvapės, bespalvės dujos. Atmosferoje gali išbūti nereagavęs 2 - 4 mėn. Normaliomis sąlygomis tai - inertinės dujos, netirpstančios vandenyje, nereaguojančios nei su rūgštimis, nei su šarmais. Gaunamos ne visiškai sudegus kurui. Patekęs į aplinką jungiasi su hemaglobinu ir sutrikdo kraujo apytaką. Jei ore CO daugiau nei 0,3 %, apsinuodijama mirtinai. Ilgai kvėpuojant oru, kuriame yra 0,001 % CO, skauda galvą, sutrinka širdies ritmas. Jei CO koncentracija siekia 0,01 %, gali sutrikti rega, netenkama sąmonės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1998 m. CO koncentracija Šiauliuose neviršijo didžiausios leidžiamos koncentracijos ir svyravo tarp 0,43 - 2,80 mg/m3.Suminiam gyvenamosios aplinkos užterštumui įvertinti priskaičiuojamas atmosferos užterštumo indeksas pagal 4 medžiagas (dulkes, azoto dioksidą, sieros dioksidą ir anglies monoksidą). Didžiausia 1998 m. vertė - 0,8 užfiksuota Zokniuose, Pabaliuose, Šiauriniame -pramoniniame rajone ir miesto centre. Mažiausia vertė užfiksuota - pietiniame rajone bei Medelyne - po 0,5.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiausią pavojų kelia didėjanti CO koncentracija. Taip pat didėja ir dulkų koncentracija. Ji pakilo iki 0,3 mg/m3 ir padidėjo 2 kartus. Zokniuose ir pietiniame rajone.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Azoto dioksidas išliko praėjusių metų lygio.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-11 18:40:35',62,'','2010-04-11 19:01:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-11 18:40:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,54,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(145,'Žmogaus mityba ir chemija - du neatsiejami dalykai','mogaus-mityba-ir-chemija-du-neatsiejami-dalykai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Riebalai ir į juos panašios medžiagos, vadinami lipoidai, jie įeina į kiekvienos ląstelės sudėtį. Chemiškai riebalai yra glicerino ir riebalinių rūgščių junginiai. Riebalinės rūgštys skirstomos į sočiąsias ir nesočiąsias. Sočiosios riebalinės rūgštys yra palmitininė ir stearininė, nesočiosios – oleininė, linolinė, linoleinė ir kt. Sočiosios riebalinės rūgštys lydosi aukštoje temperatūroje, dėl to iš jų sudaryti riebalai kambario temperatūroje esti kieti; nesočiosios riebalinės rūgštys lydosi žemoje temperatūroje, ir iš jų sudaryti riebalai kambario temperatūroje yra skysti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Riebalai skrandyje užsilaiko ilgiau, kaip baltymai ir angliavandeniai. Su jais žmonės gauna jiems būtinus riebaluose tirpstančius vitaminus (A, D, E ir K). Žmogui per parą vidutiniškai reikia apie 100 g riebalų. Ilgiau stovėdami riebalai genda. Gedimo metu atsirandę aldehidai ir ketoniniai junginiai duoda riebalams nemalonų skonį bei kvapą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Baltymai yra būtina sudedamoji kiekvieno gyvo organizmo dalis. Didesnė su maistu gaunamų baltymų dalis organizme sunaudojama naujoms ląstelėms ir audiniams susidaryti. Baltymai skirstomi į pilnaverčius ir nepilnaverčius. Pilnaverčiai baltymai labiau patenkina mūsų organizmo poreikius; šiai grupei priskiriami gyvulinės kilmės baltymai, esantieji piene, mėsoje, kiaušiniuose. Nepilnaverčiai – augaliniai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Angliavandeniai sudaro didžiausią mūsų vartojamo maisto dalį. Jie yra pagrindinis organizmo energijos šaltinis. Ši energija atsiranda, skylant angliavandeniams. Daugiausia angliavandenių mes gauname, valgydami cukrų, pieną, medų, morkas, burokėlius, bulves, miltinius gaminius ir kt.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Maisto produktuose, be baltymų, riebalų, angliavandenių, turi būti pakankamas kiekis ir mineralinių madžiagų, nes jos dalyvauja visuose organizmo procesuose. Mūsų organizme mineralines medžiagas galima suskirstyti į tris pagrindines grupes: makroelementus, mikroelementus ir ultramikroelementus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Maklroelementais laikomos tokios medžiagos, kurių organizme yra didesni kiekiai; tai – kalcis, kalis, magnis, natris, fosforas, chloras, geležis ir kt.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mikroelementai – medžiagos, randamos organizme mažais kiekiais (miligramais); prie jų priklauso jodas, fluoras, varis, cinkas, arsenas, manganas, bromas, kobaltas, aliuminis, silicis, nikelis ir kt. Ultramikroelementai – medžiagos, aptinkamos organizme gamaprocentais (milijoninės gramo dalis), pavyzdžiui, auksas, švinas, gyvsidabris ir kt.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ne visų mineralinių mežiagų žmogui reikia vienodo kiekio. Nustatyta, kad žmogus per parą su maistu turi gauti 4 – 6 g natrio, 2 – 4 g chloro, 2 – 3 g kalio, 0,7 - 0,8 g fosforo, 0,015 – 0,02 g geležies ir kt. Jeigu organizmas negauna pakankamai mineralinių medžiagų, sutrinka įvairių audinių ir organų veikla, gali išsivystyti avitaminozė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Toliau trumpai apibūdinamos kai kurios būtinos žmogaus organizmui mineralinės medžiagos.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-11 19:03:43',62,'','2010-04-11 19:17:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-11 19:03:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,53,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(146,'Gyvybės atsiradimas','gyvybs-atsiradimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atrodo, gyvybę nesunku apibrėžti: akivaizdu, kad arklys gyvas, o uolos gabalas - ne. Ilgą laiką narpliodami mįsliną gyvybęs prigimties klausimą, biologai įsitikino, kad visų organizmų skiriamasis požymis - gebėjimas, gavus reikiamą kiekį žaliavų, gaminti į save panašiuPapraščiausią gyvą organizmą sudaro vienintelis struktūrinis vienetas - ląstelė. Sudėtingesnius organizmus - gyvūnus ir augalus - sudaro šimtai, net milijonai ląstelių; visi organizmai turi daug bendrų požymių, bet svarbiausias jų yra dauginimasis. Kiti požymiai yra judėjimas, reagavimas į aplinką, gebėjimas panaudoti sau aplinkos energijos šaltinius;  tai priklauso nuo tam tikrų ląstelės molekulių - fermentų veiklosNors iš pažiūros gyvųnai ir augalai yra labai skirtingi, iš esmės jie skiriasi tik būdais, kuriais reiškiasi jų pagrindinė gyvybinė veikla. Gyvūnų judeėjimas akivaizdus, o augalų judėjimas reiškiasi tik jų ląstelių viduje. Gyvūnai turi sudėtingą nervų sistemą, kuri padeda orientuotis aplinkoje; augalai jautrūs šviesos ir sunkio poveikiui. Daugybės cheminių elementų sintezei augalai naudoja Saulės energiją; gyvūnų energijos šaltinis yra augalai, kuriais jie minta tiesiogiai arba medžiodami augalėdžius gyvūnus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gyvybei palaikyti būtina pusiausvira tarp organizmo gebėjimo gamintis energiją ir visų energiją eikvojančių funkcijų - augimo, judėjimo ir ląstelės atgaminimo. Kiekviena augalo ar gyvūno fermentų sistema, gaminanti naujas molekules organizme, turi būti suderinta su molekules skaidančia ie energiją išskiriančia sistema. Organizmo medžiagų apykaita yra šių dviejų sistemų veiklos išdava.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors formų ir sudėties įvairovė yra didelė, visi gyvi organizmai susideda iš tų pačių molekulių gaminimo blokų: baltymų, angliavandenių, nukleininių rūgščių ir riebalų. Nukleininės rūgštys saugo ir perduoda iš tėvų vaikams genetinę informaciją; baltymai yra svarbiausi organizmų struktūriniai elementai, be to, jie veikia ir kaip katalizatoriai (fermentai), spartinantys nesuskaičiuojamą daugybę cheminių reakcijų, būtinų gyvybei palaikyti; angliavandeniai ir riebalai yra energijos šaltiniai, be to, visų rūšių organizmų statybiniai blokai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kad suprastume, kaip atsirado gyvybė, turime suvokti, kaip atsirado cheminiai elementai. Kosmose susidariusioje Žemėje iš pradžių gyvybės nebuvo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuodinga atmosfera ir nepaprastai aukšta temperatūra neleido organizmams gyvuoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Net ir papraščiausioms gyvybės formoms įsitvirtinti  besiformuojančioje Žemėje buvo būtinas vienas svarbiausias žingsnis - cheminių gyvybės elementų raida. Šis žingsnis ar greičiau nesuskaičiuojamų atsitiktinių įvykių seka pradėjo procesą, kurio metu atšiauri pirmykštė atmosfera, susidedanti iš vandenilio, metano, amoniako ir vandens garų, virto gyvybei atsirasti palankia terpe. Šioje terpėje jau buvo deguonies, anglies dioksido ir azoto.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Angliavandeniai, baltymai, nukleininės rūgštys ir riebalai, matyt, susidarė pirmykštėje Žemėje įsivyravus palankioms cheminėms sąlygoms. Beveik tikra, kad šie junginiai negalėjo patekti į Žemę jau galutinai susidarę, kaip manė kai kurie Karalienės Viktorijos laikų mokslininkai; yra pakankamai įrodmų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-11 20:12:17',62,'','2010-04-11 20:26:04',62,62,'2010-04-11 20:38:31','2010-04-11 20:12:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,52,'','',0,40,'robots=\nauthor='),(147,'Referatas apie Mažeikių naftą','referatas-apie-maeiki-naft','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Turinys</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mažeikiai - stambus naftos perdirbimo centras Lietuvoje ir Pabaltyje                  3</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">AB “Mažeikių nafta”  - šiuolaikinė, besivystanti įmonė                                      3</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuo žaliavos iki prekinių naftos produktų                                                      4</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naftos ir jos produktų sandėliavimas ir transportavimas                                   9</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Valymo įrenginiai                                                                                    10</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atmosferos apsauga                                                                               12</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naftos paruošimas perdirbimui                                                                  14</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Fiziniai naftos perdirbimo būdai                                                                 15</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vakuuminė mazuto distiliacija                                                                   17</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Cheminiai naftos perdirbimo būdai. Katalizinis krekingas                                 17</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Benzino katalizinis riformingas                                                                   21</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visbrekingas                                                                                         23</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šildymo aparatai                                                                                    25</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kokybės kontrolės metodai                                                                     27</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sieros kiekio nustatymas benzine ir dyzeliniame kure                                   30</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sieros kiekio nuatatymas naudojant rentgenogramos spektroskopiją              31</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Frakcinės sudėties nustatymas                                                                 38</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mažeikiai - stambus naftos  perdirbimo centras Lietuvoje ir Pabaltijyje</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">AB  “ Mažeikių  nafta”  įsikūrė Lietuvos Respublikos pakraštyje už 18 km į šiaurės vakarus nuo Mažeikių miesto.<br />Įmonė  buvo projektuojama ir statoma ne tik tam, kad aprūpintų naftos produktais Baltijos šalis ir Rusijos Federacijos Kaliningrado sritį, bet ir didelė dalį jų eksportuotų. Todęl jai buvo parinkta vieta, esanti netoli nuo Klaipėdos ir Ventspilio terminalų. Žaliava  - Vakarų Sibiro ir Volgos - Uralo naftų mišinys tiekiama naftotiekiu “Družba”, kurio atšaka nutiesta nuo Novopolocko iki Mažeikių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmoji įmonës technologinė eilė, kompleksas LK-6U pastatytas 1980m. ; antroji, tokia pati - 1983m., o 1982m. pastatytas kombinuotas bitumų gamybos įrenginys. Kartu su pagrindiniais technologiniais įrengimais buvo pastatyta daug pagalbinių cechų, būtinų stabiliam įmonės darbui užtikrinti. Tai rezervuarų parkas, remontinis-mechaninis matavimo prietaisų ir automatikos, oro-garo tiekimo, elektros tiekimo, vandens ir kanalizacijos, nutekamųjų vandenų valymo cechai ir laboratorija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Siekiant patenkinti vis didëjantį šviesių naftos produktų : benzino, dyzelinio kuro poreikį, nuspręsta imtis gilesnės naftos konversijos procesų. Pasirinktas mazuto perdirbimo kompleksas KT-1/1. Įrenginys pastatytas ir pradėtas eksploatuoti 1989 metų viduryje. Kartu su šiuo kompleksu pradėti eksploatuoti ir nauji elementarios sieros bei vandenilio gamybos įrenginiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visuose šiuose įmonės gamybiniuose objektuose dirba apie 3700 darbuotojų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 11:25:36',62,'','2010-04-12 11:39:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 11:25:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,108,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(148,'Halogenidai','halogenidai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Svarbiausi yra HCl, kurio vandeninis tirpalas, t.y. druskos rūgštis, yra pagrindinis chemikalassinteze , o taip pat ir HF. HF grynas yra bespalvis lakus skystis, kurio molekulės tarpusavyje susijungusios (HF)n vandenilinėmis jungtimis. Sunkesnieji HX kambario temperatūroje yra bespalvės dujos. Bevandeniai HX yra energingi halogeninimo agentai elementams, elementų hidridams, oksidams ir daugeliui kitų junginių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">HCl dujos naudojamos metalų chloridų gamybose, taip pat daugelyje metalurginių procesų išskiriant ir gryninant metalus, taip pat plieno ir kitų metalų ezdinimui, kad pašalinti jų oksidus, taip par eilėje organinės chemijos procesų kaip naftos nusūrinimas, anilino ir želatinos gamybos šis junginys katalizina krakmolo perdirbimą į gliukozę.<br />HBr naudojamas neorganinių bromidų ir alkilbromidų gamybose ir kaip katalizatorius eilęje organinių sintezių. HJ pagrindinai naudojamas laboratorijose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Interhalogeniniai junginiai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Halogenidai egzoterminiai reaguoja tarpusavyje sudarydami 4 stecheometrijų XY1, XY3, XY5, XY7 interhalogenidus, kur X yra sunkesnis halogenas. Žinomi visi galimi diatominiai junginiai tarp F, Cl, Br ir J. Tačiau jų patvarumas labai skirtingas. Pvz.: ClF - patvari medž., JF - labai nepatvari. Visi jie gali būti gauti tiesiogine sinteze<br />Paraperjodatinė rūgštis yra kristalinė, gerai tirpi medž., silpna rūgštis. Perjodatinių rūgščių druskos yra labai stiprūs oksidatoriai, pvz.: rūgščiame tirpale greitai ir kiekybiškai Mn junginius oksidina į permanganatus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 11:44:52',62,'','2010-04-12 11:53:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 11:44:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,107,'','',0,41,'robots=\nauthor='),(149,'Auksas','auksas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">REFERATAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Monetinis metalas Au</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visais laikais metaliniai pinigai dažniausiai būdavo gaminami iš Cu, Ag ir Au, nes šie metalai atsparūs korozijai, nesusidėvi. Atsparumas oksidacijai kitaip gali būti pavadintas taurumu.  Iš monetinių metalų gaminami papuošalai ir įvairiausi dekoratyvūs kūriniai. Auksas yra ypatingai kalus ir gali būti išplotas į plonyčius persišviečiančius lakštus. Elektronikos pramonėje monetiniai metalai labai vertinami dėl savo didelio laidumo elektrai. Pats laidžiausias iš visų metalų yra sidabras, bet įvairiausi laidininkai dažniausiai gaminami iš vario ir aukso. Variniai laidininkai yra pigesni, o auksiniai ypatingai atsparūs korozijai. Auksas ypatingai svarbus viso pasaulio valstybių monetariniam gyvenimui. Monetariniai rezervai kaupiami auksu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dar apie auksą...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Auksas (Aurum) – atominis svoris 197,0. Vienintelis gamtinis aukso junginys yra aukso teluridas Aute². Aukso pėdsakai atrasti jūros vandenyje. Stambių aukso telkinių yra P.Afrikoje, Aliaskoje, Kanadoje ir Australijoje. Grynas auksas – šviesiai geltonas, blizgantis, lydosi 1093º temp. Auksas labai kalus ir plastiškas, valeuojant iš jo galima gauti lapelius plonesnius kaip 0,0002 mm, o iš 1kg aukso galima ištempti 3420m ilgio vielą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Auksas - deivės Furateanos pamėgtasis metalas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1493 metų kovo 15 diena iš esmės pakeitė Ispanijos karalystės gyvenimo tėkmę, nes tą lemtingą dieną Kristupo Kolumbo (1451-1506) karavelės parplaukė į Ispaniją. K.Kolumbas manė atradęs Indiją, taigi ir jos gyventojus vadino indėnais. Nors vėliau paaiškėjo, kad atrasta šalis nėra Indija, bet ispanų literatūroje iki pat XIX a. pradžios atrastosios šalys vadintos Vakarų Indijomis. Šis K.Kolumbo geografinis atradimas labai praplėtė europiečių pasaulio pažinimą. Ispanijos riteriai, valstiečiai, amatininkai ir žmonės be jokios profesijos plūste plūdo į karaveles, plaukiančias į tolimąsias Indijas. Visi jie troško aukso, brangakmenių, titulų ir garbės. Ir iš tikrųjų daugeliui atplaukusiųjų į Naująjį Pasaulį pasisekė - jie prisiplėšė daugybę aukso. Actekai, pamatę ispanų nežabotą aukso troškulį, tyčiojosi iš jų, sakydami, kad “ispanai kaip beždžionės griebią auksą, juokiasi jį matydami”. Bet ispanų konkistadorai rado ne tik daugybę aukso, jie išvydo ir iki tol nematytas žmonių gentis, jų papročius, tikėjimus, ginklus ir kovos būdus. Taigi jie tapo savotiškais, kad ir labai mėgėjiškais, indėnų buities, tikėjimų tyrinėtojais. Daugelis konkistadorų paliko labai išsamius pastebėjimų aprašymus, kurie iki šiol domina įvairių mokslo šakų tyrinėtojus. Iki šiol neaišku, kuris iš jų pirmasis išgirdo legendą apie “paauksuotąjį” - ispaniškai El Dorado, bet po to visi plaukiantys į Naująjį Pasaulį ieškojo paslaptingos aukso šalies - El Dorado. Aukso šalies niekam nepavyko atrasti, bet “paauksuotojo” vis dėlto būta, nors nė vienam atvykėliui nepavyko jo pamatyti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 11:53:56',62,'','2010-04-12 11:59:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 11:53:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,106,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(150,'Bedūmiai parakai','bedmiai-parakai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bedūmiai parakai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pradžiai aprašysiu kaip pasigaminti nitroceliuliozes, kuri yra visų bedūmių parakų pagrindas. Siam tikslui reikės:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">70ml konc. sieros rugšties (H2SO4); 30ml. konc. azoto rugšties (HNO3); 5gr. vatos; 250ml kolbos; ledo vonios; popieriaus lapų</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Idėkite 250ml kolbą į ledo vonią, įpilkite 70ml sieros rugšties, 30ml azoto rugšties. Suplešykite vatą į 0.7g masės gabaliukus. Su žnyplem panardinkite gabaliukus į kolbą 1 minutei. Po to praskalaukite gabaliukus išeiles 3 skirtinguose induose po 500ml vandens. Jei vanduo burbuliuoja, skalaukite tol kol nustos burbuliuoti. Išspauskite sausai ir paskleiskite ant popieriaus lapų išdžiuti per naktį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mišinys yra išmaišomas šiltame vandenyje ir visiškai išdžiovinamas. Po to yra granuliuojamas arba sutrinamas į miltelius su medžio gabalu ir persijojamas. Medžiaga yra saugoma drėgmei atspariame konteineryje ateičiai arba skubiam <br />vartojimui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 12:04:08',62,'','2010-04-12 12:20:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 12:04:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,105,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(151,'Sodos tirpalo kaustifikacija','sodos-tirpalo-kaustifikacija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaustifikacijos reakcija yra grįžtama ir vyksta kinetinėje srityje. Reakcijos metu procesas vyksta tarp S – K fazių. Tokios reakcijos eigą nulemia pusiausvyros sąlygos. Reakcijos greitis ir kryptis priklauso nuo mažiausiai tirpių komponentų tirpumo santykių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaustifikacija yra priskiriama heterogeniniams, nekatalitiniams, žematemperatūriams procesams. Gaminant NaOH kalkių sodos būdu, pagrindinis procesas yra sodos tirpalų kaustifikacija. Kaustifikacijos metu sodos tirpalai yra veikiami negesintomis kalkėmis arba klakių pienu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 12:20:33',62,'','2010-04-12 12:55:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 12:20:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,104,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(152,'Kryžiažodis apie organinę chemija','kryiaodis-apie-organin-chemija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.Vienas iš žymiųjų XIXa. chemikų, kūrusių organinių junginių sandaros teoriją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Reiškinys, kai egzistuoja kelios medžiagos, turinčios vienodą sudėtį ir tą pačią                                                            <br /> molekulinę masę, bei struktūrą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. Reakcijos pavadinimas, kurios metu vyksta nuoseklių pakitimų seka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">4. Reakcijos pavadinimas, daugelio vienodų molekulių susijungimas į didesnes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">5. Angliavandeniliai su uždaromis grandinėmis ( ciklais ).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 12:56:37',62,'','2010-04-12 13:04:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 12:56:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,103,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(153,'Tirpalai ir jų savybės','tirpalai-ir-j-savybs','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">KAS YRA TIRPALAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasūdytą bulijoną išmaišius šaukštu, druskos neliks nė pėdsako. Nereikia galvoti, kad jos kruopelės paprasčiausiai nematomos plika akimi. Druskos kristalėlių jokiais būdais nepavyks rasti, nes jie ištirpo. Įbėrę į buljoną pipirų, tirpalo negausime. Nors ir parą maišytume, mažytės juodos kruopelytės neišnyks. Kaip suprasti-medžiaga ištirpo’? Juk atomai ar molekulės, iš kurių ji susideda, negali be pėdsakų pranykti?Žinoma ne, jie ir nedingsta.Išnyksta tik tirpinamos medžiagos kruopelės, kristalėliai, vienos rūšies molekulių aglomeratas. Tirpinimas-tai toks mišinio dalelių maišymasis, kai vienos medžiagos molekulės pasiskirsto tarp kitos medžiagos molekulių. Tirpalas-skirtingų medžiagų molekulių arba atomų mišinys.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tirpale gali būti nevienodas ištirpintos medžiagos kiekis. Tirpalo sudėtį apibūdina koncentracija,pvz. ištirpintos medžiagos gramų ir tirpalo litrų skaičiaus santykis.<br /> Beriant tirpinamą medžiagą, tirpalo koncentracija didėja, tačiau ne be galo.Anksčiau ar vėliau tirpalas prisisotina ir ‘nebepriima’ tirpinamos medžiagos. Sočiojo tirpalo koncentracija, t.y. ‘ribinė’ tirpalo koncentracija, vadinama tirpumu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Stebėtinai daug cukraus galima ištirpinti karštame vandenyje. Stiklinėje vandens, kurio temperatūra 80C, be pėdsakų ‘išnyksta’ 720g cukraus. Šis sotusis tirpalas yra tirštas bei tąsus.Virėjai jį vadina cukraus sirupu.Kai kurių medžiagų tirpumas labai priklauso nuo temperatūros. Kambario temperatūros (20C) vandenyje cukraus tirpumas sumažėja iki 2000g\\l. Priešingai, druskos tirpumas, kintant temperatūrai, labai mažai kinta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Cukrus ir druska gerai tirpsta vandenyje. O štai naftalinas vandenyje praktiškai netirpsta. Skirtingos medžiagos įvairiuose tirpikliuose tirpsta visiškai nevienodai.<br /> Tirpalai naudojami monokristalams auginti. Jei sočiajame tirpale pakabinsime mažytį ištirpintos medžiagos kristalėlį, tai, tirpikliui garuojant, ištirpusi medžiaga nusės šio kristalėlio paviršiuje. Prisijungiančios molekulės laikysis griežtos tvarkos, todėl mažytis kristalėlis virs dideliu monokristalu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 13:04:49',62,'','2010-04-12 13:09:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 13:04:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,102,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(154,'Trąšos','tros','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">TRĄŠOS LIETUVOJE</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuva - žemės ūkio kraštas. Žemės ūkio naudmenų yra 3589000 ha, iš jų 68,6 % ariamosios žemės. Kad derlius būtų geresnis, žmonės naudoja trąšas. Trąšos, organinės ir mineralinės medžiagos, vartojamos augalams maitinti, dirvožemio fizikinėms, cheminėms, biologinėms savybėms gerinti. Pagal paruošimą ir sudėtį skiriamos mineralinės trąšos, organinės mineralinės trąšos, pagal gavimo vietą (kompostas, mėšlas), pramoninės (daugiausia mineralinės) ir tręšti tinkamos pramonės atliekos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mineralinės trąšos, neorganinės trąšos turinčios augalų mitybai reikalingų elementų. Deramai vartojamos, jos yra efektyvi augalų derlingumo didinimo ir jų produkcijos gerinimo priemonė (pvz., 1 kg veikliosios medžiagos NPK turintis mineralinės trąšos kiekis grūdų derlių padidina ~ 10 kg). Daugumą mineralinių trąšų gamina chemijos pramonė. Daugiausia vartojamos šios mineralinės trąšos: azoto trąšos, fosforo trąšos, kalio trąšos, mikroelementų trąšos. Pagal įtaką dirvožemio reakcijai jos fiziologiniu požiūriu skirstomos į rūgščias, šarmingas ir neutralias.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Organinės trąšos, trąšos, kurių maistingosios medžiagos yra augalinės arba gyvulinės kilmės organiniai junginiai. Tai dauguma vietinių trąšų (mėšlas, srutos, durpės kompostas), žaliosios trąšos (sideracija) miesto komunalinio ūkio atliekos (šiukšlės, nutekamųjų vandenų nuosėdos), maisto, odų ir kai kurių kitų pramonės šakų atliekos sapropelis, guanas. Joms dėl gyvybinės dirvožemio mikroorganizmų veiklos dirvožemyje yrant,  susidaro augalams prieinami mineraliniai azoto, fosforo, kalio, kalcio, sieros ir kt. elementų junginiai, puvenos. Sistemingai organinėmis trąšomis tręšiamo dirvožemio gerėja fizikinės cheminės ir cheminės savybės, vandens ir oro režimas, aktyvėja gyvybinė naudingųjų mikroorganizmų (pvz., azotą jungiančių bakterijų, amonifikatorių) veikla. Organinės trąšos efektyviausios velėniniuose jauriniuose dirvožemiuose. Bulvių derlių padidina 50 - 60, cukrinių runkelių ~ 30, daržovių 60 -100, javų 6 - 7cnt/ha.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dirvožemiuose yra visų augalams būtinų elementų, tik jų kiekis ir atskirų elementų santykis nevienodas. Dirvožemio derlingumas labiausiai priklauso nuo jame esančio azoto kiekio. Augaluose jo yra apie 1.5 %. Augalų apsirūpinimo azotu šaltiniai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Azoto junginiai (amoniakas, NO ir NO<sub>2</sub>), patenkantys iš atmosferos su krituliais į dirvą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mikroorganizmų įjungimas (fiksuojamas) atmosferos azotas. Jo kiekis priklauso nuo mikrofloros gausumo: Rhizobium genties gumbelinių bakterijų, Azotobacter chroococcum, Clostridium pasteurianum ir kai kurių laibagrybių, sudarančių simbiozę su medžių šaknimis. Palankiomis sąlygomis azotą jungiančios bakterijos per metus sukaupia iki 300 kg/ha azoto.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mikroorganizmų atpalaiduojamas azotas iš organinių medžiagų, kaip jų mineralizacijos produktas. Mikroorganizmams ardant organinę medžiagą, vyksta svarbūs amonofikacijos, nitrifikacijos ir dentrifikacijos procesai. Rūgščioje, per šlapioje ir susigulėjusioje dirvoje organinės medžiagos lėtai ardomos, ir augalams trūksta mitybai tinkamo azoto.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 13:09:53',62,'','2010-04-12 13:20:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 13:09:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,101,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(155,'Li, Na, K, Rb ir Cs','li-na-k-rb-ir-cs','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Na ir K labai palpitę, o likusieji reti. Li sutinkamas aliumosilikatų ir aliumofosfatų pavidalu. Gavimas. Li gaunamas elektrolize iš išlydyto chlorido. Na elektro-lizinant Na ir Ca chloridų lydalą, o taip pat NaOH lydalą. K gaunamas iš lydyto KCl redukcija Na , Rb ir Cs analogiškai tik naudojant Ca.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Savybės. Tai minkšti metalai, žemos lydymosi temper. K ir Rb yra radioaktyvūs. Charakteringa šarminių metalų savybė: labai didelis reaktingumas redukcijos procesuose, taip pat vienintelio valentinio elektrono ryšys yra silpnas. Jie charakteringai nudažo liepsną: Li – t. raudonai. Na – geltonai, K – violetiniai, Rb – raudonai - violetiniai, Cs – mėlynai. Tuo remiasi šių elementų analitinis nusta-tymas fizikiniais metodais. Kadangi Li atomas l. mažas, jis pasižymi išskirtinėmis savybėmis. Li panašus į Mg. Š. m. atiduoda e net apšvietus todėl naudojami fotoelementuose. Ryšys yra artimas joniniam.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">O lydomi ir esant O<sub>2</sub> reaguoja ir su Pt. Kieti šarmai ir konc. tirpalai ardo gyvus audinius. Į oksidą ir vandenį skyla tik aukštoje temper. Plačiausiai naudojamas NaOH pagaminamas NaCl tirpalao elektrolize. Pusė jo sunaudojama tiesiogiai chemijos pramonėje. LiOH naudojamas CO<sub>2</sub> sugėrimui uždarose patalpose, taip pat kaip priedas šarminiuose akumuliatoriuose. Ir KOH naudojamas skysto muilo gamybai, medvilnės perdirbimui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\"><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Deguoninių rūgščių druskos.</span></em> Žinomos  neutralios ir rūgščios daugiabazių rūgščių druskos. Rūščių  dr. susidarymas yra charak-teringa š.m. Daugelis š.m.dr., išskyrus Li, gerai tirpsta H<sub>2</sub>O, mažai tirpios kalio perchloratas KClO<sub>4</sub> ir t.t. Labai svarbi yra soda, nes ji pakeičia NaOH medienos apdirbime, stiklo, muilo, valymo priemo-nių gamyboje. K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> - potašas, naudojamas aukštos kokybės stiklo gaminių, optinių linzių, kineskopų, porcūelianinių gaminių gamybose, taip pat įeina į tekstilinių dažų ir pigmentų sudėtį. Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> - porceliano ir specialių sukietintų stiklų gamybose. Mažos jo dozės teigiamai veikia jo psichiką. Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> daug sunaudojama popieriaus pramonėje, taip pat stiklo ir plovimo priemonių gamy-bose. Š.m. nitratai gaunami tiesiogine HNO<sub>3</sub> su šarmu arba karbonatu. Jie vertingi kaip trąšos, o taip pat gali būti naudojami kaip išlydytų druskų vonios ir šilumos perdavimo terpė. KNO<sub>3</sub> taip pat naudojamas kaip stiprus oksidatorius, parakui ir pirotechnikoje, o LiNO<sub>3</sub> - taip pat pirotechnikoje, nes suteikia raudoną švytėjimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 13:22:42',62,'','2010-04-12 13:29:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 13:22:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,100,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(156,'Oksidai, jų savybės','oksidai-j-savybs','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tirpūs šarmai susidaro: 1.Kai 1A,2A (ne Be) reaguoja su H2O. 2.Kai šių metal.oks.reaguoja su H2O. BAZIŲ ANHIDRITAI - met.oks. kurie reaguoja su H2O ir sudaro šarmus. OKSIDAI - sudėtinės medž. sudarytos iš 2 chem. elementų, kurių 1 yra O.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">METALŲ OKSIDAI - jon. struktūros junginiai, turintys O  joną. NEMETALŲ OKSIDAI - Kovalentinio ryšio molekuliniai juniniai. DUJOS. RŪGŠTINIAI OKSIDAI - oksidai, kurie atitinka rūgštis. BAZINIAI OKSIDAI - oksidai, kurie atitinka metalų hidroksidus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 13:29:37',62,'','2010-04-18 19:03:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 13:29:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,99,'','',0,49,'robots=\nauthor='),(157,'Polimerinės medžiagos maisto produktams','polimerins-mediagos-maisto-produktams','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žodis “polimeras” reiškia “daug dalių”. Šiuo metu polimerai yra viena iš svarbiausių liaudies ūkiui stambiamolekulių junginių klasė. Vandens molekulinė masė 18, benzono – 78, kreidos – 100, polimerų nuo dešimties tūkstančių iki milijonų. Polimerų gigantiškos molekulės sudarytos iš atomų grupių, chemiškai sujungtų į ilgas grandines. Vieno iš struktūriniu požiūriu paprastesnių ir labai paplitusių polimerų polietileno struktūrinė formulė: [ -CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-]<sub>n</sub></p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Polietilenas susidaro jungiantis etileno CH<sub>2</sub>=CH<sub>2</sub><sub> </sub>molekukulėms. Tam tikromis sąlygomis ir vartojant katalizatorių, dviguboji jungtis suįra, ir gaunama grandinė, sudaryta iš –CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>- grupių. Pradinė molekulė, iš kurios susidaro polimeras, vadinama monomeru. Polimerų grandinę sudarančių monomerų skaičius vadinamas polimerizacijos laipsniu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš maisto produktams tinkamų polimerų labai svarbūs grandininiai poliesteriai, kurių grandyse yra aromatinių ir alifatinių grupių, pavyzdžiui, polietilentereftalatas arba polietilenglikoltereftalatas: [ -OCH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>OOC- ¡ -CO ]<sub>n</sub></p>\r\n<p><sub> </sub></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Polimerinės medžiagos, kurios tiesiogiai liečia maisto produktus, turi būti chemiškai patvarios, turėti tam tikras fizikines, chemines, mechanines bei technologines savybes, patenkinti higieninius reikalavimus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Polimerai gaunami ne tik cheminiais būdais. Jų apstu gamtoje. Tai celiuliozė, krakmolas, natūralusis kaučiukas, šilkas, įvairios dervos. Cheminiu būdu galima pagaminti ne tik įvairius natūralius polimerus (sintetinis kaučiukas), bet ir sukurti naujas, liaudies ūkiui reikalingas medžiagas. Cheminiais būdais galima pakeisti gamtinius polimerus, pavyzdžiui, celiuliozę, t. y. suteikti jiems naujų savybių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Trumpai panagrinėsime plačiausiai polimerams gaminti vartojamų medžiagų (monomerų, katalizatorių, iniciatorių, stabilizatorių, plastifikatorių) biologinį aktyvumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 13:55:30',62,'','2010-04-12 14:01:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 13:55:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,98,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(158,'Cheminiai elementai (lentelė)','cheminiai-elementai-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 14:01:50',62,'','2010-04-12 14:03:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 14:01:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,97,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(159,'Tarptautiniai ir Europos šalių vandens kokybės standartai (lentelė) ','tarptautiniai-ir-europos-ali-vandens-kokybs-standartai-lentel-','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 14:04:15',62,'','2010-04-12 14:06:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 14:04:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,96,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(160,'Bazės, jų cheminės savybės','bazs-j-chemins-savybs','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">BAZĖS - dalelės, kurios prijungia; H jonus, ir neutralizuoja rūgštis. BAZĖS - hidrk., amoniakas, silpnų rūgščių liekanos. SAVYBĖS : 1.Jų vandeniniuose tirpaluose yra hidroksido jonų OH. 2.Neutralizuoja rūgštis. 3.Tirpalai yra slidūs. 4.Kartūs. 5.Vienodai veikia indikatorių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">HIDROKSIDAI - joniniai junginiai, kuriuose metalų jonai susijungę su 1 ar keliais hidroksido jonais. ŠARMAI - tirpstantys in H2O hidrk. ŠARMAI disocijuoja, tirpsta in H2O. NETIRPŪS OH - skyla in H2O. NEUTR. REAKCIJOS tai rūgščių ir bazių sąveikos reakcijos , kurių metu susidaro neutralūs produktai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 14:07:02',62,'','2010-04-18 19:01:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 14:07:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',10,0,95,'','',0,42,'robots=\nauthor='),(161,'Gyvsidabrio prietaisai','gyvsidabrio-prietaisai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gyvsidabrio lempa</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gyvsidabrio lempa-dujinio islydzio sviesos saltinis,kurio balionas pripildytas gyvsidabrio garu ir inertiniu duju.Lempos balione gali buti ir volframinis kaitinimo siulelis pagerinantis gyvsidabrio lempos spektra.Gyvsidabrio lempos spinduliavimo spektras apima matomaja sviesa,ultravioletinius ir infraraudonuju spinduliu.Ivairesniam spektrui gauti vidinis lempos pavirsius apipurskiamas liminoforu,i gyvsidabrio garus pridedama jodidu,natrio,talio ir kit.medziagu.galingesnea gyvsidabrio lempos ausinamos vandeniu.Gyvsidabrio lempos naudojamos gatviu ir plentuapsvietimui,medicinoje {kvarco lempa},kino teatre,buityje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gyvsidabrio termometras</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gyvsidabrio termometras-labiausiai paplites temperaturos matavimo prietaisas.Ji sudaro stiklinis arba kvarcinis cilindrinis indas su gyvsidabriu,matavimo kapiliaras ir skale.Veikimas pagrystas gyvsidabrio siluminiu pletimusi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gyvsidabrio ventilis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gyvsidabrio ventilis-joninis ventilis su lankiniu elektros islydziu gyvsidabrio garuose.susideda is metaalinio(reciau stiklinio)indo,skysto gyvsidabrio katodo,plieninio ar grafitinio anodo mechaninio ar elektrinio itaiso lankiniam islydziui sukelti.Dazniausiai turi dar ir valdomaji elektroda-tinkleli.Lankini elektros islydi suteikia zadinimo islydis.Pagal jo valdymo buda gyvsidabrio ventiliai skirstomi i eksitronus ir ignitronus.Eksitrone zadinimo islydis sukeliamas pries ijungiant ventili ir palaikomas visa darbo laika;ignitrone trumpalaikis  zadinimo islydis sukeliamas kiekviena kintamosios itampos perioda.Gyvsidabrio ventiliai naudojami galinguose elektros sroves lygintuvuose(islygintos sroves vid. gali buti keli tukstanciai amperu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 14:11:19',62,'','2010-04-12 14:15:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 14:11:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,94,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(162,'Cheminės reakcijos','chemins-reakcijos','','','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 14:16:50',62,'','2010-04-12 14:19:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 14:16:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,93,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(163,'Ar meteorolabilumo paslaptis – jonai?','ar-meteorolabilumo-paslaptis-jonai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atmosferą sudaro azotas, deguonis, anglies dioksidas, inertinės ir kitos dujos atomų ar molekulių pavidalu. Dalis šių atomų ir molekulių turi elektros krūvius. Jie atsiranda spinduliuojant įvairioms radioaktyviosioms medžiagoms Žemės plutoje, radioaktyviosioms dujoms ore, kosminiams spinduliams veikiant oro molekules, taip pat dėl saulės radiacijos ir žaibų išlydžių. Nuo dujų molekulių arba atomų atskyla neigiamą krūvį turinčios elementariosios elektringosios dalelės – vadinamieji elektronai. Tai, kas lieka, yra teigiamai įkrautos molekulės, arba atomo likutis, - pagrindinis jonas. Neigiami jonai gali  susidaryti laisviesiems elektronams prisijungiant prie oro molekulės (ar dulkių dalelių?), taip pat vykstant degimo procesams, kai į atmosferą patenka panaudotų dujų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kai trūksta jonų, gal tada jie aktyvesni?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Santykis tarp teigiamų ir neigiamų jonų dažniausiai būna 5 : 4. Žinoma, jis kinta ir priklauso nuo oro švarumo, kritulių gausumo, miglos, rūko ir kt. Vidurio lygumose viename kubiniame centimetre oro būna 4000 – 5000 neigiamų arba teigiamų jonų, kalnuose – daugiau kaip 10000, kartais net 20000. Miestuose, kur orą teršia pramonės įmonių katilinės ir mašinų išmetamos dujos, jonų būna gerokai mažiau. Net tradicinis oro kondicionavimas nieko negelbsti. Priešingai, dirbtinio klimato patalpose jonų gali būti kur kas mažiau negu gryname ore, nes kuo ilgesnis kondicionuoto oro tiekimo kanalas, tuo mažesnis ora greitis ir mažesnė jonų koncenracija.<br />Taip pat labai svarbu drabužiai. Sentetiniai audiniai, trindamiesi vienas į kitą, sukuria kelių šimtų ar net tūkstančių voltų į centimetrą elektrostatinį lauką. Dėl tos priežasties drėgnu oru, palietus durų rankeną, trenkia elektra, ypač patalpose su sintetiniais kinimais, o šukuojantis lekia kibirkštėlės ir krakši plaukai. Dėl tokių ekstremalių elektros įkrovų sunkiau pritraukti jonus arba jie net atstumiami.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sveikas suaugęs žmogus per dieną įkvepia 10 m3, arba 13 kg, oro. Kietų ir skystų medžiagų suvartojama daug mažiau. Labai svarbu, kad oras būtų tyras. Tačiau, deja, jis labai užterštas. Daugelis pasaulio mokslininkų, remdamiesi gausybe tyrimų, mano, kad jonai yra vienas iš svarbiausių faktorių, sukeliančių nusiskuntimų įvairovę. Kiti mano, kad tai dar galutinai neįrodyta, o treti išvis atvirai tai neigia. Per 200 metų apie jonus paskelbta daugiau kaip 1000 mokslinių straipsnių. Dabar dėl didėjančių ekonominių interesų ši grynai mokslinė diskusija tampa sudėtingesnė. Terapijoje jonai taikomi sėkmingai, bet negalima laukti, kad pasikeis natūralus jonų santykis aplinkoje. Tam reikia aparatų, vadinamųjų jonų generatorių. Vieniems tai terapijos kelrodis, kitiems – grynas vertelgiškumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 14:20:20',62,'','2010-04-12 14:24:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 14:20:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,92,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(164,'Alkoholis literatūroje','alkoholis-literatroje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Alkoholis sutinkamas įvairioje literatūroje, pradedant nuo spaudos, baigiant enciklopedijomis. <br />Jis neaplenkia ir mokslinių leidinių. Aprašomas kaip narkotinė medžiaga, kurios papiknaudžiavus galima susilaukti nemalonumų. Vienas iš tokių mokslinių leidinių yra \"Šeimos daktaras\". Jame aprašoma pirmieji alkoholizmo simptomai, šeimos santykiai esant šeimoje alkoholikų, pagalbos, nuorodos. Daugelis straipsnių su patarimais ieškant pagalbos, sveikstančiajam nuo alkoholizmo. Alkoholizmas opus dalykas todel spauda jo nepamiršta.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Alkoholis literatūroje toks pat įprastas dalykas, kaip ir gyvenime. Nuo pat pirmosios pasaulyje knygos išleidimo iki šių dienų pasikeitė  ne vienas literatūros stilius, bet alkoholio vieta literatūros kūriniuose neliko tuščia - jis ir dabar yra beveik kiekvienos knygos puslapiuose, nesvarbu ar tai būtu nuotykių romanas, ar istorinis kūrinys, ar mokyklinis kūrinys. Periodiniuose leidiniuose ar laikraščiuose apie alkoholį rašoma ne mažiau, negu apie politiką. Kriminalinėse kronikose  aprašomi įvykiai, nusikaltimai, kurių priežastis - alkoholio vartojimas. Tokių straipsnių pasitaiko įvairiuose leidiniuose, kaip \"Akistata\" ir t.t . O \"Lietuvos ryto\" dienraštis penktadieniais išleidžia straipsnius apie alkoholinius gėrimus, čia galima sužinoti apie jų gaminimo, išlaikymo, degustavimo paslaptis. Aprašomos tradicijos, vykę alkoholinių gėrimų festivaliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įdomybių skyreliuose skelbiamos sensacingos naujienos apie alkoholį, jo vartojimą ir poveikį žmogaus organizmui, pateikiami naujausi mokslinių ir medicininių tyrimų rezultatai. Citata iš \"Lietuvos ryto\":     \"Kaip nustatė Didžiosios Britanijos mokslininkai per metus išgerdami vidutiniškai po 100 litrų alaus, vyriškiai su tankiais ūsais gali vėjais išmesti iki 27 svarų sterlingų(daugiau kaip172 litus)… Didžiojoje Britanojoje kasmet \"per barzdą nuvarva\" 162719 didelių bokalų alaus\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 14:24:22',62,'','2010-04-12 14:27:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 14:24:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,91,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(165,'Azotas, amoniakas (špera)','azotas-amoniakas-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">5a grupės elementams būdingesnis teig. oks. laips. Perioduose oks. savybės  stiprėja iš kairės į dešinę, didėjant elektro neigiamumui. AZOTAS. Tai  įnertiška vieninė  medž. Molekulinis atomų ryšys koval. nepol. Ore 78%  tūrio. Azotas reaguoja  labai sunkiomis sąlygomis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">AMONIAKAS. Gaunamas Jonavos \"Achemoje\". Pramonėje  N  + 3H  - 2NH (  sąlygos  ). Lab. NH Cl + NaOH  -  NaCl + NH  OH. Tai yra amonio drus. kokybinė reakcija !!! 1. Stiprus red. Įrodome su oksidatoriais : 4NH   + 3O   - 2N   + 6H   O   -  be kat. 4NH   + 5O   - 4NO + 6H  O  -  su kat. 2. Pasižymi bazinėmis savybėmis.<br />NH  + HCl - NH  Cl - balti dūmai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 14:28:06',62,'','2010-04-18 18:57:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 14:28:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',9,0,90,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(166,'Santrauka apie halogenus','santrauka-apie-halogenus','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 14:34:42',62,'','2010-04-12 14:39:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 14:34:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,89,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(167,'Alfredas Nobelis','alfredas-nobelis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Alfredas Nobelis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Alfredas Nobelis gimė 1833 metų spalio 21d. Stokholme. Jo tėvas, Imanuelis Nobelis buvo inžinierius ir išradėjas, pastatęs daug pastatų ir tiltų Stokholme. Ryšium su tuo, kad jo darbas buvo susijęs su statyba, jis eksperimentavo, bandė įvairias statybos technikas. Alfredo motina, Andrieta Ahlsel buvo kilusi iš turtingos šeimos. Kartą atsitikus nelaimei statybose, kurios pagrindas buvo kelios paskendusios baržos su statybinėm medžiagom, Imanuelis buvo įstumtas į bankrotą  ir tais pačiais metais gimė Alfredas Nobelis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1837 metais Imanuelis Nobelis paliko savo šeimą ir išvyko kurti naujos karjeros į Rusiją ir Suomiją. Kad išlaikytų šeimą Andrieta Nobel pradėjo dirbti bakalėjinių prekių parduotuvėje kur gaudavo menką atlyginimą. Tuo metu Imanuelis Nobelis sėkmingai įsteigė savo įmonę Sankt Peterburge, Rusijoje, kuri gamino įrangą rusų kariuomenei. Nobelis įtikino rusų carą, kad jo gaminamos jūrų minos gali apsaugoti nuo priešų. Jis buvo pradininkas ginklų gamyboje ir projektuojant garo variklius. 1842 metais Imanuelis jau turėjo pakankamai pinigų savo šeimai apgyvendinti Sankt Peterburge. Čia jo sūnūs mokėsi pas geriausius mokytojus ir gavo geriausią išsimokslinimą. Būdamas 17 metų Alfredas Nobelis gerai kalbėjo rusų, švedų, prancūzų, anglų ir vokiečių kalbomis. Jo susidomėjimas anglų literatūra ir poezija buvo toks pats kaip chemija ir fizika. Alfredo tėvui nepatiko toks jo susidomėjimas literatūra, nes jis norėjo, kad Alfredas dirbtų pas jį įmonėje inžinieriumi. Tam, kad Alfredas praplėstų savo žinias chemijos srityje, tėvas jį išsiuntė mokytis į užsienį. Per du metus jis aplankė Švediją, Vokietiją, Prancūziją ir JAV. Paryžiuje jam patiko labiausiai ir jis pradėjo dirbti privačioje laboratorijoje pas žymų profesorių T.J. Pelouzą. Čia jis sutiko jauną italų chemiką A.Sobrerą, kuris prieš tris metus išrado nitrogliceriną. Nitroglicerinas buvo pagamintas sumaišius gliceriną su sieros ir azoto rūgštimis. Jis buvo per pavojingas naudoti praktikoje. Be to, nitroglicerino sprogstamoji galia buvo didesnė negu parako.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 14:39:49',62,'','2010-04-12 14:43:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 14:39:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,88,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(168,'Neorganinės chemijos reakcijos','neorganins-chemijos-reakcijos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">RUGŠTYS. R + M (iki H) - D + H2 ³; R + Bo - D + H<sub>2</sub>O; R + B  - D + H<sub>2</sub>O; R + D  - R + D (salygos); BAZĖS B + R  - D + H<sub>2</sub>O; S + Ro - D + H<sub>2</sub>O; S + Dt - B + D (sąlygos) Bt + temp - Bo + H<sub>2</sub>O.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">RŪGŠTINIAI OKSIDAI. Ro (SiO2) + H2O - R; Ro + S    -  D + H2O; Ro + Bo -  D. BAZINIAI OKSIDAI Bo(1A,2A  Ba ) + H2O - B; Bo + R     -  D + H2O; Bo + Ro  -  D. DRUSKOS Dt + S    - D + B (salygos) D  + R    - D + R (salygos); Dt + Dt - D + D (salygos); Dt + aktyvesnis M - D + M.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 18:13:44',62,'','2010-04-18 18:53:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 18:13:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,87,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(169,'Chemijos špera','chemijos-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">GYVSIDABRIS. RADIMAS : minerale HgS,retai gryn. SAVYBĖS : skystas, kietėja -39, blizga, sunkiausias skystis, nuodingas. NAUDOJIMAS : termom, manom, lygintuvai, lempos, amalgamoms, sėkloms beicuoti, medic.- mikrob. naikinti, dažų, chem. pramonėje. ŠIAIP : nukenksmina S ir Al miltel.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">CINKAS. RADIMAS : tik 1746m. atskiremas panaudojant anglį, atskyrus nuo oro. Mineralai ZnS ; ZnCO3 , rūdose su Cu , Pb , Cd , Mn. SAVYBĖS : blizga, Ag spalvos, kalus, elekt. laid 4, o šil. 1,8 karto maž. nei Ag, chem. aktyvus, apsitraukia plėvele. LYDINIAI : su Cu , Al , Mg , Cd. NAUDOJIMAS : &lt;50% cinkavimui, mašinų ir prietaisų detalės, klišės, papuošalai, elementai, Au ir Ag išskirti iš tirpalų, liuminoforas, dažų, gumos, plastiko, trašoms gaminti. ŠIAIP : druskos nuodingos, naudingas žmogui ir gyvūnijai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 18:18:01',62,'','2010-04-18 18:48:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 18:18:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',8,0,86,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(170,'Sieros','sieros','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sieros halogenidai ir oksohalogenidai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">S su F sudaro didelį skaičių binarinių junginių, kuriuose S oks. l. ir koordinacinis skaičius būna nuo 1 iki 6. Visi šie junginiai yra bes-palvės dujos arba lakūs skysčiai iš kurių SF<sub>6</sub> yra termiškai ir cheminiu požiūriu patvariausias. SF<sub>4</sub> gaunamas iš SCl juos fluorinant. Jis naudojamas kaip galingas ir selektyvus neorganinių ir organinių medž. fluorinantis agentas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">SF<sub>6</sub> yra patvarios cheminiai inertinės, bespalvės, bekvapės, nedegios, netoksiškos, netirpios dujos, kurios susidaro deginant sierą fluoro at-mosferoje, dėl puikių dielektrinių savybių naudojamos kaip izoliacinės dujos aukštos įtampos generatoriuose, nes jos neskyla kaitinant iki 500<sup>o</sup>C, nereaguoja su daugeliu metalų ir nemetalų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Abu šie chloridai yra pusiausvyroje. Nežiūrint toksiškumo abu paminė-ti chloridai yra svarbūs pramoniniai chemikalai naudojami gumos vulkanizacijai ir kaip chlorinantys agentai organinėje sintezėje. Šie du S chloridai yra pirmieji polisieros chloridų S<sub>n</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> nariai. Šie polisieros chloridai yra nemalonaus kvapo, geltoni arba oranžiniai, klampūs skys-čiai. Žinomi analogiški polisieros bromidai S<sub>n</sub>Br<sub>2</sub> n=2..8, kurie yra netik raudoni nepatvarūs skysčiai. Siera sudaro dvi oksohalogenidų eiles, tai tionilhalogenidai SOX<sub>2</sub> ir surfurilhalogenidai SO<sub>2</sub>X<sub>2</sub>. Iš tio-nilhalogenidų svarbiausias tionilchloridas. SOCl<sub>2</sub> - bespalvės, lakus skystis. Jis gaunamas chlorinant SO<sub>2.</sub></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sieros deguoninės rūgštys</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\"><em>1. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub></em>- bevandenė yra sunkus klampus skystis, lydymosi taškas +10<sup>o</sup>C, lengvai maišosi su H<sub>2</sub>O visais santykiais ir labai egzoterminė, todėl svarbu įvesti didesnės konc. rūgštį į H<sub>2</sub>O. Gaminant H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> kontaktiniu procesu SO<sub>3</sub> neabsorbuojmas tiesiogiai H<sub>2</sub>O, nes tokiu atveju jis pirmiausiai kontaktuoja su vandens garais susidarant patvariai H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> miglai, kuri praeina absorberius ir patenka į atmosferą, todėl SO<sub>3</sub> absorduojamas 98% H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> tirpalu, kurio konc. palaikoma palaips- niui įvedant H<sub>2</sub>O. Komercinė H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> būna 96-98% konc., kad išvengti užšalimo. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> sudaro sulfatus ir hidrosulfatus su daugeliu metalų. Šie junginiai yra labai patvarūs ir vieni iš svarbiausių elektroteigiamų elementų mineralai. Dauguma sulfatų gerai tirpsta H<sub>2</sub>O, išskyrus CaSO<sub>4</sub>, SrSO<sub>4</sub>, BaSO<sub>4</sub> ir PbSO<sub>4</sub>. Tirpūs sulfatai kristalinasi kristalo hidratų pavidalu. Žinoma daugelis dvigubų sulfatų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 18:28:56',62,'','2010-04-12 18:51:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 18:28:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,85,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(171,'Chemijos santrauka','chemijos-santrauka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Metalų atominei sandarai būdinga 1-3 el. išoriniame sluoksnyje, kuriuos jie linkę atiduoti. Perioduose, didėjant branduolio krūviui, metalų redukcinės savybės silpnėja, nes daugėja e<sup>-</sup> išoriniame sluoksnyje ir sunkiau juos atiduoti. Grupėse iš viršaus žemyn, didėjant branduolio krūviui, metalų redukcinės savybės silpnėja, nes didėja atomo spindulys ir išorinio sluoksnio e<sup>-</sup> atiduoti lengviau. Metalams būdingas labai tvirtas cheminis ryšys – metališkas ryšys. Tai cheminis ryšys, susidarantis tarp teigiamų metalo jonų ir laisvai judančių elektronų, pasireiškiant tarp jų visuotinei elektrostatinei traukai. Metališkas ryšys nulemia visas metalų fizikines savybes: kieti., kalūs., turi m. blizgesį., laidūs elektrai ir šilumai. Metalų bendra savybė yra gebėjimas atiduoti elektronus vykstant cheminėms reakcijoms, t.y. būti reduktoriais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 18:51:22',62,'','2010-04-12 18:56:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 18:51:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,84,'','',0,38,'robots=\nauthor='),(172,'Tarša Šiauliuose','tara-iauliuose','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiaulių miesto municipalinė tyrimų laboratorija be kitų tyrimų, atlieka ir oro užterštumo tyrimus bei analizes. Skaičiuojama atskirų medžiagų koncentracija. Išskiriamos 2 medžiagų grupės:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Pirmoji - dulkės, azoto dioksidas, sieros dioksidas bei anglies monoksidas;<br />Antroji - benzapirenas, švinas, varis, cinkas, chromas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bendrai apie 1 grupės medžiagas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Suminiam gyvenamosios aplinkos užterštumui įvertinti priskaičiuojamas atmosferos užterštumo indeksas pagal 4 medžiagas (dulkes, azoto dioksidą, sieros dioksidą ir anglies monoksidą). Didžiausia 1998 m. vertė - 0,8 užfiksuota Zokniuose, Pabaliuose, Šiauriniame -pramoniniame rajone ir miesto centre. Mažiausia vertė užfiksuota - pietiniame rajone bei Medelyne - po 0,5.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Didžiausią pavojų kelia didėjanti CO koncentracija. Taip pat didėja ir dulkų koncentracija. Ji pakilo iki 0,3 mg/m3 ir padidėjo 2 kartus. Zokniuose ir pietiniame rajone.<br />Azoto dioksidas išliko praėjusių metų lygio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Autotransporto teršalai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Autotransporto teršalai pasaulyje sudaro apie trečdalį, Lietuvoje - daugiau nei pusę, labiausiai automobilizuotuose miestuose net iki 70 % atmosferos teršalų. Daugiausia Lietuvoje - 9 - 12 m. senumo automobiliai. Vidutinis kritinis automobiliu amžius - 6 - 9 metai. Leistinas įvežamų automobilių amžius neturėtų viršyti 11 m. Svarbiausias Valstybinės Techninės apžiūros sistemos uždavinys - kontroliuoti automobilių parko techninę būklę ir skatinti jos gerėjimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Autotransporto įtakos oro užterštumui stebėjimai buvo atliekami penkiose Šiaulių vietose, esančiose prie gatvių su intensyviu autotransporto eismu. Kartą per mėnesį čia buvo matuojama vienkartinė anglies monoksido, azoto oksido, dulkių koncentracija ir pirmai pavojingumo klasei priklausančių benzapireno ir švino koncentracijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 18:58:43',62,'','2010-04-12 19:32:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 18:58:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,83,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(173,'Laboratorinis darbas žaliavų sodrinimas','laboratorinis-darbas-aliav-sodrinimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žaliavų sodrinimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Chemijos pramonėje stengiamasi vartoti koncentruotas žaliavas, nes tada galima suintensyvinti procesus, gauti geresnės kokybės prodyktus ir sumažinti gamybos išlaidas. Dažnai gamtinėse žaliavose būna per mažai naudingo komponento, kad jos galėtų būti ekonomiškai naudojamos, todėl žaliavos sodrinamos. Žaliavų sodrinimas – tai pagrindinio jų komponento koncentracijos didinimas. Sodrinant žaliavas gavybos vietose, sumažėja transportavimo išlaidos. Šių išlaidų sumažėjimas proporcingas naudingojo komponento koncentracijos padidėjimui. sKirtingos agregatinės būklės žaliavoms tinka skirtingi sodrinmo būdai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kietų žaliavų mechaniniai, cheminiai, terminiai sodrinimo būdai pagrįsti žaliavą sudarančių mineralų skirtingomis fizikinėmis, cheminėmis savybėmis bei skirtinga lydimosi temperatūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sodrinama žaliava (gamtinė uoliena) susmulkinama taip, kad subyrėtų į atskirus mineralus. Paskui įvairiais būdais vieni mineralai atskiriami nuo kitų. Gaunamos dvi arba daugiau frakcijų. Frakcija (arba kelios frakcijos), prisodrinta pagrindinio komponento, vadinama koncentratu. Frakcijos sudarytos iš priemaišų, kurios nevartojamos gamyoje (bergždžioji  uoliena) vadinamos liekanomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dažniausiai naudojami mechaniniai žaliavų sodrinimo būdai:sijojimas, gravitacinis sodrinimas, elektromagnetinė ir elektrostatinė separacija bei floatacija. Dažnai sodrinama palaipsniui, naudojant kelis sodrinimo būdus, pvz., sijojimą, elektromagnetinė separaciją, gravitacinį sodrinimą. Sijojama, t.y. medžiagos skirstomos pagal grūdelių dydį, kai uolieną sudaro tvirti ir trapūs mineralai. Trapūs subyra į smulkesnius grūdelius ir sijojami išbyra pro sietą. Pavyzdžiui, tokiu būdu fosforitai atskiriami nuo priemaišų (bergždžios uolienos).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gravitacinis sodrinimas (šlapiasis ir sausasis) pagrįstas skirtingos masės dalelių skirtingu kritimo greičiu skysčio arba dujų sraute. Šiuo būdu galima atskirti mineralus, kurie pasižymi skirtingu mechaniniu stiprumu arba tankiu. Šlapiai sodrinama vandens sraute. Jeigu vanduo tirpina arba gali pakenkti sodrinamoms medžiagoms, vartojami kiti inertiniai skysčiai arba sodrinama sausai. Gravitaciniai būdai naudojami žaliavoms sodrinti metalurgijoje, silikatų pramonėje, mineralinių druskų gamyboje ir kt. Naudojant šlapio gravitacinio sodrinimo būdą, susmulkinama žaliava sumaišoma su vandeniu. Gauta koncentruotasusmulkintos medžiagos suspensija vandenyje vadinam pulpa. Paprasčiausiu atveju iš pulpos nusodinamas vertingas mineralas, o bergždžioji uoliena išplaunami vandens srautu. Toks paprastas gravitacinio nusodinimo būdas vadinamas dumblinimu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 19:32:59',62,'','2010-04-12 19:37:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 19:32:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,82,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(174,'Nafta','nafta','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuo žaliavos iki prekinių naftos produktų</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naftos perdirbimas prasideda tada, kai pašildyta nafta patenka į pirminį naftos rektifikacijos įrengimą. Nafta – įvairiausių angliavandenilių, turinčių skirtingas virimo temperatūras, mišinys. Remiantis šia savybe, įrenginyje nafta išskirstoma į lengvus ir sunkius komponentus. Distiliacijos produktai yra perdirbami toliau arba maišomi su kitais komponentais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Po pirminio naftos perdirbimo likęs sunkus produktas - mazutas toliau nukreipiamas perdirbimui į mazuto perdirbimo kompleksą. Čia iš mazuto gaunamas papildomas lengvų frakcijų: dujų, benzino, dyzelinio kuro, -kiekis. Sunkūs mazuto perdirbimo likučiai naudojami kaip katilų kuro komponentai.Pirminio naftos perdirbimo įrenginys.Proceso metu, rektifikacinėje kolonoje nafta yra išskirstoma į turinčias skirtingas savybes, lengvas ir sunkias frakcijas.Dujų frakcionavimo įrenginys.Pirminio naftos perdirbimo ir riformingo metu gautas dujų mišinys čia valomas ir suskirstomas į atskirus komponentus: propaną, n-butaną, izobutaną. Benzino katalizinio riformingo įrenginys.Proceso metu padidinamas benzino frakcijų oktaninis skaičius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Fiziniai naftos perdirbimo būdai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naftai perdirbti yra taikomi fiziniai ir cheminiai perdirbimo būdai. Fiziniais būdais vadinami tokie, kai perdirbant naftą nepasikeičia joje esančių angliavandenilių struktūra, pvz., jeigu naftoje yra daugiausia alkanų, tai ir jos produktuose jų liks daugiausia. Cheminiais būdais perdirbant naftą yra pakeičiama angliavandenilių struktūra . Pavyzdžiui, benzine labiau pageidaujami arenai, bet naftoje daugiau yra alkanų. Perdirbant naftą cheminiu būdu, alkanai yra pakeičiami arenais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuvandeninus ir nudruskinus naftą yra atliekamas pirminis jos perdirbimas - distiliavimas. Distiliacija - tai naftos perskyrimo procesas, kuris paremtas naftos sudėtyje esančių angliavandenilių atskyrimu vienų nuo kitų pagal virimo temperatūras į frakcijas. Distiliavimas vyksta esant atmosferiniam slėgiui. Geriausias frakcinis išskirstymas gaunamas naudojant reaktifikacijos procesą, t. y. distiliaciją su priešpriešinių srautų kontaktu tarp kylančio garų srauto ir besileidžiančios skystos flegmos. Garų ir skysčio kontaktas vyksta reaktifikacijos kolonose ant specialių lėkščių. Šiuolaikinėse technologijose pirminis naftos perdirbimas dažniausiai naudojamas tikslu gauti žaliavą antriniams naftos perdirbimo procesams. Benzino frakcijos toliau paduodamos į riformingą, tikslu gauti aukštaoktaninį benziną. Dyzelinio kuro ir žibalo frakcijos paduodamos į hidrovalymo procesą. Mazutas naudojamas antrinio perdirbimo procesuose - vakuminiame mazuto distiliavime ir tolesniame jo visbrekinge ir kataliziniame krekinge.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 19:37:54',62,'','2010-04-12 19:44:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 19:37:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,81,'','',0,49,'robots=\nauthor='),(175,'Laboratorinis darbas natrio sulfito oksidacija oro deguonimi','laboratorinis-darbas-natrio-sulfito-oksidacija-oro-deguonimi','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vykdant daugelį cheminių technologinių procesų, reaguojančios medžiagos yra skirtingų fazių. Tokie procesai vadinami heterogeniniais. Kiekvienam heterogeniniam procesui būdingos kelio stadijos – greta viena kitos ar kelių cheminių reakcijų – cheminių stadijų – yra fizikinės stadijos, pvz., difuzija. Stadija, kurios greitis žymiai mažesnis už kitų stadijų greitį, vadinama limituojančia. Žinant limituojančią stadiją, labiausiai efektyvūs tokie pakeitimai, kurie pagreitina šią proceso stadiją. Jeigu cheminės reakcijos greitis mažesnis už difuzijos greitį, tuomet bendrą proceso greitį lemia reakcijos greitis – procesas vyksta kinetinėje srityje. Procesui pagretinimui reikia greitinti cheminės reakcijos stadiją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jeigu difuzijos ir cheminės reakcijos greičiai artimi – procesas vyksta pereinamojoje srityje ir jo pagreitinimui būtina taip keisti technologinį rėžimą, kad pakeitimas daro įtaką ir kitų stadijų greičiui. Todėl galimas proceso perėjimas iš vienos srities į kitą. Cheminių reakcijų greitis didėja, keliant temperatūrą (pakėlus temperatūrą 10 oC, reakcijos greitis gali padidėti 2 – 4 kartus), taigi, temperatūros pakėlimas svarbus cheminių reakcijų intensifikavimo faktorius. Reakcijos greitį galiam padidinti sumažinus aktyvacijos energiją, pvz., vykdant procesą su katalizatoriumi. Šiuolaikinėje chemijos pramonėje plačiai paplitę aukštatemperatūriniai ir katalizės procesaai. Difuzijos greitis priklauso nuo medžiagų savybių, temperatūros, slėgio. Temperatūros įtaka difuzijos greičiui yra mažesnė negu cheminės reakcijos greičiui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Cheminėje technologijoje įvairių produktų gamybos arba dujų valymo procesuose plačiai naudojamos dujų ir skysčių reakcijos. Pvz., amoniako absorbcija azoto rūgšties tirpaluose, gaminant amonio salietrą; amoniako absorbcija sieros rūgšties tirpaluose, gaminant amonio trašas; skystų aromatinių angliavandenilių chloravimas organinėje sintezėje. Dujų – skysčių reakcijos vyksta dujų mišinių valymo procesuose, pvz., sieros dioksodo absorbcija amonio sulfito ir bisulfito tirpaluose. Absorbcijos – desorbcijos procesai labiausiai charakteringi sistemai D – S; jeigu absorbciją lydi cheminės reakcijos skystoje fazėje, tokie procesai vadinami chemosorbciniais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 19:45:10',62,'','2010-04-12 19:49:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 19:45:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,80,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(176,'Cheminiai junginiai','cheminiai-junginiai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">[Stambiamolekuliniai junginiai]: Vykstant polimerizacijos reakcijoms, susidaro tambiamolekuliniai junginiai, vadinami polimerais. Medžiagos, iš kurių gaunami polimerai, vadinamos monomerais, o polimerų molekulės - makromolekulėmis. Raidė n rodo, kiek monomero molekulių susijungė vykstant polimerizacijai; ji vadinama polimerizacijos laipsniu, o daug kartų besikartojančios makromolekulėje atomų grupės - struktūrinėmis grandimis. Polimerizacijos laipsnis yra nepastovus dydis. Polimerizuojant nesočiuosius junginius, turinčius pakaitų, gautame polimere pastarieji gali būti išsidėstę chaotiškai. Susidarys stereonereguliarios struktūros polimeras. Polimerš kokybė labai pagerėja, jei susidaręs polimeras turi stereoreguliarią struktūrą. Etilenas polimerizuojamas kambario temperatūroje ir esnat atmosferos slėgiui, naudojant katalizatorių - trietilaliuminį ir titano tetrachloridą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Polietilenas daug lengvesnis už vandenį. Elastingas, plonas sluoksnis bespalvis, skaidrus, liečiant jis atrodo riebus. Mikštėja ir lengvai keičia forma kaitinamas. Atšaldytas sukietėja ir išlaiko įgautą formą. Kūnų savybė keisti formą juos įkaitinus ir išlaikyti ją atšaldžius vadinama termoplastiškumu. Polipropilenas ir polietilenas pasižymi sočiųjų angliavandenilių savybėmis. Įprastinėmis sąlygomis nereguoja nei su sieros rūgštimi, nei su šarmais. Koncentruota azoto rūgštis ardo polietileną. Abu polimerai nereguoja su bromo vandeniu ir kalio permanganato tirpalu. Jie ura geri elektros izoliatoriai, gerai praleidžia ultravioletinius spindulius. Teflonas chemiškai atsparesnis už visus metalus, nedega ir yra puikus dielektrikas. Polikondensacijos reakcijos požymis - šalutinis produktas. Kai temperatūra ir slėgis aukštesni, šakotos polimero molekulės sąveikauja tarpusavyje ir susidaro erdvinės struktūros polimeras. Polimerai, kurie, skirtingai nuo termoplastinių polimerų, aukštoje temperatūroje neminkštėja ir nesilydo, vadinami termoreaktyviaisiais. Iš fenolio formaldehidinio polimero (dervos), pridėjus įvairių užpilų (medžio milyų, medvilninio audinio, stiklo pluošto, dažų), gaunami fenolio formaldehidiniai plastikai, kurie sutrumpintai vadinami fenoplastais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-12 19:49:50',62,'','2010-04-12 19:54:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-12 19:49:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,79,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(177,'Rūkymo žala chemiko akimis','rkymo-ala-chemiko-akimis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">RŪKYMO ŽALA CHEMIKO AKIMIS:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Į TABAKO SUDĖTĮ ĮEINANČIŲ MEDŽIAGŲ POVEIKIS AUGALAMS TYRIMAS.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. TYRIMAS: TABAKO DEGIMO PRODUKTŲ APŽVALGA.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Deganti cigaretė – unikalus kancerogeninių medžiagų fabrikas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tarp mums žinomų piktybinių navikų priežasčių tabako rūkymas užima labai svarbią vietą. Žymių epidemiologų R. Dolo ir R. Pito duomenimis, išsivysčiusiose šalyse net 30% mirtingumo nuo visų piktybinių navikų sąlygoja rūkymas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Su tabako rūkymu siejamas plaučių, ryklės, stemplės, šlapimo pūslės, kasos ir kitų lokalizacijų vėžys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Deganti cigaretė yra tarsi unikalus chemijos fabrikas, kuriame “pasigamina” apie 4000 ivairių<br />medžiagų. Vienos jų gali buti nekenksmingos, inertiškos, tačiau yra ir toksiškų, pvz. nikotinas, kuris yra širdies ir kraujagyslių ligų kaltininkas; yra ir kancerogeniškų, t.y. sukeliančių vėžį medžiagų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tarptautinio vėžio tyrimo centro duomenimis (Lionas, Prancūzija), cigarečių dūmuose yra 55 įvairios medžiagos, kurių kancerogeniškumas žmogui arba laboratoriniams gyvūnams įrodytas. Iš jų net 20 medžiagų sukelia plaučių navikus bent vienai laboratorinių gyvūnų rūšiai. Daugiausia cigarečių dūmuose yra policiklinių aromatinių angliavandenilių (PAA), nes tabakas cigaretėje dega 700-800°C temperatūroje, o tokia yra optimali jiems susidaryti. Iš šios klasės junginių benzo(a)pireno kancerogeniškumas labai gerai ištirtas. Nustatyta, kad jis yra stiprus plaučių kancerogenas. Suleidus jo vietiškai (į trachėją) arba inhaliacijų būdu laboratorinėms žiurkėnams išsivysto plaučių vėžys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-13 13:34:10',62,'','2010-04-13 14:10:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 13:34:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,78,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(178,'Chemijos žinynas','chemijos-inynas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-13 14:11:45',62,'','2010-04-13 14:13:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 14:11:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,77,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(179,'Azotas','azotas','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">1.  Azotas yra leidžiamas į krūtinės ląstą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">2.  Kartais pumpuojamas į automobilio padangas. Apsaugo nuo gumos susidėvėjimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">3.  Naudojamas bendzino saugyklose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">4.  Naudojamas paveikslų saugyklose dėl oro poveikio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">5.  Daugiausia naudojama amoniako gamyboje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-13 14:13:30',62,'','2010-04-13 14:16:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 14:13:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,76,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(180,'Laboratorinis darbas rektifikacija','laboratorinis-darbas-rektifikacija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">REKTIFIKACIJA</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Chemijos pramonėje dažnai reikia kelių skysčių tirpalą perskirti į atskirus komponentus arba komponentų grupes. Kai tirpalą sudarančių komponentų virimo temperatūros yra skirtingos, tai jų perskyrimui tinka naudoti rektifikacijos procesą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. 1. Rektifikuojant perskirti etilo alkoholio – vandens tirpa;ą. Nustatyti ir grafiškai atvaizduoti garų ir skysčio sudėties kitimą visose rektifikacijos lėkštėse.<br />2. Grafiškai nustatyti teorinį lėkščių skaičių nuolatinio veikimo rektifikacijos kolonoje. 3. Apskaičiuoti kolonos naudingumo koeficientą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-13 14:16:23',62,'','2010-04-13 14:20:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 14:16:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,75,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(181,'Laboratorinis darbas absorbcija','laboratorinis-darbas-absorbcija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Absorbcija – masės kaitos procesas, kai absorbtyvą (dujas ar garus) sugeria absorbentas (skystis). Tai grįžtamasis procesas, kuriame dalyvauja dvi fazės – dujinė ir skysta. Absorbcija plačiai taikoma naftos perdirbimo įmonėse, amoniakinio vandens gamyboje, dujų nuo kenksmingų priemaišų valyme ir kt.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Absorbcijos procese pusiausvyra nusistovi, esant ilgalaikiam fazių sąlyčiui. Ji proklauso. Ji proklauso nuo temperatūros, slėgio absorbtyvo bei absorbento prigimties, proceso hidrodinaminių sąlygų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Proceso masės kaitos greitis priklauso nuo varos jėgos DY (sistemos nuokrypio nuo pusiausvyros būsenos), absorbento ir absorbtyvo savybių, absorbcijos aparato kostrukcijos ir proceso hidrodinaminio rėžimo.</p>\r\n<p><strong>Darbo tikslas. </strong>1. Nustatyti nuolatinio absorbcijos proceso masės perdavimo koeficientą K<sub>y</sub> ir absorbcijos kolonos hidraulinio pasipriešinimo koeficientą z; 2. Atlikti CO<sub>2</sub> absorbcijos vandeniu kinetikos tyrimus periodino veikimo absorbcijos kolonoje.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-13 14:21:01',62,'','2010-04-13 14:26:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 14:21:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,74,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(182,'Deguonis','deguonis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai labiausiai paplitęs žemės paviršiuje, sudaro 23 atmosferos %, 46% litosferos, 86% hidrosferos. Sutinkamas grunas ir daugybėje junginių. <br />Pramonėje gaunamas suskystinto oro frakcine distiliacija -183oC, o laboratorijoje dažniausiai elektrolizinant KOH vandeninį tirpalą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Savybės. Deguonis turi tris patvarius izotopus: 168O - 99,76 atom. %, 178O - 0,037 %, 188O - 02 %. Alotropinė modifikacija yra triatomė molekulė ozonas. Tai nepatvarios melsvos aštraus kvapo dujos. Termodinamiškai molekulė nepatvari, nes jos susidarymo reakcija endoterminė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">O<sub>3</sub> naudojamas įvairiuose oksidacijos procesuose, žemos konc. naudojama geriamo vandens gryninimui, šaltam produktų laikymui ir oro dezinfekcijai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">O </span>yra labai reaktingos trumpai egzistuojančios dalelės, susidarančios H<sub>2</sub>O, O<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub> fotolizės rezultate. Tai labai stiprus oksidatorius vaidinantis svarbų vaidmenį aukštesnių atmosferos sluoksnių chemijoje. Jis koncentruoja, pvz.H<sub>2</sub>S į agresyvius rūgštinius oksidus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Deguonis - bespalvės, bekvapės, labai reaktingos dujos. Blogai tirpsta vandenyje, todėl iš jo O<sub>2</sub> pašalinamas virinant. 10 k. geriau tirpsta organiniuose tirpikliuose. Svarbi ozono savybė yra stipri absorbcija ultravioletinėje spektro dalyje ir tai apsaugo žemę nuo nuo intensyvios saulės ultravioletinės radiacijos. Ozonas gaunamas veikiant O<sub>2</sub> dujas elektros iškrova. Ozono koncentracija mišiniuose su O<sub>2</sub> paprastai nustatoma leidžiant dujų mišinį per KJ tirpalą ir išsiskyrusį J<sub>2</sub> nustatant titrimetiškai tiosulfatu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-13 14:26:45',62,'','2010-04-18 18:22:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 14:26:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,73,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(183,'Gyvsidabrio rūda, chloridai','gyvsidabrio-rda-chloridai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gyvsidabrio rūda</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gyvsidabrio rūda - mineralų, kuriuose yra gyvsidabrio junginių, sankaupa. Svarbiausias mineralas - cinoberis HgS. Žinomi dar 26 reti mineralai; svarbesnieji - timanitas HgSe, koloradoitas HgHTe, montroiditas HgO, kalomelis HgCl, livingstonitas Hg Sb S, korderoidas Hg S Cl. Rūda, turinti - 1% gyvsidabrio, laikoma sodria 0.2 - 0.3% - paprasta, 0.06 - 0.12% neturtinga, 0.02 - 0.06 - skurdžia. Rūdoje buna sidabro, vario, švino, cinko, volframo, aukso, stibio priemaišų; arsenas - žąlinga priemaiša.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rūda gali būti hidroterminės, vulkaninės kilmės. Svarbiausi telkiniai yra hidroterminės kilmės: užsienyje - Ispanijoje (Almadeno gyvsidabrio rūdos telkinys), JAV (N.Almadeno telkinys), Italijoje(Monte Amiatos telkinys), TSRS-Ukrajinoje, Š.Kaukaze,Užkaukazėje, Jakutijoje, Čiukčijoje, Vid. Azijoje, Altajuje.  Žemėje yra - 500 000t gyvsidabrio rūdos išteklių. Kapitalistinės ir besivystančiosios šalys kasmet iškasa po 7000-8000 t gyvsidabrio rudos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gyvsidabrio chloridai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai gyvsidabrio ir  chloro junginiai. Vienvalenčio gyvsidabrio cloridas, Hg Cl kitaip kalomelis. Gyvsidabrio dichloridas, sublimatas, HgCl bespalviai kristalai. Tirpsta vandenyje. Nuodingas. Gaunamas iš gyvsidabrio sulfato HgSO ir natrio chlorido arba gyvsidabrį veikiant chloru. Yra dizenfekuojanti priemonė, katalizatorius org. sintezėje; iš jo gaunami kiti gyvsidabrio junginiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-13 14:34:10',62,'','2010-04-13 14:56:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 14:34:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,72,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(184,'Apie chemines formules','apie-chemines-formules','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Formulės, kurios rodo tik molinį santykį tarp junginį sudarančių elementų, vadinamos empirinėmis formulėmis. Nemolekulinės sandaros medžagoms galima parašyti tik empirines formules. Molekulinėms medžiagoms galime parašyti ir empirines ir molekulines formules. Molekulinė formulė rodo realiai egzistuojančių molekulių kokybinę ir kiekybinę sudėtį. Molekulinė  f. gali sutapti su empirine arba gali skirtis nuo jos kelis kartus. Formuliniu vienetu galime vadinti sąlyginę arba realią struktūrinę  dalelę, kurios sudėtis atspindi viso junginio kiekybinę sudėtį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dalelė A: yra elektronų poros donoras, o dalelė B elektronų poros akceptrius. Toks kovalentinio ryšio sudarymo būdas vadinamas koordinaciniu ryšiu. Metalai yra kristalinės medžagos, kuriose veikia metališkasis ryšys. Toks ryšys susidaro dėl to, kad metalai gali atiduoti savo valentinius elektronus. Metalo atomai atsikrato savo valentinių elektronų, kurie patys pasidaro bendri visam kristalui ir patys virsta teigiamais jonais. Metalų kristalai dėl metališkojo ryšio lengvai deformuojami. Jeigu cheminiai ryšiai susidarytų tik tarp atomų, dauguma mažesnės molekulinės masės medžagų būtų dujos. Bet egzistuoja dar viena sąveikos forma - tarpmolekulinės jėgos. Nuo molekulės veikiančių jėgų priklauso skysčių ir kietų medžiagų sąvybės. Stipriausia tarpmolekulinė sąveika - vandenilinis ryšys. Vandenilinis ryšys yra stipriausia, bet ne vienintelė tarpmolekulinės traukos forma. Visos silpnesnės sąveikos formos vadinamos bendru van der Valso jėgų vardu. Šios jėgos yra susijusios su pastoviu arba laikinai atsirandančiu molekulių poliškumu. Dėl elektrostatinės sąveikos polinėms molekulėms būdinga sudaryti tvarkingą struktūrą, tačiau tam trukdo iluminis molekulių judėjimas.  Todėl van der Valso jėgos nepajėgios tvarkingai surikiuoti visų molekulių. Medžagos sudarytos iš vieno elemento atomų vadinamos  vieninėmis medžiagomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-13 14:57:03',62,'','2010-04-13 15:05:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 14:57:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,71,'','',0,62,'robots=\nauthor='),(185,'Rūgščių formulės, špera','rgi-formuls-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub> - boro; H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> - anglies; H<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub> - silicio; HNO<sub>3</sub> - azoto; HNO<sub>2</sub> - nitritinė; H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> - fosforo; H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> - sieros; H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3 </sub>- sulfitinė; H<sub>2</sub>S - vandelinio sulfidinė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">CH<sub>3</sub>COOH - acto; HCOOH - skruzdžių; HF - fluoro; HCl - druskos; HClO - hipochloridinė; HClO<sub>2</sub> - chloritinė; HClO<sub>3</sub> - chloratinė; HClO<sub>4</sub> - perchloro; HMgO<sub>4</sub> - permangano; H<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub> - chromo; HBr - vandenilio bromido; HJ - H jodido.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-13 15:05:59',62,'','2010-04-18 18:45:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 15:05:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,70,'','',0,41,'robots=\nauthor='),(186,'Spirito gavyba ir pramonė','spirito-gavyba-ir-pramon','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Spiritas – bespalvis lakus savito kvapo ir deginančio skonio skystis, susidedantis daugiausia iš etilo alkoholio. Todėl dar vadinamas tiesiog etilo alkoholiu. Gaunamas, perdirbant krakmolingą žaliavą. Vartojamas maisto, chemijos, farmacijos, kosmetikos pramonėje ir technikoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvoje spiritą daryti pradėta XVa. pabaigoje kunigaikščių, kitų pasaulietinių ir dvasinių feodalų bei miestiečių spirito varyklose. Iki bažnytinių žemių perėjimo į valstybės rankas(sekuliarizacijos XVIIIa. pab. – XIXa. vid.) ypač daug spirito ir degtinės varyklų bei smuklių priklausė katalikų bažnyčiai. Nuo XIXa. vid. spirito varymas daugiausia tapo pasauliečių davrininkų privilegija, miestuose varyklos beveik išnyko.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Caro valdžiai spirito varymas daugiausia buvo pasipelnymo šaltinis – nuo 1811m. ji įvedė iždo reikalams rinkliavą degtinei, kuri buvo skaičiuojama ne nuo varyklos pajėgumo, bet nuo dvare esančių baudžiauninkų skaičiaus. 1841m. Lietuvoje buvo 1260 valstybės žinion perėjusių spirito ir degtinės varyklų. 1863m. buvo išvaryta net 558 000 kibirų. Iš pradžių spiritas buvo daromas iš grūdų ir nerektifikuojamas(- mišinio perskyrimas į sudėtines dalis, pagal jų virimo temperatūrą). Tik XIXa. pab. spiritą imta varyti iš bulvių ir rektifikuoti. XXa. Pradžioje spirito varymas tapo viena svarbiausių maisto pramonės šakų. 1923m. spirito ir degtinės prekybą monopolizavo valstybė ir beveikė 31 varykla.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Trečiame tūkstantmetyje teliko trys stambios įmonės gaminančios spiritą: “Vilniaus degtinė”, Kauno “Stumbras” ir Panevėžio “Sema”. Pastaroji spirito varymu užsiima jau daugiau nei šimtas metų. Tiesa, dar yra išlikę ir mažiau žinomų spirito varyklėlių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pramonė gamina maistinį ir techninį etilo alkoholį. Maistinis vartojamas alkoholinių gėrimų gamyboje, medicinoje, veterinarijoje, parfumerijos pramonėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Techninis etilo alkoholis yra sintetinio kaučiuko, dirbtinio šilko, plastmasių, fotoreikmenų, organinio stiklo, lakų ir dažų gamybos žaliava. Techninis etilo alkoholis gaminamas iš medienos, sulfitinis – iš celiuliozės pramonės atkliekų, sintetinis – iš etileno turinčių dujų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Etilo ir kiti alkoholiai gaminami rūgimo(fermentacijos) būdu. Rauginimui vartojamos greit besidauginančios, atsparios didelėms cukraus ir alkoholio koncentracijoms mielės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-13 15:11:30',62,'','2010-04-13 15:17:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 15:11:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,69,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(187,'Rubidis','rubidis','','<p><em> </em></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\"><em>Rubidis</em> - Mendelejevo periodinės cheminių elementų sistemos I grupės elementas. Jo eilės numeris - 37, atominis svoris 85,47. Gamtoje rubidis susideda iš dviejų izotopų, kurių svorių skaičius - 85 (72,15%) ir 87 (27,85%); pastarasis pasižymi b radioaktyvumu (skilimo periodas T ½  = 5×10<sup>10</sup> metų). Dirbtiniu būdu gauti izotopai (virš 10) yra nepatvarūs. Rubidžio išorinių elektronų konfiguracija P. 5s1.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rubidį 1861 m. atrado R. Bunzenas ir B. Krichovas Vokietijoje spektrinës analizės metodu tyrinėdami Diurheimo mineralinio vandens šaltinius. Metalinį rubidį pirmą kartą išskyrė Bunzenas 1863 m. anglimi redukuodamas rubidžio hidrotartatą RbHC<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub>.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Praktinę reikšmę rubidžio išgavimui turi mineralai - lepidolitas ir cinvalditas. Lepidolite rubidžio koncentracija gali siekti 3,7 %, skaičiuojant pagal rubidžio oksidą, bet bet paprastai šis kiekis sudaro 0,6 - 0,8 % ir retai viršija 1 %. Cinvaldite maksimali rubidžio koncentracija  - 0,8 - 0,9 %, bet paprastai ji būna daug mažesnė. Uolienose, kurios patenka į gamyklas rubidžio išgavimui, jo koncentracija būna dar žemesnė nei buvo paminėta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gamtoje rubidis gana paplitęs elementas. Jo kiekis litosferoje (Žemės žievėje) sudaro 3,1×10<sup>-2</sup> masės procentų. Tai daugiau nei Ag, Au, Hg, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi. Rubidis tipiškas litofilinis elementas. Jis randamas granito, bazolto kalkių ir kitų gruntų pavyzdžiuose, taip pat akmens anglies kloduose, grunte. Jūros bei žemės augaluose ir gyvuose organizmuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Joninis Rb<sup>+</sup> skersmuo panašus į Cs<sup>+</sup> ir K<sup>+</sup>, todėl jis randamas plačiai paplitusiuose kalio turinčiuose mineraluose, kurie yra prisotinti kalio aliumosilikatų. Savo mineralų rubidis neturi. Mineralai, kurie turi palyginus aukštą rubidžio koncentraciją - lepidolitas, biotitas, amazonitas, petalitas, cinvalditas, bezilas, leicitas, trifilinas ir labai retas avogadritas. Visi jie išskyrus du paskutinius yra aliumosilikatai (dažniausiai kalio) ir randami beveik tik pegmatinėse gyslose, kurios susidarė prie palyginus žemų temperatūrų ir turi savo sudėtyje daug Pičio mineralų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-13 17:38:38',62,'','2010-04-13 18:20:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 17:38:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,68,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(188,'Organinė chemija','organin-chemija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Alkanus galima laboratorijoje tik sudeginti. Alkenai, alkinai, alkadieniai dalyvauja prisijungimo reakcijose, visi išblukina bromo vandenį ir kalio permanganatą be katalizatorių. Benzenas reaguoja su bromu tik su katalizatoriumi ir išblukina bromo vandenį. Toluenas išblukina kalio parmanganatą. Jis reaguoja su azoto rūgštimi. Gliceroliui sureagavus su vario baze susidaro tamsiai mėlynos spalvos skystis. Fenoliui sureagavus su bromo vandeniu, iškrenta baltos nuosėdos, o su geležies trichloridu - susidaro violetinė spalva.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-13 18:41:29',62,'','2010-04-13 18:43:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 18:41:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,67,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(189,'Fenolio ir formaldehido polikondensacija','fenolio-ir-formaldehido-polikondensacija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo eiga. Atsvertas fenolio kiekis kolboje užpilamas formaldehido tirpalu ir tirpinamas purtant. Po to į reakcijos indą pridedamas katalizotrius. Kolba sujungiama su grįžtamuoju šaldytuvu ir šildoma vandens vonioje 90 0C temperatūroje apie 1.5 val. , kol susidaro du sluoksniai – vandeninis ir dervos. Pašildžius dar 30 min. reakcijos mišinys traukos spintoje perpilamas į porcelianinę lėkštelę. Derva plaunama šiltu vandeniu sumaišant ir nupilant viršutinį sluoksnį 2 – 3 kartus. Plaunama iki neutralios plovimo vandens reakcijos (indikatorius).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Polikondensacijos  rūgščioje terpėje produktas po plovimo džiovinamas šildant lėkštelę dujų degiklio liepsnoje prie 150 – 170 0C. išdžiovinto produkto dalis sukietinama pridėjus  1% nuo jo masės heksametilentetreaamino ir šldant mėgintuvėlyje 160 0C temperatūroje.<br /> Nustatomi valytų plaunant ir sukietintų dervų tirpumai acetone, etanolyje, toluole.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-13 18:44:26',62,'','2010-04-13 18:47:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 18:44:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,66,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(190,'Neorganinių junginių santykinės molekulinės masės (lentelė)','neorganini-jungini-santykins-molekulins-mass-lentel-neorganini-jungini-santykins-molekulins-mass-lentel-','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-13 18:48:53',62,'','2010-04-13 18:51:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 18:48:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,65,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(191,'Alkoholis, jo žala','alkoholis-jo-ala','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Alkoholiai ( arab. al kuhl -  stibio milteliai ): 1.– angliavandenilių dariniai,     organiniai junginiai, turintys molekulėje vieną arba kelis hidroksilus ( OH ), prijungtus prie sočiųjų anglies atomų; 2. šnek. spiritas, etilo alkoholis C2H5OH. Pagal hidroksilų skaičių molekulėje alkoholiai skirstomi į monohidroksilius, dihidroksilius ( glikolius ), trihidroksilius ( pvz.: glicerinas) ir polihidroksilius ( poliolius, pvz.: sorbitas ). Medicinoje didžiausią reikšmę turi monohidroksiliai alkoholiai. Iš jų dažniausiai vartojamas ( kaip dezinfekuojanti medžiaga, kaip tirpiklis įv. skystosioms vaistų formoms ir odą dirdinantiems linimentams gaminti ) etilo alkoholis, arba etanolis. Kur kas nuodingesni už jį metilo alkoholis, arba metanolis, ir propilo alkoholis, arba propanolis, vartojami tik tech. tikslams. Iš kvapo metanolis ir propanolis panašūs į etilo alkoholį, todėl išgėrus vietoj pastarojo, jais apsinuodijama. Nuodingi aštraus nemalonaus kvapo butilo, amilo ir heksilo alkoholiai naudojami tik tech. tikslams medicinoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Monohidroksiliai alkoholiai nepasižymi nei bazinėmis, nei rūgštinėmis  stipriomis savybėmis. Alkoholių vandeniniai tirpalai spalvos nekeičia.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Metilo alkoholis, metanolis, arba medžio spiritas, vienas iš monohidroksilių ( alkoholių ). Labai nuodingas. Vartojama svien tech. reikalams. Iš kvapo panašus į etilo alkoholį, todėl kartais palaikomas juo, išgeriama ir apsinuodijama. Apsinuodijimo požymius sukelia metanolio skilimo produktai – formaldehidas ir skruzdžių rūgštis. Ūmiai apsinuodyti galima išgėrus 30 – 50g , kartais ir mažiau. Apsinuodijimo požymių atsiranda po 18 – 24h : smarkiai skauda pilvą, vystosi acidozė, sutrinka sąmonė, sumažėja šlapimo išsiskyrimas, trinka regėjimas, net galima apakti.<br />Apsinuodijusiam reikia kuo greičiau išvalyti virškinamąjį traktą: sikelti vėmimą ir išplauti skrandį. Skrandis plaunamas vandeniu ( į jį dedama aktyvuotos anglies ) arba 1 – 5% natrio hidrokarbonato ( geriamosios sodos ) tirpalu. Ligonis gydomas ligoninėje. Priešnuodis – etilo alkoholis, todėl ligoniui skubiai duodama gerti 30 – 40% etilo alkoholio. Jei jis be sąmonės, etilo alkoholis su spec. tirpalu lašinamas į veną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Alkoholiniai gėrimai, gėrimai, kuriuose yra etilo alkoholio ( etanolio ). Pagal jo kiekį alkoholiniai gėrimai būna silpnieji ( 0,8 – 6% tūrio alkoholio; pvz. : duonos  gira,  alus ), vid. stiprumo ( 8 – 20%; vynas ), stiprieji ( 20 – 50 %; degtinė, likeris, konjakas ). Alkoholiniai gėrimai gaminami iš įv. žaliavos: alus daugiausia iš miežių, vynas– iš uogų ( daugiausiai iš vynuogių) ir vaisių, konjakas – iš vynuogių, likeris, degtinė – iš etilo alkoholio.       <br />Pagrindinė alkoholinių gėrimų veiklioji medžiaga yra etilo alkoholis, kuris didesniais kiekiais kenkia organizmui ir sukelia patologinę girtumo būseną. Ilgesnį laiką sistemingai geriant alkoholinius gėrimus, galima susirgti alkoholizmu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-13 18:51:50',62,'','2010-04-13 18:56:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 18:51:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,64,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(192,'Metalai (špera)','metalai-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">GELEŽIS. RADIMAS : rūdose ( magnet, hemat, sider, limon). SAVYBĖS : neatsparus aplinkos poveikiui (rūdija), įsimagnetina, grynas minkštas, blizgantis, elek. ir šilumai laidus. LYDINIAI : aukštakrosnėse gaunamas ketus ( &gt;2% anglies, kietesnis, trapesnis). Plienas ( &lt;2% anglies, tvirtesnis), gaunamas iš ketaus. NAUDOJIMAS : staklių ir mašinų, papuošalų, įrankių ir virtuvės reikmenų, stat. konstrukc. gamyba. ŠIAIP : kraujyje, hemoglobine yra Fe. Dėl jo trūkumo - mažakraujystė. Pradėta naudoti meteor.Fe 4 tūks. pradž. Iš rūdos 2 t. Liet. 5-6 a.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ALIUMINIS. RADIMAS : rūdose (boksitas, kaolinitas, korundas). SAVYBĖS : lengvas, tvirtas, atsparus karozijai, geras el. ir šilum. laid., nenuodingi junginiai, jungiasi su oru ir susidaro plėvelė. LYDINIAI : duraliumin, siluminis. NAUDOJIMAS : Transporto priemonės, tiltai, indai, el. laidai, iš korundo  šlif., galandimo įrankiai. ŠIAIP: korundo atmainos - rubinas ir safyras - brangakmeniai. VARIS. RADIMAS : rūdose (sulfiduose). SAVYBĖS : geras el. ir šil. laid., chem. nelabai aktyvus, reaguoja su<br />drėgnu oru, apsitraukia apnašomis. LYDINIAI : Žalvaris (cinko 40%), alavinė bronza (alavo &lt;12%). NAUDOJIMAS : 50% elektrotechnik., statybos, papuošalai, mašinų ir prietaisų detalės. ŠIAIP : Vario druskos nuodingos (antikenkėjai), reikalingas žmon. SIDABRAS. RADIMAS : grynas ir junginuose. SAVYBĖS : baltas, blizga, kalus, minkštas, geriausias el. ir šil. laid., nelabai aktyvus, atspindi. LYDINIAI : su Cu ; Zn ; Au ; Ni. Skyla  AgBr ; AgI ; AgCl. NAUDOJIMAS : papuošalai, pinigai, stalo reikmenys, veidrodžiai, elektr., foto-kino, medicina . ŠIAIP: Ag jonai naikina mikrobus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-13 18:57:13',62,'','2010-04-18 18:40:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 18:57:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,63,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(193,'Vandenilis','vandenilis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vandenilis kaip Litis, Natris, Kalis, Rubidis, Cezis ir Francis yra 1A grupės elementas. Visi 1A grupės elementai yra metalai išskyrus vandenilį. Vandenilis yra nemetalas. Geriausiai žinomas ir labiausiai paplitęs junginys yra vanduo H O. Vandenilis - pačios lengviausios, bet gana sunkiai suskystinamos dujos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">VANDENILIO GAVIMAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gryno vandenilio gamtoje yra nedaug. Jį galima gauti vandens elektrolizės, anglies monoksido konversijos, metano konversijos būdu ir išskirti iš koksavimo dujų. Parenkant metodą, pirmiausia žiūrima proceso ekonomiškumo, nes azoto ir vandenilio mišinio paruošimas - pati brangiausia amoniako gamybos stadija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">VANDENS ELEKTROLIZĖ. Leidžiant nuolatinę elektros srovę panardintais į vandenį elektrodais, vanduo skyla į vandenilį ir deguonį: vandenilis skiriasi ant katodo <br />( neigiamo elektrodo ), Šiuo būdu gaunami labai gryni produktai, bet sunaudojama daug elektros energijos. Taip vandenilisgaunamas ten, kur pigi elektros energija. Vandenilis amoniako sintezei šiuo būdu retai kada gaunamas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Grynas vandenilis neturi nei spalvos, nei skonio, nei kvapo ir nenuodingas. Sprogstamomis dujomis galima kvėpuoti kaip oru. Kol plaučiai būna prisipyldę sprogstamų dujų, keičiasi tik balso tembras, nes garsas vandenilyje sklinda daug greičiau negu ore. Tačiau iš rūgščių gautame vandenilyje visuomet yra šiek tiek nepaprastai nuodingų vandenilinių nemetalų juginių. Nuo jų ir atsiranda nemalonus vandenilio, gauto iš negrynų rūgščių ir negrinųjų metalų, kvapas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vandenilis, kaip mažiausios molekulinės masės dujos, užima “rekordinę” vietą tarp visų dujų ne tik tankiu, bet ir pagal kitas savybes. Vandenilio šiluminis laidumas septynis kartus didesnis už oro šiluminį laidumą.  Mūsų supergalingiems nuolatinėssrovės generatoriams šaldyti naudojamas vandenilis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">VANDENILIO CHEMINĖS SAVYBĖS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kol vandenilio atomai sudaro molekulę, vandenilis - beveik tokios pat cheminės inertiškos dujos, kaip azoto. Šaltyje ir tamsoje vandenilis jungiasi tik su labiausiai elektroneigiamu elementu - fluoru. Bet kaitinamas vandenilis jungiasi tiek su daugeliu nemetalų, tiek ir su labiau elektroteigiamais metalais. Vandenilio atomas gali pakisti dvejopai: arba jis, prisijungęs vieną elektroną, virsta vieno neigiamo krūvio jonu H-, arba, netekęs elektrono,- protonu H+.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žemės sąlygomis vandenilis, kaip elektronų akceptorius, gali pasireikšti, tik reguodamas su labiausiai elektroteigiamais metalais. Kaitinant litį vandenilio srovėje, susidaro silpnai sprogdamos miltelių pavidalo junginys, kurio sudėtis LiH.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-13 19:10:25',62,'','2010-04-13 19:15:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 19:10:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,62,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(194,'24 virusai','24-virusai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Virusai būna trijų formų, kurios labai skiriasi viena nuo kitos:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1. Už ląstelės ribų virusas būna virionas. Virionas yra dalelė, sudaryta  iš nukleorūgšties molekulės ir ją supančio baltyminio apvalkalo;<br /> 2.  Užkrėtę ląsteles aktyviai parazituojantys virusai būna aktyviai  perrašomos ir skaitomos DNR atkarpos pavidalo;<br /> 3. Užkrėtęs ląstelę  pasyvus virusas būna DNR atkarpa ląstelės chromosomoje, kurią labai  sunku aptikti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Esminė laisvo viruso dalis - nukleorūgšties šerdis su genetine informacija. Šerdį supa baltyminis apvalkalas, vadinamas kapside. Kai kurių virusų ( pvz., gripo ar herpeso ) kapsidę dengia papildoma membrana, sudaryta iš šeimininko ląstelės plazminės membranos su virusiniais membraniniais baltymais. Visiškai susiformavusi virusinė dalelė, turinti šerdį ir apvalkalą vadinama virionu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kapsidės paviršiuje esančiomis molekulėmis virusas prisitvirtina prie ląstelės. Pvz., į gyvūninę ląstelę prasiskverbiantis virusas pirmiau prisitvirtina prie ląstelės paviršiuje esančios receptorinės molekulės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kapsidę sudaro daug visiškai vienodų baltymų molekulių kapsomerų. Kapsomerai tinkamose sąlygose patys savaime jungiasi vienas su kitu ir sudaro labai taisyklingos sandaros tuščiavidurį apvalkalą kapsidę. Kai tame pačiame tirpale yra ir viruso nukleorūgšties molekulių, jos įsimontuoja kapsidės viduryje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai kurių virusų baltymai su nukleorūgštimi sudaro vientisą darinį, vadinamą nukleokapside. Tai būdinga tabako mozaikos virusui. Kiaulytės ir gripo virusų nukleokapsidė dar apgaubta membrana.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Galima paimti daug virionų ir suardyti juos į atskiras kapsidės baltymų ir nukleorūgščių molekules. Virionai paverčiami baltymų ir nukleorūgščių tirpalu. Šį tirpalą palikus stovėti tinkamose sąlygose, virionus sudariusios molekulės pačios savaime vėl susimontuoja į naujus virionus. Toksai virusų susidarymas primena kristalų susidarymą. Kapsidės sandara dėl labai taisyklingo vienodų baltymų išsidėstymo iš esmės yra kristalinė. Virusų sandara ir buvo ištirta naudojant kristalografijos metodus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Virusai nėra vieninteliai biologiniai dariniai, gebantys savaime susimontuoti. Pvz., savaime susimontuoja eukariotiniai žiuželiai, jei turi pamatėlį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kapsidžių sandara labai taisyklinga - pvz., dodekaedro, ikosaedro formos. Labiausiai paplitę ikosaedriniai virionai. Kai kurie virionai yra cilindrų formos.  Kai kurie bakteriofagų virionai turi ikosaedrinę galvutę ir cilindrinę uodegėlę. Yra virionų, kurių sandara dar sudėtingesnė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pavyzdžiui, adenoviruso kapsidė yra ikosaedrinė, turi 20 vienodų sienelių. Kapsidę sudaro dviejų rūšių baltymai, viso 252 molekulės.  Taip pat ikosaedriniai peršalimų poliomielito, paukščių raupų, pelių vėžio ir daugelis kitų virusų. Lazdelinė spiralinė sandara būdinga augaliniams virusams.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-13 19:12:44',62,'','2010-04-13 19:22:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 19:12:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,51,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(195,'Sidabras','sidabras','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sidabras – grynuolių klasės mineralas. Būna aukso, stibio, gyvsidabrio, bismuto, vario priemaišų. Kristalai ( taisiklingi pasitaiko retai ) kubinės singonijos, kubo, oktaedro, dodekaedro formos. Dažniau randamas išlenktų, susuktų kristalų, netaisiklingos formos grudelių, plokštelių, dendritų ir kitos formos agregatų pavidalo. Plokštės pavidalo sidabro grynuolis, rastas Š. Čilėje, svėrė 1420 kg. Ag kaupiasi vid. t-ros hidroterminiuose telkiniuose, kvarco gyslose, sulfidinių švino ir cinko telkinių oksidacijos zonose, rečiau sąnašinuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">\r\n','\r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sidabras yra baltas, metalo blizgesio, kalus, minkštas. sulfidų veikiamas pajuoduoja. Ag geriausiai iš metalų praleidžia elektros srovę. Chemiškai nelabai aktyvus. Veikiamas halogėnų ir sieros, apsitraukia sunkiai tirpstančiu halogenidu (pvz.,sidabro chlorido, sidabro bromido) ir sulfido plėvele. Ore nesioksiduoja (sidabriniai daiktai juoduoja, susidarant juodam sidabro sulfidui Ag  S ).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Metalinis sidabras dažniausiai vartojamas lydinių pavidalo – iš jo kalamos monėtos, daromi juvelyriniai dirbiniai, laboratoriniai indai, stalo reikmenys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sidabras anksti, pirmiausia sen. Rytų šalyse, sen. Graikijoje, Romoje, pradėta vartoti kaip pinigus.Lietuvoje savi sidabriniai pinigai pasirodė antrojo t-mečio pradžioje. Jie dažniausiai buvo lazdelės, spiralės formų. Apytiksliai svėrė 100-200 g. Juos vadino ilgaisiais.Pirmosios lietuviškos sidabrinės monėtos nukaltos  14-15 a. ir vadinosi pinigėliai. Lietuvos buržuazinėje valstybėje 1925 ir 1936-39 m. buvo kalamos 1,2,5 ir 10 litų vertės monėtos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sidabras žmogui labai reikalingas, kad jis galėtu juo pasipuošti. Netik žmonės juo puošiasi, bet ir valgo iš sidabrinių indų. Sidabro jonai valo žmogaus organizmą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-13 19:16:36',62,'','0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 19:16:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',1,0,61,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(196,'Chemijos pramonės įtaka gamtai','chemijos-pramons-taka-gamtai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bendrieji gamtosaugos aspektai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ilgą laiką buvo įtikinėjama, kad žmogus yra žemės šeimininkas, kad jam turi paklusti visa gamta. Kad mes negalime laukti malonių iš gamtos, o turime jas pasiimti patys. Ir buvo imama be atodairos ir nesusimąstant, kad mažai kas kompensuojama. Padaryta daug klaidų, kurių nemaža dalis jau nepataisomos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pesticido DDT sukūrimas buvo prilygintas stebuklui. Jo autoriui buvo įteikta Nobelio premija. Preparatą barstė ant kopūstų ir svogūnų, į dirvą ir vandenį, pagaliau… į lovas nereikalingiems vabalėliams naikinti. Per 30 metų pasaulyje jo pagaminta ir išbarstyta 1,5 milijono tonų. Po to daugumoje šalių jis uždraustas vartoti, nes nustatyta, kad DDT suyra tik per 70 metų, o visą tą laiką kaupiasi ir veikia panašiai kaip radioaktyvioji medžiaga. Dvi trečiosios pagaminto pesticido kiekio dar veikia gyvąjį pasaulį, nors pas mus jis uždraustas jau prieš du dešimtmečius. Per atmosferą ir sausumos vandenis pasaulio vandenyne jo susikaupė apie 40 procentų pagaminto kiekio - beveik 600 tūkstančių tonų. Pakankamai daug jo aptikta Grenlandijos ir Antarktidos leduose, pingvinų ir šiaurės elnių mėsoje. Vien Antarktidoje DDT susikaupė apie 2,5 tūkstančių tonų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Oras</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ozonas (gr. ózō - kvepiantis) - O3, yra itin svarbus klimatą formuojantis atmosferos elementas, nors sudaro tik milijoninę jos dalį. Jo daugiausia susidaro per elektros iškrovas (žaibo metu) arba fotochemines reakcijas, veikiant Saulės ultravioletiniams spinduliams 20-30 kilometrų aukštyje, kai susidaro sąlygos atominiam deguoniui jungtis su molekuliniu deguonimi. Ozono apvalkalas aplink žemę primena pailgą kreivą pripūstą balioną: ties pusiauju jo bene mažiausia ir aukščiau kaip 15 kilometrų beveik nerandama, o poliarinėse srityse jo viršutinė riba pakyla į 60 kilometrų aukštį. Dėl intensyvaus Saulės spinduliavimo dar aukščiau ozonas yra, ir aukščiau kaip 80 kilometrų jo praktiškai nėra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuo sugeriančio Saulės ultrvioletinius spindulius ozono sluoksnio priklauso Žemės paviršiaus optimalus apšvietimas ir terminis težimas, tinkamas gyviems organizmams gyventi. Šios dujos kaip filtras sulaiko didelę dalį trumpabangių Saulės spindulių, pasiekiančių mūsų planetą. Trečioji šių svarbių dujų savybė - sulaiko apie 20% Žemės spinduliuojamų infraraudonųjų spindulių ir kartu mūsų planetos šilumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atmosferos pažemio sluoksnyje ozono koncentracija nedidelė. Dideliuose miestuose, kur automobiliai išmeta daug dujų, dėl fotocheminių reakcijų ozono padaugėja. Žmogaus organizmą ozonas veikia neigiamai, nes, intensyviai oksiduodamasis, kraujyje ardo hemoglobiną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-13 19:22:06',62,'','2010-04-13 19:26:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 19:22:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,60,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(197,'Kaučiukas','kauiukas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaučiukas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaučiuko (kuris yra pagrindinė gumos sudedamoji dalis) reikšmė liaudies ūkyje labai didelė. Labai didelių ir vis didėjančiu kaučiuko kiekių reikia automobilių, aviacinei ir traktorių pramonei. Didelis jo kiekis sunaudojamas pavariniams diržams ir transporterių juostoms, guminėms žarnoms, elektroizoliaciniams dirbiniams, gumuotiems audiniams, plataus vartojimo reikmenims (avalynė, sporto prekės, žaislai), sanitarijos bei higienos ir daugeliui kitu dirbinių gaminti. Guminių techninių dirbinių asortimentas turi daugiau kaip 40 tūkst. pavadinimų. Pakanka pateikti duomenis apie kasmetinę pasaulinę natūralaus ir sintetinio kaučiuko gamybą - daugiau kaip 3 mln. t, norint suprasti kaučiuko reikšmę žmogaus gyvenime. Apie kaučiuką sužinota Europoje dar XV amž. pabaigoje; jis buvo gaunamas iš tropinio augalo-brazilinio kaučiukmedžio-sulčių, panašių į pieną. Pramoninis kaučiuko pritaikymas prasidėjo tik XIX amž., kai vulkanizacijos (kaučiuko kaitinimas su siera) pagalba buvo išmokta gaminti gumą. Gumos pramonė pradėjo sparčiai vystytis, ryšium su intensyviu automobilių pramonės augimu. Daugeliui šalių pasidarė problema žaliava (gamtinis kaučiukas), kurios jos neturėjo ir kurios dėl vienų ar kitų priežasčių nebuvo galima nusipirkti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tarybų Sąjungoje gumos pramonė po Didžiosios Spalio socialistinės revoliucijos pergalės negalėjo vystytis, nes nebuvo žaliavos. Kapitalistinės šalys suorganizavo blokada ir neleido parduoti kaučiuko jaunai Tarybų respublikai. Aprūpinti šalį savu kaučiuku buvo gyvybiškai svarbu. Buvo atrasti ir kultivuojami kaučiukiniai augalai-koksagyzas ir tausagyzas, bet iš jų gautasis kaučiukas buvo labai brangus. Tada tarybiniams mokslininkams buvo duotas uždavinys-surasti sintetinio kaučiuko gavimo pramoninį būda. Šį uždavinį išsprendė tarybinių mokslininkų grupė, vadovaujama S. Lebedevo. Ir jau 1932 m., 5-6 metais anksčiau negu kapitalistinėse šalyse, Tarybų Sąjungoje buvo paleisti pajėgūs fabrikai, gaminantys sintetinį kaučiuką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaučiukas naudojamas gumai gaminti. Tam sudaromas vadinamasis gumos mišinys, į kurį, be kaučiuko, įeina ir daugiau ingredientų, kurių kiekvienas turi tam tikra paskirtį. Pirmasis jų yra vulkanizuojantis agentas (dažniausiai siera). Dėl vulkanizacijos kaučiukas tampa tvirta, elastinga, tampria mase-guma.<br /> Vulkanizacijos metu sieros atomai prisijungia prie linijinių kaučiuko molekulių, ,,susiūdami\" jas į trimačius tinklelius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-13 19:26:39',62,'','2010-04-18 12:59:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 19:26:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,59,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(198,'Kaulinis ir kremzlinis audiniai','kaulinis-ir-kremzlinis-audiniai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip ir visi  jungiamieji audiniai, kaulinis audinys sudarytas iš ląstelių ir tarpląstinės medžiagos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinės druskos – kalcio fosfatas bei kalcio karbonatas. Šios ir kitos druskos sudaro hidroksiapatito kristalėlius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ištirpinus mineralines druskas  kaulas pasidaro lankstus ( ilguosius kaulus net galima užrišti mazgu ). Sudeginus kaulo organines medžiagas kaulas išlaiko savo formą ir kietumą,  tačiau nuo nestipraus smūgio subyra į trupinius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizmui trūkstant kalcio ar fosfato jonų, reikiamas jų kiekis paimamas iš kaulų patirpinamų kristalėlių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Senstant kauluose mineralinių druskų dalis didėja, o baltyminių skaidulų – mažėja. Todėl kuo senesnis žmogus, tuo trapesni ir mažiau lankstūs jo kaulai ( ir todėl dažniau lūžta ).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaulinio audinio yra keletas formų. Žmogaus organizmui būdingiausi yra tankusis ir akytasis kauliniai audiniai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tankusis kaulinis audinys. Labai kietas, sunkus, sudaro ištisinius kaulinius sluoksnius. Tankusis kaulinis audinys. A. Padidintas išilginis tankiojo kaulinio audinio pjūvis, kuriame matyti vidinės kraujagyslės, kanalai ir kiti vidiniai dariniai. B. Padidintas osteonas su lakūnomis ir kanalėliais. C. Padidintas octeocitas ( kaulaląstė ) lakūnoje. D. Osteono elektronmikroskopinė nuotrauka ( padidinta 1000 kartų ).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sudarytas iš sukalkėjusių cilindrų, vadinamų osteonais. Osteonas - tai tankiojo kaulinio audinio sandaros vienetas. Jį sudaro koncentriniai mineralizuotos tarpląstelinės medžiagos sluoksniai, primenantys vienas į kitą sukištus ir tvirtai suklijuotus skirtingų platumų vamzdelius. Osteono išilginę ašį sudaro centrinis kanalas, kuriame eina kraujagyslės, nervai, limfagyslės. Centriniai kanalai statmenais kanalais sujungti su antkauliu kaulo išorėje ir vidiniu skaiduliniu sluoksniu ( vidiniu antkauliu ), išklojančiu kaulo tuštumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sluoksniuose yra mažos ertmės, kuriose gyvena kaulaląstės ( osteocitai ). Jų ilgos plonos ataugėlės slypi plonučiuose kanalėliuose, atsišakojančiuose nuo kaulaląstės ertmės.  Kaulaląstės maistmedžiages gauna iš centrinių kanalų kraujagyslių. Gretimos kaulaląstės jas gauna tiesiai, o tolimosios - per arčiau esančias kaulaląstes ( jos sujungtos plyšinėmis jungtimis ). Apykaitos atliekas šalina panašiai, tik priešinga kryptimi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Osteonai suteikia atsparumą gniuždymui.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-13 19:24:41',62,'','2010-04-13 19:36:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 19:24:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,50,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(199,'Arbatos','arbatos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apie arbatos atsiradimą mums pasakoja trys seniausios ir gražiausios legendos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viena kiniečių legenda pasakoja apie imperatorių Shen Nungą. Jis gyveno apie 2750 metus prieš Kristų. Vieną saulėtą dieną, kai Shen Nungas virė sau vandenį, jam tiesiai į puodą įkrito keli lapeliai nuo krūmo, augusio šalia. Netrukus pasklido nuostabus aromatas, o vanduo įgavo labai subtilią spalvą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Maloniai nustebintas imperatorius tuoj pat įsipylė šio kvapnaus gėrimo į puodelį ir pradėjo juo mėgautis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Indai sako, kad arbatą jiems atnešė Budhidharma, budistų vienuolis, gyvenęs Pietryčių Azijoje. Budhidharma septynerius metus meditavo ir nė vienos nakties nebuvo užmigęs. Kai šeštais meditavimo metais vienuolį suėmė miegas, jis nusiskynė keletą lapelių nuo šalia augusio medelio. Juos pakramtęs vėl pasijuto žvalus. Vienuolis, nekamuojamas nei nuovargio, nei minčių apie miegą, galėjo toliau tęsti savo meditaciją. Žinoma, tai buvo arbatos krūmo lapeliai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Japonų legenda pasakoja, kad Budhidharma po septynerių meditavimo metų kartą užsnūdo. Nubudęs jis jautė tokią didžiulę gėdą, kad nusipjovė savo akių vokus ir numetė juos tolyn. Netrukus toje vietoje, kur nukrito jo akių vokai, išaugo du krūmeliai. Ant krūmų augę lapeliai buvo labai dailūs, savo forma panašūs į akių vokus. Manoma, kad šitie krūmeliai yra dabartinio arbatos krūmo protėviai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-13 19:39:32',62,'','2010-04-13 19:45:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 19:39:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,49,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(200,'Plastidės ir fotosintezė','plastids-ir-fotosintez','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Augalinės ląstelės turi tik joms būdingų dvimembranių organoidų - plastides. Plastidės  kaip ir branduoliai bei mitochondrijos turi dvigubą membraną, DNR ir ribosomų. Plastidžių DNR žiedinė, ribosomos tokios pat, kaip prokariotinių ląstelių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Plastidės skirstomos į kelias grupes:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px; text-align: justify;\">1.  Proplastidės. Tai smulkios bespalvės plastidės. Jos dauginasi dalindamosios. Iš proplastidžių susidaro leukoplastai, chromoplastai ir chloroplastai.<br />2.  Chromoplastai . Jie užpildyti geltonų ar oranžinių pigmentų ( karotinoidų ) sankaupa. Chromoplastai nudažo kai kuriuos vaisius.<br />3.  Leukoplastai . Jie yra atsarginių maistmedžiagių saugyklos ląstelėje. Krakmolu užpildyti leukoplastai vadinami amiloplastais. Leukoplastai, kurių didžiąją dalį užima aliejaus lašeliai, vadinami oleoplastais. Šviesoje leukoplastai gali virsti chloroplastais.<br />4.  Chloroplastai . Šie nuo chlorofilo žali organoidai ląstelėse atlieka fotosintezę. Chloroplastai dauginasi dalindamiesi pusiau. Kai kurių skyrių dumblių fotosintetinančios plastidės gali turėti kitų pigmentų .</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Smulkios bespalvės ar blyškiai žalios proplastidės būdingos šaknų ir ūglių augimo kūgelių ląstelėms. Proplastidės yra nespecializuotos chloroplastų, leukoplastų, chromoplastų pirmtakės. Augimo kūgelio ląstelei augant ir diferencijuojantis, proplastidės didėja, jų vidinė membrana sudaro gilius įlinkimus, kurie atsiskiria ir sudaro vidinę membraninių pūslelių ( tilakoidų ) sistemą. Tilakoidų membranose kaupiasi chlorofilas, ir plastidė pažaliuoja. Taip iš proplastidės susidaro chloroplastas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Chloroplastai turi labai sudėtingą tilakoidų sistemą, turinčią daug chlorofilo. Chloroplastai paprastai būna disko formos. Lapo minkštimo ląstelė turi 40 - 50 chloroplastų. Viename kvadratiniame lapo milimetre būna apie 500 000 chloroplastų. Ląstelėje chloroplastai paprastai išsidėsto palei sienelę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Chloroplastą užpildo drebutinė masė, vadinama stroma . Stromoje išsidėstę plokšti uždari maišeliai, vadinami tilakoidais. Tilakoidai yra dviejų rūšių - vieni primena plokščius apvalius maišelius, kurie sudaro tilakoidų stulpelius ( primenančius monetų stulpelius) . Tokie stulpeliai vadinami granomis .  Granas tarpusavyje jungia dideli plokšti tilakoidai. Kukurūzo lapo chloroplastas.  Tilakoidų membranose išsidėstę fotosintezės pigmentai - chlorofilai ir karotinoidai. Tilakoidų vidinė ertmė vadinama tilakoidų ertme. Chloroplastų sandara.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Stromoje neretai būna smulkių krakmolo grūdelių bei smulkių aliejaus lašelių. Tai laikinos chloroplastuose sintetinamų atsarginių maistmedžiagių saugyklos. Augalui parą pabuvus tamsoje, chloroplastų krakmolo grūdeliai išnyksta. Pabuvus šviesoje 3-4 valandas, grūdeliai vėl atsiranda.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-13 19:46:50',62,'','2010-04-13 19:58:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 19:46:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,48,'','',0,45,'robots=\nauthor='),(201,'Augmenijos evoliucija','augmenijos-evoliucija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Augalų evoliucija prasideda jūros dumbliais. Seniausios žinomos Žemės iškastinės liekanos ( jų amžius apie 3 mlrd. metų ) priklauso primityviausiems augalams - melsvadumbliams. Beveik 2 mlrd. metų tokie augalai gyveno jūroje drauge su kitais vienaląsčiais organizmais. Tačiau Australijoje aptiktos iškasenos rodo, kad prieš milijardą metų egzistavo ir žaliadumbliai. Vadinasi, to laiko augalams būdingos dvi svarbios savybės, kurių neturėjo jų protėviai, - sudėtingesnė sandara ir dauginimasis lytiškai. Kadangi kiekvienas organizmas - palikuonis - atsirasdavo jau ne iš vieno, o iš dviejų tėvų, tai jis turėdavo naują genetinės medžiagos kombinaciją; dėl to evoliucija labai suefektyvėjo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sudetingesnė, nors ir nelabai tobulesnė sandara taip pat buvo svarbi ateičiai. Įgijusių antrą, po to daugiau ląstelių pirminių vienaląsčių organizmų forma pakito nuo beveik rutuliškos iki tiesinės ar netasyklingos. Tai galima paaiškinti tuo, kad kiekvienas nesferiškos formos yra didesnis ploto ir tūrio santykis negu rutulio. Tokios formos augalų lietimosi su jūros vandeniu paviršius buvo didesnis, todėl jie galėjo daugiau sugerti reikalingo anglies dioksido ir Saulės spindulių. Iš išsikišusių kūno dalių galėjo vystytis įvairių funkcijų organai. Ir tai turėjo atsitikti anksčiau, negu dumbliai įsitvirtino sasumoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iki šiol išlikę tik du labai senų sausumos augalų iškastiniai radiniai. Centrinės Europos viršutiniojo silūro sluoksniuose buvo rastos 10 cm ilgio belapio augalo liekanos; tai seniausias iš aptiktų sausumos augalų. Antrasis radinys yra iš Australijos, apatiniojo devono sluoksnių. Tai suakmenėję ( iki 25 cm ilgio ) augalo stiebai; augalas labai panašus į dabartinius pataisus Lycopodium , kurių stiebas šliaužia žeme ir išauga vertikalūs ūgliai. Lycopodium - tai ne tik sausumos augalai, bet ir induočiai. Tokio tipo iškastiniai augalai rodo ne tik evoliucjos progresą, bet ir didelį geografinį poslinkį - augalijos išėjimą iš jūros į sausumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visiškai tikra, kad viršutiniojo silūro laikotarpiu augalai jau paplito sausumoje. Tačiau kiek laiko truko šis procesas? Nuo seniausių rastų jūros žaliadumblių atsiradimo ( maždaug prieš 1 mlrd. metų ) iki seniausių sausumos augalų, aptiktų Europos viršutiniame silūre ( maždaug prieš 430 mln. metų ), praėjo apie 570 mln. metų. Tai ilga laikio atkarpa, beveik lygi visam fanerozojaus periodui. Mes pripažįstame, kad minkštų jūros dumblių paplitimas sausumoje ir jų indų sistemos išsivystymas buvo svarbi išlikimo galimybė, vis dėlto neturime pamiršti, kad šie augalai turėjo pakankamai laiko milijonus kartų “ bandyti ir klysti ”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kelias iš jūros į sausumą. Bandydami minėtą spragą užpildyti loginiais samprotavimais, galime įsivaizduoti augalų išėjimą iš jūros į sausumą. Jūroje gyvenantys dumbliai išskirdavo į atmosferą laisvą deguonį, dėl to jos sudėtis panašėjo į dabartinę. Iš deguonies susidarė ekranas, apsaugantis organizmus nuo mirtino Saulės spinduliavimo, ir dėl to jie galėjo iš jūros ( vandens ) persikelti į sausumą be pavojaus netrukus žūti. Tokie augalai, matyt, buvo dumbliai. Išskirdami per daugelį metų, vykstant fotosiezei, nemažai laisvo deguonies ir pavertę Žemės atmosferą apsauginiu ekranu, jie patys paruošė tam tikslui reikalingas sąlygas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-13 19:59:11',62,'','2010-04-13 20:07:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 19:59:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,47,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(202,'A. Vezalijus','a-vezalijus','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-13 20:09:19',62,'','2010-04-13 20:14:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 20:09:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,46,'','',0,66,'robots=\nauthor='),(203,'P. Avižonis','p-avionis','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-13 20:23:38',62,'','2010-04-13 20:26:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-13 20:23:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,45,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(204,'Chemijos klausimai ir uzdaviniai','chemijos-klausimai-ir-uzdaviniai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. 1  m<sup>3</sup> anglies oksidų mišinio, kurio santykinis tankis pagal vandenilį 16, praleista pro 56 kg 1% kalio šarmo tirpalą. Kokia druska ir koks jos kiekis susidarė?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. 6 l  azoto ir vandenilio mišinio, kuriame vandenilio du kart mažiau negu azoto, praleista pro katalizatorių, kurio temperatūra 450 °C. Slėgis reaktoriuje 30 390 Pa. Gautas amoniakas buvo neutralizuojamas sieros rūgštimi. Sunaudota 400 ml 3 mol/l koncentracijos sieros rūgšties tirpalo. Apskaičiuokite praktinę reakcijos išeigą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. Nustatykite karnalito formulę x×KCl×yMgCl<sub>2</sub>×zH<sub>2</sub>O, žinant, jog kaitinant 5,55 g karnalito, jo masė sumažėjo 0,36 g.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\"><strong>4.</strong><strong> </strong>Kietą medžiagą <strong>A</strong> veikiant druskos rūgštimi, susidaro specifinio kvapo dujos <strong>B</strong>. Ore dujos <strong>B</strong> sudega, sudarydamos bespalves, turinčias charakteringą kvapą dujas <strong>C</strong>. Pro dujų tirpalą praleidus dujas <strong>B</strong>, iškrinta vieninės medžiagos <strong>D</strong> geltonos nuosėdos. Kaitinant medžiagą <strong>D</strong> su metalo milteliais, susidaro pradinė medžiaga <strong>A</strong>. Kokia medžiaga <strong>A</strong>? Kokios medžiagos <strong>B</strong>, <strong>C</strong>, <strong>D</strong>? Parašykite atitinkamų reakcijų lygtis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\"><strong>5</strong><strong>.</strong> 10 ml dujų (n.s.) mišinio, sudaryto iš metano anglies (II) oksido ir azoto, sumaišyta su deguonies pertekliumi ir patalpinta į kalorimetrą. Mišinys padegtas. Reakcijos metu išsiskyrė 96,90 J šilumos. Reakcijos produktus praleidus pro kalkinį vandenį, susidarė 0,01786 g nuosėdų. Nustatykite šio mišinio sudėtį (tūrio dalimis), jei žinoma, kad degant 1 mol metano išsiskiria 802,2 kJ, o 1 mol anglies (II) oksido– 283,0 kJ šilumos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\"><strong>6</strong><strong>. </strong>Kaitinant nežinomą druską aukštesnėje negu 100 °C temperatūroje įvyko jos terminė disociacija. Iš 1 mol druskos susidarė 3 mol dujinių produktų. Gautų dujų santykinių molekulinių masių suma lygi 79. Kokia tai druska? Parašykite lygtis reakcijų: a) šiai druskai gauti; b) terminės disociacijos; c) elektrolitinės disociacijos; d) druskos sąveikos su druskos bei sieros rūgštimi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\"><strong>7</strong><strong>.</strong> Kaitinant 2,35 g baltos kristalinės medžiagos <strong>X</strong>, ji suskilo, nepalikdama liekanos. Gautos troškios dujos <strong>A</strong> praleistos pro 40 g 5% natrio šarmo tirpalą. Dalis <strong>A </strong>dujų absorbuota. Susidaręs tirpalas nutitruotas 28,46 ml 5% sieros rūgštimi (r=1,033 g/cm<sup>3</sup>). Neabsorbuotoji <strong>B</strong> dujų dalis išdžiovinta, praleista pro vamzdelį su įkaitinta geležimi. Jos masė padidėjo 0,64 g. Išėjusios iš vamzdelio dujos <strong>C</strong> nepalaikė degimo, jø neabsorbavo rūgštys, o jų tūris – 224 ml. (n.s.). Tirpalą iš tokio pat kiekio <strong>X</strong> medžiagos šildant su natrio šarmo tirpalu, išsiskyrė <strong>D</strong> dujos, kurios visiškai absorbavo 14,3 ml druskos rūgšties tirpalą (r=1,021 g/cm<sup>3</sup>). Kokia <strong>X</strong> medžiagos formulė, jei junginyje yra 54,47% deguonies? Kokios dujos <strong>A</strong>, <strong>B</strong>, <strong>C</strong>, <strong>D</strong>?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 15:46:07',62,'','2010-04-14 16:02:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 15:46:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,58,'','',0,39,'robots=\nauthor='),(205,'Rūgščių lentelė','rgi-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 16:04:01',62,'','2010-04-14 16:06:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 16:04:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,57,'','',0,59,'robots=\nauthor='),(206,'Masių ir tirpumo lentelė','masi-ir-tirpumo-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 16:06:32',62,'','2010-04-14 16:07:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 16:06:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,56,'','',0,55,'robots=\nauthor='),(207,'Deguonies pogrupis (lentelė)','deguonies-pogrupis-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 16:10:57',62,'','2010-04-14 16:38:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 16:10:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,55,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(208,'Normalios struktūros alkanų išskyrimas iš naftos','normalios-struktros-alkan-iskyrimas-i-naftos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">NORMALIOS STRUKTŪROS ALKANŲ IŠSKYRIMAS IŠ NAFTOS FRAKCIJŲ EKSTRAKTYVINĖS KRISTALIZACIJOS SU KARBAMIDU METODU</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorija. Nustatyta, kad n-struktūros alkanai su karbamidu sudaro kristalinius prisijungimo produktus, kurie vadinami aduktais ar kompleksais. Izoalkanai, cikloalkanai, arenai tokių ryšių nesudaro.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Funkcinių grupių buvimas n-alkano grandinėje nekliudo komplekso susidarymui, todėl atitinkami karbamidiniai kompleksai gali būti su n-struktūros karboninėmis rūgštimis, esteriais, halogenidais, ketonais, alkoholiais, ir kt. n-alkanų dariniais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dėl vandenilinio ryšio tarp vienos karbamido molekulės deguonies atomo ir kitos molekulės amino grupės, karbamido molekulės išsidėsto kompleksuose spirale. Kompleksus su karbamidu sudaro tik tokios molekulės, kurių skersmuo mažesnis už karbamidinės spiralės vidinį diametrą. Gryno karbamido kristalai - tetragonalinės prizmės. N-alkanų kompleksas su karbamidu kristalinasi heksagonalinėmis prizmėmis. N-alkanų skrsmuo 3,8 - 4 A, karbamidinės spiralės vidinis skersmuo - 4,9 A .</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvairių  n-alkanų ir jų darinių gebėjimas sudaryti su karbamidu kompleksus yra labai skirtingas. Todėl paėmus karbamido kiekį mažesnį nei reikia visiems kompleksus sudarantiems junginiams surišti, galima juos išskirstyti į frakcijas. Pridėjus į lygių svorinių dalių n-oktano ir n-heksano mišinį tik 10 karbamido kiekio, tai išsikristalinusiame bus 10 k. daugiau heksano nei oktano. Alkanų karbamidinių kompleksų patvarumas auga, didėjant jų molekulinei masei (grandinės ilgiui) ir karbamido koncentracijai tirpale.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jei alkanų mišinyje yra mažai junginių, gebančių sudaryti su karbamidu kompleksus, tai likusi anliavandenilių dalis gali būti kaip tirpiklis. Mišinyje nusistoja disocijacijos pusiausvyra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 16:38:18',62,'','2010-04-14 16:43:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 16:38:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,54,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(209,'Referatas vanduo','referatas-vanduo','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Giliai į atmintį man įstrigo 1997 m. knygoje “Ekologija tavo namuose” parašyti Alio Balbieriaus žodžiai: “Jaučiu ir suvokiu ją (gamtą) kaip viso, kas yra, substanciją, kaip visų jos dalių (atomų, žiedadulkių, planetų, galaktikų) pasikartojimą, ryšius, jungtis. Nes gamta visur- kiekvienoje kūno ląstelėje, žmogaus sukurtuose “antriniuose” daiktuose. O ypač ją jauti akis į akį susidūręs su jos pirmapradėmis apraiškomis, natūralios gamtos salelėmis, išsibarsčiusiomis civilizuotame pasaulyje. Tų salelių vis mažėja, nes mes, patys to nenorėdami, lyg ir “atsiskyrėme” nuo gamtos, užsidengėm miestais, technika, popierių šūsnimis, pasinėrėm į savo problemų sūkurį, kažko kažkur nepamatėme, atrodėme protingesni negu iš tiesų esame, kovojom su gamta, bandėm ją įveikti – tiek praktiškai, tiek “teoriškai”…O dabar bandome “prisivyti” gamtą, ją gelbėti, saugoti. Pradedame suvokti, kas mus ištiks, jeigu negrįžtamai pažeisime biosferos ekologinius ryšius, apie kuriuos žinome tiek nedaug. Kalbame, mąstome apie gamtos ir žmogaus harmoniją, o lekiame vis greitėjančiu civilizacijos ekspresu į priekį, į nežinią, pakeliui teršdami upes ir ežerus, miškus, orą, dirvožemį…”</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sena kaip pasaulis, bet tikra tiesa – be vandens mūsų planetoje nebūtų gyvybės. Be maisto žmogus gali išgyventi iki dviejų mėnesių, be vandens – vos kelias paras. Vanduo sudaro apie du trečdalius visų gyvosios gamtos organizmų, o žmogaus kūno masės - 70. Skirtingose žmogaus  kūno dalyse vandens kiekis nevienodas: širdyje ir smegenyse jo yra apie 80%, kraujuje – 79%, limfose – net 96%. Žmogus miršta netekęs 12 ir daugiau procentų vandens. Nuo vandens priklauso organizmo vystymasis, augimas, fiziologiniai procesai. Suaugusiam žmogui per parą reikia 35 – 45 g vandens skaičiuojant kiekvienam jo kūno masės kilogramui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Požeminis vanduo – vienintelis geriamojo vandens šaltinis Lietuvoje. Jo kokybę lemia daugybė gamtinių ir antropogeninių veiksnių. Jų poveikis labai skirtingas laike ir erdvėje - vieni veiksniai svarbesni sekliems gruntinio vandens horizontams, kiti – giliau slūgstantiems vandens baseinams, kurių vanduo dažniausiai ir naudojamas centralizuoto vandens tiekimo sistemose. Gruntinis vanduo Lietuvoje sutinkamas holoceno ir pleistoceno nuogulose. Priklausomai nuo to, kurie iš anksčiau minėtų faktorių vyravo formuojantis gruntinio vandens balansui, vandens kokybė minėtose nuogulose labai įvairi. Ji labai nepastovi ir dėl paties gruntinio vandens išteklių formavimosi mechanizmo ypatybių: greito drėgmės ir teršalų skverbimosi iš pavasarinių balų per aeracijos zoną be jokio išsivalymo ir lėtos neprisotintos filtracijos pro jos uolienas iki gruntinio vandens lygio, kurios metu infiltratas gerokai išsivalo nuo teršiančių medžiagų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 16:43:24',62,'','2010-04-14 16:48:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 16:43:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,53,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(210,'11 klasės chemijos kursas','11-klass-chemijos-kursas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ALKANAI</span></strong> - tai C ir H junginiai, turintys bendrą formulę C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2 , </sub>o tarp C ir H atomų yra viengubi sigma ryšiai. Alkanuose C atomai yra sužadintoje būsenoje. Vyksta sp<sup>3 </sup>hibridizacija. Hibridinės orbitalės išsidėsto į tetraedro viršūnes 109<sup>0</sup> kampais. Alkanai žymimi galūne \"-anas\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\"><em>Gavimas : </em>1.Veikiant kietą Na acetatą kietu Na šarmu; 2. Viurco sintezė.<em> Fizikinės savybės : </em>C<sub>5</sub>-C<sub>15 </sub> -  skysčiai, toliau visi angliav. -kietos medžiagos.<em> Cheminės savybės: </em>1. Pavadavimo r. su halogenais (gali vykti keliais etapais); 2. Visi alkanai dega; 3. Alkanai kaitinami skyla.<em> Naudojimas :</em> metanas naudojamas kaip kuras; C<sub>7</sub>-C<sub>17</sub> kaip tirpikliai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ALKENAI</span></strong> - tai C ir H junginiai, turintys bendrą formuę C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n </sub>ir vieną dvigubą ryšį tarp C anglies. Alkenuose, kaip ir alkanuose, visi C atomai yra sužadintoje būsenoje. Alkenuose vyksta sp<sup>2</sup> hibridizacija. Hibridinės orbitalės išsidėsto 120<sup>0</sup> kampais viena kitos atžvilgiu vienoje plokštumoje. Alkenai žymimi galūne \"-enas\".</p>\r\n<p><em>Gavimas :</em> 1. Dehidratuojant alkoholį (atimant vandenį); 2. Dehidrinant alkanus (atimant vandenilį); 3. Iš angliavandenili dihalogenintų darinių, veikiant juos Zn; 4. Iš angliav. monohalogenintų darinių, veikiant juos KOH tirpalu.<em> Fizikinės savybės : </em>C<sub>5</sub>-C<sub>18</sub> - skysčiai, o toliau kietos medžiagos.<em> Cheminės savybės :</em> 1. Prisijungimo r. su holog.(Br<sub>2 (a.r.) </sub>), H<sub>2</sub> , H<sub>2</sub>O, HCl (HBr); 2. Oksidacijos r. : a) dega; b) oksiduojasi veikiami KMnO<sub>4</sub> 3. Polimerizacijos r. ( susidaro polietilenas ).<em> Naudojimas :</em> C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> pagreitina vaisių ir daržovių nokimą, žaliava kurui.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 16:49:03',62,'','2010-04-14 17:01:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 16:49:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,52,'','',0,91,'robots=\nauthor='),(211,'Organinė chemija grafiškai','organin-chemija-grafikai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 17:01:56',62,'','2010-04-14 17:02:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 17:01:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,51,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(212,'Chemijos špera 2','chemijos-pera-2','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 17:04:11',62,'','2010-04-14 17:05:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 17:04:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,50,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(213,'Referatas geležis','referatas-geleis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">IŠ GELEŽIES ISTORIJOS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Daugelyje senųjų kalbų žodis “geležis” reiškia ,,metalas iš dangaus”. Matyt, todėl, kad pirmoji geležis darbo įrankiams ir ginklams gaminti buvo meteoritinė – iš meteorų, nukritusių ant žemės. Geležies amžius, žmonijos istorijos laikotarpis, prasidėjęs II tūkst. pr.m.e. pabaigoje, atradus geležį ir ėmus iš jos gaminti darbo įrankius ir ginklus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Anksčiausiai žmonės pradėjo vartoti meteoritinę geležį. Iš jos gamintų papuošalų aptikta IV tūkst. pr. m. e. pradžios egiptiečių kapuose. XVIII –XIX a. geležinių daiktų turėjo babiloniečiai. Ilgą laiką geležis buvo retas ir brangus metalas; iš jos buvo gaminami prabangos daiktai. XII – IX a. M. Azijoje, Egipte, Indijoje ir kitur padėta gaminti geležinius darbo įrankius ir ginklus. Šis laikotarpis ir laikomas geležies amžiaus pradžia. Į Europą geležies dirbiniai pateko iš M. Azijos ir Egipto. Pirmieji europiečiai, išmokę iš rūdos pasigaminti geležį, buvo graikai ir kiti Egėjo pakrančių ir salų gyventojai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvoje geležies amžius skirstomas į 4 laikotarpius: ankstyvąjį, senąjį, vidurinįjį, vėlyvąjį. Manoma, kad Lietuvoje geležies dirbiniai buvo vartojami nuo VI – V a. pr. m. e., tačiau iki mūsų eros pr. jų turėta nedaug. Geležiniai  buvo peiliai, pjautuvėliai, kai kurie ginklai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">GELEŽIES ATOMINĖ SANDARA</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Geležies branduolio krūvis 26<sup>+</sup>. Elektronų išsidėstymas sluoksniuose: 2, 8, 14, 2. Atominė masė 56 (suapvalinta). Periodinėje sistemoje geležis yra ketvirtajame periode, aštuntoje grupėje.Geležies atomai išoriniame sluoksnyje turi du elektronus; likusieji geležies valentiniai elektronai yra priešpaskutiniame sluoksnyje. Geležies valentingumas cheminiuose junginiuose tik teigiamas, lygus 2, 3, didžiausias 6.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">GELEŽIES RŪDA</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Geležies rūda – gamtinė mineralų sankaupa, kurioje yra 16 – 70% geležies. Svarbiausieji rūdiniai (mineralai) yra <strong>magnetitas </strong>Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4, </sub><strong>hematitas </strong>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub>, <strong>limonitas </strong>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub>* nH<sub>2</sub>O. Geležis gaunama metalurginiu būdu, redukuojant jos oksidus anglimi aukštakrosnėse. Iš geležies rūdos lydomas ketus, plienas, ferolydiniai, gaminami dažai, jos dedamos į gręžinių tirpalus.Rūdų lydymosi temperatūrai sumažinti dedama fliusų (CaCO<sub>3</sub> arba SiO<sub>2</sub>). Iš apačios į aukštakrosnę pučiamas karštas oras arba deguonis (700 – 1000 <sup>0</sup>C). aukštakrosnėse gaunama geležis vadinama <strong>ketumi.</strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ketus susideda iš 92 – 95 % Fe, 2 – 6 % anglies, 0.5 – 2%  silicio, kartais iki 2 % fosforo ir kitų priemaišų. Ketus yra kietas, bet trapus. Iš jo gaminami stovai ir kiti liejiniai. Lietuvoje rasta limonito (balų rūdos), siderito, hematito, magnetito. Limonito yra pelkėse ir upių, tekančių pelkėtomis vietomis, šlaituose. Iš limonito senovėje buvo lydoma geležis. Iš jos buvo kalami žemės ūkio padargai, ginklai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 17:06:17',62,'','2010-04-14 17:13:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 17:06:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,49,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(214,'Referatas natris','referatas-natris','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ISTORIJA</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagal paplitimą mūsų planetoje natris užima šeštąją vietą tarp visų elementų. Todėl nė kiek nenuostabu, kad su natrio junginiais mūsų protėviai susipažino labai seniai. Pitekantropui natrio chloridas buvo būtinas lygiai tiek pat, kaip ir šiuolaikiniam žmogui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naujajame Testamente minima medžiaga neter, kuri buvo naudojama skalbimui. Ta pati medžiaga, kuri buvo žinoma dar senajame Egipte, minima graikų (Aristotelis, Dioskoridas) nitron pavadinimu, o senovės romėnų (Plinijus) buvo vadinama nitrum . Visais šiais atvejais, matyt, kalbama apie sodą, t.y. natrio karbonatą ir, iš dalies, apie potašą, kurio tuo metu nesugebėta atskirti nuo sodos. Arabų alchemikai vietoje termino nitrum vartojo natron . Alchemiko Geberio (14-15 a.) rankraščiuose greta pirmą kartą pavartoto termino soda sutinkamas pavadinimas alkali. Alchemikams priimtiniausi buvo pavadinimai, atspindintys atitinkamų medžiagų kilmę. Pvz., potašas gautas iš vyno akmens, buvo vadinamas sal tartari, o gautas iš augalų pelenų – sal vegetable. Nuo 1600 m. šarminių metalų druskos vadinamos sal lixiviosium, iš kurio kilo vokiškas žodis “Laugensalz”. Skirtumus tarp natrio (valgomosios druskos) ir kalio, kuris tuo metu karbonatų pavidalu buvo gaunamas iš augalų pelenų, pirmasis pažymėjo Štalis (Stahl, 1660-1734 m.) 1702 metais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dviejų elementų egzistavimą eksperimentiškai pirmasis įrodė Diumelis de Monso (Duhamel de Monceau, 1700-1781 m.) . Markgrafas 1758 m. nustatė, kad šie elementai skirtinga spalva nudažo liepsną. Klaprotas (Klaproth, 1797 m.) pirmą kartą įrodė, kad kalis, nepaisant tuo metu paplitusio pavadinimo alkali vegitable , sutinkamas ir mineraluose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">18 amžiuje chemikai žinojo jau daug įvairių natrio druskų. Natrio druskos plačiai buvo naudojamos medicinoje, apdorojant odas, audinių dažymui. Tačiau iki 19 a. elementas vis dar nebuvo atrastas. Šis metalas buvo per daug aktyvus, todėl tradiciniais cheminiais metodais jo išskirti nepavykdavo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1807 m. lapkričio 19 d. Karališkosios draugijos posėdžio metu seras H. Devis (Davy) Paskelbė atradęs du naujus elementus – natrį ir kalį. Tai padaryti jam pavyko elektros srovės pagalba, panaudojant vienintelį tuo metu pastovios srovės šaltinį – Voltos stulpą. D. Mendelejevas apie šį atradimą rašė: “Sujungdamas su teigiamu (vario ar anglies) poliumi gabalą drėgno (siekiant padidinti laidumą) natrio šarmo ir išskaptavęs jame įdubimus, pripildytus jame gyvsidabrio, sujungto su stipraus Voltos stulpo neigiamu poliumi, Devis pastebėjo, kad tekant srovei, gyvsidabryje tirpsta įpatingas metalas, mažiau lakus už gyvsidabrį ir sugebantis skaldyti vandenį, vėl sudarydamas natrio šarmą”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Devis pirmasis ištyrė natrio ir kalio savybes, pažymėdamas jų sugebėjimą lengvai oksiduotis, ir nurodė, kad natrio garai užsidega ore. <br /> Nepaisant to, kad H. Devio atradimas buvo didžiulis atardimas chemijoje, to meto technikai jis nedavė apčiuopiamos naudos. Juolab, kad niekas ir nežinojo, kokią naudą aplamai gali duoti minkšti ir labai aktyvūs bei užsidegantys ore, veikiant vandeniui, metalai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 17:13:58',62,'','2010-04-14 17:24:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 17:13:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,48,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(215,'Silicis ir jo junginiai','silicis-ir-jo-junginiai','','<p align=\"center\"><strong> </strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Silicis gamtoje</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"> </span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Silicis yra vienas iš labiausiai paplitusių elementų žemės plutoje (po deguonies) ir sudaro apie 28 % jos masės. Jis taip pat įeina į visų kosminių kūnų sudėtį, randamas ir tarpžvaigždinėje erdvėje. Gamtoje silicis laisvoje formoje nerandamas. Saulės sistemoje pagal paplitimą silicis yra 7-tas elementas.Yra žinoma daugiau kaip 800 silicį turinčių gamtinių mineralų. Iš jų labiausiai paplitę - junginiai su deguonimi ir silikatai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Svarbiausioje litosferos dalyje – žemės plutoje silicio mineralų yra 85…87 %. Hidrosferoje silicis yra ištirpusios silicio rūgšties pavidale. Žemės vandenyse SiO<sub>2</sub> koncentracija - apie 5<strong><sup>.</sup></strong>10<sup>-3</sup> kg/m<sup>3</sup>. Atmosferoje yra nedidelis kiekis silicio dulkių, sudarytų iš kalnų uolienų. Silicis randamas praktiškai visuose gyvūnų audiniuose bei organuose ir dalyvauja visuose gyvybę palaikančiuose procesuose. Įvairių elementų, tame tarpe ir silicio, susidarymo Visatoje šaltinis yra branduolinės reakcijos, vykstančios žvaigždžių viduje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p><strong> </strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Silicio atomo sandara.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Periodinėje elementų sistemoje silicis yra IV grupėje betarpiškai po anglies, todėl daugeliu atvejų jis yra anglies analogas. Panašiai kaip anglis, silicis gali tiek atiduoti, tiek prijungti elektronus. Gebėjimas prijungti elektronus, taigi metaloidinės savybės jame pasireiškia kiek silpniau, negu anglyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Yra žinomi trys stabilius silicio izotopai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">- branduolį sudaro 14 protonų ir 14 neutronų;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">- branduolį sudaro 14 protonų ir 15 neutronų;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">- branduolį sudaro 14 protonų ir 16 neutronų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Izotopai skiriasi tik neutronų skaičiumi branduolyje. Protonų skaičius duoto elemento atomo branduolyje yra visuomet pastovus ir tik jam būdingas. Šių silicio izotopų santykinis pasiskirstymas Žemėje atitinkamai yra 92,18; 4,71; 3,12 %. Taip pat egzistuoja ir 5 radioaktyvūs izotopai Si<sub>25</sub>, Si<sub>26</sub>, Si<sub>27</sub>, Si<sub>31</sub>, Si<sub>32</sub>. Izotopas Si<sub>32</sub> gali būti panaudotas kaip žymėtas atomas tiriant reakcijas tarp silikatų. Literatūroje randama duomenų, kad yra dar 4 trumpalaikiai silicio izotopai Si<sub>33</sub>, Si<sub>34</sub>, Si<sub>35</sub>, Si<sub>36</sub>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagal padėtį periodinėje sistemoje gali atrodyti, kad didelį skaičių silicio junginių lemia tie patys dėsningumai kaip ir anglies atveju. Tačiau yra ne taip. Jungties Si – O energija žymiai viršija  Si – H energiją ir daugiau kaip du kartus Si – Si energiją. Silicio atomai yra linkę jungtis į grandines ar žiedus per tarpinius deguonies jonus, susidarant taip vadinamam siloksaniniam ryšiui  – Si – O – Si –, o ne  – Si – Si – .</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 17:44:43',62,'','2010-04-14 17:56:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 17:44:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,47,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(216,'Plastmasės (lentelė)','plastmass-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 17:56:40',62,'','2010-04-14 17:57:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 17:56:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,46,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(217,'Referatas pesticidai','referatas-pesticidai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visiškai suprantamos buvo žmogaus pastangos cheminėmis medžiagomis naikinti piktžoles, kenkėjus, ligas sukeliančius grybelius, bet ši lazda turi du galus. Pernelyg susižavėję šiomis priemonėmis, žmonės pakenkė ir sau, užteršė aplinką, maistą. Prisiminkime DDT naudojimą. Jis išgelbėjo vos ne trečdalį žmonijos nuo maliarijos ir šimtams milijonų žmonių davė duonos. Kol neišryškėjo liūdnos pasekmės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Daugelis pesticidų yra greitai yrantys, bet jų suskilusios medžiagos bei priemaišos nuodingos. Veikdamos naikinimo objektą, tos medžiagos būna pakankamai kenksmingos ir aplinkai, ir žmogui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvoje herbicidai pradėti naudoti 1957 metais kaip pagalbinė priemonė. Pamažu ji virto pagrindine, ištaisanti visas žemės dirbimo klaidas. Purškimas herbicidais ėmė keisti ražienų skutimą, akėjimą, tarpueilių purenimą. Sunaikinus herbicidais piktžoles, grūdinių kultūrų derlius padidėja vos 2-3 centneriais iš hektaro, o nuo pesticidų žūva 20-70 procentų naudingų vabzdžių, nes kenkėjai yra atsparesni cheminėms medžiagoms.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Medikai nuolat primena, jog net trąšos redukuojasi ir sudaro vėžį sukeliančius junginius. Pavyzdžiui, nuo 200-300 miligramų nitritų dozės galima sunkiai apsinuodyti, o 300-2500 miligramų dozė gali būti mirtina žmogui. Dėl didelio nitratų kiekio organizme sutrinka endokrininių ir kraujodaros organų, galvos smegenų veikla.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Švedijos muziejuose yra XIX a. iškastus nepaprastai gražius žalvarinius kalavijus. Tačiau šiais laikais švedų archeologai tokių radinių neaptinka. Jų nebėra. Randamos tik aptrupėjusių, rūdžių išėstų kalavijų ir kitų geležies dirbinių liekanos. Ir tenai dirbinius suardo pesticidai, herbicidai ir kitos cheminės medžiagos</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Herbicidai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Simtriazininių herbicidų likučiai 1994 m. tirtuose ūkiuose buvo nustatyti 353 pavyzdžiuose. Viršijantys sanitarinę-higieninę DLK (0,2 mg/kg) simazino likučiai buvo aptikti 2,1 % visų analizuotų pavyzdžių, o viršijantys fitotoksinę DLK (0,01 mg/kg) - 7,8 % visų analizuotų pavyzdžių. Pavasarį maksimali simazino koncentracija viršijo viename iš pavyzdžių fitotoksinę DLK 127 kartus, o rudenį - 80 kartų. Didžiausios simazino likučių koncentracijos 1994 m., kaip ir 1991-1993 m., buvo rastos ten, kur tik simazinas buvo sistemingai naudotas dideliais kiekiais, t.y. soduose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 17:58:37',62,'','2010-04-14 18:02:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 17:58:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,45,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(218,'Dujos taip pat gali tirpti','dujos-taip-pat-gali-tirpti','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">,,Chemija - tai menas, kuris moko, kaip tirpdyti gamtinius kūnus”. Toks apibrėžimas mums atskleidžia praeitų šimtmečių chemijos ypatybes. Iš šio apibrėžimo matyti, kiek daug svarbos cheminių procesų kitimuose buvo teikiama tirpimui ir koks didelis vaidmuo ilgaamžėje cheminės gamybos istorijoje teko tirpalams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Viljamas Henris (1775 -1836) - anglų chemikas. Tyrinėjo dujų tirpumą vandenyje, esant įvairioms temperatūroms ir skirtingam slėgiui. Jis nustatė dujų tirpumo dėsnį, vadinamą Henrio dėsniu. Daugelį savo darbų V.Henris paskyrė kasyklų ir šviečiamųjų dujų - chloro vandenilio, amoniako ir kitų -  analizei.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ypač jį domino anglies kasyklose susidarančios dujos. Kartais kasyklose dujų susikaupdavo tiek daug, kad jų koncentracija pasidarydavo kritinė, ir šis mišinys galėjo sprogti. Tada pakakdavo mažiausios kibirkštėlės, kad jos užsiliepsnotų. Baisūs sprogimai sugriaudavo požemines galerijas. Kiek aukų, kiek sunkių kančių sukeldavo šios pavojingos kasyklų dujos. V.Henris nusprendė jas detaliai ištirti. Pirmiausia jis detaliai ištyrė kasyklų dujas. Paskui V.Henris ištyrė ir šių dujų degimo produktus. Bandymais buvo nustatyta, kasyklų dujas sudaro vandenilis ir anglis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tuo pačiu metu V.Henris tyrinėjo ir kitas dujas: šviečiamąsias, amoniaką, chloro vandenilį. Norėdamas gauti reikalingas dujas grynas, jis leisdavo jas per įvairius skysčius, supiltus į plovimo buteliukus, ir surinkdavoį cilindrus. Kartais Viljamas nespėdavo išeikvoti visų dujų iš cilindrų ir jas palikdavo kitai dienai. Kad dujos neišgaruotų pro dangtelių plyšius, jis apversdavo cilindrus anga žemyn ir įleisdavo juos į vandenens pripiltą vonelę. Tada vanduo tvirtai ,,užkimšdavo” cilindrus, ir dujos negalėdavo išgaruoti. Buvo manoma, kad deguonis, vandenilis, kasyklų dujos netirpsta vandenyje ir taip jas galima išsaugoti. Tačiau V.Henris pastebėjo, kad po kelių dienų vandenyje esančiuose cilindruose dujų sumažėdavo - juose pakildavo vanduo, kuris ir užimdavo dujų vietą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 18:03:10',62,'','2010-04-14 18:05:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 18:03:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,44,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(219,'Druskos rūgšties savybių tyrimas (špera)','druskos-rgties-savybi-tyrimas-pera','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 18:06:45',62,'','2010-04-14 18:09:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 18:06:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,43,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(220,'Rūgščių cheminės formulės (lentelė)','rgi-chemins-formuls-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 18:10:07',62,'','2010-04-14 18:11:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 18:10:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,42,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(221,'Referatas aliuminis','referatas-aliuminis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ALIUMINIS – vienas iš labiausia paplitusių žemės plutos elementų: trečias po deguonies ir silicio ir pirmas iš metalų. Jis yra vienas iš gausiausių žemės plutos elementų ir sudaro 7,9% jos masės. Aliuminis gaunamas iš aliuminio rūdų: boksito, kaolinito, korundo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gamtoje aliuminis randamas tik junginiuose. Svarbiausia mineralų grupė - putnagai. Tai vieni iš aliumosilikatų, kurie sudaro apie 50% Žemės plutos masės.<br />Aliuminis – vienas iš lengviausių metalų, jo lydiniai labai tvirti, nors grynas aliuminis yra gan trapus. Aliuminis atsparus korozijai, nes ore oksiduojasi ir pasidengia atsparia Al2O3  plėvele. Jis geras elektros ir šilumos laidininkas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aliuminio panaudojimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aliuminis naudojamas aviacijoje, mechanikoje, elektrotechnikoje, virtuvės rakandams. Platų aliuminio panaudojimą lemia jo tvirtumas ir lengvumas. Prieš elektrolizės atradimą aliuminis buvo naudojamas tik dekoratyvinėms detalėms: dažniausia papuošalam. Aliuminio panaudojimas maisto gamyboje nėra labai saugus. Mes galime saugiai naudoti aliumininius puodus ir įrankius su rūgščiu maistu, pavyzdžiui pomidorais, rabarbarais, vaisiais. Bet reikia vengti aliuminio kontaktų su šarminiais produktais, nes aliuminis su jais gali sureaguoti. Aliuminis naudojamas mažiems konteineriams gaminti. Jis gali būti naudojamas gaiviųjų gėrimų skardinėms. Jas ne tik lengva naudota, bet jos lengvai perdirbamos ir neteršia aplinkos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aliuminis naudojamas ir kaip elektros laidininkas. Ypač daug jo naudojama aukštos įtampos trasose, kur aliuminio lengvumas yra labai vertinamas. Aliuminio folija pakeitė alavinę foliją, kuri buvo naudojama maisto produktams pakuoti ir virtuvės reikmėms. Aliuminio folija daug pigesnė, bet jos cheminės savybės labai geros. Grynas aliuminis gali būti iškočiotas iki 0,00127mm storio. Aluminio pjuvenos gali būti naudojamis dažams, kaip pigmentas. Šie dažai yra puiki antikorozinė medžiaga geležiai ir kitiems metalams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 18:12:05',62,'','2010-04-14 18:16:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 18:12:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,41,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(222,'Cinkas','cinkas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Cinkas yra žinomas nuo seno. Manoma, kad anksčiau jis buvo gautas Rytų šalyse. Europoje cinką iš rūdų gauti išmokta žymiai vėliau. Cinkas gamtoje randamas mineralais. Svarbiausi iš jų - sfaleritas, ZnS, ir galmėjus, ZnCO3. Dažniausiai jis rūdose randamas su kitais mineralais: variu, švinu, manganu, kadmiu. Nedaug cinko junginių aptinkama augaluose bei gyvuliuose. 1746 metais vokiečių mokslininkas A.Margrafas sukūrė cinko gavimo technologiją. Iki tol cinko išgauti nesisekė todėl, kad nebuvo numatyta, kokiomis sąlygomis tyri vykti cinko redukcijos iš jo oksido reakcija, panaudojant anglį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Cinko oksidas naudojamas kaip balti dažai (cinko baltasis), be to, pudrai, plasteriams (Zn muilui), antiseptiniams tepalams gaminti. Daugiausia ZnO kaip užpildomosios medžiagos suvartojama gumos pramonėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Cinkas yra būtinas žmogui ir augalijai. Jis reguliuoja daugelį organizmuose vykstančių reakcijų. Jei trūksta cinko, žmogui sutrinka skonio ir kvapo pojūčiai. Cinkas kaupiasi dantyse, kepenyse, kraujyje, centrinėje nervų sistemoje. Nemaža cinko turi kai kurie grybai (voveraitės, kazlėkai). Kai dirvoje trūksta cinko, augalai skursta: menkai šakojasi, susmulkėja lapai, sulėtėja augimas. Ypač jautrūs cinko trūkumui vaismedžiai, daržovės, ankštiniai augalai, todėl juos būtina tręšti mikroelementų trąšomis, kuriose yra cinko.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 18:17:12',62,'','2010-04-14 18:22:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 18:17:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,40,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(223,'Vamzdinio korpusinio šilumokaičio projektavimas','vamzdinio-korpusinio-ilumokaiio-projektavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ĮVADAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Cheminėje technologijoje apdorojamas medžiagas dažnai reikia šildyti. Šios medžiagos gali būti įvairios agregatinės būsenos (kietos, skystos, dujinės). Šildoma specialiuose prietaisuose, vadinamuose šilumokaičiais. Šilumokaičiai - tai tokie aparatai, kuriuose šiluma iš vienos medžiagos perduodama kitai. Ta medžiaga, kuri atiduoda šilumą, vadinama šildančiuoju agentu, o ta, kuri perima šilumą, - šildomuoju agentu. Jeigu šilumokaičio paskirtis šildyti medžiagą, tai jis vadinamas šildytuvu, jeigu  išgarinti, - garintuvu, jeigu kondensuoti, - kondensatoriumi ir t.t. Tokį šilumokaitį, kuriame agentai vienas kitą liečia, priimta vadinti maišymosi šilumokaičiu. Jeigu agentai atskirti sienele, toks šilumokaitis vadinamas paviršiniu. Tas paviršius, pro kurį iš šildančiojo agento perduodama šiluma šildomajam, vadinamas aparato šildomuoju paviršiumi. Jeigu šilumokaita tarp agentų ir sienelės vyksta per savus atskirus paviršius, tai toks šilumokaitis vadinamas rekuperaciniu. Tuo atveju, kai tą patį paviršių pakaitomis apiplauna tai šildantysis, tai šildomasis agentas, turėsime regeneracinį šilumokaitį. Agentas gali būti šildomas garais, aukštos temperatūros skysčiais, karštomis dujomis, elektros srove.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Korpusiniai šildytuvai yra plačiausiai naudojami. Tai vamzdžių pluoštas suvirintame iš geležies lakštų cilindriniame korpuse. Tai vamzdžių galai įtvirtinti į rėtines plokštes. Jeigu didesnis temperatūrų skirtumas ir ilgesni šildytuvai, reikia arba korpuse įrengti kompensatorių, arba pastoviai įtvirtinti tik vieną rėtinę plokštę, arba panaudoti lenktus vamzdžius. Šio tipo šildytuvai gali būti statomi vertikaliai, arba horizontaliai. Kad greičiau tekėtų agentai, ertmėje tarp vamzdžių daromos pertvaros. Korpusiniuose šildytuvuose naudojami įvairūs agentai ir įvarūs slėgiai. Korpusiniai šildytuvai yra kompaktiški, jiems reikia mažo metalo, patogu išvalyti vamzdžius iš vidaus, dėl to jie plačiai naudojami cheminėje technologijoje. Trūkumai tokie, sunku išvystyti didelius agentų tekėjimo greičius, nepatogu vamzdžius valyti iš išorės, sunku gamint juos iš tų metalų, kurie sunkiai valcuojami arba suvirinami.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 18:23:50',62,'','2010-04-14 18:27:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 18:23:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,39,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(224,'Geležis','geleis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Geležis yra ketvirtasis pagal paplitimą Žemės plutos elementas – Žemės plutoje jos yra 4,7% masės. Gryna geležis sutinkama labai retai. Kai kurie meteoritai sudaryti iš geležies. Grynos geležies aptikta Mėnulio grunte. Manoma, kad daugiausiai geležies (kartu su nikeliu) yra Žemės branduolyje. Svarbiausios geležies rūdos – magnetitas Fe3O4, hematitas – Fe2O3, sideritas – FeCO3, limonitas – HFeO2 • nH2O, getitas – FeOOH. Rūda, turinti daugiau kaip 50% geležies, vadinama sodria, 50-25% - vidutine, mažiau kaip 25% - skurdžia rūda. Vidutinė ir skurdi rūda sodrinama prieš dedant ją į aukštakrosnę ketui gauti. Didžiausi geležies rūdų telkiniai yra Australijoje, Brazilijoje, JAV, Indijoje, Kanadoje, Rusijoje. Lietuvoje rasta magnetito intarpų netoli Marcinkonių. Pelkėse ir upių, tekančių pelkėtomis vietomis, šlaituose rasta limonito. Nedideliais kiekiais randama ir kitų geležies rūdų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">GELEŽIES GAVIMAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmiausia žmogus savo reikmėms panaudojo meteoritinę geležį. Tik II tūkstantmetyje pr.Kr. jis išmoko geležį gauti iš rūdų. Senovėje geležis buvo lydoma iš limonito. Geležis ir jos dirbiniai įvairiose pasaulio šalyse pradėti naudoti ir gaminti įvairiu laiku: Mažojoje Azijoje, Egipte, Mesopotamijoje, Užkaukazėje, Indijoje – XII – IX a.pr.Kr., Viduržemio jūros pakrantėse – XII – X a.pr.Kr., Europoje – VIII – II a.pr.Kr.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvoje geležies amžiaus pradžia laikomas V a.pr.Kr. Vietinė geležis pradėta gaminti maždaug I a., o iki to laiko geležinių dirbinių turėta nedaug. Kaip ir anksčiau, įrankiai buvo daromi iš akmens, žalvario, medžio, kaulo, rago. Tuo laikotarpiu jau atsirado piliakalnių. Juose rasta židinių, krosnelių metalams lydyti, gynybinių įrengimų.<br /> Iki XIV a. geležis iš rūdos buvo redukuojama medžio anglimi žaizdre, į kurį buvo pučiamas oras dumplėmis, kai kur naudojo medinius stūmoklinius siurblius. Vėliau atsirado šachtinės krosnys, o nuo XVI a. – aukštakrosnės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvoje geležis buvo lydoma iki XIX a. Liejyklos XV a. veikė Rūdininkų girioje, vėliau – Kražiuose, Linkmenų, Raseinių, Ukmergės apylinkėse. Ilgainiui darbo įrankių reikėjo vis daugiau, todėl teko tobulinti ir plėsti geležies gamybą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš geležies rūdų pirmiausia gaminamas ketus, o iš jo lydomas plienas.Ketus gaunamas aukštakrosnėse. Jos būna įvairių dydžių. Aukštakrosnėse iš vidaus išklota kaitrai atspari medžiaga, iš viršaus apdengta plieniniais lakštais. Be pertraukos veikia apie 5-10 metų. Ji veikia priešpriešinės srovės principu. Kietos medžiagos – įkrova juda iš viršaus žemyn, o dujų – iš apačios į viršų. Degimui reikalingas pakaitintas iki 800-1200 oC oras teikiamas pūstuvais. Pastaruoju metu vartojamas deguonimi įsodrintas oras arba deguonis. Degant koksui susidaro CO2, kuris kildamas aukštyn reaguoja su įkaitinta anglimi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>\r\n<table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"left\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"></td>\r\n</tr>\r\n</tbody>\r\n</table>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 18:28:31',62,'','2010-04-14 18:33:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 18:28:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,38,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(225,'Elementai','elementai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš ko sudarytas pasaulis? Pirmieji mus pasiekę atsakymai dar prieš 25 amžius atsirado Senovės Graikijoje. Iš pirmo žvilgsnio atsakymai atrodo be galo keisti. Turėtume sunaudoti nemažai popieriaus, kad išsiaiškintume senovės išminčių samprotavimų logiką-pavyzdžiui, Talio tvirtinimą, jog viskas sudaryta iš vandens, Anaksimeno aiškinimą, kad pasaulio statybinė medžiaga yra oras, arba Heraklito teiginį, jog viskas sudaryta iš ugnies.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Panašių aiškinimų absurdiškumas vertė vėlesniuosius graikų “išminties mylėtojus”(tokia žodžio “filosofas” reikšmė) padidinti pradų, arba, kaip buvo vadinama senovės pasaulyje, elementų skaičių. Empedoklis teigė, kad yra keturi elementai:žemė, vanduo, oras ir ugnis. Galutinai (ilgam laikui)šį mokymą pataisė Aristotelis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Anot Aristotelio, visi kūnai sudaryti iš tos pačios medžiagos, tačiau ši gali įgyti įvairias kokybes. Tokių nemedžiaginių elementų-kokybių yra keturios: šaltis, šiluma, drėgnumas ir sausumas. Jungiantys savyje dvi kokybes ir medžiagą, Aristotelio elementai-kokybės atitinka Empedoklio nurodytus elementus. Pavyzdžiui, sausa ir šalta yra žemė, sausa ir karšta - ugnis, drėgnas ir šaltas - vanduo, pagaliau drėgnas ir karštas - oras.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Beje, neįstengdami atsakyti į daugelį klausimų, senovės filosofai prie keturių elementų-kokybių pridėjo “dieviškąją kvintesensiją”. Tai kažkas panašaus į dievą virėją, kuris iš įvairių elementų-kokybių verda vientisą patiekalą. Pasitelkus dievą, nesunku, be abejo, paaiškinti bet kokį kebelį. Beje, labai ilgai- beveik iki XVIII a. - retas kuris išdryso stebėtis ir klausti. Arestotelio mokslą pripažino bažnyčia, abėjonės jo teisingumu buvo laikomos erezija. Ir vis tik abejonės kilo. Jas sukėlė alchemija. Tolimoje praeityje, kurios paslaptis atskleidžiame skaitydami senus rankrasčius, žmogus žinojo, jog vieni aplinkos kūnai gali virsti kitais. Degimas, metalų gavimas iš rūdų, metalų sulydymas- visi šie reiškiniai buvo gerai žinomi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-14 18:33:38',62,'','2010-04-14 18:58:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-14 18:33:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,37,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(226,'Inžinerinė grafika','ininerin-grafika','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Braižomoji geometrija užima tvirtą vietą disciplinų, sudarančių inžinerinio paruošimo pagrindą, tarpe. BG uždavinys yra rasti geometrijos dėsniais paremtus būdus figūroms ir kūnams atvaizduoti plokštumoje taip, kad iš brėžinio pilnai būtų galima įsivaizduoti šių figūrų bei kūnų padėtį  ir formą erdvėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kad brėžiniais buvo naudojamasi senaisiais laikais, įrodoma sudėtinga Babilono, Graikijos, Egipto, Azijos šventyklų, rūmų, tvirtovių architektūra. BG kaip mokslo idėjos egzistavo gilioje senovėje, tačiau nebuvo bendros teorijos bei aiškių jos pritaikymo metodų praktikoje. XVIIIa. pabaigoje prancūzų mokslininkas Kasparas Monžo apibendrino anksčiau sukauptą projektavimo patirtį ir sukūrė mokslinę discipliną apie stačiakampes projekcijas, t.y. dviejų vaizdų teoriją. Todėl jo vardas siejamas su BG, kaip matematikos mokslo atšakos sukūrimu. K.M. suformulavo 3 pagrindines BG užduotis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Centrinis projektavimas. Tai vienas iš bendriausių geometrinių figūrų  atvaizdų sudarymo atvejų. Pravedam iš projektavimo centro S per tašką A spindulį SA iki susikirtimo su plokštuma Q, gauname tašką A1. Analogiškai galime gauti ir taško B projekciją. Šios taško projekcijos vadinasi centrinėmis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lygiagretus projektavimas. Tai atskiras natrinio projektavimo atvejis, kai projektavimo centras be galo nutolęs. Tada visi projektavimo spinduliai lygiagretūs. Kad gauti taško projekciją per tašką vedam tiesę lygiagrečią projektavimo krypčiai iki susikirtimo su projekcine plokštuma Q. Abiem būdais gauta viena taško projekcija jo padėties erdvėje nenusako.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Stačiakampis ( ortogonalinis ) projektavimas. Tai pagrindinis BG metodas. Stač. Pr. Yra lygiagretaus projektavimo atvejis, kai projektavimo spindulių kryptis statmena projekcinei plokštumai. Šis metodas mažiausiai keičia figūrų matmenis ir formą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>\r\n<div id=\"_mcePaste\" style=\"position: absolute; left: -10000px; top: 0px; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden;\">Braižomoji geometrija užima tvirtą vietą disciplinų, sudarančių inžinerinio paruošimo pagrindą, tarpe. BG uždavinys yra rasti geometrijos dėsniais paremtus būdus figūroms ir kūnams atvaizduoti plokštumoje taip, kad iš brėžinio pilnai būtų galima įsivaizduoti šių figūrų bei kūnų padėtį  ir formą erdvėje. Kad brėžiniais buvo naudojamasi senaisiais laikais, įrodoma sudėtinga Babilono, Graikijos, Egipto, Azijos šventyklų, rūmų, tvirtovių architektūra. BG kaip mokslo idėjos egzistavo gilioje senovėje, tačiau nebuvo bendros teorijos bei aiškių jos pritaikymo metodų praktikoje. XVIIIa. pabaigoje prancūzų mokslininkas Kasparas Monžo apibendrino anksčiau sukauptą projektavimo patirtį ir sukūrė mokslinę discipliną apie stačiakampes projekcijas, t.y. dviejų vaizdų teoriją. Todėl jo vardas siejamas su BG, kaip matematikos mokslo atšakos sukūrimu. K.M. suformulavo 3 pagrindines BG užduotis:<br />1)Erdvinių trimačių figūrų grafinio vaizdavimo plokščiam brėžinyje įvaldymas t.y. išmokti sudaryti brėžinį.2)Erdvinių figūrų geometrinių ypatumų suvokimas iš jų brėžinių, t.y. išmokti skaityti brėžinį. 3)Praktinių uždavinių, nusakančių trimačių objektų elementų ryšį sprendimas                               dvimačiame plokščiame brėžinyje.<br />2.Projektavimo metodai. BG  tiria atvaizdų sudarymo projekcinius metodus. Sudarant brėžinį nustatomas tam tikras ryšys tarp objekto ir jo atvaizdo.<br />1)Centrinis projektavimas. Tai vienas iš bendriausių geometrinių figūrų  atvaizdų sudarymo atvejų. Pravedam iš projektavimo centro S per tašką A spindulį SA iki susikirtimo su plokštuma Q, gauname tašką A1. Analogiškai galime gauti ir taško B projekciją. Šios taško projekcijos vadinasi centrinėmis.<br />1)Lygiagretus projektavimas- tai atskiras natrinio projektavimo atvejis, kai projektavimo centras be galo nutolęs. Tada visi projektavimo spinduliai lygiagretūs. Kad gauti taško projekciją per tašką vedam tiesę lygiagrečią projektavimo krypčiai iki susikirtimo su projekcine plokštuma Q. Abiem būdais gauta viena taško projekcija jo padėties erdvėje nenusako.<br />2)Stačiakampis(ortogonalinis) projektavimas. Tai pagrindinis BG metodas. Stač. Pr. Yra lygiagretaus projektavimo atvejis, kai projektavimo spindulių kryptis statmena projekcinei plokštumai. Šis metodas mažiausiai keičia figūrų matmenis ir formą.</div>',1,5,0,40,'2010-04-15 19:27:45',62,'','2010-04-15 19:47:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-15 19:27:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,7,'','',0,62,'robots=\nauthor='),(227,'Olimpiadiniai uždaviniai','olimpiadiniai-udaviniai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.    Deginant tam tikrą pirito svėrinį, jo masė sumažėjo 20 %. Kokia susidariusio mišinio masės sudėtis % ? <br />(Ats.: 50 % FeS2 ; 50 % Fe2O3 )</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2.    Katininant ore cinko ir bevandenio cinko nitrato mišinį jo masė nepasikeit. Kokia mišinio procentinė sudėtis?<br />(Ats.: 29,6 % ir 70,4 % )</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3.    20 l talpos balionas pripildytas O2 dujų 20o C temp. ir 100 amt. Slėgyje. Koks tūris acetileno, išmatuoto n. s. gali sudegti su šiuo deguonies kiekiu?<br />(Ats.: 745 l)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">4.    Į KMnO4 tirpalą leidome dujas, kurios išsiskyrė veikiant sieros rūgštimi natrio hidrosulfitą. Gautas tirpalas paveiktas BaCl2 tirpalu. Iškrito 116,5 g nuosėdų. Kiek g NaHSO3 sunaudota?<br />(Ats.: 52g)</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">5.    3,2 g metalo oksido redukcijai sunaudota 1,344 l. H2. Tirpinant gautą  metalą druskos rūgštyje išsiskiria 0,986 l. H2. Nustatykite, koks tai metalas?<br />(Ats.: Fe)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">6.    Kaitinant 80 g trivalenčio elemento sulfato gaunamas jo oksidas kurio masė 24 g. mažesnė už molinę elemento masę. Nustatykite, koks tai elementas?<br />(Ats.: Fe)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">7.    Kalio nitrato 63 % tirpalo tankis 80o C temperatūroje yra 1,23 kg/l atšaldžius jį iki 25o C iš 1 litro tirpalo išsikristalina 600 g. druskos. Kiek druskos lieka tirpale 25o C?<br />(Ats.: 174,9 g)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">8.    Pradinis CO ir H2O garų koncentracijos lygis 0,08 mol/l. Paskaičiuokite pusiausvyrines CO, H2O ir H2 koncentracijas, pusiausvyros konstantą sistemoje.<br />CO+H2O  CO2+H2<br />jei pusiausvyrinė CO2 konc. tapo lygi 0,05 mol/l.<br />(Ats.: 0,03 mol/l; 0,03 mol/l; 0,05 mol/l; K=2,78)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">9.    Iškaitinus aliuminio ir geležies nuodegų mišinį be oro, liko medžiagų, kurias tirpinant šarme, išsiskyrė 6,72 l. dujų (n.s.). Tirpinant tiek pat šių medžiagų druskos rūgštyje, išsiskyrė 26,88 l dujų. Kokia pradinio mišinio sudėtis ir kiek g. aliuminio ir geležies nuodegų sureagavo?<br />(Ats.: 27 g; 69,6 g)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-16 10:10:42',62,'','2010-04-16 10:19:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-16 10:10:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,36,'','',0,70,'robots=\nauthor='),(228,'Dujų kokteilis','duj-kokteilis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atmosferos orą sudaro ivairių dujų mišinys, kuris storu sluoksniu gaubia Žemės rutulį. Madaug iki 120 km. auksčio, kur dar vyksta turbulentinis dujų maišymasis, atmosferos dujų sudėtis praktiškai nekinta. Iki šio aukščio, be priemaišų, orą sudaro 78.09% azoto, 20.95% deguonies, 0.93% argono, 0.3% anglies dioksido, labai maži kiekiai neono, helio, metano, kriptono, vandenilio. Šiandien oro cheminė sudėtis niekam nekelia nuostabos. Tačiau visai neseniai, prieš pora šimtmečių, oras daugeliui buvo nesuprantamos dujos, nebuvo žinoma ir jo sudėtis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Anglies dioksidas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Imperatorius K. Tiberijus ypač prasikaltusius vergus, nuteistus mirties bausme, įsakydavo juos įmesti į Vezuvijaus papėdėje esančią Šūnų olą. Po kelių valandų vergas mirdavo. Šiandien tokį pragaištingą olos poveikį paaiškinti paprasta. Viskuo kaltas anglies dioksidas (CO2), kuris yra 1,5 karto sukesnis už ora. Tai vulkaninės kilmės produktas, patenkantis į olą pro uolienų plyšius. Jis susirenka pažemėj, maždaug iki 70 cm. auksčio. Šių dujų dažnai susikaupia giliuose rūsiuose, šuliniuose, kasyklų šachtose. Maži anglies dioksido kiekiai nepavojingi, tačiau dideli - mirtini. Dar Plinijus Vyresnysis savo \"Gamtos istorijoje\" rašė, jog giliuose šuliniuose alūninės ir sieringos medžiagos numarina žemkasius. Todėl, norėdami įsitikinti, ar pavojinga ten dirbti, jie nuleidavo degančią žibalinę lempą, kuri nuo deguonies trūkumo ir CO2 pertekliaus tuoj pat užgesdavo.Vokiečių metalurgas ir minerologas G. Agrikola viena priežasčių, dėl kurios žmonės palieka nebaigtus kasti rūdynus, nurodė \"nuodus\", atsirandančius kai kuriose vietovėse. Nuo šių nuodų niekas negali išgelbėti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Anglies dioksidą atrado olandų gydytojas, gamtininkas Baptistas van Helmontas. Jis pirmasis atkreipė dėmesį į tai, jog užpilus ant kalkių rūgšties, išsiskiria kažkoks \"oras\". Panašus \"oras\" išsiskirdavo ir rūgstant alui, taip pat degant malkoms. Helmontas taip pat pastėbejo, kad paprastas oras \"isnyksta degant žvakei po gaubtu\". Sudegines 62 svarus (28.123 kg.) ąžuolinių anglių ir gavęs tik 1 svarą (453.6 g.) pelenų, van Helmontas rašė, kad \"61 svaras (27.67 kg.) anglių virto miško dvasia\". Tačiau jam niekaip nepavyko surinkti išsiskyrusių dujų. Jis guodėsi, kad atrastos medžiagos negalima islaikyti inde. Dar ilgokai be prietaisų nebuvo galima sugaudyti, islaikyti dujų ir istirti jų sudedamųjų dalių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-16 10:19:59',62,'','2010-04-16 10:22:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-16 10:19:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,35,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(229,'Silikatai','silikatai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Silikatai - (lot.silex – titnagas), cheminių elementų ir silicio dioksido [SiO<sub>2</sub>] junginiai, kuriuose silicis turi didžiausią oksidacijos laipsnį. Šarminių metalų silikatai lengvai lydosi, gerai tirpsta vandenyje,sudarydami silikatinius klijus; dvivalenčių ir trivalenčių metalų silikatai lydosi sunkiai (pvz.,kalcio silikato [Ca<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>] lydymosi temperatūra 2130<sup>°</sup>C, stroncio silikato [Sr<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>] 2325<sup>°</sup>C), atsparūs cheminiams reagentams. Tankis 2000-4000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. Silikatai gaunami, kepinant silicio oksido ir kitų metalų oksidų mišinį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\"><strong><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Gamtiniai silikatai</span></em></strong> – labiausiai gamtoje paplitusių mineralų klasė. Silikatams priklauso apie  visų mineralų, jie sudaro daugiau nei 75% žemės plutos masės. Šiuolaikinė silikatų klasifikacija remiasi deguonies ir silicio junginių sandara. Pagrindinis silikatų kristalinės gardelės elementas (radikalas) yra [SiO<sub>2</sub>]<sup>4-</sup> anijonas, kurio forma – tetraedras (jo briaunos ilgis apytiksliai lygus 0.27nm). Tetraedro centre yra silicio atomas, o viršūnėse – 4 deguonies atomai. [SiO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>4-</sup> anijono sandara panaši kaip sieros, fosforo ir kitų rūgščių anijonų; skiriasi tuo, kad jo deguonies atomas gali prisijungti 2 arba daugiau tetraedrų ir sudaryti sudėtingus junginius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Silikatų randama magninėse, metamorfinėse, metasomatinėse uolienose, pegmatiniuose, rečiau hidroterminėse gyslose. Jie yra pagrindiniai uolienas sudarantys mineralai (svarbiausieji – feldšpatai, piroksenai, amfibolai, žėručiai). Silicio deginys, SiO<sub>2</sub>, ir neorganiniai silikatai sudaro didžiausią žemės žievės dalį (apie 60%). Uolų padermės iš esmės yra silikatai. Pradedant nuo pačių giluminių ortosilikatų ir kylant aukštyn prie bazaltų ir piroksenų metasilikatų, pačiame paviršiuje prieinama prie daugiau silicio deginių turinčių granitinį uolų ir šimtaprocentinio silicio deginio kvarco. Kai kurie silikatai yra ličio, berilio, cezio, cirkonio, hafnio,retųjų žemių elementų, nikelio rūdos. Dalis silikatų yra brangakmeniai (smaragdas, akvamarinas, topazas). Feldšpatai, molio mineralai, kainitas, silimanitas yra technine žaliava. daugelis silikatų (žėručiai, asbestas, talkas) naudojami įvairiose pramonės šakose. Kai kurie silikatai pvz., aliumosilikatai, ceolitai vartojami kaip adsorbentai, jonitai, katalizatorių nešikliai, rišamosios medžiagos (silikatbetonis), silikagelio žaliava.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-16 10:23:02',62,'','2010-04-25 14:46:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-16 10:23:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',8,0,34,'','',0,68,'robots=\nauthor='),(230,'Oksidacijos savybės (špera)','oksidacijos-savybs-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">SAVYBĖS: 1.Reaguodami su H2O metalų oks.(1A,2A) sudaro bazes, o nemetalų oks. sudaro rūgštis. 2.Rūgšt. ir baz. oksidai reaguoja tarpusavyje ir sudaro druską. 3.Rūgštiniai oks. reaguoja su baz. ir sudaro druską ir H2O. 4.Baziniai oksidai reaguoja su rūgštimis ir sudaro druską ir H2O.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-16 10:30:00',62,'','2010-04-18 18:29:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-16 10:30:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,33,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(231,'Užterštas dangus','utertas-dangus','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mūsų pačių pasigaminti nuodingi debesys jau telkiasi virš trečdalio Lietuvos teritorijos. Juose daugiausia sieros junginių. Deginant akmens anglis, mazutą, į atmosferą plaukte plaukia sieros dioksidas. Vidutiniškai vienam mūsų šalies europiečiui tenka 125kg šių nuodų. Ant mūsų galvų iškrinta dar daugiau. Siera ne vienintelis aplinką nuodijantis produktas. Į atmosferą iš  energetikos šaltinių dosniai srūva azoto oksidai, sunkieji metalai, chloro ir fluoro junginiai. Mūsų atmosfera sklinda įvairiausios sudėties kenksmingų kokteilių, kuriuos priversti kiekvieną akimirką gurkšnoti visi žemės organizmai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Į atmosferą iš teršimo šaltinių plūsta daugiausia rūgščios kancorogeninės medžiagos. Ima lyti vis rūgštesni lietūs. Vakariniuose šalies rajonuose krituliai būna rūgščiausi. Toliau į rytinius rajonus padėtis geresnė. Tai aiškus įrodymas, kad užnuodyti krituliai mus pasiekia iš vakarų. Vyraujantys vėjai didžiumą Vakarų Europos pramonės pasėtų teršalų nuneša į Skandinavijos kraštus. Tačiau jų debesys aplanko ir Pabaltiją. Lietuva dėl savo geografinės padėties importiniais teršalais  apdovanojama dosniausiai. Kasmet lietaus rūgštingumas didėja. Lietuvos oras šiuomet užterštas panašiai kaip ir kituose Europos kraštuose. Mūsų meteorologinės sąlygos labai panašios. Kas gali garantuoti, kad rūgštūs lietūs nepradės juodžiausios pjūties mūsų miške, kad vietoj nacionalinio pasididžiavimo – pušynų ir eglynų, kurie dar sudaro apie 70% vis respublikos miškų, - teliks tik skurdūs lapuotynai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-16 10:32:30',62,'','2010-04-16 11:19:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-16 10:32:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,32,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(232,'Metalai 2 (špera)','metalai-2-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">GYVSIDABRIS. RADIMAS : minerale HgS,retai gryn. SAVYBĖS : skystas, kietėja -39, blizga, sunkiausias skystis, nuodingas. NAUDOJIMAS : termom, manom, lygintuvai, lempos, amalgamoms, sėkloms beicuoti, medic.- mikrob. naikinti, dažų, chem. pramonėje. ŠIAIP : nukenksmina S ir Al miltel.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">CINKAS. RADIMAS : tik 1746m. atskiremas panaudojant anglį, atskyrus nuo oro. Mineralai ZnS ; ZnCO3 , rūdose su Cu , Pb , Cd , Mn. SAVYBĖS : blizga, Ag spalvos, kalus, elekt. laid 4, o šil. 1,8 karto maž. nei Ag, chem. aktyvus, apsitraukia plėvele. LYDINIAI : su Cu , Al , Mg , Cd. NAUDOJIMAS : &lt;50% cinkavimui, mašinų ir prietaisų detalės, klišės, papuošalai, elementai, Au ir Ag išskirti iš tirpalų, liuminoforas, dažų, gumos, plastiko, trašoms gaminti. ŠIAIP : druskos nuodingos, naudingas žmogui ir gyvūnijai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-16 11:19:55',62,'','2010-04-18 18:27:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-16 11:19:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,31,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(233,'Prekinio parafino tyrimas','prekinio-parafino-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prekiniai naftos parafinai, tai didžiulės molekulinės masės sotūs alifatiniai angliavandeniliai su kietų naftenų, aromatinių ir mišrių angliavandenilių priemaišomis.<br /> Kieti parafinai randa platų pritaikymą pramonėje ir liaudies ūkyje. Aukštos kokybės valyti parafinai naudijami elektrotechnikos ir parfumerijos pramonėje, markės NS(42 –50 ) parafinas – degtukų pramonėje, markės SN(42 – 52) parafinas – sintetinių riebiųjų rūgščių  gamyboje. Parafino markėje, skliausteliuose nurodomajo lydymosi temperatūra. Parafino savybės (lydimosi temperatūra, spalva ir panašiai) priklauso nuojame esančių priemaišų – žemos lydymosi temperatūros angliavandenilių, tepalų, nesočių junginių, dervų ir kitų mediagų. Priemaišos priemaišos parafinui suteikia geltoną spalvą, mažina jo kietumą, pažemina lydimosi temperatūrą.<br /> Techniško ir maisto pramonei skiriamo parafino lydimosi temperatūra turi būti tap 50 ir 54 laipsnių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PARAFINO LYDYMOSI TEMPERATŪROS NUSTATYMAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Porcelianinę stiklinę su tiriamu parafinu patalpina į 100 <sup>0</sup>C termostatą ir šildo kol parafinas išsilydo. Išlydytą parafiną pila į Žukovo indą užpilant ¾ jo tūrio. Įstato termometrą ir laukia, kol parafinas dalinai atvės ir jo temperatūra taps 4<sup>0</sup>C aukštesnė, nei laukiama lydimosi temperatūra. Kad išvengti parafino “peršalimo” prietaisą supurto. Kai parafinas pradeda drumstis ir putoti purtymą nutraukai, įjungia chronometra ir pradžioje kas 10s, o po susidrumstimo – kas minižutę stebi ir užrašo termometro parodymus iki visiško parafino sukietėjimo. Temperatūrą matuoja 0.1<sup>0</sup>C tikslumu. Pradžioje temperatūra kinta greitai ir tolygiai. Kai prasideda kristalizacija temperatūros kritimas sulėtėja, opaskui pradeda vėl tolygiai mažėti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-16 11:22:42',62,'','2010-04-16 11:28:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-16 11:22:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,30,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(234,'Opoka','opoka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Opoka laikoma pilka, kieta, kriauklėtojo lūžio poringa uoliena, kurios sudėtyje vyrauja (iki 90%) opalinis silicio dioksidas. Lietuvoje opokos aptinkama viršutinėse kreidos santonio ir kampanio aukštų sluoksniuose bei paleogeno alko svitos nuogulose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Opoka susidaro is jūrinių organizmų su silicio skeletu liekanų, jų susitelkus baseino dugne ir diagenetiškai  pakitus, arba iš tirpalų nusėdus silicio dioksidui, ypač maišantis šiltam ir šaltam vandeniui. Lietuvoje paplitusioje opokoje silicinių mikroorganizmų (radioliarijų, pinčių spikulų ir kt.) randama labai nedaug, matyt, dėkl to, kad ši opoka susidarė kreidos mergelyje, kai karbonatus pakeitė iš tirpalų išsiskyręs silicio dioksidas. Silicifikuotas mergelis ypač paplitęs vakarų Lietuvoje, o intensyviausiai silicifikacija pasireiškė aktyvių tektoninių lūžių zonoje. Matyt, daug SiO<sub>2</sub> buvo atnešta į baseiną ir nusodinta dėl šios teritorijos tektoninio aktyvumo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vakarų lietuvoje viršutinės kreidos santonio ir kampanio aukštų nuogulose randama tamsiai pilkos, nekarbonatingos, kietos, poringos ir šviesiai pilkos, mergelingos, poringos opokos, taip pat švieiai pilko silicifikuoto mergelio bei karbonatingo aleurito su opaliniu cementu.visuose šiose uolienuose vyrauja opalinė medžiaga, mažiau randama kalcio ir chalcedono, o kvarcas, glaukonitas, žėrutis, fosfatas yra tik priemaiša. Panaši opoka sudaro lęšius, plonus tarpsluoksnius ir paleogeno pietų Lietuvoje. Čia ji dažnai pereina į trepelą, turintį daug įvairių silicinių organizmų, ypač pinčių spikulų, liekanų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Opokos telkinys Šilutės rajone buvo žvalgytas 1954-1955 ir 1559 m. jį sudaro stoniškių ir Žemaitkiemio sklypai, bendras plotas – 36,6 ha. Naudingoji iškasena susijusi su viršutinės kreidos santonio aukšto nuogulomis, kurias dengia 9 – 13,8  m storio kvartero nuosėdos. Ją sudaro karbonatinga opoka ir silicifikuoto mergelio 39  m storymės viršutinė dalis (12,6 – 12,8 m storio). V. Kolytos duomenimis, hidraulinis opokos aktyvumas yra 165 – 320, vidutiniškai – 213,1 mg CaO/g, o silicifikuoto mergelio – 68,8 – 305,4, vidutinškai – 183,7 mg Ca/b. Abi iškasenos atmainos gali būti naudojamos kaip statybinis akmuo, ypač kaip aktyvus pucolaninio ir sulfatams atsparaus pucolaninio portlandcemenčio mineralinis priedas. Opokos ištekliai telkinyje sudaro 34,4 mln. t. Jų gali būti į šiaurės vakarus, šiaurės rytus ir pietryčius. Nuo 1989 m. telkinys eksplotuojamas, per metus iškasama 104 tūkst. t. opokos. Šiuo metu gamyba labai sumažėjusi. Be to, iš Lietuvos opokos galima gaminti adsorbentus ir abrazyvus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-16 11:30:44',62,'','2010-04-16 11:35:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-16 11:30:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,29,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(235,'Polimerai, plastikai ir ūkinės paskirties plastikiniai gaminiai','polimerai-plastikai-ir-kins-paskirties-plastikiniai-gaminiai','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">TURINYS</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">1. ĮVADAS;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">2. POLIMERAI, PLASTIKAI IR ŪKINĖS PASKIRTIES PLASTIKINIAI GAMINIAI;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">3. PLASTIKŲ SUDĖTIS;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">4. PLASTIKŲ SAVYBĖS;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">5. POLIMERIZACINĖS DERVOS IR JŲ PLASTIKAI;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">6. SAVIKONTROLĖS KLAUSIMAI;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">7. POLIKONDENSACINĖS DERVOS IR JŲ PLASTIKAI;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">8. MODIFIKUOTŲ GAMTINIŲ POLIMERŲ PLASTIKAI;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">9. BUITINĖS PASKIRTIES PLASTIKINĖS PREKĖS;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">10. TARPTAUTINIS PLASTIKŲ IR JŲ GAMINIŲ ŽENKLINIMAS;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">11. GAMINIŲ ŽENKLINIMAS;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">12. POLIMERINIAI KOMPOZITAI;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">13. SAVIKONTROLĖS KLAUSIMAI;</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">14. LITERATŪRA.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Plastmasėms arba plastikams priklauso labai didelė cheminių produktų grupė. Jos plačiai naudojamos buityje, technikoje, statyboje. Plastikai gamybos metu gerai formuojasi, todėl iš jų nesunku pagaminti paprastų ir sudėtingų formų dirbinius. Jie lengvi ir jų masę nesunku keisti, pridedant įvairių užpildų. Jie stiprūs mechaniškai. Plastikai su stiklo pluoštu yra stipresni už plieną. Iš polimerų galima gaminti plonas ir tvirtas plėveles.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Plastikai turi ir trūkumų. Palyginant nedidelis jų šiluminis atsparumas. Ilgai laikant arba eksploatuojant, dėl šviesos, oro ir temperatūros įtakos kai kurios plastikų techninės savybės pakinta: patamsėja, sumažėja stiprumas, kietumas. Tačiau plastikai yra progresyvios medžiagos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dvidešimt pirmas amžius - tai aktyvių medžiagų amžius. Aktyvios medžiagos angliškai - \"smart materials\". Aktyvios medžiagos - tai įvairių elementų junginiai arba lydiniai, sugebantys keisti savo savybes priklausomai nuo jas veikiančių išorės poveikių, mechaninių apkrovimų, temperatūros, cheminių medžiagų. Pakavimui tokios medžiagos naudojamos jau ir šiandien: yra plėvelių, kurių pralaidumas kinta priklausomai nuo temperatūros ar drėgmės, kuriamos plėvelės, kurių spalva keisis produktui sugedus ir pan.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-16 15:29:27',62,'','2010-04-16 15:57:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-16 15:29:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,28,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(236,'Įvairių elementų savybių lyginimas (špera)','vairi-element-savybi-lyginimas-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Perioduose nemet.  oks. savybės  stiprėja , o  red. silpnėja iš kairės į dešinę , nes : 1. Daugėja el. išor. sl. ir trūkst. el. prisitr. vis lengv. 2. Didėja   atomo brand.  krūvis   ir   brand.   vis  stipriau  traukia  išororinio  sluoks.  el.  Atomo spindulys   mažėja.  Prisitraukt  el. vis  lengviau. Grupėse - iš apačios į viršų,  nes mažėja  el. sl. ir trump.  spindulys  -  prisitr.  el.  tampa  lengviau. Oks. savybės išryškėja reakcijose  su  H  ir  Me : H2  +  Cl2   -  2HCl      ;       2Mg  +  O2  - 2MgO Nemet.  vieni   kitų   atžv.  prikl.  nuo  el.  neig. gali  būti  ir  red. :   C  +  O2  -  CO2.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Nemet. H junginių rūgšt. savybės perioduose stiprėja iš kairės į dešinę, grupėse - iš viršaus į apačią. HF + H2O  - H3O + F ;  NH3 + H2O - NH4 + OH 3. Nemet. jung. oks. savybės  stiprėja didėjant nemet. oks. laips. , kadangi didėjant nemet. oks. laips. vis lengviau prisitraukti el. 4. Juo  didesnis nemet. oks. laips.  deg. rūgšt., tuo rūgšt. stipresnė. Juo nemet. elektr. neig. didesnis, tuo stipresnės deguoninės rūgštys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-16 15:58:40',62,'','2010-04-18 13:03:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-16 15:58:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,27,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(237,'Parafinų lydymosi temperatūros nustatymas','parafin-lydymosi-temperatros-nustatymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">T</span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">eorinė</span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"> dalis:</span></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prekiniai naftos parafinai, tai didelės molekulinės masės sotūs alifatiniai angliavandeniliai su kietų naftenų, aromatinių ir mišrių angliavandenilių priemaišomis. Kieti parafinai turi platų pritaikymą pramonėje,ir buityje. Aukštos kokybės valyti parafinai naudojami elektrotechnikos ir parfumerijos pramonėje, markės NS naudojamos degtukų pramonėje, markės S(42-51) parafinas- sintetinių riebiųjų rugščių gamyboje ir t.t. parafino savybės( lydymosi t, spalva ir panašiai) priklauso nuo jame esančių priemaišų. Priemaišos parafinui suteikia geltoną spalvą, mažina jo kietumą, pažemina jo lydymosi temperatūrą. Techniško ir maisto pramonėje naudojamo parafino lydymosi temperatūra turi būti 50-54 <sup>0</sup>C. Aukštesnės  lydymosi temperatūros parafinai gaminami iš CO ir H<sub>2</sub> sintetiniu būdu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 10:38:18',62,'','2010-04-18 10:43:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 10:38:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,26,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(238,'Chemijos medžiagos santrauka','chemijos-mediagos-santrauka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Oksidacijos laipsniu – vadinamas sąlyginis krūvis, kuris tektų atomui junginyje, jei ryšiai būtų tik joniniai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 10:44:45',62,'','2010-04-18 10:47:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 10:44:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,25,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(239,'Suspensinė nesočiųjų junginių polimerizacija','suspensin-nesoij-jungini-polimerizacija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">DARBO EIGA. 60ml distiliuoto vandens maišant lazdele ir šildant iki 60 <sup>0</sup>C ištirpinama polivinilo alkoholis. Tuo pat metu termostatuojamos vandens vonios temperatūra pakeliama iki 90 <sup>0</sup>C. Pagamintas polivinilo alkoholio tirpalas supilamas į mėgintuvėlį su atšaka, ten pat supilame benzoilo peroksido tirpalas monomere. Jis ruošiamas atskirame inde tirpinant benzoilo peroksidą monomere kambario temperatūroje. Įjungiama maišyklė ir parenkami tokie apsisukimai, kad monomero lašai tolygiai pasiskirstytų tirpalo tūryje. Po 5 – 7 min. mašymo polimerizacijos temperatūra sumažinama iki 80 <sup>0</sup>C metimetakrilato atveju (stirolo  - pakeliama iki 95<sup> </sup> <sup>0</sup>C ). Ši tempratūra ir tolygus maišymas palaikoma 2 – 2.5 val. Polimerizacija baiga, kai sustabdžius maišyklę polimero granulė nusėda mėgintuvėlio dugne.  Gautas polimeras nufiltruojamas, plaunamas vandeniu, džiovinamas, sveriamas, nustatomas jo tirpumas (benzole, dichloretane, acetone, etanolyje).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 10:48:16',62,'','2010-04-18 10:50:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 10:48:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,24,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(240,'Oksidacijos redukcijos reakcijos','oksidacijos-redukcijos-reakcijos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Cheminės reakcijos, kurioms vykstant dalis atomų keičia savo oksidacijos laipsnius, vadinamos oksidacijos-redukcijos reakcijomis. Oksidacijos laipsniai kinta todėl, kad persigrupuoja elektronai. Elektronai pereina iš vienų dalelių į kitas. Juos prisijungiantys atomai, jonai ar molekulės vadinami oksidatoriais, o elektronus atiduodantys – reduktoriais. Elementas turintis mažiausią oksidacijos laipsnį, gali būti tik reduktoriumi. Elementas turintis aukščiausią oksidacijos laipsnį gali būti tik oksidatoriumi. Laisvieji metalai būna tik reduktoriais. Kuo aktyvesnis metalas tuo jis labiau linkęs būti oksidatoriumi.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 10:51:26',62,'','2010-04-18 10:53:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 10:51:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,23,'','',0,107,'robots=\nauthor='),(241,'Referatas apie azotą','referatas-apie-azot','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vandens augalai didžiąją azoto dalį įsisavia amonio (NH<sub>4</sub>+) ir nitratų (NO<sub>3</sub>-) jonų pavidalu. Gyvūnai azoto gauna iš organinių jo junginių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Amonio jonai (NH<sub>4</sub>+) į vandenį patenka skaidantis žuvusiems augalams ir gyvūnams. Gamtiniuose vandenyse jo koncentracija mažesnė pavasarį, vasarą – padidėja. Nitritai – nepastovūs komponentai, kurie toliau oksiduojasi iki nitratų (NO<sub>3</sub>-). Nitritai į upes gali pakliūti ir su nutekamaisiais vandenimis. Nesaikingai tręšiant dirvą, nitratų koncentracijos padidėjimą vandenyje gali sąlygoti ir išplautos azotinės trąšos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mineralines trąšos</h5>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tręšiant mineralinemis trąšomis daržovės aprūpinamos pagrindinemis maisto medžiagomis: azotu, fosforu, kaliu, magniu. Trąšų pramonė gamina gana daug įvairių mineralinių trąšų. Jos grupuojamos į paprastas ir kompleksines. Paprastosios mineralines trąšos tai tokios, kuriose yra tik vienas iš pagrindinių maisto elementų. Į kompleksinių trąšų sudėtį įeina nemaziau kaip du pagrindiniai maisto elementai.</p>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Azoto trąšos</h5>\r\n<p align=\"center\"><strong> </strong></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\"><strong>Azotas </strong>yra vienas svarbiausių augalo mitybos elementų. Jis įeina į baltimų, nukleino rūgščių, chlorofilo, alkaloido, fermentų ir kitų augalui svarbių organinių medžiagų sudėtį. Todėl azoto kiekis labai svarbus augančiam augalui.  Kai trūksta azoto, daržovės menkai auga, jų lapai būna šviesiai žali, rausvai violetinio atspalvio. Apatiniai labai anksti apmiršta ir nukrinta. Amonio salietra yra dažniausiai vartojama azoto trąša. Azoto joje yra 34,5 %, kurio pusė yra nitratų pavidalu, kita dalis – amoniako. Amoniakinis azotas dirvos yra absorbuojamas ir lėčiau išplaunamas, o nitratinis azotas – judrus, jį greit paima augalų šaknys. Nuolat vartojant šią trąšą, kiek parūgštėja dirva.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 10:54:21',62,'','2010-04-18 11:00:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 10:54:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,22,'','',0,34,'robots=\nauthor='),(242,'Neorganinė chemija (špera)','neorganin-chemija-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vandenilio halogenidai (HX)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Svarbiausi yra HCl, kurio vandeninis tirpalas, t.y. druskos rūgštis, yra pagrindinis chemikalassinteze , o taip pat ir HF. Bevandenis HF gau-namas veikiant konc. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> fluoro špatą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">HF grynas yra bespalvis lakus skystisč kurio molekulės tarpusavyje susijungusios (HF)n vandenilinėmis jungtimis. Sunkesnieji HX kamba-rio temperatūroje yra bespalvės dujos. Bevandeniai HX yra energingi halogeninimo agentai elementams, elementų hidridams, oksidams ir daugeliui kitų junginių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">HCl dujos naudojamos metalų chloridų gamybose, taip pat daugelyje metalurginių procesų išskiriant ir gryninant metalus, taip pat plieno ir kitų metalų ezdinimui, kad pašalinti jų oksidus, taip par eilėje organinės chemijos procesų kaip naftos nusūrinimas, anilino ir želatinos gamybos šis junginys katalizina krakmolo perdirbimą į gliukozę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">HBr naudojamas neorganinių bromidų ir alkilbromidų gamybose ir kaip katalizatorius eilęje organinių sintezių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elementų halogenidai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Binariniai elementų halogenidai būna labai įvairios sudėties, t.y. stecheometrijos, struktūros ir savybių, pvz.: fluoridų tarpe OF2 yra vienas iš labiausiai lakių molekulinių junginių, nes tvir.=-145oC, o štai CaF2 yra vienas iš mažiausiai lakių joninių junginių tvir.=2513oC, bet nesuskyla. Kuomet fluoridas atsparus vandeniui jis gali būti gaunamas jonų mainų reakcija vandens tirpale arba HF sąveika su metalu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 11:01:14',62,'','2010-04-18 18:03:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 11:01:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',8,0,21,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(243,'Inžinerinė medžiaga','ininerin-mediaga','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Plieno cheminė sudėtis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Plienu vadinamas geležies ir anglies lydinys, kuriame yra iki 2.14% anglies. Tačiau pliene tarp Fe ir C yra iki 0.7% Mn, iki 0.4% Si, 0.06% S ir 0.07% P. Neišvengiamos priemaišos. Šiuo metu plienas yra pagrindinė konstrukcinė medžiaga pasižyminti dideliu stiprumu ir smūginiu atsparumu. Iš plieno galima pagaminti bet kokios formos detales, kurios gerai dirba visokiose temperatūrose. Plieno savybes, ypač mech. ir technologines , pagrindinai nulemia esantis C kiekis. Didėjant C kiekiui, didėja plieno kietumas ir stiprumas, bet mažėja plastiškumas. MAX stiprumą turi plienas, kuris turi 0.9-1% C, Mn ir Silicis(Si)(reikalingi dezoksidacijai atlikti) įvedami į plieną jo gamybos metu. Skystame pliene visada ištirpsta tam tikras deguonies kiekis, kuris suteikia plienui trapumą. Todėl deguonį iš plieno reikia pašalinti. Šis procesas vadinamas dezoksidacija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Plieno dezoksidacija atliekama įvedant Mn ir Si. Ištirpęs pliene Mn ir Si reaguoja su deguonimi, ir oksidų pavidalu pereina į šlaką, kuris yra pašalinamas. Kadangi siekiama kuo daugiau išoksidinti plieną, tai Mn ir Si įvedame daugiau ir jų lieka pliene Mn ir Si priemaišų pavidale. Jei Mn ir Si daugiau kaip 0.8%, tai turime specialius manganinį ir silicinį plienus. Plieno kokybė priklauso nuo jo išlydymo būdo ir jame esančių žalingų priemaišų S ir P kiekio. Siera pliene būna geležies sulfido(FeS) pavidalo ir su Fe sudaro lengvai lydžią eutechtiką FeS-Fe. Ji išsidėsto tarp plieno grūdelių. Todėl, jei pliene yra didesnis nei leistinas S kiekis, tai įkaitinus plieną iki 1000-2000 0C (valcuojant karštai ar štampuojant) ši eutechtika lydosi, pažeidžiamas ryšys tarp grūdelių ir plienas suyra. Šis reiškinys vadinamas karštasis plieno trapumas. Karštasis plieno trapumas pašalinamas įvedant į jį Mn. Tada S, esanti pliene, reaguoja su Mn ir sudaro sunkiai lydų ir plastišką MnS. Jei pliene yra didesnis už leistina P kiekis, tai plienas pasižymi trapumu normaliose ir žemose temperatūrose. Šis reiškinys vad. šaltasis plieno trapumas ir ryškus, kai P pliene daugiau kaip 0.1% P. Nežiūrint to, P įeina į kai kurių automatinių plienų sudėtį, kurie apdirbami mech. apdirbimo staklėse, nes pagėrėja pjovimo salygos. Be to, pliene visada ištirpę vandenilio(H), deguonies(O) ir azoto(N). Plienai skirstomi pagal chem. sudėtį, kokybę, struktūrą, paskirstį. Pagal chem. sudėtį būna anglinai ir legiruoti plienai. Pagal kokybę: įprastinės kokybės, kokybiniai, aukštos kokybės ir ypač aukštos kokybės. Pagal paskirtį: konstrukciniai, įrankiniai ir su spec. savybėmis. Iš konstrukcinių plienų gaunamos mašinų detalės ir statybinės konstrukcijos. Iš įrankinių – įvairios paskirties įrankiai (instrumentai, štampai). O prie spec. plienų priskiriami plienai, kurie pasižymi spec. savybėmis: nerūdijantys, magnetiniai, atsparūs kaitrai ir t.t.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 11:11:14',62,'','2010-04-18 18:14:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 11:11:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',11,0,20,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(244,'Bioorganinės chemijos kurso programa','bioorganins-chemijos-kurso-programa','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">1. Organinių junginių struktūros ir reaktingumo teoriniai pagrindai<br />1.1.Organinių junginių klasifikavimas pagal anglies atomų grandinės tipą. Alkanai, alkenai, cikloalkanai, arenai, heterociklai [1] 14-16, [9] 13-16.<br />1.2.Organinių junginių klasifikavimas pagal funkcines grupes. Pagrindiniai angliavandenilių funkciniai dariniai: alkoholiai ir fenoliai, eteriai, tioliai, sulfidai, aldehidai ir ketonai, karboksirūgštys, aminai [1] 16-17, [9] 17-18.<br />1.3.Organinių junginių nomenklatūra [8] 51-61, [9] 18-25, [9] 63-66.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">1.4.Atomų tarpusavio sąveika molekulėje. Elektroniniai indukcijos ir mezomerijos efektai. Elektronų donorai ir akceptoriai [1] 21-34, [3] 14-20; [9] 63-66.<br />1.4. Organinių molekulių erdvinė struktūra ir izomerijos rūšys<br />1.4.1. Struktūrinė izomerija (anglies atomų grandinės, daugiagubojo ryšio arba funkcinės grupės padėties bei funkcinių grupių izomerija, tautomerija) [1] 41, 59, 281; [3] 42-43, [9] 26-27.<br />1.4.2. Stereoizomerija<br />1.4.2.1. Atvirų grandinių junginių konformacijos. Konformerai [1] 46-49, [3] 31-35, [9] 28-30.<br />1.4.2.2. Cikloheksano konformacijos (kėdės, valties). Ašinės ir ekvatorinės padėtys [1] 100-101, [3] 37-40, [9] 31-32.<br />1.4.2.3. Molekulių simetrija, enantiomerai ir diastereomerai, santykinė ir absoliučioji konfigūracija, racematų skaidymas [3] 43-58, [9] 33-40.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 11:15:45',62,'','2010-04-18 11:19:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 11:15:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,19,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(245,'Aminai, amino rūgštys, baltymai (špera)','aminai-amino-rgtys-baltymai-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Medžiagos, kurių molekulėse yra viena ar kelios nitrogrupės, tiesiogiai susijusios su angliavandenilio radikalu, vadinamos nitrojunginiais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aminai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Amonio dariniai, kurių molekulėse vienas ar keli vandenilio atomai pakeisti angliavandenilių radikalais, vadinami aminais: CH<sub>3</sub>-NH<sub>2</sub> metilaminas. Grupė NH<sub>2</sub> vadinama aminogrupe. Cheminės savybės. Amino molekulių sandara primena amoniako molekulės sandarą, todėl šių medžiagų savybės panašios. Aminai turi stiprių bazinių savybių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 11:20:44',62,'','2010-04-18 11:27:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 11:20:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,18,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(246,'Laboratorinis nesočiųjų angliavandenilių nustatymas','laboratorinis-nesoij-angliavandenili-nustatymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naftoje ir gamtinėse dujose nesočių angliavandenilių praktiškai nėra. Jie atsiranda naftos ir naftos produktų perdirbimo metu. Nesotūs angliavandeniliai yra labai svarbi žaliava organinei sintezei.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skiriamos dvi procesų grupės, kurių metu atsiranda nesotūs junginiai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.    Procesai, kuriuose nesotūs angliavandeniliai gaunami kaip šalutiniai produktai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2.    Specialūs procesai alkenams, alkinams ir polienams gauti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmai grupei priklauso temperatūrinis ir katalitinis krekingas, riformingas, naftos likučių koksavimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antrai grupei priklauso pirolizė, mažos molekulinės masės alkenų polimerizacija, alkanų dehidrinimas, didesnės molekulinës masės alkenų sintezė su katalizatoriumi. <br />Nesotiems angliavandeniliams būdingos įvairios prijungimo reakcijos. Viena jų  -  jodo prijungimas, panaudojama nesočių angliavandenilių kiekio nustatymui. Šis nesočių angliavandenilių analizės metodas vadinamas jodometrija. Jis pagrįstas nesureagavusio su nesočiais junginiais jodo titravimu natrio tiosulfatu ir pagal sunaudotus jodo ir tiosulfato kiekius sprendžiama apie nesočių angliavandenilių kiekį produkte.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 11:28:05',62,'','2010-04-18 11:31:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 11:28:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,17,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(247,'Laboratorinis vandens tyrimas','laboratorinis-vandens-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Cheminėje pramonėje vanduo naudojamas tirpinimo, distiliavimo, šaldymo bei šildymo procese ir kaip žaliava vandenilio, rūgščių bei šarmų gamybai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinis pramonėje naudojamo vandens kokybės rodiklis yra jo kietumas. Vandens kietumas priklauso nuo jame ištirpusių kalcio bei magnio druskų ir yra skirstomas į laikinąjį, pastovųjį ir bendrąjį kietumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Laikinąjį vandens kietumą sudaro jame ištirpę kalcio ir magnio hidrokarbonatai: Ca(HCO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, Mg(HCO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. Virinant vandenį, hidrokarbonatai skyla ir virsta netirpiais kalcio ir magnio karbonatais, kurie iškrinta nuosėdomis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pastovųjį kietumą sudaro kalcio ir magnio chloridai, sulfatai, nitratai. Virinant vandenį, šių druskų pašalinti negalima, todėl šiam tikslui yra naudojami cheminiai bei jonitiniai vandens minkštinimo būdai. Vandens kietumas yra matuojamas kalcio ir magnio jonų mg-ekv/dm<sup>3</sup>. Vanduo laikomas kietu, kai bendrasis kietumas yra lygus arba didesnis kaip 6 mg-ekv/dm<sup>3</sup>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naudojant gamyboje kietą vandenį, vamzdžių ir aparatų sienelės pasidengia sukietėjusiomis nuosėdomis, kurias sunku pašalinti. Kietas vanduo yra blogas tirpiklis, todėl negalima jo naudoti tirpinimo bei absorbcijos procesuose. Dėl šių priežasčių pramonėje naudojamas vanduo yra minkštinamas. Labiausiai paplitę yra cheminiai ir jonitiniai vandens minkštinimo būdai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Cheminiais būdais minkštinant vandenį, į jį pridedama tokių reagentų, kurie kalcio ir magnio jonus suriša į netirpius junginius. Šiam tikslui yra naudojamos gesintos kalkės, soda, natrio fosfatas ir šarmai. Pramonėje labiausiai paplitęs kalkių – sodos minkštinimo būdas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 11:31:42',62,'','2010-04-18 11:35:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 11:31:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,16,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(248,'Plienas','plienas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Plieno cheminė sudėtis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Plienu vadinamas geležies ir anglies lydinys, kuriame yra iki 2.14% anglies. Tačiau pliene tarp Fe ir C yra iki 0.7% Mn, iki 0.4% Si, 0.06% S ir 0.07% P. Neišvengiamos priemaišos. Šiuo metu plienas yra pagrindinė konstrukcinė medžiaga pasižyminti dideliu stiprumu ir smūginiu atsparumu. Iš plieno galima pagaminti bet kokios formos detales, kurios gerai dirba visokiose temperatūrose. Plieno savybes, ypač mech. ir technologines , pagrindinai nulemia esantis C kiekis. Didėjant C kiekiui, didėja plieno kietumas ir stiprumas, bet mažėja plastiškumas. MAX stiprumą turi plienas, kuris turi 0.9-1% C, Mn ir Silicis(Si)(reikalingi dezoksidacijai atlikti) įvedami į plieną jo gamybos metu. Skystame pliene visada ištirpsta tam tikras deguonies kiekis, kuris suteikia plienui trapumą. Todėl deguonį iš plieno reikia pašalinti. Šis procesas vadinamas dezoksidacija. Plieno dezoksidacija atliekama įvedant Mn ir Si. Ištirpęs pliene Mn ir Si reaguoja su deguonimi, ir oksidų pavidalu pereina į šlaką, kuris yra pašalinamas. Kadangi siekiama kuo daugiau išoksidinti plieną, tai Mn ir Si įvedame daugiau ir jų lieka pliene Mn ir Si priemaišų pavidale. Jei Mn ir Si daugiau kaip 0.8%, tai turime specialius manganinį ir silicinį plienus. Plieno kokybė priklauso nuo jo išlydymo būdo ir jame esančių žalingų priemaišų S ir P kiekio. Siera pliene būna geležies sulfido(FeS) pavidalo ir su Fe sudaro lengvai lydžią eutechtiką FeS-Fe. Ji išsidėsto tarp plieno grūdelių. Todėl, jei pliene yra didesnis nei leistinas S kiekis, tai įkaitinus plieną iki 1000-2000 0C (valcuojant karštai ar štampuojant) ši eutechtika lydosi, pažeidžiamas ryšys tarp grūdelių ir plienas suyra. Šis reiškinys vadinamas karštasis plieno trapumas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Karštasis plieno trapumas pašalinamas įvedant į jį Mn. Tada S, esanti pliene, reaguoja su Mn ir sudaro sunkiai lydų ir plastišką MnS. Jei pliene yra didesnis už leistina P kiekis, tai plienas pasižymi trapumu normaliose ir žemose temperatūrose. Šis reiškinys vad. šaltasis plieno trapumas ir ryškus, kai P pliene daugiau kaip 0.1% P. Nežiūrint to, P įeina į kai kurių automatinių plienų sudėtį, kurie apdirbami mech. apdirbimo staklėse, nes pagėrėja pjovimo salygos. Be to, pliene visada ištirpę vandenilio(H), deguonies(O) ir azoto(N). Plienai skirstomi pagal chem. sudėtį, kokybę, struktūrą, paskirstį. Pagal chem. sudėtį būna anglinai ir legiruoti plienai. Pagal kokybę: įprastinės kokybės, kokybiniai, aukštos kokybės ir ypač aukštos kokybės. Pagal paskirtį: konstrukciniai, įrankiniai ir su spec. savybėmis. Iš konstrukcinių plienų gaunamos mašinų detalės ir statybinės konstrukcijos. Iš įrankinių – įvairios paskirties įrankiai (instrumentai, štampai). O prie spec. plienų priskiriami plienai, kurie pasižymi spec. savybėmis: nerūdijantys, magnetiniai, atsparūs kaitrai ir t.t.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Angliniai plienai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jie plačiai naudojami visose ūko šakose, kaip palyginti nebrangi konstrukcinė medžiaga, kuri užtikrina pakankamai patikimą mašinų ir mechanizmų darbą. Įprastinės kokybės angliniai plienai žymimi: CT ir skaičiuojami nuo 0 iki 6. Raidės reiškia, kad yra plienas, o sk. parodo sąlyginį markės didumą, pagal kurį žinynuose surandama plieno chem. sudėtis ir savybės. Prieš šią markę kartais rašomos raidės Б ir B, kurios nurodo plieno grupę, o raidė A nerašoma. Kartais šio žymėjimo gale nurodomas plieno išoksidinimo laipsnis: Cn – ramaus stingimo plienas, Kn – verdančio, Pe – pusiau ramaus. Šių plienų paskirtis įvairi, pvz.: CTO – naudojamas įvairioms neatsakingoms detalėms (turėklams, atvėrimams). Iš CT1 ir CT2 gaunamos kniedės, plaušai. Iš CT5 – varštai, veržlės. Iš CT4 – įvairios ašys. Iš CT6 – kranų kabliai, žvaigždutės ir kt. Kokybiniai angliniai plienai žymimi dviem skaičiais: plienas 40, plienas 45. Šis sk. parodo pliene esantį anglies kiekį šimtosiomis dalimis. Verdančio stingimo plienas – plienas 10 Kn. Kadangi šie plienai turi mažesnį žalingų priemaišų S ir P kiekį, tai jų mech. savybės geresnės ir jie naudojami atsagingesnių detalių gamybai. Angliniai įrankiniai plienai žymimi raide I ir skaičiumi, kuris parodo pliene esantį C kiekį dešimtosiomis procento dalimis. Jei toks plienas išlydomas spec. būdu su elektrošlakiniu perlydymu, tai jis aukštos kokybės ir žymimas I8M. Iš anglinių įrankinių plienų gaminami įvairūs įrankiai (I7 – plaktukai, I8 – žirklės, I9-I10 – grąžtai).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 11:36:26',62,'','2010-04-18 11:39:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 11:36:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,15,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(249,'Jonų atpažinimo reakcijos','jon-atpainimo-reakcijos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 11:40:30',62,'','2010-04-18 11:59:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 11:40:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,14,'','',0,52,'robots=\nauthor='),(250,'Vandenilis ir deguonis (špera)','vandenilis-ir-deguonis-pera','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 11:42:22',62,'','2010-04-18 11:47:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 11:42:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,13,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(251,'Reakcijų lygtys (špera)','reakcij-lygtys-pera','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 11:48:15',62,'','2010-04-18 11:49:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 11:48:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,12,'','',0,34,'robots=\nauthor='),(252,'Polivinilo alkoholio esterifikacija acto rūgšties anhidridu','polivinilo-alkoholio-esterifikacija-acto-rgties-anhidridu','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\"><strong>Darbo eiga. </strong>Į sausą apvaliadugnę 100 ml talpos kolbą sudedami pasvertas polivinilo alkoholis, natrio acetatas ir supilamas acto rūgšties anhidridas. Kolba sujungiama su grįžtamu šaldytuvu ir šildoma vandens vonioje 2 val. 90 – 95 °C temperatūroje. Nuėmus vandens vonią kolba šildoma ant asbestinio tinklelio toliau iki tirpalas tampa skaidrus. 500 ml talpos stiklinėje pašildoma 300 ml vandens iki 60 °C ir energingai maišant supilamas apvaliadugnės kolbutės turinys (dirbti traukos spintoje !). Klampus reakcijos produktas – polivinilacetatas keletą kartų plaunamas karštu vandeniu iki neutralios reakcijos (indikatorius metiloranžas). Praplautas polivinilacetatas gryninamas tirpinant etanolyje, ir pakartotinai nusodinant vandenyje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 11:49:52',62,'','2010-04-18 11:52:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 11:49:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,11,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(253,'Stambiamolekuliniai junginiai','stambiamolekuliniai-junginiai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">[Stambiamolekuliniai junginiai]: Vykstant polimerizacijos reakcijoms, susidaro tambiamolekuliniai junginiai, vadinami polimerais. Medžiagos, iš kurių gaunami polimerai, vadinamos monomerais, o polimerų molekulės - makromolekulėmis. Raidė n rodo, kiek monomero molekulių susijungė vykstant polimerizacijai; ji vadinama polimerizacijos laipsniu, o daug kartų besikartojančios makromolekulėje atomų grupės - struktūrinėmis grandimis. Polimerizacijos laipsnis yra nepastovus dydis. Polimerizuojant nesočiuosius junginius, turinčius pakaitų, gautame polimere pastarieji gali būti išsidėstę chaotiškai. Susidarys stereonereguliarios struktūros polimeras. Polimerš kokybė labai pagerėja, jei susidaręs polimeras turi stereoreguliarią struktūrą. Etilenas polimerizuojamas kambario temperatūroje ir esnat atmosferos slėgiui, naudojant katalizatorių - trietilaliuminį ir titano tetrachloridą. Polietilenas daug lengvesnis už vandenį. Elastingas, plonas sluoksnis bespalvis, skaidrus, liečiant jis atrodo riebus. Mikštėja ir lengvai keičia forma kaitinamas. Atšaldytas sukietėja ir išlaiko įgautą formą. Kūnų savybė keisti formą juos įkaitinus ir išlaikyti ją atšaldžius vadinama termoplastiškumu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Polipropilenas ir polietilenas pasižymi sočiųjų angliavandenilių savybėmis. Įprastinėmis sąlygomis nereguoja nei su sieros rūgštimi, nei su šarmais. Koncentruota azoto rūgštis ardo polietileną. Abu polimerai nereguoja su bromo vandeniu ir kalio permanganato tirpalu. Jie ura geri elektros izoliatoriai, gerai praleidžia ultravioletinius spindulius. Teflonas chemiškai atsparesnis už visus metalus, nedega ir yra puikus dielektrikas. Polikondensacijos reakcijos požymis - šalutinis produktas. Kai temperatūra ir slėgis aukštesni, šakotos polimero molekulės sąveikauja tarpusavyje ir susidaro erdvinės struktūros polimeras. Polimerai, kurie, skirtingai nuo termoplastinių polimerų, aukštoje temperatūroje neminkštėja ir nesilydo, vadinami termoreaktyviaisiais. Iš fenolio formaldehidinio polimero (dervos), pridėjus įvairių užpilų (medžio milyų, medvilninio audinio, stiklo pluošto, dažų), gaunami fenolio formaldehidiniai plastikai, kurie sutrumpintai vadinami fenoplastais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">[Svarbiausi fenoplastai]: Tekstolitas: medvilninis audinys, įmirkytas fenolio formaldehidinėje dervoje ir supresuotas aukštesnėjė temperatūroje. Atsparus apkrovoms. Lengvai mechaniškai apdirbamas. Gaminami guoliai ir mašinų dantračiai, skirti didelėms apkrovoms. Pluoštinys: medvilnės nuošukos, audinių atliekos, įmirkytos fenolio formaldehidinėjė dervoje. Atsparus susidėvėjimui. Gaminami automobilių ir motociklų stabdžių trinkelių antdėklai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 11:59:20',62,'','2010-04-18 12:02:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 11:59:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,10,'','',0,40,'robots=\nauthor='),(254,'Kokybinės rūgščių liekanų reakcijos (lentelė)','kokybins-rgi-liekan-reakcijos-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 12:13:48',62,'','2010-04-18 12:15:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 12:13:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,37,'robots=\nauthor='),(255,'Pirmosios chemijos formulės (lentelė)','pirmosios-chemijos-formuls-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 12:16:02',62,'','2010-04-18 12:17:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 12:16:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,70,'robots=\nauthor='),(256,'Sprogstamosios medžiagos 1 dalis','sprogstamosios-mediagos-1-dalis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mokomoji knygelė \"Sprogstamosios medžiagos\" skiriama Lietuvos karo akademijos kariūnams ir klausytojams, Lietuvos Respublikos krašto apsaugos sistemos kariams. Pirmajame mokomosios knygelės skyriuje glaustai dėstoma sprogstamųjų medžiagų teorija, antrajame skyriuje pateiktos įvairių klasių sprogstamųjų medžiagų ir jų mišinių charakteristikos, savybės ir panaudojimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ši knygelė gali sudominti ir karo specialistus, dirbančius su sprogstamosiomis medžiagomis arba su priemonėmis, turinčiomis sprogstamųjų medžiagų. Rengiant mokomąją knygelę sprogstamųjų medžiagų sprogimo ir kuro degimo šilumos apskaičiavimus atliko LKA kariūnas Vidmantas Dabulskis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 12:18:02',62,'','2010-04-18 12:27:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 12:18:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(257,'Laboratorinis darbas kalkių tyrimas','laboratorinis-darbas-kalki-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Didžioji dalis kalkių yra sunaudojama statybose, įvairių mūrijimo skiedinių, tinkų gamybai, patalpoms baltinti, staybinių medžiagų, kaiip silikatinių plytų, blokų, dujų silikato, silakporo gamybai. Kalkės yra naudojamos kaustifikacijos procesuose, cheminiu būdu gaminant NaOH, sodos gamybije – amoniakui regeneruoti ir kt. Pagrindiniai rodikliai, apibūdinantys kalkių kokybę, yra aktyvaus CaO ir MgO kiekis, gesinimosi trukmė ir CaCO<sub>3</sub> kiekis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Reakcija yra egzoterminė, todėl, sekant temperatūros pokyčius gesinimosi metu , galima tiksliai nustatyti proceso trukmę. Kalkių gesinimosi trukmė yra nustatoma šilumą nepraleidžiančiame inde, matuojant jame gesinamų kalkių temperatūrą. Temperatūrai matuoti į indą uždarantų kamštį yra įkišamas termometras.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gesinimosi trukmė orinėms kalkėms būna:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1)    greitai besigesinančioms – ne daugiau kaip 8 min;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2)    vidutinišku greičiu besigesinančioms – ne daugiau kaip 25 min;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3)    lėtai besigesinančioms – ne mažiau kaip 25 min.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 12:28:19',62,'','2010-04-18 12:31:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 12:28:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(258,'Atomo sandara, ryšiai','atomo-sandara-ryiai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Didesni atomai lengviau atiduoda valentinius elektronus. Metalų jonizacijos energijos yra gerokai mažesnės už nemetalų jonizacijos energijas. Elektronas turi bangos ir dalelės sąvybių. Neįmanoma nurodyti tikslios elektrono padėties atome kiekvienu momentu. Erdvės dalis, kurioje rasti elektroną yra didžiausia tikimybė, vadinama elektrono orbitale. Valentiniai elektronai - elektronai, orbitalėse turintys didžiausią energiją. Periodai - periodinės elementų lentelės horizontalios eilės, grupės - vertikalūs stulpeliai. Periodo numeris sutampa su elektronų sluoksnių skaičiumi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bendros metalų savybės: metalai linkę atiduoti valentinius elektronus ir virsti teigiamais jonais. Dauguma metalų reaguoja su rūgštimis, o metalų oksidai ir hidroksidai - su rūgštimis arba rūgštiniais oksidais ir sudaro druskas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žemyn, į kairę stiprėja elementų metališkosios ir oksidų bazines sąvybės. Atomo spindulys - pusė atstumo tarp 2 vienodų atomų centrų. Atimant elektroną iš atominės dalelės, reikia įveikti branduolio trauką, t.y. sunaudoti energiją, vadinamą jonizacijos energija. Pirmoji jonizacijos energija - kiek reikia energijos, kad atimti po 1 elektroną iš 1 molio elemento M atomų. Antroji jonizacijos energija - kiek reikia energijos, kad atimti po 1 elektroną iš 1 molio M+ jonų ir t.t.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Galimoms energetinėms elektrono būsenoms žymėti buvo įvestas specialus dydis, pavadintas pagrindiniu kvantiniu skaičiumi n, kartu atsirado ir elektronų sluoksnių įvaizdis. Elektronai, turintys tą patį pagrindinį kvantinį skaičių sudaro vieną elektronų sluoksnį. Elektronai, kurių n=1, turi mažiausiai energijos ir sudaro arčiausiai branduolio esantį pirmąjį elektronų sluoksnį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Orbitalių tipams apibūdinti ir įvardinti buvo įvestas šalutinio kvantinio skaičiaus l savoka. Skirtinų tipų orbitalės, net ir priklausydamos tam pačiam elektronų sluoksniui, šiek tiek skiriasi savo energija. Priklausomai nuo šalutinio kvantinio skaičiaus l orbitalės yra skirstomos į keturis tipus: s, p, d, f, galimi 3 p orbitalių orientavimo būdai: ant x, y, arba z ašių. Orbitų orientacijos erdvėje apibūdinamos magnetiniu kvantiniu skaičiumi (ml).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 12:32:09',62,'','2010-04-18 12:36:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 12:32:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,5,'','',0,42,'robots=\nauthor='),(259,'Stibis','stibis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bendroji charakteristika</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Stibis (lot. stibium), simbolis Sb - tai pusmetalis randamas keturiose alotropinėse formose iš kurių dažniausiai pasitaiko sidabriniai melsvai balta, kieta, trapi, blizganti kristalinė forma.. Atominis skaičius 51, atominė masė 121,75. Stibis priklauso periodinės cheminių elementų lentelės V a grupei. Išorinių elektronų konfigūracija 5s2p3. Stibis gali būti trivalentis arba penkiavalentis. Oksidacijos laipsnis junginiuose -3, +3, +5. Gamtinis stibis susideda iš dviejų stabilių izotopų 121Sb(57,25%) ir 123Sb(42,75%), kurie sudaro 5*10-5 % Žemės plutos masės. Stibis - grynuolių klasės mineralas. Kristalai trigoninės singonijos, pseudokubiniai, romboedriniai, plokštelių formos. Dažniausiai sudaro masyvius grūdėtus agregatus. Blizgesys metalinis. Kietumas 3-3,5. Stibio lydymosi temperatūra 6300C, virimo temperatūra apie 17500C. Chemiškai nelabai aktyvus. Blogai praleidžia šilumą ir elektrą. Stibis turi ir metalų savybių ir nemetalų savybių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Stibis buvo žinomas jau senovėje ( 3000 m. pr. m. e. stibį naudojo senovės babiloniečiai). Stibį tikriausiai atrado vokiečių alchemikas Bazilis Valentenas apie 1450 metus. Iki 17 amžiaus jis jau buvo gerai ištirtas, bet dar dažnai buvo maišomas su kitais elementais tokiais kaip bismutas, alavas ir net švinas. Stibį pirmą kartą išsamiai aprašė Nikolas Lemerijinas 1707 metais. 1789 m. A. Lavuazjė (Prancūzija) stibį įtraukė į cheminių elementų sąrašą ir pavadino antimoniu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Savybės</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Stibis kaitinamas aukštesnėje negu lydymosi temperatūroje jungiasi su deguonimi ir sudaro stibio trioksidą (Sb2O3). Aktyviai reaguoja su halogenais. Lydomas su  siera, selenu, telūru, sudaro chalkogenidus (Sb2X3, didžiausią praktinę reikšmę turi stibio sulfidai Sb2S3). Stibis jungdamasis su metalais sudaro antimonidus (pavyzdžiui, magnio stibidą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mg3Sb2). Stibis lėtai tirpsta koncentruotose druskos ir sieros rūgštyse ( susidaro chloridai ir sulfatai ). Reaguoja su koncentruota azoto rūgštimi  (susidaro Sb2O5). Skystas stibis turi ypatingą savybę šaldamas plėstis (vanduo irgi vienas iš nedaugelio skysčių turinčių tokią savybę). Todėl jis taip pat turi savybę užpildyti visus net ir aštriausius plyšius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 12:36:56',62,'','2010-04-18 17:47:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 12:36:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,4,'','',0,86,'robots=\nauthor='),(260,' Cheminiai produktai ','-cheminiai-produktai-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Natūralus skystas tualetinis muilas su įvairiais vaisių aromatais: citrinų, persikų, žemuogių, obuolių bei ananasų. Muilas KRE KRE yra pagamintas iš natūralių žaliavų: saulėgrąžų ir kokoso aliejaus. Šiuo metu į KRE KRE šeimą įeina trijų rūšių: su ramunėlių, su lakišių bei su medetkų ekstraktu muilai. Išskalbėte švariai, bet ar nepalikote šešėlio? Daugelio skalbimo priemonių beveik neįmanoma visiškai išskalauti. O nepastebimi sintetinių skalbimo miltelių likučiai drabužiuose gali dirginti Jūsų odą. Net penktadalis Lietuvos žmonių yra alergiški skalbimo milteliams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 12:43:01',62,'','2010-04-18 12:45:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 12:43:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(261,'Nikelis','nikelis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gryninamas elektrolize. Iš gryno nikelio gaminama tigliai, laboratorinės mentelės, akumuliatorių elektrodai ir t.t. Smulkiadispersis nikelis vartojamas kaip katalizatorius ir antikorozinių dažų pigmentas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1781 metais A. Kronstetas atrado šį elementą. Nikelio lotyniškas pavadinimas yra <em>Niccolum.</em> Nikelis yra VIII grupės cheminis elementas. Šis elementas yra metalas. Gamtoje randamas mineralų pavidalu, dažniausiai jis būna nikelio rūdose arba grynas.Atomo numeris yra 28. Atominė masė  58,70. Oksidacijos laipsnis junginiuose  nuo +1 iki +4, tačiau dažniausiai būna +2. Šis metalas sudaro 8•10 <sup>-3</sup>% žemės plutos masės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nikelis yra sidabriškai baltas, kietas, kalus, tąsus. Lydymosi temperatūra yra 1453<sup>o</sup>C, o virimo 2730 <sup>o</sup>C Metalo tankis yra 8900 kg/m<sup>3</sup> .Specifinė šiluminė talpa yra 0,44 kJ. Normaliose sąlygose nikelis atsparus oro, vandens ir šarmų poveikiui. Tirpsta praskiestose oksiduojančiose rūgštyse. Koncentruota azoto rūgštis pasyvina nikelį. Aukštesnėje negu 500 <sup>0</sup>C temperatûroje reaguoja su deguonimi, sudarydamas oksidą NiO - žalsvus kristalus. Kaitinamas reaguoja su halogenais, siera, selenu, telūru, fosforu.  Iš Nikelio junginių praktinę reikšmę turi nikelio sulfatas ir nikelio chloridas, kurie yra svarbūs nikeliuojant. Nikelis gaunamas iš rūdų hidrometalurginiu arba pirometalurginiu būdu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 12:46:05',62,'','2010-04-18 12:54:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 12:46:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,2,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(262,'Mainų reakcijų vykimo sąlygos','main-reakcij-vykimo-slygos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mainų reakcijų vykimo sąlygos. Reakcijos vyksta iki galo trim atvejais: a. kai susidaro mažai oksiduojanti medžiaga (pvz. H2O) b. kai susidaro netirpi medžiaga (netirpus hoidroksidas, netirpi druska) c. kai išsiskiria dujos. Medžiagos, kurios išlydytos arba ištirpintos sudaro jonus, vadinamos elektrolitais. Jų tirpalai ir lydalai yra laidūs elektros srovei. Skirstomi  į stipriuosius ir silpnuosius. Stiprieji - visiškai disocijuoja (ką tei reškia) į jonus. Stipriųjų klasei priklauso druskos, šarminių ir šarminių žemės metalų hidroksidai bei stirpios rūgštys. Silpnieji - menkai jonizuojasi. Medžiagos, kurios nei tirpaluose nei lydaluose nesidaro jonų, vadinamos neelektrolitais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Amfoteriniai. Kadangi didėjant atominiam skaičiui periodose, elementų metališkosios ir nemetališkosios savybės kinta ne staigiai, o palengva, kiekviename periode yra elementų, kurie sudaro junginius, būdingus ir metalams, ir nemetalams. Bet apie ką aš čia? Tokie elementai vadinami amfoteriniais elementais, jie dažniausiai būna prie kažkokios įstrižainės skiriančios metalus nuo nemetalų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rūgštys yra molekuliniai junginiai. Juose yra vandenilis ir vadinamoji rūgšties liekana. Rūgštys, kurios jonizuojasi silpnai, vadinamos silpnosiomis. Silpnų rūgščių jonizacija yra grįžtamasis procesas. Stipr. rūgštys. Svarbiausios iš stiprių rūgščių yra druskos, sieros ir azoto rūgštys. Jos turi daug bendrų savybių. Tirpaluose jos visiškai jonizuojasi, nejonizuotų molekulių jų tirpaluose praktiškai nėra. Stpriosios rūgštys reaguoja su metalų oksidais, hidroksidais, kai kuriomis druskomis. Dauguma rūgščių reaguoja su laisvaisais metalais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Druskos. Didelė dalis druskų kaitinamos skyla. Druskų patvarumas priklauso nuo metalo aktyvumo ir nuo anijono prigimties. Chloridai yra termiškai atsparūs. Sulfatai gana atsparūs kaitrai. Visi nitratai skyla. Dauguma karbonatų neatsparūs kaitrai. Oksidais vadinami cheminiai elementai, sudaryti iš deguonies ir dar vieno elemento. Oksidus skirstome į bazinius, rūgštinius, amfoterinius, indiferentinius. Amfoteriniai oksidai - tai dvejopos prigimties oksidai. Jiems būdingos rūgštinių ir bazinių oksidų savybės. Amfoteriškumu pasižyminčius oksidus sudaro elementai, periodinėje lentelėje esantys metalų ir nemetalų sandūroje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Hidridais vadinami cheminiai junginiai, sudaryti iš vandenilio ir dar vieno elemento. KH, H2Se. Viena iš svarbiausių hidridų savybių - reagavimas su vandeniu. Nemetalų hidridai yra molekuliniai junginiai, kurių rūgštinė-bazinė prigimtis kinta priklausomai nuo elemento padėties periodinėje lentelėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,41,'2010-04-18 12:54:40',62,'','2010-04-25 14:41:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-18 12:54:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',13,0,1,'','',0,111,'robots=\nauthor='),(264,'Ankstyvasis krikščionių menas','ankstyvasis-krikioni-menas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mūsų eros pradžioje rytinėje Romos imperijos dalyje, Vakarų Azijoje, atsirado naujas tikėjimas – krikščionybė. Ji paplito po visą didžiulę valstybę ir galiausiai pasiekė imperijos centrą – Italiją. Krikš skelbė, kad prieš Dievą visi lygūs – vergai ir nevergai, turtingi ir vargšai. Aišku, kad tokios idėjos negalėjo patikti romėnų valdininkams ir jie ėmė persekioti krikščionis. Vis dėlto laikui bėgant krikščionybė jau neskelbė žmonių lygybės. Imta kalbėti apie paklusnumą valdžiai ir nuolankumą: paklusniųjų už jo gyvenimo kančias laukė Dievo karalystė – rojus. Krikščionybė tai atitraukdavo tikinčiųjų – vadinamųjų krikščionių – mintis nuo žemiškų bėdų ir neturto. Taip krikščionybė užsitikrino turtingųjų valdžią. 313 m. imperatorius Konstantinas I krikščionybę paskelbė oficialiu Romos imperijos tikėjimu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kai V a. Romą nukariavo atėjūnai iš šiaurės, jų vadai priėmė krikščionybę. Palaikoma naujų valdovų, krikščionybė ilgainiui tapo vyraujančia religija Europoje. Per 2000 m. ji neginčijamai veikė ir meną, jo raidai turėjo milžiniškos įtakos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kartu su krikščionybe atsirado ir ankstyvasis krikščionių menas. Jis plito įvairiose Romos imperijos dalyse kartu su senovės Romos menu. Istoriškai šie menai kažkuo panašūs, tačiau jų turinys visiškai skirtingas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš pradžių krikščionybė buvo draudžiama, todėl tikintieji negalėjo statyti maldos namų Dievui garbinti. Jie slaptai rinkdavosi katakombose, kur ir rasti seniausi krikščionių paveikslai. Tai būdavo arba tikri urvai, arba minkštame grunte po miestu išrausti kelių kilometrų ilgio tuneliai su salėmis. Kadangi vieta kapinėse anais laikais buvo labai brangi, tai nuo seno buvo kasamos požeminės ertmės ir galerijos, kurių šonuose iškaltas arba akmeninėmis nišomis sutvirtintas nišas būdavo dedami karstai. Ypač garsios Romos katakombos. Jų sienos ir lubos buvo puošiamos piešiniais, kurie priminė Romos namų sieninę tapybą. Požeminių freskų motyvai paimti  iš Biblijos, daugiausia Senojo Testamento scenos. Iš viso nėra Naujojo Testamento vaizdų, pvz., kryžiavimo. Todėl būtų galima pagalvoti, kad tapytojas stiliaus sumetimais renkasi pusiau mitologines temas, nes dramatiškas jų turinys šiek tiek primena labai dažnai tapomas graikų ir romėnų dievų gyvenimo scenas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 09:41:11',62,'','2010-04-25 15:25:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 09:41:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',14,0,34,'','',0,38,'robots=\nauthor='),(360,'Mikroekonomikos metodinė priemonė','mikroekonomikos-metodin-priemon','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ĮVADAS Į MIKROEKONOMIKĄ</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bet kuriame ūkyje visada iškyla pasirinkimo problema: ką gaminti, kaip gaminti iš ribotų išteklių ir kam paskirstyti produktus. Priklausomai nuo to, kaip ir kas sprendžia šias problemas, skiriamos šios ekonominės sistemos: papročių ekonomika; grynoji kapitalistinė; komandinė (planinė) ekonomika; mišri ekonominė sistema.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ekonomika - tai mokslas, padedantis iš ribotų visuomeninių išteklių panaudojimo alternatyvų pasirinkti geriausią.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ekonomikos studijavimas susijęs su ekonominių modelių sudarymu. Analizuojant ekonominius reiškinius, taikomi matematiniai metodai, t. y. priklausomybės aprašomos funkcijų, lygčių pagalba, pateikiama grafinė interpretacija. Išstudijavę šią temą, studentai savo žinias gali patikrinti atsakydami į savikontrolės klausimus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PAKLAUSA, PASIŪLA, RINKOS PUSIAUSVYRA</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šioje temoje nagrinėjamas rinkos paklausos ir pasiūlos mechanizmas. Tam nagrinėjami pagrindiniai rinkos ekonomikos elementai - paklausa ir pasiūla, veiksniai, sąlygojantys jų pokyčius, konkurencija. Paklausos ir pasiūlos modelio pagalba aiškinama, kaip ekonomikos sąlygų pasikeitimas veikia kainas ir realizuojamų prekių bei paslaugų kiekį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paklausa (angl. demand) - prekės kiekio, kurį pirkėjai nori ir gali pirkti, priklausomybė nuo tos prekės kainos. Pasiūla (angl. supply) - prekės kiekio, kurį gamintojai nori ir gali parduoti, priklausomybė nuo tos prekės kainos. Rinkos pusiausvyra (angl. market equilibrium) - tai situacija, kai rinkos kaina tenkina ir gamintojus, ir pirkėjus, t. y. rinkoje nuperkamas visas pasiūlytas prekių kiekis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-26 14:23:23',62,'','2010-04-26 14:53:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 14:23:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,34,'','',0,37,'robots=\nauthor='),(265,'Kauno pažaislio architektūros ansamblis','kauno-paaislio-architektros-ansamblis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kauno marių vakariniame krante, apsuptas žalio miško masyvo, stovi Pažaislio architektūros ansamblis – buvę kamaldulių vienuolyno pastatai ir bažnyčia. Tai vienas iš nedaugelio mūsų krašto paminklų, kuriame taip ryškiai atsispindi talentingų baroko epochos menininkų – architektų, tapytojų ir lipdytojų – kūryba. Lietuvos architektūroje baroko stilius atsirado XVII a. pr., veikiamas, kaip ir kitose kraštuose, italų baroko.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šio stiliaus plėtotės ir klestėjimo svarbiausios priežastys buvo viešpataujančių klasių feodalinė – katalikiškoji rekacija, vadinama kontrreformacija, kuri kilo prieš XVI a. refomacijos sąjūdį, ir feodalizmas, o kai kuriuose kraštuose ir valdovų absoliutizmas. Katalikų bažnyčia, kurios autoritetas ir galybė pašlijo XVI a. dėl reformacijos sąjūdžio, XVII a. vėl sustiprėjo, įsigyja valdžios valdžios ir ekonominės galios. Kovoje prieš reformaciją menas pajungiamas tarnauti bažnyčiai. Bažnyčia skatina feodalus didžturčius statyti naujo kulto namus, steigti ir finansuoti vienuolynus. Statomų bažnyčių didingumu, jų vidaus įrengimo puošnumu, bažnyčia nori pavergti tikinčiųjų minias, pademonstruoti savo galią ir triumfą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Savo prabangiomis rezidencijomis ir pilimis, steigiamiems vienuolynams ir naujoms bažnyčioms statyti Lietuvos, kaip ir kitų šalių feodalai, tais laikais neretai kviesdavo architektus ir menininkus iš Italijos, o šitie statė ir kūrė to meto jų tėvynėje paplitusiomis ir madingomis baroko stiliaus formomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Barokas, iš tiesų yra labiausiai paplitęs architektūros stilius Lietuvoje. XVII a. ir kone visame XVIII a. baroko formomis Lietuvoje buvo ne tiktai naujai statomi įvairūs pastati, bet taip pat labiau ar mažiau pertaisomi ir pritaikomi naujam stiliui, t.y. barokinami kone visi ankstesni gotikos ir renesanso epochų pastatai, arba bent gaudavo naują vidaus apstatymą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šioje reprezentatyvioje baroko stiliaus epochoje dominuoja ir labiausiai išsiplėtoja architektūros menas. Epochai būdinga didingi, impozantiški architektūros ansambliai, valdovų ir didikų pilys, rūmai, vienuolynai, kur dirba ir pasireiškia įžymūs tos epochos įvairių sričių menininkai. Pastatai turėjo šlovinti magnatus – fundatorius, įamžinti jų vardą, imponuoti savo grandioziškumu, užmanymo ir atlikimo prašmatnumu, vidau įrengimo turtingumu. Priešingai renesanso epochos statikos, saikingumo, ramumo įspūdžiams pastatuose, dabar juose siekiama vidaus įtempimo, neramumo, judesio, dinamikos, tapybiškų efektų. Pastatuose ir vėl pradėjo reikštis vertikalizmo tendencijos, kurios buvo tokios stiprios gotikos epochoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pastatų planai darosi sudėtingesni negu pirmiau, juose reiškėsi centralizacijos, vieningumo, dekoratyvinės visumos siekimai. Viename pastate ar pastatų kompleksuose siekiama iškelti vieną svarbiausių centrinį ruimą ar vidaus erdvę, kuri dominuotų kitoms antraeilėms pastato ar jų ansamblio dalims.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 09:54:26',62,'','2010-04-19 09:58:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 09:54:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,33,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(266,'Impresionizmas','impresionizmas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ištikimybės gamtai principą išpuoselėjo XIX a.. aštuntojo dešimtmečio meno kryptis. Ši kryptis pavadinta impresionizmu. Pirmiausiai ji susiformavo prancūzų tapyboje kaip priešprieša soloniniam akademizmui; vėliau reiškėsi daugelio Europos šalių dailėje, literatūroje, muzikoje, teatre. Impresionizmo pagrindas - įsitikinimas, kad viskas pasaulyje nuolat kinta ir tikra yra tik tai, ką atskiras žmogus mato ir jaučia konkrečią akimirką. Impresionistų kūrybai būdinga trumpalaikių pojūčių, unikalių įspūdžių, intymių pergyvenimų perteikimas. Vaizdus detales kūrinyje sieja ne mintis o nuotaika. Impresionistai stengėsi atspindėti drobėje įspūdžių, kuriuos patirdavo stebėdami gamtą, realų gyvenimą, akimirkas. Jie tvirtino, kad joks dailininkas iki šiol nevaizdavo gamtos taip, kaip ją iš tikrųjų mato - visi daiktai paveiksle būdavo vaizduojami vienodai tiksliai. Iš tikrųjų žmogaus akis aiškiai pamatyti tegali tik nedidelę dalį daiktų, patekusių į regos lauką. Visa kita pranyksta nenusakomam šviesų ir spalvų žaisme. Todėl impresionistai atsisakė ryškių kontūrų ir tamsių šešėlių. Jie vaizdavo ne tiek pačius daiktus, kiek juos supančią šviesą ir atmosferą. Noras “pagauti šviesą teptuko galiuku” privertė juos dirbti gamtoje, po atviru dangumi, tapyti iš natūros. Jie naudojo šviesias grynas spalvas, dažus ant drobės tepdavo lengvai, mažais į kablelius panašiais potėpiais. Į paveikslą žiūrint iš toliau, tokios šviesos dėmelės susiliedavo į reikiamą toną, sukurdavo šiltą vasaros dieną virpančio oro įspūdį. Kai kuriuos šviesos perteikimo pavyzdžius impresionistai rado romantiko Delakrua ir anglų dailininkų Konstablio ir Ternerio tapyboje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Impresionistai daug naujo įnešė ir į paveikslo kompoziciją. Ankstesni paveikslai buvo kruopščiai apgalvoti, ramūs, todėl neretai veikiantieji asmenys atrodė tarsi tyčia pozuotų. Impresionistai komponavo paveikslą taip, lyg tai būtų atsitiktinai paimtas gabalėlis tikrovės. Dažnai paveikslo kraštas tarsi nukirsdavo žmogaus figūrą arba kokį nors daiktą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Savo paveikslams impresionistai neieškojo kokių nors intriguojančių žaismingo turinio siužetų. Jie tapė įprastus daiktus, peizažus, miesto vaizdus, savo amžininkus. Aišku, kad po to, kai XIX a. dailininkai vaizdavo tik seniai praėjusius laikus ir tolimas šalis, šiuolaikine realybe dvelkiantys paveikslai tiesiog gaivino. Kita vertus, impresionistai tikrovę vaizdavo lyg ir be aistros, stengdamiesi maksimaliai tiksliai perteikti tik išorinę, matomą pusę. Norėdami parodyti praeinančių akimirkų ir besikeičiančio oro bei apšvietimo reikšmingumą, jie pradėjo tapyti tuos pačius motyvus atskirais dienos ir metų laikais, t.y. kūrė skirtingo kolorito ir nuotaikos paveikslus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Impresionistams prireikė primygtinai ginti savojo meno principus. Kadangi jų darbai nebuvo priimami į oficialias parodas, kelias parodas surengė jie patys. Kritika ir publika sutiko jas labai priešiškai, negilėjo įžeidimų ir patyčių. Impresionistų paveikslų novatoriškumas ir ypatingas žavesys susilaukė įvertinimo tik po kelių dešimtmečių, kai patys dailininkai jau buvo pasenę. Dabar jų paveikslai labai vertinami ir priskiriami geriausiems pasaulio meno kūriniams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pats nuosekliausias impresionistas buvo Klodas Monė (1840 - 1926), sukūręs šviesos užlietus tarsi vibruojančius peizažus. Daugelyje jo paveikslų serijų kartojasi šieno kupetų, tvenkinyje žydinčių vandens lelijų, topolių alėjų ir kiti motyvai. Jie užfiksuoti įvairiu dienos metu, esant skirtingam orui: tai apsupti gęstančios vakarinės žaros, tai užlieti vidurdienio saulės mirgėjimo. Nutapęs ryto rūke skęstantį uostą, paveikslą dailininkas pavadino “Įspūdis. Saulėtekis”. Iš šio paveikslo pavadinimo atsirado impresionizmo terminas. Visa kas pasakyta apie impresionistus, visiškai tinka ir Kamilio Pisaro (1830 - 1963) kūrybai. Jo nutapytuose miesto vaizduose matome pilnus ekipažų Paryžiaus bulvarus, tamsiomis dėmelėmis perteiktas pėsčiųjų figūrėles. Taputi žmones mėgo ir Ogiustas Renuaras (1841 - 1919) Ypač minkštai nutapyti jo paveikslai, vaizduojantys nuostabias moteris švelniais, šiek tiek vaikiškais veidais arba besiilsinčius ar besilinksminančius užmiesčio pokylyje miestiečius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 09:59:11',62,'','2010-04-19 10:02:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 09:59:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,32,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(267,'Dailės testas','dails-testas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Impresionizmas, postimpresionizmas, modernizmas, fovizmas, kubizmas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 10:02:41',62,'','2010-04-19 10:05:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 10:02:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,31,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(268,'L. Da Vinči \"Paskutinė vakarienė\"','l-da-vini-qpaskutin-vakarienq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Milane Leonardas daug dirbo kaip dailininkas, bet dar daugiau kaip mokslininkas technikas ir išradėjas. Jis mokėjo statyti lengvus tiltus, sugalvojo naujas patrankas ir naujus būdus tvirtovėms griauti. Jis konstravo apgultoms pilims taranus ir šaudymo sviedinius, laivus, kurių bortai atlaikydavo akmeninių ir špižinių sviedinių smūgius, išradinėjo dar nežinomas sprogstamąsias medžiagas. Karščiausia jo svajonė buvo sukurti skraidantį aparatą, kuriuo žmogus galėtų pakilti į orą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Marija Dela Gracija vienuolyno valgyklos freskos, garsiosios “Paskutinės vakarienės” kompoziciją Leonardas ilgai kūrė mintyse-svarstė ištisus 1496 metus. “nuo saulės patekėjimo iki vakaro tamsos jis nepaleisdavo iš rankų teptuko ir be perstojo tapė, užmiršdamas ir valgį, ir gėrimą. O būdavo, kad dvi tris, keturias dienas nepaliečia paveikslo”, - rašo apie jį amžininkas. Ieškodamas reikalingų tipų, jis vaikščiojo Milano gatvėmis ir jo apylinkes, vėl ir vėl eskizavo ir sudarinėjo naujus sprendimus.<br />“Paskutinė vakarienė” nutapyta pagal biblinę legendinę, kuri pasakoja kaip Kristų išdavė jo mokinys Judas. Leonardas pavaizdavo kambarį, kuriame už stalo, uždengtą raštuota staltiese ir apkrauta indais, sėdi kristus su dvylika savo mokinių. Tarp mokinių yra  senų ir jaunų. Tai skirtingų charakterių žmonės. Jie įvairiai supranta Kristaus žodžius - “vienas iš jūsų mane išduos”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Leonardo paveiksle - gyvi žmonės, nupiešti Milano gatvėse ir dirbtuvėse. Atrodo, kad valgyklos patalpa padidėja, kad salės gilumoje stovi didelis padengtas stalas, o už jo sėdi žmonės. Stalas  panašus į tą, už  kurio  paprastai  pietauja  vienuoliai-ta pati surištais kampais staltiesė, tie patys kasdieniniai, tarsi ką tik iš vienuolyno virtuvės atnešti indai. Pasiekti tokį įspūdį padeda perspektyva. Matematikos žinios leido dailininkui išspręsti daugelį svarbių problemų - perspektyvos ir kompozicijos klausimus.<br /> “Perspektyva-tapybos vairas” - rašė Leonardas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Trejus metus Leonardas dirbo milžinišką freską. Jis baigė ją tik 1498 metų vasarį. O lygiai po metų atsitiko tai nuo ko ir prasidėjo didžioji tragedija tapybos istorijoje.<br />Pamėgimas eksperimentuoti pastūmėjo Leonardą pavojingu keliu. Atmesdamas dailininkų ilgametės patirties nustatytas taisykles, jis panaudojo naują, jo išrastą sienų gruntavimo būdą  ir naujos sudėties temperą, su kuria galima buvo tapyti lėtai, su pertraukomis. Tačiau genialusis eksperimentatorius nenumatė, kad vienuolynas stovi žemoje, pelkėtoje vietoje… 1449 metų vasario 2 dieną vienuolyną apsėmė. Vanduo ilgai stovėjo ant plytinių  valgyklos grindų. O kai Leonardas atėjo pažiūrėti paveikslo, jis pamatė pirmuosius klastingus įskilimus. “Paskutinė vakarienė” buvo pasmerkta pražūčiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Potvyniai kelis kartus pasikartojo. Vienuoliai Kristaus kojų vietoje iškirto duris, kad būtų patogiau nešioti valgį. Vėliau Napoleono kareiviai padarė valgykloje arklides ir sienoje išgriovė praėjimus arkliams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuo drėgmės krito ir luposi dažai. Leonardas mirė 1519 metais gegužės 2 dieną. O freska…freska tebėra ir dabar. Keistas ir sudėtingas likimas jos laukė. Daugiau kaip po keturių šimtmečių, 1943 metais, vienuolyną beveik visiškai sugriovė bomba. Liko stovėti tik apsauginiai smėlio maišai ir “Paskutinės vakarienės” freska. O kai nutilo karo audra, vėl buvo pradėta restauruoti brangiuosius likučius. Naujieji chemijos mokslo pasiekimai padėjo dailininkams atrestauruoti freską nors ji vietomis sužalota.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 10:05:31',62,'','2010-04-19 10:09:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 10:05:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,30,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(269,'Dailės istorija','dails-istorija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">SENOVĖS ROMOS MENAS.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Valstybė formuojasi nuo VIa.pr.m.e.. Tai buvo viena galingiausių valstybių. Kultūra bendra su Graikijos. Pasiekiama klasikos pažanga. Jai priklausė visos Vakarų Europos valstybės visuomeninė struktūra sudėtinga. Tiesiami keliai, tiltai (komunikaciniai), vandens kanalai, kas vartojama ir šiandien. Romos miestas pastatytas radialiniu planu: (saulė su spinduliais)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Miestai turėjo kanalizaciją. Butai buvo šildomi centriniu šildymu, buvo vandentiekis. Turtingieji savo vilose turėjo vidinius kiemus. Skulptūra. Portretas antkapinis.<br />Buvo paplitęs simbolinis atvaizdas. Vėliau buvo nuimama veido kaukė ir įrėminama. Portretus pradėta kurti naudojantis nuimtomis kaukėmis. Tai nulėmė skulptūros vystymąsi.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">GRAIKIJA IR ROMA.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antikus reiškia senas. Graikija XI-Ia.pr.m.e. istorijos raida. Šis laikotarpis skirstomas:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    XI-VIIIa.pr.m.e. Homerinis laikotarpis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    VII-VIa.pr.m.e. Archaininis laikotarpis. Jau kuriami miestai (polisai), valstybės. Architektūroje formuojasi orderių sistema. Skulptūroje išryškėjo gyvenimu besidžiaugiantis žmogus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    Va.pr.m.e. Graikai nugali Persiją. Apsijungia polisai. Pasiekiamas ekonominis išsivystymas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    Iva.pr.m.e. vėlyvoji klasika. Graikų valstybės silpnėjimas. Bruožai išlaikomi tie patys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    III-Ia.pr.m.e. Helenizmo laikotarpis. Graikų menas paplinta kaimyninėse šalyse (Romoje, Mažojoje Azijoje).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Graikų skulptūroje žmogus vaizduojams realistiškai, kasdieniškai, besidžiaugiantis gyvenimu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 10:10:13',62,'','2010-04-19 10:18:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 10:10:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,29,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(270,'Šv. Trejybės cerkvė','v-trejybs-cerkv','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šv. Trejybės cerkvė ir Bazilijonų vienuolynas su vartais</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Eidami Soboro gatve įkalnėn, dešinėje pusėje  matome gražios architektūros vartus, tai Bazilijonų vienuolyno vartai - vos ne savarankiškos ansamblio dalys. Pro vartus, dengtus kryžminiu skliautu, patenkame į siaurą pailgą kiemelį ir paprastus vartus, vedančius į vienuolyno kiemą. Vartų fasadas yra į viršų nuosekliai mažėjančių trijų tarpsnių. Jo paviršių vertikaliai skaido trys cilindriškos išgaubtos: šoninės siauresnės, vidurinė platesnė, tesisi ir tečiame tarpsnyje - frontone. Šonines dalis puošia piliastrai, vilnijantys per vidurį, antablementas paryškina fasado plastiškumą. Antrojo tarpsnio centre yra niša su arka ir metalinėmis rokoko stiliaus žvejų tinklo motyvo grotelėmis. Balkonas, matyt, buvo skirtas aukštiems dvasininkams pasirodyti - už jo yra “užkulisisinės” patalpos. Vartus užbaigia trečias tarpsnis - frontonas su lanksčiu karnizu ir voliutomis. Visą frontono paviršių dengia reljefinė kompozicija iš Šv.Trejybės įvaidžių, žemės rutulio ir besi driekiančių apačioje debesų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Už vartų - kiemas, kuriame yra Šv. Trejybės vienuolynas ir cerkvė, XIV a. pirmoje pusėje įsteigti Tverės kunigaikštystės, antrosios Didžiojo Kunigaikščio Algirdo žmonos Julijos. Anot padavimo ir net kai kurių istorinių pasakojimų, ji pastatyta toje vietoje, kur dėl tikėjimo žuvo trys lietuviai, Algirdo dvariškiai Kuklėjus, Michlėjus ir Nežilas. tačiau rusų metraštininkas sako, kad 1347 m. Algirdo buvo nužudytas Kruglecas (Nežilas), Šv. Krikšto metu pavadintas Jefstafijumi už krikščioniškąjį tikėjimą ir palaidotas Vilniaus Šv. Mykolo bažnyčioje, karste su savo giminėmis kankiniais Antonijumi ir Joanu (Kuklėjus, Michlėjus), taip pat nukentėjusiais už tikėjimą.Iš to galima daryti išvadas, kad tie šventi kankiniai iš pradžių buvo palaidoti senojoje Šv. Mikalojaus cerkvėje, tikriausiai, gaisruj ją sunaikinus buvo perkelti į Šv Trejybės cerkvę, o dabar yra Šv. Dvasios cerkvėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1514 m. Lietuvos didysis etmonas, Kunigaikštis Konstantinas Ostrogiškis, žymus to meto karvedys, vietoje sutręšusių vienuolyno ir cerkvės pastatė mūrinius namus. 1748 m. gfaisras beveik visiškai sunaikino cerkvę ir vienuolyną, bet netrukus jie vėl buvo atstatyti. Žygimanto III įsakymu Šv. Trejybės cerkvės vienuolynas buvo perduotas kunigaikščiams bazilijonams, kuriems priklausė iki unitų suijungimo su pravoslavais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 10:19:35',62,'','2010-04-19 10:22:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 10:19:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,28,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(271,'Petro Kalpoko kūryba','petro-kalpoko-kryba','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dekoratyviniai plenerizmo peizažai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Secesiono” stilistiniai bruožai P. Kalpoko Miuncheno laikotarpio darbuose buvo susipynę su impresionizmu. Vėliau jų plėtotė dailininko kūryboje vyko dekoratyvaus plenarizmo linkme. Jau paveiksluose “Rudenėjant” (1912) ir “Žiema” (1913), tapytuose impresionistine maniera, ryškėja polinkis į dekoratyvinį apibendrinimą. Aukštas abiejų peizažų horizontas sutelkia dėmesį į žemę, į materialaus pasaulio būtį, įkūnytą didelėmis gautomis spalvų plotmėmis, ritmiškai derinant šviesias ir tamsias vietas. Ypač monumentaliai skamba panoraminė kompozicija “Rudenėjant”, kur tarsi nuo aukšto kalno prieš akis atsiveria platus gamtos vaizdas ankstyvo rudens metu. Pasikartojantis tolstančių šviesių ir tamsių laukų ritmas suteikia peizažui žaismingumo ir kuria didelės, sudėtingos erdvės įspūdį. “Žiema” - fragmentinės kompozicijos, kameriškesnės nuotaikos, nors P. Kalpoko pamėgtas vingiuojančio upelio motyvas čia įgyja epiškiausią išraišką. Sprendžiant pagal išlikusias nuotraukas, tai galėjo būti vieni geriausių to meto P. Kalpoko kūrinių. Juose dailininkas atskleidė ramią gamtos didybę, remdamasis formų pusiausvyros principu. Matyt, neatsitiktinai būtent šie darbai buvo reprodukuojami to meto leidiniuose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kitas plenero supratimas, dar labiau nutolęs nuo impresionistinės idėjos, ypač akivaizdus drobėse “Medžiai prie ežero”, “Namas pavakaryje” ir “Romos Panteonas naktį”, kuriuose svarbiausias erdviškumo šaltinis - šviesaus dangaus ir tamsios masyvios žemės kontrastas. Čia šviesa ir erdvė neapsupa daiktų ir nekeičia jų gyvenimo, jų būsenos. Stiprus erdvės įspūdis sklinda iš paveikslo gilumos, priešpastačius jai materialų pirmojo plano vaizdą. Be to, pasirinkęs dinamišką gamtos motyvą, dailininkas vaizduoja jį kaip pastovų veiksmą, kuriam būdingas pasikartojimas. Su neramiu dangaus plotu kontrastuoja stabili žemiška ramybė, suteikianti paveikslui slėpingą nuotaiką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 10:22:58',62,'','2010-04-19 10:33:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 10:22:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,27,'','',0,36,'robots=\nauthor='),(272,'Gotika Vakarų mene','gotika-vakar-mene','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gotika susiformavo XIIa. antroje pusėje Prancūzijoje (Il de Frans provincijoje) ir plito iki XVIa. daugelyje Europos šalių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naujasis menas prasideda architektūra. Pradžioje romaninio stiliaus bruožai pynėsi su besiformuojančiais gotikiniais (gotikinės konstrukcijos išsirutuliojo iš romaninių bazilikinių konstrukcijų). Kai kuriuose pastatuose išliko masyvios sienos, romaninės architektūros bei skulptūros detalės. Pradėta naudoti nauja karkasinė konstrukcija, pilioriai, remiantys briaunuotus smailiaarkius skliautus su nerviūromis. Atsirado vertikalus erdvės skirstymas, smailios arkos. Svarbiausias elementas - vadinamoji gotikinė oginų kryžmė. Tai įvestos į skliauto briaunas kryžminės arkos, kurios keičia visos konstrukcijos ritmą. Pastatas darosi lengvesnis ir auga į viršų. Iš pradžių dar inkrustuotos viena puse į skliauto masę arkos vėliau darosi beveik nepriklausomos. Jau žinomas arabams ir romaninei architektūrai, smailus profilis pasirodo visur: didelėse arkose, tribūnose, languose ir net skliautuose bei oginose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Brandžios gotikos laikotarpiu (XIIIa. vid. - XIVa.) pagausėjo pasaulietinių pastatų. Architektūra įgavo dar grakštesnes proporcijas, dar daugiau ažūriškumo ir puošnumo. Portalai ir langai dažnai buvo puošiami ažūriniais skydais, vimpergomis, bokštų viršūnės baigiasi pinakliais. Fasaduose ir interjeruose ypač gausu skulptūrų, languose spalvingų vitražų. Prancūzijoje buvo pastatyta sudėtingos kompozicijos, turtingo skulptūros dekoro kulto pastatų (Buržo Šv. Stepono katedra, Šventoji koplyčia Paryžiuje), pilių. Šiuo laikotarpiu gotika suklesti ir kitose Vakarų Europos šalyse.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vokietijoje kulto pastatams (halinei Šv. Elžbietos bažnyčiai Marburge, Kelno katedrai, Marijos bažnyčiai Liūbeke) būdingi aukšti fasadų bokštai, architektūros ir skulptūros dekoras. Buvo statoma daug civilinių ir gynybinių pastatų (Liūbeko, Braunšveigo rotušės).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Anglijoje statomos ilgos lotyniško kryžiaus plano bažnyčios (Kenterberio, Velso katedros, Vestminsterio abatijos bažnyčia Londone). Šie pastatai žemesni, dažnai turi stačiakampį chorą, masyvius keturkampius bokštus fasade ir virš transepto.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 10:33:54',62,'','2010-04-19 10:49:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 10:33:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,26,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(273,'Dailės terminų žodynas','dails-termin-odynas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Akantas- archit. ornamentikos puošybos motyvas. Akvedukas-ant arkų pakeltas dengtas vandentiekis. Anfilada- eilė pereinamų kambarių. Antablementas- viršutinė orderio dalis; virš kolonų. Apsidė- vidinė altorinė pastato dalis. Arkada- eilė vienodų arkų. Arkbutanas- pusarkė, vienu galu remiasi į sienos viršų. Atikas- sienelė virš karnizo. Atlantas- vyro pavidalo atrama, laikanti balkoną.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bareljefas- skulptūros plokščias reljefas, vaizdas pusiau iškilęs. Bazė - kolonos pagrindas. Bazilika- pastatas, vėliau tapęs bažnyčia. Eklektika- įvairių stilių junginys. Fialas- dekoratyvinė juosta puošianti sieną. Frontonas- trikampė plokštuma virš stogo. Kapitelis- kolonos viršutinė dalis. Kariatidė - moters pavidalo vertikali atrama. Kolonada- kolonų eilė. Kontroforsas- išorinė iškyla sienai sutvirtinti. Krabas- gotikinės archit. puošybos detalė. Kvadrika- antik. karo vežimas (4 arkliai). Nava - svarbiausia bažnyčios patalpa.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 11:26:16',62,'','2010-04-19 11:34:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 11:26:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,25,'','',0,42,'robots=\nauthor='),(274,'Indijos architektūra ir dailė','indijos-architektra-ir-dail','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Indijos dailėje senos audimo, akmens ir kaulo raižybos, medžio drožybos, metalo kalstymo ir keramikos tradicijos. Dabartinėje Indijos teritorijoje išliko žalvario amžiaus meno paminklų: Harapos kultūros taisyklingo plano miesto griuvėsių, keramikos fragmentų, akmens ir terakotinių statulėlių,  antspaudų amuletų, aukso, sidabro papuošalų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Profesionaliosios indų architektūros ir dailės raidai turėjo įtakos Mesopotamijos, Persijos, Graikijos(helenizmo laikotarpio), kinų, islamo ir Vakarų Europos menas. Valdant Maurijams (IV – II a. pr. Kr.), suklestėjo architektūra ir dailė. Buvo statomi taisyklingo plano miestai su plačiomis gatvėmis, dideli gynybiniai kompleksai, rūmai (Ašokos rūmai Pataliputroje, III a. pr. Kr.). Susiformavo gyvenamojo namo su vidiniu kiemu, lodžomis, balkonais, terasomis tipas. Turtingųjų namai buvo 2 – 3 aukštų, su priėmimo salėmis, paveikslų galerijomis, apsupti parkais su fontanais ir paviljonais. Plintant budizmui, pastatyta memorialinių kompleksų (stupų), sudarytų i pusrutulio pavidalo monolitų, pastatytų ant kvadratinių terasų, apsuptų sienomis su vartais, puoštais reljefais (Didžioji stupa Sančyje, II – I pr. Kr.). Statomi memorialiniai stulpai (stambai). Uolose ikalta daug stačiakampio plano vienuolynų (viharų) ir šventyklų (čaitjų) su sudėtingais skliautais ir perdangomis, puošniu interjeru, papuoštu žmonių, žvėrių (dažniausiai dramblių) skulptūromis, daugiafigūrėmis reljefinėmis kompozicijomis (Ašokos stambos kapitelis, vadinamasis Liūtų kapitelis, apie 243 m. pr. Kr.).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 11:34:53',62,'','2010-04-19 11:37:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 11:34:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,24,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(275,'Laurynas Stuoka Gucevičius','laurynas-stuoka-guceviius','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įžanga</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiekvienos kultūros lobyne svarbią vietą užima architektūros menas. Į architektūrą įprasta žiūrėti kaip į visų meno šakų sintezę, kur darniai susijungia ir skulptūra, ir monumentalioji tapyba, ir taikomoji dailė (keramika, tekstilė, baldai).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visai pagrįstai architektūra vadinama “menų motina”, tačiau niekas iš architektų nesugebėjo jos esmės taip aiškiai apibrėžti, kaip tai padarė genialusis rusų  rašytojas N. Gogolis, pavadinęs šią meno rūšį “akmeniniu pasaulio metraščiu”.  Taip jis nusakė architektūros ilgaamžiškumą bei įvairiapusiškumą, jos svarbą kiekvienos tautos kultūrai pažinti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gęstant vėlyvajam barokui, XVIII a. paskutiniajame ketvirtyje Lietuvoje ėmė reikštis klasicizmo tendencijos. Klasicizmo pradžia Lietuvoje – 1770 metai, kai į Lietuvą atvyko garsusis italų klasicizmo mokyklos atstovas, architektas Karlas Spampanis ( Carlo Spampani), ir  pasėjo pirmuosius klasicizmo daigus. Šiam stiliui formuotis Lietuvoje didžiausią įtaką darė trijų epochų patirtis – antika, Italijos vėlyvasis renesansas ir XVIII a. prancūzų klasicizmas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išsiskiria du ryškūs Lietuvos klasicizmo laikotarpiai: iki Lietuvos ir Lenkijos  valstybės suirimo ir po jo. Pirmuoju laikotarpiu (1780 – 1795 m.) reikšėsi ankstyvasis ir brandusis, antruoju (1795 – 1860 m.) – vėlyvasis klasicizmas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ankstyvasis klasicizmas – tai pereinamojo laikotarpio architektūra, jungusi vėlyvojo baroko ir klasicizmo formas. Pereinant iš baroko į klasicizmo laikotarpį iškalbiai prezentuoja Kauno rotušė, perstatyta ir praplėsta 1771 – 1780 m. Brandžiojo  klasicizmo architektūra pasižymi ramia didybe: harmoningomis proporcijomis, santūriu dekoru. Įsitvirtino orderinė sistema, pastato visumos ir detalių idealios proporcijos. Brandžiojo klasicizmo pradininkas Lietuvoje – profesorius Laurynas Stuoka Gucevičius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 11:38:18',62,'','2010-04-19 11:41:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 11:38:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,23,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(276,'Dailė Lietuvoje','dail-lietuvoje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tapyba</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Seniausi molbertinės tapybos pavyzdžiai Lietuvoje pasiekė mus tik iš XVIa. 1793m. - Vilniaus aukštojoje mokykloje įkurta architektūros katedra. 1797m. - Tapybos katedra. P.Smuglevičius - pirmasis tapybos katedros vedėjas ir profesorius, žymiausias klasicistinės tapybos atstovas Lietuvoje. XIXa. Pradžioje klasicizmas užleidžia vietą romantizmui (J.Oleškevičius, J.Damelis). 1832m. Uždarytas Vilniaus universitetas, kartu ir jame veikusios dailės katedros. 1866-1915 veikė Vilniaus piešimo mokykla (vad. Ivanas Trutnevas). Didelę įtaką darė Rusijos meno mokyklos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Architektūra</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    Mūrinės statybos pradžia -XIIIa.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    Vyraujantis mūro architektūros tipas XIII-XIVa. ne kulto kaip kitose šalyse, bet gynybiniai pastatai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    Pagrindinė mūrinių pastatų statybinė medžiaga - lauko rieduliai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gotika<br />Į viršų siaurėjančios formos pastatai. Architektūroje dominuoja pilys (Vilniaus, Trakų). Gotikinės bažnyčios (Šv. Mikalojaus, Šv. Onos -Vilniuje). Visuomeniniai pastatai (Kauno perkūno namai)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Renesansas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Humanizmo esmė. Pagrindinė meno problema - realybė ir jos atspindys. Stiprus ryšys su antika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    Lietuvos renesanso architektūros raida truko apie 150m. XIVa. Ji dar susipynusi su gotika, XVIIa. pirmoje pusėje pastebimas baroko poveikis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    Vilniaus universiteto pastatų ansamblis; Šiaulių, Šv. Petro ir Povilo bažnyčia, Simno bažnyčia, Kėdainių evangelikų, žemutinė pilis Vilniuje, Biržų pilis, Panemunės pilys. Rūmai - Raudondvario, Radvilų (Vilniuje).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 11:41:47',62,'','2010-04-19 11:51:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 11:41:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,22,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(277,'Rafaelis Santis','rafaelis-santis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įžanga</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rafaelis buvo iš tų menininkų – laimės kūdikių, kurių gyvenimas, dar jiems gyviems esant, apipinamas legendomis. Rafaelis – vienas didžiausių visų laikų dailininkų. Jis savo kūryboje įkūnijo Renesanso epochos itališkojo humanizmo idealus. Tačiau susiduriame su paradoksu – Rafaelio kūryba, laikyta nepralenkiama iki XX a. , mūsų dienomis pasirodė pernelyg aiški, nuglaistyta. Pasigesta joje dramatiškos jėgos ir skvarbaus intelekto. Imta net teigti, kad Rafaelis “pats eklektiškiausias  iš didžiųjų dailininkų”(P. Muris). Nuo to laiko pradėta pedantiška jo kūrinių analizė. Palyginus su dailininko amžininkais, paaiškėjo, kad Rafaelis, nors tam tikrais periodais sekė (ne kopijavo) Leonardu da Vinčiu bei Mikelandželu, niekada napasiekė pirmojo subtilaus psichologizmo, o antrojo dvasios jėgos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Meno istorikai susigriebė, kad Rafaelio meną sunku vertinti, nes visų pirma, jis nesudėtingas ir visiems suprantamas, o kita vertus, specifiniai bruožai, įgalinantys trumpai jį charakterizuoti, sunkiai apčiuopiami. Susipina prieštaringiausios savybės: atviras sentimentalumas ir gilus dramatizmas, lyriška, poetiška nuotaika su filosofiniais žmogaus būties apmąstymais. Gal dėl to Rafaelio kūryba nusakoma “aukso vidurio” formuluote.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Biografija</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Umbrijos periodas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Brandusis Renesansas (dar vadinamas aukštuoju arba klasikiniu Renesansu), kurio metu kūrė Rafaelis, apėmė neilgą laikotarpį – nuo XV a. pabaigos iki 1530 metų. Rafaelis gimė Urbino mieste balandžio 6 dieną 1483 metais. Vaikystėje dailės jį mokė tėvas, Džiovanis Santis. Jis dirbo Urbino hercogo rūmų tapytoju, bet į istoriją pateko ne savo dailės darbais, bet eiliuotu metraščiu, kurio viename skyriuje aprašė ne tik hercogo gyvenimą, bet ir XV a. italų tapybą. Džiovanis Santis mirė, kai jo sūnui buvo vienuolika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 11:51:45',62,'','2010-04-19 11:54:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 11:51:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,21,'','',0,157,'robots=\nauthor='),(278,'Šriftas','riftas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vienas iš svarbiausių grafinio dizaino elementų yra šriftas. Skaitydami mes sutelkiame dėmesį į teksto prasmę. Dėl to šriftas dažnai lieka nepastebėtas, nors yra pakankamai aktyvus teksto dalyvis ir gali skelti emocijų, kaip ir tksto turinys. Tinkamai prinktas šriftas padeda geriau suvokti teksto turinį, o blogai pasirinktas gali atstumti skaitytoją, pastarajam net nesuvokiant, kodėl jis toliau nebenori skaityti. Dvidešimt šeši juodi ženklai, su kuriais susiduriame kasdien, paklūsta tiems patems kompoziciniams principams kaip ir bet kuri dizaino sritis. Tai proporcijų, tonų, faktūros, kontrastų dalykai. Tačiau šriftų dizainas psižymi ir specifiniais bruožais. Norėdami svokti šrifto grožį ir įvairovę, nesutelkime dėmesio į žodžių reikšmes, o pažvelkime į juos kaip į apstrakčius ženklus. Tai nesunku padaryti „skaitant“ arabų ar kinų raštą – formų išraiškingumas akivaizdus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šriftai, kurių yra labai įvairių ir labai daug, nebuvo visi iš karto sukurti. Jie buvo kuriami ir tobulinami bei tebetobulinami ir šiandien. Kiekvienas reiškinys turi savo priežastį. Ne iš piršto išlaužti ir įvairūs šriftų elementai. Kaip ir visur, čia didelę įtaką turėjo darbo priemonės, įrankiai. Nuo egiptiečių ieroglifų ir babiloniečų dantyraščio, kurie būdavo dažniausiai iškalami akmenyje arba išspaudžiami molio lentelėse, palaipsniui, vystantis kultūrai, besikeičiant ir tobulėjant darbo įrankiams, o kartu  ir rašymo įrankiams, buvo prieita iki dabartinių rašmenų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Viduramžiais, dar nemokant knygų spausdinti, didžiuliai veikalai buvo perrašomi ranka, naudojant žąsų plunksnas. Perrašinėtojai sukūrė savotiško stiliaus rašto ženklus, kuriems būdingi stipresni ir silpnesni plunksnos paspaudimai. Iš tų laikų kilo ir toliau išsivystė įvairūs kaligrafiniai šriftai ir gotiniai šriftai. Pastarieji dabar beveik nenaudojami, bet jų savybės perėjo į grupę šriftų, rašomų vadinamosiomis „rondo“ ir plakatinėmis plunksnomis. Išradus spaudą, atsivėrė platesnės galimybės šriftams vystytis. Tai įgalino vieną kkartą kruopščiai apdorotą raidę pakartoti milijardus kartų spaustuviniu būdu. Raidžių formos, jų  elementai nebuvo varžomi įrankio — kalto arba plunksnos —galimybių.<br />Mes pagrindinai kalbėsime apie rašytinį, pieštą šriftą, ir čia plačiau susipažinsime su šio šrifto raidžių formomis, jų išdėstymu, su tuo, kas daugiau ar mažiau bendra visiems šriftams arba daugeliui iš jų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 11:55:19',62,'','2010-04-19 11:57:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 11:55:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,20,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(279,'Žoržas Sera','oras-sera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žoržas Sera (George Seurat, gyv. 1859 – 1891 ). Jo tėvas, Antuanas Chrizostomas Sera buvo keistas žmogus. Jo sistemingas buities organizavimas, giliau žvelgiant, tik išduoda neaiškų gyvenimo ir jo betvarkiško viešėjimo baiminimąsi. Antuanas Chrizostomas vedė Žoržo Sera motiną Ernestiną Fevr. Ji buvo 13 metų už jį vyresnė ir buvo juvelyro duktė. Ernestina Fevr buvo užsisklendusi savyje, ją kankino liūdnos mintys. Pirmieji jų sutuoktiniai vaikai buvo Emilis Ogiustenas Sera ir Marie Berta Sera. Žoržas gimė trečias. Kai Žoržas buvo septynerių, gimė ketivrtasis vaikas, bet jį pakirto liga. Brolio netektis sukrėtė jaunąjį talentą, kuris pirmą kartą susitiko su mirtimi. Ši mirtis aptemdė spontanišką jaunos būtybės tikėjimą gyvenimu. Sera šeimyna gyveno nevaizdingame Mažantos bulvare. Tėvą sūnus matydavo retai, jis jam buvo lyg šešėlis jo gyvenime. Bet ar jis buvo jam svetimas? Šeimynos ir namų aplinkos poveikis įtakojo jaunojo talento vystymuisi. Prasidėjus karui šeima pabėga į Fonteblo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tarp tų šeimyninių ir valstybinių įvykų Žoržas tebesimoko. Jisai rimtas, stropus, tačiau ypatingai nepasižymi. Laikosi, anot mokytojų, “padoraus vidurkio“; dirba pastoviai, ramiai, sistemingai. Jo elgesys pavyzdingas. Niekad netriukšmauja, neieško pramogų, tuščiai neplepa. Jis, deja, iš prigimties mažakalbis, užsidaręs savyje, nei vienam atvirai nieko nepasipasakoja – nei tėvams, nei klasės draugams. Matyt, jo esama kiek šaltokų jausmų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vos pradėjęs nulaikyti pirštuose pieštuką, jis piešė. Jam buvo apie septynerius metus, kai nupiešė šunį su žmogumi ir šunį su vaiku. Jo tetėnas Polis Omontė, motinos sesers vyras, kuris Terno aveniu turi moteriškų apdarų parduotuvę ir kaip mėgėjas domisi daile, tvirtina, kad Žoržui nestinga šių gabumų, ir ragina juos lavinti. Tad, beeidamas penkioliktus metus, jaunasis Sera ima lankyti netoli tėvo būsto esančią municipalinę piešimo mokyklą. Jos dėstytojas – kuklus skulptorius Žiustenas Lekjenas. Lekjenas savo mokinius supažindino su perspektyvos pagrindais. Duoda jiems kopijuoti gipsų, antikos kūrinių muliažų, architektūrinių motyvų. Sera gražiai atlieka mokyklinius darbus. Jis čia, reikia pasakyti, rodo ne visai įprastą tokio amžiaus jaunuoliui sąžiningumą, atidumą. Piešimas jo akimis nėra koks lengvabūdiškas užsiėmimas, pramoga. Jis ima berniuką taip traukti, kad virsta tiesiog jo aistra. Tylia aistra. Nerodoma, bet gilia. Jis ne tik daug, su lėtu atkaklumu piešia, bet ir semiasi žinių teoriniuose veikaluose. Jaunuolis atsidėjęs studijuoja dailę ir jam giliai įstringa į atmintį kai kurios dailėje reiškiamos mintys. Spalvos, nurodo Šarlis Blanas, neabejotinai pavaldžios tam tikriems dėsniams, ir jų galima mokyti kaip muzikos… Eženas DeLakrua tuos dėsnius žinojo – iš pradžių juos intuityviai suvokė, o paskui iš pagrindų išstudijavo, todėl ir buvo vienas didžiausių dabartinių laikų koloristų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 11:58:05',62,'','2010-04-19 12:00:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 11:58:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,19,'','',0,36,'robots=\nauthor='),(280,'Onos bažnyčia','onos-banyia','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Į tą vietą, kur stovi Onos bažnyčia, subėga Tiesos, Biliūno, Švietimo gatvės ir Pilies skersgatvis. Tai vienas seniausių miesto kampelių, kurį puošia nemaža vertingų pastatų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Onos bažnyčia – visasąjunginės reikšmės architektūrinis paminklas ir gražiausias gotikinis pastatas respublikoje. Tai senas pastatas. Senuose dokumentuose minima, kad Onos bažnyčia 1500-1501 metais buvo atnaujinta; vėliau (1563) griuvo skliautai. Tik 1581 metais buvo baigtas jos remontas. Tie metai ir laikomi pagrindiniais šio pastato istorijoje. Pagaliau ir pats bažnyčios statymo būdas, jos stilius būdingas XVI amžiui – gotikos klestėjimo mūsų krašte laikotarpiui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dviejose plytose išlikę kažkokie ženklai ir raidės, padarytos aštriu įrankiu, yra, gal būt, cechų ar meistrų emblemos. Tačiau tikrų žinių, kas yra Onos bažnyčią projektavęs ir statęs, nėra, todėl ilgainiui apie ją buvo sukurta nemaža legendų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Viena legenda pasakoja, kad šią bažnyčią statę du meistrai – uošvis ir žentas. Uošvis, pastatęs sienas iki langų, darbą metęs, nes negalėjęs pakęsti žento pastabų. Žentas pasiryžęs statybą užbaigti ir išvykęs į tolimus kraštus pasižiūrėti, kaip ten statoma. Sugrįžęs Vilniun ir neradęs čia uošvio, pats baigęs pradėtą pastatą. Taip ir likusios skirtingos pastato dalys: sunki apatinė, iki langų, - uošvio dalis, o grakšti viršutinė – jauno žmogaus kūrinys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pastatas yra keturkampio formos, turi 22 metrus ilgio ir 10 metrų pločio, statytas iš natūralios spalvos gelsvų plytų, kurios vėliau buvo nudažytos raudonai. Labai didelio formato plytos surištos kalkių skiediniu. Sienos, palyginti, plonos; jų pamatai kadaise buvo sustiprinti kryžmai sudėtais alksniniais sienojais, nes pastatui grėsdavo upės artumas ir požeminiai šaltiniai. Be įėjimo, padaryto pagrindiniame fasade, dar buvo įėjimas iš šono ir iš kaimyninio bernardinų vienuolyno. Prie bažnyčios, kaip senais laikais buvo įprasta, būta kapinių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 12:00:47',62,'','2010-04-19 12:03:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 12:00:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,18,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(281,'Vincentas Van Gogas','vincentas-van-gogas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vincentas van Gogas gimė 1853 kovo 30 dieną Grot Zundere {Olandija} pastoriaus Teodoro van Gogo ir Anos Kornelios Karbentus šiemoje. 1862 rasti pirmieji Vincento piešiniai. 1865 van Gogas įstoja į provilnio vadovaujamą mokyklą Zavenberge. Mokslai šiame pensione Vincento nesudomino, o jam vis viena reikėjo pasirinkti profesiją, todėl paskatintas savo dėdės Cento 1869 įstoja tarnautoju Magoje. 1873 įstoja tarnautoju į Giunpilo firmos filialą Briuselyje. Gegužės mėnesį Vincentas pakeliamas tarnyboje ir išvyksta į Londoną. Ten apsigyvena pas ponią Luaje. Vincentas įsimyli jos dukterį Ursulą. 1874 pasipirša jai, bet ši tik pasijuokia ir pasako, kad jau susižadėjusi. Žlunga visos Vincento svajonės. Nevilties apimtas jis grįžta į Olandiją. Liepos mėnesio viduryje vėl išvyksta į Londoną su savo seserimi Ana. Spalio  mėnesį  van Gogas siunčiamas  į Paryžių, kad “išsiblaškytų”. Gruodžio mėnesį ūmai grįžta į Londoną, kur veltui bando sutikti Ursulą. 1875 Vincentas Londone tampa apsileidusiu tarnautoju, o jau gegužės menesį perkeliamas į Paryžių. Gyvena Monmarte, vis labiau bodisi tapyba.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1876 Grįžęs į Paryžių Vincentas atleidžiamas iš darbo. Balandžio mėnesį grįžta pas tėvus į Eteną. Įstoja mokytoju į Staukso anglikonų mokyklą Ramsteigeite. Birželio mėnesį Stouksas mokyklą perkelia į Londono priemestį Ailvortą. Vincentui paveda surinkti mokslapinigius. Šis vaikšto po Ist-endą, kur jį sukrečia skurdas, kur nutaria tapti “vargšų guodėju“. Liepos mėnesį Stouksas Vincentą atleidžia ir šis pradeda dirbti pagalbiniu pamokslininku pas Džonsą. Kalėdoms grįžta  į Olandiją. 1877 sausio mėnesį Vincentas įstoja tarnauti į knygyną Dordrechte. Netrukus meta šį darbą ir atvyksta į Amsterdamą ruoštis teologijos studijoms. 1878 Vincentas meta mokslą  ir išvažiuoja iš Amsterdamo. Kiek pabuvęs Etene jis įstoja į praktinę evangelijos Skleidimo mokyklą Briuselyje, kur atlieka trijų mėnesių stažą, tačiau negauna paskyrimo. Jis savo valia išvyksta  į Borisinažą, Belgijos sritį, apsistoja Petriusaše. Metų gale  evangelijos skleidimo komitetas nustebintas Vincento veiklumo ir pasiaukojimo, paskiria jį pusei metų į Vamą. 1879 už per didelį uolumą evangelijos  skleidimo  komitetas  papeikia ir atleidžia iš pareigų. Jis ateina pėsčias į Briuselį, paskui grįžta į Borisinažą. 1879-1880 gyvena kaip valkata, beveik išnyksta jo religingumas. Jis ima piešti. 1880-1881 studijavo Briuselio, o jau 1885-1886 Anterpeno dailės akademijoje. 1882-1883 Hagoje mokėsi pas Manvę. Ankstyviesiems (1880-1885) kūriniams “Valstietės portretas”, ”Bulvių valgytojai“ (1885), vaizduojantiems vargingų paprastų žmonių, amatininkų, žvejų gyvenimą, peizažams, natiurmortams turėjo įtakos Milė, olandų tapytojai Maris, Mauvė. Jiems būdingas realus piešinys, tamsus koloritas, psihologiškumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 12:03:29',62,'','2010-04-19 12:06:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 12:03:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,17,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(282,'Renesanso stiliaus architektūra','renesanso-stiliaus-architektra','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">XIV – XVIa. pirmiausia Italijoje, o vėliau ir kitose V. Europos šalyse ėmė plisti savitas ekonominis, kultūrinis ir politinis atgimimas – renesansas. Po kurio laiko F. Engelsas pavadins jį vienu pažangiausiu žmonijos perversmu, kokius ji tik kada nors išgyveno. Renesanso epochoje vėl atsigręžta į antiką, imta naujai vertinti jos palikimą, o visa renesanso kultūra grindžiama humanizmo idėjomis. Pirmiausia renesansas įsigalėjo literatūroje, vėliau – dailėje, o galiausiai ir architektūroje. Architektai ieškojo naujų fasado ir interjero sprendimų, tobulino statybos techniką. Fasaduose stengtasi pabrėžti horizontalias, statiškas linijas, įsigalėjo elementų pusiausvyra. Pastatams būdinga harmonija, dominuoja aiški erdvės struktūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvoje nauja architektūros kryptis pasirodė daug vėliau negu Italijoje, bet nedaug atsiliko nuo Š. ir V. Europos, kadangi su kaikuriomis Europos šalimis buvo palaikomi intensyvūs ekonominiai bei politiniai ryšiai. Be to, XVI a. Lietuva dar buvo savarankiška valstybė, jos ekonomika bei kultūra buvo tolygi pietinių šalių ekonomikai ir kultūrai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmiausia renesansas Lietuvoje ėmė plisti per turtingąjį sluoksnį: didikus, kurie savo vaikus mokė Prahos, Bolonijos, Sienos, Leipcigo, Vitenbergo universitetuose, kur šie susipažindavo su humanizmu ir renesanso kultūra. Kai kurie didikai (Goštautai, Radvilos, Sapiegos), vyskupai, vienas kitas turtingesnis miestietis kolekcionavo dailės kūrinius, meniškus ginklus, komplektavo bibliotekas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Renesanso stiliaus pamoka Lietuvoje buvo italų renesansas, įgijęs manierizmo tendenciją, tačiau Lietuvos renesansas turėjo ir daug unikalių, savitų bruožų, jam būdinga savo krašto tikrovės matymas ir perteikimas. Dažniausiai didikų pilis, rezidentinius rūmus projektuodavo vietiniai arba iš kitur atvykę architektai. Iš užsienio didikai kviesdavosi architektus dar ir tam, kad pademonstruotų savo pranašumą prieš lenkų feodalus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iki XVI a. vidurio renesansas reiškėsi greta gotikos. Abiejų stilių elementai derinami tarpusavyje, tik vėliau pereinama prie renesansinių konstrukcijų, formų, proporcijų. Didžioji dalis Lietuvoje išlikusių renesansinių pastatų yra dviejų epochų kūriniai, o kartais net ir trijų – gotikos, renesanso ir baroko. Daugiausiai išlikę renesanso laikotarpiu statytų bažnyčių, gynybinių rezidentinių pilių, mažiau – gyvenamųjų namų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 12:06:38',62,'','2010-04-19 12:09:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 12:06:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,16,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(283,'Kryžiažodis apie dailę','kryiaodis-apie-dail','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Metalinė, medinė, linoleumo ar kitokios medžiagos iškiliaspaudės forma iliustracijoms spausdinti. 2. XVII – XIX a. meno kryptis, kuriai būdingas antikinio meno sekimas, tobulos formos ieškojimas. 3. Monetos ar medalio atvirkštinė pusė. 4. Statybinė medžiaga iš cemento, smėlio ir gargždo (dirbtinis akmuo iš sukietėjusios rišamosios medžiagos, užpildų, skysčio, dažniausiai vandens, mišinio). Pradėta naudoti senovės Babilone ir Graikijoje. 5. Vyro pavidalo kolona arba piliastras.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">6. Stačiatikių maldos namai. 7. Fantastiškų gyvūnų, augalų ir architektūros formų ornamentas.<br />8. Lietuvių dailininkas, kompozitorius, kultūros veikėjas, gyvenęs XIX a. pab. – XX a. pr. Nemažai jo tapybos ciklų yra pavadintų sonatomis. 9. Puošybinis dailės ir architektūros elementas; raštas sudarytas iš vieno ar kelių ritmiškai pasikartojančių geometrinių ar vaizdinių figūrų. 10. … kultūra turėjo daug įtakos Romos menui. 11. Mezopotamijos rašto ženklai molinėse lentelėse. 12. Tapybinis dievo ar šventojo paveikslas Rytų krikščionių bažnyčioje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 12:09:46',62,'','2010-04-19 12:17:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 12:09:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,15,'','',0,62,'robots=\nauthor='),(284,'Renesanso dailė (špera)','renesanso-dail-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Džotas di Bondonė “kristaus apraudojimas”(1305)”tikėjimas”(1306), “joakimo sugrižimas pas piemenis”(1305), “judo pabučiavimas”(1305); Simonė Martinis “apreiškimas”(1333); Polis ir Žanas Limburgai (1410); Antonijus Pizanelas “beždžionė”(1430); F. bruneleskis “Florencijos katedros kupolas”(1420-1436), “Pacių koplyčia”(1430); Mazačas “Šv. Trejybė, mergelė marija, jonas”(1425), “stebuklas su statiru”(1426); Donatelas “šv. Jurgis” (1415), “puota pas eroda” (1423), “raitelio kondotjero Gatamelatos statula Padujoje”(1453); K. Sliuteris “pranašai Danielius ir Izaijas”(1404); Janas van Eikas “Gento altorius”(1432), “Arnolfinių sužiedatuvės”(1434); Konradas Vicas “stebuklinga žūklė”(1444); Darbas kuris puikiuojasi gražiais daiktų paviršiais, audiniais ir brangakmeniais yra sukurtas Nyderlandų dail., o drąsaus kontūro, aiškios perspektyvos ir tvirtai sudėta žmogaus kūną (su daug Erotikos) vaizduojantis darbas yra Italo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">L. Batista “šv. Andriejaus bažnyčia”(1460), “Lučerajų Rūmai”(1460); Lorencas Gibertis “Kristaus krikštas” (1427); Fra Andželikas “Apreiškimas” (1440); Paolas Učelas “San Romano mūšis” (1450); Benocas Gocolis “Trijų karalių kelionė į Betliejų” (1459); A. Mantenja “šv. Jokūbas vedamas į egzekucijos vietą” (1455), “miręs Kristus”(1500)<br />Filipas Lipis “kudikėlio pagarbinimas”(1457); Pjeras dela Frančeska “Konstantino sapnas”, “federigo da Montefeltro portretas”(1465), “gailestingumo madona”(1450), “madona ir šventieji su Federigu da Montefeltru”(1470); A. Polajuolas “šv. Sebastijo kankinystė” (1475); S. Botičelis “Veneros gimimas”(1485),, “pavasaris”(1478); Rogyras van der Veidenas “Ėmimas nuo kryžiaus”(1435); Hugas van der Gusas” šv. Mergelės Marijos mirtis” (1480); Donatas Bramantė “Tempjeta” (1502); Andrea del Verokjas “Bortomeleo Koleonis”(1479); L. da Vinčis “paskutinė vakarienė”(1495), “mona liza”(1502), “madona grotoje”(1483); Mikelandželas “siksto koplyčios lubos”(1508), “adomo sukūrimas”, “kūmų sibilė”(1508); “mirštantis vergas”(1513), “dovydas”(1501),”surištas vergas”(1513), “lorenco medičio kapas” (1520), “rondaninių pieta” (1555).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 12:18:40',62,'','2010-04-19 12:22:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 12:18:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,74,'robots=\nauthor='),(285,'Renesanso menai','renesanso-menai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Renesansas, 14-to - 16-to amžių literatūrinis ir kultūrinis judėjimas. Jis užsimezgė Italijoje, o vėliau išsiplėtė į Vokietiją, prancūziją, Angliją ir kitas Europos šalis. Veikėjai studijavo dižiasias Graikos ir Romos civilizacijas ir priėjo išvados, kad jų pačių kultūriniai pasiekimai konkuruoja su senesnių kultūrų pasiekimais. Jų mastymo kryptį taip pat paveikė humanizmo konsepcijos, kurios išryškina individualybės reikšmę. Renesanso humanistai tikėjo, kad įmanoma patobulinti visuomenę auklėjant juos klasikiniais metodais. Šių mokymų pagrindas buvo senovinių tekstų analizavimas ir pridėta naujų mokomų dalykų, tokių kaip poezija, istorija, retorika ir moralinė filosofija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Viduramžiais buvo kilęs gyvas susidomėjimas klasikine literatūra, ypač lotynų ir lotyniškų raštų vertimai į graikų kalbą. Tačiau tada tokį susidomėjimą rodė tik išprusę teologai, filosofai ir rašytojai. Visiška priešingybe tapo renesansas, kai įvairių socialinių luomų žmonės – nuo karalių ir kilmingųjų iki prekybininkų ir kareivių – studijavo klasikinę literatūrą ir meną. Nelyginant su raštingais viduramžių mąstytojais šie žmonės mokėsi savo malonumui ir gretai išplėtojo ankstyvasias idėjas iki šiuolaikiškesnių darbų. Viduramžių literatūra tarnavo tik konkrečiam tikslui ar interesams, tuo tarpų renesanso kūriniai patys buvo kaip grožio ir tyrinėjimo objektas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Renesanse ryškiais tapo unikalūs asmenybės talentai ir potencialas. Asmeninio pripažinimo suvokimas tapo daug labiau išvystytas nei viduramžiais. Renesanso kūrėjai vertindami pagarsėjimą ir pasaulinę šlovę pradėjo pasirašinėti savo darbus. Renesanse didelis dėmesys buvo skiriamas asmeniško potencialo ir išsilavinimo ugdimui. Ugdimo tikslas buvo bendras individualių talentų lavinimas visose intelektualiniose ir mokslo srityse nuo studijų iki mokslo, nuo sonetų rašymo iki sporto ir karo meno. Buvo tikima, kad idealus asmuo puikiai mokėtų daugiau nei vieną specifišką discipliną, pvz. kunigas ar karys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 12:23:14',62,'','2010-04-19 12:26:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 12:23:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,13,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(286,'Eduardas Mane','eduardas-mane','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Eduardas Mane (1832-1883) gimė Prancūzijos sostinėje Paryžiuje. Turėjo dar tris brolius. Tėvas norėjo, kad sūnus studijuotų teisę, tačiau pats jaunuolis labiau buvo linkęs prie meno, o ypač tapybos. 1844 Mane įstoja į Roleno koledžą. Mokslai jam nesiseka. 1847 jis nesėkmingai laiko egzaminus į Aukštąją jūrų mokyklą. Kitų metų gruodį Mane išplaukia laivu “Havaras ir Gvadelupa”. Nuo 1849 vasario 5 d. iki balandžio 10 d. Mane – Rio de Žaneiro uoste. Į Prancūziją grįžta birželio 13 d. 1850 metais įstoja į Tomo Kutiuro studiją. Prasideda jo meilės ryšys su Siuzana Lenhof. 1858 Mane nutapo “Berniuką su vyšniomis” ir pradeda “Absento gėrėją” , tačiau Salone žiuri atmeta “Absento gėrėją”. 1860 Mane nutapo “Muziką Tiuilri sode” ir dvi drobes, kurios bus priimtos į 1861 m. Saloną : savo tėvų portretą ir “Gitarero”, kuris susilaukia Salone didelio pasisekimo. Mane gauna pagyrimą. 1862 Mane karštligiškai ruošiasi kitam Salonui. Nutapo “Lolą iš Valensijos”, “Pusryčius ant žolės”.1863 kovo mėnesį Mane ekspozicija Martine galerijoje; ji kelia pasipiktinimą. Salono žiuri atmeta   “Pusryčius ant žolės” ir dvi kitas Mane drobes. Jos eksponuojamos Nepriimtųjų salone ir sukelia didžiulį skandalą. Mane nutapo “Olimpiją”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Spalio mėnesį Olandijoje jis atšvenčia vestuves su Siuzana Lenhof. 1864 Mane eksponuoja Salone “ Epizodą iš bulių kautynių” ir “Angelus prie Kristaus kapo”, kurie labai iškritikuojami. 1865 Salone kyla skandalas dėl “Olimpijos” , o Mane išvyksta į Ispaniją. 1868 Mane nutapo Emilio Zola portretą, kuris išstatomas Salone kartu su “Moterimi su paūga”; rudenį nutapo “Balkoną”. 1870 Mane išstato Salone Evos Gonzales portretą ir “Muzikos pamoką”. 1873 jis išstato Salone “Bokalą alaus”, susilaukusį milžiniško pasisekimo. Dėl to “Gerbua” kavinėje kyla nepasitenkinimas. Sekančiais metais Mane atsisako dalyvauti parodoje, kurią ruošia jo draugai Mone, Dega, Pisaro, Berta Morizo, Renuaras ir kt.- tai pirmoji pagal datą  impresionistų paroda. 1875 Mane nutapo “Dailininką” ir “Baltinius”. Nukeliauja į Veneciją. 1876 Salono žiuri nepriima “Dailininko” ir “Baltinių”. Jis juos eksponuoja savo dirbtuvėje; jų pasižiūrėti suplūsta 4000 žmonių. 1877 Salone žiuri priima Foro portretą, bet atmeta “Naną” dėl jos “amorališkumo”. Po 2 metų jis eksponuoja Salone “Valtyje” ir “Oranžerijoje”. 1881 Mane gauna antro laipsnio medalį ir tampa hors concours. 1882 metais vyksta paskutinė Mane paroda Salone: eksponuoja “Pavasarį” ir “Foli-Malmezone”. Sveikata vis blogėja ir jis surašo testamentą. 1883 Mane kairiojoje kojoje prasideda gangrena. Balandžio 19 d. ji amputuojama; 30 d. jis miršta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 12:26:10',62,'','2010-04-19 12:28:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 12:26:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,12,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(287,'Rembrantas','rembrantas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Supantis  žmogų pasaulis didžiulis ir įvairus. Dailininkas spalvomis ir teptuku stengiasi pavaizduoti tai, kas jį jaudina, kas veikia protą ir vaizduotę. REMBRADT HARMESZ VAN RIJN gimė 1606 liepos 15 dieną Leidene , Olandijoje. Jis  buvo vienas iš 9 neturtingo malūnininko vaikų. Iki  apsispręsdamas vykti į Amsterdamą ir tapti menininku, Rembrantas studijavo lotynų kalbą. Bet kiekviena pasitaikiusia proga stengdavosi išsisukti nuo paskaitų, kad galėtų piešti. Jis piešė portretus -  motinos, brolio Adriano ir jaunesniosios sesers, kurią švelniai  mylėjo. Motina slėpė jo piešinius storoje knygoje. Tėvas, kuriam nepatiko sūnaus polinkis, laikė tai tuščiu laiko gaišimu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Netrukus jis  visiškai metė universitetą ir pradėjo lankyti dailininko Jakobo van Svanenburgo dirbtuvę ir mokėsi pas jį maždaug trejus metus. Jakobas van Svanenburgas buvo mažai kam žinomas dailininkas, ir tikriausiai jo vardas būtų užmirštas jei ne tie treji metai, kai pas jį mokėsi Rembrantas. 1624 metais, kai vaikinui sukako septyniolika metų, jis išvyko i Amsterdamą ir per pusę metų baigė meno mokslus pas istorinių scenų tapytoją Piterį Lastmaną. Amsterdame  jis vedė Saskiją van Eilenburg.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ŽMONIŲ TAPYMAS.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rembrantą  domino žmonės. Piešiniuose menininkas perteikdavo jų nuotaikas, studijavo galvą ir jos struktūrą. Per daugelį metų Rembrantas sukūrė tūkstančius savo paties veido piešinių, eskizų, paveikslų. Jis  sugebėjo pagauti akių ar lūpų kampučių išraišką. Daugelis turtingų olandų prašė Rembrantą juos nutapyti. Per dvejus pirmuosius metus Amsterdame jis nutapė daugiau kaip 500 užsakytų portretų. Jis stengėsi kiekviename portrete perteikti ne kokį nors vieną momentą, o visą žmogaus biografiją, kiek galima giliau įsismelkti į slapčiausius žmogaus sielos kampelius. Norint visą tai išreikšti drobėje, reikėjo daug ir įtemptai dirbti. Iki  Ticiano Europa neturėjo tokio talentingo portretų meistro. Rembrantas tapė ir grupinius portretus. Jis mokėjo perprasti asmenybę, įvairias aplinkybes ir skirtingas vietas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 12:28:45',62,'','2010-04-25 15:11:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 12:28:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',9,0,11,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(288,'Lietuvių tautodailės sritis','lietuvi-tautodails-sritis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tradicinis Lietuviu liaudies menas atsirado ir rutiliojosi kartu su darbine veikla. Jame daug simboliu vaizduojanciu dangaus kunus, gyvulius, ivairius augalus ir k.t Simboliais puosiami memorialiniai paminklai: stogastulpiai, koplytstulpiai, kryziai, taip pat trobos, baldai darbo irankai, apyvokos daiktai. Lietuviu meno kuriniai ilgus simtmecius buvo daromi is medzio, del to ju mazai teisliko. Apie liaudies meno kurinius suzinome is rasytiniu saltiniu, akmens, zalvario, gelezies amziu archeologiniu radiniu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Seniausi meno kuriniai baltu teritorijoje siekia paleolito-mezolito laikus. Tai buvo kaulo ir rago dirbiniai, ypac daug ietigaliu ir durklu, puosiamu kvadratais, susidedanciu is taskuciu.Neolito laikais isryskeja keramikos pirmykstis menas, daugiausia pasireiskiantis buitiniais dirbiniais. Puodai puosiami keliu rusiu ornamentais:kombinuotais taskuciais, bruksneliais, langeliais ir eglutemis arba stulpeliais, kombinuotais su vingeliais.Be to paplito ir sukine keramika, kur puodai buvo puosiami suku formos stampu. Paciu puodu formos buvo ivairios: rutulio su staciu kakliuku ir apacioje nezymiu dugnu, placiu kaklu ir per viduri ispustais sonais, dubens, vazono, piestos.Apie Xa. Lietuvoje paplito ziedziamoji keramika, puosyboje plito horizontalios linijos, banguotos arba ispaustu duobuciu ornamentas.Geometriniais rastais, pauksciu figuromis, zalciais ar ju zenklais taip pat buvo puosiami moliniai dubenys, keptuves, puodukai, verpsteliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuo XV a. buitines keramikos dirbinius pradeta dengti ivairiaspalve glazura bei spalvotu ornamentu israizytu ar piestu liniju, stilizuotu augalu ir pauksciu motyvais.<br />Viena is populiariausiu liaudies meno saku buvo plastinis menas, kurio pagrindines zaliavos buvo gintaras, medis, akmuo, kaulas. Is ju buvo daromos zmoniu ir gyvuliu figureles.Zmoniu pavidalo statuleles dazniausiai vaizduodavo lietuviu dievus.Pvz.: Didziaja deive gimdytoja Lada, dieva Perkuna, deive Milda ir kt.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 12:31:14',62,'','2010-04-19 12:33:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 12:31:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(289,'Dailės kryptys','dails-kryptys','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1 Viduramžiai:                  <br />a Romantinis       1000-1200            vitražai, knygų miniatiūros,            reljefai (siužetai iš biblijos)  Archit. sunki ir masyvi <br /> (Xa.-XIIa.)           gobelenai, freskos, mozaika.                                                     Bažnyčios, soborai, pilys<br />b Gotika               1200-1500           vitražai, knygų miniatiūros,                             vienuolynai, tvirtovės. <br /> (XIII-XVIa.)         Džoto - freska</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 12:43:48',62,'','2010-04-19 12:46:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 12:43:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(290,'Šv. Mikalojaus bažnyčios architektūra','v-mikalojaus-banyios-architektra','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmieji gotikiniai pastatai pasirodė XII amžiaus viduryje Prancūzijoje. Masyvias sunkias roma-ninių pastatų sienas pakeitė lengvi karkasai, aukštą vidaus erdvę – ištakūs interjerai, rūsčias fasadų plokštumas—dinamiškai aukštyn besiveržiantys plastinio meno kūriniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">XII-XIV amžiais gotikos stilius paplito Vakarų,  Pietų ir Šiaurės Europos šalyse. Šis stilius įsiga-lėjo pirmiausia tose šalyse, kuriose buvo labai išsivystę feodaliniai visuomeniniai santykiai, katali-kiškoji ideologija, sparčiai augo miestai. Po Žalgirio mūšio sustiprėjus Lietuvos ekonomikai, šalyje išplito monumentalioji statyba, atsirado naujų tipų mūrinių pastatų. Daugelis visuomeninių pastatų mūsų dienų nepasiekė. Palyginti geriau išsilaikė dauguma kulto pastatų. Kai vėlyvosios gotikos lai-kotarpiu Vidurio Europos šalyse paplito keletas halinių bažnyčių variantų, Lietuvoje statyti tik dve-jopi – trijų travėjų kvadratiniai ir keturių arba penkių travėjų stačiakampiai pastatai. Visi jie yra tri-naviai su presbiterija užsibaigiantys trisiene apsida.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Seniausias pasiekęs mūsų dienas halinis kvadratinis pastatas su šventoriaus tvora Lietuvoje – Vilniaus šv. Mikalojaus bažnyčia. Pastatyta XIV amžiuje dar prieš krikščionybės įvedimą, matyt Vilniuje gyvenusiems užsienio amatininkams ir pirkliams. Tuo metu šalia bažnyčios ėjo viena gy-viausių magistralių – Trakų kelias, kuris tik XVI amžiuje pastačius miesto sieną su vartais buvo pa-kreiptas dabartine trasa.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Per  600 metų šv. Mikalojaus bažnyčia ne kartą buvo remontuota ir perstatyta. XVI amžiaus pra-džioje sumūryti stulpai ir suskliausti stulpai. Kretingos gatvė lanku juosia netaisyklingo plano šventorių, aptvertą mūro tvora. Bažnyčia stovi šventoriaus viduryje, nedideli jos tūriai mažai išsiskiria iš aplinkos. Bažnyčia – halinė. Pastato planą sudaro ne visiškai taisyklinga keturkampė 13315 didumo, trinavė, trijų travėjų halė ir trumpa, pla-tesnė už centrinę navą presbiterija, kurią užbaigia disimetriška trisienė apsida.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 12:47:05',62,'','2010-04-19 12:49:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 12:47:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(291,'Gotikos menas','gotikos-menas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Viduramžiais gyvavęs kitas iškilus stilius – gotika. Gotikos tėvynė – Prancūzija. Čia sukurti patys nuostabiausi gotikinio meno kūriniai. Iš Prancūzijos gotika pasklido po kitas V.Europos kultūriniam sluoksniui priklausiusias šalis. is menas gyvavo nuo XII iki XV a. Anksčiausiai, dar XV a. gotika  išnyko Italijoje. Gotikinio stiliaus pavadinimas kilęs iš Vokietijos teritorijoje gyvenusių gotų genčių pavadinimo, nors šios gentys su gotika nieko bendro neturėjo. Iš pradžių šis pavadinimas buvo vartojamas apibūdinti tam, kas barbariška, nežmogiška. Mūsų laikais gotikinis stilius laikomas vienu subtiliausių, nuostabiausių ir labai savitų stilių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šalia feodalų, valstiečių ir dvasininkų, gotikos laikais susiformavo miestiečių luomas. Jį sudarė daugiausia pirkliai ir amatininkai. Nauji miestai, judresnis gyvenimo būdas, prabangos vaikymasis turėjo įtakos ir menui, tačiau gotikinis menas glaudžiausiai siejosi su krikščionių bažnyčia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Viduramžių architektūroje pagrindinis vaidmuo tenka bažnyčių statybai. Didžiausi sunkumai kildavo keliant tvirtus, gaisrui atsparius pastatų karkasus. Romaniškųjų bažnyčių skliautai – sunkūs pasagiški ar kryžminiai. Juos išlaikyti įstengdavo tik masyvios vientisos sienos. Jose buvo negalima palikti didelių angų langams, todėl bažnyčios visuomet skendėjo tamsoje. Šį trūkumą stengėsi pašalinti gotikos laikais, dėl to reikėjo iš esmės keisti statybos principus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Smailėjančios langų ir durų arkos išskyrė gotikinę bažnyčią iš jos pirmtakių. Bažnyčios buvo nebepanašios į tvirtoves kaip romantikos laikais. Jos lengvai grakščiais bokštais stiebiasi į dangų – tarsi būtų visai ne iš akmens. Vitražiniai langai užima tiek vietos, kad sienų tarytum nėra. Skliautus palaiko puskolonių apsupti stulpai. Viršuje puskolonės šakojasi į nerviūras. Jas mūrijo iš pjaustyto akmens arba figūrinių plytų. Ant nerviūrų gulė skliautai, kurie, priešingai negu romaniniai, buvo lengvesni ir siauresni. Tačiau skliautams ir nerviūroms reikėjo atramos, todėl išorinėje pusėje, prie sienų, buvo pristatomi stulpai – kontraforsai, o aukštai tarp centrinės navos sienų ir kontraforsų, statomos palinkusios atraminės pusarkės – arkbutanai. Stulpai, nerviūros, kontraforsai ir arkbutanai sudarė ,,griaučius”, kurie galėjo stovėti patys savaime. Visas karkasas atrodė įtemptas tarsi lankas – romaninio sunkumo neliko nė ženklo. Visos statinio dalys tarsi kyla aukštyn. Vakarinio fasado smailėjančių bokštų skrydžiui tarsi padeda grakštus ties kryžiaus viduriu esantis bokštelis ir smailėjantys dekoratyviniai bokšteliai – fialos, neretai tarsi miškas dengiančios pastatą. Lengvumo ir grakštumo įspūdį stiprina pjaustyto akmens nėrinių papuošimai. Pjaustyto akmens langų angose kartojasi apskritas ornamentas, iš viršaus panašus į daugialapę gėlę (rozetės), arba trilapiai ir keturlapiai motyvai. Vėliau juos pakeitė žuvų arba besidraikančių vėjyje ugnies liežuvių raštai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 12:49:58',62,'','2010-04-25 15:08:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 12:49:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',16,0,7,'','',0,51,'robots=\nauthor='),(292,'Klasicizmas dailėje','klasicizmas-dailje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įžanga</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiekvienos kultūros lobyne svarbią vietą užima architektūros menas. Į architektūrą įprasta žiūrėti kaip į visų meno šakų sintezę, kur darniai susijungia ir skulptūra, ir monumentalioji tapyba, ir taikomoji dailė (keramika, tekstilė, baldai).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visai pagrįstai architektūra vadinama “menų motina”, tačiau niekas iš architektų nesugebėjo jos esmės taip aiškiai apibrėžti, kaip tai padarė genialusis rusų  rašytojas N. Gogolis, pavadinęs šią meno rūšį “akmeniniu pasaulio metraščiu”.  Taip jis nusakė architektūros ilgaamžiškumą bei įvairiapusiškumą, jos svarbą kiekvienos tautos kultūrai pažinti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gęstant vėlyvajam barokui, XVIII a. paskutiniajame ketvirtyje Lietuvoje ėmė reikštis klasicizmo tendencijos. Klasicizmo prad˛ia Lietuvoje - 1770 metai, kai į Lietuvą atvyko garsusis italų klasicizmo mokyklos atstovas, architektas Karlas Spampanis ( Carlo Spampani), ir  pasėjo pirmuosius klasicizmo daigus. Šiam stiliui formuotis Lietuvoje didžiausią įtaką darė trijų epochų patirtis - antika, Italijos vėlyvasis renesansas ir XVIII a. prancūzų klasicizmas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išsiskiria du ryškūs Lietuvos klasicizmo laikotarpiai: iki Lietuvos ir Lenkijos  valstybės suirimo ir po jo. Pirmuoju laikotarpiu (1780 - 1795 m.) reikšėsi ankstyvasis ir brandusis, antruoju (1795 - 1860 m.) - vėlyvasis klasicizmas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ankstyvasis klasicizmas - tai pereinamojo laikotarpio architektūra, jungusi vėlyvojo baroko ir klasicizmo formas. Pereinant iš baroko į klasicizmo laikotarpį iškalbiai prezentuoja Kauno rotušė, perstatyta ir praplėsta 1771 - 1780 m.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Brandžiojo  klasicizmo architektūra pasižymi ramia didybe: harmoningomis proporcijomis, santūriu dekoru. Įsitvirtino orderinė sistema, pastato visumos ir detalių idealios proporcijos. Brandžiojo klasicizmo pradininkas Lietuvoje - profesorius Laurynas Stuoka Gucevičius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 12:52:32',62,'','2010-04-19 12:54:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 12:52:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,187,'robots=\nauthor='),(293,'Šv. kryžiaus atradimo bažnyčia ir dominikonų vienuolynas','v-kryiaus-atradimo-banyia-ir-dominikon-vienuolynas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kalvarijos - tai atminimas Jėzaus Kristaus kančių kelio, kurį jis nuėjo po paskutinės vakarienės iki nukryžiavimo. Europoje jos pradetos statyti 15a. 1661 m. iš Vilniaus pagaliau buvo išvyti paskutiniai rusų caro Aleksejaus Michailovičiaus kareiviai. 6 metus buvo niokojama sostinė. Kazokai apiplėšė bažnyčias ir vienuolynus, buvo nuimti varpai, nudraskyti vario stogai, sudeginti pastatai. Kaip padėka Dievui už krašto išvadavimą buvo nutarta pastatyti Kryžiaus kelio stotis. Vienuoliams Dominikonams buvo paskirta 7 valakų (apie 140 hektarų ) žemės. Mišku apaugusiame, stačiais šlaitais išraižytame Neries slėnyje pradedama statyti pirmoji bažnyčia, vienuolynas ir Kryžiaus kelio koplyčios. Statybos baigtos buvo 1669 m.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">XVIII a. viduryje Viešpaties kančių kelias atnaujinamas, tikslinamas planas, mūrijimos naujos koplyčios. Pastatomos 35 stotys, iš jų 19 mūrinių, taip pat 7 mediniai ir 1 mūriniai vartai, tiltas per Baltupio upelį, prie koplyčių buvo atvežta pašventintos Jeruzalės žemės. XIX a. Šv. Kryžiaus Kelias rūpestingai prižiūrimas. 1883 m. dailininkas Juozapas Balzukevičius nutapė naujus koplyčių paveikslus. Vilniaus Verkių Kalvarijos tapo visos Lietuvos, ypač Vilniaus krašto maldininkų lankymosi vieta. Per Sekmines čia susirinkdavo keliolika tūkstančių žmonių. 1941 m. bolševikai uždraudė lankyti Kryžiaus kelią. 1962 m. beveik visos koplyšios buvo sunaikintos, išliko tik 4 prie Šv. Kryžiaus atradimo bažnyčios. Bet užmirštos jos niekada nebuvo. Kiekvieną pavasarį Koplyčių vietos buvo pažymimos iš gėlių, žalumynų ir akmenėlių sudėtais kryžiais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiuo metu Kryžiaus kelio stotys atstatomos pagal architektės Brigitos Radavičiūtės projektą. Šv. Kryžiaus atradimo bažnyčią ir koplyčias numatoma paskelbti respublikinės reikšmės architektūriniu paminklu, vietovė įtraukta į Verkių istorijos ir kultūros draustinį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 12:55:15',62,'','2010-04-19 12:59:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 12:55:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(294,'Kuršių papuošalai','kuri-papuoalai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuo m.e. pradžios baltų gentys nešiojo daug įvairių metalinių papuošalų. Juos papildė gintaro ir stiklo karoliai. Daugumos papuošalų buvo gaminami iš žalvario, bet naudota geležis, o turtingesni kartais puošėsi ir sidabriniais ar sidabruotais, sidabru dengtais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Papuošalai sudaro gausiausią ir įvairiausią kapuose randamų dirbinių grupę. Jų gerokai daugiau nei įrankių ar ginklų. Kiek mažiau tik sudegintų mirusiųjų kapuose. Pavieniai papuošalai ar jų nuolaužos aptinkamos ir gyvenvietėse, lobiuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvoje, Latvijoje bei Kaliningrado srityje gyvenusios baltų gentys V-XI a. mirusiuosius, ypač moteris, laidojo su daugeliu metalinių papuošalų. Moterys dėvėjo antsmilkinius, apgalvius, metalu pagražintas kepurėles. Galvos apdangalą prisegdavo smeigtukais, segėmis. Kaklą puošė antkaklės, karolių ir įvijų apvaros, krūtinę - smeigtukai su įkabintais kabučiais ir grandinėlėmis, rečiau segės, rankas - apyrankės ir žiedai. Antkaklės, seges, rečiau smeigtukus, apyrankes ir žiedus nešiojo ir vyrai. Papuošalai į kapus dėti ir vaikams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vieni papuošalai būdingi visam kraštui ar dar didesnėms sritims, o kiti paplitę tik vienos ar kitos genties teritorijoje. Daugiausiai papuošalų rasta pajūrio rajonuose - kuršių, skalvių ir lamatiečių kapuose. Kiek mažiau jų yra žemaičių ir žiemgalų, o mažiausiai - Rytų Lietuvos pilkapiuose, bei jotvingių gyventuose plotuose, kuriuose maža VII a. ir beveik nėra VIII-X a. tyrinėtų kapų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ankstyviausieji brangiųjų metalų papuošalai Lietuvoje pasirodo I m. e. amžiaus kapuose. Kai kuriuose Lietuvos senkapiuose (Rudaičiuose, Kretingos raj.), Sargėnuose (Kauno m.) rasta paauksuotų stiklo karolių. Seniausi sidabro papuošalai Lietuvoje yra atsitiktiniai, žinomi iš suardytų kapų. Pats ankstyviausias  radinys - sidabrinė II a. profiliuota sagė , aptikta Kuršių k.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sidabrinių bei sidabruotų segių žinome daugiau kaip 400. Ankstyviausios jų Lietuvoje atsiranda II amžiuje. Jos gana retos ir yra ne vietinės gamybos, o patekusios į Lietuvą iš kitų kraštų. Importu iš Romos imperijos laikoma II a. sidabrinė profiliuota segė, rasta Kuršiuose, bei sidabruota trikampine kojele segė, puošta spalvota emale, aptikta Pamūšiuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vien iš sidabro pagamintos segės aptinkamos V a. kapuose (Reketė, Rubokai), o labiau jos paplinta apie VIII-IX a. (Anduliai, Kretingos raj., Laiviai). Apie VI a. pagausėja ir žalvarinių sidabruotų žieduotojų segių. Jos buvo madingos ilgą laiką, jų randamos net X-XI a. kapuose kartu su pasaginėmis segėmis kampuotomis galvutėmis(Jazdai, Kretingos raj.). Vėlyvosioms segėms būdinga suplokštėjusios formos, todėl jų sidabruotas paviršius gausiai ornamentuojamas, inkrustuojamas mėlyno stiklo akytėmis (Palanga). Žieduotosios segės labiausiai paplitusios vakarų Lietuvoje, bet pavienių jų randama ir vidurio, šiaurės, rytų bei pietų Lietuvoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 12:59:43',62,'','2010-04-19 13:01:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 12:59:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,36,'robots=\nauthor='),(295,'Testas nuo klasicizmo iki modernizmo','testas-nuo-klasicizmo-iki-modernizmo','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 13:02:12',62,'','2010-04-19 13:03:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 13:02:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,46,'robots=\nauthor='),(296,'Klasicizmas','klasicizmas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.    Klasicizmo atsiradimas ir bruožai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuo XVIII amžiaus vidurio Europos šalyse didėjo prieštaravimai tarp feodalinio absoliutizmo ir augančios buržuazijos. Pagrindinis ideologinis buržuazijos ginklas buvo racionalizmas ir švietėjiška filosofija. Ypač išplito mintis, kad tik visuotinis švietimas padės sukurti gerą ir teisingą visuomeninę santvarką. Žmogaus išmintį ir protą imta laikyti didžiausiomis vertybėmis, o meną ir mokslą – veiksmingiausiomis auklėjimo priemonėmis. Idealiu meno pavyzdžiu tapo antikinė klasika. XVIII a. viduryje atsiradus šiuolikinė archeologija, prisidėjo prie senovės Graikijos ir Romos meno kūrinių tyrinėjimo, kas darė įtaką to meto architektams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Klasicizmu naujasis stilius pavadintas dėl klasikinės architektūros formų propagavimo. Šis terminas kilo iš lotyniško žodžio classicus – pavyzdinis. Klasicizmai stengėsi architektūroje atsisakyti įmantriai puošnaus, emocingojo baroko, pavienės pastato detalės laikytos antriniu dalyku, o daugiausia dėmesio teikta į orderio tektoniką. Klasicistai atmetė klasikinę koloną, neturinčią realios apkrovos, siekė  orderio utilitarinės funkcijos ir meninės raiškos vientisumo. Manyta, kad architektūra turi būti praktiška, ekonomiška, pastatai respektabilūs, bet paprasti, patogūs, taisyklingų formų, simetrinės kompozicijos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2.    Kryptys : romėniška ir graikiška</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antikinė architektūra nevienodai veikė Europos klasicizmą. Vienos šalys (Prancūzija, Italija, Lenkija, Rusija) labiau orientavosi į romėnišką kryptį, o kitos (Vokietija, Anglija, Švedija) – į graikišką (helenistinę). Šitokią skirtingą orientaciją lėmė ne tiesioginės sąsajos su antikos palikimu, bet ir kaimyninės architektūros mokyklos, bei vietinės tradicijos. Kadangi Lietuvos klasicizmą siejo ryšiai su Italijos, Lenkijos, Prancūzijos architektūros mokyklomis, tada jam labiau tiko romėniškoji kryptis negu graikiška.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3.1. Italų (Romos) mokyklos</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvos  klasicizmo užuomazgą paskatino italų mokykla. Ryšiai su Italija sietini su žymaus lietuvių menininko Pranciškaus Smulgevičiaus (1745 – 1807m.) studijomis Romos šv. Luko dailės akademijoje ir tolesne veikla Italijoje 1763 – 1784m. P. Smulgevičius Italijoje įgijo profesinį architekto išsilavinimą, pasižymėjo kaip geras šios srities specialistas, artimai bendravo su Karlu ir Džambatista Sampaniais, gyveno jų šeimoje. Greičiausiai jam tarpininkaujant, Karlas Sampanis (Carlo Spampani) apie 1770m. atvyko į Lietuvą ir pasėjo pirmuosius klascicizmo daigus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ankstyvuoju Lietuvos laikotarpiu klasicizmo architektūrą kurė ir  kitas italų architektas D. Sakas (Giuseppe de Sacco). Be to Italijoje architektūrą studijavo lietuvių klasicizo kūrėjai K. Kaminskis, L. Gucevičius, su geriausiais meno kūriniai bu susipažinęs K. Podčašinskis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 13:03:43',62,'','2010-04-19 13:05:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 13:03:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(297,'Dailės laikotarpiai','dails-laikotarpiai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Impresionizmas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinis uždavinys – užfiksuoti kūrėjo nuotaiką kūrybos procese. Siekė išorinio priartėjimo prie antikinio ir renesansinio meno idealų ir visiškai nesiekė realaus ryšio su gyvenimu.Būdingas šviesos ir oro perteikimas. E. Mane. Jo darbai skirti gyvam žmogui, gyvenimui, kasdienybei. Siekė parodyti žmogišką orumą bei nepriklausomybę. “Olimpija” “Foli-Berdžio baras”. K.Mone Suformavo pagrindinius impresionizmo principus ir tapymo gamtoje programą. Atsisakė juodos spalvos ir spalvų maišymo. Tapo grynomis spalvomis. “Saulės patekėjimas”, “Kupucinių Bulvaras” “Montorgelio gatvė su baltomis vėliavomis”. E. Dega. Jo drobės – iš gyvenimo išplėšti tikrovės gabalai, kuriuose pilna mirgančių pastelinių spalvų. Vienas žymesnių ciklų- “Iš balerinų gyvenimo”.“Žydrosios šokėjos”, “Šokėjos repeticija”. O. Renuaras spalvų ir šviesos harmonija. “Besišukuojanti moteris”, “Madam Andrio portretas”, “Moters aktas”. A.Sislėjus, P.Sinjakas “Pušis”, Ž.Sera “Modelis”, “Sekmadienio popietė Gran-žako saloje” Būdinga taškelinė maniera.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Postimpresionizmas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nustatė naują rūšį kaip vaizduotės pasaulio ir objektyvios tikrovės. Gilindamiesi į daiktų ir reiškinių esmę siekė stipriau perteikti įspūdžius. Spalvų ir linijų ekspresija. Kartais daiktai įgauna iškreiptas formas. P.Sezanas. Siekė gamtai suteikti konstruktyvią, medžiagišką išvaizdą ir tūrį. Stengėsi ne tik nuojauta, bet ir mąstymu atskleisti daiktų esmę. Kai kurie vaizduojami daiktai įgauna geometrinę formą. “Persikai ir kriaušės” “Kortuotojai” “Autoportretas su palete”. P.Gogenas Aiškiai ir stipriai pabrėžta dekoratyvi plokštuminė grynų tonų tapyba. Jo darbai paprasti, statiški. Tapo grynomis spalvomis, nesirūpindamas, ar jos atitinka tikrovę. “Ar tu pavydi?” “Moteris prie jūros kranto” “Siesta” “Regėjimas po pamokslo” “Arearea”. V. Van Gogas. Pirmieji jo darbai tamsių tonų, arčiau realybės, temperamentingų kompozicijų, scenos dažniausiai būdavo iš darbo, buities, vyrauja skurdas. Vėliau dailininkas siekė giliau pažvelgti į žmogaus dvasinį ir psichologinį pasaulį. “Bulvių valgytojai” “Kalinių pasivaikščiojimas” “Žvaigždėta naktis” “Saulėgrąžos” “Autoportretas su atrėžta ausimi”. Anri de Tuluz-Lotrekas. Jis - plakato pradininkas. “Moteris rengiasi” “Mulegraž kavinë” “Dainininkė Ivetė Gilbė”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,42,'2010-04-19 13:06:23',62,'','2010-04-19 13:21:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 13:06:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,1,'','',0,58,'robots=\nauthor='),(298,'Pastatai ir jų konstrukcijos','pastatai-ir-j-konstrukcijos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai mokomoji knyga plačiai aprašanti:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1. Pastatų ir jų dalių apibrėžimus.<br />2. Pastatų klasifikaciją ir bendruosius reikalavimus.<br />3. Pastato laikančiojo karkaso sudarymo principus.<br />4. Pastatą veikiančias apkrovas.<br />5. Pastatą laikančiojo stuomens tipus.<br />6. Pastatų konstrukcines sistemas.<br />7. Laikančiųjų konstrukcijų ribinius būvius.<br />8. Pastatų skirstymą į deformacinius blokus.<br />9. Pastato medžiagų ir konstrukcijos parinkimą.<br />10. Pagrindinių konstrukcijų medžiagų svybes.<br />Ir t.t...</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,40,'2010-04-19 19:01:28',62,'','2010-04-19 19:15:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 19:01:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,8,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(299,'Apdailos medžiagos','apdailos-mediagos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai santraukos apie:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1. Pagrindines medžiagų savybes.<br />2. Medžiagų sandarą.<br />3. Medžiagų fizines savybes.<br />4. Medžiagų mechanines savybes.<br />5. Apdailos medžiagas ir gaminius iš dekoratyvinio akmens.<br />6. Gilumines uolienas.<br />7. Išsiliejusias uolienas.<br />8. Akmens apdirbimą.<br />9. Plastmasės gaminius.<br />10. Stiklą ir stiklo gaminius.<br />Ir t.t...</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,40,'2010-04-19 19:21:38',62,'','2010-04-19 19:31:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 19:21:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(300,'Miestotvarka','miestotvarka','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame darbe plačiai aprašomos temos kaip:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1. Miesto aplinkos sistemos formavimas.<br />2. Miesto teritorijos paviršiaus formavimas.<br />3. Miesto teritorijos inžinerinis tvarkymas.<br />4. Miesto želdinių sistemos formavimas.<br />5. Miesto želdinių ir teritorijos planavimas.<br />6. Miesto susisiekimo erdvės.<br />7. Miesto reguliavimas ir saugumas miete.<br />8. Transporto priemonių reguliavimas.<br />9. Miesto gatvių priežiūra ir taisymas.<br />10. Transporto tarša ir jos poveikio mažinimas.<br />11. Miesto požeminiai inžineriniai tinklai.<br />Ir t.t...</p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>\r\n<p> </p>',0,5,0,40,'2010-04-19 19:45:43',62,'','2010-04-19 20:06:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 19:45:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',2,0,5,'','',1,4,'robots=\nauthor='),(301,'Statybinė braižyba','statybin-braiyba','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai statybinės braižybos knyga apie statybinės braižybos užduotis ir metodikas. Ši knyga nagrinėja šias temas:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1. Statybinė bražyba.<br />2. Statybinių brėžinių rūšys ir žymėjimas.<br />3. Dokumentų šifrai.<br />4. Pastatų statybinių brėžinių turinys.<br />5. Pagrindiniai pastato konstrukcijos elementai.<br />6. Matmenys ir užrašai brėžiniuose.<br />7. Plano braižymas.<br />8. Pjūvio braižymas.<br />9. Laiptinės braižymas.<br />10. Fasado braižymas.<br />Ir t.t...</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,40,'2010-04-19 20:17:54',62,'','2010-04-20 19:27:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 20:17:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,106,'robots=\nauthor='),(302,'Konstrukcijos','konstrukcijos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šis darbas smulkiai aprašo pagrindines konstrukcijas:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1. Pamatus.<br />2. Sienas.<br />3. Pertvaras.<br />4. Pastatų konstrukcijas.<br />5. Perdangas.<br />6. Stogus.<br />7. Įtempimus.<br />8. Skersines jėgas.<br />9. Atsparumo momentus.<br />10. Santykines,absoliutines deformacijas.<br />Ir t. t...</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,40,'2010-04-19 20:45:16',62,'','2010-04-19 20:54:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-19 20:45:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,3,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(303,'Miestų planavimas','miest-planavimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai mokomoji knyga, nagrinėjanti šias temas:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1. Miestas.<br />2. Procesai ir problemos.<br />3. Planavimas.<br />4. Planavimo paskirtis ir tikslai.<br />5. Planavimo bazė.<br />6. Miesto plėtra.<br />7. Miesto struktūra.<br />8. Susisiekimo sistema.<br />9. Būstas. Gyvenamoji teritorija.<br />10. Gatvių tinklas.<br />Ir t.t...</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,40,'2010-04-20 19:18:55',62,'','2010-04-20 19:26:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-20 19:18:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,2,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(304,'Inžinerinės medžiagos ir jų gamybos bei apdrorojimo technologijos','ininerins-mediagos-ir-j-gamybos-bei-apdrorojimo-technologijos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai mokomoji knyga, nagrinėjanti šias temas:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1. Nuo seniausių laikų naudojamos medžiagos.<br />2. Akmuo.<br />3. Molis.<br />4. Kaulas.<br />5. Mediena.<br />6. Klasikinės ir naujos medžiagos.<br />7. Metalai ir lydiniai.<br />8. Ketus.<br />9. Spalvotieji metalai ir jų lydiniai.<br />10. Terminio apdorojimo ir dangų technologijos.<br />Ir t.t...</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,40,'2010-04-20 19:28:19',62,'','2010-04-20 19:38:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-20 19:28:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(305,'Senatvė','senatv','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Senatvė, laikoma, prasideda 75 - ais gyvenimo metais. 70 metų žmogus paprastai būna apie 2 - 3 centimetrus žemesnis. Tarp 70 ir 80 metų žmogus būna dukart silpnesnis, nei buvo 25 metų, jo plaučių tūris sumažėja taip pat dukart.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mokslininkai mano, kad pašalinus tris pagrindines vyresnio amžiaus ligų grupes - širdies susirgimus, vėžį ir infarktus bei insultus, vidutinis žmonių amžius pailgėtų tik 5 - 10 metų, palyginus su dabartiniais 72 metais. Yra daugiau priežasčių, kurios sukelia senatvę ir mirtį. Pasaulyje vis daugiau žmonių pasensta, ir vis aktualesnė darosi gerontologija - mokslo šaka tirianti senstančio organizmo pokyčius. Tačiau apie senėjimo mechanizmus žinoma mažiau negu apie Mėnulio paviršių. Dabartiniai tyrimai rodo, kad maksimali žmogaus gyvenimo trukmė yra apie 110 metų. Itin retai žmonės išgyvena ilgiau.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiandien daugiau žinome apie tai, kas atsitinka ir kada, o ne kodėl ir kaip tai atsitinka. Senstant oda raukšlėjasi - odos ląstelės glemba, sunyksta poodžio riebalinės ląstelės, elastinės tikrosios odos skaidulos praranda savo elastingumą. Bet kas nutinka ląstelėse ir jų DNR, iki šiol nežinoma.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dalis senėjimo - tai ląstelių mirimas, vadinamas nekrobioze . Tai natūralus ląstelių ir audinių žuvimas. O nekrozė - ląstelių žuvimas dėl ligos ir mechaninio ar kitokio pažeidimo. Mirštant ląstelei jos branduolio medžiaga susitraukia, branduolys suyra į fragmentus, šie ištirpsta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai organizmo ląstelės žūsta dėl natūralių vidinių procesų, tai vadinama natūraliu, pirminiu senimu (senescence). Jei to priežastis liga - tai antrinis senimas (senility).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ar visi seni žmonės tampa seniliniais (iškaršusiais?)? Jie nebūtinai turi tapti užmaršiais ar visiškai prarasti savivoką. Paprastai protiniai gebėjimai ir įgūdžiai sumažėja nedaug, nebent smegenis pažeidžia kraujo išsiliejimas ar kažkas panašaus. Žmonės dažnai žodžiu senile vadina senus žmones, kurių protiniai gebėjimai smarkiai sunykę. Tačiau tai yra liga, vadinama senatvine silpnaprotyste (arba senatvine demencija - lot. dementia - beprotystė).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Senimas nėra paprasta reiškinys, ląstelės po truputį kinta, kol tie pokyčiai pasidaro pastebimi ir negrįžtami. Manoma, kad senime dalyvauja apie 7000 genų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Senstantis organizmas praranda gebėjimą prisitaikyti prie aplinkos. Homeostaziniai mechanizmai nebe tokie efektyvūs, tai ypač ryšku esant stresui - tiek fiziniam, tiek protiniam. Pvz., tiek jaunų, tiek senų žmonių kraujyje gliukozės koncentracija vienoda. Tačiau jai pakitus ji ilgiau atsistatinėja senuose žmonėse.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-20 20:03:19',62,'','2010-04-20 20:10:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-20 20:03:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,44,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(306,'Biologijos žinynas','biologijos-inynas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-20 20:12:28',62,'','2010-04-20 20:15:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-20 20:12:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,43,'','',0,76,'robots=\nauthor='),(307,'Banginiai','banginiai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Banginio galva labai didelė, sudaro iki 1/3 kūno ilgio. Šnervės atsidaro aukštai kaktoje. Nardant jos uždaromos vožtuvais. Ausų kaušelių nėra. Klausos kanalai taip pat su vožtuvais, jie atsidaro į išorę mažomis angelėmis tuoj už akių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dauguma banginių veisiasi kas antri metai. Banginiai gimdo vieną didelį, visiškai susiformavusį jauniklį, kuris geba savarankiškai plaukioti. Patelė turi pora spenių, paslėptų odos raukšlėse prie lytinės angos. Banginiai gyvena iki 30 – 50 metų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiausias ir sunkiausias gyvūnas pasaulyje yra mėlynasis banginis. Jis užauga iki 27 metrų ilgio ir sveria 150 tonų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jie paplitę visuose vandenynuose, daugumoje jūrų, kai kuriose upėse. Vieni daugiausia laikosi šaltuose poliariniuose ir subpoliariniuose vandenyse, kiti tropiniuose ir subtropiniuose, trečių arealas apima šiltus ir šaltus vandenis. Kai kurios rūšys sėslios, kitoms būdingos reguliarios sezoninės migracijos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pilkasis banginis kasmet migracijos metu nuplaukia beveik 10 000 kilometrų nuo Beringo jūros iki Kalifornijos ir Meksikos. Tuo pačiu keliu jis grįžta atgal.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuo gilios senovės banginiai yra medžiojami. Iš baltojo banginio odos gaminami puspadžiai, išlydyti taukai panaudojami techniniams reikalams, mėsa perdirbama į pašarinius miltus ar trąšas arba ja šeriami kailiniai žvėreliai. Banginių medžioklė reguliuojama įvairiais tarptautiniais susitarimais. Kai kurias rūšis medžioti uždrausta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bangininių būryje yra du pobūriai: ūsuotieji banginiai (Mysticeti) ir dantytieji (Odontoceti). Literatūros duomenimis, į Baltijos jūrą atplaukia arba gali užklysti apie 15 banginių rūšių, iš jų ūsuotųjų – 4 ir dantytųjų – 11 rūšių. Baltijos jūros pakraščiuose (prie Lenkijos, Latvijos, Estijos) stebėtos 2 rūšys ūsuotųjų banginių (finvalas ir kupročius) ir 4 rūšys dantytųjų (afalina, baltasnukis delfinas, jūrinė kiaulė ir baltasis banginis).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Delfinai – tai nedideli ir vidutinio didumo, labai judrūs banginiai. Pakaklė ir krūtinė lygi, be raukšlių. Uodegos pelekas giliai įkirptas. Dauguma turi stambų nugarinį peleką. Viršutinių dantų iki 65, apatinių – iki 58 porų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-20 20:16:52',62,'','2010-04-20 20:21:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-20 20:16:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,42,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(308,'Trąšos Lietuvoje','tros-lietuvoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuva - žemės ūkio kraštas. Žemės ūkio naudmenų yra 3589000 ha, iš jų 68,6 ariamosios žemės. Kad derlius būtų geresnis, žmonės naudoja trąšas. Trąšos, organinės ir mineralinės medžiagos, vartojamos augalams maitinti, dirvožemio fizikinėms, cheminėms, biologinėms savybėms gerinti. Pagal paruošimą ir sudėtį skiriamos mineralinės trąšos, organinės mineralinės trąšos, pagal gavimo vietą (kompostas, mėšlas), pramoninės (daugiausia mineralinės) ir tręšti tinkamos pramonės atliekos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mineralinės trąšos, neorganinės trąšos turinčios augalų mitybai reikalingų elementų. Deramai vartojamos, jos yra efektyvi augalų derlingumo didinimo ir jų produkcijos gerinimo priemonė (pvz. 1 kg veikliosios medžiagos NPK turintis mineralinės trąšos kiekis grūdų derlių padidina 10 kg). Daugumą mineralinių trąšų gamina chemijos pramonė. Daugiausia vartojamos šios mineralinės trąšos: azoto trąšos, fosforo trąšos, kalio trąšos, mikroelementų trąšos. Pagal įtaką dirvožemio reakcijai jos fiziologiniu požiūriu skirstomos į rūgščias, šarmingas ir neutralias.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organinės trąšos, trąšos, kurių maistingosios medžiagos yra augalinės arba gyvulinės kilmės organiniai junginiai. Tai dauguma vietinių trąšų (mėšlas, srutos, durpės kompostas), žaliosios trąšos (sideracija) miesto komunalinio ūkio atliekos (šiukšlės, nutekamųjų vandenų nuosėdos), maisto, odų ir kai kurių kitų pramonės šakų atliekos sapropelis, guanas. Joms dėl gyvybinės dirvožemio mikroorganizmų veiklos dirvožemyje yrant,  susidaro augalams prieinami mineraliniai azoto, fosforo, kalio, kalcio, sieros ir kt. elementų junginiai, puvenos. Sistemingai organinėmis trąšomis tręšiamo dirvožemio gerėja fizikinės cheminės ir cheminės savybės, vandens ir oro režimas, aktyvėja gyvybinė naudingųjų mikroorganizmų (pvz., azotą jungiančių bakterijų, amonifikatorių) veikla. Organinės trąšos efektyviausios velėniniuose jauriniuose dirvožemiuose. Bulvių derlių padidina 50  60, cukrinių runkelių  30, daržovių 60 100, javų 6 - 7cnt/ha.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dirvožemiuose yra visų augalams būtinų elementų, tik jų kiekis ir atskirų elementų santykis nevienodas. Dirvožemio derlingumas labiausiai priklauso nuo jame esančio azoto kiekio. Augaluose jo yra apie 1.5 . Augalų apsirūpinimo azotu šaltiniai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Azoto junginiai (amoniakas, NO ir NO2), patenkantys iš atmosferos su krituliais į dirvą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mikroorganizmų įjungimas (fiksuojamas) atmosferos azotas. Jo kiekis priklauso nuo mikrofloros gausumo: Rhizobium genties gumbelinių bakterijų, Azotobacter chroococcum, Clostridium pasteurianum ir kai kurių laibagrybių, sudarančių simbiozę su medžių šaknimis. Palankiomis sąlygomis azotą jungiančios bakterijos per metus sukaupia iki 300 kg/ha azoto.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mikroorganizmų atpalaiduojamas azotas iš organinių medžiagų, kaip jų mineralizacijos produktas. Mikroorganizmams ardant organinę medžiagą, vyksta svarbūs amonofikacijos, nitrifikacijos ir dentrifikacijos procesai. Rūgščioje, per šlapioje ir susigulėjusioje dirvoje organinės medžiagos lėtai ardomos, ir augalams trūksta mitybai tinkamo azoto.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Azoto trąšos, mineralinės ir organinės medžiagos augalų maitinimui azotu gerinti. Skirstomos į: 1 organines trąšas, turinčias, be azoto, ir kitokių augalų mitybos elementų, 2) azotines mineralines trąšas, gaminamas pramoniniu būdu, ir 3) žaliąsias trąšas. Mineralinėse azoto trąšose azotas gali būti amoniako, ir nitratų, nitratų ir amidų formos. Pagal tai mineralinės azotinės trąšos paprastai skirstomos į amonio, amonio nitratines, nitratines ir amidines trąšas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-20 20:22:40',62,'','2010-04-20 20:30:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-20 20:22:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,41,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(309,'Paukščių migravimas','pauki-migravimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jeigu neskaitytume kai kurių aprašomojo pobūdžio darbų, kuriuose iš dalies paminėtos paukščių migracijos, tai pirmą kartą mokslininkai paukščių perskridimas apibūdintas ir paaiškintas Aristotelio “Gyvūnų istorijos” aštuntoje knygoje (IV a. pr. m. e.). Dabartinius mokslininkus stebina Aristotelio žinios apie paukščių migraciją. Jo nuomone paukščių kelionės tai pasitraukimas į šiltesnius kraštus, atėjus atšiauriai žiemai. Taiklios Aristotelio pastabos apie paukščių riebalų kaupimą prieš rudeninį perskridimą. Taip pat jis žinojo, kad įvairios paukščių rūšys skrenda įvairiu laiku bei daugelį kitų momentų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aristotelis tiek daug žinojo apie sezoninį paukščių  perskridimą, kad jo mokslo pasekėjas Romos filosofas Plinijus, gyvenęs po 400 metų tik pakartojo skelbtas tiesas. Dar daug amžių įvairūs mąstytojai, grįždami prie sezoninių paukščių migracijų, kartojo tikslias ir klaidingas Aristotelio mintis. Šis genialus mąstytojas klydo manydamas, kad daugeliui paukščių rūšių būdingas žiemos įmigis. Taip jis aiškino periodinį kregždžių, gandrų, vieversių, strazdų, varnėnų, karvelių ir pelėdų pasitraukimą rudenį ir staigų pasirodymą pavasarį. Kita, irgi fantastiška, jo idėja, kad vienos paukščių rūšys gali virsti kitomis (transmutacija). Aristotelio nuomone, liepsnelė gali virsti raudonuodege, o juodgalvė devynbalsė – sodine devynbalse. Tos niekuo nepagrįstos jo mintys buvo dar ilgai kartojamos bei perrašomos įvairių laikų mokslininkų ir tebėra gyvos kai kurių šalių liaudies išmintyje iki šiol. Įdomi ir prieštaringa viduramžių asmenybė – Romos imperijos imperatorius Frydrichas II, gyvenęs XIII a.,  iš Štaufenų dinastijos. Jis buvo narsus karys ir poetas, medžiotojas ir rašytojas, mokslininkas, puikus gamtos, ypač paukščių, žinovas. Jo stebėjimai ir išvados buvo naujas žingsnis tiriant paukščių migravimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugelis jo paskelbtų tezių atitinka šių laikų paukščių migracijos sampratą. Pirmą kartą paukščių sezoninis perskridimas buvo pradėtas skirti nuo jų priešmigracinių klajonių. Aprašytos paukščių šėrimosi jų priešmigracinių susibūrimų vietos, paukščių traukimo laikotarpiai susieti su oro sąlygų kitimu. Analizuotas skridimas būriais, jų konfigūracija, migracinio skrydžio tvarka. Visai kitokio pobūdžio yra istoriko, arkivyskupo Olauso Magnaus 1555 metais išleistas veikalas “Šiaurės tautų istorija”. Jame pateikta paukščių sezoninių migracijų hipotezė. Įrodinėjama, kad žiemos šalčius kregždės praleidžia pasinėrusios į vandens telkinius, o žąsys išsirita iš ąžuolo gilių, nukritusių į vandenį. XVII – XVIII a. panašių hipotezių iškėlė Samjuelis Pypsas, švietėjas Samjuelis Džonsonas ir kiti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XVIII a. pradžioje paukščiai buvo pradėti žieduoti. Šis metodas yra paprastas, labai patikimas: mažas lengvas aliuminis žiedelis uždedamas paukščiui ant kojos, ir vėliau, kurnors tą paukštį pagavus arba radus žuvusį, pagal žiedą galima nustatyti, iš kur jis atkeliavo, kokį atstumą ir kokiu greičiu sukorė. Žinoma, tai kruopštus, daug triūso reikalaujantis mokslinis darbas. Reikia sužieduoti daugelį tūkstančių paukščių ir tik keletas iš jų vėliau atsitiktinai pakliūva žmogui į rankas. Paprastai sužieduotas paukštis žūva arba patenka į nelaisvę. Kartais žiedą atneša žmonės į vietinį muziejų, žiedavimo centrą arba kitą mokslinio tyrimo įstaigą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-20 20:32:26',62,'','2010-04-20 20:40:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-20 20:32:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,40,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(310,'Neuronas ir jo veikla','neuronas-ir-jo-veikla','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nervų sistemą sudaro nervinės ląstelės – neuronai. Jie turi kūna ir ataugas. Trumpesnės, nervinius impulsus perduodančios į neuroną ataugos – dendritai, ilgesnės – aksonai, arba neuritai, perduodantys impulsą iš neurono kūno. Neuronas turi tik vieną aksoną ir vieną arba kelis dendritus. Impulsas yra elektrinės prigimties signalas, plintąs nervinėmis ląstelėmis. Iš aksono (neurito) impulsas neurohormonų pagalba perduodamas į kito neurono dendritus, iš kurių toliau sklinda į neurono kūna. Impulsai plinta neuronų ataugomis net 100 – 130 metrų per sekundę greičiu, todel nervų sistema veikia kur kas greičiau nei hormonai, dalyvaujantys grynai cheminių impulsų perdavime. Tą pačia funkciją atliekančių kelių neuronų aksonai (neuritai) sudaro vieną pluoštą, panašų į elektros kabelį, vadinamą nervų, kuriuo perduodami nerviniai impulsai. Vieni nervai susideda iš padengtų specialia medžiaga (mieliniu) aksonų ir atrodo balti, o kiti ir nemielinių nervinių skaidulų irr atrodo pilki. Tais pačiais nervais impulsai vienu metu gali būti perduoti net keliomis kryptimis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Juntamųjų, arba receptorinių bei judinamųjų, arba motorinių, neuronų veikla yra darni, koordinuota ir sukelia organizmo atsakomąją reakcija I dirgiklį automatiškai. Pavyzdžiui, prie karšto paviršiaus pridėta ranka tuojau atitraukiama, net nespėjus to suvokti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Neurono sandara. Į neurono kūna impulsai siunčiami trumpomis dendritų ataugomis, iš jo išeina vienu ilgu aksonu. Aksonas savo atšakomis liečiasi su kitų neuronų dendritais arba su neuronų kūnais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Neuronai – nervų sistemos struktūriniai ir funkciniai vienetai. Neuronas susideda iš kūno ir ataugų. Kūna sudaro branduolys ir citoplazma su joje esančiais organoidais. Neuronai turi skirtingą skaičių ataugų, kurios skiriasi ir kokybiškai. Neurono dendritai esti palyginti trumpos, gana išsišakojusios ataugos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Neuronas turi tik vieną aksoną. Aksonas paprastai ilgesnis už dendritą. Tai atauga, kuri paprastai išsišakoja toli nuo ląstelės kūno. Aksonai būna mielininiai, tai yra padengti mielino dangu, arba nemieliniai. Neuronų kūnai išsidėstę daugiausiai galvos bei nugaros smegenyse, nerviniuose mazguose, o ataugos sudaro nervus, einančius į periferija. Neuronų kūnai nebeatsinaujina, o periferijoje esantys aksonai pažeisti gali atsistatyti. Sėdmeninis nervas yra ilgiausias mūsų kune. Jisai prasideda keliomis šaknelėmis nugaros smegenų apatinėje dalyje. Sėdmeninį nervą sudaro ir iš kojų ateinantys juntamieji  dendritai, ir judinamųjų neuronų aksonai, siunčiantys impulsus į kojos raumenis.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-20 20:48:13',62,'','2010-04-20 20:55:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-20 20:48:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,39,'','',0,56,'robots=\nauthor='),(311,'Latimerijos','latimerijos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ir nežinai kokių stebuklų mums gamta parodys? Vieną pamatėme 1938-aisiais. Latimerija, riešiapelekė žuvis, lyg prisikėlė iš numirusiųjų, o juk visi galvojo, kad jos nebėra. Bet apie viską iš pradžių…</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Latimerija yra plėšri žuvis, turinti aštrius dantis. Ašinio skeleto chorda gerai išsivysčiusi, o slankstelių yra tik užuomazgos. Kitaip negu senovinių riešapelekių, latimerijos vidinė kaukole beveik visa kremzlinė, kuri viduryje prasisklendžia, tam, kad padėtų žuviai lengviau žiobčioti valgant. Smegenys labai mažos. Kūno ertmėje degenruotas plautis pilnas riebalinio jungiamojo audinio. Choanos išnykusios. Galvos šonuose yra po nedidelį švirkštą. Kūną dengia stori ir dideli žvynai, o poriniai pelekai turi mėsingas rankenas. Latimerijos gyvena kelių šimtų metrų gylyje, prie Komorų salų, netoli Madagaskaro.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jų beliko nepilnas šimtas. Tačiau mes nežinome, ar Komorų salos yra vienintelė vieta, kur gyvena latimerijos. 1938 pagauta Pietų Afrikoje, 1991 Maputu, Mozambike, taip pat pagauta Madagaskare. Ar tai atskiros populiacijos ar tai tik žuvys paklydėlės, mes galim tik spėlioti. Subrendusių žuvų ilgis 125-180 cm, masė apie 80 kg. Suaugę patinai mažesni už pateles. Latimerija yra tamsiai mėlyna, su baltom dėmėm, kas padeda tyrinėtojams skaičiuoti atskirus individus. Stuburas yra vamzdelis, pripildytas kremzlinio skysčio, kuris yra reikalingas susidaryti raumenims. Akys yra gerai išsivysčiusios, turi ląsteles, vadinamas tapitomis, kurios padidina matomumą naktį. Latimerijos širdis yra mūsų širdies prototipas. Snukyje yra ypatingas įdubimas, drebučiais pripildytas snapinis organas, kuris turi panašias funkcijas kaip elektro-receptorius (nustatyti aukos vietą). Jautri šoninė linija jaučia šalia esančius gyvūnus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai aišku padeda povandeniniuose urvuose, kur latimerijos praleidžia dienų dienas. Dubens ir papilvės pelekų vietoje Eustenopteron būrio žuvų, kurioms buvo pradėjusios vystytis kojos ir jos sugebėjo išlipti ant kranto, vietose išsivystė kojos ir rankos. Yra nuomonių, kad Latimerija yra Eustenopteron pusseserė. Nugurkaulio pelekai tuščiaviduriai, iš to ir kilo Coelacanthini žodis – tai reiškia “tuščias nugarkaulis”.  Tačiau labiausiai mus žavi triskiauterė uodega, į kurią įsikišęs vienas pelekas. Kadangi latimerija yra vienintelė riešiapelekių žuvų būrio žuvis, manau, reikia parašyti ir apie bendrus šio būrio žuvų bruožus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Būdingas riešiapelekių žuvų bruožas – sukaulėjusi smegeninė kaukole, sudaryta iš dviejų judamai sunertų dalių – priekinės (ethmosphenoidale) ir užpakalinės (oticooccipitale). Užpakalinės dalies pamate išlikusi chorda. Tokia kaukolė – primityvumo požymis, įrodo, kad kaukolės pamatinė dalis išsivystė labai anksti. Dar neseniai apie riešiapelekes žuvis buvo žinoma tik iš iškasenų. Devono periode (prie 400 – 350 mln. metų) tai buvo labiausiai paplitusios kaulinės žuvys gyvenusios gėluose vandenyse. Jų uodega buvo triskiauterė, kūną dengė stambūs žvynai. Riešiapelekės žuvys turėjo choanas (papildomai kvėpavo plaučiais). Devone šios žuvys išsiskyrė į dvi evoliucines šakas. Vienos iš jų – Rhipidistia – nepakito ir liko gyventi gėlame vandenyje. Iš tų žuvų kilo sausumos stuburiniai. Paleozojaus pabaigoje ta grupė išmirė. Antra evoliucinė šaka – celekantai (Coelacanthini) – nuo mezozojaus pradžios galutinai persikėlė gyventi į jūrą. Jos turėjo silpnesnį žandų aparatą, dificerkinę uodegą. Vieninteliu kvėpavimo organu ir vėl tapo žiaunos, todėl choanos išnyko.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vėliausiai gyvenusio iškastinio celekanto liekanos rastos kreidos sluoksniuose, todėl vyravo nuomonė, kad ir ši riešiapelekių grupė išmirė net nesulaukusi kainozojaus. Ir atėjo 1938-ieji…</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1938 metais, trisdešimt dviejų metų Marjorie Courtni Latimer buvo smulkaus muziejaus Pietų Afrikos Respublikoje saugotoja. Ji susidraugavo su vietiniu žveju, kapitonu Hendriku Gusenu iš žvejų laivo “Nerine”, kuris gaudė žuvis netoli nuo kranto, Indijos vandenyne. Vieną kartą ji buvo pakviesta apžiūrėt kaip laive pagaunamos žuvys. Ji galėjo pasiimti bet kokį eksponatą savo muziejui.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-22 07:14:08',62,'','2010-04-22 07:40:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 07:14:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,38,'','',0,69,'robots=\nauthor='),(312,'Alogenezė ir arogenezė','alogenez-ir-arogenez','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Alogenezė (alomorfozė) - evoliuciniai pakitimai, leidžiantys individams geriau prisitaikyti prie užimamos adaptacinės zonos. Nesusijusi su esminiais sandaros pakitimais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Arogenezė - evoliuciniai pakitimai, susiję su esminiais organizmų sandaros persitvarkymais ir leidžiantys jiems praplėsti adaptacinę zoną bei užimti naujas gamtines zonas. Sandaros pakitimai, sąlygojantys arogenezės pobūdžio evoliuciją, vadinami aromorfoze. Aromorfozė - sandaros pakitimas į aukštesnį lygį, alomorfozė (idioadaptacija) - kito pavidalo įgyjimas pasiliekant tame pačiame sandaros lygyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Adaptacinė zona - komplexas aplinkos sąlygų, kuriomis gali gyventi tam tikra organizmų grupė. Tam tikrais atvejais organizmų, užėmusių adaptacinę zoną, sandara supaprastėja. Toks reiškinys vadinamas degeneracija (pvz.: parazitai supaprastėja kitos kūno f - jos parazituojant, išlieka tik naudojamų organų f - jos).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Arogenezė - evoliuciniai pakitimai, susiję su esminiais organizmų sandaros persitvarkymais ir leidžiantys jiems praplėsti adaptacinę zoną bei užimti naujas gamtines zonas. Sandaros pakitimai, sąlygojantys arogenezės pobūdžio evoliuciją, vadinami aromorfoze. Aromorfozė - sandaros pakitimas į aukštesnį lygį, alomorfozė (idioadaptacija) - kito pavidalo įgyjimas pasiliekant tame pačiame sandaros lygyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Adaptacinė zona - komplexas aplinkos sąlygų, kuriomis gali gyventi tam tikra organizmų grupė. Tam tikrais atvejais organizmų, užėmusių adaptacinę zoną, sandara supaprastėja. Toks reiškinys vadinamas degeneracija. (pvz.: parazitai supaprastėja kitos kūno f - jos parazituojant, išlieka tik naudojamų organų f - jos).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-22 07:42:54',62,'','2010-04-22 07:48:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 07:42:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,37,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(313,'Spygliuočiai','spygliuoiai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žinomiausi plikasėklių augalų atstovai – spygliuočiai: eglė, pušis, maumedis. Pušys labai paplitusios, jos auga smėlynuose, kalkingame kalnų dirvožemyje, ant plikų uolų, įsišaknydamos jų plyšiuose. Pušies, augančios kietame dirvožemyje, pagrindinė šaknis labai tvirta ir giliai įsiskverbusi į žemę. Smėlingame dirvožemyje augančios pušies, be  pagrindinės šaknies gerai išsivysto ir šoninės šaknys. Pušų, augančių pelkėtose dirvose, pagrindinė šaknis išsivysčiusi prastai. Palankiomis sąlygomis pušys išauga iki 30 - 40 m aukščio ir gyvena iki 350 - 400 m.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ant jaunų pušies šaknų auga smulkūs rudi žvyniški lapeliai, kurių pažastyse prasikala trumpučiai ūgliai. Ant kiekvieno ūglio užauga po du spyglius. Spygliai ant šakos išbūna 2 - 3 metus, o paskui nubyra kartu su trumpučiu ūgliu, todėl nubyrėję jie būna suaugę poromis. Spygliai labai siauri ir ilgi, iš viršaus juos dengia standi odelė, kurioje yra palyginti nedaug žiotelių, todėl pušis taupiai garina drėgmę ir lengvai pakelia sausrą. Pušys gerai auga atvirose, saulėtose vieose ir žiemą nenudžiūsta, nenumeta spyglių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Labai paplitęs ir kitas spygliuotis – eglė. Tai ūksminis augalas. Ji gerai auga tik derlingoje, pakankamai drėgnoje dirvoje. Pagrindinė eglės šaknis išsivysčius iprastai. Šoninės šaknys išsikerojusios paviršiniame dirvožemio sluoksnyje, todėl vėtros kartais išverčia egles su šaknimis. Eglė gyvena iki 250 m, užauga aukštesnė, kaip 40 m. Eglės vainikas piramidiškas. Trumpi ir smailūs spygliai auga po vieną ir išbūna ant šakų 5 - 7 metus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prie spygliuočių, turinčių lapus - spyglius, priskiriamas kėnis, maumedis, kedras, kukmedis ir kt. Pušys, kaip ir visi kiti spygliuočiai, dauginasi sėklomis. Jų sėklos, poromis išsidėsčiusios ant kankorėžių žvynelių, niekuo nepadengtos. Todėl pušys, kaip ir kiti sp., vadinamos plikasėkliais augalais. Dauginimasis sėklomis – pagrindinis požymis, skiriantis plikasėklius nuo sporinių augalų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pavasarį ant jaunų pušies šakelių matyti daug mažų konkorėžėlių. Vieni jų žalsvai geltoni. Jie auga glaudžiomis grupėmis prie jaunų ūglių pagrindo. Kiti kankorėžiai rausvi, auga pavieniui. Kankorėžį sudaro ašis ir ją dengiantys žvyneliai. Ant žalsvų kankorėžių žvynelių susiformuoja po du dulkializdžius. Juose susidaro žiedadulkės. Žiedadulkė tuir dvi pūsleles, pilnas oro. Tokias pūsleles vėjas nuneša labai toli. Rausvieji pušies kankorėžiai auga ant tų pačių medžių, kaip ir žalsvieji, bet jaunų šakelių viršūnėse. Ant rausvų kankorėžių  žvynelių išsivysto po du sėklapradžius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Subrendusios žiedadulkės išbyra, jas pagauna vėjas. Apdulkina tos žiedadulkės, kurios patenka ant sųklapradžių mikropilių. Sėklapradį apdulkinus, raudonųjų kankorėžių žvyneliai sandariai užsidaro ir užsiklijuoja sakais. Dulkinėse susidaro vyriškos gametos, o sėklapradžiuose – moteriškos.  Apvaisinimas įvyksta užsidariusių  kankorėžių sėklapradžiuose. Iš zigotos išsivysto gemalas, iš viso sėklapradžio sėkla. Kankorėžiai auga ir sumedėja. Iš pradžių jie būna žali, paskui paruduoja. Pušies sėklos subręsta per pusantrų metų po apsidulkinimo, o iš kankorėžių išbyra beveik po dviejų metų. Plikasėklių augalų sėklose yra audinys, turintis maisto medžiagų. Šis audinys gaubia gemalą. Pušies sėklos turi plėviškus sparnelius, kurie padeda vėjui jas išnešioti. Kai kurių pušų sėklos sparnelių neturi. Sibirinės pušies sėklos vadinamos kedro riešutais. Paprastos pušies kankorėžiai nedideli, 4 - 5 cm ilgio. Eglių kankorėžiai didesni, 10 - 15 cm ilgio.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-22 07:49:47',62,'','2010-04-22 07:58:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 07:49:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,36,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(314,'Mitochondrijos','mitochondrijos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šie organoidai pirmą kartą aptikti 1850 m. raumenų ląstelėse. 1898 m. buvo nustatyta, kad mitochondrijos svarbios kvėpavime.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mitochondrijų skaičius ląstelėse labai įvairus - priklauso nuo organizmo rūšies ir ląstelės paskirties. Ląstelės, kurioms reikia daug energijos, turi labai daug mitochondrijų - pvz.: kepenų ląstelėse jų būna keli šimtai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mitochondrijų forma taip pat labai kinta - jos gali būti apvalios, spirališkos, tauriškos, šakotos.Paprastai  jos būna 1,5 - 10 mm ilgio ir 0, 25 - 1, 0  mm skersmens. <br />Kiekviena mitochondrija turi 2 membranas - išorinę ir vidinę. Tarp jų yra 6 - 10 mm pločio tarpumembranis. Vidinė membrana sudaro daug vidun nukreiptų raukšlių, vadinamų kristomis. Vidinė membrana supa vidinę mitochondrijos ertmę, užpildytą klampoku tirpalu, vadinamu matriksu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Išorinė membrana turi membraninių baltymų su labai plačiomis poromis, todėl ji praleidžia daugelį smulkiamolekulių medžiagų, kurios keliauja į mitochondriją ar iš jos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tarpumembranio fermentai, panaudodami ATP energiją, sintetina kitus nukleozidtrifosfatus. Pagrindinė oksiduojama medžiaga - gliukozė. Manoma, kad gyvose sveikose ląstelėse Į ATP pereina apie 70% gliukozės energijos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai kurių gyvūninių audinių (pvz.: kepenų), augalų sėklų, kaupiančių riebalus, mitochondrijos sugeba oksiduoti riebalus. Pradžioje fermentai lipazės suskaido riebalus į gliceriną ir riebiąsias rūgštis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mitochondrijos iš vienos glicerino molekulės pagamina 19 ATP molekulių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mitochondrijų matrikse nuo riebiųjų rūgščių grandinių atkerpami gabalėliai, turintys po 2 anglies atomus, - acetil-grupės. Jos jungiasi su kofermentu A ir sudaro acetil - CoA, kuris toliau įsijungia į citrinos rūgšties ciklą. Pavyzdžiui, viena stearino rūgšties molekulė duoda apie 147, o palmitino rūgšties molekulė - apie 129 ATP molekules. Todėl riebiosios rūgštys - svarbus energijos šaltinis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Širdies raumuo, kepenys, inkstai, skersaruožiai raumenys ramybės būsenoje apie pusę energijos išgauna iš riebiųjų rūgščių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Baltymus kaip energijos šaltinį vartoja itin retai - tik tada, kai išsibaigia angliavandenių ir riebalų atsargos.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-22 08:04:56',62,'','2010-04-22 08:11:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 08:04:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,35,'','',0,38,'robots=\nauthor='),(315,'Citoskeletas','citoskeletas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Eukariotinėms ląstelėms išlaikyti formą ir suderintai kryptingai judėti padeda sudėtingas baltyminių siūlų tinklas, vadinamas citoskeletu. Citoskeletas yra labai kislus - kai kurios jo dalys gali labai sparčiai susidaryti ar suirti, prisitaikydamos prie ląstelės poreikių. Citoskeletą galima taip pat pagrįstai vadinti \"citomuskulatūra\", kadangi jo dėka ląstelė juda: ląstelės gali šliaužioti (pvz.: audinių kultūroje), keisti savo formą ir atlikti mechaninį darbą (raumeninių ląstelių susitraukimas), keisdamos savo formą formuoti besivystantį gemalą. Citoskeletas užtikrina ir viduląstelinį judėjimą - pvz.: gabena organoidus ląstelėje, paskirsto chromosomas ląstelei dalijantis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Citoskeleto atraminę dalį sudaro trijų tipų baltyminės skaidulos - mikrovamzdeliai, aktino ir tarpiniai filamentai. Šios skaidulos sudarytos iš smulkių baltyminių molekulių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vidutinė eukariotinė ląstelė turi apie 106 baltymų molekulių, jos sudaro apie 60% sausos ląstelės masės. Stuburinio gyvūno ląstelėje būna apie 10 000 rūšių baltymų, ir daugelis jų ląstelėje išsidėstę tam tikra tvarka. Dažniausiai baltymai susijungę į 5 - 10 baltymų kompleksus, bet kartais kompleksai tokio dydžio kaip ribosomos ar net didesni. Baltyminių kompleksų išsidėstymas priklauso nuo ląstelės membranų (plazminės ar organoidų). O ląstelės vidinių membranų išsidėstymą sukuria ir palaiko citoskeletas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip eukariotinės ląstelių, kurių skersmuo &gt; 10 mm, sandarą gali nulemti citoskeletinių baltymų molekulės, kurių skersmuo - 2000 kartų mažesnis?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šios molekulės polimerizuojasi ir sudaro gijas, kurių ilgis gali būti lygus ląstelės skersmeniui. Tarpinės gijos neuronų aksonuose gali būti iki 1 m ilgio ir ilgesnės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mikrovamzdeliai ląstelėje paprastai būna išsidėstę nuo ląstelės centro (centrosomos) link ląstelės pakraščių. Vienas mikrovamzdelių galai būna pritvirtintas prie centrosomos, o kitas galas gali sparčiai ilgėti prisijungiant vis naujoms mikrovamzdelių baltymo tubulino molekulėms ar trumpėti joms atsijungiant.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmas atrastas baltymas vilkiklis yra miozinas, kurio itin daug raumenyse. Miozino molekulės, slinkdamos aktino gijomis priverčia susitraukti raumenines ląsteles. Vilkiklių žinoma daug rūšių - vieni veikia ant mikrovamzdelių, kiti - ant aktininių gijų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mikrovamzdeliais judantys vilkikliai ištempia endoplazminį tinklą nuo branduolio link plazminės membranos. Ląstelę paveikus medžiaga, kuri suardo mikrovamzdelius, EPT \"sukrinta\" apie branduolį. Tą medžiagą pašalinus iš ląstelės mikrovamzdeliai vėl susimontuoja, ir EPT išsidėsto kaip jam pridera.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-22 08:15:23',62,'','2010-04-22 08:20:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 08:15:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,34,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(316,'Briedis','briedis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Būdingiausi briedžio kūno sandaros bruožai – ilgos kojos, masyvi priekinė liemens dalis, aukšta gogas, stambi galva su didele nukabusia viršutine lūpa. <br />Pasmakrėje ties kaklo pradžia yra plaukais apaugusi odos raukšlė – “barzda”. “Barzdą” turi ir patinai, ir patelės (tik šių ji mažesnė). Antramečių briedžių “barzda” pailga. Trečiųjų gyvenimo metų pradžioje apatinė “barzdos” dalis nukrenta, todėl ji tampa trumpesnė ir buka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ausys ilgos ir judrios. Iš ausų padėties galima spręsti apie briedžio emocinę būseną. Netrikdomo arba besiilsinčio briedžio ausys nusvirę į šonus. Klausydamasis briedis ausis sukioja, ieškodamas garso šaltinio. Nepasitenkinimą išreiškia laikydamas vieną ausį pakeltą, kitą – nuleistą. Agresyviai nusiteikęs, ausis priglaudžia išilgai kaklo, o išgąsdintas – jas atsuka atgal, tartum klausytųsi garsų iš už nugaros. Ramus briedis galvą ir kaklą laiko beveik horizontaliai. Galva iškelta aukštyn – ženklas, kad jis sunerimęs arba išsigandęs.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Be prakaito ir riebalų liaukų, odoje yra specifinių kvapiųjų liaukų, odoje yra specifinių kvapiųjų liaukų, kurios atveria prieš akis, tarp kanopų ir užpakalinės pėdos vidinėje pusėje, ties čiurna.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ragus turi tik patinai. Ragų paviršius grublėtas, išraižytas vagelių. Pagal formą Lietuvoje gyvenančių briedžių ragai skirstomi į mentiškus, siauramenčius ir šakotus. Dėl ligų, senatvės, sužeidimų, hormonų sekrecijos sutrikimų išauga nenormalūs ragai. Maksimali Lietuvos briedžių ragų masė – 15 kilogramų. Suaugę briedžiai ragus meta tuoj po rujos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos briedžiai priklauso europiniam briedžio porūšiui – Alces alces alces.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos briedžiai buvo paplitę jau ankstyvojo holoceno antroje pusėje, maždaug prieš 8 tūkst. m. pr. m. e. Iki mūsų eros II tūkstantmečio jų gausumas daugiausia priklausė nuo klimato ir augalijos kaitos, o vėliau – ir nuo antropogeninių faktorių poveikio, visų pirma nuo medžioklės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Briedžio pagrindinė gyvenamoji vieta – miškas. Tinkamiausi lapuočių ir mišrūs miškai, ypač tokie, kur didelę ploto dalį sudaro pušies jaunuolynai arba aukštapelkės. Paprastai laikosi nedideliais būreliais: vidutiniškai po 1 – 3 briedžius. Vidutiniškai briedis per parą nueina 1,2 – 5 km., 5 – 7 kartus gula poilsio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Keliaudami iš vienos ganyklos į kitą, briedžiai be poilsio gali nueiti 4 – 5 km. Per sezonines mikromigracijas nueina 20 – 30 km. 1980 m. buvo sumedžiotas 2 metų briedis nukeliavęs 50 km.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuo gegužės iki spalio mėn. Briedžiai daugiausia minta medžių ir krūmų lapais bei žoliniais augalais, ožiemą ir ankstyvą pavasarį pagrindinis briedžių maistas – medžių ir krūmų ūgliai bei žievė.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-22 08:21:53',62,'','2010-04-22 08:26:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 08:21:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,33,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(317,'Embrioninis žmogaus vystymasis','embrioninis-mogaus-vystymasis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apvaisintas žmogaus kiaušinėlis dalijasi lyg paprasčiausia didelė ląstelė. Kiaušinėlis turi pakankamai dalijimui ir kitai gyvybinei veiklai būtinų medžiagų, tad embrioninio vystymosi pradžioje ląstelėms augti nereikia, pakanka sudvigubinti DNR ir mitoziškai pasidalinti, sudvigubinti ir pasidalinti. Toks mitozinis ląstelės dalijimasis, kai interfazėje ląstelės neauga, vadinama skilimu. Skylant susidarančios blastomerai vis smulkėja.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogaus zigota skyla gana lėtai - pirmą kartą skyla praėjus 36 val. po apvaisinimo. Po to ląstelės dalinasi maždaug dukart per parą . Pradedant 8 ląstelėmis jų telkinys primena pilnavidurį apvalų avietės sudėtinį vaisių, kasdieninėje kalboje vadinamą avietės uoga. Dar labiau jis primena šilkmedžio vaisių, o šilkmedis lotyniškai vadinasi morus. Tad blastomerų telkinys vadinamas morule.Pirmi 6 - 8 skilimo dalijimaisi vyksta dar po apvaisinimo membrana (buvusia skaidriąja zona). Apie trečią dieną po apvaisinimo morulė jau baigia slinkti kiaušintakiu ir pasiekia įėjimą į gimdą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ketvirtą - penktą dienomis morulė (turinti 32 - 64 blastomeras) keičia formą -  jos viduryje atsiranda skysčiu užpildyta ertmė, vadinama blastocele  - ir virsta blastocista. Blastocistos viduje, viename pakraštyje, yra ląstelių sankaupa, vadinama embrioblastu. Blastocistos sienelė vadinama trofoblastu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Blastocista vieną - dvi dienas laisvai plaukioja gimdos erdvėje. Tuo metu ji maitinasi medžiagomis, kurias išskiria gimdos gleivinės liaukos. Trofoblasto ląstelės ima gaminti pirmą naujojo organizmo gyvenime hormoną , kuris palaiko geltonkūnį, kad šis neišnyktų. Geltonkūnis - tai trūkusiame folikule susidaręs ypatingas laikinas organas, kuris gamina hormonus, neleidžiančius prasidėti menstruacijai ir paruošiančius gimdos gleivinę nėštumui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apie septintą parą po apvaisinimo skaidrioji zona išnyksta, ir trofoblastas  prikimba prie gimdos sienelės. Blastocista pasisuka taip, kad embrioblastas būtų prie gimdos sienelės epitelio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trofoblasto ląstelės  išskiria proteolizinius fermentus, kurie praardo gimdos gleivinę, ir trofoblastas nyra į gleivinę. Irstančios gleivinės medžiagas fagocituoja ir siurbia trofoblastas, jomis maitinasi gemalas. Trofoblastas sudaro gaurelius, didinančius įsiurbimo paviršių. Augdamas trofoblastas vis plačiau skverbiasi į gimdos sienelę ir sudaro gaurelinį dangalą, vadinamą chorionu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iki implantacijos visos susidarančios ląstelės būna beveik vienodos. Implantacijos metu ląstelės nesidalija. Pasibaigus implantacijai ląstelės vėl ima dalintis, ir naujai susidarančios ląstelės įgyja tam tikrą būdingą sandarą, prisitaiko atlikti tam tikras funkcijas - jos ima specializuotis. Šitas reiškinys vadinamas ląstelių diferenciacija.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-22 08:28:24',62,'','2010-04-22 08:40:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 08:28:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,32,'','',0,54,'robots=\nauthor='),(318,'Ekologija. Mokomoji medžiaga su užduotimis','ekologija-mokomoji-mediaga-su-uduotimis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ekologija - bendras studijų dalykas. Aplinkosauginis ugdymas, informavimas ir mokymas yra viena svarbiausių priemonių (kaip teisinės, ekonominės ar kt.) galinčių užtikrinti sėkmingą Lietuvos aplinkos strategijos uždavinių įgyvendinimą, bei užtikrinančių subalansuotos plėtros principų vystymąsi Lietuvoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tikslai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Studentas, studijuodamas ekologiją: supras gamtonaudos ir gamtosaugos svarbą, žinos oro, vandens, dirvožemio pagrindinius taršos šaltinius, priims efektyvius sprendimus taršai mažinti; išmoks priimti sprendimus, gerinant ekologinę situaciją; sugebės išvardinti ir paaiškinti svarbiausias Lietuvos ir pasaulio ekologines problemas, jų sprendimo būdus; išmanys racionalų gamtos išteklių naudojimą; sugebės analizuoti ir sisteminti, priimti sprendimus ir už juos atsakyti, dirbti komandoje, bendrauti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prieštaravimai tarp žmogaus veiklos ir gamtos tapo viena iš aktualiausių socialinių - ekonominių problemų. Sparčiai plėtojant industrializaciją, buvo nuniokota gamta, padidėjo aplinkos teršimo mąstai, sutriko ekologinės sistemos \"žmogus - gyvoji gamta\" pusiausvyra. Neracionalaus gamtos išteklių naudojimo pasekmės juntamos visoje planetoje. Biosfera nebespėja natūraliai apsivalyti, didėja pavojus žūti Žemėje gyvuojančiai civilizacijai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,43,'2010-04-22 11:49:36',62,'','2010-04-22 12:09:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 11:49:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(319,'Ekologija kaip vilties metafora ','ekologija-kaip-vilties-metafora-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.Laikinai nemadinga (nenaudinga)?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Infliacija sumažėjo, gerėja pramonės ir BVP rodikliai. Be padažnėjusių sprogdinimų ir nuolatinių vagysčių neįvyko jokie ne kartą pranašauti perversmai, jokios “teisingos” ar “neteisingos” politinės ar “sukarintos” revoliucijos. Regis, gyvenimas gerėja, turėtų gerėti. Bet į gyvenimo gerėjimo rodiklių gretą visiškai neįvedama ekologija. Sovietmečio pabaigoje kiekvienas save gerbiantis mokslininkas ar pilietiškesnės laikysenos rašytojas, didesnis ar mažesnis visuomenės veikėjas laikė garbe ką nors pasakyti apie ekologiją, gamtos apsaugą, taršą. Dabar, pasak Žaliųjų judėjimo pirmininko Rimanto Braziulio, tyli ir rašytojai, ir akademikai, kadaise taip kilę į kovą už krašto gamtos ateitį, kad, regis, jie turėjo toje kovoje ir žūti, nes, kaip rodo pasaulio patirtis, tikros ir galutinės pergalės šiuose frontuose niekada nepasiekiamos. Ar iš tiesų mūsų gyvenimas gerėja, verta susimąstyti būtent ekologijos aspektu. Štai, pavyzdžiui, jau visų apkalbėti prezidento rinkimai. Jų katile - žinomas JAV gamtosaugos veikėjas, dabar jau mūsų prezidentas Valdas Adamkus. Kaip greitai jis rinkimų metu pajuto, kad  niekam Lietuvoje dabar nerūpi beveik jokios gamtosaugos problemos - nei stambios, nei labai asmeninės. Ringuose, linijose ir susitikimuose buvo kalbama ir klausinėjama tik apie politiką ir ekonomiką, skurdą ir neteisybes, biurokratų armijas ir pan. Ekologija ir gamtosauga kaip kiekvienos normalios visuomenės politinio ir kultūrinio gyvenimo dalis mūsuose stovėjo kažkur toli, matyt, už kito tūkstantmečio durų. Nes per daug dar šalyje skurdo ir nevilties, baimės prieš mafijas ir biurokratus. Gamtosauga gali rūpėti tik laisvam žmogui. Vadinasi, mes dar ne laisvi - ir<br />materialine, ir dvasine prasme?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vargu ar galima tvirtinti, kad ekologija vos prieš dešimtmetį šalyje buvo lyg kažkokia mada. Bet pasaulyje gamta ir jos apsauga nėra dalykai, kuriuos galima prilyginti drabužių ar politikos madoms, kurias nuneša šalin laiko vėjai. Jau abėcėlinis dalykas, kad kiekvienos šalies, o kartu ir visos planetos gamtosauginės problemos ir jų sprendimo keliai yra vienintelis žmonijos išlikimo šansas. Regis, tai supranta ne tik “Greenpeace” ar eilinis gamtosaugininkas, bet ir rašytojai, politikai, akademikai ar net vaikai. Tačiau šiandien mūsų akademikai, mūsų inteligentai ir intelektualai tyli - galbūt dirba tik savo darbą, t.y. specializuojasi. Galbūt prabils tik tada, kai sprogs koks AE arba nafta užlies gintarinį pajūrį. Kadangi visuomenė net nelinkusi diskutuoti apie ekologines problemas, matyt, tas mūsų gyvenimas gerėja tik politikų vaizduotėje.<br /> Šiandien ekologiškai sąmoningiausi atrodo šalies sąvartynų nelegalūs darbininkai, rūšiuojantys tai, ką išmeta politikai, inteligentai ir verslininkai. Rūšiuoja ir atneša tiesioginę naudą, kuri kartais neįkandama net nemažoms gamtosaugos organizacijoms.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nemadinga dabar ekologija, gamtosauga. Gal dėl to, kad nenaudinga - pradėk domėtis žemių kompensacijomis ar nelegaliu miško kirtimu - iškart gausi per galvą. Ir - jokio politinio, jokio materialinio kapitalo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,43,'2010-04-22 12:09:19',62,'','2010-04-22 12:11:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 12:09:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(320,'Vanduo ir žmogus','vanduo-ir-mogus','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Giliai į atmintį man įstrigo 1997 m. knygoje “Ekologija tavo namuose” parašyti Alio Balbieriaus žodžiai: “Jaučiu ir suvokiu ją (gamtą) kaip viso, kas yra, substanciją, kaip visų jos dalių (atomų, žiedadulkių, planetų, galaktikų) pasikartojimą, ryšius, jungtis. Nes gamta visur- kiekvienoje kūno ląstelėje, žmogaus sukurtuose “antriniuose” daiktuose. O ypač ją jauti akis į akį susidūręs su jos pirmapradėmis apraiškomis, natūralios gamtos salelėmis, išsibarsčiusiomis civilizuotame pasaulyje. Tų salelių vis mažėja, nes mes, patys to nenorėdami, lyg ir “atsiskyrėme” nuo gamtos, užsidengėm miestais, technika, popierių šūsnimis, pasinėrėm į savo problemų sūkurį, kažko kažkur nepamatėme, atrodėme protingesni negu iš tiesų esame, kovojom su gamta, bandėm ją įveikti – tiek praktiškai, tiek “teoriškai”…O dabar bandome “prisivyti” gamtą, ją gelbėti, saugoti. Pradedame suvokti, kas mus ištiks, jeigu negrįžtamai pažeisime biosferos ekologinius ryšius, apie kuriuos žinome tiek nedaug. Kalbame, mąstome apie gamtos ir žmogaus harmoniją, o lekiame vis greitėjančiu civilizacijos ekspresu į priekį, į nežinią, pakeliui teršdami upes ir ežerus, miškus, orą, dirvožemį…”</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sena kaip pasaulis, bet tikra tiesa – be vandens mūsų planetoje nebūtų gyvybės. Be maisto žmogus gali išgyventi iki dviejų mėnesių, be vandens – vos kelias paras. Vanduo sudaro apie du trečdalius visų gyvosios gamtos organizmų, o žmogaus kūno masės - 70. Skirtingose žmogaus  kūno dalyse vandens kiekis nevienodas: širdyje ir smegenyse jo yra apie 80%, kraujuje – 79%, limfose – net 96%. Žmogus miršta netekęs 12 ir daugiau procentų vandens. Nuo vandens priklauso organizmo vystymasis, augimas, fiziologiniai procesai. Suaugusiam žmogui per parą reikia 35 – 45 g vandens skaičiuojant kiekvienam jo kūno masės kilogramui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Požeminis vanduo – vienintelis geriamojo vandens šaltinis Lietuvoje. Jo kokybę lemia daugybė gamtinių ir antropogeninių veiksnių. Jų poveikis labai skirtingas laike ir erdvėje - vieni veiksniai svarbesni sekliems gruntinio vandens horizontams, kiti – giliau slūgstantiems vandens baseinams, kurių vanduo dažniausiai ir naudojamas centralizuoto vandens tiekimo sistemose. Gruntinis vanduo Lietuvoje sutinkamas holoceno ir pleistoceno nuogulose. Priklausomai nuo to, kurie iš anksčiau minėtų faktorių vyravo formuojantis gruntinio vandens balansui, vandens kokybė minėtose nuogulose labai įvairi. Ji labai nepastovi ir dėl paties gruntinio vandens išteklių formavimosi mechanizmo ypatybių: greito drėgmės ir teršalų skverbimosi iš pavasarinių balų per aeracijos zoną be jokio išsivalymo ir lėtos neprisotintos filtracijos pro jos uolienas iki gruntinio vandens lygio, kurios metu infiltratas gerokai išsivalo nuo teršiančių medžiagų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,43,'2010-04-22 12:12:08',62,'','2010-04-22 12:14:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 12:12:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,1,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(321,'Ekonominio ekvivalentiškumo skaičiavimai','ekonominio-ekvivalentikumo-skaiiavimai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ĮVADAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atliekant inžinerinės veiklos ekonominius skaičiavimus, būtina, kad turimų alternatyvių investicinių projektų būsimos pajamos ir išlaidos būtų suskaičiuotos ekvivalentinėje (tapačioje) sulyginimo bazėje. Tai būtina tam, kad teisingai naudoti įvairias palūkanų formules ir gauti teisingus skaičiavimų rezultatus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Taigi, vienoje iš šio Inžinerinės ekonomikos kursinio projekto dalių, bus detaliai apžvelgti ekonominio ekvivalentiškumo skaičiavimai: jų samprata, vienkartinių sumų perskaičiavimo į esamąją ir būsimąją vertes atvejai, vienodų (lygių) mokėjimų perskaičiavimo į esamąją ir būsimąją vertes atvejai, taip pat bus apžvelgtos obligacijos, jų tipai bei ekvivalentiškumo skaičiavimai, paskolų tipai ir atitinkami ekvivalentiškumo skaičiavimai, keičiant kredito sutarties sąlygas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antroje šio kursinio projekto dalyje nagrinėjamas infliacijos poveikis pinigų srautams, infliacijos matavimo būdai, jos įtaka pinigų perkamajai galiai ir pan. Darbe taip pat apžvelgiamas vienas iš racionalių sprendimų išrinkimo metodų - Monte - karlo analizė. Visos darbe gvildenamos temos gausiai iliustruojamos pavyzdžiais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. EKONOMINIO EKVIVALENTIŠKUMO SKAIČIAVIMAI</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atliekant inžinerinės veiklos ekonominius skaičiavimus, būtina, kad turimų alternatyvių investicinių projektų būsimos pajamos ir išlaidos būtų suskaičiuotos ekvivalentinėje (tapačioje) sulyginimo bazėje. Tai būtina tam, kad teisingai naudoti įvairias palūkanų formules ir gauti teisingus skaičiavimų rezultatus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.1. Ekvivalentiškumo samprata</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lyginant dvi ar kelias situacijas, jų charakyeristikos turi būti sulyginamos arba adekvačios. Juk negalima atsakyti į klausimą, kas yra vertingiau ar priekaba žvyro, ar tona žvyro, kadangi tai skirtingi matavimo vienetai. Jeigu žinosime, kad priekaboje telpa 0,75 tonos žvyro, tuomet pasirinksime toną žvyro. Daiktai yra ekvivalentiški, kai jie turi tą pačią reikšmę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-22 12:15:40',62,'','2010-04-22 12:48:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 12:15:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,64,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(322,'Dividendų politika ir nepaskirstytasis pelnas','dividend-politika-ir-nepaskirstytasis-pelnas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visais laikais dauguma korporacijų savo finansinės veiklos viltis sieja su reinvestuojamuoju pelnu, kuris kartu yra ir jų veiklos finansavimo šaltinis. Finansinis dividendų išmokėjimo koeficientas, t.y. pelno, išmokamo akcininkams, procentas mažina refinansuojamo pelno dydį o sprendimas apie dividendų išmokėjimą yra kartu ir finansavimo sprendimas. Dividendų išmokėjimo koeficientas yra pagrindinis firmos dividendų politikos aspektas, kuris gali daryti didelę įtaką akcininkų firmos veiklos vertinimui. Dividendų politika apima ir dividendų stabilumą bei kitus faktorius, darančius poveikį dividendų išmokėjimui, taip pat dividendų išmokėjimą akcijomis, akcijų skaldymą bei išpirkimą. Visa tai dabar bus aptarta.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dividendų išmokėjimo koeficientas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ar gali asmeninių dividendų išmokėjimas įtakoti akcininkų gerovę? Jei taip, tai kokia dividendų išmokėjimo koeficiento reikšmė maksimizuoja jų naudą. Tarkime, kad verslo rizika yra vienoda. Norint atsakyti į anksčiau pateiktą klausimą, būtina peržiūrėti firmos dividendų politiką, o ypač finansavimo sprendimus, sąygojančius išskaičiavimus iš pelno. Iki tol, kol firmos investicinių projektų rentabilumo lygis viršija reikiamą lygį, kompanija finansavimui naudos grynąjį pelną - investuos į vertybinius popierius su aukštu prioritetu, taip užsitikrindama savo kapitalo augimą.  Jei šio pelno dalis po visų priimtų investicinių projektų finansavimo lieka neišnaudota, tai ji paskirstoma dividendų forma tarp akcininkų. (Kol kas nekreipiamas dėmesys į akcijų išpirkimą). Priešingu atveju dividendai nemokami. Jei visų vertų dėmesio investicinių projektų bendra vertė viršija grynojo pelno ir vertybinių popierių su aukštu prioritetu, užtikrinamu tuo pelnu, dydį, tai firma finansuos tą trūkumą naujų akcijų ir vertybinių popierių su aukštu prioritetu išleidimo pagalba.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-22 12:49:49',62,'','2010-04-22 13:00:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 12:49:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,63,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(323,'Ekonomikos teorija (pagrindinių temų konspektas)','ekonomikos-teorija-pagrindini-tem-konspektas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kuo užsiima ekonomika?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tiktai mokydamiesi ekonomikos, galėsime suvokti visus šalies ir ūkininkavimo klausimus. Galima pasakyti, kad kiekvienoje visuomenėje ekonominė sistema atsako į du pagrindinius klausimus: kas turi būti gaminama ir kaip turi būti paskirstomos gaminamos gėrybės?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinė ekonomikos problema - tai pasirinkimo problema. Kadangi žmogaus poreikiai gali būti begaliniai, o ištekliai yra riboti, visuomenėje būtina pasirinkti (suformuoti dėsningumus ir kaip vyriausybei vykdyti ekonominę politiką), kad, esant tam tikram šalies išteklių ir technologijos lygiui, būtų kuo geriau patenkinami poreikiai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rinkos ekonomikoje individualus gamintojas nusprendžia, kas bus gaminama, kiek, kokios kokybės ir kokia kaina bus parduodama. Planinėje ekonomikoje tai daro centralizuotas organas - planuojanti valdžia. Rinkos ekonomikoje kapitalo savininkas siekia gauti pelną (tai kas lieka iš pajamų išskaičiavus visas gamybos išlaidas), todėl siekia efektyviai panaudoti kapitalą, darbo jėgą ir kitus išteklius. Rinkos ekonomika orientuota į vartotoją, o planinė ekonomika orientuota į gamintoją. Ekonominiam planavimui nesugebant diegti ir skatinti naujovių, taikytis prie vartotojų preferencijų pokyčių, prasideda ekonomikos augimo sąstingis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-22 13:01:25',62,'','2010-04-22 13:22:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 13:01:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,62,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(324,'Tarptautiniai ekonominiai santykiai','tarptautiniai-ekonominiai-santykiai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">I. TARPTAUTINĖS EKONOMIKOS ESMĖ IR SUBJEKTAI</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.    Tarptautinės ekonomikos ir politikos sąveika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">TE nagrinėja tarptaut ekonominių santykių teorinius pagrindus, aktualiausias šiuolaikinės užsienio prekybos ir tarptaut finansų problemas, ek bei polit tarpusavio sąveiką moderniajame pasaulyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">7 dešimtm prasidėję pokyčiai sąlygojo susidomėjimą ek ir polit sričių tarpusavio sąveika tarptautiniu lygiu. Tie pokyčiai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">1.    Bretton – Woods sistemos žlugimas<br />2.    Naftos kainų kilimas<br />3.    JAV mokėjimo balanso sunkumai<br />4.    Nedarbo ir infliacijos augimas pagr vakarų industrinėse valstybėse<br />5.    Vakarų pasaulyje iškilo nauji ek galios centrai (V. Europa, Jap., JAV)<br />6.    Naujų industrinių valstybių iškilimas ir dėl to padidėjusi konkurencinė kova. (naujos industrinės valstybės – Singapūras, Tailandas, P. Korėja, Honkongas, Malaizija, Brazilija, Argentina, Meksika, Čilė)<br />7.    Trečiojo pasaulio šalių reikalavimai kurti “naują tarptaut ekonominę tvarką” bei teisingai paskirstyti ek gėrybes tarp Šiaurės ir Pietų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.    Konkurencingumo struktūros pakitimai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Konkurencingumo sampratą galima priskirti prie ūkio subjektų. Analizuojant konkurencingumą, negalima atskirai nagrinėti nuo pasaulio ekonomikos pertvarkų. Ją įtakoja tie pertvarkymai, kurie įvyko po energetikos ir žaliavų krizės 8 dešimtmečio pr. Naftos krizė užbaigė stabilią ek vystymosi erą pokario laikotarpyje. Šią erą buvo galiam charakterizuoti žemu infliacijos lygiu palyginti su aukštais ek augimo tempais, stabilia valiutos sistema ir reliatyviai mažais vystymosi kaštais, žemu nac ūkių internacionalizacijos lygiu. Po naftos krizės negalima kalbėti apie stabilų ek augimą.<br />Konkurencingumo struktūros pakitimai vyko ir tebevyksta, sukeldami eilę soc ir netgi politinių problemų. Pvz kai kurių įmonių ar net pramonės šakų likvidavimas atskirose valstybėse (laivų, tekstilės pramonė, plieno, automobilių gamyba). Industrinių valstybių ek raidoje įvyko žymūs pasikeitimai, kurie darė ir tebedaro įtaką konkurencijai kaip atskirų valstybių mastu, taip ir įm mastu. Pirmas pakitimas, kurį galima stebėti ilgą tarpsnį: pramonės produkcijos lyginamojo svorio kritimas nac produkte. Labiausiai charakteringas JAV ir kt Vakarų industrinėms valstybėms. Pramonę išstumia paslaugų sfera (JAV apie 72 proc BVP, Vokietijoje 60). Perdirbimo pramonė duoda apie 23-30 proc BVP. Pramonė vis mažiau duoda darbo vietų. Industrinėse sferose JAV užimta tik apie 18 proc dirbančiųjų. Pramonės mažėjimas primena buvusią padėtį žemės ūkyje. JAV ž. ū. Dirba apie 3 proc, bet šalis gerai apsirūpina ž.ū. produktais. Šios ypatybės pastebimos visose industrinėse valstybėse, kur darbui imlias pramonės šakas keičia mokslui imlesnės pramonės šakos, kurios yra konkurencingesnės. Pvz puslaidininkių vertė susideda iš 70 proc mokslinių tyrimų ir tik 12 proc iš darbo. Paslaugos jau seniai tapo pasaulinės prekybos dalimi (apie penktadalis) jų prekybos tempai žymiai didesni nei kitokio pobudžio prekių. Paslaugų tiekimas priklauso nuo pramonės funkcionavimo ir jos produktyvumo. Antras pokytis – pasikeitimai perdirbimo pramonėje, mažėjantis žaliavų pareikalavimas iššaukė pakitimus žaliavų pramonėje. Žaliavų kainos smuko, realiai kai kurios yra žemesnės nei prieš 20-30 metų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-22 13:24:17',62,'','2010-04-22 13:29:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 13:24:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,61,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(325,'Ekonomikos namų darbas','ekonomikos-nam-darbas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">UŽDUOTIS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">1 variantas<br />1. Pasiūla ir paklausa rinkoje. Pasiūlos ir paklausos kreivės. Subalansuota rinka.<br /> 2. Akcinės bendrovės. Jų panašumai ir trūkumai.<br /> 3. tikimasi 2000-jų Pasaulio krepšinio čempionatą surengti Lietuvoje. Aprašyk, kaip tai veiktų prekių ir paslaugų pasiūlą. Savo atsakymą prašom pagrįsti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prieš kalbėdami apie pasiūlą ir paklausą rinkoje visų pirma išsiaiškinkime kas yra rinka, pasiūla ir paklausa.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rinka – tai ekonominė mainų sistema, kurioje vyksta prekių bei paslaugų pirkimas ir pardavimas bei jų mainai. Pasiūla – prekių ir paslaugų kiekis, siūlomas pirkti už tam tikrą kainą. Paklausa – prekių ir paslaugų kiekis, kurį vartotojai nori nusipirkti už tam tikrą kainą. Taigi iš rinkos apibrėžimo matyti, kad rinka labai panaši į turgų. Rinkoje kaip ir turguje vieni žmonės nori parduoti kiti nori nusipirkti. Kartais, o dabar ir dažnai, asmenys ar organizacijos nežino kur ieškoti tos ar anos prekės ar paslaugos rinkoje. Čia jiems padeda tarpininkai – rinkoje veikiantys asmenys ar organizacijos, kurie įsiterpia tarp pardavėjo ir pirkėjo, siekdami pirkimą ir pardavimą padaryti veiksmingesnį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-22 13:30:10',62,'','2010-04-22 13:35:09',62,62,'2010-04-23 08:25:45','2010-04-22 13:30:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,60,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(326,'Automobilių išperkamoji nuoma','automobili-iperkamoji-nuoma','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">UAB \"VB Lizingas\" (AB Vilniaus bankas dukterinė įmonė) įkurta 1995 m. balandį. Šiuo metu tai didžiausia lizingo įmonė Lietuvoje (įstatinis kapitalas siekia 10 mln. Lt.) Jos tikslas - ieškoti papildomų šiuolaikinių finansavimo galimybių. Šiuo metu siūlome Jums visų modelių naujų lengvųjų automobilių lizingą. Paprastai automobilis išperkamas per 1 - 3 metus. Iš pradžių mokamas 20 - 30% pradinis įnašas. Likusi (finansuojama) suma per metus padidėja vidutiniškai 7,7%.  Automobilis yra UAB \"VB Lizingas\" nuosavybė ir registruojamas mūsų vardu, kol Jūs visiškai atsiskaitote. Sumokėję visas įmokas, Jūs tampate automobilio savininku.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">LIZINGO PARAIŠKOS PILDYMAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lizingo paraiškos formas turi daugelis automobilių pardavėjų ir visi Vilniaus banko filialai. Užpildytą paraišką galite gražinti automobilio pardavėjui, Vilniaus banko filialui arba mums. Kad sutaupytume ir Jūsų, ir mūsų laiką, dėl susitikimo prašome susitarti iš anksto telefonu. Pateikus visus paraiškoje išvardintus dokumentus, sprendimas dėl lizingo būtų priimtas per 5 - 7 darbo dienas (jei sumos didsnės, truktų ilgiau). Kai paraiška patenkinama     Čia pateikiamos įprastos finansinio lizingo taisyklės, taikomos nuomojant automobilius, kai finansuojama suma yra nuo 5 250 JAV dolerių iki 125 000 JAV dolerių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-22 13:35:39',62,'','2010-04-22 13:38:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 13:35:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,59,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(327,'Eksportas (špera)','eksportas-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2.3.Eksporto įm. sruktūra ir jos f-jos</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagr. Struktūriniu vienetu yra eksp. F-ma, kuri specializuojasi tam tikroje prekių prekyboje arba prekyb. atitinka pasaulio regione. Kaip ir kt. paskirties, t.y. g-bos, transporto, paslaugų ir pan. Įm., eksporto įm. struktūra ir jos valdymas yra panašūs. Aukščiausių valdymo organų,jų f-jos, principai bus tie patys.Kartu su tuo, kiekv. eksp. įm. turi jai būdingus bruožus, kurie atsiskleidžia jo spec. f-jose. Pagal šias f-jas eksp. įm. padalinius ir tarnybas galima sugrupuoti į 5 gr.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1)padaliniai ir tarn., vykdantys eksp. įm. veiklos planavimą ir prognozav.. Pagr. f-jos tokios: a)bendra eksp. politika, tiek strateginė, taktinė, einamasis planavimas;b) prognozių, planų vykdymo rekomendacijos;c)valiutos planav. bankinių, valiut. kreditų ir atsiskaitymų analizė;d)transp. planavimas veiklos rezultatų kontrolė ir analizė, rekomendacijų rengimas.2)Padaliniai ir tarnybos vykdantys menedžmento ir eksp. įm. finansinę apskaitą. F-jos:a) įm. vidaus atskaitomybė;b) įm. atskaitomybė valstybei;c) atsiskaitymai su bankais, draudimo įstaigomis;d) atsik. su tiekėjais ir paslaugų įm.;e) darbo užmokesčio priskaitymai ir atsisk. su darbuot.;f) finans. veiklos anlizę ir rekomendacijas. 3) Padaliniai ir tarnybos atliekančios marketingo f-jas:a) paklausos ir pasiūlos tyrimas;b) kainodara ir kontrolė;c) rinkos strukt. ir jos pokyčių tyrimas;d) kojuktūros sist.  sistematizavimas;e)darbo su užs. partneriais kordinavimas;f) reklamos ir parodų organ., planav., kontrolė ir rekomendacijos;g) techn. rekomend. pr. pasaulinėje rinkoje tyrimas ir gamintojų informavimas;k) pr. naudoj. garantijų, garantinio ir pogarantinio remonto, bei priežiūros užtikrinimas užs. šalyse, į kurias vykdomas eksp.4)padaliniai ir tarnybos užtikri. valdymo srendimo priėmimą ir vykdymą .F-jos:a)sutarčių su užs. partneriais sudarymas;b)pretenzijų, rekomend. svartymas ir įm. interesų gynimas, atstovavimas teismuoseir arbitražuose;c)užs. atstovų priėmimas derybos protokolų užtikrinimas;d)personalo parinkimas, ugdymas ir kontrolė;e)organizacinės, teisinės dokumentacijos, bei komunik. priemonių naudoj. organizavimas,bei tvarkymas;f)informac. duomenų bazės kūrimas, technizavimas, saugojimas. 5)Padaliniai ir tarnybos vykdantys eksporto įm. technines f-jas: a)pr. supirkimas, kontrolė, įpakavimas, sandėl., saugojimas;b)pr. transportavimas;c)valstybės sienų kirtimo procedūrų vykdymas;d) pastatų, įrengimų, transp. priem. ir kt. ilgalaikio turto priežiūra, remontas, tobulinimas;e)įm. turto apsauga.Tokia įm. struktūra ir jų padalinių f-jos yra tipinis, būdingos įvairios įm. nuosavybės ir valdymo formoms. Mažesnėse valstyb. tokių įm. skaičius yra nedidelis. Daugiausia eksp. f-jas vykdo gamybinių įm. specialūs padaliniai, įeinantys į įm. bendrą struktūrą. Tokioje gamyb. įm. daugelį eksp. f-jų atliks gamyb. įm. padaliniai ir tarnybos: planavimo, apskaitos, juridinio, teisinio, techninio, apsaugos ir kt. padariniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-22 13:38:46',62,'','2010-04-22 13:41:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 13:38:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,58,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(328,'Ekonomika ir verslas (špera)','ekonomika-ir-verslas-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ketindami steigti įmonę, turime nuspręsti kokia imonės teisės forma yra tinkamiausia mūsų tikslams iįyvendinti. Reikia iįertinti kokia ūkine komercine veikla versis imone, kiek dirbs darbuotojų ir kiek reiks lėšų pradiniam kapitalui įmonei pradėti. LR įstatymai numato tokias teisinių formų įmones: individualioji( IĮ,  tikroji ūkinė bendrija, komanditinė ūkinė bendrija, akcinė bendrovė, uždaroji akcinė bendrovė, investicinės, žemės ūkio, kooperacinės bendrovės, valstybės ir savivaldybės įmonės.  Kai veiklos tikslas nėra pelno siekimas, galima steigti  ne pelno organizacijas - VIEŠĄSIAS istaigas. Neribotos civilinės atsakomybės įmonės yra IĮ ir ŪB, visos kitos – ribotos civilinės atsakomybės. Pastarosios už prievoles atsako tik įmonės turtu, o kitos jei jo neužtenka ir savininko turtu (IĮ), ŪB - tikrojo nario turtu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-22 13:44:41',62,'','2010-04-22 13:55:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 13:44:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,57,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(329,'Ekonomikos špera','ekonomikos-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.    EKONOMIKOS SĄVOKA</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ekonomika –tai mokslas, padedantis iš visų ribotų išteklių panaudojimo alternatyvų pasirinkti geriausią. Pgr. ekonomikos klausimai KĄ, KAIP ir KAM gaminti. Nuo ekonomikos sistemos priklauso kokiu būdu pasirenkama viena iš ribotų išteklių panaudojimo alternatyvų. Ekonomikos sistemos skirtstomos į tipus: I. Papročių – ekonominės problemos sprendžiamos remiantis religiniais ir socialiniais papročiais, tradicijomis. II. Grynoji kapitalistinė – remiasi privačia nuosavybe, individų ekonomine laisve. Valst. institucijos ir kitos grupės visiškai nesikiša į ekonomiką (daugybė konkuruojančių firmų, kainų lygis užtikriną minimalų pelną). III. Komanditinė – visus sprendimus priima vienas centras ar grupė. (Kolektyvinės nuosavybės bruožas). IV. Mišrioji kapitalistinė –ekonominė laisvė, dalį sprendimų priima grupės, dažnai vyriausybės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vyriausybė, norėdama užtikrinti efektyvų rinkos funkcionavimą,: 1.Rengia įstatymų sistemas,užtikrinančias ekonominę laisvę. 2. Skatina teisingą ir bešališką paskirstymą. 3. Skatina ekonomikos stabilumą ir augimą. 4. Reguliuoja visuomeninių prekių gamybą. Efektyviausia – mišri ekonominė sistema, kurioje vyrauja rinkos santykiai. 2. MIKRO IR MAKROEKONOMIKA. Mikroekonomika nagrinėja pgr. ekonomiką sudarančių elementų (individualių vartotojų, įmonių, išteklių savininkų) elgseną, bei šių elementų sąveikos ryšį kainoms, gamybai ir pajamoms. Mikroekonomikoje stengiamasi numatyti individų elgsenos pasekmes įv. rinkos sistemose, pgl. individualių ek. subjektų racionalios elgsenos teoriją. Makroekonomika  tiria bendrą ekonomikos veikimą, naudodamasi suvestiniais rodikliais (BNP, infliacijos tempas, biudžeto deficitas, užsienio prekybos balansas…). Makroekonomika leidžia suvokti, nuo ko priklauso šalies ekonomikos augimas, ką daryti siekiant patenkinti daugumos tikslus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-22 13:55:51',62,'','2010-04-22 13:58:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 13:55:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,56,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(330,'Tarptautinių komercinių kontraktų sudarymo sąlygos ir principai','tarptautini-komercini-kontrakt-sudarymo-slygos-ir-principai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ĮVADAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvai atgavus nepriklausomybę, pereinant nuo planinės ekonomikos į rinkos ekonominę sistemą, labai pasikeitė tarptautinė prekyba. Anksčiau visas importas ir eksportas buvo monopolizuotas valstybės ir vykdomas per jos atitinkamas  struktūras. Užsienio prekyba tapo neatskiriama šalies ūkinio-ekonominio gyvenimo dalimi. <br />Dabar visų rūšių įmonės, esančios šalies teritorijoje, turi teisę bendradarbiauti su užsieniu, t.y. pirkti žaliavas, medžiagas, parduoti gatavus gaminius ir t.t. Pirkimo - pardavimo sutartys vykdomos kontraktų su užsienio firmomis pagrindu. Nuo kontraktų sąlygų tiesioginio parinkimo ir suformulavimo labai priklauso eksporto - importo sandorių rezultatyvumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiame darbe bus apžvelgiama labiausiai paplitusi tarptautinių kontraktų forma - tarptautinis prekių pirkimo-pardavimo kontrakts, jo  turinys ir sudarymo tvarka.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmuose skyriuose pasistengsiu supažindinti su pagrindinėmis sąvokomis bei terminais: kas yra kontraktas, kokios jų rūšys, kas yra kontrakto šalys ir k.t., bei apibrėšiu bendrąsias užsienio kontraktų sudarymo nuostatas. Manau, kad toks susipažinimas su tarptautinio pirkimo-pardavimo kontrakto vieta ir reikšme visų galimų kontraktų sferoje turėtų palengvinti tolesnę tarptautinio pirkimo-pardavimo kontrakto analizę. Vėliau apžvelgsiu parengiamąjį tarptautinio pirkimo-pardavimo kontrakto sudarymo etapą: kaip surasti užsienio partnerį, išsiaiškinti jo galimybes, suinteresuotumą; užmezgus pirminį kontaktą, kaip jį vystyti toliau, kad tai baigtųsi abiems pusėms naudingu pirkimo-pardavimo kontraktu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šeštame skyriuje analizuojama tarptautinio pirkimo-pardavimo kontrakto struktūra ir turinys. Atliekama gilesnė tokio tipo kontrakto analizė, atkreipiant dėmesį į aibę, iš pirmo žvilgsnio atrodančių smulkmenomis, dalykų, kurie vėliau gali turėti labai didelę reikšmę. Čia analizuojami kontrakto objektai, subjektai, kaina, prekių pristatymo terminai, mokėjimo sąlygos, įpakavimas, markiravimas, garantijos, draudimas ir kitos sąlygos. Septintame skyriuje trumpai aptariami tarptautinių kontraktų teisinio reguliavimo aspektai. Šiek tiek pakomentuojama Vienos konvencija, nes tai vieninga normų, reglamentuojančių tarptautinės prekybos santykius sistema, betarpiškai susijusi su tarptautiniais pirkimo-pardavimo kontraktais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiame referate nemažai dėmesio skiriama INCOTERMS taisyklėms, nes jomis remiantis sudarinėjami tarptautiniai pirkimo-pardavimo kontraktai. Apie tai- aštuntajame skyriuje. Referato pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados bei pasiūlymai, naudotos literatūros sąrašas ir priedai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-22 13:59:29',62,'','2010-04-22 14:05:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 13:59:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,55,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(331,'Baltymai','baltymai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai lentelė apie baltymus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-22 18:36:55',62,'','2010-04-22 18:42:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 18:36:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,31,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(332,'Paukščių sandara','pauki-sandara','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paukščių prisitaikymas skraidyti. Sezoniniai reiškiniai paukščių gyvenime - paukščių žiedavimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paukščiai yra vienintelė stuburinių grupė (išskyrus šikšnosparnius), gebanti ne tik sklandyti. Bet ir skraidyti. Tai plunksnomis apaugę šiltakraujai gyvūnai, išliekantys aktyvūs nepriklausomai nuo aplinkos temperatūros.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Skraidančių paukščių galva nedidelė, kaklas judrus. Priekinės galūnės – sparnai, pritaikytos skraidyti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kontūrinės plasnojamosios plunksnos yra lanksčios ir lengvos, jos turi siaurą kietą stiebą ir iš abiejų pusių minkštesnes vėduokles, kurias sudaro nuo stiebo atsišakojusios plonos raginės ataugėlės – pirmosios ir antrosios eilės. Pirmos eilės ataugėlės prie stiebo prisitvirtinusios lygegrečiai. Iš abiejų jos pusių šakojasi dar plonesnųs antros eilės ataugėlės, gulančios ant gretimų ir užsikabinusios už jų mikroskopiniais kabliukais (plunksna lanksti ir pro ja beveik nepraeina oras).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kontūrinės dengiamosios plunksnos sugulusios ant kūno viršūnėmis (kaip čerpės), todėl jo paviršius yra lygus, bei aptakus ir paukščui lengviau skristi. (Didžiausią reikšmę turi kontūrinės sparnų ir uodegos plunksnos).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasturgalio liauka, esanti nugaroje ties uodegos pagrindu, taip pat svarbi. Paukštis snapu išspaudžia iš liaukos riebaus skyščio ir sutepa juo plunksnas. Šitaip suteptos plunksnos esti elastingos ir standžios, o vandens paukščių – neperšlampa.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Griaučiai lengvi pilni oro. Daugelis kaulų suaugę, todėl nors jie ir tuščiaviduriai (dauguma) griaučiai esti tvirti. Stuburo kaklo dalis ilga, o slanksteliai kalno formos del to kaklas labai lankstus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Slanksteliai krūtinės beveik nejuda, o juostos ir kryžkaulio tvirtai suaugę ir yra patikima liemens atrama. Tai svarbu skrendant. Keli paskutinieji uodegos slanksteliai suaugė į vieną stuburgalio kaulą. Prie kurio prisitvirtinusios vairuojamosios plunksnos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ketera – yra plataus krūtinkaulio apačioje, prie kurios prisitvirtinę plasnojamieji raumenys, klojantys sparnus. Kadangi paukščio galūnė – sparnas ,teturi  3 pirštus ir smulkūs plaštakos kauliukai suaugę vienas su kitu, ši sparno dalis esti tvirta ir jai tenka didžiausias <br />krūvis  skrendant. Šakutė priekinil galūnių juostoje padidina tvirtumą ir sušvelnina smūgius išskleidžiant sparnus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pastaibis – tik paukščiams būdinga kojos griaučių dalis, padedanti pakelti kūną ir sušvelninanti  smūgį paukščiui leidžiantis po skrydžio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Raumenys poriniai dideli krūtinės raumenys - stambiausi  ir stipriausi (skraidančių paukš.) Jie nuo krūtinkaulio ir jo keteros nutįsę iki pečių ir yra prisitvirtinę prie keteros šoninių pavirš. Funkcija – nuleisti sparnus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Praktikauliniai raumenys - sparnus pakelia. Jie yra po  didžiaisiais.  Tarpšonkauliniai raumenys - prisitvirtinę prie šonkaulių ir jų ataugų, keičiantys krūtinės ląstos apimtį, paukščiui kvėpuojant.  Kaklo raumenys padeda sukioti kaklą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kvėpavimas - be plaučių, paukščiai turi oro maišelius (ertmes, esančias tarp organų), kurie sujungti su plaučiais. Skraidant, susitraukia ir išsiplečia oro maišeliai, iš kurių oras praeina pro plaučius. Kuo dažniau mojuojama sparnais, tuo intensyviau cirkuliuoja oras, todėl paukštis skrisdamas neuždūsta. Be to, oras patekdamas į oro maišelius, esančius tarp įvairių organų, juos atvėsina,apsaugodamas kūną nuo perkaitimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kraujotaka - sistemą sudaro 4 skyrių širdis ir du kraujo apytakos ratai. Du prieširdžiai ir du skilveliai, todėl arterinis kraujas ir veninis kraujas visiškai atskiras ir į visus organus, išskyrus plaučius, patenka grynas arterinis kraujas. Širdis stipri ir skrendant gali plakti dešimteriopai stipriau, todėl ir medžiagų apykaita labai intensyvi, o vidutinė kūno temperatūra apie 42 C.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-22 18:43:47',62,'','2010-04-22 19:00:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 18:43:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,30,'','',0,44,'robots=\nauthor='),(333,'Organizmų klasės','organizm-klass','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Varlės gyvena visur kur yra drėgna: pelkėse, prie ežerų, upių, tvenkinių ir pan. Varlių elgsena labai priklauso nuo drėgmės. Kai karšta ir sausa, kai kurios rūšys slepiasi nuo saulės. Varlės minta vabzdžiais: uodais,vabalais, besparniais ir t.t. Medžioja varlė savo liežuviu. Pamačius kokį nors vabalą ji iškiša savo kiežuvį ir vabalas prie jo prilimpa. Varlės aktyvios tik šiltuoju žiemos laiku, žiemą jos miega. Varlės kūnas suplotas,didžiulė galva nežymiai pereina į liemenį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors varlė neturi kaklo vistiek gali judinti galvą. Galvoje yra dvi didelės akys, pridengtos vokais. Vokai drėkina varlės akis. Varlė gali kvepuoti ir atmosferos oru, ir po vandeniu. Varlės turi šlaunis, blauzdas ir letenas ir pan. Griau,iai sudaryti iš tų pašių dalių, kaip ir ešerio, bet varlė turi ir kojas. Nuo žuvų skiriasi tuo, kad turi kaklo lankstelį varlės šonkauliai neišsivystę. Raumenys: Varlės raumenys labai išsivystę nei žuvies. Juk varlė ne tik plaukiojač bet ir šokinėja!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Virškinimo sistema: beveik kaip ir žuvų, tiktai varlė turi kloaką o žuvys ne. Varlė kvepuoja atmosferos oru. Jos kvepavimo organai: oda ir plaučiai. Varlės plaučiai silpnai išsivystę, todėl varlės kvepavimui nemažiau svarbi ir oda ir plaučiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kraujotakos sistema:  grynas arterinis kraujas varlėje teka tik į smegenis, o visur kitur susimaišęs. Varlė turi du kraujotakos ratus: didijį kraujotakos ratą ir mažajį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Varliagyvių medžiagų apykaita:  Varlės kūno temperatūra keičiasi nuo aplinkos temperatūros. Varlė -šaltakraujis gyvūnas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nervų sistema ir jutimo organai: Varlės smegenys labiau išsivysčiusios negu žuvų. Varliagyvių kūnas priplotas prie žemės ir jiems nereikia laikyti pusiausvyros. Varlė turi dar ir vidurinę ausį, kad galėtų girdėti ir sausumoje. Varliagyviai visi skirtalyčiai. Pavasarį, atbudus varlėms jos susiporuoja. Lytinės ląstelės patenka į kloaką o iš ten išmetamos laukan. Patinėliai ant jų išleidžia skystį kuriame yra spermatozoudų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vystymasis:  po kurio laiko iš ikrelio tampa buožgalvis. Jis panašus į mažą kiaušinio formos žuvytę. Buožgalvis greitai vystosi. Atsiranda burna, plaučiai, kojos ir galiausia jis tampa varle.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Labai daug kur gyvena driežai. Vienas iš jų vikrusi driežas. Tai nedidelis, bet vikrus gyvunėlis. Driežai gyvena sausose saulės šildomose vietose. Driežai minta vabzdžiais. Jų klausa labai stipri. Jis girdi net ir menkiausia šlamesį sukeltą ropojančio vabalo. Vidinė sandara labai panaši į varlės. Driežas turi daugiau kaklo lanksteliu, todėl geriau gali judinti kaklą. Ir driežai kvepuoja tik plaučiais. Dauginimas taippat panašus į varlės. Tik apvaisinimas vyksta sausumoje ir ikriukai auga patelės viduje o na vandenyje. Ropliams priklauso ir gyvatės. Kai kurios iš jų yra nuodingos. Tai tiesiog reikalinda jų pradyvenimui. Jos savo nuodais gali apsiginti ar sumedžioti. Gyvatės neturi kojų, todėl jos šliaužia žeme. Jos šliaužia vingiuodamos savo kūną. Dauguma gyvačių deda kiaušinius. Visos gyvatės ryja grobį nekramčiusios. Ropliams priklauso ir vėžliai ir krokodilai. Šie gyvūnai gyvena vandenyje. Sausumoje jie nėra labai judrūs, nors kiaušinius ir deda sausumoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Išorinei paukščių sandarai ištirti mums padės karvelis. Jie gyvena miestuose ir kaimuose. Minta grūdais ir įvairiomis žmonių maisto atliekomis.  Paukščiai turi lankstų kaklą, dvi kojas ant kiekvienos po penkis pirštus. Jais paukščiai ir vaikščioja. Paukščiai turi snapą pri kurio yra ir šnervės. Galvoje paukščiai turi akį po kuria yra ir klausos anga. Plunksnos - svarbiausias išorinis požimis skiriantis paukščius nuo kitų gyvųnų. Plunksnos uždengia visą kūną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paukščiai kartais keičia savo plunksnas, šeriasi. Senos apdevėtos plunksnos keičiamos kitomis. Paukščiai savo plunksnas sutepa spesialiu riebalu kurį išspaudžia iš odos liaukų. Taip plunksnos tampa elastingesnės. Paukščių snapai yra įvairaus dydžio be dantų. Maistą ryja nesukramtytą. Kaikurie paukščiai stemplę prikimša iki pat viršaus nepatirdami dėl to jokio nepatogumo, nes stemplė gali išsiplėsti. Skrandis turi du skyrius, liaukinį ir raumenonį. Maistas virškinamas labai greitai, nes skridimui reikia daug energijos. Todėl paukščiai lesa dažnai ir daug laiko praleidžia ieškodami maisto. Žarnynas baigiasi kloaka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Be plaučių paukštis turi dar ir daug oro maišelių esančių tarpuose tarp organų. Jos sujungtos su plaučiais. Arterinis ir veninis kraujas visiškai atskirtas ir į visus organus, išskyrus plaučius patenka grynas arterinis kraujas. Širdis labai stipri pvz. karveliui tupint širdis susitraukia 165x per min., o skrentant 550x. Paukščių regėjimas labai gerai išsivystęs. Jų akys 100x stipresnės už žmogaus. Bet paukščių uoslė yra silpna. Veisimosi pradžia yra pavasaris. Jaunikliai iš kiaušinių išsirita tada kai jiems pakanka reikalingo maisto. Paukščiai yra sėslieji, klajokliai ir keliauninkai. Sėslieji paukščiai visusu metus gyvena toje pačioje vietoje. Klajokliai paukščiai susibūrę nedideliais pulkais traukia į pietus. Klajoklia paukščiai nuolatinių žiemojimo vietų neturi. Žiemoja ten kur yra daugiau maisto. Keliauninkai paukščiai susibūrę į dideliu pulkus išskrenda į šiltuosius kraštus kur ir žiemoja. Paukščiai skrenda nuolatiniais keliais - kasmet traukia į žiemos buveines, o pavasarį grįžta į tėvynę perėti jauniklių. Miške gyvena daug įvairių paukščių: geniai, kurtinai, gervės, lakštingala ir t.t. Pavasarį visi paukščia pagyvėja ir pradeda čiulbėti. Yra ir plėšriųjų paukščių, naktinių paukščių: pelėdos, apuokai. Dieną pelėdas retai galima pamatyti, nes jos naktį medžioja o dieną slepiasi. Kai kurie paukščiai moka plaukti, nes ten susiranda maisto. Keli tokie paukščiai yra gulbės ar žąsys. Jie moka gerai plaukti, todėl tarp kojų pirštų yra plaukiojamoji plėvė.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-22 19:01:26',62,'','2010-04-22 19:10:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 19:01:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,29,'','',0,82,'robots=\nauthor='),(334,'Zoologija','zoologija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Priklauso: stuburiniai (vertibrata); tunikatai (tunicata) – primityvūs jūrų gyvūnai; bekaukuoliai (acrania).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kūno sandara. Pailgas iešmučio kūnas suplotas iš šonų, susmailėjusiai galais. Išilgai nugaros tęsiasi žema pelekinė raukšlė. Jos pagalba vyksta judėjimas. Liemenyje išilgai kiekvieno pilvinės pusės šono yra po vieną pelekinę raukšlę – metapleurą.  Kūną dengia vienasluoksnis epidermis su jutiminėmis ir liaukinėmis ląstelėmis. Po epidermiu yra plonas jungiamojo audinio sluoksnis – tikroji oda – KORIUMAS (mezoderminės kilmės). T.O. gausu pigmentinių ląstelių, kapiliarų, nervinių ląstelių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šoniniai raumenys sudaryti iš metameriškai išsidėsčiusių raumeninių segmentų – miomerų. Ašinio skeleto pagrindinė sudėtinė dalis – stangri chorda. Tęsiasi nuo kūno priekinės dalies iki pat uodegos galo.  Ji sudaryta  iš plokščių skaidulinių diskų, tarp kurių įsiterpusios pilnos skysčio vakuolės. Chordą dengia raumeninis audinys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Priekinė nervų vamzdelio dalyje ląstelės diferencijuotos. Pusiausvyros organų nėra. Uoslės duobutė išklota virpamuoju epiteliu. Išilgai nervinio vamzdelio kanalo išsidėsčiusios šviesai jautrios ląstelės. Periferinę nervų sistemą sudaro nugaros smegenų nervai. Kiekviename segmente atsišakoja metameriškai. Nugarinis nervas eina į odą ir susijungia su pilviniu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Virškinimo ir kvėpavimo organai. Burnos angą supa ūseliai. Burnos ertmė siaurėja piltuviškai ir pereina į išplatėjusia beveik iki pusės kūno ryklę. Tarp burnos piltuvo ir ryklės yra raumeninga gleivinės raukšlė su nukreiptom į ryklės pusę šerelių formos išaugėlėmis. Jos sulaiko stambias maisto daleles. Endostylis – ryklės dugnu besitęsianti ir gleives išskirianti požiauninė vagelė. Gleivės kartu su prilipusiu maistu stumiamos endostylio blakstienėlėmis priešinga vandens srovei kryptimi ir toliau nueina žarnynu. Ryklės šonuose yra žiaunų plyšiai, juose gausu blakstienėlių. Žiaunų plyšiai atsiveria į aplinkryklinę ertmę – atriumą, o šis į išorę gyvūno pilvinėje pusėje – atrioporu.  Žarnynas kartu yra ir kvėpavimo organas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kraujotakos sistema beveik uždara. Širdies nėra. Pilvine aorta kraujas paskirstomas į gausias porines žiaunų kraujagysles, kuriomis kraujas toliau teka išilgai žiaunų lankų. Po to kraujas susirenka į 2 aortos šaknis, o už ryklės į – nugarinę aortą, iš kurios kraujas pasiskirsto po visą kūną. Tad žiauninės arterijos atlieka širdies vaidmenį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šalinimo organus sudaro iki 90 porų metameriškai išsidėsčiusių inkstinių kanalėlių ( nefridijų). Kiekvienas kanalėlis prasideda celomo sienelėje keliais piltuvėliais, o kitu galu atsiveria į atriumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Skirtalyčiai, dauginasi tik lytiškai. Apie 25 poros gonadų išsidėsčiusių atriumo išorinėje sienelėse. Subrendę lytiniai produktai (kiaušidės ar sėklidės, išsidėstę metameriškai) praplėšia gonados dangalą, patenka į atriumą  ir su vandens srove pasišalina. Iešmučiai neršia tik saulei nusileidus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiaušinio segmentacija pilnutinė, beveik tolygi. Susiformuoja tipiška kamuolio formos blastulė, sudarytas iš vienasluoksnės blastodermos, po kuria yra blastulės ertmė – blastocelis. Tai pirminė gemalo ertmė. Vienas blastodermos polius pradeda įlinkti ir susidaro gastrulė (išorėj – ektoderma, viduj – entoderma). Gastrulės ertmė – gastrocelis – atsiveria į išorę angele – blastoporu. Gemale pradeda formuotis nauji organai: nervinė plokštelė (centrinės nervų sistemos užuomazga), chorda ir vidurinis gemalinis lapelis – mezoderma (žarnos, raumenys, nervų vamzdelis, tikroji oda, gonados).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-22 19:33:52',62,'','2010-04-22 19:44:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 19:33:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,28,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(335,'Tundros augalija ir gyvūnija','tundros-augalija-ir-gyvnija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Geologiniais mastais visai neseniai Šiaurės Ameriką ir Euraziją dengę ledynai pasitraukė į pačią šiaurę ir aukštus kalnus.Tų ledynų pakraščių teritorijos Šiaurės Amerikoje vadinamos nederlingomis žemėmis, Senajame pasaulyje tundra (suomiškai tunturi - bemiškė aukštuma). Nors pavadinimai skirtingi, 75% augalijos ir gyvūnijos rūšių yra tos pačios abiejose teritorijose.Tundra yra maždaug tarp 60 - 70 Šiaurės platumos, t.y. ji prasideda ten, kur šilčiausio mėnesio vidutinė oro temperatūra tesiekia 10 C. O pakankama temperatūra ir yra viena būtinų sąlygų medžiams augti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Augalija ir gyvūnija priklauso nuo dviejų svarbiausių veiksnių - šviesos ir šilumos. Prie poliaračio per žiemos saulėgrįžą Saulė nepakyla virš horizonto, toliau į šiaurę poliarinė naktis trunka dar ilgiau. Didumoje tundros poliarinė naktis trunka net keletą mėnesių per metus. Iš dalies tai kompensuoja ilga poliarinė diena. Dieną skuba vystytis ir augalai, ir gyvūnai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Reikia pažymėti ir geologinio palikimo - įšalo reikšmę. Podirvy čia sukaustęs daugiametis įšalas. Grenlandijoje jis apima net 600 m. sluoksnį, tačiau gali būti ir dar storesnis. Vasarą paties viršutinio žemės sluoksnio, vadinamu aktyviuoju sluoksniu, ledas atitirpsta. Šis sluoksnis gali būti nuo 7 cm. iki 3 m. storio ir tik jis leidžia gyvuoti tundros augalijai ir gyvūnijai. Žemė vasarą būna įmirkusi, nes daugiametis įšalas neleidžia vandeniui susigerti gilyn. Žemei nuolatos atšylant ir vėl įšalant, dirva kilnojasi, joje atsiranda tuštumų, kuriose kaupiasi akmenys. Ilgainiui iš jų susidaro akmenų daugiakampiai ar žiedai. Kritulių per metus čia būna iki 50 cm (perskaičiavus į vandenį); daugiausia tai sniegas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tundroje yra ir aukštų kalnų, tačiau diduma jos paviršiaus - tai lygumos, nusėtos ežerų, balų, skersai ir išilgai išraižytos vingiuojančių upeliūkščių. \"Žemutinėje\" tundroje, tai yra toliau į pietus, augalijos danga ištisinė; šiauriau, \"aukštumoje\" tundroje, stiprūs vėjai nupučia ploną dirvožemio sluoksnį, ir augalai įsitvirtina tik plyšiuose ar kitur užuovėjoje. Geriausiai čia auga kerpės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiausi tundros augalai - pažeme nusidriekę beržų ir gluosnių krūmai, kurie suaugę gali būti vos kelių centimetrų aukščio. Beveik visi tundros augalai glaudžiasi prie žemės. Žemaūgiai beržai keružiai, gluosniai retai kada užauga iki 1 m. aukščio. Dažniausiai jie būna gerokai mažesni, nors ir subrendę. Gausiai paplitę viržinių šeimos augalai. Beveik visi jie užmezga uogas, o jomis ir minta dauguma tundros gyvūnų. Nuo spanguolių rudenį tunka net baltieji lokiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Neretai tundros medelius praauga žolės, todėl joms žydint, tundra vasarą trumpai sužaižaruoja įvairiomis spalvomis ir greit išblėsta artėjant žiemai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors tundra ir nesvetinga, čia gyvena labai daug gyvūnų. Didžiausieji - avijautis ir šiaurinis elnias(Šiaurės Amerikoje - karibu), kuris čia ganosi vasarą. Smulkesnieji plėšrūnai - vilkai, poliarinės lapės ir elniai. Jie minta arktiniais starais, pelėnais ir lemingais. Šius žinduolius nuo šalčio saugo storas šiltas kailis ir storas riebalų sluoksnis po juo. Nušalimų išvengti padeda aptaki kūno forma, trumpas snukis, ausys ir uodega.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-22 19:45:48',62,'','2010-04-22 19:51:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 19:45:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,27,'','',0,93,'robots=\nauthor='),(336,'Augalų skyriai','augal-skyriai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienalasčiai žalieji dumbliai: vandens gyventojai. Jų yra ir gėlo vandens telkiniuose, ir sūriuose jūrų bei vandenynų vandenyse. Iš viršaus juos dengia skaidri sienelė, po kuria yra citoplazma ir branduolys. Jis turi mažytę raudoną akutę - raudoną, šviesai jautrų kūnelį, stambią vakuolę, pripildytą ląstelinių sulčių. Jie naikina kenksmingas priemaišas. Dauginasi dalydamiesi. Prieš dalijimasi jie liaujasi judėję ir numeta žiuželius. Nuo motininės ląstelės atsiskiria 2 - 4, o kartais ir 8 ląstelės. Jos vėl dalijasi (taip dauginasi nelytiniu būdu). Susidarius nepalankioms gyvenimo sąlygoms atsiranda gametų. Gametos pasklinda į vandenį ir susijungia poromis. Susidaro zigota, kuri apsitraukia stora sienele ir taip žiemoja. Pavasarį zigota dalijasi. Susidaro keturios ląstelės - jauni valkčiadumbliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugialąsčiai siūliniai žalieji dumbliai: gyvena tekančiame vandenyje. Ulotriko siūlą sudaro daug trumpučių ląstelių. Jų citoplazmoje yra branduolys ir panašus į atvirą žiedą chromatoforas. Ląstelės dalijasi ir siūlas ilgėja. Dumblių visos ląstelės, išskyrus tą, kuria siūlas prisitvirtina, gali dalytis į 2 arba 4 judrias ląsteles su žiuželiais - zoosporas. Jos patenka į vandenį, plaukioja, paskui prisitvirtina prie kokio nors povandeninio daikto ir dalijasi. Taip susidaro nauji dumblių ižsiūlai. Nepalankiomis gyvenimo sąlygomis kai kuriose dumblio ląstelėse susidaro daugybė mulių judrių gametų su žiuželiais. Gametos patenka į vandenį ir susijungia poromis. Taip vyksta apvaisinimas. Susidaro zigota. Zigota dalijasi į 4 ląstleles - sporas. Žalieji dumbliai sugeria iš vandens anglies dioksidą, išskiria deguonį. Jie yra žuvų ir kitų gyvūnų maistas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rudadumbliai ir raudondumbliai: gyvena jūrose ir vandenynuose. (pvz.: radadumblis - laminarija). Atrodo kaip gniužulas, prisitvirtina prie akmenų arba povandeninių uolų panašiomis į šaknis išaugomis - rizoidais. Nuo rizoidų į viršų eina neplati cilindriška iki 50 cm ilgio dalis - stiebelis. Ant stiebelio auga susiskaidžiusio arba ištisinio lapo formos lakštas, kurio ilgis iki 5.5 m. gyvena tik palyginti negiliose vietose, kur yra pakankamai saulės šviesos. Raudondumbliai auga giliuose vandenyse. Dumbliai neturi šaknų, stiebų, lapų, žiedų, vaisių ir sėklų. Daugumas rudadumblių ir raudondumblių dauginasi sporomis. Jūros dumbliai vartojami chemijos pramonėje. Jais šeriami gyvuliai, vartojami kaip traša.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žalioji samana gegužlinis: auga miške, kur susikaupia ir užsistovi vanduo. Tai daugiametis augalas. Rudai žali stiebai su tankiais siaurais lapais. Šaknų neturi. Apatinėse stiebų dalyse yra siūliškos išvaizdos išaugos - rizoidai. Iš žemės rizoidai siurbia vandenį ir mineralines medžiagas. Dauginasi sporomis. Iš sudygusios sporos išauga plonas žalias siūlas. Tas siūlas šakojasi, ant jo atsiranda pumpurų, iš kurių išauga stiebai ir lapai. Vyriškos gametos - spermatozoidai susidaro ant vienų augalų, o moteriškosios - kiaušialąstės - ant kitų. Apvaisinti jos gali tik vandenyje, kuriame plaukioja judrūs spermatozoidai. Susijungus gametoms, susidaro zigota. Iš zigotos ant moteriškojo augalo susiformuoja dėžutė su koteliu. Dėžutėje subręsta sporos. Sporos išsisėja, ir išdygsta žali siūlai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Durpinės samanos: kiminai neturi rizoidų. Stiebas ir šakelės tankiai apaugusios smulkiais šviesiai žaliais lapeliais. Kiekvieną lapelį sudaro dvejopų ląstelių sluoksnis (gyvos ir negyvos). Negyvos ląstelės gali siurbti ir ilgai išlaikyti vandenį, po truputį jį atiduodamos gyvoms ląstelėms. Kiminai gali augti miško priedangoje tarp gegužlinių. Dauginasi sporomis. jos susidaro mažose dėžutėse, viršutinių šakelių viršūnėse. Kiminai išskiria medžiagas, kurios neleidžia vystytis bakterijoms.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sporiniai induočiai (paparčiai, asiūkliai, patasai): paparciai - daugiamečia žoliniai augalai. Jie auga drėgnose, ūksmingose vietose, daugiausiai miško priedangoje ir drėgnuose griovuose. Paparčiai turi stiebus, lapus, šaknis, šakniastiebį. Iš šakniastiebio auga pridėtinės šaknys ir lapai si ilgais lapkočiais. Apatinėje lapo pusėje galima pamatyti smulkių rudų kauburėlių. Juose bresta sporos. Subrendusios sporos išbyra. Iš sudygusios paparčio sporos išsivysto maža žalia plokštlelė (polaiškis). Apatinėje polaiškio dalyje susidaro vyriškos gametos - spermatozoidai ir moteriškos gametos - kiaušialąstės. Polaiškis sulaiko rasos arba lietaus vandens lašelius. Spermatozoidai vendeniu priplaukia prie kiaušialasčių ir jas apvaisina. Iš zigotos išsivysto gemalas. Taip pat dauginasi aiūkliai ir pataisai. Asiūkliai - daugiamečiai žoliniai augalai. Turi ilgus šakotus šakniastiebius, žiemojančius dirvožemyje. Auga laukuose, miškuose arba prie vandens, paprastai ten, kur dirvožemis drėgnas ir rūgštus. Pataisai auga pušynuose. Šie augalai turi ilgą šliaužiantį stiebą su daugybe šakelių, apaugusių smulkiais lapais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Plikasėklių augalų įvairovė: atstovai - spygliuočiai: eglė, pušis, maumedis. Pušys auga smėlynuose, kalkingame kalnų dirvožemyje, ant plikų uolų. Turi pagrindines, gerai išsivysto šoninės šaknys. Išauga iki 30 - 40 m aukščio, gyvena 350 - 400 metų. Spygliai ant šakos išbūna 2 - 3 metus. Turi siaurus, ilgus spyglius, iš viršaus juos dengia standi odelė. Pušis taupiai garina drėgmę ir lengvai pakelia sausrą. Eglė - ūksminis augalas. Ji gerai auga tik derlingoje, drėgnoje dirvoje. Pagrindinės šaknys išsivysčiusios prastai. Šoninės šaknys išsikerojusios paviršiniame dirvožemio sluoksnyje. Gyvena 250 metų, užauga 40 metrų. Trumpi ir smailūs spygliai auga po vieną ir išbūna ant šakų 5 - 7 metus. Kiti spygliuočiai: kėnis, maumedis, kedras, kadagys, kukmedis.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-22 19:54:53',62,'','2010-04-22 20:06:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 19:54:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,26,'','',0,98,'robots=\nauthor='),(337,'Vabzdžių pasaulis','vabzdi-pasaulis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nedaug yra jūrose gyvenančių vabzdžių: kai kurie gyvena vandens paviršiuje, kiti - potvynių ir atoslūgių zonoje, o vienas uodas - net jūros dugne. Kur tik pasirodo kitų gyvūnų, ten atsiranda ir vabzdžių; jie būna ar laisvai gyvenančios formos, prisitaikančios prie įvairiausių biotopų, ar kitų gyvūnų vidaus ir išorės parazitai. Vabzdžiai vyrauja nuo pusiaujo iki Arkties ir Antarkties. Kai kurie gyvena po sniegu ar ledu, kiti dykumose, dar kiti druskinguose ežeruose ir karštose versmėse. Pietų Kalifornijoje yra viena smulkių musių rūšis, kuri dalį gyvenimo praleidžia naftos klanuose. Dabar gyvenančių vabzdžių žinoma daugiau kaip milijonas; dauguma jų sparnuoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viena svarbiausių vabzdžių klestėjimo priežasčių - jų gebėjimas skraidyti; daugumai rūšių oro erdvė yra įprasta gyvenamosios vietos dalis. Skraidydami jie gali susirasti naujų teritorijų ar biocenozių ir įsikurti jose, išvengti plėšrūnų. Susirasti porą ar maisto jiems daug lengviau nei kitiems jiems artimiems neskraidantiems bestuburiams. Kai kurie vabzdžiai net grobį gaudo ore. Vabzdžių evoliucija buvo sėkminga daugiausiai dėl to, kad jie gebėjo skraidyti, nors jų svorio ir sparnų keliamosios galios santykis yra toks, kad teoriškai skristi negalėtų. O gali todėl, kad tikrųjų vabzdžių sparnų raumenys energiją realizuoja nepaprastu greičiu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dydis taip pat buvo svarbus vabzdžių evoliucijai. Kai jie atsirado daugiau kaip prieš 350 mln. metų, aplinka buvo įvairi, panaši į dabartinę. Vabzdžiai prisitaikė prie jos, užimdami daugelį laisvų ekologinių nišų. Tuo paaiškinama, kodėl vabzdžiai yra palyginti maži: jie gali gyventi ir daugintis ekologinėse nišose, nepalankiose dideliems gyvūnams. Kitas svarus vabzdžių gero prisitaikymo veiksnys yra jų kieta išorinė danga - griaučiai. Jie yra labai lengvi ir tvirti, bet trukdo augti, todėl vabzdžiai keletą kartų neriasi; tik išsinėręs vabzdys kurį laiką būna be kietos dangos. Kietas ir lankstus chitinas sudaro vabzdžių griaučių pagrindą. Vaškinis paviršius nepraleidžia vandens, o sausumoje gyvenantiems vabzdžiams labai svarbu neprarasti vandens. Griaučių medžiaga tokia plastiška, kad vabzdžiai gali būti labai įvairių pavidalų; įvairumą iš dalies lemia ir visokios ataugos: sparnai ir antsparniai, kojos, šereliai, žvyneliai ir t. t.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-22 20:09:02',62,'','2010-04-22 20:12:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 20:09:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,25,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(338,'Vladas Kuzma','vladas-kuzma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-22 20:14:31',62,'','2010-04-22 20:18:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 20:14:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,24,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(339,'Vitaminai','vitaminai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vitaminai yra mažos molekulinės masės organiniai junginiai, būtini normaliam organizmo vystymuisi, augimui ir veiklai. Kaip kofermentai, jie būtini fermentinių organizmo reakcijų komponentai. Vitaminai katalizuoja medžiagų apykaitą ir dalyvauja audinių bei organų biocheminėse reakcijose, bet jie nėra energetiniai ir plastiniai produktai. Organizmas nesugeba pasigaminti daugumos vitaminų ir turi juos nuolat ir reguliariai gauti su maistu . Maiste, be vitaminų, yra provitaminų, kurie organizme virsta vitaminais. Pvz.: morkose randama karotinų, iš kurių organizme susidaro vitaminas A.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rusų mokslininkas N.Luninas (1880) eksperimentais įrodė, kad vitaminai yra svarbūs ir būtini normaliai organizmo medžiagų apykaitai. Lenkų mokslininkas K. Funkas (1912) pasiūlė vitaminų terminą. Trūkstant organizme vitaminų, susergama hipovitaminoze arba avitaminoze.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Hipovitaminozę ir avitaminozę lemia įvairios priežastys.  Hipovitaminozėms gali turėti įtakos ir netinkamas maitinimasis. Gausiai maitinantis angliavandeniais, didėja vitamino B-i, vartojant daug riebalų, vitamino E poreikis. Vartojant daug baltymų, organizmui papildomai reikia vitamino C.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pradinei visų vitaminų nepakankamumo simptomai: bendras silpnumas, greitas nuovargis, apetito stoka, sumažėjęs organizmo atsparumas. Specifiški atskiro vitamino hipovitaminozės požymiai išryškėja vėliau. Absoliutus vitaminų trūkumas (avitaminozė) dabar labai retas reiškinys. Palyginti reta ir hipervitaminozė (vi-taminų perdozavimas). Šis pavojus prisimintinas, vartojant sintetinius vitaminų preparatus (vitamerus) didelėmis dozėmis ir ilgesnį laiką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vitaminai žymimi lotyniškomis raidėmis arba rašomas cheminis jų pavadinimas. Rekomenduojama vitaminus pagal jų tirpstamumą skirstyti:tirpstančius vandenyje ir tirpstančius riebaluose. Vandenyje tirpūs vitaminai: C (askorbino rūgštis), P (flavonas), PP (nikotinamidas ir nikotino rūgštis), U (metilmetioninsul\'fono chloridas) ir B grupė. B vitaminų grupei priskiriami: Bi (tiaminas), B2 (riboflavinas), B6 (piridoksinas), B12 (cianokobalaminas), B5 (pangamo rūgštis), Bc (folinė rūgštis), cholinas, inozitas, biotinas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vandenyje tirpūs vitaminai yra termolabilūs, neatsparūs šarmams ir šiek tiek atsparesni rūgščių veikimui. Jų atsargų organizme nesusikaupia. Riebaluose tirpūs šie vitaminai: A (retinolis, akseroftolis), D (ergokalciferolis), K (filochinonas),<br />E (tokoferolis). Jie atsparesni rūgščių ir šarmų veikimui bei temperatūros poveikiui. Organizme gali susikaupti nedidelės šių vitaminų atsargos, nes jie kumuliuojasi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vitaminų preparatai vartotini hipovitaminozės sukeltoms patologinėms būsenoms   gydyti.   Nehipovitaminozinės   etiologijos   ligoms   gydyti  jie nerekomenduojami, nes, dėl jų nepageidaujamo veikimo gydymas gali komplikuotis. Papildomai vartojant vitaminus, kai jų balansas organizme yra normalus, organizmo atsparumas ir tonusas nepadidėja, nebuna antiinfekcinio efekto. llgiau vartojant vieną vitaminą, gali sutrikti kitų vitaminų, fiziologinė pusiausvyra ir atsirasti jo hipovitaminozės reiškinių. Pvz.: ilgiau vartojant vitaminą Bi mažėja Bz vitamino.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Moksliškai pateisinta kompleksinė vitaminų terapija - gydymas polivitaminų preparatais, kuriuose įvairių vitaminų kiekis yra subalansuotas. Deja, nepakankamai turint žinių apie vitaminų chemines bei farmakologines savybes ir netinkamai derinant juos vieną su kitu, gali atsirasti nepageidaujama ir pavojinga reakcija. Neleistina viename švirkšte maišyti vitaminų Bl, B6 ir B12 tirpalų. Kobaltas, kurio yra vitamino B12 sudėtyje, ardo vitaminus Bi ir B6.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vitaminas B6 stiprina vitamino B1 alergizuojančias savybes. Jei kartu vartojami injekcijomis vitaminai B12 ir C, taip pat B1 ir P, susilpnėja abipusis jų efektas ir sutrumpėja veikimas. Nepateisinamas ir gydymas labai didelėmis vitaminų dozėmis. Padidinus dozę virš fiziologiškai būtinos, vitaminui būdingas veikimas iš esmės nesustiprėja, o tik dažniau atsiranda jiems būdingų nepageidaujamų reakcijų. Skiriant vitaminų preparatus gydymui, tikslinga biochemiškai nustatyti jų kiekį kraujo plazmoje ir tikrinti, kad jo koncentracija būtų fiziologinės organizmui normos ribose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vitaminas C (askorbino rūgštis). Vitamino C savybių turi askorbino rūgštis ir pentaoksiflavonas. Pentaoksiflavono yra dtrusiniuose vaisiuose; jo sintetinio pakaitalo (kaip vitamino) kol kas nėra. Vitamino C preparatas yra askorbino rūgštis. Chemiškai tai nesočios heksonijaus rūgšties laktonas. Askorbino rūgštis yra nepatvari. Ji oksidnojasi oro deguonies veikiama, suyra šarminėje aplinkoje ir veikiant sunkiųjų metalų druskoms.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Netinkamai kulinariškai ruošiamuose maisto produktuose vitamino C gali labai sumažėti arba jo visai nelieka. Organizmas vitamino C turi gauti nuolat. Daugiausia vitamino C rezorbuojasi viršutinėje plonosios žarnos dalyje. Didinant dozę, vitamino C rezorbcija iš esmės nedidėja. Suvartojus iš karto jo 100 mg, rezorbuojasi tik 20%, suvartojus 1500 mg, tik 50% viso kiekio. Apie 55% vitamino C išsiskiria oksalato, 25% - askorbino rūgšties ir dehidroasteoabino rūgšties pavidalu. Vartojant per parą iki 2g vitamino C, iš esmės oksalatų koncentracija šlapime nepadidėja. Tačiau, vitamino C paros dozę padidinus iki 8-9g, oksalatų šiapime gali padaugėti 2-3 kartus. Vitamino C atsargos organizme nesikaupia. Askorbino rūgštis aktyvina fermentus amilazę ir arginazę, kurie daiyvauja organizmo oksidadjos - redukcijos procesuose, angliavandenių, baltymų, nukleino, aminorūgščių apykaitoje, susidarant kolagenui ir prokolagenui. Ji taip pat aktyvina folinę rūgštį, turi įtakos eritropoezei. Askorbino rūgštis yra būtina normalioms antinksčių, hipofizės, lytinių liaukų ir geltonkūnio funkcijoms. Vitaminas C dalyvauja hidroksilinant triptofaną ir reikalingas serotonino apykaitai organizme.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-22 20:18:51',62,'','2010-04-22 20:29:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-22 20:18:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,23,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(340,'Mikroekonomikos teorija','mikroekonomikos-teorija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">„Mikroekonomikos teorijos“ programa (32 val.)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1 tema. Paklausos ir pasiūlos modelis (2 val.). Prekės (paslaugos) paklausos sąvoka. Paklausos funkcija. Paklausos dėsnis ir paklausos kreivė. Prekės (paslaugos) paklausą veikiantys veiksniai. Prekės (paslaugos) pasiūlos sąvoka. Pasiūlos funkcija. Pasiūlos dėsnis ir pasiūlos funkcija. Prekės (paslaugos) pasiūlą veikiantys veiksniai. Rinkos pusiausvyra. A.Maršalo „kryžius“ („žirklės“). Vartotojo ir gamintojo rinka. Paklausos ir pasiūlos pokyčių poveikis rinkos pusiausvyrai. Vyriausybės įtaka rinkos pusiausvyrai. Minimalioji ir maksimalioji kainos, jų nustatymo priežastys ir ekonominės pasekmės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2 tema. Paklausos ir pasiūlos elastingumas (2 val.). Prekės (paslaugos) paklausos elastingumo kainų atžvilgiu sąvoka ir jo įvertinimas. Taškinis ir lankinis paklausos elastingumo kainų atžvilgiu koeficientai. Paklausos elastingumo kainų atžvilgiu atvejai: absoliutus elastingumas ir absoliutus neelastingumas, vienetinis elastingumas. Paklausos elastingumą kainai veikiantys veiksniai. Kryžminis paklausos elastingumas. Pakaitalams ir papildiniams apskaičiuotų paklausos elastingumo koeficientų reikšmės. Paklausos elastingumas kainų atžvilgiu ir bendrosios pajamos. Paklausos elastingumo pobūdžio įvertinimas pagal bendrųjų pajamų pokytį. Prekės (paslaugos) paklausos elastingumas pajamų atžvilgiu ir jį veikiantys veiksniai. Prekės (paslaugos) elastingumo kainų atžvilgiu įvertinimas. Prekės (paslaugos) pasiūlos elastingumo kainų atžvilgiu sąvoka ir jo įvertinimas. Taškinis ir lankinis pasiūlos elastingumo kainų atžvilgiu koeficientai. Pasiūlos elastingumą veikiantys veiksniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-23 08:12:16',62,'','2010-04-23 08:24:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-23 08:12:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,54,'','',0,66,'robots=\nauthor='),(341,'Fiskalinė politika','fiskalin-politika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ĮŽANGA</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dauguma žmonių turi savo nuomonę apie tai, kaip reikia tvarkyti namų ūkį. Tam dažniausiai visiškai pakanka šeimininko asmeninio patyrimo, o jei kas suklysta, - pasekmės dažnai būna taip pat asmeninis reikalas. Kitaip yra, kai imamasi tvarkyti visos įmonės ar šalies ūkį. Todėl neatsitiktinai žmonijos patyrimas šioje srityje kaupiamas ir apibendrinamas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Svarbu suvokti, nuo ko priklauso šalies ekonomikos augimas ir ką reikia daryti, kad būtų pasiekti daugumos pageidaujami tikslai kaip pakankamai spartūs ir stabilūs gyvenimo lygio augimo tempai, ekonominė laisvė - teisė pasirinkti veiklos rūšį, išleisti savo uždirbtus pinigus pagal savo norus ir kt. Svarbus ir ekonominio saugumo jausmas. Žmonėms turėtų būti kuo mažiau motyvų baimintis, kad liga ar kita katastrofa jiems sudarys beviltišką finansinę situaciją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Demokratinėje visuomenėje šie daugumai žmonių svarbūs tikslai tampa ir valstybės tikslu. Praktiškai šalies gerovė priklauso nuo vyriausybės vykdomos politikos. Vieną svarbiausių vaidmenų vaidina tai, kaip vyriausybė paskirsto biudžeto lėšas, kaip planuoja savo išlaidas ir pajamas. Kaip tik tai atskleidžia valstybės vykdoma fiskalinė politika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-23 08:28:01',62,'','2010-04-23 08:36:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-23 08:28:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,53,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(342,'Tyrimas transporto priemonių lizingas','tyrimas-transporto-priemoni-lizingas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiuo metu transporto priemonės bei nekilnojamas turtas viena paklausiausių prekių. Norėdamos turėti laisvų apyvartinių lėšų ir pirkdamos nekilnojamąjį turtą, transporto priemones, nemažai įmonių naudojasi banko teikiamomis paskolomis. Tačiau pastaruoju metu jos vis dažniau naudojasi ir kita bankų teikiama paslauga – lizingu. Iš atliktos Lietuvoje veikiančių lizingo bendrovių portfelių analizės pagal turto rūšis matome, kad lengvųjų automobilių ir kitų transporto priemonių finansavimas sudaro apie du trečdalius lizingo bendrovių finansuojamų projektų vertės. Automobilių prekybos atstovybių Lietuvoje darbuotojai taip pat tvirtina, kad suaktyvėjusi lizingo bendrovių veikla smarkiai padidino naujų automobilių paklausą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prekybos automobiliais ar kitomis prekėmis pagyvėjimas – tai nauda šalies ekonomikai ir verslininkams. Kiekvienas parduotas automobilis – papildomos pajamos šalies biudžetui ir verslininkams. Atliekant investicinio projekto ekonominį įvertinimą labai svarbu įvertinti projekto finansavimo būdą, jo kaštus. Fizinis ar juridinis asmuo, taip pat turėtų labai gerai įvertinti savo finansines galimybes, nes dėl įvairių priežasčių jis gali patirti rimtų nuostolių. Šioje dalyje pabandysiu palyginti išperkamosios nuomos ir paskolos sąlygas, paanalizuoti teigiamus ir neigiamus šių finansavimo būdų aspektus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vienas iš pagrindinių lizingo privalumų – galimybė naudotis norimu daiktu neturint pakankami pinigų jam įsigyti. Tereikia susirasti norimą lizingo objektą (transporto priemonę, nekilnojamąjį turtą) ir lizingo bendrovei sumokėti administracinį mokestį bei pradinę įmoką. Turtą nuperka ir jį įmonei naudotis perduoda lizingo bendrovė. Palyginti su paskola lizingas turi daug pranašumų. Norint gauti paskolą, bankui reikia įkeisti turtą, kurio vertė bent trečdaliu didesnė už suteikiamą paskolą. Vadinasi, įmonės neturinčios turto arba turinčios jo nepakankamai, neturi daug galimybių gauti paskolą turtui įsigyti. Lizingo bendrovės klientui nereikia turto užstatui. Lizingas ypač aktualus tiems verslininkams, kurie yra sudarę perspektyvius verslo planus, tačiau jiems įgyvendinti neturi reikiamo pinigų kiekio ir negali jų pasiskolinti banke, nes neturi užstato. Savotišku turto užstatu lizingo sandėryje tampa pats lizingo objektas, kuris lizingo bendrovės nuosavybe būna tol, kol nesumokamas paskutinis pinigų įnašas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-23 08:38:02',62,'','2010-04-23 08:40:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-23 08:38:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,52,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(343,'D. Cesevičius','d-ceseviius','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">D.CESEVIČIUS – VIENAS ŽYMESNIŲ LIETUVOS EKONOMISTŲ TEORETIKŲ</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ĮVADAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dar visai neseniai Domas Cesevičius gyveno tarp mūsų, daugeliui visai nepažįstamas, išskyrus kelis draugus ir jo buvusius studentus. D.Cesevičiaus asmenybė, pažiūros, jo kaip ekonomisto pasaulėžiūra ir tobulėjimo kelias formavosi nepriklausomos (buržuazinės) Lietuvos laikotarpiu, t.y. tokiu metu, kai žmogaus minties ir žodžio laisvės nekontroliavo ir nevaržė jokios svetimų šalių valdžios ar kariuomenės, kai buvo atviros Lietuvos sienos į kitas Pasaulio šalis (kiekvienas nevaržomas galėjo išvažiuoti į užsienį). Tokia padėtimi naudojosi ne vienas Lietuvos pilietis – vieni važiuodavo pasitobulinti kitų kraštų universitetuose, kiti – pasisemti praktinės patirties iš užsieniečių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kadangi D.Cesevičius ekonomikos mokslus studijavo Kelno universitete, vėliau dar stažavosi Mančesterio, Oksfordo, Londono, Čikagos universitetuose, todėl ypač didelę įtaką D.Cesevičiaus kaip ekonomisto teoretiko požiūrio susiformavimui turėjo Vokietijos ekonominė mintis, pagal kurią “išsivysčius gamybinėms jėgoms, ima veikti tam tikri dėsniai, kurie lemia “visuomenės ūkio pobūdį” ” , t.y. D.Cesevičius “…pripažino objektyvių ekonominių dėsnių buvimą” , nors Vokietijoje dar vyravo nuomonė likusi iš XIX amžiaus antroje pusėje įsikūrusios istoriškosios ekonominės mokyklos, kuri buvo paneigusi bet kokių ekonominių dėsnių buvimą ir ekonominės teorijos reikalingumą, mat, anot jų, “…ūkio gyvenime viskas keičiasi, kaip keičiasi gyvenimas pereidamas iš epochos į epochą…” , ir kad ekonomikos mokslas reikalingas tik tam, kad fiksuotų \"...ūkio gyvenimo eigą, jo persiformavimus, jo istorinius pasikeitimus ir ieškotų ūkio gyvenimo plėtimosi ir keitimosi dėsnių” …</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šis darbas buvo pasirinktas dėl to, kad apie patį Domą Cesevičių kaip asmenybę ir kaip apie ekonomistą teoretiką labai mažai buvo rašyta, pagrinde spausdinti tik jo darbai. Dauguma straipsnių ir didesnių darbų buvo publikuota nepriklausomos Lietuvos laikotarpiu, o vėlesni darbai liko neskelbti (t.y. tie, kurie buvo parašyti tuomet, kai mūsų kraštas jau priklausė Tarybų Sąjungai), ir tik 1995m. buvo išspausdintas vienas didesnių jo darbų “Lietuvos pramonė 1918–1940 metais”, o 1998m. išleista V.Lukoševičiaus knyga apie Domą Cesevičių ir kai kuriuos jo darbus. Tad ko gero pats laikas, o galbūt dar anksčiau reikėjo prabilti apie šį ekonomistą, įvertinti jo nuopelnus, jam dar gyvam esant, o ne po mirties, kai viskas pamažu slenka užmarštin...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-23 08:41:08',62,'','2010-04-23 08:43:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-23 08:41:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,51,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(344,'Akcinės bendrovės','akcins-bendrovs','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įmonės</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kas yra įmonė. Pradedant verslą reikia pasirinkti kokią nors organizacinę (firmos) formą. Visa tai reglamentuoja įstatymai. Pagal veikiančius Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymus kiekviena įmonė turi būti registruojama. Įregistruotai įmonei išduodamas nustatytos formos pažymėjimas ir suteikiamas kodas. Tik tada forma gali užsiimti ūkine – komercine veikla. Tačiau prieš registruojant savo firmą būtina susipažinti su Lietuvos Respublikos įmonių įstatymu. Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymas nustato subjektus, turinčius teisę savo firmos vardu užsiimti nuolatine komercine – ūkine veikla, jų steigimo ir veiklos teisinius pagrindus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įmonė yra savo firmos vardą turintis ūkinis vienetas, įsteigtas įstatymo nustatyta tvarka tam tikrai ūkinei – komercinei veiklai. Įmonę sudaro medžiaginių, daiktinių ir nematerialinių aktyvų, jos teisių ir pareigų kompleksas. Įmonės, kaip teisės subjektas (įmonininkas), gali turėti juridinio asmens teises arba veikti kaip fizinis asmuo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Akcinės bendrovės</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Efektyviausia įmonių organizavimo forma yra akcinės bendrovės. Pasaulyje daug žymių firmų yra organizuotos kaip akcinės bendrovės (pavyzdžiui, IBM, „Ford Motor Company“, „Kraisler“ ir kitos). Pagrindiniai akcinės bendrovės pranašumai prie kitas ūkinių organizacijų formas yra šie:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.    galimybė koncentruoti didelį kapitalą. Nedidelių kapitalų savininkams įnešant savo pajų į akcinės bendrovės turtą, gali būti sukauptas didžiulis kapitalas;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2.    ribota akcininkų turtinė atsakomybė;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3.    galimybė perduoti teises. Savininko teisė nėra fiksuota akcininkui visiems laikams. Kiekvienas akcininkas gali perduoti arba parduoti savo akcijas, kartu perduodamas visas jų suteikiamas teises;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">4.    neribotas egzistavimo laikas. Akcinės bendrovės egzistavimo stabilumas garantuojamas tuo, kad pasitraukus vienam arba keletui akcinės bendrovės narių iš veiklos, ši ir toliau egzistuoja: pavyzdžiui, akcininkui mirus, jam priklausantis akcinis kapitalas gali būti paveldimas;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">5.    valdymo centralizavimas. Vyriausiasis akcinės bendrovės valdytojas yra jos prezidentas. Konkrečioms funkcijoms vykdyti jis gali skirti įvairius vykdytojus, bet galutinis sprendimas visais svarbiausiais akcinės bendrovės valdymo klausimais priima jos prezidentas. Tai padidina valdymo priėmimo operatyvumą;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">6.    profesionalus valdymas. Akcininkai tiesiogiai nedalyvauja akcinės bendrovės valdyme, o samdo valdymo funkcijoms atlikti profesionalius vadybininkus. Tai nulemia akcinės bendrovės veiklos efektyvumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-23 08:44:02',62,'','2010-04-25 15:27:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-23 08:44:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,50,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(345,'Makroekonomika (V. Skominas)','makroekonomika-v-skominas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Makroekonomikos rodikliai<br />1. BVP<br />2. Nominalus ir realus BVP<br />3. Kiti nacionalinės sąskaitybos rodikliai<br />4. BVP ir socialinė gerovė<br />5. Šešėlinė ekonomika</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Makroekonomika – mokslas, tiriantis ekonomiką kaip visumą, jos funkcionavimo principus. Jos elementai grupuojami į visumą, atspindinčią ekonominės veiklos rezultatus (dažniausiai per metus). BVP – baigtinių prekių ir paslaugų, sukurtų tam tikroje šalyje, srautas per metus. Tas srautas išreiškiamas vertine išraiška. Tai leidžia subendravardiklinti įvairias baigtines prekes ir paslaugas. Ekonomikoje įvairūs rodikliai skaičiuojami arba kaip momentinis dydis tam tikrai datai, arba srautas per tam tikrą laikotarpį (per metus). Pvz., firmų kapitalas, atsargos, aktyvai skaičiuojami tam tikrai datai – sausio 1 d. Kiti dydžiai matuojami kaip srautas per t.t. laikotarpį (pvz., produkcijos apimtis). Taip pat skaičiuojamas BVP.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-23 08:48:05',62,'','2010-04-23 08:52:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-23 08:48:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,49,'','',0,65,'robots=\nauthor='),(346,'Makroekonominiai rodikliai (špera)','makroekonominiai-rodikliai-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">10.1.makroekonomikos reikšmė</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Makroekonomika, tai ekonomikos šaka tirianti bendrą ekonominę veiklą valstybės mąstu. Makroekonominė analizė tiria kaip kaip funkcionuoja ekonomikos visuma, ir kokie veiksniai ją vekia. Makroekonominių tyrimų objektas-šalies ūkis. Kaip ir visi ekonomikos mokslai, taip ir makroekonomika riamiasi teorija ir stebėjimais. Stebėjimai yra organizuoti ir susisteminti. Kiekvienos valstybės vyriusybė reguliariai pagal ekonominės statistikos mokslo patvirtintą sistemą renka informaciją apie žmonių  ekonominę veiklą, jų pajamų dydį, paklausos ir paklausos struktūrą, kainų dydį, žmonių apsirūpinimą darbu, žmonių gyvenimo sąlygas, pinigų cirkuliaciją ir kitus ekonominius, socialinius klausimus. Šie duomenys sumuojami ir gaunami statistiniai rodikliai apibūdinantys visos ekonomikos būklę. Tie rodikliai fiksuojami dinamikoje laiko požiūriu. Atsižvelgiant į ekonomikos būklę, valstybės yra vykdoma atitinkama ekonominė politika, kuriamos ir vykdomos ekonominės ir socialinės programos. Tokiu būdu siekiama. Pagrindiniai ekonominės ir socialinės informacijos nešėjai: 1.Nacionalinis produktas 2.Vartojamų prekių kainų indeksas 3.Nedarbo lygis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">10.2 Bendrasis nacionalinis produktas (BNP)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">BNP-Tai visų gatavų prekių ir paslaugų, kurias šalis pagamina ir pateikia naudojimui tam tikrai datai ar laikotarpiui pinigine išraiška. Bendrąjį vidaus produktą apibūdina tokia lygybė: Visų subjektų bendros pajamos per tam tikrą laikotarpį = Visų prekių ir paslaugų gamybos bendros išlaidos per tam tikrą laiko tarpą. Ši lygybė yra nacionalinių sąskaitų sistemos pagrindas. Nes visos padarytos išlaidos tuo pat metu yra gautos pajamos. Pajamos ir išlaidos yra matuojamos pinigais ir jų judėjimą bei bendrą masę atspindi pinigų srautai. Jie atitinka gamybos išteklių ir iš jų pagamintų prekių bei paslaugų srautus natūroje. Gatava preke laikome tokį produktą, kuris skirtas galutiniam vartojimui, tolesnėje gamyboje jis nedalyvauja. Skaičiuojant BNP kyla problema, kaip jį susumuoti, juk dalis prekių ir paslaugų tinkamos galutiniam vartojimui(gaunami pakartojimai-vienai įmonei galutinė produkcija yra žaliava kitai įmonei). Vadinasi sumuojant nacionalinį produktą pagal įmonių pagamitą metinę produkciją, reikia neskaičiuoti tarpinio produkto(kurį sudaro:žaliavos, medžiagos, kuras, el.energija, pusgaminiai pirkri iš kitų įmonių). Iš įmonės produkcijos metinės vertės atėmę tarpinį, gautą dalį produkto, kuri sukurta konkrečioje įmonėje vadiname pridėtine verte. Tai skirtumas tarp įmonės pagamintos produkcijos kiekių ir kainų sandaugos sumos ir gamybai pirktos produkcijos sumos. BNP dydis priklauso ne tik nuo gamybos mąsto, bet ir kainų dydžio. Kainos auga, nes ištekliai riboti. Todėl dėl kainų augimo BNP auga. Nominalus BNP-kaip kiekių ir esamų kainų sandaugų suma. Realusis BNP-atitinkamo laikotarpio kainomis suskaičiuotas BNP. Pasirinkto laikotarpio kainos-bazinės. Nominalusis BNP didesnis už realųjį. Skirtumas parodys kainų poveikio rezultatus. Kainų indeksas (koeficientas)vad. BNP defliatoriumi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-23 09:40:40',62,'','2010-04-23 09:58:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-23 09:40:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,48,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(347,'Kainų politika ir tikslai','kain-politika-ir-tikslai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ĮVADAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prekė patenka vartotojui per mainų procesą. Santykis, kuriuo prekės mainomos viena į kitą ir kuris išreikštas pinigais, yra kaina. Tarpininkaujant kainai, vyksta prekių mainai. Todėl kaina yra pagrindinis viso prekinio ūkio reguliatorius. Prekių kainų svyravimai nulemia tai, kad gamyba vyktų remiantis paklausa. Rinkos kainos lygis rodo, ar prekės gamybą reikia padidinti, ar sumažinti. Kaina yra tarsi barometras, rodantis prekės trūkumą ar jos perteklių, palyginti su visuomenės poreikiu rinkoje. Firmai dirbant rinkos sŕlygomis, kaina yra vienas iš jos bendrosios politikos elementų. Tai svarbus kiekvienos firmos rodiklis, nes pagrindinė jos funkcija - garantuoti įplaukas iš prekių pardavimo. Be to, kaina labai svarbi ir prekių vartotojams, todėl ji nulemia santykius tarp firmos bei prekių rinkos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.1.     Kainų politikos esmė ir tikslai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kainodara  yra sudėtingiausias prekių rinkos konjuktūros mechanizmas, jos barometras. Kaina atspindi visą kainodaros veiksnių sistemą: sąnaudų dinamiką, darbo rezultatų rodiklius, infliaciją, pasiūlos ir paklausos santykį, rinkos monopolizavimą ir pan. Kainų politika logiškai sujungia firmos tikslus, galimybes ir lėšas. Marketingo specialistų ir kainodaros bei kainų politikos ekspertų manymu, kainų nustatymas yra neatskiriama reprodukcijos proceso dalis visu prekių gyvavimo laikotarpiu. Taigi kainų politika - tai vadovavimas kainų nustatymo veiklai. Ji apima pagrindinius principus ir taisykles, kurias firma naudoja siekdama gauti maksimalų pelną ir garantuodama prekių konkurencingumą rinkoje. (1)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kainodarai keliami uždaviniai turi atitikti pagrindinį firmos pelną. Pirmiausia nustatomi tikslai, kurių siekia firma, įgyvendindama konkrečią kainų politiką. Turėdama visus būtinus duomenis apie savo gamybos bei cirkuliacijos kaštus ir nustačiusi rinkos kainų lygį , firma pradeda rengti savąją kainų politiką. Firmos tikslai glaudžiai susiję su jos padėtimi rinkoje, jos prekių konjuktūra, mokslinės bazės lygiu, finansine būkle, konkurencijos sąlygomis ir rinkos monopolizavimu.(2)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-23 09:58:24',62,'','2010-04-23 10:00:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-23 09:58:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,47,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(348,' Europos Bendrijos konkurencijos politika','-europos-bendrijos-konkurencijos-politika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Svarbiausias 1957m. kovo 25 d. Romoje sudarytos EEB sutarties tikslas buvo sukurti bendrąją rinką, kuri užtikrintų harmoningą ūkio plėtrą Bendrijoje ir laipsnišką valstybių narių ekonominės politikos derinimą. Laisvas prekių judėjimas tarp valstybių narių turėjo būti garantuotas atsisakius muitų ir kiekybinių apdorojimų bei panašų poveikį turinčių priemonių. Buvo labai svarbu garantuoti ir tai, kad privatūs ūkio subjektai susitarimų pagrindu dalydamiesi rinkas ar kitokiais konkurenciją ribojančiais veiksmais vėl nesukurtų kitokios formos laisvo prekių judėjimo apdorojimų. Dėl to EEB sutartyje buvo nustatytos konkurencijos taisyklės, suformuluotos 85-90 straipsniuose. Svarbūs yra ir vadinamieji antriniai teisės šaltiniai, t.y. EEB valdymo institucijų teisės aktai: reglamentai, direktyvos bei sprendimai. Iš jų visų pirma paminėtini 1962m. vasario mėn. 6 d. EEB Tarnybos (ET) priimtas reglametas Nr.17, kuris nustatė EEB sutarties 85 ir 86 straipsnių taikymo tvarką, taip pat 1989m. gruodžio 21 d. priimtas reglamentas Nr. 4064/89 “Dėl įmonių koncentracijos kontrolės”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1993m. įsigaliojusi Europos Sąjungos įkūrimo sutartis įtvirtino bendrosios rinkos funkcionavimą remiantis konkurencijos principais. ES pagrindu tapo Ekonominės bendrijos, iš jų EEB, sutartis, kuri, remiantis ES sutartimi, buvo išplėsta ir iš dalies pakeista, tačiau konkurencijos taisyklės iš esmės nepasikeitė. Atskirą sudedamąją ES konkurencijos teisės dalį sudaro 1951m. balandžio 18 d. priimta Europos anglies ir plieno bendrijos (EAPB) sutartis. Jos 65 ir 66 straipsniai iš esmės yra panašūs į EEB 85 ir 86 straipsnius, tačiau jų taikymo sritis daug siauresnė, apimanti bendrąją anglies ir plieno rinką. Todėl visiškai pagrįstai susiformavo tradicija, kad kalbant apie ES konkurencijos teisę visų pirma turimos galvoje EEB sutartyje nustatytos konkurencijos tasyklės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">EEB sutarties 85 ir 86 straipsniai apima konkurenciją ribojančius veiksmus, kurie turi įtakos prekybai tarp valstybių narių. Ši sąlygų tapo kriterijumi, pagal kurį yra atribojamos ES konkurencijos teisės taikymo sritys. Kitaip tariant, ES konkurencijos teisė taikoma tais atvejais, kai konkurenciją ribojantys veiksmai išeina už nacionalinės rinkos ribų. Šiuo principu iš esmės vadovaujasi ir Europos teisingumo teismas (ETT), kuris priimdamas sprendimus atsižvelgia į konkurenciją ribojančių vaiksmų tiesioginės arba potencialios įtakos galimybę vykstant prekybai tarp valstybių narių. Gyvenime ES konkurencijos taisyklės vis plačiau taikomos, jų taikymo sfera plečiama vadovaujantis bendrosios rinkos principu. Nors valstybių narių nacionalinė konkurencijos teisė ir ES konkurencijos teisė gali būti lygiagrečiai taikomos, valstybių nacionalinės institucijos ir teismai, kontroliuodami ūkio subjektų konkurenciją ribojančius veiksmus, taiko ne tik nacionalinės teisės normas, bet ir ES konkurencijos teisę, ypač tais atvejais, kai nacionalinės ir ES teisės normos skiriasi. Galioja bendras ES konkurencijos teisės aukštesniosios galios principas, ypač tais atvejais, kai ES konkurencijos teisė numato griežtesnius reikalavimus, susijusius su konkurencijos apsaugojimu, negu valstybės narės nacionalinė teisė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-23 10:02:07',62,'','2010-04-23 10:04:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-23 10:02:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,46,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(349,'Nedarbas (špera)','nedarbas-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">13.1    Nedarbo esmė ir lygis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Buvo tariama analizuojant, kad kuriant produktą ir plečiantis ekonomikoje dalyvauja visi darbingi žmonės. Tikrovėje taip nėra. Rinkos ekonomikai būdingas nedarbas. Darbingų gyventojų dalis darbo atžvilgiu yra tam tikrame judėjime. Vieni darbuotojai išeina iš darbo, kiti įsidarbina, kiti ieško darbo. Šis pastovus darbo išteklių judėjimas į nedarbą ir iš jo apsprendžia, kad dalis darbuotojų tam tikrą laiką yra nedarbo būsenoje. L – visuminė darbo jėga;    E – dirbančių žmonių skaičius;  U – neturinčių darbo žmonių skaičius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">13.2 Frikcinis nedarbas ir valstybės politika</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gamybai ir verslui reikalinga ne aplamai darbo jėga, o tam tikros struktūros, turinti požymius ir savybes, todėl viena iš nedarbo priežasčių – reikalingas laikotarpis per kurį susiderintų darbo jėgos struktūra su laisvų darbo vietų struktūra. Rinkos pusiausvyros modelis numato šių struktūrų atitikimą – bet kuris darbuotojas tinka bet kuriai darbo jėgai, taip tariama. Rinka būtų pusiausvyroje. Tikrovėje darbuotojai turi nevienodus polinkius, sugebėjimus ir kiekvienai konkrečiai darbo vietai reikalingas konkrečių sugebėjimų žmogus. Informacijai apie darbo vietas ir į jas besisiūlančius taip pat reikia atitinkamo laikotarpio. Nedarbas atsirandantis dėl darbo jėgos ir darbo struktūrų suderinimo, vadinamas frikciniu nedarbu. Tam tikras frikcinio nedarbo lygis neišvengiamas, nes ekonomika kinta. Svyruoja D, darbo jėgai. Kinta ne tik D ir S kiekiai, bet ir ekonomikos struktūra. Pareikalavimas vienoms prekėms didėja, kitoms mažėja, keičiasi gamybos struktūra : įmonės užsidaro ar plečia veiklą. Pagal tai keičiasi darbo jėga. D’os struktūriniai pokyčiai darbo jėgai vyksta nepaliaujamai, todėl frikcinis nedarbas pastoviai egzistuoja (jis yra natūralus). Valstybė bando mažinti natūralų nedarbo lygį. Platinama informacija apie laisvas darbo vietas. Kuriamos valst. darbuotojų perkvalifikavimo struktūros – padeda įsigyti kitą profesiją. Jei priemonės efektyvios, nedarbas mažėja. Veikia nedarbo draudimo valstybinė sistema, kurios poveikio rezultatas – frikcinio nedarbo padidinimas. Darbuotojas netekęs darbo tam tikrą laiką gauna nedarbo pašalpą. Pašalpų ir kompensacijų mokėjimas sušvelnina nedarbo pasekmes, bet kartu didina frikcinį nedarbą ir natūralų nedarbo lygį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-23 10:09:35',62,'','2010-04-23 10:11:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-23 10:09:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,45,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(350,'Paklausos ir pasiūlos elastingumas','paklausos-ir-pasilos-elastingumas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nagrinėjami klausimai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Paklausos ir pasiūlos elastingumas kainų atžvilgiu;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Elastingumo skaičiavimas;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. Paklausos elastingumas ir gamintojo bendrosios pajamos;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">4. Elastingumą kainų atžvilgiu sąlygojantys veiksniai;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">5. Paklausos elastingumas vartotojų pajamų atžvilgiu;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">6. Kryžminis elastingumas;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">7. Praktinis elastingumo teorijos taikymas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Paklausos ir pasiūlos elastingumas kainų atžvilgiu</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ankstesnėje temoje aptarėme kainų ir paklausos bei pasiūlos ryšį rinkoje. Didėjanti kaina sąlygoja paklausos kiekio mažėjimą ir pasiūlos kiekio didėjimą ir atvirkščiai. Dabar mus domins kiek kainos kitimas veikia paklausos ir pasiūlos kitimą. Akivaizdu, kad kainos augimas tuo pačiu laipsniu turės nevienodą įtaką druskos ir šokolado paklausos pokyčiui. Paklausos ir pasiūlos pokyčiams įvertinti ekonomikoje naudojama elastingumo sąvoka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-23 10:18:06',62,'','2010-04-23 10:28:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-23 10:18:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,44,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(351,'Ekonomikos terminai ir sąvokos (mokomasis žodynas)','ekonomikos-terminai-ir-svokos-mokomasis-odynas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pratarmė</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šis žodynas yra pagalbinė mokymo priemonė studijuojantiems ekonomines disciplinas. Žodyne pateikti tik pagrindiniai ekonomikos terminai ir sąvokos. Leidinio tikslas - pateikti svarbiausių sąvokų apibrėžimus, padėti aukštųjų mokyklų studentams greičiau suvokti ir pakartoti dėstomą medžiagą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Autorių nuomone, žodynu galės naudotis verslininkai, vadybininkai bei visi Lietuvos piliečiai, besidomintys ekonomika. Apibrėžiant sąvokas ir terminus, remtasi ekonomikos mokslo laimėjimais, Vakarų šalyse išleistais žodynais, Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymais. Leidinį parengė ir sudarė: prof. habil. dr. Juozas Bagdanavičius, doc. dr. Petras Stankevičius, doc. dr. Vytautas Lukoševičius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-23 10:28:34',62,'','2010-04-23 10:38:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-23 10:28:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,43,'','',0,6,'robots=\nauthor='),(352,'Honkongo ekonomika','honkongo-ekonomika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Honkongas - teritorija Kinijos pietryčiuose, prie Pietų Kinijos jūros. Jį sudaro daugiau kaip 200 salų ir dalis žemyno į rytus nuo Dzuanczian upės žiočių, besiribojančio su Guangdongo provincija. Honkongo salą Kinija užleido Didžiajai Britanijai 1841 metais. 1860 metų Pekino sutartimi prie Honkongo buvo prijungtas Dziulungo pusiasalio pietinis pakraštys ir šios teritorijos buvo atiduotos D. Britanijai amžinai valdyti. 1898 metais D. Britanija 99 metams išsinuomojo didumą likusio Dziulungo pusiasalio ir gretimas salas (vadinamos Naujosios Teritorijos).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1984 metų gruodyje D. Britanija ir Kinija pasirašė susitarimą, gražinantį visą Honkongą Kinijai pasibaigus Naujųjų Teritorijų nuomos laikui 1997 metų birželio 30 d. vidurnaktį. Kinija įsipareigoja išsaugoti Honkongo kapitalistinę ekonomiką, valiutą, laisvos rinkos politiką ir gyvenymo būdą nekeičiamus 50 metų nuo tos datos, o teritorija taps autonominiu, ypatingai administruojamu regionu. Visos teisės ir privilegijos bus įtrauktos į Pagrindinį Įstatymą, kuris taps Honkongo konstitucija.<br /> Honkongo teritorija kalnuota, ten mažai derlingos žemės ir vandens. Turėdama apie 5.8 milijono gyventojų ši teritorija užima vieną iš aukščiausių vietų pasaulyje pagal gyventojų tankį (5598 žm/km2), nors miškai ir retai apgyvendintos kaimiškos dalys sudaro apie tris ketvirtadalius visos teritorijos. Likusi dalis intensyviai eksplotuojama.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Honkonge nėra gamtinių išteklių, tačiau patogi strateginė padėtis, puikios naturalios prieplaukos bei darbštūs ir veiklūs gyventojai daro Honkongo ekonomiką beveik visiškai priklausomą nuo gamybos ir prekybos. Gamybos pramonė, kurią sudaro daugiau kaip 50000 įmonių, eksportuoja apie 90% savo produkcijos. Honkongas dabar užima pirmaujančias pozicijas pasaulyje tarp žaislų, drabužių ir tekstilės, laikrodžių, elektronikos prekių ir jų dalių eksportuotojų. Paslaugų sektorius yra taip pat didelė ir svarbi ekonomikos dalis. Honkongas yra vienas  svarbiausių pasaulio financinių centrų ir gausiai turistų lankoma vieta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Honkongo kaip gamybos komplekso ir vieno pagrindinių Azijos komercinių centrų sėkmę galima paaiškinti jo laisvos gamybos ir prekybos ekonomine politika, išvystyta komercine infrastruktūra, patogia jūrų uosto ir aerouosto padėtimi ir puikiais tarptautiniais ryšiais. Visa tai iškelia Honkongą į 11 vietą pasaulyje pagal prekybos apimtį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prekyba tarp Honkongo ir Kinijos išaugo labai smarkiai kada Kinija pradėjo vykdyti \"atvirų durų\" politiką. Kinija dabar yra didžiausias prekybos partneris. Importas, eksportas ir re-eksportas atrodo stabilūs ir turi tendenciją augti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kartu augant prekybai Honkongo gamintojai sudaro sutartis kurti gamyklas Kinijos Laisvos Ekonomikos Zonose. Juos vilioja gausi darbo jėga su greitai augančia kvalifikacija, žemos kainos ir kiti skatinantys veiksniai siūlomi Kinijos. Tokie ryšiai taip pat vystomi su 14 pakrantės miestų. Visa tai sąlygoja didelį re-eksporto į Kiniją pakilimą. Honkongas yra didžiausias investitorius į Kiniją: apie 69% palyginus su Japonijos 17% ir JAV 15%. Didžiausia šio kiekio dalis investuojama Guangdongo provincijoje ir Laisvos Ekonomikos Zonose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-23 10:38:35',62,'','2010-04-23 10:40:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-23 10:38:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,42,'','',0,38,'robots=\nauthor='),(353,'Mikroekonomikos dalykas (įmonė ir jos išlaidos)','mikroekonomikos-dalykas-mon-ir-jos-ilaidos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ekonominė ir buhalterinė kaštų samprata.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Alternatyvieji kaštai ir pelnas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Verslo įmonė ir jos kaštai yra svarbus mikroekonomikos analizės objektas. Nepriklausomai nuo verslo organizavimo formos, nuo gaminamų prekių pasiūlos elastingumo ir kitų veiksnių, įmonės savininkui prekę gaminti bus ekonomiškai naudinga tik tada, kai už visą produkciją jis gaus pajamas, kurios galės jam kompensuoti tos prekės gamybos kaštus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmiausia verslo kaštai suprantami kaip verslo išlaidos. Svarbus verslo kaštų grupavimas į gamybos ir realizavimo kaštus. Šioje temoje bus kalbama tik apie gamybos kaštus, kuriuos sudaro verslo išlaidos, susijusios su gamybos proceso organizavimu ir vykdymu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gamybos kaštai susidaro visose verslo rūšyse: apdirbamojoje ir gamybinėje pramonėje, žemės ūkyje, visuose versluose teikiančiuose paslaugas. Gamintojai - verslininkai turi galimybę pasirinkti. Pirmiausiai jie renkasi prekių gaminimo ar paslaugų teikimo būdą, t. y. verslo įmonė apsisprendžia, kokį pasirinks gamybos veiksnių derinį, kokius konkrečius pajėgumus, kokias medžiagas naudos gamybos procese, kiek ir kokios kvalifikacijos darbuotojų samdys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-23 10:42:05',62,'','2010-04-23 10:55:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-23 10:42:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,41,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(354,'Makroekonomikos šperos','makroekonomikos-peros','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">SVARBIAUSIOS MIKROEKONOMIKOS PROBLEMOS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Ekonom augimo užtikrinimas. 2.     Nedarbas 3.     Infliacija. Ek nesivysto vienodai, kartais ją sukrečia krizės, jas gali sukelti įv priežastys. Atsižvelgiant į jas ciklai gali būti: 1. Sezoniniai, 2. Politiniai, 3.Statybos darbų trukmės, 4. Ilgųjų bangų(susiję su kokybiniais technologijos pokyčiais) 5. Verslo. Visas ciklas susideda iš keturių fazių: 1. Krizė, 2. Depresija, 3. Pagyvėjimas, 4. Pakilimas. Nedarbas ir infliacija yra didžiausios makro problemos, nes nedarbo būvimas ekonomine prasme reiškia negrąžinamą svarbiausio- visuomenės ištekliaus prradimą, be to nedarbas sukialia rimtas socialines problemas.infliacija reiškia bendrą kainų lygio kilimą, pinigų nuvertėjimą, gyv lygio smukimą ir pan.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nedarbas būna: a) ciklinis nedarbas jį sąlygoja aktyvumo svyravimai. b) migracinis nedarbas yra laikinas nedarbas, kurį sąlygoja ekonomikos pokyčiai, dinamiškumas. Jo priežastys ąvairios, pvz.: jaunimas ne iš karto randą sau tinkamą darbą, kiti ieško geresnio darbo ir pan. c) struktūrinis nedarbas pasireiškia tada, kai darbo išteklių teritorinis psiskirstymas  ir kvalifikacinė struktūra neatitinkadarbo sferos reikalavimų. Ciklinį nedarbą salygoja ekonomikos svyravimai. Mažiausiai negiamų pasekmių sukialia migracinis nedarbas, nes jis tęsiasi tol, kol žmogus susirandą darbą. Struktūrinis nedarbas yrasudėtingesnė problema, nes darbingiems gyventojams tenka pakeisti gyvenamą vietą arba įsigyti naują profesiją. “Visiškas užimtumas” - tai ne nulinis nedarbo lygis. Dabar kalbama apie 5% ar 5,5% nedarbo lygą kaip visiško užimtumo rodiklį. Jis būna tada, kai nedarbo lygis žemas ir nesukialia infliacijos padidėjimų. BNP atotrūkis išreiškia skirtumą tarp faktiškų gamybos apimčių ir potencialių, kurios galimos, esant visiškam užimtumui. BNP atotrūkis išreiškis ekonomikos nuosmukio kainą. Jis įvertina, kokiu dydžiu sumsžėja potiancialūs gamybos mastai. Negalima užmiršti ir to, kad pastarasis rodiklis neįvertina visų socialinių padarinių.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-23 10:56:41',62,'','2010-04-23 10:59:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-23 10:56:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,40,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(355,'Infliacija','infliacija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">14. 1 Pinigai , jų funkcijos ir formos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pinigai – aktyvai, kurie naudojami daug. Kaip mainų priemonė. Jų esmę atskleidžia pinigų f-jos :</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. taupymo priemonė; 2. Prekės naudos matavimo p. 3. Mokėjimo priemonė. Kaip 1 pinigai leidžia dabartinį vartojimą perkelti į ateitį. Kaip 2 jie tarnauja prekių naudingumo proporcijoms išreikšti. Piniginiais vienetais išreiškiamos kainos,vedama apskaita. Kaip 3 pinigai tarpininkauja perkant prekes,paslaugas.<br />Piniginio vieneto nauda prilyginama atitinkamos prekės naudai. Pinigai g. pasireikšti įv. formomis: 1. grynieji pin.; 2. negrynieji; Grynieji-tam tikros popierinės formos piniginiai ženklai, monetos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pinigų atsiradimo pradžioj jų pavidalas buvo daiktai. Viena kuri nors prekė, kurią pripažindavo dauguma gyventojų buvo laikoma pinigais ( metalai, grūdai, druska ) Vystantis gamybai ir prekybai masiškai pradėti naudoti metalai ( dalina į dalis, gauna reikimą svorį ) Metalams buvo pradėta suteikti formą ( monetos ). Įsiplėtus mainams naudoti metalai kurių randama nedaug ( sidabras, o veliau auksas ) Auksas kaip pinigai naudotas l. ilgai ir vad. Aukso standartas – tam tikras aukso kiekis metale ir tam tikras monetos svoris (Svaras). Auksiniai pinigai tapo nepatogūs vartojimui, be to monetas kaldavo šalių vadovai, kurių dvarams išlaikyti , karams trūkdavo .. todėl monetas pradėjo klastoti ( užrašas neatitiko realaus monetos turinio ) Tos priežasys sudarė sąlygas atsirasti popieriniams pinigams – lapelis atstovauja tam tikrą pinigų kiekį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Poperinių pinigų f-ja peremė valstybė; įstatymu numatanti jo užrašo teisingumą. Palaipsniui iš banknotų atsirado pinigai neturintys tiesioginio ryšio su auksu ( iždo , banko bilietai ). Galiausiai liko iždo pinigai. Piniginio vieneto vertė garantuojama valstybės. Piniginis vnt išleidžia ir jų kiekiį reguliuoja centrinis bankas. Kiti bankai atlieka visas kt. Operacijas su pinigais, išskyrus jų leidimą ir kiekio regulivimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-23 11:00:25',62,'','2010-04-23 11:03:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-23 11:00:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,39,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(356,'Paklausos ir pasiūlos analizė ir jos pritaikymas','paklausos-ir-pasilos-analiz-ir-jos-pritaikymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tik apie labai nedidelę grupelę žmonių galėtume pasakyti, kad jie turi viską, ko norėtų. Dauguma žmonių turi apsieiti be kai kurių daiktų, kuriuos turėti jie labai norėtų: jiems tenka paaukoti kai kuriuos savo norus. Taigi žmonės turi tarsi preferencijų skalę - tarsi sąrašą, kuriame paslaugos ir prekės surašytos preferencijose (jų vartojimo reikmenys - maistas, tinkamumo, prioriteto tam vartotojui) tvarka. Gyvybiniai arba būtiniausi vartojimo reikmenys - maistas, drabužiai, būstas, medicininė pagalba - yra tos skalės viršuje ir apskritai mūsų būtiniausių prekių poreikis negali būti paaukotas; aplinkybėms susiklosčius, mes pasiruošę už tuos gyvybinius dalykus atiduoti visą savo uždarbį. Žemiau tų gyvybiškai svarbių prekių preferencijų skalėje bus daiktai , kurių reikia savo komfortui padidinti ir gyvenimo lygiui pakelti (televizoriai, draudimai, automobiliai r t.t.). Žemiausiai šioje skalėje yra ne pirmo būtinumo prekės (šokoladas), be kurių prireikus mes lengvai išsiverstume.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rinkos dėsnius lengviau suprasti, nagrinėjant idealų rinkos modulį. Idealios rinkos subjektai yra individualus pirkėjas ir individualus pardavėjas arba vartotojas ir gamintojas. Pirkėjas ir pardavėjas yra dvi rinkoje veikiančios jėgos. Pirkėjas kaip veikianti jėga formuoja rinkos paklausą (market demand), o pardavėjas - rinkos pasiūlą (market supply).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paklausa pasireiškia pirkėjo siekimu įsigyti konkrečią prekę ar paslaugą. Tačiau jei pirkėjas nori tik tos prekės, bet neturi pinigų, jo noras nėra paklausa. Vadinasi, paklausą galime apibrėžti kaip troškimą arba poreikį, egzistuojantį drauge su pasiruošimu ir galėjimu užmokėti už tai, ko norime.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiekvienas pirkėjas žino, kad perkamos prekės kiekis priklauso nuo kainos: kuo aukštesnė kaina, tuo mažiau jis gali įsigyti, ir atvirkščiai, kuo mažesnė kaina, tuo daugiau prekių gali pirkti, kitoms sąlygoms esant nekintamoms (pajamos, poreikiams, madai...). Vadinasi, paklausa suprantama ne kaip fiksuotos perkamos prekės kiekis, o kaip kiekis, kurį sąlygoja tos prekės kaina. Kainos ir norimo įsigyti prekės kiekio ryšys rodo, ar prekė bus perkama.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-23 11:03:57',62,'','2010-04-23 11:15:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-23 11:03:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,38,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(357,'Ekonomikos teorijos pagrindai','ekonomikos-teorijos-pagrindai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Ekonomikos teorijos objektas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmonės, pradedantys nagrinėti ekonomikos teoriją, paprastai nori turėti trumpą, aiškų ir lengvai suprantamą, be to, viską apimantį jos apibrėžimą. Galbūt dėl to yra gana daug įvairiausių šios teorijos apibrėžimų. Pateiksime keletą:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• ekonomikos mokslas yra veiklos, susijusios su mainais ir piniginiais sandėriais tarp žmonių, rūšis;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• ekonomikos teorija yra mokslas apie tai, kaip žmonės naudoja retus arba ribotus gamybos išteklius (žemę, darbą, gamybinės paskirties prekes, pavyzdžiui, mašinas, ir technines žinias) įvairioms prekėms gaminti (kviečiams, mėsai, drabužiams, meno kūriniams ir veiklai, keliams ir kt.) ir skirstyti jas tarp žmonių, kad jie galėtų jas naudoti;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• ekonomikos teorija yra mokslas apie kasdieninę žmonių gyvenimišką veiklą, apie tai, kaip gauti priemonių savo gyvenimui užtikrinti ir kaip tas priemones panaudoti;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• ekonomikos teorija yra mokslas apie tai, kaip žmonija susitvarko su savo uždaviniais vartojimo ir gamybos srityje;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• ekonomikos teorija yra mokslas apie turtą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žinomas teoretikas P. Samuelsonas [16] pažymi, kad ekonomikos teorija yra mokslas apie tai, kokius išteklius žmonės ir visuomenė ilgainiui įsigyja prekėms gaminti ir paskirstyti tarp įvairių visuomenės grupių, kad būtų galima jas vartoti dabar ir ateityje. Vilniaus universiteto ekonomikos teorijos mokomosios priemonės [4] autoriai rašo, kad ekonomikos teorija - tai mokslas apie žmonių ūkinę veiklą, kurios metu, naudojant įvairius išteklius, tenkinami žmonių poreikiai. Būtų galima apibūdinti ekonomikos teoriją ir kaip mokslą apie žmonių tarpusavio santykius gamybos, mainų ir vartojimo srityse įvairiais žmonijos vystymosi etapais.<br />Mes stengėmės atsakyti į klausimą - kas yra ekonomikos teorija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ekonomikos teoriją reikia išmanyti, ją studijuoti todėl, kad jos problemos tiesiogiai susijusios su mumis visais ir kiekvienu iš mūsų. Be asmeninio ir šeimyninio pobūdžio problemų, ekonomikos teorija pirmiausia nagrinėja visuomenines, o kartu ir politines problemas, kurios yra svarbios kiekvienam žmogui. Šioms problemoms taip pat priklauso ir prekybinės bei pramoninės veiklos problemos. Ekonomikos teorija turi duoti atsakymą į visus iškilusius klausimus. Taigi ūkinėje veikloje naudojami ištekliai, kad butų galima tenkinti žmonių poreikius. <br />Kas gi yra poreikiai, kaip juos kuo tiksliau apibūdinti?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-23 11:16:00',62,'','2010-04-23 11:18:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-23 11:16:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,37,'','',0,39,'robots=\nauthor='),(358,'Mašinų komunikacijų ekonomika','main-komunikacij-ekonomika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ĮVADAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ekonomika - tai ribotų išteklių naudojimo ir paskirstymo tyrimas. Tam, kad galima būtų teisingiausiai ir optimaliausiai tuos išteklius panaudoti, reikalinga labai glaudžiai surišti vartotojo ir gamintojo interesus. Didžiulė ekonomikos sistemos mašina į savo veiklą įtraukia daugybę žmonių, kurie, nori ar nenori, tampa jos dalimi. Žmonės, kaip individai, norėdami įgyvendinti vienus ar kitus savo ketinimus negali apsieiti be kitų pagalbos ar paramos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ekonomika yra skirstoma į dvi dideles grupes: makroekonomiką ir mikroekonomiką. Makrekonomika tiria ir reguliuoja ekonomiką kaip visumą, dažniausiai valstybiniu lygiu. Ji analizuoja ekonomikos augimo, užimtumo ir infliacijos procesų santykius su žmonių vykdoma veikla. Makroekonomika dažniausiai koncentruojasi į politinius veiksnius, į visuomenės politiką ekonomikos atžvilgiu, užimtumą ir įplaukas, ir skatina socialinę gerovę. Mikroekonomika specializuojasi į smulkesniąją rinkos pusę - į konkrečių gamintojų - vartotojų rinkas.  Visa ši sistema yra pagrįsta norų ir poreikių pagrindu. Šie dalykai gali būti tiek visuomeniniai, tiek asmeniniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visa ekonomikos sistema neleidžia nei vienai iš jos dalių dirbti atskirai. Visos ir mažiausios dalelytės yra stipriai integruotos į jos veiklą, tad žmonės tampa vienaip ar kitaip vienas nuo kito ekonomiškai priklausomi. Tam, kad geriau vienas kito poreikius  suprastų ir galėtų efektyviau panaudoti savo galimybes, atsiranda poreikis tarpusavio bendravimui ir informacijos keitimuisi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Būtent ekonomika, kaip varomoji jėga sukūrė masinių komunikacijų priemones, kurios vėlgi labai stipriai integravosi į tos pačios ekonomikos veiklos sritį. Masinių komunikacijų funkcija ekonomikos sistemoje yra sujungti asmeninius bei asmeninius poreikius ir norus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-23 11:19:45',62,'','2010-04-23 11:21:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-23 11:19:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,36,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(359,'Mokėjimų balanso vertinimas','mokjim-balanso-vertinimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ĮVADAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skirtingų šalių dalyvavimo aktyvumas, integracijos laipsnis pasauliniame ūkyje yra skirtingas, tačiau nėra pasaulyje tokios šalies, kuri vienokiu ar kitokiu atveju nebūtų susijusi su kitomis pasaulio šalimis. O duomenys apie šalies tarptautinius santykius yra pateikiami mokėjimo balanso sąskaitose, tai yra tam tikro laikotarpio (ketvirčio, metų) sandorių vykusių tarp nuolatinių šalies gyventojų ir ne jos gyventojų, išmokų ir įplaukų įrašuose, daromuose pagal svarbias sandorių rūšis (8, p. 573). Ekonominiai sandoriai apima prekių ir paslaugų eksportą ir importą, kapitalo įplaukas ir išėjimus, dovanas bei kitus transferinius mokėjimus tarptautiniuose šalies rezervuose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pačios šalies mokėjimų balansas yra svarbus verslo vadovams, investitoriams, vartotojams ir valstybės tarnautojams, kadangi jis daro įtaką ir yra įtakojamas kitų pagrindinių makroekonomikos kintamųjų, tokių, kaip bendras nacionalinis produktas (BNP), užimtumas, kainų lygis, valiutų kursai ir palūkanųų normos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiame darbe bus analizuojama mokėjimų balanso sąvoka, aptarti mokėjimų balanso skyriai ir išanalizuoti jo  straipsniai. Apibūdinta einamoji sąskaita, nustatyti šios sąskaitos deficito finansavimo būdai. Išanalizuota ir apibendrinta kapitalo judėjimo sąskaita, ilgo bei trumpo laikotarpio kapitalo samprata. Aptarti ir svarbiausi mokėjimų balansą įtakojantys veiksniai bei jo reguliavimo metodai. Pateikti Lietuvos mokėjimų balanso statistiniai duomenys, ir jo straipsnių vertinimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-23 11:22:19',62,'','2010-04-23 11:30:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-23 11:22:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,35,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(361,'Tyrimas pirkti ar nuomoti?','tyrimas-pirkti-ar-nuomoti','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tyrimo prielaidos:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atliekant šį tyrimą, reikšmė “nuomoti” bus traktuojama kaip priemonės įsigijimas finansinio lizingo būdu. Įmonė moka sutarties laikotarpiu iš anksto aptartas įmokas. Įmonė jau apsisprendė įsigyti ilgalaikio turto, tačiau renkasi projekto finansavimo šaltinį: pirkti ar nuomoti. Tyrimo tikslas: ištirti kurį problemos sprendimo variantą pasirinkti įmonei: pirkti, nuomoti ar iš viso atsisakyti ilgalaikio turto įsigijimo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tyrimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinė tyrimo problema ta, kad išperkamosios nuomos atveju, įsigyjant priemonę yra naudojamos skolintos lėšos, pritraukiamos netiesiogiai, todėl tradiciniai įvertinimo metodai gali duoti iškreiptą rezultatą. Paprastai atliekant investicijų analizę, nekreipiamas dėmesys į pinigų srautus susijusius su paskola ir skolintų lėšų panaudojimą atsižvelgiant į mokesčius. Išperkamosios nuomos atveju, pinigų srautai susiję su skolintomis lėšomis tiesiogiai susiję su paties investicinio projekto pinigų srautais. Todėl juos atskirti vieną nuo kito yra žymiai sudėtingiau.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmiausia tarkim, jog mokesčių norma lygi nuliui ir išanalizuokime pasirinkimo pirkti ar nuomoti finansinius aspektus. Tarkime, įmonė jau apsisprendė įsigyti įrengimą. Būsimos pajamos ir sąnaudos iš įrenginio visai nepriklauso nuo to, kaip šis įrengimas įsigytas – pirktas ar nuomojamas. Tokiu būdu pinigų srautai bus daugmaž vienodi abiejų alternatyvų atveju. Tačiau yra skirtuvas tarp pinigų srautų, susijusių su finansavimo metodais. Mes žinome, pinigų srautus įrengimo pirkimo atveju ir pinigų srautus, susijusius su išperkamąja nuoma. Jei įrengimas kainuoja 100.000,-Lt, mes galime pasiskolinti 100.000,- Lt su 15% metinių palūkanų arba nuomoti įrengimą kasmet mokant iš anksto sutartą sumą. Įrengimas bus ekspoatuojamas 4 metus. Kadangi įmonė jau nusprenė įsigyti šį įrengimą, belieka tik pasirinkti finansavimo šaltinį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-26 14:55:36',62,'','2010-04-26 14:58:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 14:55:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,33,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(362,'Alternatyvų ekonominė analizė','alternatyv-ekonomin-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ĮVADAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vertinant atskirus investicinius projektus visuomet yra lyginamos tarpusavyje keletas alternatyvų. Norint nustatyti, kuri iš jų yra naudingiausia konkrečiai įmonei ar valstybei, reikia atlikti turimų alternatyvų ekonominę analizę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Alternatyvų realizavimas tęsiasi bei rezultatai reiškiasi ilgiau nei vienerius metus, šis laikotarpis gali apimti keletą ar keliolika metų. Įprasta, kad numatomos alternatyvių investicinių projektų pajamos bei išlaidos per visą projekto gyvavimo ciklą yra nustatomos per šių alternatyvų projektuojamus pinigų srautus. Kadangi pinigų vertė apibrėžtai kinta laike, atliekant alternatyvių investicinių projektų ekonominę analizę, būtina atsižvelgti ne tik į projektuojamų pinigų srautų dydžius, bet taip pat reikia įvertinti laiko momentus, kuriais yra gaunamos projekto pajamos arba patiriamos išlaidos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Alternatyvų ekonominėje analizėje yra taikoma keletas metodų, tokių kaip esamosios vertės, būsimosios vertės, vidutinės metinės vertės, vidinės pelno normos, atsipirkimo periodo, naudos-kaštų santykio ir kiti metodai. Šiame kursiniame projekte šie metodai bus detaliau išnagrinėti, parodyti jų privalumai bei trūkumai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbe taip pat analizuojamas vienas iš racionalių sprendimų išrinkimo metodų - Hurvico taisyklė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. ALTERNATYVŲ EKONOMINIO ĮVERTINIMO TIKSLAI</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ekonominis įvertinimas - tai racionalus būdas pasirinkti sprendimą. Kiekviena komercinė organizacija privalo mokėti nustatyti perspektyvias investavimo kryptis, kad, sukaupusi pinigų investicijoms, galėtų teisingai pasirinkti projektą finansavimui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ekonominis įvertinimas įgalina pasirinkti sprendimą, remiantis ūkinės-finansinės naudos matais kaip kiekvieno projekto vertės rodikliais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Galima išskirti tokius inžinerinių projektų ekonominio įvertinimo tikslus:<br /><br />(a)    nuspręsti, kurioms investicijoms yra geriausia naudoti organizacijos pinigus;<br />(b)    užtikrinti, kad iš investicijų bus gautas optimalus pelnas;<br />(c)    garantuoti, kad projekto bei visos organizacijos rizika bus minimali;<br />(d)    padėti pagrindus tolesnei kiekvienos investicijos panaudojimo analizei.<br /><br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}<br /> <br /><br /></p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-26 14:58:59',62,'','2010-04-26 15:03:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 14:58:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,32,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(363,'Firmos rentabilumas','firmos-rentabilumas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rentabilumas charakterizuoja firmos veiklos rezultatyvumą. Rentabilumo rodikliai įvertina kiekvieno į aktyvus įdėto rublio atnešamą pelną. Egzistuoja rentabilumo rodiklių sistema. Statistikoje praktiškai skaičiuojami gamyboje naudojamų avansinių išteklių ir einamųjų išlaidų efektyvumo įvertinimo rodikliai, ir rodikliai, kurie įvertina firmos pajamų ir turto panaudojimo efektyvumą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Balansinio (bendrojo) rentabilumo rodiklis parodo gamybinės-ūkinės (komercinės) įmonės veiklos efektyvumą. Produkcijos rentabilumas charakterizuoja einamųjų išlaidų darbo jėgai panaudojimo efektyvumą. Dabar vis dažniau skaičiuojamas pardavimų rentabilumo rodiklis. Bendrasis (balansinis) rentabilumas (R<sub>1</sub>) išreiškiamas balansinio pelno sumos (P<sub>6</sub>) ir vidutinės gamybinio kapitalo kainos už periodą (KP) santykiu: R<sub>1</sub> = P<sub>6</sub>:KP.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-26 15:04:31',62,'','2010-04-26 15:09:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 15:04:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,31,'','',0,55,'robots=\nauthor='),(364,'Investicijų politikos analizė','investicij-politikos-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Investicijų analizės ribose labai svarbu įvertinti įmonės kaip investuotojo veiksmus. Skiriami tam tikri rodikliai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Investicijų kvota, paaiškinanti įmonės polinkį investicijoms. Palyginus kelių laikotarpių investicijų kvotą, galima išsiaiškinti, kaip pasikeitė investicinė veikla.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Investicijų padengimas, apibūdinantis tikrąjį įmonės augimą. Jis parodo, kokia apimtimi ir ar iš viso naujų įrengimų pirkimas finansuojamas iš amortizacinių atskaitymų. Jeigu investicijų padengimas viršija 100%, amortizaciniai atskaitymai nėra pilnai reinvestuojami. Priešingu atveju reinvesticijų kvota viršija amortizacinius atskaitymus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. Amortizacinių atskaitymų kvota, kurios rezervai, stebint vienas po kito einančius periodus, didėjant kvotai, formuojami pelno sąskaita arba, mažėjant kvotai, išformuojami pelno naudai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Apyvartinių investicijų analizė</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atliekant šią analizę bandoma nustatyti santykį tarp įmonės turto dalių ir apyvartinių pajamų. Taip galima gauti informaciją apie verslo vystymąsi. Skiriami rodikliai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įrengimų naudingumas, parodantis pagrindinių įrengimų išnaudojimo laipsnį. Rodiklio kilimas sąlygoja geresnį įrengimų panaudojimą, didesnį jų apkrovimą. Atsargų laikymas, parodantis santykį tarp įmonės atsargų ir apyvartos. Ilgas terminas sąlygoja blogą klientų mokėjimų moralę. Kita vertus, tai reiškia, kad įmonė, esant likvidumo krizei, per atitinkamą mokėjimų sąlygų struktūrą galėtų sukurti finansines lėšas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Apyvartumas parodo, kaip dažnai kuri nors turto dalis pasikeičia per periodą. Apyvartumas parodo turto įšaldymo trukmę ir lemia kapitalo poreikį. Kuo aukštesnis šis rodiklis, tuo geriau jis vertinamas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Reikalavimų galiojimo terminas, pateikiantis išvadas apie klientų mokėjimus. Galima nustatyti, per kiek laiko apyvartinės lėšos tampa likvidžios. Šio rodiklio mažėjimas reiškia ekonomišką atsargų laikymą. Tai pasiekiama, kai atsargos, didėjant apyvartai, didėja nelabai sparčiai, esant tai pačiai apyvartai, mažėja arba, mažėjant apyvartai, mažėja sparčiau nei apyvarta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-26 15:10:25',62,'','2010-04-26 15:31:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 15:10:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,30,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(365,'Ūkinė bendrija','kin-bendrija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ĮVADAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">1. BENDROJI DALIS<br /><br /> 1.1. Bendrija yra dviejų fizinių ir vieno juridinio asmens bendrosios jungtinės veiklos sutartimi įsteigta įmonė komercinei - ūkinei ir kitokiai įstatymų nedraudžiamai veiklai bendru - tikrosios ūkinės bendrijos Marytės firmos \"KRIENAS\" - vardu, sujungus jų turtą į bendrąją dalinę nuosavybę.<br /> 1.2. Bendrijos nariai:<br /> (vardas, pavardė, adresas)</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">1.3. Bendrijos nariu negali būti valstybiniai valdžios ir valdymo organai, valstybinės ir valstybinės - akcinės įmonės, išskyrus tuos atvejus, kai jos yra konsorciumų, steigiamų kaip tikrosios ūkinės bendrijos, nariai.<br /> 1.4. Bendrija nėra juridinis asmuo.<br /> 1.5. Stebėtojų taryba nesudaroma.<br /> 1.6. Valdyba sudaroma.<br /> 1.7. TŪB yra visiškos turtinės atsakomybės įmonė, jos turtas neatskiriamas nuo jos narių turto.<br /> 1.8. Pagal TŪB prievoles jos nariai atsako solidariai visu savo turtu. TŪB neatsako pagal savo narių prievoles, nesusijusias su bendrijos veikla.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-26 15:32:23',62,'','2010-04-26 15:40:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 15:32:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,29,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(366,'Paklausa ir pasiūla. Rinkos analizė','paklausa-ir-pasila-rinkos-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Pasiūla ir paklausa rinkoje. Pasiūlos ir paklausos kreivės. Subalansuota rinka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prieš kalbėdami apie pasiūlą ir paklausą rinkoje visų pirma išsiaiškinkime kas yra rinka, pasiūla ir paklausa. Rinka – tai ekonominė mainų sistema, kurioje vyksta prekių bei paslaugų pirkimas ir pardavimas bei jų mainai. Pasiūla – prekių ir paslaugų kiekis, siūlomas pirkti už tam tikrą kainą. Paklausa – prekių ir paslaugų kiekis, kurį vartotojai nori nusipirkti už tam tikrą kainą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Taigi iš rinkos apibrėžimo matyti, kad rinka labai panaši į turgų. Rinkoje kaip ir turguje vieni žmonės nori parduoti kiti nori nusipirkti. Kartais, o dabar ir dažnai, asmenys ar organizacijos nežino kur ieškoti tos ar anos prekės ar paslaugos rinkoje. Čia jiems padeda tarpininkai – rinkoje veikiantys asmenys ar organizacijos, kurie įsiterpia tarp pardavėjo ir pirkėjo, siekdami pirkimą ir pardavimą padaryti veiksmingesnį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Turėdami ribotas lėšas ir norėdami įsigyti kokį nors daiktą mes renkamės geriausią ir pigiausią iš siūlomų panašios paskirties esančių rinkoje. Daugumai prekių galioja dėsnis: pirmojo vieneto nauda yra didesnė už antrojo vieneto naudą, o šio nauda - už trečio ir t.t. Taigi jei jūs turite du vienodus daiktus ir turėdami pinigų nueisite į parduotuvę tai greičiausiai nepirksite trečio tokio pat daikto, o nusipirksite visai kitokį daiktą. Tačiau jei tas daiktas bus parduodamas labai pigiai, jums greičiausiai kils pagunda vis dėlto nusipirkti tą daiktą neatsižvelgiant į tą aplinkybę, kad jūs jau turite du tokius pat daiktus. Iš čia galime daryti išvadą, kad noras pirkti prekes kyla mažėjant jų kainai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Grafiškai paklausa vaizduojama žemyn krintančia kreive (2 diagrama). Tai lemia šios priežastys: 1)pigesnės prekės prieinamos didesniam žmonių kiekiui; 2)pigesnės prekės išstumia tą patį poreikį tenkinančias brangesnes prekes; 3) prekės, parduodamos mažomis kainomis, yra kaupiamos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaip kainų pokytis veikia prekės paklausą priklauso nuo prekės paklausos lankstumo. Lankstumas - prekės paklausos pokytis pasikeitus kainai. Jei prekės paklausa, padidėjus kainai, nesumažėja arba sumažėja nedaug, tai tada sakoma, kad prekės paklausa nelanksti. Tokia paklausa būdinga būtiniausioms kasdieninio vartojimo prekėms, kurių kaina palyginti nedidelė ir jos yra būtinos egzistavimui. Kai net ir nedidelis kainos padidėjimas daro žymią įtaką prekės paklausai, prekė įgyja lanksčią paklausą. Ja pasižymi prabangos prekės, sudarančios didelę bendrųjų vartojimo išlaidų dalį, prekės, turinčios pakaitų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-26 15:41:39',62,'','2010-04-26 15:46:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 15:41:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,28,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(367,'Mažmeninės prekybos dinamika ir struktūra','mamenins-prekybos-dinamika-ir-struktra','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mažmeninės prekybos plėtojimasis 1991-1996 metais vyko didėjant ūkio nuosmukiui, mažėjant gyventojų realiosioms pajamoms bei jų perkamajai galiai. Labai sumažėjo mažmeninės prekybos apyvartos fizinė apimtis (mūsų apytikriais skaičiavimais, 1993 m. ji sudarė tik 25-28 proc. 1990 m. lygio), savotiškai buvo vystomas prekybinis tinklas. Todėl mūsų darbo tikslas yra vertas dėmesio - įvertinti Lietuvos Respublikos mažmeninės prekybos įmonių bei jų apyvartos raidą, nustatyti pagrindinius veiksnius, turėjusius įtakos  tokiems jų pokyčiams bei įvertinti tai pagal statistinius duomenis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dinamiška mažmeninė prekyba: jos įmonių tinklas, formos, metodai, prekių ir paslaugų asortimentas reikalauja nuolat stebėti besikeičiančią situaciją, kad laiku pereitume prie struktūrinių poslinkių, galėtume iš anksto numatyti ir prognozuoti tolesnius savo veiksmus, vystymosi kryptis. Vakarų šalių praktika rodo, kad smulkios komercinės bei verslo įmonės vidutiniškai gyvuoja 3-5 metus. Per pirmus 2-3 metus pasitraukia iš rinkos kas trečia smulki įmonė. Tik nedidelė įmonių dalis (15-20proc.) įstengia peržengti 5 ir daugiau metų slenkstį. Analogiškai, gal kiek palankesnis likimas laukia vidutinių ir stambesnių verslo įmonių. Tokią situaciją ir struktūros pasikeitimus galėtų iliustruoti buvusios VFR teritorijos mažmeninės prekybos įmonių mažėjimas daugiausia smulkių firmų sąskaita.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-26 15:48:22',62,'','2010-04-26 15:56:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 15:48:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,27,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(368,'Lietuvos ūkinė raida tarpukario laikotarpiu','lietuvos-kin-raida-tarpukario-laikotarpiu','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žemės reforma</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Buvo paliekama 80 ha žemės valda dvarininkams, vėliau įrodžius dokumentais buvo palikta iki 150 ha. Už nusavintą žemę valstybė mokėjo dvarininkams, tačiau neteisėtai įgytos žemės (Rusijos caro dovanotos,…) buvo nusavintos neatlyginamai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žemės reforma vyko visą Lietuvos nepriklausomybės laikotarpį. Nepriklausomoje Lietuvoje vyravo smulkūs žemės ūkiai, jie pasižymėjo dideliu gamybiniu pajėgumu. Pradedama auginti ne vien javus, bet ir gyvulius. Daugiausia grūdų eksportuota 1935 ir 1938m. Eksportuota bulvės. Pagal linų auginimą Lietuva pasaulyje užėmė trečią vietą po Rusijos ir Lenkijos. Nuo 1931m. pradėta auginti cukriniai runkeliai, jų perdirbimui pastatyti trys cukraus fabrikai, vienas iš jų Marijampolėje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pieninėse daugiausiai gaminamas sviestas. Jo didžiausiai eksportas 1937m. Sviestą importavo Anglija, Vokietija, JAV ir kt. kraštai. Karvės (veislinės) importuojamos iš Danijos, Švedijos, Olandijos ir Rytprūsių. Kiaulės arba jų mėsa buvo eksportuojama į Vokietiją, Angliją ir JAV. Gyvuliams ir paukščiams skersti buvo pastatyti 5 fabrikai. Bekonienos eksportas prasidėjo 1928m. ir daugiausia mėsos buvo išvežta 1932m.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvos žemės ūkio organizavimu rūpinosi šios institucijos: Žemės ūkio ministerija ir Žemės ūkio Rūmai, Žemės ūkio Akademija 1924m. Per nepriklausomybės laikotarpį žemės ūkis pasiekė didelių laimėjimų. Trys cukraus fabrikai priklausė akcinei bendrovei “Lietuvos cukrus”, penkios didelės skerdyklos priklausė akcinei bendrovei “Maistas”, linų perdirbimas priklausė bendrovei “Linas.”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-26 15:57:32',62,'','2010-04-26 15:59:51',62,62,'2010-04-26 20:39:43','2010-04-26 15:57:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,26,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(369,'Reklama','reklama','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ĮŽANGA</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Temos aktualumas. Reklama sudaro didelę visuomenės gyvenimo dalį. Reklamą mes matome ir girdime visur, važiuojant automobiliu klausomės radijo, namuose žiūrime televiziją, eidami mieste aplink matome daug įvairiausių reklaminių iškabų, imdami laikraščius iš pašto dėžutės kartais randame reklaminį bukletėlį. Kiekvienas žmogus yra asmenybė ir kiekvienas savaip vertiną reklamą. Todėl yra įdomu žinoti įvairių žmonių reklamos vertinimą, jos poveikį vartotojui ir rinkai. Šiais laikais reklamos industrija labai sparčiais plečiasi ir atsiranda vis naujų reklamos priemonių. Todėl manau, kad ši tema aktuali.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Atskleisti reklamos atsiradimo aplinkybes ir priežastis, įvairių reklamos priemonių efektyvumą, susipažinti su reklamos priemonėmis ir  jų ypatumais. Išanalizuoti vartotojų požiūrį į reklamą. Darbe badžiau truputi paliesti ir pats paanalizuoti reklamą prekybos vietoje, šia tema neradau jokios mokslinės literatūros. <br />Darbo objektas. Reklama, jos ypatumai istorija ir jos evoliucija. Reklamos efektyvumas ir poveikis visuomenei.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tyrimo metodai ir priemonės. Šiam darbui aš naudojau apklausos  ir analizės metodus. Darbui naudojau Šiaulių “Maximos” parduotuvėje gautus statistinius dokumentus ir anketas, kurios pateiktos kaip priedas prie darbo. Teoriniai daliai parašyti naudojausi periodiniais leidiniais ir moksline literatūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo rezultatai. Atlikęs šį darbą, supratau, kad yra žmonių, kurie dar vis galvoja, kad reklama yra visuomenei nereikalinga. Bet tie patys, kurie mano, kad reklama nereikalinga, taip pat sutinka su tuo, kad reklama tikrai juos paveikia ir reklamuojama prekė yra labiau perkama. Daugeliui mano apklaustų žmonių veiksmingiausia reklama atrodo per televiziją. Apklausą aš atlikau naudodamas priede pateikta anketa. Vis gi ir mano apklaustų žmonių dauguma ir aš manau, kad be reklamos firmos veikla yra neįmanoma. Reklama yra naudinga ir visuomenei, kadingi ji suteikia vartotojui teisę rinktis ir informuoja vartotoją apie nauja prekę ar paslaugą, ir gamintojui ar paslaugų tiekėjui, kadangi jis tik reklamos keliu gali informuoti plačią visuomenę apie jo gaminamą produkciją ar teikiamą paslaugą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-26 16:00:43',62,'','2010-04-26 16:02:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 16:00:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,25,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(370,'Vidaus transportas','vidaus-transportas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Transportui tenka svarbus vaidmuo kuriant materialines vertybes, racionaliai išdėstant gyventojų susisiekimo poreikius. Transportas yra būtinas atliekant vežimus tarp įmonių, rajonų, šalių. Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybė transporto sistemos vystymąsi laiko prioritetiniu, reikalaujančiu daug pastangų, milžiniškų investicijų ir laiko.<br />Pirmas žingsnis šia kryptimi yra Lietuvos transporto integravimas į bendrą Europos transporto sistemą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Makroekonomikos ir mikroekonomikos teorijos taikymas transporto sektoriuje. Infrastruktūra ir paslaugų taikymas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiekvienoje transporto šakoje išskiriami du pošakiai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1) Infrastruktūra ir jos valdymo, priežiūros ir eksploatavimo padaliniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2) Įvairių transporto priemonių taikomų paslaugų pošakis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dėl didelių fiksuotų išlaidų transporto infrastruktūra yra labai vienalytė ir jos veikla negali būti tvarkoma laisvos rinkos konkurencijos principais. Valstybė turi reguliuoti optimalių resursų paskirstymą. Tačiau kelių ir oro transporto teikiamas paslaugas specialistai laiko diferencijuota veikla, nes bendrą paslaugų sistemą galima suskirstyti į savarankiškus gamybinius vienetus. Geležinkelių transporto paslaugos taip pat gali būti laikomos savaip tvarkoma diferencijuota veikla.<br />Skirtumas tarp dviejų transporto sektorių pajamų gamybinės veiklos diferencijavimą, gali būti apibūdinamos taip:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• Transporto infrastruktūros sektoriui būdinga auganti vidutinė paslaugų kaina. Atitinkamai šį sektorių eksploatuojančių transporto kompanijų požiūriu, optimalus ūkio valdymas būtinai bus nuostolingas. Dėl to, pardavimo kaina t.y. infrastruktūros vartojimo tarifas, kuris optimalioje situacijoje turi būti lygus ribinei kainai, yra žemesnė už vidutinę kainą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-26 16:53:59',62,'','2010-04-26 16:57:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 16:53:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,24,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(371,'Profesinių sąjungų vadovas apie globalizaciją','profesini-sjung-vadovas-apie-globalizacij','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ĮŽANGA</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šio vadovo tikslas - išnagrinėti tam tikrus praktinius pasaulinės ekonomikos integracijos įtakos darbuotojams ir jų profesinėms sąjungoms aspektus. Šis vadovas skirtas naudoti švietimui profesinių sąjungų klausimais ir profesinių sąjungų nariams, kurie užsiima tarptautine veikla. Vadovas padalytas į dvi dalis. Pirmojoje svarstomi globalizacijos įtakos profesinėms sąjungoms aspektai ir pasakojama apie tarptautinį profesinių sąjungų judėjimą. Taip pat nagrinėjami pagrindiniai tarptautinio profesinių sąjungų judėjimo<br />tikslai - ginti ir plėsti profesinių sąjungų teises bei užtikrinti minimalius darbo sąlygų standartus, taip pat sukurti tarptautinę ekonominio ir socialinio teisingumo sistemą. Šios dalies pabaigoje svarstoma, kaip tarptautinės bendrovės daro įtaką tradiciniam profesinių sąjungų vaidmeniui ir kaip profesinės sąjungos bendradarbiauja tarptautiniu mastu siekdamos pakeisti bendrų darbdavių pažiūras.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antroji dalis skirta globalizacijos keliamų sunkumų, su kuriais susiduria visos profesinių sąjungų organizacijos: tiek vietinės, tiek nacionalinės profesinės sąjungos arba profesinių sąjungų centrai,- praktiniams aspektams. Joje pabrėžiama būtinybė stoti į atitinkamas tarptautines profesinių sąjungų organizacijas ir dalyvauti jų veikloje, ypatingą dėmesį skiriant Tarptautiniams gamybiniams sekretoriatams (angl. International Trade Secretariats (ITS). Taip pat aprašyta profesinių sąjungų patirtis tarptautinio solidarumo srityje bei pabrėžiama, kaip svarbu rinkti informaciją apie multinacionalines bendroves (angl. multinational enterprises (MNE)) ir dalytis ja. Šiame vadove vartojamas multinacionalinių bendrovių (MNE) terminas. Kitas dažnai vartojamas terminas yra transnacionalinė bendrovė (angl. transnational company (TNC)). Multinacionalinė bendrovė yra bendrovė, kuri turi arba kontroliuoja gamybą arba paslaugas ne mažiau kaip dviejose šalyse.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-26 17:03:13',62,'','2010-04-26 17:08:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 17:03:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,23,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(372,'Makroekonomikos koliokviumas ','makroekonomikos-koliokviumas-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">21. Pagrindiniai ekonomikos sektoriai ir nacionalinių pajamų apskaita. Bendrasis nacionalinis produktas (BNP) kaip baigtinių prekių ir paslaugų kainų suma. Nominalusis ir realusis BNP. Visa šalies ekonominė sistema – tai visuma tarpusavyje labai susijusių tokių sektorių: namų ūkiai, firmos, centrinės bei vietinės valdžios institucijos, užsienio šalių subjektai. Ekonominė sistema gali būti uždara (susidedanti iš atskirų šalies vidaus ek. vienetų) bei atvira (kai palaikomi ryšiai su kitomis valstybėmis). Namų ūkis – tai vartotojai (šeimos), neekonominės organizacijos. Firma – ūkinis vienetas, turintis juridinio asmens teisę ir veikiantis komerciniais pagrindais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tarp šių 2 sektorių nuolat vyksta prekių, paslaugų bei pinigų srautų cirkuliacija: a)namų ūkiai yra gamybos veiksnių savininkai, kuriuos pateikdami jie gauna pajamas iš įmonių. Ir galiausiai išleidžia gautas pajamas prekių ir paslaugų įsigijimui; b) firmos naudoja namų ūkių pateiktus gamybos veiksnius prekių ir paslaugų gamybai, už tai jiems moka, ir galiausiai parduoda namų ūkiams prekes bei paslaugas. Ekonominės sistemos veiklos rezultatai nustatomi 3 būdais: 1.sumuojant pagamintų prekių ir paslaugų kainas; 2.sudedant išlaidų dydį prekėms ir paslaugoms įsigyti; 3.apskaičiuojant gamybos veiksnių, rodančių paslaugų vertę lygį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">BNP – bendrasis nacionalinis produktas - tai vienas iš rodiklių, apibūdinančių šalies gamybos apimtį. BNP – tai visų baigtinių prekių ir paslaugų, pagamintų per tam tikrą laikotarpį, kainų suma.. Baigtinė prekė ar paslauga yra skirta galutiniam vartojimui, t.y. ši prekė nenaudojama kaip sąnaudos kitoms prekėms ar paslaugoms gaminti. Skaičiuojant BNP nėra įtraukiama tarpinio produkto vertė. – t.y. vertė prekės ar paslaugos, panaudotos kaip sąnaudos gaminant kitas prekes ar paslaugas.Taip daroma norint išvengti pakartotino vertės skaičiavimo. Tarpinis produktas – tai prekės ir paslaugos, panaudotos kaip sąnaudos gaminant kitas prekes ar paslaugas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nominalusis ir realusis BNP. Norėdami palyginti atskirų metų BNP apimties rodiklius, turime atsižvelgti į kainų kitimo poveikį. Tokiu atveju naudojamos bazinių metų kainos. BNP, apskaičiuotas bazinių metų kainomis , vadinamas  raliuoju BNP. Tokio BNP padidėjimas per tam tikrą laikotarpį reiškia ekonominį augimą. BNP apimties apskaičiavimas einamųjų metų kainomis vadinamas nominaliuoju BNP.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-26 17:09:32',62,'','2010-04-26 17:13:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 17:09:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,22,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(373,'Lietuvos energetika','lietuvos-energetika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvos nuosavi energijos ištekliai yra gana nedideli. Perėjus prie rinkos ekonomikos, padidėjo valstybės priklausomybė nuo importuojamo kuro, o gyventojai savo kailiu pajuto išaugusių energijos kainų \"dantis\". Tai privertė keisti požiūrį į energijos gamybą ir naudojimą. Energijos išteklių taupymas ir racionalus energijos vartojimas yra vienu iš prioritetinių valstybės uždavinių, nuo kurio sprendimo nemažai priklauso jaunos valstybės savarankiškumas. Ypač aktualu tapo skleisti informaciją apie energijos taupymą, bei naujas technologijas. Visų pirma prireikė keisti patį žmonių požiūrį į energijos vartojimą. Siekiant paskatinti gyventojus bei kitus vartotojus taupyti energiją ir jos išteklius, VĮ Energetikos agentūra 1995 metais įkūrė Efektyvios energetikos centrą. Nuo pat Centro įkūrimo pradžios jo veiklą remia Danijos energetikos agentūra, Europos Komisijos PHARE programa, Energijos taupymo programos direkcija ir kitos organizacijos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PAGRINDINIAI EKONOMIKOS RODIKLIAI</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pastaraisiais metais šalies ekonomikoje ir jos vienoje svarbiausių šakų - energetikoje vyksta dideli teigiami poslinkiai. Pvz., metinis bendrojo vidaus produkto (BVP) prieaugis 1995 - 1997 m. padidėjo nuo 3 iki 6%, metinis perdirbtos naftos kiekis - nuo 3,3 iki 5,6 mln. t, didėjo energetikos efektyvumas, mažėjo lyginamosios sąnaudos BVP vienetui, mažėjo energijos gamybos, tiekimo ir vartojimo nuostoliai. Prie sparčių ekonomikos augimo tempų galutinės energijos reikmės šalies ūkyje pastoviai mažėja. Per 1995 - 1997 m. jos sumažėjo apie 5%. Lemiamą įtaką čia turėjo vykstanti šalies ekonomikos restruktūrizacija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teigiami pokyčiai vyksta energetikos ūkio valdyme, restruktūrizavime ir privatizavime. Pvz., 1997 m. šilumos tinklus ir kai kurias termofikacines elektrines AB \"Lietuvos energija\" perdavė miestų savivaldybėms. Rengiami ir derinami elektros energetikos ūkio decentralizavimo projektai. Privatizuojami naftos ūkio objektai. Ruošiamas patikslintas Nacionalinės energetikos strategijos projektas, kurį Seimui numatoma pateikti 1999 metais. Didelis dėmesys skiriamas Lietuvos elektros energetikos integracijai į Vakarų Europos energetines sistemas. Numatoma iki 2002 metų nutiesti 400 kV elektros perdavimo liniją Lietuva - Lenkija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-26 17:13:49',62,'','2010-04-26 17:16:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 17:13:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,21,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(374,'Kodėl ir kaip dirbame?','kodl-ir-kaip-dirbame','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visišką laisvę turi žmogus, kuris gyvena iš savo darbo ir, kuris yra laimingas tą darbą dirbdamas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Patikimumas ir dorumas darbe turi didesnę vertę už visus mokslinius laipsnius, kuriuos galima įsigyti. Tai suteikia pasitikėjimo savimi, kuris sušvelnina pasitaikančius nemalonumus ar   nusiminimus  ir  kuris nuramina, kai nedėkingi žmonės neduoda arba pasinaudoja ne jiems priklausančiu pripažinimu ar sėkme. Tik savimi pasitikintis ir gerai atliekantis    jam   priklausančias   užduotis   darbuotojas    nebijo      nesėkmių   ir gali jaustis tvirtai.[ 6 ,p. 10]</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tačiau visais laikais buvo ir bus milijonai žmonių, kurie neturi darbo, nes nėra noro dirbti ir jie verčiau gyvena iš kitų. Tačiau žmonių abejingumas atsigręžia prieš juos pačius, lygiai kaip ir prieš tuos, kurie siūlė sugriauti profsąjungas. Buvo teisinamasi tuo, kad  tai atgyvena, sovietinis palikimas, tačiau…</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prieštarauti ir kenkti yra daug lengviau nei sutarti ir bendrai viską apsvarstyti, kaip ir, kad griauti visada lengviau nei statyti. Todėl nenuostabu ir tai, kad darbdaviai greitai sugalvojo kaip pasinaudoti tuo,  ir su dirbančiaisiais pradėjo elgtis kaip su beteisiais, niekieno neginamais samdiniais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Galima drąsiai teigti, kad kai kurie darbdaviai elgiasi nesąžiningai ir jų įmonėse dirbantys  žmonės, neturėdami kitos išeities, nuolankai paklūsta visoms savo “ponų” užgaidoms. Yra susiduriama su išnaudojimu, pasinaudojimu nemokomamomis atostogomis, kaip  priemone  sutaupančia  darbdavio  išlaidas (pvz.: išėjusiam darbuotojui nemokamų atostogų ir susirgus,  jis negaus  ligos pašalpos, be  to   nemokamų     atostogų  laikotarpis nėra įskaitomas į socialinio draudimo stažą, nes tuo metu už darbuotoją nėra mokomos socialinio  draudimo   įmokos), be  to   įmonėse  yra  plačiai  paplitęs  reiškinys  –  dviguba buchalterija.   Be  to, darbdaviai dažniausiai likviduodami savo įmones sugeba atimti iš žmonių socialines garantijas  (pvz.:  moterį,  išeinančią   dekretinių   atostogų, darbdavys prašo   pasirašyti   pareiškimą   išeiti  į  darbo,   o argumentai paprasti – įmonė likviduojama,  tad  buvusi  vieta   prapuola,  tai geriau  sutvarkyti popierius dabar. Pasirašiusi  tokius  dokumentus   moteris  praranda  teisę  į pašalpą, skirtą vaiko priežiūrai).[ 2 , p. 6-7]</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-26 17:16:46',62,'','2010-04-26 17:19:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 17:16:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,20,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(375,'Lizingo kaip alternatyvaus finansavimo šaltinio tyrimas','lizingo-kaip-alternatyvaus-finansavimo-altinio-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lizingo įmokų skaičiavimo metodika</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paprastai lizingo sutarties šalys tariasi dėl lizingo įmokų mokėjimų tvarkos. Labiausiai paplitę šie įmokų skaičiavimo metodai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.    Pirmiausia sumokama tam tikra lizinguojamo turto dalis ir komisinis mokestis lizingo davėjui už suteiktą paslaugą, o poto apskaičiuojama eilinė lizingo įmoka bei bendra jų suma iš viso.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2.    Apskaičiuojama bendra lizingo įmokų suma, kuri išskaidoma periodinėmis turto dalies bei komisinio mokesčio lizingo davėjui už suteiktą paslaugą įmokomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atlikti tyrimai rodo, kad lizingo įmokos, skaičiuojamos pagal abu šiuos metodus, esant tiems patiems pradiniams duomenims, gali skirtis. Mes nenaudosime amortizacinių atskaitymų termino, kadangi lizingo mokėjimų viena iš sudedamųjų dalių, atspindinti turto dalies dengimą, nebūtinai turi sutapti su amortizaciniais atskaitymais. Nors prigimtis ta pati – turto, perduoto pagal išperkamosios nuomos sutartį, vertės dengimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1 metodas – atskirai apskaičiuojama mokama turto dalis ir komisinis mokestis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Metodo esmė: Kiekvieno periodo lizingo įmoka susideda iš turto dalies įmokos, komisinio mokesčio, apskaičiuoto nuo neišpirktos turto vertės, palūkanų už kreditą, draudimo ir kitų išlaidų, kurias patiria lizingo davėjas. Jeigu lizingo davėjas naudojasi kreditiniais resursais, tai grynasis pelningumas nebus aukštas, o naudojant nuosavus piniginius resursus lizinguojamo turto pirkimui, pelnas bus lygus komisinių dydžiui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tam kad supaprastintume lizingo įmokų skaičiavimą šiuo metodu, priimame, kad draudimo išlaidos tenka lizingo gavėjui (iš tikrųjų praktikoje taip ir yra, kad lizingo gavėjas pats draudžia išperkamosios nuomos objektą), kitų lizingo davėjo išlaidų nėra, o mokestis už kreditinius resursus įtraukiamas į lizingo davėjo komisinius. Toks palūkanų už kreditus ir komisinių apjungimas teisingas, kadangi lizingo davėją domina bendras komisinių dydis, kurį nori gauti lizingo davėjas nepriklausomai nuo to ar lizingo davėjas ima kreditą, ar ne.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-26 17:20:05',62,'','2010-04-26 17:25:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 17:20:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,19,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(376,'Ekonometrija','ekonometrija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Ekonometrijos samprata</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.1. Matematinių metodų naudojimo ekonomikoje istorija</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Realaus pasaulio pažinimo procesas – tai ne kas kita, kaip žinių apie gamtą ir visuomenę tikslinimas. Šiame procese, naudojant tikslesnius tyrimo metodus, užfiksuojami nauji faktai, nustatomi principai ir dėsnin¬gumai. Daugelyje fundamentalių gamtos mokslų, formuojant įvairias teorijas, neįmanoma išsiversti be matematikos. Be matematikos nuo seno neapsiėjo ir socialiniai mokslai: ekonomika, vadyba, sociologija ir kt. Ankstesniuose tyrimuose matematika paprastai naudota tik stebėjimų duomenims apdoroti ir sisteminti. Svarbia ekono¬mikos tyrimo priemone matematika tapo tik sukūrus šiuolaikinę skaičia¬vimo techniką. Vienas žymiausių ekonomistų, 1970 metų ekonomikos Nobelio premijos laureatas P.Samuelsonas taip vertina mate¬matiką: “Matematika būtina ekonomikos mokslui atnaujinti. Matematikos kalba – vienintelė galima kalba pagrindiniams ekonomikos teorijos teiginiams išdėstyti...”</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.2. Modelio samprata</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Su išoriniu pasauliu susipažįstama dviem pagrindiniais metodais: indukcijos ir dedukcijos. Indukcija – tai loginis samprotavimas, kai nuo atskirų faktų, mažiau bendrų žinių einama prie bendresnių. Tačiau, kitaip negu dedukcija, visada sąlygojanti teisingą išvadą, indukcija iš teisingų prielaidų tepadaro tikėtiną išvadą, reikalaujančią tikslesnio įrodymo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Realiame pasaulyje dažniausiai tam tikrą objektų klasę sudarančių objektų skaičius būna labai didelis (net begalinis), todėl praktiškai jų visų neįmanoma ištirti ir apibendrinti. Šioje situacijoje kaip tik tuo metodu daromi indukciniai apibendrinimai – formuluojami dėsniai ar principai, ištyrus tik dalį objektų, kuriuos tas dėsnis ar principas apima.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dedukcija – tai išvadų gavimas iš prielaidų pagal logikos dėsnius ir taisykles. Bendrąja prasme – tai perėjimas nuo bendro prie atskira. Visuomet reikia prisiminti, kad dedukcija efektyvi tik tada, kai ji derinama su indukcija. Be šių paplitusių pažinimo metodų, įvairiems reiškiniams tirti pasitelkiamas eksperimentas, o šiuo metu ir modeliavimas, kaip populia¬riausia jo atmaina. Žodis “modelis” kilęs iš lotyniško žodžio „modulus” – matas, dydis. Tačiau šis žodis taip pat susijęs ir su žodžiu „modus” – kopija, pavyzdys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-26 17:26:21',62,'','2010-04-26 17:31:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 17:26:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,18,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(377,'Ekonomikos įvadas','ekonomikos-vadas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.a) Ekonomikos teorija formavosi kartu su visuomenės santykių raida. Ekonominius gyvenimo reiškinius žmonės pradėjo suvokti žymiai ankščiau negu buvo sukurtas mokslas nagrinėjantis šiuos reiškinius. Tai reiškia, kad ekonomika kaip mokslas susiformavo apibendrinant įvairis ekonominius dėsnius, kurie vyko realiame žmonių gyvenime.Daugelis ekonominių reiškinių, kurie tapo šio mokslo tyrimo objektu buvo žinomi jau senovės egiptiečiams ir senovės graikams(reiškiniai:mainai, pinigų atsiradimas ir panaudojimas mainuose). b) Ekonominė  mintis tai yra visuomeninių ekonominių santykių atspindys žmonių  sąmonėje. Ekonominė mintis atsispindėjo: tautosakoje, religijoje, o vėliau įvairiuose rašytiniuose šaltiniuose t.y įstatymų rinkiniuose ūkiotvarkymo nuostatuose ir fiskaliniuose dokumentuose (fiskalizmas iš lotyn. kalbos  iždo biudžeto politika kai pajamos formuojamos pagrindinai iš mokesčių).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. a) Pirmieji rašytiniai šaltiniai atsirado kartu su įstatymo rinkiniais, ūkio tvarkymo nuostatais ir fiskaliniais dokumentais.b) ūkinės veiklos patirimai ir žinių apie ūkinę veiklą skleidimas sudarė sąlygas teoriškai apibendrinti ekonominius reiškinius, pažinti jų  priklausomybę ir savitarpio ryšius, paruošti rekomendacijas kaip tvarkyti privatų ir valstybės ūkį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. Vergovinės santvarkos laikotarpyje aukščiausią teorinį lygį ekonominės minties paskelbė graikų filosofo Ksenofonto, Aristotelio, Platono veikaluose. Pirmasis specialus ekonomikos klausimams skirtas veikalas buvo Ksenofonto “EKONOMIKOSAS” būtent šiame veikale pirmą kartą buvo išaiškinta žodžio ekonomika kilmė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">4. Ekonomikos mokslo objekto keitimasis. Jei anksčiau tai buvo mokslas apie kaip tvarkyti privatų ar atskiros valstybės ūkį,  tai dabar ekonomika vis daugiau analizuoja visuomenines ekonomikos jėgas, jų sąveika su gamybiniais santykiais, be to ekonomika vis daugiau nagrinėja problemas kaip kurti, didinti ir teisingai paskirstyti turtą. Skirtingos ekonominės mokyklos tai darė skirtingai. 16-18 a.viduryje Merkentalistinės mokyklos atstovai turtą tapatino su pinigais, auksu, brangiaisiais metalais, pagr. turto didinimo šaltinis užsienio prekyba, klasikinės mokyklos atstovai laikė, kad pagr. turto didinimo šaltinis yra gamyba, šios mokyklos pradininkai fiziokrtai laikė pagr. turto didinimo šaltiniu žemės ūkio gamyba. Anglų klasikinės mokyklos atstovai Adomas Smithas, ir Dovydas Ricardo sukūrė prekės darbinės vertės teoriją, kuri reiškė ,kad bet kokią prekę, o tuo pačiu ir turtą kuria darbas, 19a. matematinės mokyklos atstovai sukūrė ribinio naudingumo teoriją,  norint gauti pajmas reikia padaryti išvadas taip pat ši teorija sprendė tokias problemas kaip ribotų išteklių vartojimas, paklausos ir pasiūlos suderinimas, kainų rinkoje susidarymas, ekonominė pusiausvyra. Pagal Keinsistinę teoriją yra pateikiama programa priemonių kurių pagalba turėtų, galėtų reguliouti ūkį, pagal neoklasikinę teorija valstybė neturėtų kištis į ekonomiką, bet pati rinka turėtų sureguliuoti, pasiulą ir paklausą, kainas, pragyvenimo lygį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-26 17:31:45',62,'','2010-04-26 17:33:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 17:31:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,17,'','',0,46,'robots=\nauthor='),(378,'Ekonomikos veiklos įvertinimas','ekonomikos-veiklos-vertinimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.Firmos “AUVALDA” apžvalga</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">UAB “AUVALDA”įsikūrusi 1997m. liepos mėn. Kaune.Jos savininkas ir direktorius Valdas Tratulis.UAB prekiauja automobilių detalėmis ir firmos OSRAM automobilių lemputėmis. Firmos tikslai aprūpinti savo klientus kokybiškomis prekėmis, kurios nekelia abejonių visame pasaulyje. Įmonėje dirba 5 vadybininkai, kurie atsakingi už prekių asortimentą, jų išvežiojimą po prekybos tinklą ir tiekimą.Pagrindinis firmos partneris pardavimui  – “LUKoil” degalinės. Mano pareigos firmoje – vadybininkas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2.Firmos finansinės analizės teorija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2.1     Firmos finansinės atakaitomybės elementai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įmonės finansinės veiklos analizavimas leidžia susidaryti nuomonę apie įmonės ekonominę padėtį, o kartais ir užkerta kelius neigiamiems padariniams, padeda racionaliau naudoti įmonės resursus.Įmonės finansinė veikla labai glaudžiai susijusi su ūkine veikla. Išanalizuoti ir įvertinti ekonominę būklę padeda finansinės analizės, kurios yra atliekamos finansinės atsakaitomybės pagalba.Finansinės ataskaitos turi daug vartotojų, t.y. ir savininkai, kreditoriai, ir darbuotojai, mokesčių tarnybos, ir t.t. Pagrindinės finansinės atskaitomybės Lietuvoje yra balansas, finansinė ataskaita ( pelno ataskaita ), kuri dar papildoma finansinių rodiklių ataskaita ( statistine ataskaitos forma ) ir finansinės padėties arba išteklių formavimo ir panaudojimo ataskaita.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2.2     Balansas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">TURTAS:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinis dokumentas finansiniai analizei atlikti yra balansas.Balansas rodo ataskaitinių metų ir dažniausisi praėjusių metų rezultatus.Tai įgalina nustatyti vieno ar kito rodiklio pasikeitimus ir padaryti atitinkamas išvadas.Vienoje balanso pusėje atvaizduojama turtas, kitoje nuosavybė.Būdingas balanso bruožas tai, kad turtas lygus įsiskolinimams ir savininkų nuosavybei ( kapitalui ).Balanso turtas – pinigais išreikšti ištekliai, kuriais disponuoja ir iš kurių gauna pelną įmonė.Turtas balanse gali būti skirstomas į trumpalaikį ir ilgalaikį.Trumpalaikis turtas skirtas greitam sunaudojimui ir paprastai sunaudojamas per vieną ataskaitinį laikotarpį.Jo vertė mažesnė nei ilgalaikio turto.Ilgalaikis turtas skirtas ilgam naudojimui.Jį gali sudaryti pastatati, žemė, įrenginiai, ilgalaikės investicijos, transporto priemonės ir t.t.Dar galima skirti ir nematerialų, kitaip tariant, neapčiuopiamą turtą.Tai gali būti licenzijos, firminiai ženklai, intelektualiniai produktai ir t.t.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-26 17:34:03',62,'','2010-04-26 17:37:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 17:34:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,16,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(379,'Tyrimas: priklausomybė tarp automobolio kainos ir amžiaus','tyrimas-priklausomyb-tarp-automobolio-kainos-ir-amiaus','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Nagrinėjami duomenys</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šis darbas yra skirtas ištirti priklausomybę tarp automobilio kainos ir metų. Duomenys, iš 1 lentelės, buvo gauti iš laikraščių skelbimų. Automobilio Audi 100 kaina yra priklausomas veiksnys y, o metai - nepriklausomas veiksnys x. Be to, priklausomybė tarp šių dviejų veiksnių yra teisinė. Tolimesnį savo nagrinėjimą remsimės kompiuterio apskaičiuotais duomenimis (2 lentelė).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-26 17:39:07',62,'','2010-04-26 17:43:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 17:39:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,15,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(380,'Membranos','membranos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinė ląstelės membranos dalis yra sluoksnelis ypatingų lipidų , vadinamų membraniniais fosfolipidais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Fosfolipido molekulė susideda iš dviejų dalių - elektros krūvį turinčios galvos ir dviejų uodegų, kurios yra elektriškai neutralios.  Uodegą sudaro dvi  glicerino molekule sujungtos riebiosios rūgštys, o galvutę - prie glicerino prijungta fosforo rūgšties liekana su tam tikro alkoholio molekule. Beveik visa riebiosios rūgšties molekulė - tai ilga elektriškai neutrali angliavandenilinė grandinėlė, kuri negali sąveikauti su poliškomis vandens molekulėmis. Nuo fosforo rūgšties atskyla, o nuo alkoholio liekanos   arba atskyla, arba prisijungia prie jos, todėl galvutė yra poliška - elektringa. Dėl tokios sandaros membraninius lipidus dažnai vadina dar ir poliniais lipidais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vandenyje fosfolipidų molekulės pasisuka, kad uodegos būtų kuo toliau nuo vandens molekulių, o galvutės - kuo arčiau. Kadangi dvigubos jų uodegos pernelyg griozdiškos, fosfolipidų molekulės taip susirikiuoja, kad paprastai sudaro burbuliukus. Burbuliukų sienelės būna sudarytos iš dvigubo lipidų sluoksnio. Tokios dvisluoksnės membranos vadinamos bilipidinėmis membranomis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiosios dalies lipidų pagrindas - riebiosios rūgštys. Tai ilgagrandinės organinės rūgštys, turinčios nuo 4 iki 24 C atomų. Jos turi vieną karboksilinę grupę ir ilgesnę ar trumpesnę nepolinę uodegą, dėl kurios dauguma lipidų ir netirpsta vandenyje. Organizmuose praktiškai visos riebiosios rūgštys sujungtos į lipidus. Dauguma natūralių riebiųjų rūgščių turi 16 arba 18 C atomų. Uodega gali būti visiškai soti (turėti tik viengubas jungtis) arba nesoti (turėti vieną ar kelias dvigubas jungtis). Nesočiųjų rūgščių ląstelėse yra dukart mažiau negu sočiųjų. Sočiųjų riebiųjų rūgščių grandinės labai judrios, nes nesunkiai sukasi apie viengubas jungtis. O kuo daugiau dvigubų jungčių, tuo sunkiau lankstosi grandinė.  Kambario temperatūroje sočiosios riebiosios rūgštys (nuo C 12 iki C 24) yra kietos, vaško pavidalo, nes judrios grandinės labai glaudžiai susipakuoja. Tuo tarpu nesočiosios riebiosios rūgštys yra skysčiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Praskiestuose natrio ar kalio šarmų tirpaluose riebiosios rūgštys sudaro muilus. Muilų molekulės irgi turi polinę \"galvą\" (natrio ar kalio jonas) ir hidrofobinę \"uodegą\". Todėl jų savybės panašios į fosfolipidų molekulių savybes. Muilų molekulės irgi sudaro membranas, kurias Jūs visi žinote. tai muilo burbulai. Jie, kaip ir fosfolipidinės membranos visuomet stengiasi užsidaryti.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-26 19:23:10',62,'','2010-04-26 19:30:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 19:23:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,22,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(381,'Žmogaus jutimo organai ir jų veiklos sutrikimai','mogaus-jutimo-organai-ir-j-veiklos-sutrikimai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogaus jutimo organai - tai regos, uoslės, pusiausvyros, raumenų, odos, raumenų, skonio organai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžioji dalis mūsų žinių  apie išorinį pasaulį yra susiję su rega. Regėdami skiriame aplinkos  daiktus, gyvų kūnų  judėjimą negyvų kūnų padėtį, grafinius ir šviesos signalus. Rega svarbi visų mūsų darbinei veiklai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Akys yra kaukolės akiduobėse.  Akį nuo  dulkių  saugo blakstienos, antakiai, vokai. Ašarų liauka drėkina akies  obuolio paviršių,  šildo  akis, išplauna į akį patekusius svetimkūnius.Akies obuolį dengia stambi odena, kuri saugoja nuo mechaninių pažeidimų, svetimkūnių ir mikroorganizmų. Odena akies priekyje pereina į akies  rageną, kuri lengvai  praleidžia šviesos spindulius. Vidurinysis akies audinys - gyslainė - išraizgyta tankiu smulkių kraujagyslių tinklu, tiekiančiu akies obuoliui kraują su jame ištirpusiu deguonimi. Akies gyslainės priekinė dalis vadinama rainele.Jos spalva priklauso nuo figmentų kiekio  ir  jų išsidėstymo. Vyzdys - anga esanti rainelės viduje. Ji reguliuoja šviesos spindulių kiekį, kuris patenka į akies vidų. Už vyzdžio yra skaidrus  išgaubtas lęšiukas.  Visą  vidinę obuolio dalį užpildo stiklakūnis - skaidri, į drebučius panaši medžiaga.  Daiktų vaizdai  susidaro vidiniame akies obuolio dangale - tinklainėje. Joje yra regos receptoriai - stiebeliai ir kūgeliai. Stiebeliai prieblandos receptoriai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kūgeliai reaguoja tik į ryškią šviesą. Regos organų veikla dažnai gali sutrikti.  Dažniausi regos  organų sutrikimai yra trumparegystė ir toliaregystė. Toliaregiai ir  trumparegiai mato daiktus neryškiai. Trumparegiams neaiškus toli esančių daiktų vaizdas, o toliaregiams arti esančių daiktų ar objektų. Trumparegystė gali būti įgimta. Įgimtos trumparegystės priežastis gali būti pailgėjęs akies obuolys, o toliaregystės atveju akies obuolys yra sutrumpėjęs. Toliaregystės priežastis gali būti sumažėjusi lęšiuko galimybė keisti išgaubtumą. Klausa padeda žmonėms bendrauti dirbant ir ilsintis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogaus klausos organas yra ausis. Ji yra sudaryta iš trijų dalių: išorinės,vidurinės ir vidinės ausies. Išorinę ausį sudaro ausies kaušelis ir išorinės klausomosios angos. Ausies kaušelis garsinius oro virpesius nukreipia į išorinę klausomąją angą, kurios gale yra tamprus būgnelis. Jis skiria išorinę ausį nuo vidurinės ausies. Vidurinėje ausyje yra trimitas, kuris ertmę jungia su nosiarykle. Vidurinėje ausyje yra 3 poros nuosekliai vienas su kitu sujungtų klausomųjų kaulelių. Jie būgnelį jungia su elastinga plėvele, aptraukiančia vidinės ausies apvalųjį langelį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vidinė ausis yra ertmių ir išsiraizgiusių kanalų sistema - kaulinis labirintas. Jame glūdi plėvinis labirintas, pripildytas skysčio. Klausos funkciją šiame kanale atlieka tik spirale susisukusi sraigė, kurioje yra klausos receptoriai. Visa labirinto  dalis yra sudaryta iš pusratinių kanalų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Klausa silpnėja arba jos netenkama sutrikus garso virpesių perdavimui į vidinę ausį, pažeidus vidinės ausies receptorius, taip pat sutrikus nervinių impulsų perdavimui didžiųjų pusrutulių žievės klausos zonai. Klausa gali pablogėti susikaupus išorinėje klausos angoje lipniai medžiagai - ausų sierai. Susikaupusi išorinėje klausos angoje, ausų siera sudaro kamštį. Susikaupusią sierą iš klausomosios angos turi išvalyti gydytojas - specialistas. Susirgus angina, skarlatina, gripu, šias ligas sukėlė mikroorganizmai  gali patekti iš nosiaryklės į vidurinę ausį ir sukelti uždegimą. Tadas klausos  kauleliai tampa nebejudrūs,sutrinka garso virpesių perdavimas vidinei ausiai. Klausa gali sutrikti nuo stiprių garsų. Labai klausai kenkia didelis triukšmas veikiantis ausį kiekvieną dieną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuo stiprių garso bangų smūgių būgnelis visą laiką stipriai virpa. Dėl to, ilgainiui jis netenka elastingumo, ir žmogaus klausa susilpnėja.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-26 19:33:51',62,'','2010-04-26 19:54:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 19:33:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,21,'','',0,42,'robots=\nauthor='),(382,'Baltymai ir transportas per membranas','baltymai-ir-transportas-per-membranas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Poliniai lipidai sudaro 20 - 80% membranų masės. Likę procentai - baltymai. Kam reikalingi membranų baltymai?  Ir jei membraniniai lipidai taip puikiai atskiria ląstelę nuo aplinkos, tai kaip jos gauna ir šalina įvairias medžiagas?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Membranų lipidai izoliuoja ląstelę nuo aplinkos. Visas kitas membranų funkcijas atlieka membraniniai baltymai. Jie gabena medžiagas bei perduoda signalus per membraną į ląstelių vidų ir laukan, katalizuoja reakcijas, sukabina kaimynines ląsteles į vieną visumą. Neretai ląstelės atpažįsta vieną kitą irgi pagal membraninių baltymų dalis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ląstelės membranos pagrindas yra bilipidinis sluoksnis, tačiau jis tėra ribojanti struktūra. Jis izoliuoja, nepraleidžia medžiagų. Pro membraną difunduoja tik kai kurios lipiduose tirpios medžiagos, vanduo ir vandenyje ištirpusios dujos - deguonis, anglies dioksidas, azotas. Tai paprasta difuzija arba osmosas - difuzija pro pusiau pralaidžią membraną. Visos kitos medžiagos pro lipidinę membraną praeina labai sunkiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau tiriant natūralias biomembranas paaiškėjo, kad kai kurios medžiagos pro membraną gali puikiausiai praeiti. Paprastai ląstelių viduje K+ jonų koncentracija būna didesnė, negu anapus membranos. O Na+ jonų koncentracija didesnė ląstelės išorėje, o ne viduje. Nervinio impulso metu  pro jonams nepralaidžią neurono plazminę membraną į vidų prasiveržia Na+ jonai, o iš vidaus į išorę -  K+ jonai. Toks perėjimas panašus į pačią paprasčiausią difuziją, tačiau pro membraną jonams pereiti padeda specialūs baltymai - nešikliai. Tokia difuzija vadinama  palengvinta difuzija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiti membranų baltymai gabena per membraną į ląstelę medžiagas, kurių koncentracija viduje gerokai didesnė, negu išorėje. Tam reikia energijos. Toks medžiagų gabenimas vadinamas aktyviuoju transportu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visos ląstelės aktyviai siurbia iš savo citozolio lauk Na+ jonus, todėl ląstelių viduje jų būna žymiai mažiau, nei išorėje. Tuo tarpu iš aplinkos į ląstelės vidų siurbia K+ jonus. Tai aktyvus transportas, naudojantis ląstelės ATP energiją.  Aktyvus medžiagų transportas - viena svarbiausių membraninių baltymų funkcijų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienu metu buvo manoma, kad ląstelės membrana yra trisluoksnė kaip sumuštinis - lipidinis sluoksnis iš abiejų pusių apsuptas baltyminiais sluoksniais. Palyginus nesenai paaiškėjo, kad membranos pagrindas yra lipidinis sluoksnis. Dabar membranos sandara aiškinama skystamozaikiu modeliu: membrana - tai ypatingas dvimatis lipidinis skystis, kuriame plaukioja baltymai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Membrana primena skystų lipidų balą, kurioje plaukioja baltymai. Kai kuriose membranose baltymų yra itin daug - jie gali beveik visiškai paslėpti lipidinę membraną. Tokios yra vidinės mitochondrijų membranos, kurios turi labai daug specialių baltymų, būtinų ląstelės energetinėje apykaitoje. Tuo tarpu kitos membranos baltymų turi itin mažai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip sudarytas lipidinis biomembranos pagrindas mes jau žinome. O kaip biomembranoje įsitvirtina membraniniai baltymai suprasime išnagrinėję baltymų sandarą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-26 19:55:38',62,'','2010-04-26 20:06:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 19:55:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,20,'','',0,49,'robots=\nauthor='),(383,'Visi organizmai iš ląstelių','visi-organizmai-i-lsteli','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žemės gyvybė labai įvairi: vieni organizmai vienaląsčiai, kiti daugialąsčiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienaląsčiai irgi nevienodi. Vienų ląstelės labai paprastos sandaros, tokie vienaląsčiai vadinami prokariotais. Kitų - sudėtingesnes, jie vadinami eukariotais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visi daugialąsčiai - augalai, gyvūnai, grybai - yra eukariotai. Itin retai daugialąsčio organizmą sudaro vienodos ląstelės. Daugumos daugialąsčių organizmą sudaro daugelio atmainų ląstelės. Pavyzdžiui, histologai  suaugusio žmogaus organizme priskaičiuoja apie 210 tipų ląstelių. Jos skiriasi dydžiu, forma, sandara, atliekamomis funkcijomis, jautrumu aplinkos poveikiams. Šios ląstelės sudaro audinius, audiniai - organus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tad norint gerai suvokti, kaip veikia gyvi organizmai, kuo paremta gyvybė, reikia suprasti ląstelių sandarą ir funkcijas. O yra ir neląstelinė gyvybės forma - virusai. Kas jie tokie, irgi nesuprasi nesuprasdamas ląstelės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tik nedidelė dalis ląstelių savo funkcijas atlieka jau būdamos negyvos, pasyviai. Tai medienos ir karnienos plaušai (jie - tvirti storasieniai vamzdeliai, atsparūs tempimui ir spaudimui), tai kamštinės ląstelės (jos tiesiog sudaro negyvas pertvaras), vandens indai (tiesiog vamzdžiai, kuriais teka vanduo ir ištirpusios mineralinės medžiagos).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apie gyvybės atsiradimą kalbėsime vėliau. O dabar palyginkime organizmus su  tokiais dirbtiniais daiktais kaip statiniai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Senovėje pastatus neretai statydavo iš daugelio rūšių plytų. Pavyzdžiui, Vilniuje šv. 0nos bažnyčia pastatyta iš 38 rūšių plytų. Dauguma daugialąsčių organizmų irgi sudaryti iš daugelio rūšių ląstelių. Tačiau plytos - negyvi, pasyvūs kūnai. Jos - labai paprastos mechaninės konstrukcijos. Plytų funkcijos - laikyti aukščiau esančias plytas bei perdengimus, atitverti pastato vidų nuo išorės, nepraleisti dulkių, vandens, vėjo, šilumos. Laikui einant plytos yra, suirus dideliai daliai plytų suyra ir statinys. O ląstelės - organizmo “plytos”  - gyvos. Didžioji dalis jų aktyviai atlieka savo funkcijas. Ir tos funkcijos labai įvairios - jos atitveria vienas organizmo dalis vieną nuo kitos ir nuo išorės, sudaro tvirtus darinius, susitraukdamos judina visą kūną, skaido ir gamina įvairiausias medžiagas, gabena jas, priima signalus ir apdoroja informaciją...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kodėl nebūna ląstelių mažesnių už mikroorganizmą Mycoplasma? Nes ląstelę sudarančios molekulės negali būti mažesnės. O ląstelės gali būti gyva tik turėdama tam tikrą biomolekulių skaičių. Mažesnių ląstelių būtų tik tada, jei būtų mažesnių atomų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">O kodėl nebūna labai didelių ląstelių? Todėl, kad ląstelių gyvybinė veikla priklauso nuo medžiagų, kurias ląstelė gauna iš aplinkos pro paviršių. O kuo ląstelė didesnė, tuo mažiau paviršiaus tenka vienam tūrio vienetui, kuris vartoja pro paviršių patenkančias maisto medžiagas ir deguonį. Ir tuo prasčiau ląstelėje pasiskirsto medžiagos. Juk daugelis molekulių ląstelėje keliauja tik difuzijos būdu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-26 20:10:36',62,'','2010-04-26 20:22:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 20:10:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,19,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(384,'Evoliucija','evoliucija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Evoliucija liudija:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1) gyvų organizmų sandaros bendrosios sąvybės, <br />2) rudimentai (netekę savo paskirties, daugelio gyvų būtybių organai),<br />3) fosilijos (iškastinės tolimų epochų gyvūnų ir augalų suakmenėjusios liekanos ar žymės, <br />4) gyvūnų bei augalų populiacijos, elementarūs organinio pasaulio raidos (evoliucijos) vienetai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Evoliucijos pagrindinės varomosios jėgos: mutacija, natūrali atranka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Populiacija – tai vienos biologinės rūšies individų visuma, turinti bendrą genofondą (santykinai pastovią genų visumą), tarpusavyje laisvai besikryžminanti ir užimanti tam tikrą erdvę arba teritoriją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Populiacijos didumą reguliuoja ir joje atsirandančias mutacijas bei naujus paveldimus požymius įtvirtina gamtinė atranka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mikroevoliucija – kai iš buvusios vienos atsiranda dvi naujos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Populiacijos gali persiformuoti taip, kad ima ir atsiranda aukštesnių už rūšį naujų sisteminių vienetų (šeimų, genčių). Tai vadinama makroevoliucija.<br />Gamtinė atranka lemia, kurie iš naujų, dėl mutacijos atsiradusių individų pratęs giminę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Eros: archeozojus (seniausioji), proterozojus (gyvybės atsiradimo), paleozojus (senoji), mezozojus (vidurinioji), kainozojus (naujausioji).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Archeozojus(ir proterozojus) atsiranda vienaląsčiai (žiuželiniai) augalai. Paleozojus – augalai išlipa į sausumą (sporiniai induočiai). Mezozojus – klipatui sausėjant, iš sporinių induočių ilgainiui radosi plikasėkliai spygliuiočiai. Iš jų (kainozojus) – gaubtasėkliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Archeozojus – vandenyje gyvena vienaląsčiai, arba pirmuonys(amebos, žiuželiniai), toliau  atsiranda duobagyviai (daugialąsčiai organizmai, pvz. medūza). Vėliau (paleozojus) atsirado bestuburių (vėžiagyviai, moliuskai, pirmykštės bestuburės žuvys). Vėliau į sausumą ėmė keltis pirmieji bestuburiai (šimtakojai, vabzdžiai). Po to riešapelekės žuvys (stuburiniai) išsivystė į varliagyvių protėvį. Mezozojus – iš pirmykščių varliagyvių kilo ropliai, visiškai prisitaikę gyventi sausumoje. Kainozojus – klimatui sausėjant ir šaltėjant išnyko ropliai ir atsirado žinduoliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Orangutangas, gorila, šimpanzė, Australopitekas (5 mln.), pirmykštis žmogus (homo erectus) (2 mln.), neandertalietis (homo sapiens) (80 - 130 000), šiuolaikinis protaujantis žmogus (homo sapiens sapiens) (35 - 40 000).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-26 20:26:22',62,'','2010-04-26 20:37:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-26 20:26:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,18,'','',0,39,'robots=\nauthor='),(385,'Ekonomikos loginės struktūrinės schemos','ekonomikos-logins-struktrins-schemos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademijos dėstytojos dr. Marijos Jėčiuvienės parengta mokomoji knygelė skirta akademijos kariūnams ir klausytojams, kitų  aukštųjų mokyklų studentams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-27 07:58:41',62,'','2010-04-27 08:04:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-27 07:58:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(386,'Oligopolija ir rinka','oligopolija-ir-rinka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Oligopolinė rinka</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Oligopolija – rinka, kurioje visi produktai yra identiški arba artimi pakaitalai, produkciją tiekia nedaugelis firmų, tačiau bent kelios jų palyginti didelės. Natūrali oligopolija – atsiranda tuomet, kai individualiųjų firmų vidutiniai kaštai sumažėja tiek, kad kelios tokios firmos gali pagaminti visą parduodamos produkcijos kiekį mažiausiais vidutiniais kaštais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Įėjimo į oligopolinę šaką barjerai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kad oligopolinės firmos pelnas nedingtų, rinka turi būti apsaugota nuo naujų firmų įėjimo. Tuo tikslu naudojamos įėjimo kliūtys, kurios būna tokių rūšių:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Natūralios kliūtys. Jos susijusios su gamybos masto ekonomija. Jeigu šakoje yra kelios firmos, kurių dydis garantuoja ekonomiją dėl gamybos masto, jos gauna pelną. Įėjus į rinką naujai firmai, padidėtų pasiūla ir, jei produkcijos paklausa nepakistų, tai tuomet sumažėtų ir kaina. Visos firmos, tarp jų ir įėjusi į rinka naujoji firma, patirtų nuostolių – negautų pelno. Todėl naujoji firma yra nesuinteresuota įeiti į tą rinką, kurioje ji negaus pelno.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kitas svarbus veiksnys, mažinantis naujų firmų galimybę įeiti į oligopolinę šaką, yra vidutinių bendrųjų kaštų skirtumai. Jau egzistuojančių oligopolinėje šakoje firmų VBK yra mažesni, nei bandančios įeiti firmos. Senosios firmos turi didesnį vadovavimo patyrimą, tvirtus ryšius su žaliavų, medžiagų ar komplektuojančių detalių tiekėjais. Jų darbuotojai yra labiau patyrę, susiklostę ir patikimi ryšiai su bankais ir pan.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-27 08:04:56',62,'','2010-04-27 08:07:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-27 08:04:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,13,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(387,'Tarptautinių ekonominių santykių pagrindai','tarptautini-ekonomini-santyki-pagrindai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. TARPTAUTINĖS PREKYBOS TEORIJOS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.1. Palyginamojo pranašumo dėsnis. Rikardo modelis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tarptautinėje prekyboje kiekviena šalis specializuojasi tiekti tą produktą, kurio ji turi absoliutų gamybos pranašumą. Absoliutus pranašumas - tai sugebėjimas pagaminti prekes, sunaudojant darbo sąnaudų produkcijos vienetui mažiau nei kitose šalyse. Tačiau specializaciją lemia ir palyginamasis pranašumas. Šalys gali gauti naudą iš tarptautinės prekybos tuomet, kai skiriasi prekių gamybos alternatyviniai kaštai. Prekės alternatyviniai kaštai - tai tas kitų prekių kiekis, kurį tenka paaukoti, kad šios prekės būtų pagaminta vienu vienetu daugiau.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Alternatyviniai kaštai matuojami nauda arba pajamomis, kurios būtų gautos naudojant tuos išteklius kitam, geriausiam iš galimų, tikslui. Tarkim, Lietuvai naudingiau importuoti apelsinus negu juos auginti savo šalyje, nes tai reikalautų daug daugiau papildomų išlaidų negu apelsinų transportavimo kaštai. Kaštus, kuriuos Lietuva turėtų skirti apelsinams auginti, kur kas efektyviau panaudoti, tarkim, baldų gamybai. Tarptautinės prekybos atveju (mūsų pavyzdyje - apelsinų ir baldų atveju) apelsinų alternatyviniai kaštai yra suprantami kaip tas baldų kiekis, kuris galėtų būti pagamintas Lietuvoje, naudojant išteklius, reikalingus išauginti tam tikram apelsinų kiekiui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Alternatyviniai kaštai padeda nustatyti gaminamų skirtingų prekių santykinę vertą ir geriau suprasti palyginamojo pranašumo dėsnį. Palyginamojo pranašumo dėsnį 1817 m. suformulavo anglų ekonomistas Dovydas Rikardas. Remiantis palyginamojo pranašumo dėsniu, šalys specializuoja tokių prekių gamybą ir eksportą, kurias gali gaminti santykinai žemesniais kaštais negu kitos šalys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-27 08:08:20',62,'','2010-04-27 08:11:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-27 08:08:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,12,'','',0,65,'robots=\nauthor='),(388,'Ekonominių teorijų istorija','ekonomini-teorij-istorija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">PRATARMĖ<br /><br />Ekonomikoje nėra visam laikui nusistovėjusių tiesų,<br />o tik mėginimai sukurti teorijas (hipotezes), kurios negali būti <br />,,įrodytos“, o bet kuriuo momentu gali būti paneigtos patirties.<br /><br />M. Friedman’as</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gali kilti klausimas: kodėl šiuolaikinis ekonomistas turi gaišti laiką nagrinėdamas ekonomikos mokslo istoriją? Juk, atrodytų, būtų keista atsakymų į šiandienos klausimus ieškoti praėjusių amžių ekonomistų raštuose. Turbūt geriausiai į šį klausimą atsakė M. Blaug’as – todėl, kad daug geriau žinoti apie intelektualinį paveldą, kurį mums paliko pirmtakai, nei tik numanyti, kad jis saugomas mums nežinomoje vietoje ir parašytas mums nesuprantama kalba. Kaip rašė T. S. Elliot’as: „Kažkas pasakė: „Praeities rašytojai nuo mūsų dar labiau nutolę todėl, kad mes žinome tiek pat daugiau už juos“. Ir tai tiesa: žinome daugiau, nes mes skaitėme jų veikalus“. Gilus ir C. Gide ir C. Rist’o pastebėjimas: „Kiekvieną doktriną galima įsidėmėti ir pamėgti tik tada, kai žinai jos istoriją, kai pats perėjai tuos pačius kelius, kuriais klaidžiojo tie, kurie ją atrado ir mums paliko. Tokia tiesa, kuri tarytum nukrito iš dangaus, visai nežinant, kokiu vargu ji buvo įgyta, yra lyg tas neuždirbtas pinigas: iš jo nebūna jokios naudos“. Todėl ir atsiverčiame praeities ekonomistų knygas, kurios, F. Bacon’o žodžiais tariant, yra „minties laivai, plaukiojantys laiko bangomis ir rūpestingai gabenantys savo brangų krovinį iš kartos į kartą“.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tačiau ekonominės minties istorija svarbi ne tik todėl, kad galime mokytis iš praeities, bet ir todėl, kad dabartį bei ateitį su praeitimi sieja visuomenės ekonominių idėjų tęstinumas. Šiandienos ir rytdienos pasirinkimus formuoja praeitis, o ji taip pat. gali būti suprasta tik žinant ekonominės minties raidos istoriją. Ekonomikos mokslą galima palyginti su galingu medžiu, kurio stambios šakos ir vešlus vainikas – tai jau susiformavusios ir tik besiformuojančios ekonomikos srovės bei mokyklos. Jos analizavo įvairias ekonomikos problemas, teorijas, dažnai tais pačiais klausimais laikėsi skirtingų ar net priešingų nuomonių, ieškojo silpnųjų oponentų sukurtų teorijų ypatybių. Šimtmečiais sukauptos ir kritiškai įvertintos mokslinės žinios sudaro ekonomikos mokslo pagrindą, jam plėtojantis pagal mokslinio perimamumo principus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-27 08:13:28',62,'','2010-04-27 08:17:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-27 08:13:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,11,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(389,'Monopolija','monopolija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Temoje nagrinėjami klausimai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Monopolinės rinkos ypatumai;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Monopolijos paklausa. Bendrosios, vidutinės ir ribinės pajamos;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. Pelno maksimizavimas trumpu ir ilgu laikotarpiu;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">4. Kainų diskriminacija monopolijos sąlygomis;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">5. Monopolija ir gerovės nuostoliai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Temos tikslai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. išanalizuoti monopolijos susidarymo priežastis;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. įvertinti monopolijos pajamų priklausomybę nuo paklausos elastingumo;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. suprasti monopolijos pelno maksimizavimo ypatumus;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">4. gebėti palyginti firmos elgseną monopolinėje rinkoje su firmos, veikiančios tobulos konkurencijos rinkoje, elgesiu;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">5. išsiaiškinti kainų diskriminacijos atvejus ir gebėti juos pritaikyti analizuojant praktinius pavyzdžius;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">6. mokėti teorines žinias pritaikyti konkrečių praktinių užduočių sprendimui;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">7. įvertinti rinkos monopolizavimo pasekmes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-27 08:55:15',62,'','2010-04-27 09:08:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-27 08:55:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(390,'Ekonomikos plėtra (špera)','ekonomikos-pltra-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">12.1 Valstybių nac. pajamos auga, didėja gyventojų pajamos ir vartojimas. Didėjimas nuo ekonomikos plėtros. Plėtros matavimui naudojami rodikliai: BNP apimtis (absoliučiai ir vienam gyventojui); BNP augimo didėjimo tempai, namų ūkių disponuojamos pajamos (absoliučiai ir vienam gyventojui) ir jų augimo tempai, vartojimo rodikliai (abs ...). Įv. šalių pajamos skaičiuojant vienam gyventojui yra gana skirtingos. Kodėl nac. pajamos kinta laiko požiūriu, kokie veiksniai sąlygoja ekonomikos plėtrą, kodėl skirtumai tarp valstybių? Reiškiniai tyrinėjami remiantis įv. ekonomikos modeliais. Nagrinėjamas R.Solou modelis (1950 1960, 1987m. gavo Nobelio premiją). Makroekonomika analizuota statikos būsenoje – produkto ir pajamų dydžiai buvo nekintami. Dabar jie analizuojami dinamikoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">12.2 Kaip tarpusavyje susiję K didėjimas, L jėgos skaičiaus ir kokybės augimas ir technologijos tobulinimas ir kaip jie veikia į gamybos apimtis, remiamasi Solou modeliu. Pradžioje nustatoma, kaip kaip prekių D ir S apsprendžia K kaupimo parametrus. Todėl L išteklius ir technologiją  iš pradžių laikome fiksuotais. Vėliau jie kis. Pagamintos produkcijos D ir S, susidaranti rinkoje, yra svarbi ne tik statiniuose, bet ir dinaminiuose modeliuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-27 09:24:36',62,'','2010-04-27 09:28:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-27 09:24:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,9,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(391,'Įmonių tipai','moni-tipai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įmonės apibrėžimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pervažiuokime Lietuvą skersai ir išilgai, kelionėje bandykime surasti dvi vienodas įmones. Deja, mūsų pastangos bus bergždžios  – nepavyks rasti dviejų vienodų įmonių: vienos yra sostinėje Vilniuje, kitos Kėdainiuose, trečios Anykščiuose; vienos yra didelės – užima kelių hektarų plotą, kitos vos keletą kvadratinių metrų. Vienos vadinamos personalinėmis, kitos – uždarosiomis akcinėmis bendrovėmis, trečios – investicinėmis bendrovėmis, ketvirtos – bankais ir t.t. O kiek daug įvairiausių veiklos sričių! Vienos kepa duoną, kitos ją parduoda, trečios siuva, ketvirtos prekiauja, ir visos jos įmonės. Nepaisant minėtų skirtumų, galima rasti bendrų bruožų. Tai leidžia jas analizuoti, pritaikyti bendrąsias valdymo taisykles.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įmonės, jų rūšys ir bendrieji jų klausimai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įmonė – tai savo firmos vardą turintis ūkinis vienetas, užsiimantis tam tikra komercine – ūkine veikla. Įmonę sudaro medžiaginių, daiktinių, finansinių ir nematerialių aktyvų, jos teisių ir pareigų kompleksas. Taip įmonę apibrėžia Lietuvos Respublikos įmonių įstatymas. Remiantis šiuo įstatymu, įmonės sąvoka neapima pelno nesiekiančių organizacijų. Valstybės požiūriu yra svarbus veiklos pobūdis. Nuo veiklos pobūdžio priklauso mokesčių ar muitų dydis, leidimas užsiimti ta ar kita veikla:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įmonė turi teisę užsiimti bet kokia komercine – ūkine veikla, jei Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymai to nedraudžia. Kai kuriai veiklai reikalingos licenzijos. Pavyzdžiui, eksploatuoti gamtinius išteklius, gaminti alų ir nespiritinį vyną, steigti mokymo įstaigas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įmonės privaloma tvarka veda apskaitą, turi teisę neviešinti savo komercinės veiklos dokumentų. Įmonę gali steigti vienas arba keli steigėjai. Įmonės steigimo dokumentai yra įstatai, leidimas (licenzija), kvalifikacijos atestatas, žemės sklypo suteikimo aktas ar kiti įstatymais numatyti dokumentai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Svarbi įmonės charakteristika yra jos teisinė padėtis, arba kitaip sakant, juridinis statusas. Žinant įmonės teisinį statusą, galima numanyti, kas turi teisę priimti galutinį sprendimą derybose ir pasirašyti įmonės steigimo bei kitas sutartis, kas ir kokiu laipsniu atsako už sutartinių įsipareigojimų vykdymą ir kas atlygins nuostolius ištikus nesėkmei. Be to, nuo įmonės teisinio statuso dažniausiai priklauso įmonės apmokestinimas, pelno ir nuostolių paskirstymas, įmonės likvidavimo tvarka bankroto atveju ir t.t. <br />Teisėje įmonės savininkas ar valdytojas (įmonininkas) įvardijamas kaip fizinis arba juridinis asmuo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-27 09:29:00',62,'','2010-04-27 09:32:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-27 09:29:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(392,'Ekonomikos mokslo bruožai','ekonomikos-mokslo-bruoai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvos ekonominės minties istorijos klausimas nagrinėtas, bet toli gražu nepakankamai. Kai kas, be abejo, jau padaryta: parašyta ir monografinio pobūdžio darbų, ir nemažai straipsnių periodikoje. Didelė tarpukario Lietuvos ekonominės literatūros dalis sukaupta Klaipėdos J. Simonaitytės bibliotekos lituanistikos skyriuje. Lietuvos ekonominės minties istoriją jau prieš karą pradėjo nagrinėti profesoriai ekonomistai A. Rimka ir P. Šalčius. Be to P. Šalčius parašė išsamią Lietuvos kooperacijos istoriją. Monografijoje atsispindi ir kooperatinių idėjų raida, o kooperacinės idėjos - tai neatskiriama ekonominės minties dalis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvos ekonominės minties tyrinėjimai buvo tęsiami ir po karo. Pasirodė J. Maimino monografija (31). Parengta ne viena mokslų kandidato disertacija ir paskelbta nemažai straipsnių aukštųjų mokyklų mokslo darbuose ir kituose leidiniuose. Be J. Maimino, ekonominę mintį dar nagrinėjo V. Česnavičius, V. Lukoševičius, A. Makarevičius, A. Selvanas, A. Vengrys, D. Vėderaitė, A. Vitkūnas. Visų jų publikacijos yra suregistruotos politinės ekonomijos dėstytojų darbų bibliografinėje rodyklėje, parengtoje minint 200 metų sukaktį, kai Vilniaus universitete buvo įsteigta Politinės ekonomijos katedra (26).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pastaruoju dešimtmečiu intensyviai dirba A. Čepėnaitė, tyrinėdama Lietuvos XIX a., V. Lukoševičius - XX a. ekonominę mintį ir kt. Po karo rašytiems darbams, liečiantiems XX a., būdingas ideologinis atspalvis, susijęs su valdžios kategorišku reikalavimu autoriams laikytis klasinių pozicijų. Šių darbų mokslinę vertę šiandien sudaro ta surinkta medžiaga, kuria remiantis jie parašyti. Reikalavimo laikytis klasinių pozicijų galėjo nepaisyti tik tie autoriai, kurie nesiruošė savuosius darbus publikuoti. Šiuo atveju minėtinas D. Cesevičius, parengęs didelės apimties rankraščius. Kai kuriuose iš jų nemažai dėmesio skiriama ekonominės minties istorijai (7).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-27 09:33:12',62,'','2010-04-27 09:36:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-27 09:33:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(393,'Ekonomikos žodynas','ekonomikos-odynas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Abejingumo kreivė - kreivė, rodanti pasirenkamąjį dviejų prekių derinį, kai kiekviena iš jų teikia vienodą pasitenkinimą arba abi yra tokios pat naudingos. Abejingumo kreivės yra naudojamos nustatyti vartotojų dviejų prekių pirkimo pusiausvyrą ir išanalizuoti tų dviejų prekių kainų pasikeitimo įtaką paklausai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Absoliutus skurdas - situacija, kai šeimos pajamos mažesnės už oficialią skurdo ribą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Absoliutusis pranašumas - pranašumas, kuris būdingas kuriai nors šaliai, turinčiai tam tikrų išteklių ir galinčiai pagaminti daugiau produkcijos negu kitos šalys, kurios turi tuos pačius išteklius. Tačiau absoliutusis pranašumas nenulemia tarptautinės prekybos naudingumo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Agrarinė politika - valstybės politika, kuria siekiama išspręsti maisto problemą, intensyviai vystyti žemės ūkį ir kitas agroverslo šakas, radikaliai pakeisti kaimo gyventojų darbo ir buities sąlygas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-27 09:36:55',62,'','2010-04-27 09:50:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-27 09:36:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(394,'Makroekonomika','makroekonomika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">SVARBIAUSIOS MIKROEKONOMIKOS PROBLEMOS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1)    Ekonom augimo užtikrinimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2)    Nedarbas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3)    Infliacija</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ek nesivysto vienodai, kartais ją sukrečia krizės, jas gali sukelti įv priežastys. Atsižvelgiant į jas ciklai gali būti: 1. Sezoniniai, 2. Politiniai, 3.Statybos darbų trukmės, 4. Ilgųjų bangų(susiję su kokybiniais technologijos pokyčiais) 5. Verslo. Visas ciklas susideda iš keturių fazių: 1. Krizė, 2. Depresija, 3. Pagyvėjimas, 4. Pakilimas. Nedarbas ir infliacija yra didžiausios makro problemos, nes nedarbo būvimas ekonomine prasme reiškia negrąžinamą svarbiausio- visuomenės ištekliaus prradimą, be to nedarbas sukialia rimtas socialines problemas.infliacija reiškia bendrą kainų lygio kilimą, pinigų nuvertėjimą, gyv lygio smukimą ir pan.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nedarbas būna:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">a)    ciklinis nedarbas jį sąlygoja aktyvumo svyravimai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">b)    migracinis nedarbas yra laikinas nedarbas, kurį sąlygoja ekonomikos pokyčiai, dinamiškumas. Jo priežastys ąvairios, pvz.: jaunimas ne iš karto randą sau tinkamą darbą, kiti ieško geresnio darbo ir pan.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">c)    struktūrinis nedarbas pasireiškia tada, kai darbo išteklių teritorinis psiskirstymas  ir kvalifikacinė struktūra neatitinkadarbo sferos reikalavimų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ciklinį nedarbą salygoja ekonomikos svyravimai. Mažiausiai negiamų pasekmių sukialia migracinis nedarbas, nes jis tęsiasi tol, kol žmogus susirandą darbą. Struktūrinis nedarbas yrasudėtingesnė problema, nes darbingiems gyventojams tenka pakeisti gyvenamą vietą arba įsigyti naują profesiją. “Visiškas užimtumas” - tai ne nulinis nedarbo lygis. Dabar kalbama apie 5% ar 5,5% nedarbo lygą kaip visiško užimtumo rodiklį. Jis būna tada, kai nedarbo lygis žemas ir nesukialia infliacijos padidėjimų. BNP atotrūkis išreiškia skirtumą tarp faktiškų gamybos apimčių ir potencialių, kurios galimos, esant visiškam užimtumui. BNP atotrūkis išreiškis ekonomikos nuosmukio kainą. Jis įvertina, kokiu dydžiu sumsžėja potiancialūs gamybos mastai. Negalima užmiršti ir to, kad pastarasis rodiklis neįvertina visų socialinių padarinių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-27 09:51:02',62,'','2010-04-27 09:53:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-27 09:51:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(395,'5 mikroekonomikos laboratoriniai darbai','5-mikroekonomikos-laboratoriniai-darbai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-27 09:54:40',62,'','2010-04-27 09:59:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-27 09:54:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,4,'','',0,51,'robots=\nauthor='),(396,'Ekonomikos nuostatų modeliavimas','ekonomikos-nuostat-modeliavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įžanga</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Temos aktualumas. Praktinė ekonominė žmonių veikla istorijos eigoje susidūrė su teorinės ekonomikos poreikiu. Reikėjo apibendrinti atskirus faktus, formuluoti ekonomikos principus, dėsnius, kriterijus, savybes,  tikslu panaudoti šias nuostatas praktinėje veikloje. Atsirado daug ekonomikos tekstų: nuo laikraštinių publikacijų iki akademinių leidinių. Tekstų autorių plati skalė: nuo valstiečio iki akademiko, Nobelio premijos laureato.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Susigaudyti šioje informacijos masėje nėra paprasta: daugelis ekonomikos nuostatų prieštarauja viena kitai; yra daug pasikartojančių, viena kitą dubliuojančių nuostatų; daugelio nuostatų niekur nerasime, nes jos dar nesuformuluotos. Reikalingas sisteminis požiūris į šią informaciją, tuo labiau, kad jos apimtis kiekvieną dieną auga. Reikia išsiaiškinti, kaip atsiranda ekonomikos nuostatos, kaip jas teisingai formuluoti ir klasifikuoti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ekonomiką sudaro ekonominės nuostatos. Ekonomiką galima apibrėžti kaip mokslą, kurį sudaro  ekonomikos principai, dėsniai, savybės, kriterijai, apribojimai, aksiomos ir kt. Kiekvieną išvardintą  ekonomikos nuostatą sudaro kategorijos. Kategorijos ( gr. kategorija-nurodymas ) - teorinės sąvokos, reiškiančios svarbiausius tikrovės atkūrimo aspektus. Kategorijos yra praktinį patyrimą teoriškai įprasminančios formos. Kategorijos įvardina  ekonomikos reiškinius. Kategorijos pateiktos ir nagrinėjamos vadovėiuose, žinynuose, enciklopedijose.Kategorijos yra susijusios tarpusavyje, nes  ekonomikos reiškiniai, kuriuos atspindi kategorijos yra susiję.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sąryšių tarp kategorijų yra daug - aibė. Šie sąryšiai yra lyg tinklas arba medis, kadangi viena kategorija yra susijusi su keliomis kitomis kategorijomis, o šios - dar su kitomis. Kaip pavyzdį panagrinėkime kategoriją “investicija”. Investicija apibrėžiama kaip kapitalo įdėjimas į įmonę. Kapitalas gi yra visa tai, kas sukurta žmonių darbu ir naudojama galutiniam produktui gaminti. Įmonė yra gamybos ar prekybos ūkinis vienetas. Toliau reikėtų apibrėžti šias kategorijas: darbas, nauda, produktas, gamyba, prekyba, ūkis. Po to reikėtų apibrėžti kategorijas, įeinančias į ką tik paminėtų kategorijų apibrėžimus, ir t. t.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-27 09:59:53',62,'','2010-04-27 10:25:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-27 09:59:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,54,'robots=\nauthor='),(397,'Monopolinė kainodara','monopolin-kainodara','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Monopolinė kainodara Lietuvoje įgauna vis didesnę prasmę. Vyriausybei privatizuojant vis daugiau monopolinių objektų (privatizuotas “Lietuvos telekomas”, žadama privatizuoti “Lietuvos energiją”, dujų ūkį) vartotojams iškyla klausimas ar jie neliks nuskriausti? Monopolinės kompanijos valdo svarbiausias ūkio šakas, todėl dauguma vartotojų yra ramūs dėl kainų politikos, nes dauguma tų firmų priklauso vyriausybei. Vyriausybė gali be didesnių sunkumų reguliuoti jai priklausančių įmonių teikiamų paslaugų kainas. Privatizavus šias įmones, visų pirma, prarandama jų kontrolė. Tačiau vartotojus labiausiai jaudina klausimas ne tai, kaip bus tvarkomasi įmonės viduje, bet kokia kainų politiką pasirinks ši įmonė. Dėl vyriausybės negalėjimo kontroliuoti kainų monopolininkai gali reikalauti labai didelio užmokesčio už jų teikiamas paslaugas ar prekes. Tokiu atveju kentėtų vartotojai. Bet ar taip bus?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mano darbo tikslas yra parodyti priežastis, kurių dėka monopolistas siekdamas maksimalaus pelno atsisakys pernelyg aukštų kainų. Darbe bus išanalizuota, kokios yra monopolijų susikūrimo priežastys, kokios galimybės naujam ūkio objektui įeiti į monopolinę rinką. Taip pat bus bandoma analizuoti kokią įtaką monopolinėms kainoms turi nauji mokesčiai. Kaip dėl jų pasikeis prekės vartojimas?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Monopolistas gali naudotis įvairiomis kainodaros sistemomis. Siekdamas maksimalaus pelno jis gali suteikti tam tikroms žmonių grupėms įvairių nuolaidų. Taip pat jis gali pardavinėti savo produktą visiems žmonėms skirtingomis kainomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaip elgsis monopolistas rinkoje, kokios yra kainodaros pasirinkimo galimybės, kaip pasirinkti tinkamą kainų sistemą, šios ir kitos problemos reikalaujančios gilesnio nagrinėjimo bus analizuojamos mano darbe.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-27 10:26:06',62,'','2010-04-27 10:28:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-27 10:26:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(398,'Sistemų teorija','sistem-teorija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mūsų kursą sudaro:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.    Bendroji sistemų teorija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2.    Sisteminė analizė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3.    Organizacijų modeliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Abstraktus mąstymas žymiai svarbiau negu žinios” sakė Einšteinas. Visuose protingai organizuotose biznio ir gamybos srityse veiklos pradžia grindžiama sisteminiu būdu sudarytu modeliu. Pvz., vadyboje- biznio planu; gamyboje- gamybos planu, kuris remiasi marketingo informacija, informacinių sistemų kūrime- vartotojų reikalavimų ir programuotojų reikalavimų specifikacija. Sistemų teorija moko kaip sudarinėti tokius sisteminius modelius. Sistemų teorijos požiūriu bet koks pageidaujamas (planuojamas, projektuojamas) rezultatas yra sistema.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.1Sistemų analizavimo problema. Sistemų teor. pradininkas austrų biologas Liudvikas von Bertalanffy. Jo sukurti sistemų analizės metodai naudojami ne tik gyvų organizmų tyrimui. Jis įrodė, kad sistemas reikia analizuoti ne pagal jų išorinį vaizdą ar išvaizdą, o kaip formalias struktūras, t.y. kaip sistemas, susidedančias iš elementų, susietų ryšiais ir vykdančių atitinkamas f-jas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bet kokių f-jų įgyvendinimas bet kokios prigimties sistemose gali būti formalizuotas kaip procesas atliekantis aibę operacijų su informacija. Todėl aktualų analizuoti sistemas kaip struktūras renkančias, kaupiančias, perduodančias, apdorojančias, generuojančias ir naikinančias informaciją. Šiuo požiūriu idomios organizacijos (gamyb. įm.,  bankai, ministerijos ir t.t.) Kodėl? Todėl, kad mes ten dirbsime. Yra analizuojami ir modeliuojami po to kompiuterizuojami jų valdymo procesai. Ypatinga yra tai, kad organizacijose informacijos apdorojimo procese dalyvauja žmogus, o apdorota informacija naudojama techninių įrenginių ir žmonių valdymui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiuolaikinis valdymo proceso supratimas remiasi sisteminio požiūrio principu. Sisteminis požiūris į organizacijos valdymą- tai pripažinimas, kad organizacija yra sistema, susidedanti iš dalių, t.y. padalinių, kurių kiekvienas turi savo nuosavą tikslą. Organizacijos aukščiausio lygio vadovai siekia įgyvendinti bendrą visos organizacijos tkslą, vadinama globaliu tikslu. Globalų tikslą galima pasiekti, jei įvertinsime organizacijos dalių sąveikas ir nukreipsime dalių veiklą taip, kad padalinių tiklai padėtų efektyviai įgyvendinti globalų tikslą. Organizacijoje tikslų konfliktiškumas labiausiai paplitusi klaida, kurią daro organizacijos valdymo sistema (priimantis sprendimą asmuo). Ta klaida yra ta, kad valdymo sistema nemoka arba nagali atpažinti egzistuojančių altenatyvų. O problemos sprendimas yra ne kas kita, kaip geriausios alternatyvos išrinkimas iš galimų alternatyvų rinkinio. Valdymo sistema turi mokėti gerai kokybiškai analizuoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,44,'2010-04-27 10:29:45',62,'','2010-04-27 10:32:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-27 10:29:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,116,'robots=\nauthor='),(399,'Lyties lėmimas','lyties-lmimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Manoma, kad pirmiausia atsirado abilyčiai organizmai, kuriuose gaminosi ir vyriškos, ir moteriškos gametos. Tik kai kurių sistematinių grupių organizmai specializavosi pagal atliekamas dauginimosi funkcijas į dvi grupes. Viena grupė (vyriški individai) ėmė gaminti tik vyriškas gametas, kita (moteriški individai) – tik moteriškas. Kiekvienai šių grupių būdingų su dauginimusi tiesiogiai ir netiesiogiai susijusių požymių visuma vadinama lytimi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugelio rūšių individai individualaus vystymosi pradžioje gali vystytis abiem kryptimis - gali tapti tiek vyriškos lyties individu, tiek moteriškos. Tačiau tam tikri veiksniai vystymąsi nukreipia vienos lyties kryptimi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Modifikacinis lyties lėmimas labai retas. Išorinės aplinkybės lytį lemia tik nedaugelio rūšių organizmuose.  Pavyzdys yra jūrų kirmėlė bonelija. Bonelijų belytės lervutės laisvai plaukioja jūros vandenyje. Subrendusios lervutės nusėda ant dugno ir virsdamos suaugėlėmis tamsta patelėmis. O iš kur tada atsiranda bonelijų patinai?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasirodo, lervutės, nusėdusios ant suaugusių patelių, tampa patinėliais. Galbūt lervutės būsimieji patinėliai gali nusėsti tik ant patelių? O jei neranda patelių, tuomet paprasčiausiai žūsta? Buvo atliktas eksperimentas – į akvariumą su jūros vandeniu buvo įleista grupė atsitiktinai paimtų bonelijų lervučių. Po to į akvariumą įpylė sutrintos patelės ekstrakto. Ir visos lervutės virto patinėliais, nors akvariume suaugusių patelių nebuvo. Bonelijų lervutes tapti patinėliais priverčia medžiaga, kurią išskiria patelių oda.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Panašiai lemiama slipper limpet Crepidula lytis. Jų individai dažnai aptinkami krūvelėmis. Ir jų lytinių sistemų vystymąsi lemia kitų krūvelės individų lytys. Jei jaunas organizmas prisitvirtina prie patelės, virsta patinu, jei prie patino - virsta patele. Atskirti patinai arba patinai didelėje patinų kompanijoje keičia lytį ir virsta patelėmis. Patelė – galutinė lytis, ji virsti vyriška negali.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai kurių rūšių gekonų lytį lemia perėjimo temperatūra. Kai temperatūra ~ 25° C, išsirita patelės, kai ~ 32° C – patinėliai. O kai 28 - 29° C – maždaug pusė išsirita patinėliai, pusė - patelės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Toks lyties lėmimas pasitaiko ir augaluose. Iš stambių stiebagumbių, turinčių daug maisto medžiagių, išauga moteriški japoninės arizemos individai, o iš smulkių – vyriški.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ypatingas atvejis, primenantis modifikacijas, yra vadinamasis progaminis lyties lėmimas, kuomet lytį lemia dar neapvaisintų (tad kaltas ne būsimojo individo genotipas) kiaušinėlių dydis. Iš stambių, maisto medžiagėmis turtingų, kiaušinėlių vystosi patelės, iš smulkių – patinėliai. Yoksai vystymasis būdingas kai kurioms kirmėlėms, kai kuriems vabzdžiams.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-04-28 20:23:06',62,'','2010-04-28 20:34:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-04-28 20:23:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,17,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor=');
INSERT INTO `jos_content` VALUES (400,'Gyvybinių procesų reguliavimas ir koordinavimas','gyvybini-proces-reguliavimas-ir-koordinavimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nervinė reguliacija - nervų sistemos veikla koordinuojanti organizmo fiziologinius procesus. Nervinė ir humoralinė reguliacija sudaro vientisą neurohumoralinę reguliaciją. Informacija apie organizmo vidaus ir išorės pokyčius nervų sistema  gauna iš receptorių taip tiesiogiai reaguodama į vidaus  terpės pakitimus. Ši informacija nervinėmis skaidulomis ir smegenų laidais patenka  į smegenų centrus. Centrinė nervų sistema iš jutimų organų gautą informaciją analizuoja ir integruoja.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Priklausomai nuo organizmo būsenos reikmių ir aplinkos veiksnių  (stimulinės situacijos) formuojamos ir išcentriniais  nervais siunčiamos  komandos efektoriniams (vykdomiesiems) organams - raumenims vidaus ir išorės sekrecijos liaukoms kai kurių gyvūnų švytėjimo aparatams. Atskirą fiziologinę ar psichinę funkciją reguliuoja ne vienas smegenų centras, o visa jų sistema.  Pvz.: raumenų veiklą reguliuoja  nugaros smegenų, galvos  smegenų kamieno ir didžiųjų pusrutulių žievės neuronai, sudarantys judesių funkcinę (nearomatinę) sistemą. Aukštesniosios smegenų dalies dalys išcentriniais nervais reguliuoja taip pat žemesniųjų centrų aktyvumą ir receptorių jautrumą. Susidaro uždari nervinais žiedai. Tokių žiedų yra ir pačiose smegenyse (pvz.: tinklinio darinio ir didžiųjų  smegenų pusrutulių žievės sąveiką lemia bendrą smegenų tonusą). Nervinė reguliacija padeda palaikyti organizmo vidaus terpės  pastovumą, atstatyti organizmo pusiausvyrą po nukrypimų, kuriuos sukelia aplinkos veiksniai (pvz.: infekcija kiti kenksmingi faktoriai), kompensuoti pažeisto organo arba audinio funkcijas (pvz. regą, klausą). Per medžiagų apykaitos nervinę reguliaciją reiškiasi nervų sistemos trofinė funkcija. Skiriama endogeninė nervinė reguliacija ( ją lemia paveldimumas; pvz.: vegetacinių funkcijų reguliacija) ir egzogeninė nervų reguliacija (ji susidaro, nervų sistemai sąveikaujant  su aplinka, pvz.: sąlyginiai refleksai). Dauguma nervų reguliavimo rūšių yra mišrios, susidedančios iš endogeninių elementų (pvz.: termoreguliacija, budėjimo ir miego kaita).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Humoralinė reguliacija [lot. humor-skystis], organizmo fiziologinis ir cheminis procesų koordinavimas per kraują, limfą ir tarpląstelinį skystį. Reguliuoja hormonai, hormonoidai, mediatoriai, biogeniniai aminai (histaminas, serotoninas), kitos biologiškai aktyvios medžiagos (bradikininas), jonai ir medžiagų apykaitos substratai bei jų metabolitai. Šios medžiagos veikia tiek vykdančius organus, tiek chemoreceptorius ir nervinius centrus, humorališkai arba refleksiškai sukeldamos  įvairias reakcijas. Humoralinė reguliacija padeda palaikyti organizmo homeostazę. Pvz.: dirbant fizinį darbą, kraujyje kaupiasi anglis dioksidas, kuris jaudina kvėpavimo centrą; dėl to kvėpavimas stiprėja ir anglies dioksido perteklius iš organizmo šalinimas. Humoralinė Reguliacija yra evoliuciškai seniausia ir paprasčiausia reguliacijos forma. Aukštos org-jos gyvūnų ir žmogaus organizme ji priklauso  nuo nervinės reguliacijos ir su ja sudaro vientisą neurohumoralinės reguliacijos sistemą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-05-03 18:59:27',62,'','2010-05-03 19:10:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-03 18:59:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,16,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(401,'Mineralinių trašų įtaka dirvožemiui ir augalams','mineralini-tra-taka-dirvoemiui-ir-augalams','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mineralines trąšos nemažiau svarbios negu organinės. Dideliuose ūkiuose, kuriuose yra nuo fermų labai nutolusių laukų, iki šiol užtekdavo vien mineralinių trąšų. Organinių trąšų nuošalūs laukai negaudavo ištisus dešimtmečius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mineralinės trąšos svarbios įvairiais požiūriais. Tais metais, kai neįterpiamos organinės trąšos, mineralinės yra svarbiausias maisto šaltinis. Kai laukai gauna organinių trąšų, mineralines papildo ir sustiprina jų veiksmą, padeda subalansuoti visas augalams būtinas maisto medžiagas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mineralinės trąšos pagal veikliąją medžiagą, esančią jose, skirstomos į azoto, fosforo, kalio, mikroelementines ir sudėtines bei kompleksines.  Naudojamos dar ir kitokia mineralinės trąšos. Dėl didelės įvairovės ir sandėlių stokos, šias trąšas laikyti sunku ir dažnai nuostolinga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tręšiant azoto trąšomis, nitratai lieka dirvožemio vandens tirpale ir greit paimami augalų, o amonio jonus prisijungia dirvožemis. Jie darosi mažiau judrūs, kol mokroorganizmai paverčia nitratais. Nitratai lengvai tirpsta ir išsiplauna iš dirvožemio, ypač iš lengvų. Kad amonio azotas nevirstu nitratiniu ir neišsiplautų, pradėta specialiais junginiais (inhibitoriais) slopinti nitrifikuojančių mikroorganizmų veiklą. Nitratinės trąšos šarmina, o amonio – rūgština dirvožemio reakciją. Birias azoto trąšas reikėtų išbeti pavasarį, o amnoniakinį vandenį galima įterpti ir rudenį apie 10 cm gyliu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Karbamidą geriau įterpti prieš sėją arba akėjimą. Dirvoje azotas labai judrus, jo kiekis nepastovus, todėl tręšimą azoto trąšomis sunku normuoti.Tręšiant atsižvelgiama į priešsėlį ir jo tręšimą. Drėgnais metai azoto trąšos daug veiksmingesnės negu sausais. Dėl neigiamo poveikio aplinkai, sunkesnio įterpimo ir transportavimo amoniakinis vanduo palaipsniui pakeistas biriomis trąšomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Fosforo derliaus vienetui augalai sunaudoja apie du kartus mažiau negu kalio, tačiau dėl jo trūkumo dažniausiai ir nukenčia. Ypač jam jautrios jaunų augalų šaknys,kurios neišauga, nepaima kitų maisto medžiagų, todėl prastai auga ir antžeminė augalo dalis. Beveik visą fosforą augalai pasisavina intensyviai augdami, vėlaiujo ima labai mažai, o bręsdami ir visai neima. Tuomet į sėklas, grūdus, šakniavaisius ir kitas maistui ar pašarui naudojamas augalų dalis fosdoras pereinaiš lapų, stiebų, kitų vegetatyvinių dalių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atsidūręs naudojamose augalo dalyse fosforas nebegrįžta su kraiku ar panašiu būdu į dirvą ir todėl tręšti fosforo trąšomis labai svarbu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Fosforo trąšos veikia daug lėčiau negu azoto, todėl jos išberiamos prieš sėją, o neretai su kalio trąšomis – rudenį. Tuo laiku jomis tręšiami ne tik žiemkenčiai, bet ir linams, žirniams, vikiams, cukriniams runkeliams skirit plotai. Pavasarį, kad pakaktų fosforo dygstantiems ir besivystantiems augalams, kartu su sėkla į eilutes įterpiama apie 50 kg/ha granuliuoto superfosfato. Anksti pavasarį ir ant sniego fosforo trąšų barstyti negalima, kad vanduo nenuplautų. Sunkesnėse ir puveningesnėse dirvose jų beriama daugiau. Geriau patręšti fosforo trąšomis augalai ankščiau subręsta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dirvožemyje kalio daugiau negu azoto ir fosforo, tačiau augalai ne visą jį gali naudoti. Judrusis kalis nesunkiai išsiplauna iš dirvožemio. Augalai iš dirvos paima didelius kalio kiekius. Ypač daug jo reikia pašariniams ir cukriniams runkeliams, bulvėms, daržovėms, linams, daugiametėm žolėms. Kaip ir fosforas, kalis daugiausia paimamas intensyvaus augimo metu. Šios trąšos padidina augalų atsparumą šalčiams, sausroms, ligoms, išgulimui. Kalio trūkumas labiau jaučiamas gausiai tręšiant amonio trąšomis jautrius kaliui jau minėtus augalus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugelis kalio trąšų turi nemažai chlorido, kuriam jautrūs lianai ir bulvės. Šiems augalams geriau tiktų mažiau chloro turintis kalio chloridas. Jei turima tik kalio druskos, ją geriau išberti rudenį, kad dalis chloro išsiplautų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-05-03 19:12:33',62,'','2010-05-03 19:21:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-03 19:12:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,15,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(402,'Užterštumas','utertumas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Užterštumas - aplinkos teršimas medžiagomis kenksmingomis žmogaus sveikatai ir natūraliai ekosistemai (gyviems organizmams ir juos supančiai aplinkai). Aplinkos užterštumas būna natūralių žemės procesų pasekmė, kaip pavyzdžiui vulkano išsiveržimas, bet dažniausiai tai būna neapdairios žmogaus veiklos pasekmė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Yra dvi teršalų grupės: biologiškai skaidomų pavyzdžiui: nutekamieji vandenys, maisto atliekos ir kitos medžiagos kurios greitai suskaidomos natūralių procesų metu. Ši teršalų grupė tampa pavojinga kai jos kiekis aplinkoje tampa didesnis negu įmanoma suskaidyt. Antra grupė yra biologiškai neskaidomi teršalai. Tokios medžiagos arba visiškai nesuskaidomos arba skaidomos labai lėtai. Atsiradus užterštumui šiomis medžiagomis jas išskirti iš aplinkos yra beveik neįmanoma. Kaip pavyzdį galiu pateikti radioaktyviąsias atliekas. Jos kelia labai didelį pavojų, nes yra tikimybė jog šie teršalai pateks į maisto grandine taip apkrėsdami daugybę gyvų organizmų, o kadangi žmogus yra viena svarbiausių šios grandinės jungčių jis yra labai pažeidžiamas. Tai buvo aiškiai pademonstruota 1960 - 70 metais kai Japonijos Minimatos pakrantės gyventojai staiga masiškai pradėjo skųstis įvairiais nerviniais negalavimais, kūno drebuliais bei keistu paralyžiumi. Virš 400 žmonių mirė kol vyriausybė išsiaiškino, jog į aplinką buvo pasklidęs didžiulis gyvsidabrio kiekis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Užterštumas daro didžiulę įtaką gamtos resursam. Ekosistemos kaip miškai, pelkės ir upės atlieka daugybę svarbių funkcijų. Jos pagerina vandens ir oro kokybę, sudaro sąlygas augalams ir gyvūnams augti, teikia maistą ir vaistus. Visa šita harmonija gali būti sugriauta teršalais. Dėl sudėtingų ryšių tarp organizmų rūšių ir ekosistemų jų suteršimas gali turėti didelių pasekmių kurios iš pradžių nepastebimos ir beveik nenuspėjamos. Kaip pavyzdį galime paimti mokslininkų spekuliacija dėl susidariusios ozono skylės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dar viena problema tai milžiniškos teršalų išvalymo kainos ir apsauga nuo jų. JAV 1993m. išlaidos skirtos teršalams pašalinti siekė 109 bilijonus dolerių plius 105,4 bilijonai dolerių skirti teršalų kiekiui sumažinti plius 1,9 bilijonai dolerių jų reguliavimui ir 1,7 bilijonai dolerių buvo panaudoti moksliniams tyrimams. 29% visos sumos buvo skirta spręsti problemoms susijusiomis su oro užterštumu 36% vandens užterštumu ir 37% atliekomis.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-05-03 19:23:44',62,'','2010-05-03 19:29:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-03 19:23:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,14,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(403,'Ekologijos špera','ekologijos-pera','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ekologija – tai mokslas apie organizmo ryšius su negyvąja gamta, apie 1 rūšies individų tarpusavio santykius ir santykių su kitų rūšių atstovais, apie įvairių rūšių bendrijų prigimtį ir ryšius su kitomis bendrijomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ekologiniai veiksniai – tai aplinkos savybės ir elementai, veikią organizmus ir bendrijas, jų savybes ir būseną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Abiotiniai veiksniai negyvosios gamtos savybės (temperatūra, šviesa).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Biotiniai veiksniai - gyvų org. tarpusavio santykiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antropogeniniai - žmogaus veiksniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Poikiloterminiai – keičiantis aplinkos temperatūrai keičiasi kūno temp.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Homojoterminiai – kūno temp vienoda, kai aplinkos temp kinta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Anatominiai prisitaikymai – tankus kailis, poodiniai riebalai – neleidžia išsiskaidyti šilumai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Biocheminiai fiziologiniai – stiprėjant šalčiui, intensyvėja maisto medžiagų oksidacija,gaminasi daugiau šilumos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Elgsenos – šaltu oru gyvūnai didžiąją dalį praleidžia drevėse, urvuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Heteroterminiai – kurie žiemą įminga ir kurių kūno temp pasikeičia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Anabiozė – dėl vandens stokos susitraukia citoplazma, o medžiagų apykaita sulėtėja. Vandens taupymas anatominis garavimą mažinanti kūno danga, fiziologinis organų sistemų prisitaikymai, elgseninis slapstosi po akmenimis kur vėsiau ir drėgniau. UV spind. svarbūs – vit. D, fotosintezei, gyvūnų orientacijai. Inf. svarbūs, nes tai šiluminiai spinduliai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Simbiozė – tarprūšiniai santykiai – skirtingų rūšių atstovų santykiai. Mitybos ryšiai atsiranda kai vieni organizmai minta kitais (tiesioginiais). Netiesioginiai – minta tuo pačiu maistu, konkuruoja. Erdviniai – ryšiai kai 1 rūšies organizmai pakeičia aplinką, kad joje gali (negali) gyventi kitos rūšies atstovai, arba 1 r. atstovai gyvena kitos r.  organizmo paviršiuje, viduje ir t.t. Platinimo 1 r. platina kitą rūšį ar padeda jai daugintis. Statybiniai – 1 r. stato namelius, suka lizdus, iš kitos r. išskyrų. Plėšrumo ir parazitizmo santykiai (+ –). Plėšrumo vadinami gyvūnai gaudantys bei žudantys kitu ir jais mintantys (prisitaikę medžioti), aukos – gintis nuo plėš. ar labai greit daugintis. Parazitai - organizmai mintantys kitais gyvais org, jų iškart nenužudydami.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mutualizmas(++) abi rūšys atskirai negali gyventi arba auga lėtai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Komensalizmas(+ 0) 1 gauna naudą kita nepatiria žalos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Amensalizmas(- 0) 1 žalingi kitai neturi jokios reikšmės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Neutralizmas(00) r. nesąveikauja, nors gyvena ten pat.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-05-03 19:32:22',62,'','2010-05-03 19:44:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-03 19:32:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,13,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(404,'Lizomos','lizomos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuo Goldžio komplekso atsiskiria smulkios vakuolės, prikrautos koncentruotų fermentų organinėms molekulėms skaidyti. Jie vadinami rūgščiomis hidrolazėmis, kadangi hidrolizuoja makromolekules rūgščioje terpėje. Lizosomose aptikta virš 50 skirtingų fermentų rūšių, jie gali visiškai ar beveik visiškai suskaldyti daugumą biologinių organinių medžiagų (baltymus, polisacharidus, lipidus, nukleino rūgštis, jų derinius ir darinius). Šie fermentai tuo metu būna dar neaktyvūs ir neturi ką skaidyti, todėl juos talpinančios vakuolės vadinamos pirminėmis lizosomomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirminė lizosoma ima veikti susiliejusi su vakuole, kurioje yra kažkas virškintino.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po susiliejimo lizosomos membranos baltymai siurbliai ima pumpuoti į lizosomą protonus.  Lizosomos viduje rūgštėjant terpei (iki pH 5) dalis lizosominių fermentų įgauna reikiamą sąrangą ir ima skaidyti vakuolėje esančias medžiagas. Likę fermentai ima veikti, kai nuo jų atkerpa nedidelę dalį polipeptidinės grandinės, trukdžiusios fermentui įgauti reikiamą sąrangą .</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lizosominiai fermentai makromolekules hidrolizuoja iki smulkių molekulių, kurias lizosomos membranos siurbliai permeta į citozolį. Veikianti lizosoma vadinama antrine lizosoma. Iki šiol nėra aišku, kodėl antrinė lizosoma nesuvirškina savęs. Manoma, kad membraną iš vidaus dengia tam tikri glikoproteinai, kurie taip išsidėstę, kad hidrolazių aktyvumo centrai nepajėgia jų chemiškai paveikti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizmai lizosomomis ontogenezėje suardo ištisus audinius. Taip išnyksta augančių buožgalvių uodegos - jų ląstelės susivirškina save, o smulkias molekules organizmas panaudoja kitose vietose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmuonių antrinės lizosomos, virškinančios fagocituotus kūnelius, labai stambios, jos vadinamos virškinamosiomis vakuolėmis. Pirmuonių, duobagyvių ir kitų fagocitoziškai mintančių organizmų virškinamosiose vakuolėse atliekos nesikaupia, nes šios vakuolės susiliedamos su išorine membrana atliekas išmeta laukan.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lizosominiai fermentai ne amžini, jie taip pat dėvisi. Kai virškinamos medžiagos dar nesuvirškintos, o fermentų trūksta, prie lizosomos prisijungia atplaukusios naujos pirminės lizosomos ir papildo fermentų atsargas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau lizosominiai fermentai irgi nepajėgia suskaidyti visų medžiagų. Todėl lizosomų viduje po truputį kaupiasi nesuvirškintos atliekos. Kai kurių audinių ląstelių lizosomose per daug laiko susikaupia tiek atliekų, kad dalis lizosomų nustoja veikti, Jos tampa nebeveikiančiomis atliekų pripildytomis tretinėmis lizosomomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugelis ląstelių gyvena ilgai ir jų sandara nesikeičia. Pvz., kepenų ląstelė gyvena daugybę metų. Tuo tarpu jos viduje makromolekulės ir organoidai nuolat ardomi ir atkuriami. Ir per porą mėnesių dauguma ląstelės molekulių visiškai pakeičiamos - pvz., baltymų molekulės gyvuoja nuo kelių valandų iki kelių dienų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pastoviausios molekulės - nukleino rūgštys, jų amžius ilgesnis už pačios ląstelės amžių,  ir chromosomų vyniojamieji baltymai, kurie keičiami kur kas lėčiau nei kiti baltymai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dalį atitarnavusių molekulių ląstelės ardo lizosomose. Ir net stambius viduląstelinius darinius. Antrinė lizosoma lyg fagocituoja savo citozolio lašelį su ardytinu objektu, ir šis atsiduria vidulizosominėje vakuolytėje. Po to lizosoma suvirškina tą vakuolytę su \"prarytu\" objektu. Tai ir yra autofagija. Taip ląstelės atsikrato nereikalingų mitochondrijų, ribosomų, endoplazminio tinklo ar net visos citoplazmos gabalų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-05-03 19:48:27',62,'','2010-05-03 19:52:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-03 19:48:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,12,'','',0,67,'robots=\nauthor='),(405,'Nervinis impulsas','nervinis-impulsas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visos gyvos ląstelės yra jaudrios - jų plazminės membranos elektriškai reaguoja į dirginimus. Šią savybę ląstelių membranoms suteikia membranose esantys transportiniai baltymai - siurbliai ir kanalai. Ši savybė ryškiausiai išreikšta nervinėse ir raumeninėse ląstelėse. Šioms ląstelėms jaudrumas leidžia atlikti jų funkcijas. Elektriški reiškiniai neuronų membranose būtini informacijai apdoroti ir perduoti, o raumeninėms atneša signalą, kada susitraukti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ląstelių membranos turi siurblius, kurie, naudodami ATP energiją, permeta jonus į vieną ar kitą membranos pusę. Vienas tokių svarbių siurblių yra Na+, K+ - siurblys. Šio membraninio baltymo molekulės prisijungia kelis Na ir K jonus, po to keičia savo sąrangą ir permeta jonus į priešingas membranos puses.  Todėl ląstelės viduje K+ jonų koncentracija būna didesnė, negu išorėje. O Na+ jonų koncentracija didesnė ląstelės išorėje  negu viduje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi jonų koncentracijos skiriasi, jie turėtų tol difuziškai veržtis pro membraną, kol koncentracijos abipus membranos išsilygintų. Tačiau jonams nelaidi membrana to neleidžia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Na+ jonų koncentracija membranos išorėje gerokai viršija K+ jonų koncentraciją viduje. Kadangi tai gausiausi teigiami jonai, todėl plazminės membranos išorinėje pusėje susidaro teigiamų jonų perteklius. Daugiausiai tai Na+ jonai, kurie veržtųsi vidun, jei membrana praleistų. Tačiau membrana nepraleidžia, ir Na jonai sudaro teigiamai įkrautą sluoksnelį palei membraną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">O vidinėje membranos pusėje traukiami išorinių teigiamų jonų susitelkia neigiami jonai (daugiausia Cl-) ir sudaro neigiamą sluoksnelį. Todėl ląstelės membrana yra savotiškas elektrinis kondensatorius - išorinė pusė pakrauta teigiamai, vidinė - neigiamai. Šis elektrinių potencialų skirtumas yra vadinamas ramybės potencialu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nesudirgintų neuronų ramybės potencialas yra apie - 70 mV. Minusas rodo, kad ląstelės viduje - neigiamas krūvis. Tokia membrana vadinama poliarizuota.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizme daug kur driekiasi pluoštai aksonų. Kadangi jie būna netoli vienas kito, vienu jų nubėgus nerviniam impulsui, jis sužadintų nervinius impulsus visuose pluošte esančiuose neuronuose. Bet to nėra, kadangi aksonai būna apsukti ypatingų ląstelių, sudarančių izoliacinį apvalkalėlį, vadinamą mielininiu dangalu. Šio ląstelės yra gera izoliacija, kadangi jos daug kartų būna apvyniotos apie aksoną, o plazminė membrana yra geras elektrinis izoliatorius. Tarpus tarp izoliuotų aksonų užpildo jungiamojo audinio apvalkalai. Todėl nervas iš esmės primena telefono kabelį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sergant šia liga neuronų aksonų izoliacija mielinu  vis prastėja ir prastėja. Blogėjant izoliacijai aksonais vis prasčiau ir prasčiau perduodami nerviniai impulsai, dėl ko prastėja jutimai, suvokimas ir judesiai.  Visų neuronų bent kiek ilgesnės ataugos turi mielininius apvalkalėlius. Ši sklerozė gali pažeisti bet kurią smegenų vietą, ir nuo pažeistos vietos priklauso sutrikimai. Baltojoje medžiagoje pažeisti aksonai dažnai žūsta, o toje vietoje susidaro rendinis audinys iš glijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Išsėtinė sklerozė labai sunki liga, bet ji progresuoja lėtai. Tipiški požymiai yra regos sutrikimai, raumenų silpnumas ir spazmai, staigūs nuotaikos pokyčiai.  Ligos priežastis kol kas nežinoma. Įtariamos dvi priežastys: imuninės sistemos sutrikimas (tuomet tai autoimuninė liga - imuninė sistema naikina savo neuronų mielininius dangalus), labai lėta virusinė infekcija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dabar daugiau įrodymų, kad ligą sukelia nežinomas virusas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-05-03 19:55:28',62,'','2010-05-03 20:03:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-03 19:55:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,11,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(406,'Juodasis gandras','juodasis-gandras','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Retas galėtų pasigirti matęs šį paslaptingą didelių girių paunksmių gyventoją. Juodasis gandras - tai tiksli savo baltojo brolio kopija. Ūgiu pastarajam beveik nenusileidžia, sveria apie 3 kg. Paukščio plunksnos - daugiausia juosvos spalvos, tik krūtinė ir pilvas balti. Snapas ir plika oda apie akis ryškiai raudonos vyšnių spalvos. Juodos plunksnos žvilga žaliu, raudonu, auksiniu atspalviu. Įpratusiems dažnai matyti beveik naminiu tapusį baltąjį gandrą, juodasis atrodo keistai ir paslaptingai. Pirmą kartą pamačius, sunku patikėti, kad Lietuvoje iš viso gali būti tokių paukščių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Juodieji gandrai lizdui dažniausiai pasirenka didelius tamsius miškus, dažniausiai drėgnus ar bent esančius netoli balų, ežerų ir upelių. Viena kita šių paukščių pora apsigyvena nedideliuose laukų miškeliuose, taip pat esančiuose netoli vandens telkinių, ypač jei ten yra aukštų senų medžių, tinkamų lizdui sukrauti. Lizdus jie krauna aukštai, dažniausiai lapuočiuose medžiuose: juodalksniuose, drebulėse, beržuose, ąžuoluose. Gana dažnai juos galima aptikti įsikūrusius ir pušyse, eglyne.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lizdas - toks pat galingas statinys kaip ir baltojo gandro. Gana dažnai jame perima pakaitomis su plėšriaisiais paukščiais - šiais metais tame pačiame lizde peri juodieji gandrai, kitais - vištvanagiai, suopiai ar ereliai rėksniai, o po to - vėl gandrai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pavasarį juodieji gandrai parskrenda balandžio mėnesį, truputį vėliau už baltuosius. Kiek vėliau ir išskrenda, žiemoja Vidurinėje ir Pietų Afrikoje, Šiaurės Indijoje. Sugrįžę pavasarį kiek paremontuoja lizdą, kuriame dažniausiai peri keletą metų. Patelė sudeda 3 - 5 žalsvo atspalvio, kiek mažesnius už baltojo gandro kiaušinius. Peri 30 - 35 dienas. Jaunikliai išsirita apaugę baltais it sniegas pūkais. Jų snapai geltoni, rausvos kojos. Juodieji gandrai - tylūs paukščiai. Jie nemoka taip kleketuoti snapais, kaip jų baltieji giminaičiai. Tik juodųjų jaunikliai triukšmingi. Reikalaudami maisto jie skleidžia savotiškus gagenimą primenančius garsus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Maitinasi juodieji gandrai dažniausiai prie vandens. Suryja daug menkaverčių žuvelių. Be žuvų į juodųjų gandrų meniu dar įeina varlės, ypač rudosios (žaliųjų nemėgsta, o rupūžių iš viso nevalgo), pelės, kirstukai, kurmiai, driežai, dėlės, sliekai, vandens vabzdžių lervos, įvairiausi stambūs vabalai, žiogai, net smulkių paukštelių jaunikliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Juodieji gandrai gyvena Eurazijoje Vakarų Europos iki Ramiojo Vandenyno, Šiaurėje jų gyvenamoji zona siekia Suomių įlanką, Obės ir Amūro baseinus, Pietuose - Kinijos Pekino sritį, Iraną, Balkanus. Kaip rašė prof. T.Ivanauskas, šis paukštis neretas ir Lietuvoje. Per 1958 metais atliktą juodųjų gandrų apskaitą rasti 322 užimti lizdai. Apytiksliais duomenimis, tais metais Lietuvoje galėjo gyventi, iš viso kartu su jaunikliais, 1610 juodųjų gandrų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viena juodųjų gandrų nykimo priežasčių prof. T.Ivanauskas laikė šių paukščių iššaudymą. Pasak profesoriaus, savo paslaptingumu ir neįprasta išvaizda jie sukelia medžiotojų aistras. Juodieji gandrai nušaunami vien dėl noro pažiūrėti į šį slapuką iš arčiau, pačiupinėti ir galop išmesti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiais laikais gandrai nyksta dėl tradicinių priežasčių: intensyvios miškininkystės, gausaus žmonių lankymosi net ir nuošaliuose miškuose, aplinkos teršimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Juodieji gandrai įrašyti kaip reta rūšis į Latvijos, Estijos, Švedijos, Lenkijos, Baltarusijos ir Kaliningrado srities raudonąsias knygas. Į Lietuvos raudonąją knygą jie įrašyti nuo 1976 metų. Šie paslaptingi paukščiai saugomi Čepkelių, Kamanų, Viešvilės rezervatuose, Aukštaitijos, Dzūkijos, Žemaitijos nacionaliniuose parkuose, Gražutės ir kt. draustinuose. Saugoti reikia esamas lizdavietes ir rengti pagrindus naujiems lizdams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Draudžiama kirsti medžius su lizdais. Taip pat juodasis gandras saugomas draudžiant plynai kirsti mišką arčiau nei 100 m. nuo medžių su lizdais. Veisimosi metu (nuo kovo 1d iki rugpjūčio 1d.) reikalaujama riboti žmonių lankymąsi bei nevykdyti jokios ūkinės veiklos bent 200 m. atstumu nuo lizdo.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-05-03 20:16:55',62,'','2010-05-03 20:23:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-03 20:16:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(407,'Lietuvos upių būklė','lietuvos-upi-bkl','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vandens, visų pirma upių, teršimas ir toliau lieka opiausia Lietuvos ekologine problema. Tai akivaizdžiai rodo jau vien toks faktas, kad beveik pusę milijonų gyventojų turintis Kaunas iki šiol neturi užteršto vandens valymo įrenginių. Nors dėl pastarųjų metų pramonės nuosmukio gerokai sumažėjo ir vandenų tarša, tačiau daugelio Lietuvos upių, taigi ir Kuršių marių būklė ir toliau lieka krizinė. Apskaičiuota, kad pastačius Kauno nuotekų valymo įrengimus, biologinė tarša Lietuvoje sumažėtų apie 70 proc. Taigi padėtis iš esmės pagerėtų, tačiau iki šių darbų pabaigos dar toloka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors buitinėms reikmėms Lietuvoje daugiausia vartojamas geros kokybės požeminis vanduo, tačiau kaimo vietovėse vartojamas negilių šulinių vanduo gana dažnai yra užterštas nitratais gerokai virš leistinų normų. Ir toliau rimta problema yra ežerų bei Kuršių marių ir Baltijos jūros eutrofikacija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors mažiau vartojant mineralinių trąšų gerokai sumažėjo biogeninių medžiagų išplovimas į paviršinius vandens telkinius bei gruntinius vandenis, bet dėl antrinių teršimo procesų vandens kokybė beveik negerėja.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vidutinis Lietuvos upių tinklo tankumas, įskaitant ir dirbtines avndens tėkmes, yra 1km/km2.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais, iškasus daugybę melioracijos griovių, bendras hidrografinio tinklo tankumas padidėjo beveik dvigubai. Lietuvoje yra : virš 29900 upių, upelių ir kanalų, ilgesnių kaip 250 m; 28200 upių, upelių ir kanalų, ne ilgesnių kaip 10 km; 758 upės, ilgesnės kaip 10 km; 18 upių, ilgesnių kaip 100 km; 9 upės, ilgesnės kaip 200 km.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinės vandens arterijos - Nemuno - ilgis yra 937 km, iš jų 475 km teka Lietuvos teritorija. Antrosios pagal ilgį upės - Neries - bendras ilgis 510 km, iš jų 276 teka Baltarusijos žemėmis. Nuo versmių iki žiočių per Lietuvą teka Šventoji - 249 km; antroji pagal ilgį (213) - Minija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vykdant melioracijos darbus, buvo sureguliuota virš 75 upių ir upelių. Iš 63700 km natūralių upių vagų tik 13000 km liko nereguliuotos, labiausiai nukentėjo lygumų upės, tarp  jų devynios didžiosios. Išlikusių būklė gana gera, vyrauja vidutinio užterštumo upės. Padėtis pagerėjo nustačius vandens telkinių pakrančių apsaugines juostas. Iškilo pavojus mažiausiems, patekusiems į privatizuojamųjų grupę upeliams, nes nesureguliuoti jų apsaugos teisiniai klausimai. Gamtinis upių slėnių vaidmuo labai didelis: maži miško upeliai yra biologinės įvairovės centrai; didelių upių slėniams būdinga labai didelė ekotopų įvairovė. Jie yra svarbus gamtinio karkaso elementas, funkcionuoja kaip gyvūnų ir augalų rūšių migraciniai koridoriai (ypač Nemuno, Nemunėlio, Neries, Minijos, Akmenos, Jūros, Merkio, Nevėžio, Dubysos, Ventos ir Žeimenos slėniai).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1992-1993 metais vandens kokybė buvo stebima 46 upėse, 101 vietoje, apie 5 tūkst. km upių tinkle, turint tikslą nustatyti iki 55 vandens kokybės fizinių, cheminių ir biologinių rodiklių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gamtinis fonas buvo stebimas penkiose mažose upėse: Minčioje, Skrobluje, Juostoje, Veivirže ir Upitoje. Buvo tiriamas 16 upių vandens užterštumas žiotyse, 11vandens kokybės kontrolės vietų yra  pasieniuose. Daugiausia vandens užterštumo stebėjimų vietų yra žemiau miestų - 43. Aukščiau miestų vanduo tiriamas 32 vietose: jų tyrimai rodo, koks vanduo atiteka gyventojams. Be to, 21 iš jų vietų tyrimų rezultate atspindi žemdirbystės poveikį. Dubysos, Šešuvio ir Šušvės vandens užterštumo tyrimai žiotyse daugiausia rodo žemdirbystės išsklaidytos taršos poveikį, nes į šių upių baseinus patenka palyginti nedaug buitinių nuotekų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Svarbiausia Lietuvos upų problema - tarša organinėmis medžiagomis. Per paskutinius dešimtmečius organinių medžiagų krūviai sumažėjo Nevėžio, Ventos, Mūšos upių baseinams, pastačius pajėgius antrinius biologinio valymo įrenginius. Tačiau visame Nemuno baseine šis krūvis sumažėjo nežymiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Per pastaruosius metus daugiausia išleidžiamų teršiančių medžiagų sumažėjo Nevėžio baseine, todėl Nevėžyje vandens kokybė žymiai pagerėjo. Apie 100 km Lietuvos upių (Kulpė, Sidabra, Obelė, Laukupė, Mūša žemiau Kulpės) yra labai užterštos. Nemažėja vandens užterštumas pagrindinėse Lietuvos upėse - Nemune ir Neryje. Šios upės yra labiausiai eutrofizuotos Lietuvos upės. Minčia, Žeimena ir Strėva - švariausios Lietuvos upės.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-05-03 20:25:20',62,'','2010-05-03 20:33:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-03 20:25:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(408,'Samanos','samanos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Samanos – paplitusios beveik visame pasaulyje. Auga daugiausia drėgnuose miškuose, pelkėse, pelkėtose vietose, ant medžių, uolų, akmenų, rečiau vandenyje. Bendrijos dažnai sudaro ištisinę dangą ir sukuria savitą gamtovaizdį. Samanos daugiausia daugiamečiai augalai. Gniužulas paprastai nuo 1 mm iki keliolikos cm dydžio. Tik kai kurių vandenyje augančių epifitinių samanų stiebas būna iki 60 cm ilgio. Neturi šaknų. Prie substratų prisitvirtinusios rizoidais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Primityviausių samanų gniužulas yra plokštelės pavidalo, labiau išsivysčiusios samanos turi stiebą ir lapus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Samanos dauginasi vegetatyviškai, nelytiškai ir lytiškai. Samanoms būdinga kartų kaita. Vyrauja gametofitas. Jame susidaro anteridžiai ir archegonės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugelis samanų yra dvinamiai augalai. Spermatozoidai pasiekia kiaušialąstę tik per vandenį. Zigota kurį laiką vystosi archegonėje. Vėliau iš jos  išauga sprofitas, vadinamas sporogonu. Samanų sporofitas kojele įaugęs į gametofitą; jis yra pusiau parazitas. Iš sudygusios sporos išauga šakoto siūlo arba plokštelės pavidalo darinys – pirminis prodaigis arba protonema. Joje susidaro keletas arba daug pumpurų, iš kurių išauga gametofitai. Jie gali išaugti ir iš regeneravusių gametofito arba sporofito ląstelių – antrinio prodaigio.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Samanos auga lėtai, tik viršūne; apatinės dalys sunyksta. Samanos ir kerpės geriau negu kiti augalai pakelia sausrą. Svarbios dirvodarai. Su kerpėmis ardo uolas ir akmenis, sukelia jų dūlėjimą. Pirmosios pradeda augti išdegusiuose plotuose, nualintose dirvose, saugo jas nuo erozijos. Samanai žūvus, dirvožemyje lieka jų susintetintų org. medžiagų, pelkėse iš samanų likučių susidaro durpės. Samanos greit sugeria ir sulaiko drėgmę, miškuose po jomis gerai išsilaiko grybiena, augalų sėklos, gyvena maži gyvūnai. Pievose samanos rūgština dirvožemį, blogina aeraciją, skatina jų pelkėjimą, slopina kitus augalus, yra nepageidaujama pašarų priemaiša. Gyvūnai jų neėda. Kai kurios samanos vartojamos šilumai izoliuoti, pakavimui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Samanos kildinamos iš dumblių. Tai labai sena augalų grupė. Samanas tiria botanikos šaka briologija.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-05-04 18:40:21',62,'','2010-05-04 18:45:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-04 18:40:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,34,'robots=\nauthor='),(409,'Evoliucija','evoliucija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žemėje gyvena milijonai įvairiausių augalų ir gyvūnų. Iš kur jie visi atirado? Žmogus bandė atsakyti į šį klausimą ne vieną šimtmetį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugelis mokslininkų mano, kad patys pirmieji gyvi organizmai atsirado iš negyvų cheminių medziagų. Prieš daugiau kaip milijoną metų susidarė junginiai, kurie gebėjo save kopijuoti. Tai davė pradžia tam tikrai evoliucijai, kuri galiausiai atvedė prie pirmykštės tikrosios gyvybės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiandien gyvybė Žemėje pasižymi stulbinančia įvairove.Kiekvienas augalas ir gyvūnas turi savo natūralią buveinę ir guvensenos būda. Pavyzdžiui, vieni augalai tarpsta dykumose, kitiems labiau patinka šaltos ir drėgnos vietos. Kiekvienas gyvas organizmas puikiai derinasi prie savo aplinkos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1859 m. anglų gamtininkas Čarlzas Darvingas sukūrė evoliucijos teoriją. Jis iškėlė mintį, kad per milijonus metų augalų ir gyvūnų rūšys laipsniškai kito (evoliucionavo), prisitaikydamos prie aplinkos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Evoliucija patvirtina tai, kad nėra visiškai vienodų dviejų gyvų organizmų. Taigi kai kurie augalai arba gyvūnai gali egzistuoti tik turėdami tokius požymius, kurie padeda jiems lengviau išlikti. Antai gyvūnas gali turėti ilgas kojas, kurios padėtu jam sprukti nuo plėšrūnų. Augalas gali tuėti didelius lapus, kurie padėtų jam geriau augti pavėsyje. Turėdami tokių vertingų požymių, gyvūnai ir augalai turi daugiau galymybių išlikti gyvi ir susilaukti palikuonių, kurie paveldėtų šiuos požymius. Neturintys naudingų požymių tokių galimybių turi mažiau. Tai vadinama gamtine atranka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pamažu, iš kartos į kartą, geriau prisitaikę gyvūnai ir augalai išgyvena ir suklesti, o kiti išmiršta arba suranda naują buveinę. Taip Darvino įsitikinimu, pamažu išsirutuliojo milijonai įvairiausiu augalų ir gyvūnų rūšių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau fosilijos rodo, kad evoliucija nėra toks lėtas ir tolydinis procesas, kaip manė Darvingas. Dabar kai kurie mokslininkai mano, kad pokyčiai vyksta staigiais šuoliais, o tarp jų būna ilgi laikotarpiai , kai pokyčiai vos pastebimi. Tai vadinama pertraukta pusiausvyra. Anot kitų, staigių pokyčių šuoliai įsiterpia tarp ilgų tolydinių pokyčių laikotarpių. Tai vadinama pertraukų laipsniškumu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visoje Žemės istorijoje per palyginti trumpą laikotarpį išnyko daugybė rūšių. Didžiausias masinis išnykimas buvo permo ir triaso periodo krizė, įvykusi maždaug prieš 245 milijonus metų. Maždaug prieš 65 milijonus metų  per kreidos periodo išnykimą išmirė dinozaurai. Niekas nežino, kas sukėlė šiuos įvykius. Kai kurių mokslininkų nuomone, kreidos periodo išnykimas įvyko po klimato pokyčio, kurį sukėlė nukritęs meteoritas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Fosilijos yra gyvų organizmų liekanos, kurios virto uoliena, arba mineralizavosi. Jos paprastai susideda iš kietų organizmo dalių, pavyzdžiui, kriauklių, kaulų, dantų, medienos. Fosilijos teikia fosilinių duomenų, kurie duoda evoliucinių įrodymų.Visi kartu šie sluoksniai atskleidžia gyvybės istoriją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Fosilijos yra nelyginant evoliucijos istorijos knyga. Kartais pagal iškastą svarbią fosiliją nustatoma, kaip nauja gyvų organizmų grupė išsivystė iš jau egzistavusios rūšies. Tokia fosilija suteikia evoliucijos proceso  tyrimui “trūkstamą grandį”. Puikus pavyzdys yra archeopteriksas. Tai iškastinis dinozauras, siejantis roplius su paukščiais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Fosilijos rodo, kad maždaug prieš 500 milijonų metų įvyko gyvybės įvairovės sprogimas. Nors patys pirmieji gyvi organizmai pasirodė daug anksčiau, bet jie buvo minkštakūniai ir paliko mažai savo gyvavimo įrodymų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmosios gyvybės formos buvo mažytėa prokariotinės ląstelės. Nors jos visai neturėjo kietų dalių, uolienose išliko jų pėdsakų. Uolienose rasta mikroskopinių fosilijų, kurių amžius daugiau kaip 3 milijardai metų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-05-04 18:47:19',62,'','2010-05-04 18:54:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-04 18:47:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,7,'','',0,34,'robots=\nauthor='),(410,'Periferinės nervų sistemos ligos','periferins-nerv-sistemos-ligos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sergantieji periferinės nervų sistemos ligomis sudaro 48 – 52 procentus visų nervų ligomis sergančių ligonių. Šios ligos dažnai  sukelia laikiną nedarbingumą, invalidumą. Klinikinėje praktikoje periferinės nervų sistemos ligos skirstomos į neuralgijas ir neuropatijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Stresas – tai dvasiniai pergyvenimai bei įtampa . Spartus gyvenimo tempas , gausi informacija didina nervinę , psichinę ir emocinę įtampą. Tai atsiliepia ir žmonių tarpusavio santykiams – jie tampa vis sudėtingesni ir painesni . Įrodyta , kad kiekvienas didesnis susijaudinimas , susinervinimas , susierzinimas sukelia žalingų organizmo pakitimų . Psichologai teigia , kad dvasinei pusiausvyrai atgauti reikia ne mažiau kaip 3 dienų . Manoma , kad didelė ir ilga emocinė įtampa žaloja visą organizmą , ypač nervų sistemą , sukelia neurozę . Dėl emocinės įtampos gresia kraujotakos liga : nuo širdies ar kraujagyslių veiklos sutrikimų dažnai miršta net jauni žmonės , ypač vyrai . Amerikiečių mokslininkai pabandė nustatyti kokiems žmonėms dažniausiai gresia širdies priepuoliai .  Jie pastebėjo, kad 90 procentų patekusių į kliniką dėl ūminio širdies nepakankamumo , buvo būdingas A tipo elgesys. Tokie žmonės nuolat skuba  ir kankinasi dėl nespėtų atlikti darbų, visur nori pirmauti , jie yra garbėtroškos. Tai nekantrūs, visada įsitempę, nesuvaldantys pykčio, linkę į konfliktus žmonės.  Biologijos ir medicinos laimėjimai rodo, kad aktyvumas padeda įveikti stresą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Neurozė – gana dažna vaikų liga. Neretai manoma, kad tai paprasčiausias  tingėjimas, nedrausmingumas ar kitokie charakterio trūkumai. Ji labai skiriasi nuo suaugusių neurozės, be to vaikas nemoka papasakoti savo negalavimų. O dėl jų sunku auklėti ir mokyti. Vaiko nervo sistema yra labai jautri išoriniams dirgikliams, įvairiems auklėjimo trūkumams. Nesklandumai šeimoje, barniai, girtavimas labai žaloja vaiką , gadina nervus. Psichiatrai teigią, kad vaikai nervingumo nepaveldi, o įgyja auklėjami nervingų tėvų ar giminaičių. Neurozę dažnai skatina tėvo ar motinos meilės stoka, tėvų išsiskyrimas. Sveikatai svarbus ir vaiko dienos rėžimas, pakankamas poilsis ir miegas. Susirgęs neuroze vaikas tampa labai jautrus, bailus, greitai pavargsta, prasčiau miega, kartais naktį vaikščioja, nelaiko šlapimo, per miegus šūkauja arba verkia. Taip pat neurozė gali pasireikšti veido raumenų trūkčiojimu, mikčiojimu . Vaiką kamuoja įkyrios mintys, atsiranda blogi įpročiai. Gali prasidėti prakaitavimas ar viduriavimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Meningitas – tai galvos ir nugaros smegenų dangos uždegimas. Meningitai būna infekciniai, infekciniai - alerginiai, toksiniai. Liga gali turėti pirminį ir antrinį pobūdį. Pirminiu atveju smegenų dangalai pažeidžiami tiesiogiai. Antriniai – formuojasi kaip kitos ligos komplikacija. Pirminiams dažniausiai priskiriami virusiniai meningitai : epideminis cerebrospinalinis, virusų sukelti meningitai. Antriniams – tuberkuliozinis, sifilinis, gripinis, pūlinis. Pagal ligos eigą meningitai būna ūminiai, poūmiai ir lėtiniai. Simptomai :  galvos skausmai, karščiavimas, vėmimas, sąmonės netekimas, pakaušio raumenų įsitempimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gydomas meningitas įvairiais preparatais, vitaminais. Ligoniai susirgę meningitu turi būti gydomi ligoninėje. Jiems būtina rami aplinka, užtemdyti langai, nes sergant paaštrėja regos ir klausos pojūčiai. Bakterijų sukeltas susirgimas gydomas antibiotikais. Dažniausiai ligonis pasveiksta pilnai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-05-04 18:57:00',62,'','2010-05-04 19:03:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-04 18:57:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,6,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(411,'Oda','oda','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šakoti melanocitai yra išsidėstę giliausiame epidermio sluoksnyje. Tačiau ne visa oda yra vienodai ryškiai nudažyta melaninu. Šviesiausia oda dengia delnus ir padus. O daugiausia melanocitų turi  krūčių spenelių, išorinių lytinių organų oda.  Melaninas taip pat nudažo plaukus, o akyse - rainelę ir pigmentinį sluoksnį po tinklaine.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Odos ir rainelės melanino funkcija yra sugerti ultravioletinius spindulius, kurie pažeidžia ląstelių nukleino rūgštis ir sukelia mutacijas. Intensyvi ultravioletinė spinduliuotė gali nužudyti ląstelę. Todėl žmonių populiacijos, gyvenančios kraštuose su intensyviu UV spinduliavimu, yra prisitaikiusios - jų oda tamsi nuo melanino. Tai ypač būdinga vadinamosioms pusiaujo rasėms - negridams ir australidams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogaus organizmas gali sustiprinti melanininę apsaugą nuo UV spindulių. Kai oda smarkiau apšvitinama UV spinduliais, melanocitai ima gaminti daugiau melanino. Melaninas kartu su kitomis naujai susidarančiomis epidermio ląstelėmis keliauja į epidermio paviršių ir suteikia tamsią spalvą. Kuo didesnę dozę UV spindulių sugeria oda, tuo labiau tamsėja oda.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai kurių žmonių oda tamsėja nevisai vienodai tolygiai. Pavasarį, kai tik sustiprėja UV spinduliavimas, nedideli jų odos lopeliai patamsėja. Taip pavasarį išryškėja šlakai. Šlakus galima laikyti odos lopelių įdaga, kuriai atsirasti reikia labai nedaug UV spindulių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">UV spinduliai priverčia išsiplėsti odos kraujagysles, į odą suteka daugiau kraujo, todėl oda parausta.  Per didelė UV spinduliuotė yra kenksminga, nes UV spinduliai pažeidžia ne tik nukleorūgštis, bet ir fermentus, ląstelių membranas, pažeidžia metabolizmą. Yrančių ląstelių likučiai patenka į kraują ir sukelia karščiavimą. Todėl persikaitinus saulėje ir nudegus odą ima krėsti šaltis. Tai savotiško apsinuodijimo saule pasekmė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">UV spinduliai sužadina melanocitus, ir šie ima intensyviai gaminti melaniną. Epidermio kamieninės ląstelės ima sparčiau dalintis. Naujai susidarančios ląstelės keliauja aukštyn, pakeisdamos pažeistas ląsteles. Paprastai  naujosios epidermio ląstelės paviršių pasiekia per maždaug per keturias savaites, kur jos žūsta, nepastebimai nupleiskanoja ir nubyra. Tačiau įdegant odai ląstelės dalinasi taip greitai, kad paviršių pasiekia per 4-5 dienas. Tuomet senasis pažeistas epidermis ima luptis. Pasirodo įdegusi oda.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daug žmonių mano, kad pradžioje reikia raudonai nudegti, tik tada normaliai įdegsi. Tačiau taip nėra. Dermatologai  rekomenduoja saulėje kaitintis tarpsneliais po 10 min., kol normaliai įdegi. Toksai deginimasis trunka ilgiau, bet sveikesnis odai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kasmetinis nuolatinis kaitinimasis saulėje kenkia odai. Ji praranda stangrumą, greičiau susidaro raukšlės. Taip nutinka žmonėms, dirbantiems saulėkaitoje (pvz.: aukštikalnėse, kur oras ir dieną gali būti šaltas, bet UV spinduoliuotė itin intensyvi), pernelyg entuziastingiems įdagos gerbėjams, nesilaikantiems odos higienos reikalavimų. Saulėje daug būnantiems žmonėms rekomenduojama vartoti kremus, turinčius medžiagų , sulaikančių UV spindulius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinis persikaitinimo UV spinduliuose pavojus yra ne raukšlės, o melanoma. Tai ypač pavojinga labai piktybinė vėžio forma, kurios priežastis - melanocitų suvėžėjimas.<br />Perpjovus odą ši išsyk ima gyti. Gijimas gali trukti nuo savaitės iki mėnesio, tai priklauso nuo sužeidimo smarkumo ir gijimo sąlygų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Plauką sudaro stiebas - virš odos kyšanti dalis,- ir šaknis - odoje įtvirtinta dalis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Plauko skerspjūvyje matuyti trys ląstelių sluoksniai. Centre esančią šerdį sudaro gana puriai išsidėsčiusios minkštos paragėjusios epitelinės ląstelės, kurių tarpuląsčiuose yra oras ar vanduo. Antrąjį labai storą sluoksnį sudaro kietai suragėjusios ląstelės. Jų pigmentai suteikia plaukams spalvą. Kai pigmento nėra visai, o tarpuląsčiai užildyti oru, plaukai būna visiškai balti. Plauko odelę (kutikulą) sudaro plokščios žvyniškai išsidėsčiusos suragėjusios ląstelės. Šią odelę minkština, o kartais visiškai ištirpina stipriai chloruotas vanduo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Plauko šaknis yra epitelinių audinių makštyje. Šio makšties ertmėje yra naujai susidariusi plauko stiebo dalis. Nuo ertmės skerspjūvio priklauso plauko banguotumas. Kai ertmės skerspjūvis apvalus, plaukas būna tiesus, kai ovalus - banguotas. O kai ertmė yra spirališka, plaukas būna garbanotas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Plauko šaknies apačioje yra spenelis, kurio kraujagyslė maitina tenai esančias besidalinančias plauko ląsteles. Šios ląstelės nuolat dalinasi, po to ragėja ir virsta subrendusiomis plauko ląstelėmis. Po tam tikro laiko tarpo šios ląstelės nustoja dalintis, visiškai suragėja ir žūsta. Plauko šaknis atsiskiria nuo spenelio, ir plaukas gana daug išsitraukia iš makšties, sustodamas ties riebaline liauka. Tuo metu spenelis apmiršta. Po 3 - 4 mėnesius trunkančio ramybės tarpsnio susidaro naujas spenelis, kuris ima auginti naują plauką. Ilgėjantis naujasis plaukas išstumia visiškai senąjį plauką, jei tik šis iki tol nebuvo išpeštas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įvairių kūno vietų plaukų sandara kiek skiriasi, jie auga skirtingais greičiais. Žmogaus plaukų raidos ciklai nesutampa todėl visi plaukai nenukrenta vienu metu. Tuo tarpu dauguma vidutinių ir šaltųjų klimatinių juostų žinduolių turi šėrimosi tarpsnius, kuomet keičiasi plaukai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-05-04 19:12:59',62,'','2010-05-04 19:23:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-04 19:12:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,5,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(412,'Nuo gimimo iki senatvės','nuo-gimimo-iki-senatvs','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gimdos susitraukimai skatina posmegeninę liauką (hipofizę) išskirti daugiau hormono oksitocino, kuris dar sustiprina gimdos susitraukimus, stumiančius vaisių link gimdos kaklelio. Nėštumo metu gimdos raumeninės ląstelės padidėja ~ 40 kartų, tad gimda tampa itin raumeningu organu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vaismaišis trūksta sąrėmių metu arba jį turi prapjauti pribūvėjai. Paprastai prasidedančio gimdymo ženklas yra arba savaiminis vaisiaus vandenų išbėgimas, arba iš gimdos kaklelio išeinantis gleivių kamštis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paskutiniu metu vaisius gimdoje paprastai būna galva žemyn, veidu į priekį. Kūdikis tuomet gimsta galva pirmyn. Kai kūdikio padėtis gimdoje kitokia, gali būti sunkumų ir gali prireikti papildomos akušerių pagalbos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gimdos susitraukimų varomas kūdikis galva pirmyn išstumiamas lauk gimdymo kanalu. Kadangi kūdikio smegeninės kaulai dar nesuaugę, galvos skersmuo tuo momentu sumažėja ir lengviau pratelpa gimdymo kanalu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gimusį kūdikį su placenta ir toliau sieja bambagyslė. Bambagyslė perpjaunama, ir taip naujagimis visiškai atsiskiria nuo motinos organizmo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Maždaug po pusvalandžio vėl prasideda sąrėmiai, kurių metu iš gimdos išstumiama placenta ir vaisiaus dangalai. Šie susitraukimai užspaudžia kraujagysles, kurio praplyšta atsiskiriant placentai. Šiuo metu paprastai prarandama ~ 0,5 l kraujo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po gimdymo apie mėnesį trunka atsistatymo laikotarpis, kai moters organzime nyksta nėštumo sukelti pokyčiai. Apie šeštą savaitę po gimdymo pirmykštį savo dydį atgauna gimda ir makštis. Jei moteris nežindo kūdikio, po 6 - 24 savaičių vėl prasideda menstruacijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paprastai kūdikiai gimsta praėjus 266 dienoms po apvaisinimo . Jie gimsta gerokai anksčiau, nei patys  gali išgyventi pasaulyje. Bet jei nėštumas truktų ilgiau, tai kūdikio galva tiek padidėtų, kad kūdikis negalėtų gimti be chirurginės operacijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kartais kūdikiai gimsta anksčiau, negu dauguma kūdikių. To priežastys gali būti genetiniai trūkumai, bet dažniausiai - prasta motinos sveikata. Sveikata gali suprastėti dėl nepakankamos mitybos (kai moteris gauna per mažai kalorijų ar baltymų), rūkymo ar alkoholinių gėrimų gėrimo. Per ankstyvą gimdymą gali sukelti ir persitempimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugiau kaip 240 dienų kūdikiai nėra laikomi neišnešiotais, jei jie sveria &gt; 2,4 kg. Tačiau dabar kartais išgyvena ir 180 - 200 dienų nešioti kūdikiai. Neišnešioti kūdikiai paprastai išauga sveiki kaip ir normaliai gimę kūdikiai, tačiau jiems kartais prireikia iki 3 metų, kol jie visiškai prisiveja savo bendraamžius. <br />Neišnešioti kūdikiai silpnai verkia, prasta jų termoreguliacija, oda raukšlėta ir blausi, akys užmerktos, nagai trumpi. Jų raumenys dar nebaigę formuotis, todėl jie sunkiau juda, jų kvėpavimas gali būti apsunkintas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mėnesį per anksti gimęs kūdikis turi  &gt; 70% tikimybę išgyventi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai kūdikis gimdoje būna pernelyg ilgai, gydytojai sukelia gimdymą suleisdami sintetinio oksitocino, skatinančio sąrėmius. Arba tenka daryti Cezario pjūvį – kūdikį išimti per pilvo sienelės ir gimdos pjūvį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vėlyvi kūdikiai gali sverti 4 - 4,5 kg, tačiau jie neretai būna ne tokie sveiki, kaip laiku gimę kūdikiai. Manoma, kad to priežastis - motinos organizmo nesugebėjimas aprūpinti kūdikį pakankamu kiekiu maistmedžiagių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugelis vaisiaus organų sistemų prieš gimimą būna jau paruoštos veikimui, bet neveikia, kol negimstama. Nors šuolis nuo visiško aprūpinimo ir labai palankių sąlygų įsčiose prie gyvenimo išoriniame pasaulyje labai staigus, naujagimiai prie to nesunkiai prisitaiko.  Labiausiai keičiasi kraujotakos ir kvėpavimo sistemų veikla.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vaisiaus kraujotakos sistemoje yra dvi „aplankos“, kurių dėka kraujas aplenkia plaučius. Tai anga prieširdžių sienelėje ir latakas, jungiantis plaučių arteriją su aorta.  Gimimo metu abi šios „aplankos“ užsidaro. Kraujas iš kairiosios širdies pusės ima tekėti mažuoju kraujotakos ratu į imančius veikti plaučius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kartais anga tarpprieširdinėje pertvaroje ar latakas nevisiškai užsidaro. Tuomet maišosi veninis ir arterinis kraujas, ir kūdikio oda atrodo melsvoka. Tuomet reikia chirurginės operacijos šiai ydai pataisyti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei kūdikis gimimo metu nepradeda kvėpuoti, jam padeda. Iš burnos ir nosies išvalo gleives ir panaudoja seną tradicinį būdą - pliaukšteli per užpakaliuką. Imdamas verkti kūdikis ima ir kvėpuoti.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-05-04 19:26:18',62,'','2010-05-04 19:38:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-04 19:26:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(413,'Gyvūninės ląstelės metabolizmas','gyvnins-lstels-metabolizmas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gyvosiose ląstelėse vyksta aibės fermentinių reakcijų, kuriomis ląstelės sintetina būtinas medžiagas ir nukenksmina nereikalingas, gamina ląstelei būtiną energiją.  Visų šių reakcijų visuma yra vadinama metabolizmu.  Tačiau ląstelė nėra maišas, kuriame atsitiktinai, kaip papuolė veikia visokie fermentai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Metabolizmas - labai organizuota ir tikslinga ląstelės ar organizmo reakcijų visuma, kurioje dalyvauja suderintos ir valdomos fermentų sistemos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Metabolizmą sudaro šimtai įvairiausių fermentinių reakcijų, tačiau jos nėra padrikos. Ląstelėse fermentai dažniausiai veikia grupėmis, katalizuodami reakcijų grandines. Tokios grupėse būna nuo 2 iki 20 kartu veikiančių fermentų. Pirmojo fermento produktas tampa žaliava (substratu) antrajam fermentui, antrojo fermento produktas - substratas trečiajam fermentui... O paskutinis grupės fermentas pagamina reikiamą medžiagą - visos grupės produktą. Tokią reakcijų grandinė vadinama metaboliniu keliu. O tarpinės medžiagos vadinamos tarpiniais produktais arba metabolitais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Membraniniai lipidai nuolat atsinaujina. Paprastai jų skaidymo greitis lygus naujų lipidų sintezės greičiui. Tačiau kai vienas membraninių lipidų skaidymo kelio fermentas yra nepakankamai ar visiškai neaktyvus, organizme kaupiasi tarpiniai produktai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sergant Nimano - Piko liga smegenyse, blužnyje ir kepenyse kaupiasi sfingomielinas. Priežastis - sutrikęs sfingolipidų (tai tokie membraniniai lipidai) skaidymas. Besikaupiantis tarpinis produktas pažeidžia smegenis, nes nervinis audinys turi itin daug sfingolipidų. Liga pasireiškia netrukus po gimimo - sulėtėja protinis vystymasis, padidėja kepenys, blužnis ir limfiniai mazgai, pažeidžiami plaučiai. Dažnai sumažėja raumenų tonusas, pasitaiko traukuliai. Berniukai ir mergaitės serga vienodai dažnai ir miršta jauni. Ligą 1914 m. aprašė Nimanas (A.Niemann) ir 1926 m. Pikas (L.Pick).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gerokai dažnesnė Tėjaus-Sakso liga (kitaip dar Tėjaus - Sakso amaurotinė idiotija). Jos priežastis - lizosominio fermento, skaidančio vieno membraninio lipido polinę galvutę nebuvimas. Tėjaus-Sakso liga ir nemažai kitų ligų vadinamos lizosominėmis ligomis, kadangi dėl defektyvaus fermento lizosomose kaupiasi nebaigtos skaldyti molekulės. Užkimštos lizosomos nuo šių atliekų labai padidėja ir nustoja veikti. Naujai pagaminamos lizosomos lygiai taip pat užsikemša. Besikaupiančios neveikiančios lizosomos užpildo visą citozolį, nustumia branduolį prie membranos. Taip pažeistas neuronas po kurio laiko žūsta. Žūstant neuronams ima nykti nervinis audinys.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šis procesas prasideda dar prieš gimimą, bet pirmus 3 - 6 gyvenimo mėnesius kūdikis atrodo ir elgiasi normaliai. Bet tuo metu, kai turėtų išmokti sėdėti, jis ima silpti, pasidaro suglebęs, nustoja domėtis aplinka, žvilgsnis pasidaro klaidžiojantis. Sulėtėja protinis vystymasis. Tuo metu jo smegenų, kepenų ir blužnies ląstelėse susikaupia daug dalinai suskaidyto membraninio lipido. Pirmų metų pabaigoje atrofuojasi regos nervas, ligonis apanka ir apkursta. Intelektas lieka idiotijos  lygio. Palaipsniui dingsta judrumas, prasideda traukuliai. Sergantieji paprastai miršta 3 - 4 metų nuo plaučių uždegimo, retai išgyvena 5 metus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ši liga reta - vidutiniškai ja serga vienas naujagimis iš 300 000. Tačiau Centrinės ir Rytų Europos žydai (vadinamieji aškenaziai), ja serga kur kas dažniau - 1 naujagimis iš 3600. Šią ligą apsprendžia recesyvusis alelis, ir 1/28 visų aškenazių yra šio alelio nešiotojai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kol kas ši sunki liga visiškai neišgydoma. Vienintelė priemonė - šeimų genetinė konsultacija. Egzistuoja testai, leidžia nustatyti, ar sutuoktiniai yra šios ligos nešiotojai. Pagal vaisiaus vandenų ląsteles taip pat galima nustatyti, ar fermentas nėra defektyvus. Vaisiaus vandenų (amniotinio skysčio) tyrimas vadinamas amniocenteze.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-05-08 20:23:24',62,'','2010-05-08 20:37:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-08 20:23:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,3,'','',0,71,'robots=\nauthor='),(414,'Imuninė sistema','imunin-sistema','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žinduolius supančioje aplinkoje labai daug įvairiausių mikroorganizmų, kurie, patekę į jo organizmą, randa palankias gyvenimo sąlygas. Viduje šilta, pakanka drėgmės ir daug įvairiausių maistmedžiagių. Todėl žinduolio (o ir bet kurio kito daugialąsčio) organizmą mikroorganizmai turėtų sparčiai suardyti. Tačiau to nėra, kadangi daugialąsčiai organizmai turi apsaugą nuo tokio įsiveržimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Imunitetas - organizmo gebėjimas apsaugoti savo vientisumą ir gyvybingumą nuo parazituojančių organizmų ir nuo biologinės kilmės nuodų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bestuburių imunitetą užtikrina daugiausia fagocituojančios ląstelės. Tuo tarpu stuburiniuose jos sudaro tik dalį imuniteto. Kita svarbi imuniteto dalis - specifinis imunitetas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Specifinio imuniteto esmė yra tokia: Organizmas atpažįsta svetimas molekules ir ima gaminti baltymus, kurie atpažįsta tas svetimas molekules (tai vadinama imuniniu atsaku) ir nukreipia į jas \"naikinimo sistemą\".  Todėl labai svarbią imuninės sistemos dalį sudaro gebėjimas atpažinti svetimas molekules ir įsiminti jas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Molekulės, kurias imuninė sistema atpažįsta kaip svetimas, vadinamos antigenais.  Ši atpažinimo sistema labai jautri - dažnai geba atskirti baltymus, besiskiriančius viena aminorūgštimi ar veidrodinius molekulių variantus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Imuniniai atsakai yra dvejopi - antikūniniai ir ląsteliniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antikūninis imuninis atsakas. Pagal atpažintą svetimą molekulę ima gaminti antikūnus - specialius baltymus imunoglobulinus. Antikūnai cirkuliuoja kraujyje, limfoje, audinių skysčiuose. Sutikę savus antigenus (prieš kuriuos jie skirti) jie prisitvirtina prie jų ir inaktyvuoja. Fagocituojantys leukocitai, sutikę ląsteles su prikibusiais antikūnais, jas fagocituoja. Taip pat antikūnais apkibusias ląsteles žudo ypatingi kraujo baltymai, vadinami komplementu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ląstelinis imuninis atsakas. Gaminamos specialios ląstelės, kurios atpažįsta svetimas ląsteles pagal antigenus jų membranų paviršiuje ir jas žudo. Taip pat žudomos virusais užkrėstos ląstelės, kurias atpažįsta pagal membranoje pasirodžiusius virusinius baltymus. Virusas nužudytoje ląstelėje nebegali pasidauginti ir dar labiau pakenkti organizmui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogaus kraujyje, limfoje ir limfoidiniuose organuose (čiobrialiaukėje, limfmazgiuose, blužnyje ir kirmėlinėje ataugoje) yra aibės leukocitų limfocitų. Žmogaus limfoidiniai organai. Limfocitai susidaro čiobrialiaukėje ir raudonosiuose čiulpuose (geltoni), todėl jie vadinami pirminiais limfoidiniais organais. Po to limfocitai migruoja į antrinius limfoidinius organus (mėlyni), kur jie reaguoja su antigenais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Limfocitų reikšmė imunitetui buvo nustatyta šeštojo dešimtmečio antroje pusėje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Limfocitai yra dvejopi. Čiobrialiaukėje gaminami T limfocitai  užtikrina ląstelinį imuninį atsaką. Suaugusio žmogaus raudonuosiuose čiulpuose, o vaisių kepenyse B limfocitai  gamina antikūnus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Naujagimio žmogaus čiobrialiaukė sveria apie 12 - 15 g. Vaikystėje ir paauglystėje ji didžiausia, o suaugusio žmogaus sunyksta. Iki suaugant čiobrialiaukė gamina hormonus, kurie dalyvauja valdant imuninės sistemos formavimąsi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Suaugusiam žinduoliui  išoperavus čiobrialiaukę nieko ypatingo imuninei sistemai neatsitinka, nes T limfocitų gamyba jau būna prasidėjusi antriniuose limfoidiniuose organuose. Būtent todėl ligai nepavyko išsiaiškinti, kam ta čiobrialiaukė reikalinga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">O jei čiobrialiaukę išpjauti jaunikliui, nebeveikia ląstelinis imuninis atsakas, o neretai sutrinka ir B limfocitų veikla - antikūnų gamyba.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-05-08 20:39:04',62,'','2010-05-08 20:49:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-08 20:39:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,2,'','',0,53,'robots=\nauthor='),(415,'Lyties formavimasis','lyties-formavimasis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogaus lytį lemia homologinių chromosomų pora vadinama lytinėmis chromosomomis. Individai, turį X ir Y lytines chromosomas, tampa vyrais, o turį X ir X - moterimis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Belytiškumo stadija. Pradžioje besivystantis žmogaus organizmas neturi lyties. Lytis užrašyta genotipe chromosomų rinkiniu XY, tačiau besivystantis embrionas lyties neturi. Ir lytinės liaukos pradžioje būna “bendros” - nei moteriškos, nei vyriškos. Į jas imigruoja pirmykštės lytinės ląstelės, tačiau iš jų gali susidaryti tiek kiaušinėliai, tiek spermatozoidai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi, gemalai pagal lytines chromosomas pradžioje yra dvejopi - XX ir XY, - tačiau jų sandara visiškai vienoda. 25 - 50 d. amžiaus gemalai turi laikinus organus - Volfo ir Miulerio latakus. Volfo latakai - tai primityvių šalinimo organų, būdingų stuburinių protėviams ir besivystančiam embrionui, surenkamieji latakai. Miulerio latakai - tai pirmykštis kiaušintakis, kurio funkcija surinkti iš kiaušidės į kūno ertmę iškrintančius kiaušinėlius ir išgabenti juos laukan. Lytiniai ir šlapimo takai atsiveria bendru šalinimo ir lytinių latakų ančiu. Ši sandara būdinga tiek gemalams XY (būsimiesiems berniukams), tiek gemalams XX (būsimosioms mergaitėms).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lyties formavimasis. Vėliau gemalai ima įgyti lytį.  Moteriško genotipo gemaluose Volfo latakas nyksta, o iš Miulerio latako susidaro kiaušintakiai, gimda ir makštis. Šalinimo-lytinis antis virsta moteriškaisiais išoriniais lyties organais. Šis gemalo vystymosi variantas yra pagrindinis vystymosi kelias. Jam nereikia XX lytinių chromosomų ir kiaušidžių, taip vystosi ir gemalai XY, jei išoperuojamos jų besiformuojančios sėklidės. <br />Pirmykštėms gonadoms virtus sėklidėmis gemalo vystymasis pasuka kitu keliu. Sėklidės netrukus ima gaminti vyrišką lytinį hormoną testosteroną, ir šis lemia vyriškąjį vystymosi variantą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Manoma, kad pirminių gonadų virtimą sėklidėmis skatina ypatingas genas. Jis yra tik Y chromosomoje ir koduoja ypatingą membraninį baltymą. Šis baltymas kol kas nežinomu būdu priverčia gonadas vystytis kaip sėklides. O jei gonadų ląstelės neturi šio geno ir pagal jį gaminamo baltymo, tuomet iš gonadų išsivysto kiaušidės (apie 105 d. po apvaisinimo).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gonadoms ėmus vystytis vyrišku keliu, jose susidaro sėkliniai vamzdeliai (apie 43-50 d. po apvaisinimo), kuriuose formuosis spermatozoidai, ir endokrininės Leidigo ląstelės (apie 65 d. po apvaisinimo). Leidigo ląstelės specializuojasi gaminti testosteroną , lemiantį pirminių vyriškų lytinių požymių vystymąsi. Iš Volfo latako sparčiai susidaro sėkliniai kanalėliai, sėklos išmetimo latakas, sėklinės pūslelės, o iš šalinimo-lytinio ančio - išoriniai vyriški lytiniai organai. Sėklidėse susidaro specializuotos (Sertolio) ląstelės, kurios ima gaminti peptidą , priverčiantį Miulerio lataką sunykti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aukščiau pateiktas lyties vystymosi planas bendras žmogui ir kitiems žinduoliams. Jį valdo genotipas, tačiau kaip kol kas dar tiriama.  Sutrikus lyties formavimuisi individas gali tapti pseudohermafroditu. Pseudohermafroditas - tai individas, turintis arba kiaušides, arba sėklides, kurių jų išoriniai lytiniai organai išsivystę ne visiškai arba išsivystę priešingos lyties.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sėklidinė feminizacija. Žinduolių ląstelės turi baltymą testosterono receptorių. Šio baltymo genas  Tfm yra X chromosomoje, o Y chromosomoje jo nėra. Todėl genas Tfm paveldimas sukibusiai su lytimi. Alelis Tfm + yra recesyvus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Eksperimentuose buvo tirta šio geno įtaka pelių vystymuisi. Heterozigotinės patelės Tfm+Tfm būna fenotipiškai normalios, tačiau pusė jų vyriško genotipo palikuonių gauna recesyvinį alelį - jų genotipas būna Tfm+0.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Individo Tfm + 0 gemalo audiniai nepastebi vyriškųjų hormonų (androgenų), kadangi ląstelės neturi veikiančio testosterono receptoriaus. Todėl sėklidžių gaminamas testosteronas neperjungia organizmo vystymosi į vyrišką kelią. Nesusidaro sėklatakiai ir kiti papildomi vidiniai vyriški lytiniai organai, kadangi Volfo latakų ląstelės \"nepastebėjo\" testosterono, ir Volfo latakai sunyko.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizmas vystosi moteriškai, susiformuoja moteriški išoriniai lytiniai organai. Tačiau sėklidės gamina medžiagą, priverčiančią sunykti Miulerio latakus. Todėl nesusidaro kiaušintakiai ir gimda, makštis būna aklina.  individas tampa nevaisinga patele. Bet tai patelė pagal fenotipą, o genotipiškai tai patinas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmonės su genotipu Tfm+0 vystosi lygiai taip pat. Gimdami tokie individai atrodo kaip normalios mergaitės. Genetinę vyrišką lytį galima pažinti tik iš vyriško kariotipo ir vyriškų gonadų. Vaikystėje tokie asmenys atrodo kaip mergaitės, bet pilvo ertmėje turi sėklides ir neturi papildomų lyties organų. Prasidėjus lytinei brandai pastebima amenorėja, neretai atkreipiamas dėmesys, kad pažastyse, gaktos srityje (ir kitur ant kūno) visai ar beveik nėra plaukų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Suaugusių ūgis ir proporcijos grynai moteriškos, nors kojos kiek ilgesnės. Krūtys gerai suformuotos. Tokių individų proporcijos labiau atitinka šiuolaikinį grožio supratimą, negu vidutinės moters. Sergantys šia liga ne sykį aptikti tarp manekenių. Kraujyje aptinkama normali vyriška androgenų koncentracija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Patelėms testosterono receptorius nebūtinas. Eksperimente į krūvą suaugindavo Tfm + 0 ir Tfm 0 blastocistas ir gaudavo chimerinius gemalus. Keletas taip gautų chimerinių patinų buvo vaisingi. Kryžminant šiuos patinus su heterozigotinėmis patelėmis Tfm + Tfm palikuonių tarpe buvo homozigotinių patelių Tfm + Tfm +. Šios patelės buvo visiškai normalios ir vaisingos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėl sėklidinės  feminizacijos išsivysto vyrai pseudohermafroditai. Būna ir moterų pseudohermafrodičių.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,39,'2010-05-08 21:31:02',62,'','2010-05-08 21:45:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-08 21:31:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,42,'robots=\nauthor='),(416,'Moralė ir etika','moral-ir-etika','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kasdienėje kalboje sąvokos “etiška” ir “moralu” (“neetiška”, “amoralu”) dažniausiai yra vartojamos pakaitomis, nediferencijuojant; kalbame apie moralų ar etišką asmenį ar veiksmą. Kita vertus, dažnai kalbame apie etikos kodeksus, tačiau tik retkarčiais užsimename apie moralės kodeksus. Kai kas sąvokas moralu, nemoralu taiko tik seksualumo sričiai (pavyzdžiui: pornografija, obsceniškumo standartai: pornografija demoralizuoja visuomenę), o etiška, neetiška taiko aptarinėdami verslo ir profesinių bendruomenių elgesį savo narių bei savo klientūrų atžvilgiu (pavyzdžiui: verslo projektų vagystės). Taigi, pirma išsiaiškinkime, ką šios sąvokos reiškia ir koks yra judviejų ryšys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Etika” yra kilęs iš graikiško žodžio ethos, reiškiančio asmens įprotį, papratimą, charakterį, būdą. “Moralė” yra kilęs iš loyniško moralis, reiškiančio papročius ar manieras. Taigi, etimologiniu požiūriu, etika galioja individualaus asmens ar atskirų asmenų charakterio sričiai, o moralė – žmonių tarpusavio santykių sričiai. Tačiau filosofijoje etikos sąvoka vartojama specifinei tyrimo sričiai reikšti – tai yra moralės sričiai, kuri nagrinėja žmogaus elgesį ir žmogiškąsias vertybes.  Kaip mes turėtume elgtis ir kaip neturėtume elgtis? Kas yra gėris ir kas yra blogis? Filosofai šiuos ir panašius klausimus vadina vertybiniais (aksiologiniais) arba moralės klausimais, kuriuos skiria nuo klausimų apie tikrovę ir pažinimo klausimų. Moralė yra principų ar elgesio taisyklių, kuriomis mes vadovaujamės ir kurios priklauso visuomenės kovencijų sričiai, visuma. Moralės sričiai priklauso įsitikinimai bei nuomonės apie gerą ir blogą elgesį. Šie įsitikinimai yra išreiškiami vartojant tokias sąvokas kaip “gera”, “bloga”, “dorybinga”, “pagirtina”, “teisinga”, “ydinga”, “peiktina”, “smerktina”, ir pan. Be abejo, moralė negali būti apribota filosofiniais kontekstais. Viena vertus, moralės dalykai vaidina tam tikrą vaidmenį ir turi tam tikrą pagrindimą ir kitose su pasaulėžiūros formavimu susijusiose visuomenės gyvenimo srityse – religijoje, teisėje, ekonomikoje, politikoje ir net etiketo srityje. Antra vertus, moralė yra “socialinis reiškinys”, o etika ar moralės filosofija nagrinėja moralės prigimtį bei funkcijas. Moralės taisyklės nėra sau pakankamos ir reikalauja pagrindimo, kuris tik ir suteikia joms rekšmingumą. Ir būtent šis pagrindimas ir yra filosofinės etikos uždavinys. Kodėl mes turėtume elgtis vienaip arba kitaip? Kaip turėtume gyventi? Ko turėtume norėti? Kuo turėtume labiausiai džiaugtis? Dėl ko verta stengtis? Ir pan. Atsakymas į šiuos klausimus mums turi nušviesti priežastis, dėl kurių turėtume laikytis moralės principų ar taisyklių. Atsakyti į juos galime ir nestudijavę filosofijos, tačiau daugelis mūsų moralinių įsitikinimų nėra nei nuoseklūs, nei pakankamai aiškūs, nei gerai išplėtoti. (Programiniu požiūriu) moralės filosofija kaip tik ir siekia išplėtoti šiuos principus bei pateikti tokią žmogaus gyvenimo tikslų viziją, kuri leistų jam gyventi su tokiu aiškumu bei pasitikėjimu, su kokiu savo ilgą gyvenimą nugyveno Sokratas, ar bent jau suteikti mums tvirtesnių argumentų savo moralinius įsitikinimus pagrįsti. Tačiau iš tiesų viskas yra ne taip paprasta. Dauguma gyvenimiškų situacijų, reikalaujančių mūsų etinio apsisprendimo ar įvertinimo, yra labai nevienareikšmės. Viena vertus, tam tikromis aplinkybėmis gali kirstis keletas moralės principų (čia mes susiduriame su preferencijos problema), o, antra vertus, jie gali būti įvairiai taikomi, įvairiai traktuojami, jiems gali būti suteikiamas skirtingas pagrindimas. Taigi, kurie moralės principai yra svarbiausi ir kada jų taikymas yra pateisinamas, yra sudėtingi etikos klausimai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visi kada nors tyrinėję moralės kilmę (prigimtį) mąstytojai aiškino konstravo savo pažiūrų sistemą remdamiesi tam tikra formule, iš kurios išvesdavo turinį. Pavyzdžiui, vieni apibrėžė moralę kaip socialinės grupės elgesio kodą. Tokios moralės sampratos turinį jie išvesdavo tyrinėdami įvairių grupių elgesio kodus. Kiti apibrėžia moralę kaip dispoziciją ir elgesio kodą, kurio turėtų laikytis visi racionalūs asmenys. Norint išvesti šios moralės “formulės” turinį, reikia nustatyti kokia turėtų būti visų racionalių asmenų moralinė dispozicija ir elgesio kodas, ir pan.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atsižvelgdamas į formalų moralės aspektą, filosofas B. Gertas moralę vadina “viešąja sistema” (t.y. institucija), kuri nuo kitų viešųjų sistemų skiriasi tuo, kad ji liečia visus racionalius asmenis. Moralės buvimas viešąja sistema reiškia, jog ji liečia tuos žmonių elgesio aspektus, kurie turi poveikį kitiems žmonėms. Vadinasi, moralės sistema turi formuluoti tam tikrus gėrio standartus. Vis dėlto, norint sukonstruoti išsamų moralės apibrėžimą, formalių moralės bruožų nepakanka. Moralė, be to, turi turėti ir tam tikrą turinį.  Taigi, reikia išplėsti jos apibrėžimą. Moralė yra visus racionalius asmenis liečianti (saistanti) viešoji sistema, vadovaujanti tiems jų elgesio aspektams, kurie turi kokį nors poveikį kitiems žmonėms ir kurios tikslas yra blogio minimizavimas (gėrio standartai) ir kurios branduolį sudaro moralės taisyklės. Jei, kaip aiškina autorius, visus racionalius asmenis saistanti viešoji sistema nedisponuoja šiuo turiniu, tuomet net jei ji yra pagrįsta, jos pagrindimas negalės būti laikomas moralės pagrindimu. Tik viešosios sistemos, kurios branduolį sudaro moralės taisyklės, pagrindimas gali būti laikomas moralės pagrindimu. Nors visuotinio konsenso ką reikėtų laikyti moralės taisyklėmis, nėra, tačiau, matyt, niekas nepaneigtų, kad tokie reikalavimai kaip “nežudyk”, “nevok”, “nemeluok” yra moralės taisyklės. Svarbiausias moralės filosofijos uždavinys yra moralės taisyklių analizė, siekiant įsitikinti ar jos sudaro visus racionalius asmenis saistančios viešosios sistemos branduolį, ir tuomet nustatyti, ar ta viešoji sistema yra tokia, kad visi nešališki racionalūs asmenys reikalautų jos laikytis. Jei taip nėra, tuomet nagrinėjama (visuotinė) moralės samprata negali būti pagrįsta, o tai būtų pagrindas laikytis etinio reliatyvizmo, nihilizmo ar skepticizmo filosofinės pozicijos. Jei ignoruotume šią esminę moralės tyrimo dalį (moralės taisyklių analizę), tai kaip galėtume atskirti moralę nuo kitų elgesio kodų (etiketo, teisės)? Juk tik žinodami moralės taisyklių turinį galime nuspręsti, kokį elgesio kodą galima priskirti moralės sričiai, ir kokie sprendiniai yra moralės sprendiniai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,47,'2010-05-13 20:11:41',62,'','2010-05-13 20:16:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-13 20:11:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,2,'','',0,45,'robots=\nauthor='),(417,'Etikos šperos','etikos-peros','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kantas bando paaiškinti malonumo pagrindus remiantis protu. Mes matome pasaulį, priimame informaciją, tai ką mes priimame, yra objektyvus, išorinis pasaulis. Ši inf. Užsimerkus nedingsta, ji pasilieka vidinio patyrimo erdvėje kaip objektyvus dalykas. Kantas siekė nustatyti, ar gali būti objektyvus pagrindas. Protas yra vertybė, proto balsui, sako Kantas, reikia paklusti. Moraliniu požiūriu geras poelgis yra tik tada, kai jis priimtas remiantis protu, o blogas, kai vadovaujantis polinkiu. Kantas sako, kad valia nustato ar tai geras, ar blogas poelgis. Yra gera ir bloga valia. Moral. pož. aš elgiuosi gerai, jei savo noru, sąmoningai elgiuosi. Pagal Kantą, gera valia, kai žm. nesiekia naudos.moralinį gėrį Kantas sieja su įsiklausymu į sąžinės balsą. Kaip Kantas suvokia laisvą valią.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jis skelbia – elkis taip, kaip norėtum kad su tavimi elgtųsi. Šis imp. turi būti realizuotas. Maximos pasižymi tuo, kad jos yra l. Bendros. Jos taikomos visose gyvenimo srityse. Kanto etika – maximų etika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sąžinė – vidinis individo moralumo mastelis. Sąžinės empiriškumas ir transcendentalumas. Kantui sąžinė reiškia kiekvienam būdingą įgytą praktinį protą. Sąžinės savitą sampratą pateikė T.Akvinietis. Prigimtinis habitas visiems būdingas. Visi privalo mokytis, visi domisi, smalsauja. Tai bendriausias suvokimas, būdingas visiems. Žinojimas – bendras visiems, nekintantis, visuomet su mumis. Habitas gali būti prigimtinis ir įgytas – tai sugebėjimas mokytis pažinti. (Pvz.: visi galim groti smuiku, bet ne visi galim tapti virtuozais).Mes ugdom verslininko habitą. Išmintis. Gėrio, blogio skyrimas priklauso nuo habitų – išsilavinimo, pasaulėžiūros. Žinios gausėja, habitas kinta.  Mokslas – tai susiję su žinių tam tikrose srityse gausa. Kiekvienas veiksmas motyvuojamas šiomis trimis sąžinės pakopomis. Sąžinė prieš ir po veiksmo. Sąžinė prieš veiksmą sako, kad tu turi pasielgti šitaip. Po veiksmo pasirodo, kad sąžinė veda į akistatą su tuo veiksmu, pasekmėm. Žm. matydamas atliktą veiksmą, mato, kad kažko nepaisė, tuomet sąžinė pradeda graužti. Kantas tai vadina vidiniu teisėjo balsu. Iš kur turime sąžinę ir kaip ji priklauso nuo mūsų prigimties. Kokią prasmę turi veiksmai. Amžinas įstatymas – tai kaip Dievo planas, kuris valdo visus veiksmus gamtoje ir istorijoje. Gamtoje yra dėsniai, kuriems reikia paklusti. Kiekvienai būtybei būdingas savitumas. Kūrinijoje išskiriama protinga būtybė – žm. Jam duota galimybė proto dėka pačiam sau priimti įstatymus ir jiems paklusti, jais vadovautis. Mūsų proto dėka priimami įstatymai. O kaip priimami proto įstatymai? Protas sako reikia daryti gerai ir vengti blogio – bendras žm. vaizdas. 2 - ras etapas sako, kad yra gėrybių, kurių tu sieki. Pagr. žm. polinkiai: į savisaugos (norim likti gyvi); rūšies išsaugojimas (norim išlikti);į norim soc. gerovės. Norint pasiekti soc. gerovę, reikalingos moralės normos. Tik normų paisymo dėka aš galiu išlikti, pasiekti gerovę. Negalim pasiekti gerovės ignoruodami kitus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dorovės norma, jos ypatumai. Dorovės normų būtinumas. Etika – mokslas, kuris nusako elgesio taisykles. Moralė – tų taisyklių laikymasis. Dorovė – tai kiek to individo supratimas apie normas atitinka reikalavimus. Visi stengiasi laikytis teisės normų. Dorovės normas prisiima laikytis pats žm. Moralės normų deklaravimas turi turėti pagrindimą. Kiekvienas iš mūsų savo sąžinėje esame įsitikinę, kad elgiamės gerai. Šis įstatymas yra l.subjektyvus. Vienu atveju žm. ignoruoja normas, kitu atveju bando priderinti savo įsitikinimus prie normos. Kantas: kiekvienas kaltas, kad jo nepriima, nesupranta aplinkiniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienas iš mūsų gyvename aplinkoje ir galiojančias m.n. priimame, nes kito kelio nėra, kaip su jomis sugyventi. Taigi, kiekvienas iš mūsų esame etoso dalis ir todėl šis soc., kultūrinis etosas mus spaudžia.Pvz., mes negalim elgtis kaip čigonai ar musulmonai, nes mes esame lietuviško etoso. Visuomenė daro žm. spaudimą. Ji gali sumažinti mano galimybes iki min. ir priešingai, gali suteikti daug laisvės. Sąžinės ir etoso santykis.Individuali sąž. yra l.svarbus dalykas man, tačiau aš esu tam tikro etoso dalis ir aš jį veikiu. Bendros normos priklauso nuo kiekvieno. Negalima primesti kitų kultūrų etoso.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žm. visais laikais stengiasi pasipriešinti visuomenės spaudimui. Taigi atsiranda įtampa ir neigimas. Hėgelis tai vadina neigimo beprotybe. Kuo jaunesnė karta, tuo labiau ji priešinasi, laužo taisykles. Individo sąžinės ir etoso santykis įv. kultūrose yra skirtingas. Yra skiriami 2 visuom. tipai: į homogeniškos (vienos tautybės, kultūros, papročių žm.). Tokioje visuom. žm. linkęs pritarti visuomenės etosui. Į heterogeniškos – pliuralistinė visuomenė (JAV - įv. tautų katilas). Mūsų moraliniai apsisprendimai atsiskleidžia praktinėje veikloje. Egzistuoja 4 žm. veiklos lygiai, kurie tarpusavy susiję ir padeda suprast, kaip individo elgesys gali būti vertinamas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Klasikinės etikos supratimu dorybė yra savybė, kurią žm.įgyja ir dėl jos gali atlikti vertingus veiksmus. Skiriamos 2 dorybės savybės: 1) natūrali; 2) įgytoji. Dorybė gali būti: a) įgyta (habitus – iš prigimties); b) įgytoji (žm. pastangų dėka). Dorybės atsiskleidžia mūsų praktinėje veikloje. Dorybės dėka užtikrinama gera veikla. Bet kuri veikla turi dorybingumo ženklą. Dorybė pažymi visus darbus ir veiklas. Dorybė įgyjama praktinių įpročių dėka – mokantis. Pvz., punktualumas, pakantumas išsiugdomas, negimei turėdamas. Išsiugdymas reikalauja pastangų. Priešinga dorybei sąvoka – yda. Ji nereikalauja iš žm. pastangų ir valios. Nieks sąmoningai nesilavina tingėjimo. Yda klesti mumyse, kaip piktžolė, kuriai nereikia gerų sąlygų. Yda kyla iš 2 šaltinių: 1) pats žm. sukuria savy sąlygas ydoms klestėti, yda – žm. problema, jei jis neturi dorybių; 2) kartais ydingumą gali padėti puoselėti visuomenė, sukuria aplinkybes, kurios skatina žm. tingėti . Pvz.: sovietmečiu partija užtikrino žm. išsilavinimą, darbą, jam nereikėjo pačiam visiškai stengtis.Visais laikais stengtasi dorybes suklasifikuoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagr. dorybės Platono teorijoje.(5) P. skiria  3 žm. galias: protą, pyktį ir geismą. Jis sako, kad šias galias reikia įrėminti, nustatyti jų raiškos galias. Protas užima aukščiausią vietą. Protu galima įžvelgti tikrąjį gėrį. Juo naudojantis reikia įgyti išminties dorybę. Proto neužtenka, reikia turėti gebėjimą tuo protu pasinaudoti. Išmintis – įgytoji dorybė, reikalauja veiksmo, kuris gali būti nesuvaldomas. Geismu galima suvaldyti tik susivaldymą. Teisingumas – dirbti savo darbą ir nesikišti į kitų darbus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,47,'2010-05-13 20:17:27',62,'','2010-05-13 20:29:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-13 20:17:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,1,'','',0,37,'robots=\nauthor='),(418,'Elektromechanika','elektromechanika','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,45,'2010-05-13 20:32:54',62,'','2010-05-13 20:37:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-13 20:32:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(419,'Suvirinimo rėžimų skaičius','suvirinimo-rim-skaiius','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,45,'2010-05-13 20:37:39',62,'','2010-05-13 20:41:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-13 20:37:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(420,'Operatoriaus funkcinės būsenos darbinėje vietoje tyrimas','operatoriaus-funkcins-bsenos-darbinje-vietoje-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Operatoriaus funkcinės būsenos samprata atsirado ir pradėjo vystytis, vystantis fiziologiniam mokslui. Tačiau žmogaus funkcinės būsenos tyrinėjimas realiame laike, nesulaikomai  išeina tik iš  fiziologinių supratimų  rėmų ir linksta link ergonominių šitos problemos aspektų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Intensyvus darbas sprendžiant nuovargio ir darbingumo problemas prasidėjo praėjusio amžiaus pabaigoje ir jau pirmi eksperimentiniai darbai  šioje srityje parodė neteisinga šių problemų sprendimą . Labiausiai atsiskleidžiantys  funkcinių  būsenų rodikliai yra įvairių centrinės nervų sistemų , širdies veiklos, kvėpavimo judesių, endokrininės ir kitos sistemos. Įvairioms būsenoms yra būdingi poslinkiai  psichinių procesų tekėjime: suvokimas, dėmesys, atmintis, mąstymo ir emocinės sferos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogaus būsenos negalima suprasti kaip vienos kokios nors organizmo sistemos funkcionavimą. Tai  yra sudėtingos  individo reakcijos .</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Štai pavyzdžiui nuovargio būsenai charakteringi tam tikri širdies indų sistemos veiklos  poslinkiai. Toliau tęsiant intensyvias apkrovas organizmui reikia vis daugiau energijos dėl ko neišvengiamai didėja  kraujotakos greitis ir perpumpuoto kraujo tūris. Vystantis nuovargiui pirmiausia pastebimi širdies  raumenų silpnėjimas. Neišvengiamam darbo atlikimui kraujotakos parametrai - greitis ir tūris, kurį laiką gali būti palaikomi didėjant širdies susitraukimų dažniui ir indų tonusų padidėjimu. Diagnostiškai nuovargio būsenai svarbūs  yra ne patys padidinto širdies dažnio ir padidinto arterinio spaudimo bei minutinio kraujo tūrio pakitimų simptomai, o šitų rodiklių judesių kiekis  ir kryptis, bei ryšys tarp jų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visa tai leidžia pilniau suprasti labiausiai naudojamos ir išdirbtos ergonomikos tyrinėjimuose funkcinės būsenos supratimą. Žmogaus funkcinė būsena yra kompleksas tų funkcijų ir kokybių kurios apibūdina atliekamų operacijų išpildymą. Bandymas aprašyti o taip pat ir įvertinti apskritai žmogaus funkcinę būseną betarpiškai realiai veiklai, kurios metu ji atsiranda ir efektyvumą kuriuo ji apibūdinama, nepavyks. Pagrindinis kriterijus kurio pagrindu funkcinės būsenos pakitimus galima laikyti leidžiamais yra atskirų darbo operacijų arba viso darbo proceso atlikimo efektyvumo sumažėjimas arba padidėjimas. Tuo atveju kritinės yra netiktai kiekybinių darbo charakteristikų išraiškos, bet ir darbo kokybiniai pokyčiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dauguma šiuolaikinių tyrinėtojų baigtiniu požiūriu laiko idėją apie tvarkingą būsenų daugumą. Žmogaus būsenų  pakitimai gali būti vaizduojami judančiu tašku šių būsenų viduje. Vis dėlto  apibūdinamas dauguma požiūrių išvystytų konkrečių problemos aspektų nagrinėjimo metu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Fiziologiniuose tyrinėjimuose funkcinių būsenų analizė vykdoma teorinės aktyvacijos terminais. Bendriausiam požiūriui apie aktyvaciją yra naudojama požiūris apie energetinės mobilizacijos lygį būtiną realizuoti vieną ar kitą veiklos aktą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Samprata apie aktyvaciją išvystyta iš aktyvacinių teorijų ir iš nespecifinių galvos smegenų mokymo duomenų. Jų funkcionavimas neišvengiamai parodo įvairių funkcinio organizmo sistemų aktyvumo lygį, nes jų vaidmuo yra pagrindinis reguliuojant funkcines būsenas.<br />Tradicinės ergonomikos tyrinėjimų objektas yra dinamika, darbingumas, nuovargis. Nuovargis dažniausiai laikomas kaip įtakojančiu, laikiną darbingumo sumažėjimą, veiksniu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dažnai yra sunku atskirti nuovargį nuo kitų, analogiškai įtakojančių dinamiką ir darbingumą, veiksnių. Yra išskiriamos  trys artimos, bet ne tapatingos būsenos, įtakojančios darbo efektyvumo sumažėjimą - nuovargis, monotonija ir psichologinis pervargimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jeigu būtų galima charakterizuoti nuovargį kaip tiesiogiai surišta su didėjančia įtampa dėl atliekamo darbo trukmės, tai likusios dvi charakteristikos yra monotoniško darbo, atliekamo specifinėse sąlygose tokiose kaip darbo aplinkos ribotumas, nesudėtingi besikartojantys veiksniai ir t.t. Skirtumai tarp šių būsenų įtakoja elgesį, subjektyvius pergyvenimus. Esant monotonijai pastebimas laipsniškas aktyvumo mažėjimas atitinkamuose procesuose, o štai nuovargio būsenoje yra atvirkščiai, charakteringai auga įtampa įvairiose darbinėse sistemose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Priklausomai nuo apkrovos tipo galima išskirti skirtingus nuovargio tipus, pavyzdžiui protinis ir fizinis. Pirmoji charakteristika pasižymi dideliu psichiniu išsekimu, pirmoje eilėje judesių suvokimas, atmintis, dėmesys, mąstymas. Antrasis apibūdina sensomotorinės sferos ir subjektyvių  suvokimų, charakteristikų pasikeitimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tradicinis šių fazių išskyrimas yra analizė taip vadinamos darbingumo kreives -  priklausomybės tarp veiklos  efektyvumo ir jos atlikimo laiko. <br />Priešingai ankstesniems bandymams charakterizuoti darbingumo dinamiką remiantis tik tai pagrindinių rodiklių rezultatyvumu, šiuolaikiniuose tyrinėjimuose jinai aprašoma remiantis dirbančio žmogaus emocine įtampa , o taip pat subjektyvaus nuovargio pajutimo lygiu .</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Yra lengva nustatyti bendras, dažnų atvejų ir tipines stadijas: matome, kad pirmas periodas “ įsivažiavimo “, paskui periodas optimalaus darbingumo, toliau nuovargis ir galutinis persitempimas. Visas šitas kreives veikia daugelis faktorių, todėl šie keturi lygiai gali varijuoti iki kai kurių iš jų pilno iškritimo.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,45,'2010-05-13 20:42:14',62,'','2010-05-13 20:49:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-13 20:42:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,1,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(421,'1000 populiariausių žodžių','1000-populiariausi-odi','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvių – rusų – lenkų – anglų – prancūzų – vokiečių</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žodynas</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,48,'2010-05-13 20:56:23',62,'','2010-05-13 21:00:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-13 20:56:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,53,'robots=\nauthor='),(422,'Karinis anglų - lietuvių žodynas','karinis-angl-lietuvi-odynas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,48,'2010-05-13 21:02:21',62,'','2010-05-13 21:04:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-13 21:02:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,6,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(423,'Karinis prancūzų - lietuvių kalbų žodynas','karinis-prancz-lietuvi-kalb-odynas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,48,'2010-05-13 21:05:57',62,'','2010-05-13 21:08:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-13 21:05:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,5,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(424,'Karinis vokiečių - lietuvių kalbų žodynas','karinis-vokiei-lietuvi-kalb-odynas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,48,'2010-05-13 21:09:28',62,'','2010-05-13 21:11:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-13 21:09:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,4,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(425,'Lietuvių - anglų kalbų karybos žodynas','lietuvi-angl-kalb-karybos-odynas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,48,'2010-05-13 21:12:51',62,'','2010-05-13 21:15:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-13 21:12:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,3,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(426,'Vadovai ir vadybininkai','vadovai-ir-vadybininkai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dvikalbis aiškinamasis žodynėlis</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,48,'2010-05-13 21:16:44',62,'','2010-05-13 21:27:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-13 21:16:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(427,'Kalbėk paprastai ir suprantamai','kalbk-paprastai-ir-suprantamai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip pasirinkti tinkamus žodžius teisingai, perteikiančius Jūsų mintis</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',0,5,0,48,'2010-05-13 21:20:01',62,'','2010-05-13 21:29:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-13 21:20:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,1,'','',0,7,'robots=\nauthor='),(428,'Mobilaus veikimo principai','mobilaus-veikimo-principai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėl apsaugojimo ryšių sistemos nuo nesankcijuoto prisijungimo , ryšių sistemai naudojamas abonento indentifikavimo mechanizmas, kuris nustato abonento autentiškumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">SIM kortelės informacijos pagalba , tarpusavio apsikeitimo informacijos tarp tinklo ir mobiliojo abonento , palaikomas abonento naudojimasis ryšio tinklu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Abonento indentifikavimas vyksta sekančia tvarka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ryšio tinklas perduoda atsitiktinių skaičių RAND į mobilujį telefoną.Mobilusis telefonas apsprendžia atitikimą šaukimo SRES, naudodamas RAND , KI ir algoritmą A3.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mobilusis aparatas pasiunčia iššifruotą atitikmenį SRES į tinklą , kurį pasitikrina tinklas.Jeigu abu skaičiai atitinka ,  tada mobilajam telefonui ledžiamas ryšio naudojimasis, priešingu atveju ryšys nutraukiamas ir indikatorius mobiliojo telefono turi parodyti , kad atpažinimas neivyko.Dėl slaptumo siunčiamų skaičių iš SRES yra užšifruojami SIM kortelėje.Neslapta informacija kaip Ki yra nešifruojama (nekoduojama) SIM kortelėje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apsaugojimui perduodamos informacijos per radio kanalus yra įvedami sekantys apsaugos būdai.Visi konfidicialūs pranešimai perduodami apsaugotu rėžimu.Kodavimo formavimo mechanizmas A8 saugomi modulyje SIM .Po priėmimo atsitiktinio skaičiaus RAND mobilusis aparatas analizuoja , išskyrus SRES taip pat šifravimo raktą   Ks.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šifravimo raktas KC neperduodamas per radio kanalą.Kaip mobilusis telefonas taip ir tinklas išskaičiuoja šifravimo raktą , kuris naudojamas ir kitems mobiliems abonentams.Slaptumui išsaugoti išskaičiavimas rakto vyksta SIM kortelėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Be atsitiktinių skaičių RAND tinklas pasiunčia mobiliajam abonentui skaičių seką rakto šifruotei.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šitie skaičiai tikrovėje yra surišti atitikmenėmi Kc , jie leidžia išvenkti neteisingo rakto.Skaičiai laikomi mobiliajame aparate , su kiekvienu pranešimu perduodami į tinklą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėl šifravimo rėžimo nustatymo , tinklas perduoda mobiliajam abonentui komandą CMC (Ciphering Mode Comand).Po perdavimo šitos komandos , mobilusis aparatas pradeda naudoti esamus pas jo raktus ,pradeda koduoti ir dekoduoti pranešimus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-05-19 20:22:14',62,'','2010-05-19 20:34:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-19 20:22:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,32,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(429,'Laboratoriniai darbai apie grandinių teorijas','laboratoriniai-darbai-apie-grandini-teorijas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-05-19 20:36:56',62,'','2010-05-19 20:41:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-19 20:36:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,31,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(430,'Elektronikos koliokviumo špera','elektronikos-koliokviumo-pera','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindiniai elektrinės grandinės dėsniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Elementarioji elektrinė grandinė. Elektros srovė gali tekėti tik uždara grandine. Srovė - tai laidininku per laiko vienetą pernešamas elektros krūvis: I = Q/t, čia Q - visas per laiką t perneštas elektros krūvis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Srovės matavimo vienetas yra amperas (A). Laidininko savybė priešintis tekančiai srovei yra vadinama jo elektrine varža; jos vertė apskaičiuojama šitaip: R=p1/S; čia p - medžiagos specifinė elektrinė varža, I - laidininko ilgis m, S - laidininko skerspjūvio plotas m2. Elektrinės varžos matavimo vienetas yra omas. Laidininko specifinė elektrinė varža priklauso nuo medžiagos ir temperatūros. Kai temperatūra kitokia nei 20 °C. daugumos metalų specifinę elektrinę varžą galima apskaičiuoti.  Specifinė elektrinė varža, kai temperatūra lygi 20 °C,  temperatūrinis specifinės elektrinės varžos koeficientas °C-1, virštemperatūrė, t. y. tikrosios ir bazinės temperatūros (čia 20 °C) skirtumas °C. Atvirkštinis elektrinei varžai dydis yra elektrinis laidumas. G=1/R,kurio matavimo vienetas yra simensas (S). Atvirkštinis specifinei varžai dydis yra specifinis laidumas (S/m): Srovę varo elektros energijos šaltinis, kurio energija paverčiama krūvininkų judėjimo energija. Šaltinis apibūdinamas elektrovaros jėgą (ĖVJ), kuri žymima E ir kurios matavimo vienetas yra voltas (V).  Sutarta teigiama EVJ kryptimi laikyti jos kryptį iš minuso į pliusą. Realūs šaltiniai jais tekančiai srovei sudaro varžą, kuri vadinama šaltinio vidine varža. Ją žymėsime RI.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Imtuvuose  elektros energija paverčiama kitomis energijos rūšimis. Pavyzdžiui, elektros krosnyje ji virsta šiluma, kaitinamojoje lempoje - šviesa ir šiluma. Yra imtuvų, kuriuose veikia priešinga srovei vidinė EVJ. Tai įkraunami akumuliatoriai ir varikliai. Akumuliatoriuose kaupiama cheminė energija, o varikliuose elektros energija virsta mechanine ir šilumine. Elementariąją elektrinę grandinę sudaro elektros energijos šaltinis, imtuvas ir juos jungiantys laidai. Grafiškai ji vaizduojama schema, kurią sudaro sutartiniai realiųjų ir elementų ženklai, arba paprastesne - atstojamąja schema.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Schemose pažymėtos sutartinės teigiamos srovės ir EVJ kryptys. Labai svarbu elektrinius dydžius schemose žymėti laikantis vieningos sutartinių teigiamų krypčių sistemos, kad būtų teisingai matematiškai užrašyta daugelis elektrotechnikos dėsnių. Atstojamosiose schemose šaltiniai ir imtuvai vaizduojami ženklais, nurodančiais svarbiausias elemento elektrines savybes kiekvienu konkrečiu atveju.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-05-20 19:03:59',62,'','2010-05-20 19:16:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-20 19:03:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,30,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(431,'Teoriniai projektavimo pagrindai','teoriniai-projektavimo-pagrindai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-05-20 19:18:53',62,'','2010-05-20 19:21:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-20 19:18:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,29,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(432,'Lygiagrečiojo rezonansinio kontūro tyrimas','lygiagreiojo-rezonansinio-kontro-tyrimas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-05-20 19:23:55',62,'','2010-05-20 19:25:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-20 19:23:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,28,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(433,'Sauga elektros įrenginiuose','sauga-elektros-renginiuose','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai mokomoji knyga apie elektros pavojus, apsisaugojimo būdus ir priemones, apie apsaugos reikalavimus, atliekant darbus elektros įrenginiuose ir t.t.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-05-20 19:27:47',62,'','2010-05-20 19:34:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-20 19:27:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,27,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(434,'Elektros įrenginių įrengimo bendrosios taisyklės','elektros-rengini-rengimo-bendrosios-taisykls','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai mokomoji knyga, plačiai nagrinėjanti šias temas:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1. Bendrosios taisyklės.<br />2. Elektros linijos ir instaliacija.<br />3. Relinė apsauga ir automatika.<br />4. Skirstyklos ir pastotės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-05-20 19:38:30',62,'','2010-05-20 19:46:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-20 19:38:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,26,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(435,'Mikroprocesoriai','mikroprocesoriai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viskas, kas už  punktyro – magistralės interfeisas. Yra galimybė  MP dalinai rekonfiguruoti – pervesti į vieną iš darbo rėžimų: minimalus ir maksimalus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Min. rėžimas tai min architektūros kontrolerių ir MESM sudarymui. Šiame rėžime naudojamas minimalus pagalbiniū IS. Būtinai naudojama: taktinis generatorius, buferiniai registrai, magistralių formuotuvai. Min rėžime visus signalu, valdančius vidinį sisteminį interfeisą, formuoja pats MP.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Max rėžime MP naudojamas daugiaprocesorinių sistemų sudarymui, o magistralės valdymo signalus formuoja ne MP, o sisteminis kontroleris (t.y. MP su Co Procesoriumi).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Blokų paskirtis. Skiriamasis MP bruožas yra tas, kad galima išskirti du, asinchroniškai dirbančius įtaisus: operacinis įtaisas ir magistralės interfeisas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Operacinio paskirtis yra dekoduoti ir vykdyti komandas, o magistralės interfeisas užtikrina ryšį su periferiniais įtaisais. Abu šie įt. dirba lygiagrečiai. Kai operacinis įvykdo komandą, tuo pačiu magistralės interfeisas inicijuoja sekančių komandų nuskaitymą iš atminties ir jų įrašymą į komandų eilutę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Operacinį įtaisą sudaro: registrų blokas,  F - požymių registras.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Magistralės interfeisas: segmentinių registrų blokas,  komandų skaitiklis IP,  adresų sumatorius,  komandų eilė,  adresų būsenos buferis,  adresų duomenų buferis.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-05-20 19:57:23',62,'','2010-05-20 20:14:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-20 19:57:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,25,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(436,'Išsišakojusios grandinės tyrimas','isiakojusios-grandins-tyrimas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-05-20 20:16:37',62,'','2010-05-20 20:17:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-20 20:16:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,24,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(437,'Elektrodinamikos konspektas','elektrodinamikos-konspektas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-05-20 20:19:14',62,'','2010-05-20 20:20:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-20 20:19:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,23,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(438,'Skaitmeninis signalų apdorojimas','skaitmeninis-signal-apdorojimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Signalų apdorojimo metodai labai priklauso nuo signalo tipo. Yra metodų, kurie tinka tik kai kurioms signalų klasėms.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip buvo minėta, signalas yra aprašomas kaip vieno ar daugiau nepriklausomų kintamųjų funkcija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Funkcijos reikšmė gali būti realus skaliarinis dydis, kompleksinis dydis arba vektorius. Pavyzdžiui, signalas yra realus. Signalas g(t)=Ae yra kompleksinis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai kuriuose taikymuose signalai yra generuojami daugelio šaltinių. Tokie signalai gali būti atvaizduoti vektoriškai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Toks signalų vektorius vadinamas daugiakanaliu signalu. Bendru atveju kiekvienas vektoriaus s(t) elementas gali būti realus arba kompleksinis skaičius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei signalas yra vieno nepriklausomo kintamojo funkcija, signalas yra vadinamas vienmačiu. Signalas yra vadinamas M - mačiu, jei jo reikšmės yra M nepriklausomų kintamųjų funkcija. Signalai, kurie yra daugiau negu vieno nepriklausomo kintamojo funkcijos, yra vadinami daugiamačiais. Pavyzdžiui, vaizdas televizoriaus ekrane gali būti traktuojamas kaip trimatis signalas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tolydinio laiko signalai  arba analoginiai signalai yra apibrėžti kiekvienam laiko momentui ir jie įgyja reikšmes tolydiniame intervale (a,b), kur a gali būti -  ir b gali būti. Matematiškai šie signalai gali būti aprašyti tolydinio kintamojo funkcijomis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Diskretinio laiko signalai yra apibrėžti tiktai diskretinio laiko reikšmėms. Tie laiko momentai nebūtinai turi būti vienodai nutolę vienas nuo kito, bet praktikoje jie paprastai imami vienodai nutolę, kad būtų patogiau skaičiuoti ir matematiškai traktuoti. Pavyzdžiui, signalas  yra diskretinio laiko signalas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei mes naudojame indeksą n diskretinio laiko momentams kaip nepriklausomà kintamąją, signalo reikšmė tampa sveiko kintamojo funkcija , t.y. skaičių seka. Tokiu būdu diskretinio laiko signalas gali būti pavaizduotas matematiškai realių arba kompleksinių skaičių seka. Žymėsime tokį signalą x(n) vietoj x(t).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei laiko momentai t  yra vienodai nutolę, t.y. t = nT, galima taip pat naudoti pažymėjimą x(nT).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tolydinio arba diskretinio laiko signalų reikšmės gali būti tolydinės arba diskretinės. Jei signalas gali įgyti visas galimas reikšmes baigtiniame ar begaliniame diapazone, yra sakoma, kad tai yra tolydinių reikšmių signalas. Jei signalas įgyja reikšmes iš baigtinės galimų reikšmių aibės, yra sakoma, kad tai yra diskretinių reikšmių signalas. Diskretinio laiko signalas, turintis diskretinių reikšmių aibę, yra vadinamas skaitmeniniu signalu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-05-20 20:24:35',62,'','2010-05-20 20:50:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-20 20:24:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,22,'','',0,77,'robots=\nauthor='),(439,'Surištųjų rezonansinių kontūrų tyrimas','suritj-rezonansini-kontr-tyrimas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-05-24 21:15:01',62,'','2010-05-24 21:17:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-24 21:15:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,21,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(440,'Elektronikos santrauka','elektronikos-santrauka','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-05-24 21:19:22',62,'','2010-05-24 21:21:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-24 21:19:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,20,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(441,'Matavimo prietaisai. Grandinių tyrimo priemonės.','matavimo-prietaisai-grandini-tyrimo-priemons','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-05-24 21:22:52',62,'','2010-05-24 21:24:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-24 21:22:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,19,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(442,'Elektroninio pajungimo schemos','elektroninio-pajungimo-schemos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-05-24 21:25:58',62,'','2010-05-24 21:27:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-24 21:25:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,18,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(443,'Radiolakcija','radiolakcija','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-05-24 21:28:51',62,'','2010-05-24 21:30:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-24 21:28:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,17,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(444,'Aktyvinių dažnio filtrų tyrimas','aktyvini-danio-filtr-tyrimas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-05-24 21:31:57',62,'','2010-05-24 21:33:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-24 21:31:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,16,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(445,'Televizijos pagrindai','televizijos-pagrindai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">TV tai informacinė sistema skirta perduoti vaizdams ir garsams per atstumą, panaudojant radiodaþninius signalus eteriu ir kabeliais. TV sistemos sudaromos atsižvelgiant į žmogaus akių sandarą reagos ir vaizdo pojūčių savybes.  Akies priekinė dalis: ragena yra skaidri, už jos yra priekinės akies kamera, užpildyta skaidraus pusiau skistos medžiagos. Akį dengia neskaidri odena. Už kameros seka rainelė, kurios viduje yra anga - virdis. Virdis reguliuoja į akį patenkančios šviesos energijos kiekį. Už virdžio yra lęšiukas, projektuojantis stebimo objekto vaizdą į tinklainę. Lęšiuko forma kinta, keičiantis atstumu iki stebimo objekto, kuri pasireiškia kintant atstumui nuo 10 cm iki begalybės. Lęšiukas sufokusuoja stebimą objekto vaizdo tinklainėje. Tinklainė sudaryta iš galinių kurios pagal formą skirstome į stiebelius ir kūgelius. Jie yra sujungti su nervų sistema.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Stebeliai prie nervų sistemos prijungti grupėmis. Jie yra jautresni šviesai ir leidžia spręsti apie vaizdo įkaistą, tolstant nuo centrinės duobelės esančios tinklaineje, ant akies stebelių tankis didėja. Kūgelis sujungtas su atskira nervų skaidula. Todėl jie įgalina išskirti smulkias vaizdo detales, kugelių jautrumas šviesai yra mažesnis bet jautresnis spalvai ir įgalina spręsti apie spalvas. Kugelių tankis didžiausias centrinėje dobelėje ir aplink ją esančioje geltonoje demėje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Spalva - kokybinis šviesos rodiklis, o skaistis- kiekybinis.Teisingai atkurti TV vaizdą galima tik suderinant TV sistemos techninę spcifiką sud. akies matomumo kreive. Žmogaus spalvų pojūtis priklauso nuo šviesos energijos patenkančios į akį iš stebimo objektų kiekio ir bangos ilgio. Bet kuris šviesos šaltinis objektyviai yra apibūdinamas trim pagrindiniais dydžiais:  skaistis B ,spalviniu tonu apibūdina spalvos savybės kuriom jis skiriasi nuo baltos spalvos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Spalvinio tono skaistinė reikšmė atitinka į akį patenkančių šviesos spindulių spektrą vyraujantį dažnį. Tačiau tarp skaisčio ir spalvinio tono susidaro ryšys dėl žmogaus regėjimo savybių. Ta pati spalva esant įvairiam skaisčiui gali būti suvokiama skirtingai. Pvz.: balta spalva esant skirtiniam skaisčiui gali būti suvokiama ir šviesiai ir tamsiai. Spalvos grynumas - spektro spalvos dalis mišinyje su balta spalva.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-05-24 21:39:17',62,'','2010-05-25 19:47:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-24 21:39:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,15,'','',0,383,'robots=\nauthor='),(446,'Įkalintas prizmėje ','kalintas-prizmje-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Buvo puiki diena, oras gaivus ir perregimas, dangus - vaiskus ir giedras (ir dar koks giedras!). Tokią dieną viskas atrodo įmanoma. Netgi mirtis. Tiesa, šiandien Evanas Ordželas į savo dienotvarkę mirties neįtraukė, bet būtent jos link jis ir artinosi. Ir niekaip negalėjo to išvengti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi jo skafandras buvo beviltiškai sugadintas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aplink jį neįprastame plantokosmogeniniame pasaulyje, vadinamame Prizme, knibždėjo gyvybė. Jis atvyko į šią planetą, ketindamas įsikurti joje tolimesniam gyvenimui. O dabar atrodė, kad čia jis pasiliks ne gyvenimui, o kažkam visiškai kitam.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Oras aplinkui jo veidą buvo kupinas deguonies, kuriuo jis negalėjo kvėpuoti. Aplink augo miškai, pilni augalų bei gyvūnų, kurių jis negalėjo vartoti maistui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jo veidą šildė Prizmės saulė. Ji švietė ryškiai, bet degė ne kaitriau už žvaigždes, supančias Evano pasaulį, Samstedo planetą. Vidudienį čionykštė temperatūra būdavo gana palanki. Jis galėjo kvėpuoti Prizmės oru, gerti čionykštį vandenį, valgyti savo maisto atsargas, bet, nepaisant to, dabar jam buvo lemta mirti, nes skafandras pasidarė niekam tikęs.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taip neturėjo atsitikti, nes šis komplektas buvo ypatingas net pagal unikalius Samstedo standartus. Jis buvo sukurtas specialiai šiam vizitui. Inžinieriai ir dizaineriai sukonstravo jį taip, kad Evanas būtų apsaugotas nuo bet kokių pavojų, visų įsivaizduojamų ir neįsivaizduojamų netikėtumų, kurie gali tykoti tokiame pasaulyje, kaip Prizmė. Bet šio skafandro išradėjai neįvertino, o ir negalėjo įvertinti vienos aplinkybės - begalinio Prizmės gyventojų atsiskyrėliškumo bei priešiškos jų klastos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Evanas manė, jog negalima kaltinti vien tik konstruktorių. Į šio kostiumo kūrimą įtraukti inžinieriai dirbo, turėdami omenyje pasaulius, kurių gyvybės formas galėjai pavadinti variacijomis jau žinomomis temomis, gyvybę, kurios pagrindu buvo anglies atomas. Prizmė nebuvo toks pasaulis. Nuo pat pradžių gyvybė čia buvo ne tokia kaip kituose pasauliuose, ir evoliucijos eigoj tie skirtumai darėsi vis žymesni ir žymesni.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ta evoliucija ir sugadino jo skafandrą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Saulė toliau kepino bejėgį jo kūną. Nors už dirbtinio epidermio ribų temperatūra liko maloni, viduje ji nenumaldomai kilo. Evaną siaubingai kamavo troškulys. Jis pamėgino pasijudinti iš vietos. Servomechanizmas neįsijungė, ir jis parkrito ant nugaros ten, kur ir stovėjo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kairioji ranka nejudėjo visai. O kai dešiniąją jis ištiesė link vandens, šią pradėjo klaikiai skaudėti. Ta ranka buvo gerokai sužalota, tikriausiai sulaužyta, bet jis nusprendė, jog bus lengviau pasiekti vandenį ranka, kuri nors šiaip taip veikia, nei stengtis įjungti šalme įtaisytą vandens čiaupą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bet netrukus jis suprato, kad net sėkmės atveju vis vien negalės atsigerti, nes veidą dengia nepramušamas skafandro stiklas. Dešinioji ranka vos judėjo, ir jis nusprendė baigti šį užsiėmimą. Tas mėginimas vargino jį taip, kaip vargino ir pati Prizmė - nuo pat tos akimirkos, kai jis žengė ant jos žėrinčio, apgaulingo paviršiaus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-05-25 19:50:33',62,'','2010-05-25 19:55:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-25 19:50:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,66,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(447,'Menas ir istorijos pažanga G. Hėgelio filosofijoje','menas-ir-istorijos-paanga-g-hgelio-filosofijoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ginčas dėl meno vertinimo kriterijų. Daugelyje darbų nagrinėjančių G. Hėgelio estetika, jos savitumu laikomas istoriškumo principas, kurio esmę sudaro meno reiškinių aiškinimas atsižvelgiant į konkrečią istorinę epochą. Neketinu ginčyti, kad istoriškumas yra G. Hėgelio meno interpretavimo pagrindas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atrodo, svarbiau pabrėžti, kad istoriškumo principas nepaaiškina nei meno kaip kultūros reiškinio, nei G. Hėgelio pažiūrų dėl meno reikšmės sumenkėjimo naujaisiais laikais. Reiktų atkreipti dėmesį kaip tik į G. Hėgelio istorijos filosofijos premisų poveikį aiškinant meną, - poveikį, kuris paprastai nepastebimas, ypač kai jo estetika nagrinėjama atskirai nuo kitų sistemos dalių. Šis atsiskyrimas iš tikrųjų yra labai abejotinas, juo labiau, kad G. Hėgelis, analizuodamas meną, vartojo kitose savo sistemos skyriuose susiformavusias kategorijas. Jo estetikoje pagrindinė meno reikšmės problema gali būti paaiškinta tik atsižvelgiant į laisvės principą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kritikuodamas romantikus, G. Hėgelis kalba apie jų meno teoriją, kurią vadina ironija, o ne apie istorinius literatūrinius jų samprotavimus. Ginčijamasi buvo ne dėl istoriškumo kaip meno kūrinių interpretavimo principo o, dėl meno kaip kultūros dalies reikšmingumo. G. Hėgelis prikaišiojo ironijos šalininkams, kad jie analizuoja tik meno santykį su menininku, kūrėjo individualybe, ir mano, jog meno kūrinio turinys bei forma taip pat priklauso tik nuo to. Žiūrint šiuo aspektu, išeitų, kad “reikšmės suteikimas ar panaikinimas priklauso tik nuo Aš savivalės” . Kaip ir romantikai menininko asmenybę jis laikė vieninteliu kūrybos subjektu. Bet pradėjus aiškintis jos esmę, prasidėdavę ir nesutarimai. G. Hėgelis priekaištavo romantikams dėl to, kad jie menininką laiko asmenybe, apdovanota “ savavališka valdžia ir galia “ , nulemiančia visą jos turinį. Taigi romantizmas, G. Hėgelio nuomone, absoliutina menininko kūrybinį vaidmenį ir teigia, kad jis pats sąlygoja tiek savo poziciją, tiek jos išraišką meno kūrinyje. G. Hėgelio nuomone, romantizmas pernelyg iškelia menininko saviraiškos funkciją, atskirdamas ją nuo bet kokių sąlygotumų ar išorinių aplinkybių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Reikia pripažinti, kad G. Hėgelio priekaištas buvo pagrįstas. Romantizmo estetikos kūrėjai, ištikrųjų ugdė ekspresyviojo meno koncepciją. Kalbėdami apie  menininko santykį su begalybe, t. y. diskrusyviai nesuvokiama, idealia realybe, jie vis dėlto svarbiausia vaidmenį šiame santykyje pripažįsta tik menininkui, patikėdami jam visą begalybės supratimą ir pajautos bei išraiškos būdą. Ideali realybė jiems tarsi menininko veiklos fonas, leidžiantis savo kūrinius traktuoti kaip begalybės apraiškas. Tačiau tokiu atveju begalybė negali būti meninio vertinimo kriterijus. Romantikai tuo kriterijumi labiau linkę laikyti kūrinyje išreikštų gyvenimų autentiškumą, kurį faktiškai irgi nustato pats kūrėjas. Šito kriterijaus subjektyvumas nekelia jokių abejonių. Kaip tik prieš jį ir nukreipti G. Hėgelio argumentai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi anot G. Hėgelio, nieko nuostabaus, kad, šitaip interpretuodami meninę kūrybą, romantikai traktuoja meno kūrinio turinį kaip “ nuogą regimybę “ arba kaip fikciją, neturinčią pažinties reikšmės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jeigu menininkas stengiasi išreikšti tik savo paties išgyvenimus ir nuotaikas, tai jam nerūpi atvaizduoti storinius ir visuomeninius procesus, vykstančius nepriklausomai  nuo jo. Romantizmo estetikoje meno pažintinis vaidmuo yra apribojamas, o gal neigiamas. Geriausiu atveju menas atveria vidinį individualų išgyvenimų pasaulį. Romantikų nuomone, joks sąmonės turinys menininkui nėra absoliutus ir egzistuojantis pats savaime ir sau; jis yra tik jo paties sukurta “nuoga regimybė“ . Šiuos G. Hėgelio žodžius reikėtų suprasti šitaip: menininko sąmonė nukreipiama į fikcijos kūrimą, o ne į žmonijos vystimosi, kuris pavaldus sąmonės dinamkai pažinimą. Savo estetikoje G. Hėgelis pabrėžia, kad egzistuoja savarankiška autonominė tikrovė kaip meninės kūrybos pagrindas ir sąlyga. Tai tarytum panašu į romantikų teiginius apie begalybės egzistavimą. Tačiau šis panašumas tariamas. Juk, anot romantikų, ta tikrovė prieinama tik menininkams, kaip jų asmeniniai išgyvenimai, todėl neprieinama jokiai diskursyviniai charakteristikai. O G. Hėgelio “absoliučią tikrovę“ sutapatina su dialektine žmonijos raida, kuri apima pakitimų visuomenės sąmonėje, gyvenime ir kultūroje visumą - žodžiu, sutapatina ją su visuotine istorija, kurios įvairius  aspektus tiria filosofija. Vadinasi, meniniko išgyvenimai nėra vienintelis informacijos apie tikrovę, supančią individą, šaltinis. Tuo tarpu romantizmo estetika nepripažįsta menui pažintinių funkcijų ir skelbia, kad jis visada teikia nepatikimas, iliuziškas ir tariamas žinias.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-05-25 19:57:27',62,'','2010-05-25 20:01:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-25 19:57:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,65,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(448,'Anapus gėrio ir blogio Frydrichas Nyčė ','anapus-grio-ir-blogio-frydrichas-ny-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tiesos valia - ji dar ne kartą suvilios mus rizikingiems žingsniams, ta išgirtoji tiesos meile, apie kurią iki šiol su didžia pagarba šnekejo visi filosofai,- kokiu tik klausimu nepateike mums ši tiesos valia! Kokiu keistu, prastu, itartinu klausimu! Ši istorija ganetinai sena, ir vis delto atrodo, jog ji ką tik prasidejo. Tad kas čia nuostabaus, jei pagaliau pasirodysime nepatiklūs, prarasime kantrybę ir nusisuksime? Kad mes patys pasimokysime iš šio sfinkso kelti klausimus? Kas gi toks iš tikrųjų kelia mums klausimus? Ir kas toks mumyse iš tikrųjų veržiasi \"į tiesą\"? - Taip, mes tikrai ilgai sprendėme klausimą, kokios yra šios valios priežastys, ir galiausiai visiškai sustojome prie dar nuodugnesnio klausimo. Mes iškėlėme šios valios vertės klausimą. Tarkime, kad mes geidžiame tiesos, - bet ar nemieliau būtų trokšti netiesos, netikrumo, netgi nežinojimo? Tiesos vertės problema priėjo prie mūsų,- ar mes patys priėjome prie šios problemos? Kas iš mūsų Edipas? Kas sfinksas? Štai kur pasimatymas - klausimų ir klaustukų! - Ir atsitik tu man taip: galų gale pradėsime galvoti, kad ši problema dar niekad nebuvo iškelta, tarsi mes ją pirmieji išvydome, pirmieji atkreipėme į ją dėmesį, pirmieji ryžomės? Nes čia nemaža rizikos ir galbūt už šią riziką nėra pasaulyje didesnės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">\"Kaip galėtų kažkas atsirasti iš savo priešybės? Pavyzdžiui, tiesa iš suklydimo? Arba tiesos valia iš apgaulės valios? Arba pasiaukojimas iš savanaudiškumo? Arba saulėta išminčiaus žiūra iš godumo? Ne, tai neįmanoma, o kas apie tai svajoja, yra kvailys arba dar blogiau. Patys vertingiausi dalykai turi turėti kitą, savo kilmę. Jų neįmanoma kildinti iš šio niekingo, nepastovaus, pilno pagundų ir apgaulės pasaulio, iš šios iliuzijų bei geidulių maišaties. Priešingai, jų šaltinis - būties gelmė, amžinybė, neregimas Dievas, \"daiktas pats savaime\": čia, o ne kur kitur slypi jų pagrindas!\"- Toks samprotavimo būdas - tipiškas prietaras: iš jo galima atpažinti visų laikų metafizikus. Toks vertinimas yra visų jų loginių procedūrų prielaida; remdamiesi šiuo \"tikėjimu\", jie bando pasiekti \"žinojimą\", kurį galop iškilmingai paskelbia \"tiesa\". Metafizikų tikėjimo pagrindų pagrindas - tikėjimą svertybių priešprieša. Netgi atsargiausiems iš jų, netgi prisiekusiems \"de omnibus dubitandum\" neatėjo į galvą, kad jau čia, prie slenksčio, pats laikas pradėti abejoti. Juk iš tikrųjų galima abejoti, pirma, tuo, ar išvis egzistuoja priešybės, ir antra, tuo, ar tie liaudiški vertinimai ir vertybių priešpriešos, paženklintos metafizikų antspaudu, nėra vien paviršutiniški vertinimai, laikinos perspektyvos, kurios atsiveria žvelgiant tam tikru rakursu, iš apačios į viršų, kad tai, dailininkų žodžiais tariant, yra varlės perspektyva. Kad ir kaip didžiai vertintume tiesą, teisingumą, altruizmą, kažin ar nederėtų gyvenime kur kas labiau vertinti iliuziją, apgaulės, savanaudiškumo ir godumo valią. Galbūt gerų ir garbinamų dalykų vertė paaiškinama kaip tik jų dviprasmiška giminyste, ryšiu su blogais, tariamai priešingais dalykais, netgi esminiu panašumu į juos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Galbūt! - Bet kam rūpi tokie pavojingi \"galbūt\"! Reikia palaukti, kol ateis nauja filosofų padermė - turinčių kitokį skonį ir kitokius polinkius, negu turėjo ankstesni filosofai,- pavojingo \"galbūt\" visomis jo prasmėmis filosofų padermė. - Ir kalbant visiškai rimtai: aš matau - tokie nauji filosofai ateina.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aš gana ilgai stebėjau filosofus, akylai žiūrėjau, ką jie rašo tarp eilučių, ir dabar sakau pats sau: didesnę sąmoningo mąstymo, taip pat filosofinio mąstymo dalį lemia instinktai - mes turime pakeisti ankstesnį požiūrį taip, kaip kad pakeitėme požiūrį į paveldėjimą ir \"įgimtas\" savybes. Gimimo aktas mažai ką reiškia visame paveldimų savybių perdavimo procese; lygiai taip pat ir sąmonė nėra priešinga (kokia nors principine prasme) instinktams: sąmoningam filosofo mąstymui paprastai slapčia vadovauja instinktai, verčiantys jį judėti tam tikru keliu. Visokia logika ir tariamai savarankiškas minties judėjimas priklauso nuo vertinimų, tiksliau pasakius, nuo fiziologinių tam tikro gyvenimo būdo išsaugojimo reikalavimų. Pavyzdžiui, apibrėžtumas vertingesnis už neapibrėžtumą, iliuzija ne tokia vertinga, kaip \"tiesa\",- tokie vertinimai, nepaisant reguliatyvios jų reikšmės m u m s, gali būti tik paviršutiniški vertinimai, tam tikra niaiserie 2  rūšis, reikalinga išsaugoti panašioms į mus būtybėms. Žinoma, tarus, kad visai ne žmogus yra \"daiktų matas\"...</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-05-25 20:04:17',62,'','2010-05-25 20:18:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-25 20:04:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,64,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(449,'Sokratas','sokratas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sokratas gimė 77 - osios olimpiados metais (469m.pr.Kr.) Alopekėje (netoli Atėnų) akmenskaldžio Sofronisko ir pribuvėjos Fainaretės šeimoje. Jis buvo antras sūnus. Pagal tuometinį paprotį gimus sūnui tėvas kreipėsi į orakulą patarimo, kaip jį auklėti. Atsakymas buvo toks: tegu jis daro tai, kas jam šauna į galvą, o tėvai neturėtų trukdyti laisvai skleistis sūnaus polinkiams ir potraukiams, nes jis turįs savyje vidinį vadovą visam gyvenimui, kuris pranokstąs geriausius mokytojus ir auklėtojus (tai, ką vėliau Sokratas vadino daimonion). Jaunystėje Sokratas gavo gerą pradinį išsimokslinimą, o sulaukęs 18 metų tapo Atėnų piliečiu, davęs priesaiką  laikytis įstatymų. Kaip ir visi graikų jaunuoliai, Sokratas atliko karinę prievolę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sokrato jaunystės laikais Atėnai garsėjo kaip politikų, karvedžių, jūreivių, prekijų ir menininkų miestas, bet filosofų neturėjo. Pirmasis savas Atėnų filosofas buvo Archelajas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasibaigus Peloponeso karui (404 m.pr.Kr.), Graikijoje įsigalėjo oligarchija ir vadinamoji trisdešimties tironija, kuriai vadovavo buvęs Sokrato mokinys Kritijas. Prasidėjo susidorojimai su nepaklusniais piliečiais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sokratas, būdamas ištikimas teisėtumui, atvirai priešinosi tokiai politikai, todėl jam buvo uždrausta mokyti jaunuolius. Po metų trisdešimties tironija žlugo, vės sugrįžo demokratija, tačiau Sokratas nebuvo paliktas ramybėje. Žinoma, ir Sokratas nesitaikstė su tuo, kas jam buvo nepriimtina. Demokratijos idealu jis laikė Perikijo valdymo laikus (443-430m.pr.Kr.) ir naująją Atėnų demokratiją vertino kritiškai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sokrato asmenybė įkūnija tauriausias žmogaus dvasines ir moralines savybes. Tai buvo žmogus, kuris gyveno taip, kaip pats mokė gyventi kitus. Jis buvo nepaprastai teisingas, kuklus, ištikimas savo draugams, savaip dievobaimingas ir itin nuosaikus fizinių poreikių atžvilgiu. Kaip savo valstybės pilietis, jis ištikimai tarnavo savo tėvynei, karo metais narsiai ją gynė, taikos metu taip pat rodė ištikimybės pareigai pavyzdį, drąsiai gindamas tiesą ir nuo įsiaudrinusios minios, ir nuo pareigūnų piktnaudžiavimo įstatymais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip tik tuo o ypač savo gyvenimo būdu Sokratas išsiskyrė iš kitų atėniečių. Jis mėgdavo ištisas dienas klajoti po miestą ir pasišnekėti su kiekvienu, ką tik sutikdavo savo kelyje. Visiems imponuodavo ne tik jo samprotavimai ir pamokymai, bet ir išorė. Priešingai puošniai apsirengusiems sofistams, Sokratas dėvėjo paprastą apsiaustą, vaikščiojo daugiausia basas. Daugelis į jį žiūrėjo kaip į keistuolį, kuris kvaršina žmonėms galvas savo plepalais ir nepajėgia pasirūpinti nei savo šeima, nei pačiu savimi.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš tikrųjų kai kuriais atžvilgiais Sokrato elgesys priminė pagarsėjusių sofistų veiklą, tačiau nuo jų jis skyrėsi ne tik tuo, kad už teikiamas pamokas neimdavo jokio užmokesčio, bet ir savo mokymo turiniu. Jo esmė buvo lavinti žmogaus protą, kad jis geriau pažintų save, o pažinęs save žmogus gali nukreipti savo gyvenimą teisinga linkme ir išmintingai naudotis visomis žemiškomis gėrybėmis. Be to, priešingai negu sofistai, kurie dėjosi visažiniais išminčiais. Sokratas visada sakydavo: “Aš žinau, kad nieko nežinau”(“oida ouden eidos”). Vieši filosofiniai pokalbiai buvo didžiausia Sokrato aistra, kuri taip buvo jį užvaldžiusi, kad jis visiškai nebesirūpino nei savo šeimos buities reikalais, nei savimi. Savo gyvenimo prasme jis laikė mokyti žmones pažinti tikrąsias gyvenimo vertybes. Nors jis gyveno nepritekliuje ir skurde, tačiau visuomet atsisakydavo jam ne kartą siūlyto geresnio būsto, žemės, maisto produktų. Stengėsi gyventi pats iš savęs, tenkindamasis minimumu. Jis buvo įsitikinęs, kad siekimas praturtėti iškreipia žmogų iš doros ir tiesos kelio. Plačiai žinoma, kaip kartą apsilankęs turguje jis nusistebėjo:”Kiek čia daug daiktų, kurių man nereikia”. Tad suprantama, kad tokios Sokrato nuostatos negalėjo patenkinti jo žmonos Ksantipės, ant kurios pečių gulė visi ūkio ir buities rūpesčiai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-05-25 20:20:51',62,'','2010-05-25 20:29:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-25 20:20:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,63,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(450,'Ogiustas Rodenas. Jo impresionistinė filosofija.','ogiustas-rodenas-jo-impresionistin-filosofija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prancūzų menininkas Ogiustas Rodenas buvo vienas iš garsiausiųjų XIX a. impresionizmo atstovų. Jis gimė 1840 m. lapkričio 12 dieną Paryžiuje, labai vargingoje šeimoje. Jo tėvas tarnavo policijoje, motina buvo kambarinė. Baigęs pradinį mokslą jaunuolis įstojo į dailės mokyklą. Čia nuo aštuntos valandos ryto iki vidudienio piešė, kopijavo, tapė iš natūros. Dukart per savaitę lankė didžiojo sklulptoriaus animalisto Barje kursus, o vakarus dažnai praleisdavo puikių Luvro kolekcijų pasaulyje. Kai Rodenui buvo 15 metų, jis susižavėjo spalvomis ir norėjo tapti dailininku tapytoju, tik, deja, neturėjo už ką nusipirkti drobės, teptukų ir dažų. O senovinių skulptūrų eskizams tereikėjo popieriaus ir pieštuko. Jis vaikščiojo po pirmąjį Luvro aukštą, dirbo didelėse jo salėse ir taip susižavėjo skulptūra, jog liovvėsi ir galvojęs apie ką kitą. Jis darė eskizus ir valstybinėje gobeleno manufaktūroje, kur vėliau dirbo lipdytoju dekoratoriumi. Kai Rodenui sukako 24 metai, neturėdamas lėšų pragyvenimui, jis stojo dirbti lyg ir pameistriu pas nežymų skulptorių. Čia jis sukūrė portretą “Žmogus sulaužyta nosimi“, tačiau gipsinis modelis nusiųstas į Paryžiaus Gran - saloną, nebuvo priimtas. Po šios nesėkmės menininkas drauge su savo šeimininku išvyko į Briuselį, kur dirbo ir pas kitą mažai žinomą skulptorių. Grįžęs iš Briuselio jis nemėgo pasakoti apie savo gyvenimą Belgijoje, sakydavo tik tai, kad reikėjo labai daug dirbti ir labai varžyti savo troškimus. Vis dėlto nėra abejonės, jog kaip tik Briuselyje, uoliai lavindamasis, jis tapo skulptoriumi, ištisus dešimtmečius savo kūriniais jaudinusiu Paryžiaus meno pasaulį. Ir štai pirmasis pasisekimas: salonas pagaliau priima iš marmuro iškaltą portretą “Žmogus sulaužyta nosimi“. Šiame dinamiškame kūrinyje tegalime įžvelgti vos kai kurias būsimo didžio talento žymes. Pirmasis kūrinys, jau būdingas Rodenui ir atliktas su tikru polėkiu, buvo kompozicija “Bronzos amžius“, išstatyta 1877 m. tame pačiame salone. Ši kompozicija sukėlė nemažą nerimo “aristokratijos miesto“ meniniuose sluoksniuose, nes skulptorius šiuo kūriniu drąsiai paneigia nusidėvėjusius akademinius išraiškos būdus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rodeno gyvenimo istorija gan paprasta. Darbas, darbas ir vėl fanatiškas, nenuilstamas, sakytum begalinis darbas. Šio darbo vaisiai pasklidę po viso pasaulio muziejus ir turtingų kolekcionierių rinkinius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kūrybinio kelio pradžioje vertęsis labai sunkiai, Rodenas netrukus tapo pasiturinčiu,o vėliau ir turtingu žmogumi. Meistras pasidarė išlaidžiu kolekcionieriumi – supirkinėjo meno kūrinius vieną po kito.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ankstesnioji vienatvė nuslinko praeitin: dabar pas jį nuolatos daug svečių. Aplink jį nuolat telkiasi rašytojai, dailininkai, gražuolės aristokratės, aukšti pareigūnai ir turtuoliai, o galų gale jis užkariavo ir labiausiai atsilikusius savo nacijos atstovus – valstybę ir Akademiją. Menininkas ne kartą buvo išvykęs į užsienį, lankėsi Anglijoje, Italijoje, tačiau stipriausius įspūdžius jam paliko jaunystėje aplankytas Paryžius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rodenas skulptūroje įkūnijo tariamą neužbaigtumą, bronzos ir marmuro paviršių gyvą pulsavimą, skrydyje aptiktą judėjimą. Kita vertus jo skulptūrų jausmingumas, patetika impresionizmui visai svetimi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Mąstytojas“ – geras jo kūrybos stiliaus perteikimas vienoje skulptūroje: nuleidęs galvą, jo veide – susirūpinimas, alkūnė įremta į kairįjį kelį, plaštaka atlenkta į vidų, o lūpos prispaustos prie pirštų. Kūno svoris perkeltas į priekį, per dešinę ranką, kurios alkūnė remiasi į kairįjį kelį, jis gula ant kojos, paskiau ant pėdos, stipriai prispaustos prie uolos, ir pagaliau atsipalaiduoja kiek pakeltuose kojos pirštuose. Šis svorio centro perkėlimas matomas visame “Mąstytojo“ kūne, net kairiojoje rankoje, gulinčioje greta dešiniosios alkūnės ant kairiojo kelio, nuo kurio suglebusi plaštaka bejėgiškai karo, nusvirusi žemyn. Dešinė šlaunis, blauzda ir pėda, o ypač pirštai taipgi byloja apie susirūpinimą, skausmingas godas, apie tą dvasios būseną, kuri dažnai apimdavo skulptorių, kaip ir Mikelandželą, žymiausią visų laikų menininką, kol pagaliau įsikūnydavo puikiuose kūriniuose. Tačiau tarp Rodeno ir Mikelandželo pažiūrų – didelis skirtumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mikelandželo pranašas Jeronimas Siksto koplyčios sienoje susimąstęs gal ir giliau už “Mąstytoją“, bet jis nenusivylęs, jo negraužia abejonės, jis tiki ir tikėjimas teikia prasmę jo kančioms.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-05-25 20:31:39',62,'','2010-05-25 20:37:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-25 20:31:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,62,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(451,'Gyvenimo prasmės - tikslo samprta','gyvenimo-prasms-tikslo-samprta','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogui būdingas noras gyventi amžinai ir laimingai. Ir tai visai natūralu, kadangi iš prigimties būtybė – amžina ir laiminga. Tačiau dabartiniame sąlygotame būvyje ji kovoja su besikartojančiu gimimu ir mirtimi, todėl nepasiekia nei laimės nei nemirtingumo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienas naujausių norų, kurie gimė žmogui – keliauti į kitas planetas - irgi visai natūralus. Tokia kelionė nepaprastai vilioja ir jaudina, kadangi materialiame ir dvasiniame danguje gausu planetų, kurioms būdingos labai skirtingos savybės ir kuriose gyvena įvairios gyvosios esybės. Kiekvienas, kuris pasiekia laisvę dvasinėse planetose, neprivalo grįžti į tą nelaimingą šalį, kur gimstama, senstama, sergama ir mirštama.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1959 m. spalio 27 d.”Times of India” paskelbė pranešimą apie Nobelio premijos suteikimą fizikos srityje už antiprotono radimą, įrodantį, kad materija egzistuoja 2 formom, kaip dalelė ir kaip antidalelė. Pagal vieną pagrindinių naujosios teorijos prielaidų egzistuoja kitas pasaulis, arba antipasaulis, sudarytas iš antimaterijos. Antimaterialų pasaulį turėtų sudaryti atominės ir subatominės dalelės,skriejančios priešingomis orbitomis,negu tai vyksta mums žinomame pasaulyje. Jeigu šie du pasauliai kada nors susidurs, juos sunaikins vienas akinantis sprogimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vedų filosofijos rankraščiai pateikia materijos ir antimaterijos sampratą, aiškindama ją kaip dvi energijos formas. Materija – tai energija, kurianti materialų pasaulį. Ta pati energija, tik aukštesnės formos, antimaterialų (transcendentinį) pasaulį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Materija pati kuriamosios galios neturi. Tik tuo atveju, kai ją veikia gyvoji energija, sukuriami materialūs daiktai.Todėl materija grubia forma yra latentinė Aukščiausios būtybės energija. Energija nėra sau pakankama. Ją kontroliuoja aukštesnis pradas, gyva būtybė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aukščiausia gyva būtybė, arba Absoliuti Tiesa, Vedose yra gyva būtybė, visų energijų pirminis šaltinis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagal šią filosofiją antimateriali dalelė glūdi materialiame kūne. Jos dėka materialus kūnas palengva kinta: iš kūdikystės pereina į vaikystę, iš vaikystės į jaunystę, iš jaunystės – į senatvę. Po to antimateriali dalelė palieka seną, netinkamą naudoti kūną ir persikelia į kitą materialų kūną.Taigi antimateriali dalelė  be jokių abejonių, aukštesnė už materialią energiją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ši dalelė mažesnė už mažiausią mikroskopinę materialią dalelę.bet, nežiūrint į tai ,kad ji maža, jos gyvybės jėga tokia galinga, kad daro įtaką visam materialiam kūnui.<br />Mokslininkų prielaida, kad gali egzistuoti kitas pasaulis, kurį sudaro antimaterialūs atomai ir, kad susidūrus materialiam ir antimaterialiam pasauliams jie abu anihiliuosis  tik iš dalies yra teisinga.<br />Susidūrimas vyksta nuolatos: kiekvieną akimirką anihiliuojasi materialios dalelės, o nemateriali dalelė siekia išsivaduoti. Jos kalėjimas, kurį sudaro materialios energijos sankaupa, vadinama grubiu ir subtiliu kūnais, po tam tikro laiko yra sunaikinama.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visa, kas sukurta, tam tikru laiko momentu yra sunaikinama. Ir materialus kūnas ir materialus pasaulis yra sukurti, todėl jie pasmerkti žūti, ir bus sunaikinti. Tačiau antimateriali dalelė niekad nebuvo sukurta, jos egzistavimas neturi nei pradžios, nei pabaigos, taigi, ji negali būti sunaikinta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Todėl nereikia sielvartauti dėl materialios energijos netekties. Visų rūšių jutiminis patyrimas, priklausantis šilumos ir šalčio, laimės ir kančios kategorijai, tėra materialios energijos vidinė sąveika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienas protingas žmogus, jeigu jo netrukdo laimė, bei kančia ir jeigu jis supranta, kad laimė ir kančia tėra laikinos materialios būsenos, kurias sukelia vidujai sąveikaudama žemesnė energija, - yra pasiruošę sugrįžti į antimaterialų pasaulį, kuriame gyvenimas amžinas, kupinas nuolatinio žinojimo ir palaimos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugelis šiuolaikinių mąstytojų susiduria su sunkumais komentuodami antimaterialų pradą, nes jie kuria teorijas, operuodami žemesne energija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Norint suvokti tikrąją antimaterialaus prado esmę, reikia pakilti į transcendentinį aukštesnės energijos lygmenį. Esant materialiame pasaulyje, neįmanoma pasakyti, koks iš tikrųjų yra antimaterialus pasaulis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip materialūs atomai sudaro materialų pasaulį, taip ir antimaterialūs atomai sudaro antimaterialų pasaulį ir visus jo daiktinius atributus. Materialiame pasaulyje viskas padaryta iš negyvos materijos, todėl jis, tėra imitacija. Daiktų įvairovė egzistuoja dvasiniame pasaulyje. Antimaterialiame pasaulyje gyvena antimaterialios gyvos būtybės. Jame nėra negyvos materijos. Visa ten – gyvas pradas, o to prado Aukščiausias Asmuo yra Pats Dievas. Antimaterialaus pasaulio gyventojai gyvena amžinai, jiems būdingas amžinas žinojimas ir amžina palaima. Kitaip sakant jie yra visiškai priartėję prie Dievo – turi visas Dievo savybes. Gyvos būtybės kokybiškai Jam lygios, bet tuo pačiu jos yra pavaldžios Dievui. Antimaterialiame pasaulyje nėra skirtumo tarp pavaldinio ir valdovo – savitarpio santykiai neturi nei trupučio materialumo priemaišų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-05-25 20:41:38',62,'','2010-05-25 20:46:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-25 20:41:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,61,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(452,'Filosofijos įvadas','filosofijos-vadas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kas yra filosofija ir ko ji verta — ginčijamas dalykas. Iš jos laukiama nepaprastų atradimų, arba ji abejingai atmetama kaip mąstymas, neturintis objekto. Į ją žiūrima su baiminga pagarba kaip į reikšmingas nepaprastų žmonių pastangas, arba ji niekinama kaip niekam nereikalingos svajotojų išmonės. Ji laikoma dalyku, kuris rūpi kiekvienam ir todėl turi būti paprastas bei suprantamas, arba manoma ją esant tokią sudėtingą, kad jos imtis yra beviltiška. Tai, kas vadinama filosofija, iš tikrųjų duoda pagrindą tokiems prieštaringiems vertinimams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mokslu tikinčiam žmogui blogiausia tai, kad filosofija nėra pasiekusi visuotinai reikšmingų rezultatų, t.y. nieko tokio, ką būtų galima žinoti ir turėti. Specialieji mokslai pasiekė neabejotinai tikrų ir visuotinai pripažintų rezultatų, o filosofija, nepaisant tūkstantmečių pastangų, tuo pasigirti negali. Negalima paneigti, kad filosofijoje nėra vieningos nuomonės dėl to, kas pažinta iki galo. Ką esame priverstipripažinti, kas tapo moksliniu pažinimu, tai jau nebėra filosofija, bet priklauso specialaus pažinimo sričiai. Be to, filosofiniam mąstymui, skirtingai negu moksliniam, nebūdinga pažanga. Mes tikrai pažengėme daug toliau negu graikų gydytojas Hipokratas. Bet vargu ar galėtume pasakyti, kad esame nuėję toliau už Platoną. Tik jo naudotos mokslinio pažinimo medžiagos požiūriu mes žengtelėjome pirmyn. O filosofavimu, galimas daiktas, prie jo dar ir nepriartėjome. Kad jokia filosofija, skirtingai negu specialieji mokslai, nėra visų vienodai pripažįstama, lemia pati jos prigimtis. Jos siekiamas tikrumas nėra mokslinis, t.y. vienodas kiekvienam intelektui; tai yra įsitikrinimas (Vergewisserung), kurį pasiekus prabyla pati žmogaus esmė. Mokslo žinios apima atskirus objektus, apie kuriuos kiekvienam žinoti visai nebūtina, o filosofija apmąsto būties visumą, susijusią su žmogumi kaip žmogumi, ji mąsto tiesą, kuri nuskaidrėdama prasiskverbia giliau negu bet koks mokslinis pažinimas. Žinoma, susisteminta filosofija priklauso nuo specialiųjų mokslų. Tam tikru metu pasiektas specialiųjų mokslų lygis yra filosofijos prielaida. Tačiau filosofijos prasmė kyla iš kito prado. Pirm visų mokslų ji pasirodo ten, kur nubunda žmogus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tokią filosofiją be mokslo mums parodys keli keisti reiškiniai. Pirma: kone kiekvienas tariasi išmanąs filosofijos dalykus. Pripažįstama, kad kitiems mokslams suprasti reikalingos studijos, išsimokslinimas ir metodas, o filosofijoje jaustis kaip namie tikimasi be niekur nieko; pakankama prielaida laikoma tai, kad esi žmogus, turi savo likimą ir savo patirtį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuomonė, kad filosofija prieinama kiekvienam, yra pateisinama. Juk net painiausi filosofijos specialistų klystkeliai turi prasmę tik tada, kai jie baigiasi žmogaus būtyje, kurią lemia tai, kaip žmogus suvokia būtį ir save patį joje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antra: filosofinis mąstymas visada turi būti pirmapradis. Kiekvienas žmogus privalo mąstyti pats.Nuostabus įgimto žmogaus polinkio filosofuoti ženklas yra vaikų pateikiami klausimai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Neretai iš vaikų lūpų išgirstame tai, kas savo prasme panardina mus į filosofavimo gelmę. Štai pavyzdžiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vaikai stebisi: „Aš vis bandau galvoti, kad esu kas nors kitas, o vis tiek visada esu aš pats\". Šis vaikas prisiliečia prie tikrumo ištakų, prie būties suvokimo savimonės. Jį stebina savasties mįslė, kurios nesuvoksi iš nieko kito. Klausdamas jis stovi prie šios ribos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kitas vaikas klausosi istorijos apie pasaulio sukūrimą: iš pradžių Dievas sukūrė dangų ir žemę..., ir tuojau klausia: „O kas buvo iki pradžios?\" Šis berniukas patyrė klausinėjimo begalybę, proto, kurio nepatenkina joks galutinis atsakymas, nerimą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-05-25 20:48:53',62,'','2010-05-25 21:04:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-25 20:48:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,60,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(453,'Antikinės filosofijos istorija: pirmieji filosofai','antikins-filosofijos-istorija-pirmieji-filosofai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kokia yra gyvenimo prasmė ? Ar yra pomirtinis gyvenimas ? Kaip turime gyventi ? Tai yra klausimai einantys iš lūpų į lūpas, iš kartos į kartą. Nebuvo dar žmonijos istorijoje tokios kultūros, kurios tarpe neatsirastų žmonių gvildenančių šiuos klausimus. Nors ir ne pirmieji, tačiau daugiausiai pasiekę ir padėję pamatus daugumai ateinančių filosofų kartų, buvo pirmieji graikų mąstytojai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmosios filosofinės graikų mokyklos atsirado VII – VI a.p.m.e. Tada formavosi ir pirmieji graikų valstybės - miestai (poliai), kurie skyrėsi savo valdymo formomis. Šioje miestų aplinkoje įvyko žmonių mąstymo “revoliucija”. Kiekvienas dabar galėjo laisvai svarstyti, kaip turėtų būti tvarkoma visuomenė. Tuometinė Graikija buvo ištisa valdymo organų susidarymo laboratorija. Kiekvienas polis kūrė savus valdymo organus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Graikams nuolat grėsė išoriniai ir vidiniai pavojai. Jie patyrė tokius lemtingus posūkius savo istorijoje, kaip kovą su persais, Atėnų ir Spartos iškilimą, Peloponeso karą, Aleksandro Makedoniečio valstybės sukūrimą ir jo vadovaujamų graikų ekspanciją į kaimyninius kraštus. Kaip staigiai susikūrė didžiulė imperija, taip greitai ji ir sunyko, o pati Graikija tapo Romos imperijos provincija. Tačiau net ir po graikų valstybės žlugimo jų kultūra, o tuo pačiu ir filosofinė mintis nebuvo sunaikinta. Niekas kitas iki tol taip nesidomėjo politikos problemomis, kaip graikai. Graikijoje iškildavo čia vienas, čia kitas politinis ir kultūrinis centras.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ankstyvoji graikų civilizacija susijusi su Miletu. Šis miestas VI a.p.m.e. tapo svarbiausiu kultūros ir prekybos centru.  Miletas patyrė skaudžiausius persų smūgius, o 494 m.p.m.e. persai jį sugriovė. “Tuo metu, kai visoje Europoje dar viešpatavo grubūs papročiai, čia jau pradedamas suprasti gyvenimo grožis ir jo kilnūs interesai”, atsirado poreikis mokslui, filosofijai. Pirmosios graikų filosofinės mokyklos kūrėsi už etnografinės Graikijos ribų, būtent Mažojoje Azijoje ir Pietų Italijoje gyvenančių graikų emigrantų tarpe.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmųjų filosofinių mokyklų atsiradimas sutampa su graikų kultūros augimu, dvasinių poreikių išsivystimu. Žemiau yra pateikiami trumpi aprašymai kelių pirmųjų antikos filosofų, padėjusių pagrindą tolimesniam filosofų vystymuisi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Talis – pirmasis istoriškai tikras senovės graikų filosofijos atstovas. Iš jam priskiriamų veikalų nė vieno nėra išlikusio, išskyrus 20 posakių. Apie Talio filosofines pažiūras daugiausia sužinome iš antikos autorių liudijimų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Herodotas, Duridas ir Demokritas sako, kad Talis, Eksamijo ir Kleobulinės sūnus, kilęs iš telidų, o jie yra finikiečiai, kilmingiausi Kadmo ir Agenoro palikuonys”.  Platonas teigia, kad jis buvo vienas iš septynių išminčių ir pirmąkart buvo juo pavadintas, esant Atėnuose archontu Damasijui, o Demetrijas ir Falero savo “Archontų sąraše” rašo, kad nuo jo ir kilo pavadinimas septyni išminčiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Be valstybinių reikalų, Talis užsiėmė gamtos stebėjimu. Anot kai kurių, jis nepalikęs jokių raštų, o jam priskiriamas veikalas “Jūrininkų mokslas apie dangaus šviesulius” esąs Foko iš Samo. Kiti galvoja, kad Talis parašė tik du kūrinius – “ Apie saulės sukimąsi” ir “Apie saulėgrąžą”, o visa kita laikęs nesuvokiamu dalyku. Kiti , jų tarpe ir Eudemas pasakojime “Apie astronomus”, mano, kad jis pirmasis susidomėjo astronomija ir išpranašavo saulės užtemimus bei sukimąsi. Del to juo žavisi ir Ksenofanas su Herodotu. Apie tai liudija ir Heraklitas bei Demokritas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atrodo, kad jis ir politikoje kuo puikiausiai susigaudė. Juk kai Kresas buvo pasiūlęs miletiečiams sudaryti karinę sąjungą, jis pasipriešino, ir tai išgelbėjo miestą, nes nugalėjo Kiras.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Talis teigė, kad visa ko pagrindas yra vanduo. Galbūt jis manė, kad visa gyvybė atsiranda vandenyje - ir kad visa, kas gyva, vėl virsta vandeniu, kai suyra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kelionės Egipte metu jis, be abejo, matė, kaip sužaliuoja žemė, vos Nilas atslūgsta iš žemupio lygumų ir gamta “atgyja”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Be to, visai įtikėtina, kad Talis svarstė, kaip vanduo gali virsti ledu ir garais - o paskui vėl tapti vandeniu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-05-25 21:06:21',62,'','2010-05-25 21:11:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-25 21:06:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,59,'','',0,42,'robots=\nauthor='),(454,'Žmogiškojo pažinimo šaltiniai.Empirizmas arba pozityvizmas.','mogikojo-painimo-altiniaiempirizmas-arba-pozityvizmas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Yra du pagrindiniai žmogiškojo pažinimo šaltiniai: juslės ir protas. Juslinį pažinimą paprastai vadiname patirtimi, o protinį – mąstymu. Patirtimi atskleidžiame juslines daiktų savybes (erdvinį pavidalą, spalvą, skonį), mąstymu siekiame atskleisti pačią jų esmę. Juslinės patirties rezultatas – vaidinys, protinio mąstymo – sąvoka. Vaidinys atskleidžia, koks daiktas yra kaip šis atskiras daiktas čia - dabar, vadinasi konkrečiai. Savoka atskleidžia, kad yra daiktas savo bendrojoje esmėje, atitrauktai nuo individualinės konkretybės, “čia” ir “dabar”. Vaidinys reprezentuoja tik šią ar aną atskirą daiktą, sąvoka atstovauja visus tos pat rūšies ar giminės dalykus. Vaidinys – konkretus, ir todėl individualus, sąvoka – abstrakti, ir todėl universali.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tokia psichologinė pažinimo šaltinių charakteristika nekelia klausimo, kaip nekelia klausimo nė tai, kad juslinio ir protinio pažinimo skyrimas nereiškia jų absoliutaus išskyrimo. Visas žmogiškasis pažinimas yra vieningas juslinės patirties ir protinio mąstymo vyksmas: visada juslinį pažinimą persunkia mąstymas, ir atvirkščiai - mąstymas visada pasiremia (tarpiškai ar betarpiškai) jusline patirtimi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gnoseologinė pažinimo šaltinių problema iškyla tiktai su iškilimu klausimo: kokia yra pažinimo šaltinių tiesos vertė? Ar abu šaltiniai turi lygią tiesos pažinimo vertę, ar greičiau vienas kuris turi ypatingą pirmenybę? Ar mes galime pažinti tik tai, ką galime jusliškai patirti, ar galime protiniu mąstymu ir toliau pasiekti, negu siekia juslinė patirtis? Šitų klausimų prasme ir iškyla patirties ar mąstymo gnoseologinės pirmenybės konfliktas. Iš vienos pusės, teigiama: realaus (tikro) pažinimo vertę turi tiktai juslinė patirtis - empyrizmas, arba pozityvizmas. Iš antros pusės, atsakoma: realaus (tikro) pažinimo vertę turi tiktai protinis mąstymas - racionalizmas. Šiuodu gnoseologinius nusistatymus ir tenka pirmiausia įvertinti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Empyrizmas, arba pozityvizmas, yra gnoseologinė pažiūra, kuri realaus pažinimo vertę  teikia tiktai juslinei patirčiai teigdama, kad mes tikrai pažinti galime tik tai, ką galime jusliškai patirti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žymiausi šitos pažiūros reiškėjai yra anglas Bakonas (F.Bacon, m.1626; jam tikra tėra ta filosofija, kuri yra surašyta tarsi pasauliui diktuojant, nieko iš savęs nepridedant), jo tautietis Loke (J.Locke, m.1704; žinomas savuoju žmogiškojo proto kaip tobula rasa charakterizavimu), pagaliau prancūzas Komte (A.Comte, m.1857;  savąją filosofiją pavadinęs pozityviąja filosofifa ir tuo būdu  empyrizmui davęs naują pozityvizmo vardą; jisai žinomas žmonijos vyksmo skirstymu į tris tarpsnius: religinį, metafizinį ir pozityvinį, kuris pastarasai atsisakęs pasaulio kilmės ir paskirties klausimų kėlimo, tenkinasi tiktai patyrimo teikiamais pozityviais faktais).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pozityvistiniu nusistatymu tikruoju bet kokio pažinimo pagrindu tenka laikyti tiktai jusles. Tarp proto ir juslių esminio skirtumo nėra. Protas tėra atskirų juslinių pažinčių organizavimo funkcija. Giliau ir savitai ką nors įžvelgti negu juslės jisai nepajėgia. Protinio pažinimo rezultatas – sąvokos nėra dalykų esmės išraiška, o tiktai etiketinis jų apibendrinimas. Šita prasme pozityvizmas paprastai drauge yra ir sensualizmas (pažiūra, neigianti protinio mąstymo savotiškumą, kitaip tariant, pastarąjį suvedanti į juslinę patirtį) ir tuo pačiu nominalizmas (pažiūra, neigianti sąvokos gnoseologinį realumą, sutapadindama sąvoką su žodžiu).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi juslės teatskleidžia atskiras juslines savybes, tai pozityvizmas, realią pažinimo vertę teikdamas tiktai juslinei patirčiai, nuosekliai yra priverstas mūsų pažinimą apriboti tiktai apraiškų (fenomenų) pažinimu. Tuo būdu pozityvizmas savaime yra ir fenomenalizmas, t.y. pažiūra, kad mes pažįstame ne pačią dalykų esmę, o tiktai jų apraiškas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šitoks žmogiškojo pažinimo suvedimas į tiktai apraiškų pažinimą faktiškai yra ne kas kita, kaip viso žmogiškojo pažinimo suvedimas tiktai į mokslinį pažinimą, suprastą vienų atskirųjų mokslų (ar dar gi tik gamtos mokslų) prasme (scientizmas). Negatyviai šisai žmogiškojo pažinimo suvedimas reiškia metafizinio, arba filosofinio, pažinimo išskyrimą, paneigimą jam realaus pažinimo vertės. Realu yra tiktai tai, ką juslės (betarpiškai ar per instrumentus) liudija. Realus todėl tėra mokslinis pažinimas, kuris apsiriboja jusliniais duomenimis – apraiškomis. Visokia pastanga išeiti už patirties ribų – tuščia. Nėra ko dėl metafizikos “draskytis”, nes vienintelis sąžiningas atsakymas - nežinome ir nežinosime.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Etinių principų požiūriu, pozityvizmą charakterizuoja iš jo gnoseologinių nusistatymų nuosekliai išplaukiantis žmogiškosios laisvės neigimas. Jei realu tera tai, ką galima juslėmis patirti, tai laisvės nėra, nes  ji jusliškai nepatiriama. Paneigus laisvę, žmogus pozityvizmui tėra gamtinė būtybė. Logiškai tektų teigti, jog “viskas žmogui leista” (kaltė ir sąžinė tėra teologinė mistifikacija ar buržuazinis prietaras). Tačiau praktiškai tokia išvada vestų į bet kokio socialinio gyvenimo pagrindų sunaikinimą. Nenorint šitos išvados, telieka etines normas suprasti kaip neišvengiamas visuomeninio gyvenimo sąlygas, sociališkai naudingus  įpročius. Etika tuo būdu pozityvizmui virsta papročių mokslu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-05-25 21:13:27',62,'','2010-05-25 21:17:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-25 21:13:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,58,'','',0,41,'robots=\nauthor='),(455,'Filosofijos žodynas','filosofijos-odynas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',0,5,0,49,'2010-05-25 21:25:00',62,'','2010-05-25 21:29:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-25 21:25:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,57,'','',0,2,'robots=\nauthor='),(456,'Kanto filosofija','kanto-filosofija','','<p>Filosofinis mëginimas apdoroti visuotinæ pasaulio istorijà pagal gamtos planà, kurio tikslas þmoniø giminës atþvilgiu yra tobulas pilietinis susivienijimas, laikytinas galimu ir net paspartinanèiu ðio gamtos tikslo ágyvendinimas. Þinoma, turëtø bûti keista ir net absurdiðka paraðyti istorijà, remiantis idëja, kaip turëtø vystytis pasaulis, kad jo raida atitiktø tam tikrus protingus tikslus; atrodo, jog ið tokio ketinimo galëtø gimti nebent romanas. Tuo tarpu, jeigu pripaþinsime, jog gamta net þmogaus laisvës  atþvilgiu veikia ne be plano ir galutinio tikslo, tai ðià idëjà, matyt, vis dëlto galima pritaikyti; ir nors mûsø regëjimas pernelyg silpnas, kad áþvelgtø slaptà jos priemoniø mechanizmà, minëtoji idëja mums vis dëlto galëtø pasitarnauti uþ vadovà, vaizduodama, bent jau bendrais bruoþais, sistemingà beplaná þmogaus poelgiø agregatà. Juk jeigu pradëtume nuo graikø istorijos - kaip tos, kurios dëka mums buvo uþfiksuota arba paliudyta kaip buvusi bet kokia istorija, ankstesnë uþ jà arba su ja vienalaikë,- jeigu po to pasektume jos átakà graikø valstybæ prarijusios romënø tautos-valstybës organizmo susidarymui bei iðsigimimui ir pastarojo átakà barbarams, savo ruoþtu anà sunaikinusiems, taigi, jeigu pasektume ðià átakà iki mûsø laikø, drauge epizodiðkai pridurdami kitø tautø-valstybiø istorijà, kokià mes pamaþu suþinojome bûtent ðiø apsiðvietusiø nacijø dëka, tai mûsø pasaulio dalyje (kuri galbût, laikui bëgant, duos ástatymus visoms kitoms) bus atrastas dësningas kelias pagerinti valstybës santvarkà. Jeigu tik visur atidþiau paþvelgsime á pilietinæ santvarkà, jos ástatymus bei valstybiø tarpusavio santykius, kiek jie dëka to gero, kurá turëjo savyje, per ilgà laikà aukðtino ir ðlovino tautas (o drauge su jomis menus ir mokslus), o dël jiems bûdingø ydø sàlygojo ðiø tautø nuosmuká, bet taip, jog visada likdavo ðvietimo uþuomazga, kuri, po kiekvienos revoliucijos vis labiau vystydamasi, paruoðdavo aukðtesnæ tobulumo pakopà,- tai, pasak I. Kanto, bus surasti svarbiausi tikslai, kurie paaiðkins ne tik toká supainiotà þmoniø reikalø mazgà arba bûsimø valstybës pokyèiø politinio numatymo menà (nauda, jau kaþkada gauta ið þmonijos istorijos, net tada, kai ji buvo suvokiama kaip padrikas chaotiðkas laisvës veikimas), bet ir padës atrasti paguodþianèias perspektyvas ateièiai (to tikëtis, nesiremiant gamtos planu, nëra pagrindo), tiesa, gana tolimai, kai þmoniø giminë pagaliau pasieks tà bûvá, kuriame jos visi ágimti pradai galës pilnai iðsivysti, ojos paskirtis þemëje bus atlikta. Toks gamtos arba veikiau apvaizdos pateisinimas yra pakankamai reikðminga prieþastis pasirinkti toká ypatingà poþiûrá á pasaulá. Juk kokia prasmë girti kûrinio puikumà ir iðmintingumà neturinèioje proto gamtos karalystëje bei siûlyti jà tyrinëti, kai dalis didþiosios arenos, kurioje pasireiðkia aukðèiausioji iðmintis ir kuri yra viso kûrimo svarbiausias tikslas - þmoniø giminës istorija, nuolat tam prieðtarauja. Jos reginys verèia mus su nepasitenkinimu nuo jos nusisukti, o abejodami, ar èia pavyks kada nors surasti visiðkai protingà tikslà, prieiname iðvadà, kad jo galima tikëtis tik kitame pasaulyje.<br />Nuomonë, jog ðia pasaulinës istorijos idëja, kuri tam tikra prasme yra apriorinë, I. Kantas norëjo pakeisti grynai empyrinës istorjos tyrimus, bûtø neteisingas I. Kanto ketinimø aiðkinimas. Tai tik mintis apie tai, kà filosofinis protas (kuris, beje, turëtø gerai iðmanyti istorijà) galëtø padaryti, remdamasis kitokiu poþiûriu. Be to, apskritai pagirtinas iðsamumas, su kuriuo ðiandien raðoma mûsø laiko istorija, turëtø natûraliai priversti apmàstyti, kaip mûsø tolimi palikuonys po keliolikos amþiø susigaudys gremëzdiðkoje istorinëje medþiagoje, kuroà mes jiems paliksime. Be abejonës, seniausiø epochø istorijoje, þinios apie kurià seniai iðblës jø atmintyje, jie vertins tik tai, kas juos domins, bûtent, kà pasiekë arba prarado tautos ir vyriausybës pasaulio pilietijos atþvilgiu. Galimybë atkreipti á tai dámesá, o taip pat siekimas nukreipti valstybiø vadovø, kaip ir jø pavaldiniø, garbëtroðkà link vienintelës priemonës, uþtikrinanèios jiems ðlovingà atmintá vëlesnëse epochose, taip pat galëtø bûti nedidelis akstinas pamëginti sukurti tokià filosofinæ istorijà.</p>','',0,5,0,49,'2010-05-25 21:31:19',62,'','0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-25 21:31:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',1,0,56,'','',0,0,'robots=\nauthor='),(457,'Pažinimo sąmpratos istorinė raida','painimo-smpratos-istorin-raida','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kas svarbiausia gyvenime? Jei paklaustume žmogų, kenčiantį badą, jis atsakytų “maistas”. Jei tą patį klausimą užduotume šąlančiam, atsakymas būtų “šiluma”. Tačiau, kai visi poreikiai patenkinti, ar dar yra kas nors, ko reikia visiems žmonėms? Filosofai mano, kad taip. Jų nuomone, žmogus negali būti gyvas tik duona. Žinoma, visiems žmonėms reikia maisto, reikia meilės, globos. Bet yra dar kažkas, ko reikia visiems žmonėms. Mes norime rasti atsakymą į tai, kas esame ir dėl ko gyvename.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Domėtis tuo, dėl ko gyvename nėra toks atsitiktinis pomėgis, kaip pašto ženklų rinkimas. Besidomįs šiais klausimais nori išsiaiškinti tai, apie ką žmonės diskutuoja tiek laiko, kiek gyvena šioje planetoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Manau, jog geriausias būdas priartėti prie filosofijos, tai užduoti keletą filosofinių klausimų. Kokia yra gyvenimo prasmė ? Ar yra pomirtinis gyvenimas ? Kaip turime gyventi ? Manau, kad panašius klausimus žmonės kėlė visais laikais. Nežinome tokios kultūros, kurioje nebūtų domimasi tuo, kas yra žmonės ir kaip atrodo pasaulis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš esmės filosofinių klausimų nėra tiek jau daug. Tik istorija į mūsų užduotus klausimus pateikia daugybę skirtingų atsakymų. Kur kas lengviau užduoti filosofinį klausimą, nei į jį atsakyti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ir šiandien kiekvienas žmogus privalo surasti savo atsakymus į tuos pačius klausimus. Neįmanoma pavarčius enciklopediją, sužinoti, ar yra Dievas arba pomirtinis gyvenimas. Žinynas taip pat negali patarti, kaip gyventi. Tačiau susipažinus su kitų žmonių mintimis, lengviau patiems susidaryti požiūrį į gyvenimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ilgainiui mokslas įminė nemažai senųjų mįslių. Vienas iš senųjų graikų filosofų, gyvenęs daugiau nei prieš du tūkstančius metų, taip pat manė, kad filosofija atsirado dėl žmogaus stebėjimosi. Pasak jo, žmogus taip viskuo stebisi, kad filosofiniai klausimai iškyla savaime.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugeliui žmonių pasaulis yra toks pat nesuvokiamas, kaip ir triukas, kai fokusininkas iš skrybelės, kuri prieš minutę buvo tuščia, ištraukia triušį. <br />Mes suprantame, kad fokusininkas mus apgavo. Bet knieti sužinoti, kaip jis taip padarė. Kai kalbame apie pasaulį, viskas šiek tiek kitaip. Žinome, kad pasaulis nėra apgavystė ar triukas, nes vaikštome žeme ir patys esame to pasaulio dalis. Mes suvokiame, kad dalyvaujame kažkokiame mįslingame dalyke ir norime sužinoti, kaip viskas susiję. Kažkas viduje mums sako, kad gyvenimas - didžiulė mįslė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors filosofiniai klausimai ir turi rūpėti visiems žmonėms, bet filosofu tampa ne kiekvienas. Dėl įvairių priežasčių kai kuriuos žmones kasdienybė taip įtraukia į savo sūkurį, kad stebėjimasis pasauliu kažkur pranyksta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Čia filosofai sudaro garbingą išimtį. Filosofas niekada nesugeba prisitaikyti prie pasaulio. Jam ir toliau pasaulis lieka nesuvokiamas  - net mįslingas ir mistiškas. Sako, kad ir filosofai kaip ir vaikai turi vieną bendrą savybę. Galima sakyti, kad filosofas visą gyvenimą išlieka toks pat imlus kaip ir mažas vaikas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Filosofija vadiname visiškai naują mąstymo būdą, kuris atsirado Graikijoje apie 600 metus prieš Kristų. Ligi tol į visus žmonėms rūpimus klausimus atsakydavo įvairios religijos.Tokie religiniai aiškinimai buvo perduodami iš kartos į kartą mitais. Visame pasaulyje per ilgus tūkstantmečius buvo sukurta nesuskaitoma gausybė mitinių atsakymų į filosofinius klausimus. Graikų filosofai bandė parodyti, jog žmonės negali jais pasitikėti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Norėdami suprasti pirmųjų filosofų mintis, visų pirma turime išsiaiškinti, ką reiškia mitinis pasaulėvaizdis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apie 700 metus prieš Kristų nemažai graikų mitologinės medžiagos užrašė Homeras ir Heziodas. Kai mitai buvo užrašyti, apie juos buvo galima diskutuoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmieji graikų filosofai kritikavo Homero mokymą apie dievus, nes šie buvo pernelyg jau panašūs į žmones. Pirmą kartą buvo išsakyta mintis, kad galbūt mitai tėra žmonių vaizduotės kūriniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tuo metu graikai įkūrė daugybę miestų - valstybių Graikijoje, graikų kolonijose. Čia vergai atlikdavo visą fizinį darbą, tad laisvieji piliečiai galėjo daug laiko skirti politikai ir kultūrai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šioje miestų aplinkoje įvyko žmonių mąstymo perversmas. Kiekvienas dabar galėjo laisvai svarstyti, kaip turėtų būti tvarkoma visuomenė. Kiekvienas žmogus galėjo kelti filosofinius klausimus, atmesdamas senovės mitus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įprasta sakyti, kad įvyko perėjimas nuo mitinio mąstymo prie mąstymo paremto patyrimu ir protu.<br />Bet, manau, reikėtų viską aptarti iš eilės.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-05-25 21:35:14',62,'','2010-05-25 21:41:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-25 21:35:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,55,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(458,'Platonas apie filosofus “Valstybėje”','platonas-apie-filosofus-valstybje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tikroji būtis Platono požiūriu yra idėjos, daiktų esmė, o patys daiktai tik idėjų šešėliai, atspindžiai. Dėl to, daikto esmės negalima suvokti juslėmis, bet galima suvokti protu. Tai ir būtų bendras Platoniškos būties modelis. Idėjų yra be galo daug, ir jos visos susijusios hierarchijos principu. Pačioje viršūnėje - absoliutaus gėrio idėja, pažinimo ir visos esaties tikslas. Tačiau kas yra patsai gėris - apibrėžti yra be galo sunku ir gal net neįmanoma. Bendriausia prasme gėrį galima būtų suprasti kaip protą ar žinojimą. Tačiau jis gali reikšti ir tiesą, grožį, teisingumą. Žinojimui skiriama ypatinga vieta, tai bene aukščiausias lygmuo, kurį gali pasiekti žmogus. Grožį galima matyti įvairiai. Galima gėrėtis gražiomis formomis, spalvomis ar garsais, bet galima suvokti grožį apskritai, įžvelgti jo prigimtį, pamilti jį, kitaip sakant, pakilti iki paties grožio ir matyti jį patį savaime. Tokį suvokima galima būtų vadinti pažinimu. Būtent taip suvokiantis esatį žmogus, Platono požiūriu, ir būtų filosofiškos prigimties, nes jis patyrė žinojimą, o ne tik papraščiausiai manė. Beje, jei žinojimas yra nukreiptas į gėrį, o nežinojimas į nebūtį, tai manymą arba nuomonę Platonas talpina kažkur per vidurį. Tai ir būtų pagrindinis bruožas atskirti filosofišką prigimtį nuo paprastos, matančios ir suvokiančios tik materialųjį pasaulį, kuris, deja, yra tik tikrosios būties atspindys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau atskirti tikrajį filosofą - to toli gražu dar neužtenka. Platonas Sokrato lūpomis  mini daugybę savybių, būtinų filosofui, tikram filosofui, kuriam teks labai atsakingos pareigos idealioje ir gal netgi utopiškoje Platono valstybėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viena iš svarbiausių savybių yra sugebėjimas mąstymu aprėpti visuminio laiko ir būties esmę, pakilti aukščiau savojo “aš”. Šitokį  tobulumą galima pasiekti tik išsivadavus iš žemų jausmų bei trūkumų, kurie neleidžia atitrūkti nuo materialiojo prado, neleidžia į būtį žvelgti tarsi iš šalies, kitaip ją suvokiant ir jaučiant. Ir tik visais atžvilgiais tobulas žmogus gali harmoningai jausti jį supančią esatį ir maksimaliai priartėti prie pažinimo, žinojimo ir absoliutaus gėrio.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Filosofas karalius - jei jis valdo vienas. Jie jauèia malonumą gilintis į mokslą, siekia tiesos ir ja vadovaujasi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Filosofas valstybėje toks pats visuomenės narys, kaip ir kiti. Jo užimamos pareigos,toli gražu, nesuteikia jam kokių lengvatų. Greičiau atvirkščiai - filosofas tampa atsakingiausias visuomenės narys. Tai įrodyti galima visiškai nesudėtingai: vieno amatininko klaida valstybės mąstu neturėtų jokių neigiamų pasekmių, taip pat ir vieno kario klaida nesukeltų didelių permainų. Tačiau filosofo neatsakingai ištartas žodis, išvada ar priimtas sprendimas, gali sukelti Platono valstybėje katastrofiškus padarinius. Tuo labiau valstybės valdymui labai didelės įtakos turi visuomenės pasitikėjimas valdovu. Nedidelė klaida ir idealios Platono valstybės mechanizmas gali pradėti spragsėti ar net visai užsikirsti.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-05-25 21:42:54',62,'','2010-05-26 18:51:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-25 21:42:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,54,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(459,'Egzistencializmas.\"Jobo drama\".','egzistencializmasqjobo-dramaq','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Egzistencializmu - šiandien vadinama toji filosofijos srovė, kurios centre stovi ne žmogaus esmė, o žemiškasis ir laikinasis jo egzistavimas. Jau nuo senų laikų žmogaus žmogaus būties nagrinėjimai davė puikų žmogaus apibrėžimą - žmogus yra protingas gyvūnas. Tačiau niekaip nėra išnagrinėjama, kokia to žmogaus būtis. Kadangi filosofai neprieina vieningos nuomonės. Taigi į šį klausimą bei surasti savybes, kurios skirtu žmogų nuo kito individo ir ryžosi atsakyti, palyginus dar visai neseniai atsiradusi filosofijos srovė vadinama egzistencializmu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ši \"Jobo drama\" nagrinėje sunkia užduotį egzistencijoje atskleisti transcendenciją. Transcendencija - tai kažkas esantis už pasąmonės ribų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mano nuomone transcendencijoje esti Dievas. Filosofija pripažysta kad žmogus būna nebūties akivaizdoje. Žmogus savo valia arba prima  arba atsisako Dievo. Tačiau to jis negali padaryti savo būtymi. Pati būtis dievo ieško arba jo klausia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogus bijo nebūties. Ši baimė pasireiškia kritinėmis situacijomis. Į šias situacijas patekęs žmogus pradeda jausti, kad jis artėjaprie savo nebūties ribos - tai yra savo egzistavimo pabaigos. Žmogus pradeda jausti kančią, kaltę dėl savo padarytų klaidų. Tokių klaidų pilnas visas žmogaus gyvenimas, nė vienas nuo jų nesame apsaugotas. Taigi žmogus savo prigimtimi negali apsaugoti savęs nuo kraštinių situacijų. Tai ir yra didžiausia žmogaus baimė. Manau kiekvienas žmogus bijo savo mirties - savo egzistencijos nutrūkimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai ir yra nebūties grėsmė apsireiškianti baime. Nebūties grėsmė -  štai ko žmogus  labiausiai bijo. Nes nebūtis - tai žmogaus mirtis, egzistencijos baigtis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Autoriaus nuomone kiekvienas mes esame Jobas. Ši drama skirta kiekvienam žmogui. Visi žmonės vienodi, tik vieni, vienaip ar kitaip elgiasi. Visų mūsų palyda yra kančia. Ji mus lydi visuose gyvenimo keliuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogaus  buvimas yra ne tik jo kančios bet ir jo savirelizacija. Daugelis žmogaus veiksmų  ardo jį arba teikia jam pasitikėjimo - tuo mažinamos jo kančios. Žmogiškasis būvimas ir yra  nuolatinis tapsmas, nuolatinis būvis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogaus nuasmeninimas dar nėra visiškas jo išnykimas, jis dar nevirsta gyvuliu - tačiau žlunga jo žmogiškumas. Jis pradeda jaustis nebe žmogus. Nuasmeninimas pasireiškia tuo, kad žmogus pradeda tolti nuo savo žmogiškosios prigimties, nutolimas nuo dieviškojo pirmavaizdžio. Žmogus pradeda jausti diskomfortą. Tačiau jis nebūdamas kilęs iš nebūties į ją sugrižti ir negali. Tai gali padaryti tik Dievas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-05-26 20:23:16',62,'','2010-05-26 20:27:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-26 20:23:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,53,'','',0,42,'robots=\nauthor='),(460,'PVM taikymas Lietuvoje','pvm-taikymas-lietuvoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">PVM užsienio šalyse paplito aju septintame dešimtmetyje Vakarų Europos šalyse. Pirmiausia jis buvo įvestas Prancūzijoje 1954 metais ir galutinai įsigaliojo 1968 m. Pamažu  PVM pradėjo plisti kitose šalyse. Antrąja šalimi, kurioje įsigaliojo PVM, tapo Vokietija. 1967 m. balandžio mėn. buvo priimtos I ir III direktyvos, pagal kurias Europos Ekonomimės Bendrijos šalys privalėjo įvesti PVM kaip pagrindinį netiesioginį mokestį. Šios direktyvos dar labiau paskatino PVM plitimą. Šiuo metu PVM taiko apie 50 šalių. 1987 m. buvo nustatyti ES narių vienodi apmokestinimo kriterijai, o 1992 m. buvo panaikintas PVM rinkimas pereinant Europos Sąjungos šalių sienas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">PVM yra vienas iš vartojimo mokesčių. Vartojimo mokesčiai užsienio šalyse gali būti bendrieji (PVM, apyvartos mokesčiai) ir mokesčiai atskiroms prekių ir paslaugų rūšims (akcizai, valstybės fiskalinio monopolio mokestis, licencijų mokestis ir kt.). daugelis užsienio teoretikų mano, kad PVM yra efektyvus mokestis. Jis padeda šalių vyriausybėms surinkti daug pajamų į biudžetą, esant nedideliems tarifams ir per daug nemenkinant veiklos skaitinimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Be šių privalumų, PVM turi ir tam tikrų neigiamų savybių, kurios gali sukelti nepageidaujamas pasėkmes. Viena iš priežasčių, dėl kurios JAV neįvedė šio mokesčio, buvo ta, kad PVM skatina vyriausybę siekti vis didesnių pajamų į biudžetą, o tuo pačiu gali padidėti ir vyriausybės išlaidos. Taigi reikėtų vengti smarkaus šio mokesčio augimo bei tarifų didinimo, nes preišingu atveju bus didinama vartojimo mokesčių našta piliečiams bei gali didėti valstybinės išlaidos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Užsienio šalių patirtis rodo, kad PVM įvedimas į praktiką yra sudėtingas procesas. Sunkiausia mokesčio našta tenka vartotojams, nes didinant šio mokesčio tarifus, auga prekių bei paslaugų kainos, nesvarbu, ar tai pirmo būtinumo prekės ar ne. Tiesa, skirtingose šalyse yra nustatyti skirtingi PVM tarifai ir atskiroms prekių rūšims jie irgi skiriasi.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Japonijoje šis mokestis sudaro gan nedidelę dalį bendros mokesčių sumos – 19 proc. Beje, ir tarifas jo yra labai mažas – tik 3 proc. Pažvelgus į pirmą lentelę matyti, kad tai pats mažiausias tarifas. Tačiau jį ketinama didinti. Šiuo mokesčiu apmokestinama prekių ir palsaugų vertė pagal kontrakto ir rinkos kainas, taip pat importo operacijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nemažai PVM tarifų yra nustatyta Prancūzijos mokesčių sistemoje. Pagrindinis tarifas sudaro 20.6 proc. Nuo pridėtinės vertės. Be jo yra taikomi lendvatiniai 5.5 ir 2.1 pros. tarifai. Lengvatiniais tarifais dažniausiai apmokestinamos maisto prekės, žemės ūkio produkcija, knygos, medikamentai. Nuo PVM visiškai atleidžiamas medicininis aptarnavimas, švietimo veikla, visų rūšių draudiams. Eksportas taipogi neapmokestinamas PVM. Šioje šalyje mokestis sudaro apie 45 proc. visų biudžeto mokestinių pajamų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-26 20:28:30',62,'','2010-05-26 20:33:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-26 20:28:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,43,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(461,'Kadrų įskaitos asmens lapas','kadr-skaitos-asmens-lapas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-26 20:34:48',62,'','2010-05-26 20:36:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-26 20:34:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,42,'','',0,90,'robots=\nauthor='),(462,'Lydraštis','lydratis','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-26 20:37:13',62,'','2010-05-26 20:38:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-26 20:37:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,41,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(463,'Ilgalaikis turtas','ilgalaikis-turtas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-26 20:39:18',62,'','2010-05-26 20:40:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-26 20:39:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,40,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(464,'Valdymo apskaita.Išlaidų paskirstymas.','valdymo-apskaitailaid-paskirstymas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-26 20:41:35',62,'','2010-05-26 20:43:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-26 20:41:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,39,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(465,'Mažmeninių prekybos įmonių buhalterinės apskaitos konspekto 1 dalis.','mamenini-prekybos-moni-buhalterins-apskaitos-konspekto-1-dalis','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-26 20:44:43',62,'','2010-05-26 20:48:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-26 20:44:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,38,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(466,'Finansų teorija. Matematika.','finans-teorija-matematika','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bet kuriose bankinėse, finansinėse ir komercinėse operacijose bei sandoriuose pinigų sumos, neatsižvelgiant į jų kilmę ir paskirtį, būtinai siejamos su tam tikrais laiko momentais arba intervalais. Tam tikslui sandoriuose fiksuojamos atitinkamos piniginių įplaukų arba išmokų datos, terminai, periodai. Laiko veiksnys neretai būna ne mažiau svarbus nei pinigų sumos dydžiai (ypač ilgalaikėse operacijose). Šio veiksnio svarbą lemia pats finansavimo arba kreditavimo proceso pobūdis, kadangi įvairiais laiko momentais gautų ar išleistų pinigų vertė nevienoda. Net jeigu neatsižvelgsime į infliacijos ir rizikos faktorius, tai, sakykime, po 5 metų gauta 1000 Lt suma, , jokiu būdu nebus lygiavertė šiandieninei tokiai pačiai sumai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Absoliutinių dydžių vienodų sumų nelygiavertiškumą, pirmiausia nulemia tai, kad bet kokią pinigų sumą galima investuoti ir tikėtis pelno. Gaunamos pajamos, savo ruožtu, gali būti reinvestuotos ir t. t.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jeigu dabartiniai pinigai vertingesni nei būsimieji (minėta anksčiau reikšme), tada ir numatomos ateityje įplaukos mažiau vertos nei einamosios.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Literatūroje gana plačiai paplitę šie du realūs laiko įtaką finansinėms operacijoms atskleidžiantys pavyzdžiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmas pavyzdys. Įvykus chemijos įmonės avarijai Indijoje, amerikiečių kompanija \"Union Carbid\" pasiūlė išmokėti 200 mln. dolerių kompensaciją per 35 metus (Indija atsisakė šio pasiūlymo). Norint išsiaiškinti laiko veiksnio įtaką, reikėtų pasinaudoti šiais duomenimis ir apskaičiuoti pinigų sumą, kurią reikėtų įmokėti banke, esant 10% metinių palūkanų normai, kad būtų išmokėta 200 mln. dolerių kompensaciją per 35 metus. Paaiškėja, kad tam užtektų vienkartinio 57,5 mln. USD indėlio (skaičiavimo metodai aptarti antroje dalyje). Kitaip sakant, dabartiniu metu išmokėta 57,5 mln. USD suma lygi 200 mln. USD sumai, dengiamai kiekvieną mėnesį per 35 metus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antras pavyzdys. Kaupimas pagal sudėtines palūkanas vyksta geometrine progresija, o esant dideliam periodų skaičiui palūkanų kapitalizavimas (tai irgi bus išdėstyta antroje dalyje) duoda beveik nenuspėjamus rezultatus. Šiam atvejui tinka toks pavyzdys: Mancheteno sala, kurioje išsidėstęs Niujorko centras, buvo “nupirkta” 1642 metais iš indėnų vado už 24 dolerius. Po 350 metų žemės kaina buvo įvertinta apytiksliai 40 mlrd. dolerių, t. y. suma padidėjo 1,666•109 kartų. Tačiau atkreipkime dėmesį, kad toks sukaupimas iš 24 dolerių per nurodytą periodą galėjo būti pasiektas esant gana nedidelei sudėtinių palūkanų normai - tik 6,3%.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nelygiavertiškumo galimybę būtina įvertinti finansinės ir ekonominės analizės metu, kai negalima susumuoti piniginių dydžių, priklausančių skirtingiems laikotarpiams ir laiko momentams. Tik tada, kai laiko veiksnys nėra svarbus, toks sumavimas yra priimtinas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Toliau nagrinėsime neapibrėžtumo svarbą, ruošiant ir priimant finansinius sprendimus. Tačiau prieš tai prisiminsime tikimybių teorijos ir matematinės statistikos pagrindus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-26 20:49:32',62,'','2010-05-26 20:54:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-26 20:49:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,37,'','',0,34,'robots=\nauthor='),(467,'Valdymo apskaita','valdymo-apskaita','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-26 20:55:37',62,'','2010-05-26 20:57:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-26 20:55:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,36,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(468,'Euras','euras','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Europos šalių pasiryžimas turėti bendrą valiutą pirmiausiai pagrįstas ekonominiais sumetimais. Sukūrus bendrą rinką Europoje, norima geriau išnaudoti jos privalumus, o tam reikia bendros valiutos ir pinigų politikos, kuri užtikrintų didesnį ES šalių pinigų sistemų stabilumą ir padidintų Europos svarbą pasauliniame ūkyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Europos kelias į Ekonominę ir pinigų sąjungą prasidėjo 1957 m. Romoje, kur buvo pasirašyta sutartis dėl Europos ekonominės bendrijos (EEB) įkūrimo. Šioje sutartyje įteisintas laisvas prekių, paslaugų ir darbo jėgos judėjimas EEB šalyse, tačiau nenumatyta bendra šių valstybių pinigų sistema.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Septintojo dešimtmečio pabaigoje – aštuntojo dešimtmečio pradžioje bandyta įgyvendinti bendros valiutos įvedimo idėją, tačiau nesėkmingai. 1979 m. sukurta Europos pinigų sistema, kuri iš dalies užtikrino Europos bendrijos šalių pinigų sistemų stabilumą. 1987 m. Vieningos Europos Akte išreikštas Europos Bendrijos šalių noras ateityje siekti glaudesnio Europos susivienijimo, o 1989 m. parengtas Europos ekonominės ir pinigų sąjungos įgyvendinimo projektas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1992 m. Mastrichto sutartyje Europos Sąjungos (ES) šalys aiškiai išreiškė ketinimus iki šio amžiaus pabaigos sukurti Ekonominę ir pinigų sąjungą, t.y. integruoti ES šalių pinigų sistemas ir įvesti bendrą valiutą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Neabejotinai euras bus labai svarbi Lietuvos ūkiui valiuta, kadangi Lietuvos statistikos departamento duomenimis prekybos apimtis su ES šalimis šių metų sausio-rugsėjo mėn. sudarė apie 44 % visos užsienio prekybos (34,8 % eksporto ir 49,8 % importo). Pagal Lietuvos banko statistiką ES šalių nacionalinėmis valiutomis antrą šių metų ketvirtį buvo atsiskaitoma apytiksliai už 16 % viso Lietuvos eksporto ir 37 % importo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Be to, atsižvelgiant į ES šalių valiutų svarbą Lietuvos užsienio prekyboje ir aktyvų Lietuvos dalyvavimą Europos Sąjungos valiutinės integracijos procese, kitais metais planuojama pradėti lito kurso perorientavimo politiką ir litą susieti su euro ir JAV dolerio krepšeliu. Dar vėliau ketinama litą susieti tik su euru siekiant Lietuvos narystės Europos ekonominėje ir pinigų sąjungoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors Lietuva kol kas ir nedalyvaus Europos ekonominėje ir pinigų sąjungoje, tačiau jau dabar ruošiamasi euro įvedimui. Lietuvos bankas 1998 m. lapkričio 20 d. “Valstybės žiniose” paskelbė informacinį pranešimą dėl euro įvedimo. Jame teigiama, kad Lietuvos bankas remsis Europos Tarybos patvirtintais reglamentais bei nuostatomis ir nuo 1999 m. sausio 1 d. lito ir užsienio valiutų santykių sąraše vietoj lito ir ECU bei lito ir EPS valstybių nacionalinių valiutų santykių skelbs tik lito ir euro santykį. Lietuvos bankas taip pat ketina peržiūrėti ir dėl euro įvedimo keisti kitus bankų veiklą Lietuvoje reglamentuojančius norminius aktus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jau 1999 m. pradžioje Lietuvos eksportuotojai ir importuotojai galės atsiskaityti eurais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dauguma ES šalių stambiausių tarpnacionalinių kompanijų nuo 1999 m. pradžios savo apskaitą tvarkys tik eurais vietoj nacionalinių EPS šalių valiutų. Kitos kompanijos, bendradarbiaujančios su jomis, bus priverstos taikytis prie didžiųjų ir euro naudojimas EPS šalių įmonių apskaitoje neišvengiamai didės. Tai neabejotinai lems nuolat didėjantį sutarčių, sąskaitų bei kitų mokėjimo dokumentų, kuriuose sumos nurodytos naująja valiuta, kiekį. Todėl Lietuvos verslininkai, atsiskaitydami su užsienio partneriais, bus priversti vis dažniau naudoti eurą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi Lietuvos verslininkai turi ruoštis euro įvedimui. Jiems būtina gerai žinoti nuo ateinančiųjų metų sausio 1 d. įsigaliosiančią atsiskaitymų eurais ir EPS šalių nacionalinėmis valiutomis (toliau tekste sutrumpintai – nacionalinės valiutos) tvarką ir atsižvelgti į ją sudarant tarptautines verslo sutartis.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-26 20:59:32',62,'','2010-05-26 21:04:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-26 20:59:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,35,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(469,'Valiutų kursai ir tarptautinė valiutų rinka','valiut-kursai-ir-tarptautin-valiut-rinka','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tarptautinėje prekyboje, kitaip nei vidaus rinkoje, atsiskaitymams tarp šalių naudojamos skirtingos valiutos. Pvz.: JAV gamintojas, pirkdamas žaliavas Didžiojoje Britanijoje, galėtų už jas sumokėti savo šalies valiuta – doleriais, tačiau tiekėjo šalyje naudojama kitokia valiuta, todėl šis užmokestį norės gauti svarais sterlingų. Tokiu atveju pirkėjas iš JAV iš pradžių turės kreiptis į užsienio valiutų rinką, kurioje galės pasikeisti dolerius į svarus, ir tik tuomet galės įsigyti reikalingų žaliavų. “Užsienio valiutų rinkos yra įsteigtos pagrindiniuose centruose, tokiuose kaip Londonas ir Niujorkas” (4, 291).Šiose rinkose vienos šalies pinigai yra keičiami į kitos valstybės pinigus pagal tuo metu esamus tų valiutų kursus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valiutos kursas yra svarbus tarptautinės valiutų sistemos elementas, kurioje tarptautinių mokėjimų sąlygos bei būdai remiasi juridinėmis nuostatomis ir papročių normomis (tačiau šios taisyklės gali būti suderintos ir tarptautiniu lygiu ar sutarus atskiroms valstybėms). Valiutos kursas - “…tai vienos šalies piniginio vieneto išraiška kitos šalies piniginiais vienetais, t.y. vienos valiutos perskaičiavimo į kitą koeficientas, kuris nustatomas pasiūlos ir paklausos santykiu rinkoje.” (6, 3). Iš esmės – tai santykis tarp nacionalinės ir užsienio valiutos, kuris nustatomas iš tų valiutų perkamosios galios ir iš jų santykio su kitais tarptautiniais piniginiais apskaitos vienetais (SDR, EKIU ir kt.).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valiutos kursas išreiškia istorinį pinigų sistemos vystymąsį, kuris ilgą istorijos tarpsnį priklausė nuo aukso monometalizmo, t.y. kuomet “valiutos kurso pagrindas buvo monetinis aukso paritetas – įvairių šalių piniginių vienetų santykis pagal jų metalo turinį” (6, 3). Veikiant šiai sistemai šalių vyriausybės nustatydavo savo šalies piniginio vieneto aukso turinį, turėdavo palaikyti nustatytą santykį tarp aukso atsargų ir vidaus pinigų pasiūlos, taip pat privalėjo leisti laisvai įvežti auksą į šalį ar išvežti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Monometalizmo sistemoje valiutų kursai svyruodavo apie metalinį paritetą ir stichiškai svyruodavo aukso taškų ribose. Valiutos kurso svyravimai buvo nustatomi pagal aukso išvežimo į užsienį ir keitimo į kitos šalies valiutą išlaidas, tačiau faktiškai valiutos kurso nukrypimai nuo pariteto nebūdavo didesni nei 1 %.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valiutos kursas negalėjo nukrypti nuo aukso taškų ribų daugiau nei 1 %, nes tokiu atveju skolininkai butų pirkę už nacionalinę valiutą auksą, o ne užsienio valiutą, ir jį būtų vežę į atitinkamą valstybę savo įsiskolinimams padengti. Aukso taškų laikymosi sistema nustojo veikti, panaikinus aukso monometalizmą. Valiutos kursas atsiskyrė nuo aukso pariteto, nes auksas iš apyvartos buvo išstumtas į lobį. Iki pat 1976 metų valiutos kurso pagrindu buvo laikomas oficialus kainų mastas ir aukso paritetas, kurie buvo fiksuojami TVF (tarptautinio valiutos fondo). “Valiutų santykio matas buvo oficiali aukso kaina kreditiniais pinigais, kuri kartu su prekių kainomis parodydavo nacionalinių valiutų nuvertėjimo laipsnį”. (6, 4) Aukso standarto sistema – tai fiksuotų valiutų kursų sistema (kadangi skirtingų šalių valiutos turėdavo fiksuotą tarpusavio santykį pagal kiekvienos valiutos aukso turinį), kuri turėjo savo pranašumų ir trūkumų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teigiama joje buvo tai, jog stabilūs šalių valiutų kursai mažino riziką ir tuo skatino tarptautinę prekybą, taipogi aukso standartas išlygindavo mokėjimų balanso deficitus, o kritikuojama ši sistema buvo už tai, kad neapsaugodavo valstybių, besilaikančių aukso standarto, nuo ilgų ir gilių recesijos periodų, kurių metu didėdavo bedarbystė, kildavo infliacijos ir kt. gamybos smukimo padariniai, šalies pinigų politika būdavo priklausoma nuo užsienio valiutos pasiūlos ir paklausos kitimų, o jei šalis išeikvodavo savo aukso atsargas, tuomet ji privalėdavo atsisakyti aukso standarto arba turėjo devalvuoti savo valiutą. “Iš tikrųjų įvairios šalys, kurios laikėsi aukso standarto, bandė devalvuoti savo valiutą aukso atžvilgiu tam, kad didėtų eksportas ir mažėtų importas” (4, 297). Tai ir buvo pagrindinė aukso standarto sistemos panaikinimo prielaida.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuo metu valiutos kursas remiasi valiutiniu paritetu, t.y. valiutų santykiu, kuris nustatytas įstatymų tvarka ir svyruoja apie jį. 1944 m. atsisakius aukso pariteto sistemos, valiutų kursai buvo nustatomi iš jų (valiutų) santykio su JAV doleriu. Tačiau tuo metu egzistavo griežtai reglamentuotas JAV dolerio ryšys su auksu. Bretton-Wood sistema numatė dolerį ir auksą kaip tarptautinius valiutos rezervus. Doleris tapo pripažintas tarptautiniu mastu dėlto, kad po II-ojo pasaulinio karo JAV turėjo labiau išvystytą ekonominę padėtį nei kitos pasaulio valstybės, taip pat JAV buvo susikaupę dideli kiekiai aukso dėl tarptautiniu mastu vykdytos aukso supirkimo ir pardavimo akcijos. “Pagrindinis skirtumas tarp aukso ir dolerio standarto buvo tas, kad šalies vidaus pinigų pasiūla neturėjo jokio ryšio su tomis dolerio atsargomis, kurios buvo laikomos banke” (4, 298), todėl įvairios šalys galėjo prisispausdinti tiek pinigų, kiek jų reikėjo, nesiedamos jų su jokiomis atsargomis. Tokiu elgesiu vyriausybės tik laikinai pagerindavo savo šalių padėtį, tačiau ilgesniu periodu jau neveikdavo kainų reguliavimo ir pinigų kiekio mažinimo mechanizmas, kurio tikslas būdavo vidaus konkurencingumo didinimas. Taip pat papildomas savų pinigų išleidimas nepanaikindavo mokėjimų balanso deficito ir versdavo šalis vis daugiau sunaudoti užsienio valiutų rezervų, kol galų gale šie baigdavosi ir valstybės būdavo priverstos devalvuoti savo valiutas. Šioje dolerio standarto sistemoje turėdavo būti fiksuoti valiutų kursai, tačiau pastoviai vykdomi valiutos kurso reguliavimai prieštaravo veikiančios sistemos ypatybėms. Dar vienas dolerio sistemos trūkumas buvo tas, kad “…JAV įsigijo neišeikvojamus užsienio rezervus – JAV vyriausybė visuomet galėjo padengti savo šalies mokėjimų balanso deficitą spausdindama daugiau dolerių” (4, 299), jos (JAV) rezervai mažai tekisdavo, o pinigų pasiūlai tai būdavo naudinga, nes ji mažai kisdavo.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-26 21:06:32',62,'','2010-05-26 21:11:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-26 21:06:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,34,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(470,'Buhalterinių dokumentų formos','buhalterini-dokument-formos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-26 21:12:21',62,'','2010-05-26 21:14:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-26 21:12:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,33,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(471,'Investuotojo ABC','investuotojo-abc','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',0,5,0,50,'2010-05-26 21:14:59',62,'','2010-05-26 21:20:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-26 21:14:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,32,'','',0,5,'robots=\nauthor='),(472,'Perdavimo - priėmimo aktas','perdavimo-primimo-aktas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-26 21:21:32',62,'','2010-05-26 21:23:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-26 21:21:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,31,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(473,'Apskaitinės informacijos formavimas','apskaitins-informacijos-formavimas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-26 21:24:51',62,'','2010-05-26 21:27:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-26 21:24:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,30,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(474,'Fizikos žinynas','fizikos-inynas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Fizikos žinyne pateikiami įvairūs fizikiniai brėžiniai ir fizikinės formulės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 07:39:26',62,'','2010-05-27 07:48:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 07:39:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,265,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(475,'Statistinė fizika','statistin-fizika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Statistinė fizika yra teorinės fizikos šaka, nagrinėjanti makroskopines sistemas remdamasi sistemų mikroskopinės sandaros modeliais. Mikroskopinės sandaros modelis – tai visuma teiginių, nusakančių iš ko (atomų, molekulių ar kitų mikroobjektų) ir kaip sistema sudaryta, pagal kokius dėsnius sistemą sudarantys objektai juda ir sąveikauja. Jeigu mikroskopinės sandaros modelyje atsižvelgiama į mikroobjektų kvantines savybes – statistinė fizika vadinama kvantine, o jei remiamasi klasikinės mechanikos dėsniais – klasikine.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visą statistinės fizikos mokslą sudaro pakankamai savarankiškos jos dalys: pusiausvirų sistemų (jose nėra pernašos reiškinių) teorija, kartais vadinama statistine termodinamika ir nepusiausvirų sistemų teorija – fizikinė kinetika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Statistinės fizikos pradmenis 19 a. 60 – 70 m. suformulavo Dž.K.Maksvelis ir L.Bolcmanas (Maksvelio skirstinys, Bolcmano skirstinys, Bolcmano kinetinė lygtis). Statistinės fizikos pradus ir pagrindinius klasikinio artinio skirstinius 1902 m. paskelbė Dž.V.Gibsas. Kartu su kvantine mechanika atsirado ir kvantinė statistika. 20 a. viduryje buvo ištobulinti statistinės fizikos (ypač statistinės termodinamikos) metodai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ši mokymo priemonė skirta Fizikos fakulteto pagrindinių studijų studentams. Joje išdėstyta pusiausvirų sistemų statistinė teorija. Priemonė apsvarstyta Teorinės fizikos katedroje (protokolas 9-2004).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 07:48:55',62,'','2010-05-27 07:52:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 07:48:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,264,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(476,'Elektrostatinio lauko tyrimas 2','elektrostatinio-lauko-tyrimas-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Elektrolitinės vonelės metodu ištirti įvairios formos elektrodų kuriamą elektrostatinį lauką.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Elektrinis laukas, kurį kuria nejudantis įelektrintas kūnas vadinamas elektrostatiniu. Elektrinis laukas taškinį krūvį  q<sub>0</sub> (įelektrintą materialujį tašką) veikia jėga F. Pasirinktame elektroninio lauko taške, santykis nepriklauso nuo krūvio q<sub>0</sub> didumo, būdingas elektrinio lauko taškui ir vadinamas elektrinio lauko stiprumu tame taške. Elektrostatinės jėgos yra potencialinės, todėl jų veikiamas įelektrintas materialus taškas turi potencialinės energijos W<sub>p</sub>. Pasirinktame elektrinio lauko taške santykis nepriklauso nuo krūvio q<sub>0</sub> didumo, būdingas elektrinio lauko taškui ir vadinamas to taško potencialu.Taigi kiekvieną elektrostatinio lauko tašką galima apibūdinti jėginiu dydžiu – lauko stiprumu, arba energetiniu dydžiu – potencialu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 07:53:02',62,'','2010-05-27 08:03:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 07:53:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,263,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(477,'AM signalų atsparumas trukdžiams (špera)','am-signal-atsparumas-trukdiams-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Diskretinių pranešimų perdavimo principas. Diskretinių pranešimų element. xi perduodant signalus S(t,xi). Vienareikšmiškai atitinkančius perduodamą pranešimą. Indeksas I gali įgyti bet kuria sveiko skaičiaus vetę nuo 1 iki M. Čia M – abėcėlės matiškumas.  Tokį atitikimą garantuoja kodavimas plačiąja prasme. Elementų xi atitikimas signalams galima pasiekti įvairiais    kodavimo būdais prikl. nuo kodavimo paskirties reikalavimo sist. techninės realizacijos paprastumui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Naudojant naturalųjį kodavimą pagr. elem. Xi perdavimo vienareikšmiškumus. Koduojant tiesiogiai yra sudaromi signalų ir elementų atitikmenys. Naudojamų sign. skaičius lemia įmanomą kodavimo įvairovę. Kraštutiniu atveju M-tasis ir dvejetainis kodas. Naudojant M-ąjį kodavimą kiekvieną pranešimo elementą atitinka trumpus Ts savasis sign. S(t,xi). Šiuo atveju reikalingų signalų skaičius lygus abėcėlės dydžiui Ms=M. Naudojant binarinį kodavimą elem. xi pirm. numeruojami dvejetainėje kodavimo sistemoje 1 ir 0 seka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 08:03:26',62,'','2010-05-27 08:09:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 08:03:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,262,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(478,'Fizikos uždavinių sprendimo metodai 2 dalis','fizikos-udavini-sprendimo-metodai-2-dalis','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 08:09:54',62,'','2010-05-27 08:12:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 08:09:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,261,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(479,'Interfeisinė sistema CAMAC ir jos programavimas','interfeisin-sistema-camac-ir-jos-programavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Susipažinti su ESM ir matavimo aparatūros interfeiso sistema CAMAC, kai kuriais jos moduliais ir programavimo pagrindais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paruošti atsakymus į šiuos klausimus:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Kokia pagrindinė CAMAC sistemos paskirtis ir ką reiškia šios raidės?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">CAMAC sistemos paskirtis yra ryšio tarp matavimų prietaisų ir skaitmeninės duomenų apdorojimo aparatūros palaikymas. Ji buvo sukurta 60 - tųjų metų pabaigoje ir yra tarptautinis standartas. Jos kūrėjų nuomone, pavadinimas CAMAC nėra santrumpa ir negali būti iššifruojamas, nors kai kas mano, kad šios raidės reiškia \"Computer Application to Measurement and Control\" arba \"Computer Aided Measurement and Control\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 08:14:57',62,'','2010-05-27 08:25:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 08:14:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,260,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(480,'Elektrinių dydžių matavimas ir matavimo paklaidos 2','elektrini-dydi-matavimas-ir-matavimo-paklaidos-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis: išmokti įvertinti elektrinių dydžių matavimo sistemines pakaidas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis: įtampos kitimas matuojamas voltmetrais, kilovoltmetrais ir t. t. Elektros srovės stiprums matuojamas amperemetrais, miliamperemetrais ir t. t. Varža matuojama ometrais, kiloometrais, megaometrais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Didžiausią matuojamojo dydžio vertę x<sub>rib</sub>, kurią tuo prietaisu galima matuoti vadiname ribine. Matavimo prietaiso vienos padalos vertė n<sub>0</sub> randama ribinę vertę x<sub>rib</sub> dalijant iš padalų skaičiaus N.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 08:26:34',62,'','2010-05-27 08:32:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 08:26:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,259,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(481,'Nuolatinė elektros srovė 2','nuolatin-elektros-srov-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jonų griūties susidarymo schema pavaizduota 79 pav. Jame mažesnieji neigiamai įelektrinti rutuliukai vaizduoja elektronus, o didesnieji neutralūs – dujų atomus. Kad savaiminė srovė nenutrūktų, dujose prie katodo nuolat turi atsirasti kad ir nedidelis elektronų skaičius, nes elektronai pasiekia anodą. Taigi būtinas pašalinis jonizatorius, išmušantis iš katodo elektronus, pavyzdžiui, ultravioletiniai spinduliai, kurie 79 pav. pavaizduoti rodyklėmis. Nesant pašalinio jonizatoriaus, kai laukas pakankamai stiprus, elektronus iš katodo gali išmušti ir jį bombarduojantys teigiamieji dujų jonai. Toks reiškinys vadinamas antrine elektronų emisija iš katodo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Metaluose yra laisvųjų elektronų. Panagrinėkime, kokia galimybė jiems išlėkti iš metalo dėl jų šilumi-nio judėjimo. Tarkime, kad metalas yra vakuume. Pasiekę metalo elektronai jį įelektrina neigiamai, tuo tarpu kiek giliau esantys jonai – teigiamai. Taip metalo paviršiuje susidaro dvigubas įelektrintas sluoksnis, kurio laukas veikia elektronus jėga, nukreipta į metalo vidų. Kad išlėktų iš metalo, elektronas praeidamas šį sluoksnį turi atlikti tam tikrą darbą. Tam darbui atlikti reikalinga energija. Mažiausia energija, kurią reikia suteikti elektronui, kad jis išlėktų iš kūno, vadinama elektrono išlaisvinimo darbu (<em>F</em>). Įvairių metalų išlais-vinimo yra skirtingi ir siekia kelis elektronvoltus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 08:33:12',62,'','2010-05-27 08:37:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 08:33:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,258,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(482,'Skystųjų tirpalų paviršiaus įtempimo koeficiento priklausomybės nuo koncentracijos tyrimas 3','skystj-tirpal-paviriaus-tempimo-koeficiento-priklausomybs-nuo-koncentracijos-tyrimas-3','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Ištirti kaip priklauso vandens paviršiaus įtempimo koeficientas nuo jame ištirpinto alkoholio koncentracijos. Teorinio pasirengimo klausimai. Molekulinės jėgos. Molekulės veikimo spindulys. Paviršinė energija. Paviršiaus įtempimo koeficientas. Laplaso formulė. Kapiliariniai reiškiniai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo aprašymas. Darbe nagrinėjamas įrenginys pavaizduotas 4 paveiksle. Į inde 1 įpiltą tiriamąjį skystį įleidus kapiliarą 2, guminiu vamzdeliu sujungtą su manometru 3, drėkinantis skystis kapiliaru pakyla aukštyn. Į vandenį panardinus gaubtą 4, susidaro slėgis, kuris veikia kapiliarą ir skysčio manometrą. Kai kapiliaro galas yra skysčio paviršiniame sluoksnyje, šį slėgį didiname, nardindami gaubtą tol, kol pasirodo burbuliukai, priešingu atveju gaubtą nardiname tol, kol meniskas kapiliare nuslūgsta iki skysčio paviršiaus lygio inde 1.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 08:38:24',62,'','2010-05-27 08:41:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 08:38:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,257,'','',0,39,'robots=\nauthor='),(483,'Temperatūrinio dujų slėgio koeficiento nustatymas','temperatrinio-duj-slgio-koeficiento-nustatymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Susipažinti su idealiųjų dujų būsenos lygtimi ir izoprocesais dujose. Eksperimentiškai nustatyti temperatūrinį dujų slėgio koeficientą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aparatūra ir darbo metodas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiame darbe nustatomas oro temperatūrinis slėgio koeficientas. Normaliomis sąlygomis orą galime laikyti idealiosiomis dujomis. Stikliniame inde 1 (žr. pav.) yra tiriamasis sausas oras, kuris šildomas termostatu 2. Tiriamojo oro temperatūra matuojam termometru 3. Užregistravę pradinę temperatūrą t1, ištraukiame čiaupą 4 ir slėgį inde p1 sulyginame su atmosferos slėgiu, kuris išmatuojamas laboratorijoje esančiu barometru.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 08:42:23',62,'','2010-05-27 08:45:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 08:42:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,256,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(484,'Suspensijų džiovinimas inertinės medžiagos pakibusiame sluoksnyje','suspensij-diovinimas-inertins-mediagos-pakibusiame-sluoksnyje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Džiovinimo kameroje ant skylėtos metalinės pertvaros supiltas granuliuotos inertinės medžiagos sluoksnis. Kaloriferyje pašildytas oro srautas, tekėdamas pro inertinę medžiagą, ją pakelia į pakibusią būseną. Oro srauto greitis turi būti toks, kad išneštų išdžiovintos medžiagos daleles į ciklonus. Pakibusių inertinės medžiagos dalelių skersmuo yra didesnis už metalinės pertvaros skylučių skersmenį, o tankis turi būti toks,kad didžiausio greičio srautas neišneštų inertinių dalelių į ciklonus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Džiovinama medžiaga (suspensija) paduodama ant pakibusio sluoksnio dalelių, kurios pasidengia džiovinamos medžiagos plėvele. Išgaravus drėgmei, plėvelė sutrūkinėja, o grūdeliams maišantis ir trinantis ji pavirsta milteliais, kuriuos iš džiovinamos kameros išneša or srautas. Pagrindinė dalis miltelių nusodinama ciklonuose, o iš jų srauto išnešamos smulkiausios dalelės – rankoviniuose filtruose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tokiose džiovyklose drėgmė išgarinam per trumpą laiką, džiovinama medžiaga su aukštos temperatūros džiovinančiu agentu trumpai kontaktuoja. Išdžiovinta medžiaga yra smulki. Tačiau tokiose džiovyklose sunaudojama daugiau šilumos negu kitų tipų džiovklose, nes per džiovyklą reikia paduoti didelį džiovinančio agento kiekį, kuris rekalingas ne tik drėgmei išgarinti, bet ie inertinei medžiagai palikyti pakibusioje būsenoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 09:06:46',62,'','2010-05-27 09:09:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 09:06:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,255,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(485,'Teorinė mechanika (Satkovskienė)','teorin-mechanika-satkovskien','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Klasikinės mechanikos pagrindą sudaro trys Niutono dėsniai, o jos tyrimų objektą makroskopinių kūnų judėjimas, vykstantis greičiais mažais lyginant su Šviesos greičiu. Klasikinė mechanika yra skirstoma į statiką - mokslą apie kūnų pusiausvyrą veikiant jėgoms, kinematiką - mokslą apie geometrines kūnų judėjimo savybes ir dinamiką - mokslą apie kūnų judėjimą veikiant jėgoms. Visų šių mechanikos skyrių nagrinėjimas atliekamas naudojant matematikos metodus, dalis kurių atsirado ir išsivystė tam, kad patenkintų mechanikos poreikius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinių mechanikos dėsnių ir principų, o taip pat iš jų sekančių lygčių ir teoremų nagrinėjimas panaudojant matematinius metodus sudaro teorinės mechanikos pagrindą. Taigi, teorinė mechanika pasinaudojus matematika klasikinės mechanikos žinias perkelia Į aukštesnį apibendrinimo arba teorijos lygmenį, tame tarpe nurodydama ir bendrus konkrečių uždavinių sprendimo receptus. Teorinės mechanikos rezultatai, sąvokos ir metodai yra taikomi kvantinėje mechanikoje, elektrodinamikoje, reliatyvumo teorijoje, optikoje ir kitur. Taigi, tai yra pirmas teorinės fizikos kursas, kuris labai reikalingas tolimesnėse fizikos studijose supažindinant klausytoją su šiuolaikinės fizikos samprata apie mus supantį pasaulį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">I. Pagrindinės teorinės mechanikos sąvokos ir postulatai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prieš suformuluodami Niutono dėsnius aptarsime svarbiausias teorinės mechanikos sąvokas ir apibrėšime teorijos veikimo ribas. Žinome, kad sąveikaudami kūnai keičia savo padėtį kitų kūnų atžvilgiu, t.y. pasislenka erdvėje. Be to, santykinis padėties erdvėje pokytis pasižymi tam tikra trukme, t.y. kūnų poslinkis vyksta ne tik erdvėje, bet ir laike. Dėl šios priežasties svarbiu tampa atskaitos sistemų, kuriose galioja Niutono dėsniai klausimas. Laisvai pasirinktos atskaitos sistemos atžvilgiu erdvė nėra vienalytė ir izotropinė, todėl net nesąveikaujančio kūno skirtingos orientacijos ir padėtys erdvėje yra neekvivalenčios. Neekvivalentūs bendru atveju bus ir skirtingi laiko momentai. Savaime aišku, kad tokios erdvės ir laiko savybės labai apsunkina mechaninių reiškinių nagrinėjimą. Tačiau pasirodo, kad visada galima rasti tokią atskaitos sistemą, kurios atžvilgiu erdvė bus izotropinė ir vienalytė, o laikas - vienalytis. Tokia sistema yra vadinama inercine sistema. Tokioje atskaitos sistemoje jėgų neveikiamas ir tam tikru laiko momentu nejudantis kūnas tokioje pat būsenoje liks neribotą laiko tarpą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 09:10:26',62,'','2010-05-27 09:13:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 09:10:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,254,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(486,'Metalų varžos temperatūrinės priklausomybės tyrimas','metal-varos-temperatrins-priklausomybs-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Ištirti laidininko varžos priklausomybę nuo temperatūros.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Metalai yra geri elektros ir šilumos laidininkai. Šią metalų savybę sąlygoja tai, kad elektros krūvį ir šilumą perneša tie patys nešikliai – laisvieji elektronai. Pagal klasikinę elektroninę metalų laidumo teoriją, metalo atomų valentiniai elektronai kristale nesurišti su konkrečiu atomu, o laisvai juda šiluminiu judėjimu po visą metalo tūrį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo aprašymas. Principinę matavimų įrenginio schemą (1 pav.) sudaro elektrinė krosnelė 1, jos viduje įtvirtintas tiriamasis varinis laidininkas 2; jo varžos matuoklis 3 ir termometras 4. Temperatūrą galima matuoti ir kitu įtaisu 5: termoelementu, termovarža ir panašiai. Temperatūrinio varžos koeficiento α nustatymui reikia (6) lygybėje eliminuoti dydį R<sub>0</sub>, t.y. laidininko varžą 273 K (0 °C) temperatūroje. Tam reikia išmatuoti to laidininko varžą temperatūroje t<sub>1</sub> ir t<sub>2</sub>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 09:14:05',62,'','2010-05-27 09:18:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 09:14:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,253,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(487,'Fizikos špera','fizikos-pera','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 09:19:11',62,'','2010-05-27 09:21:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 09:19:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,252,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(488,'Žemės magnetinio lauko indukcijos horizontaliosios komponentės nustatymas tangentiniu galvanometru','ems-magnetinio-lauko-indukcijos-horizontaliosios-komponents-nustatymas-tangentiniu-galvanometru','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.Darbo tikslas. Naudojantis tangentiniu galvanometru ir  keičiant srovės stiprumus nustatyti magnetinės rodyklės nukrypimo nuo pradinės padėties kampus, apskaičuoti ritės magnetinio lauko indukcijos B<sub>r</sub> modulį  ir žemės magnetinio lauko horizontaliosios komponentės B<sub>h</sub> modulį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2.Teorinė dalis. Tangentiniu galvanometru vadinamas prietaisas, sudarytas iš vertikalios žiedo formos ritės ir jos centre esančios rodyklės. Toks prietaiso pavadinimas atsirado dėl to, kad rodyklės nukrypimo kampo tangentas yra tiesiai proporcingas srovės stiprumui ritėje. Jei ritė pasukama į tokią padėtį, kad jos plokštuma sutaptų su magnetinės rodyklės kryptimi, tai žemės magnetinio lauko indukcijos horizontaliosios dedamosios B<sub>h</sub> ir ritės magnetnio laukop indukcijos B<sub>r</sub> kryptys tampa tarpusavyje statmenos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 09:22:27',62,'','2010-05-27 09:26:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 09:22:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,251,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(489,'Laboratorinio darbo ataskaita','laboratorinio-darbo-ataskaita','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: nustatyti γ spindulių,sklindančių dviem skirtingomis medžiagomis, tiesinį ir masinį silpimo koeficiantą  bei pusstorius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis: radioaktyvumu vadiname savaiminį vienu atomu virsmą kitu atomų branduoliais ,kurių metu skleidžiami įvairių rūšių radioaktyvieji spinduliai. Radioaktyviojo virsmo metu stebimi trijų rūšių spinduliai: α, β, γ. Y spinduliai pagal klasikinę fizika yra labai trumpos elektromagnetines bangos. Pagal  Palanko iškeltą kvantinę hipotezę elektromagnetinės bangos yra mikroobjektų, vadinamų fotonais, srautas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sklisdami medžiaga γ fotonai gali saveikauti tiek su medžiagos atomu elektroniniais apvalkalais, tiek ir su jų branduoliais. Kai γ fotoną apsorbuoja atomo elektroninis apvalkalas, stebimas fotoefektas - iš apvalkalo vidinių sluoksnių išlaisvinamas elektronas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 09:31:15',62,'','2010-05-27 09:38:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 09:31:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,250,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(490,'Kinematika (Olimpo konspektai)','kinematika-olimpo-konspektai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kinematika yra mechanikos dalis. Mechanika - fizikos šaka, tirianti kūnų mechaninį judėjimą. Mechaninis judėjimas - tai kūnų arba jų dalių padėties kitimas erdvėje ir laike (laikui bėgant). Pavyzdžiui, dangaus kūnų judėjimas, skraidymo aparatų ir transporto priemonių žemėje judėjimas, įvairių mašinų ir mechanizmų dalių judėjimas, Žemės plutos, įvairių kūnų, molekulių virpesiai bei kitoks judėjimas, įvairių konstrukcijų elementų deformacijos, skysčių ir dujų judėjimas. Pats žodis mechanika kilęs iš graikiško \"mechanike\", reiškiančio įrankį, statinį. Mechanikos terminą pradėjo vartoti graikų mokslininkas Aristotelis, gyvenęs 384 - 322 m. pr. Kr.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 09:39:11',62,'','2010-05-27 09:49:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 09:39:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,249,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(491,'Kietojo kūno sukamojo judejimo tyrimas','kietojo-kno-sukamojo-judejimo-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Patikrinti sukamojo judejimo dinamikos pagrindinį dėsnį ir nustatyti kūnų sistemos inercos momentą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Kūnas, kuris gali suktis apie nejudamą ašį, yra veikiamas išorinių jėgu, tai jis sukasi kampiniu pagreičiu. Kietojo kūno inercijos momentas Iz visada nusakomas konkrečios ašies atžvilgiu. Keičiant ašį, dydis Iz bendruoju atveju taip pat keičiasi. Masės kūno inercijos momentą atžvilgiu  ašies, einančios per jo masės centrą žymėkime Ic. Tuomet to paties kūno inercijos momentą atžvilgiu naujos ašies, lygiagrečios pirmajai ir nuo jos nutolusios dydžiu l, apskaičiuosime pagal Heigenso ir Šteinerio teoremą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 09:49:53',62,'','2010-05-27 09:52:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 09:49:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,248,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(492,'Spyruoklinės svyruoklės svyravimų tyrimas','spyruoklins-svyruokls-svyravim-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Nustatyti tampriųjų harmoninių svyravimų periodo priklausomybę nuo svyruoklės masės ir spyruoklės tamprumo koeficiento. Teorinio pasirengimo klausimai. Harmoniniai svyravimai. Jų diferencialinė lygtis. Harmoningai svyruojančio kūno greitis, pagreitis, jį grąžinanti tamprumo jėga. Tampriųjų harmoninių svyravimų periodas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nagrinėsime tampriuosius harmoninius svyravimus. Svyravimų sistemą sudaro 1 paveiksle pavaizduota įtvirtinta tampri spyruoklė su masės m apkrova. Pastaroji spyruoklę ištempia tiek, kad apkrovos sunkio jėgą kompensuoja dėl spyruoklės deformacijos susidariusi tamprumo jėga, ir sistema yra pastoviosios pusiausvyros būsenoje. Svyruoklę paveikus išorine jėga, kūnelio padėtį pusiausvyrosios padėties atžvilgiu ašyje 0s aprašome nuokrypiu, kuris lygus ilgio l spyruoklės deformacijos dydžiui s.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 09:52:35',62,'','2010-05-27 09:58:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 09:52:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,247,'','',0,96,'robots=\nauthor='),(493,'Laidininkų savybių tyrimas','laidinink-savybi-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.Darbo tikslas: nubrėžti anodinės srovės priklausomybės nuo tinklelio įtampos I<sub>a</sub> = f(U<sub>2</sub>) kreivę, remiantis ja nustatyti pirmąjį kritinį (rezonansinį) atomo potencialą ir apskaičiuoti tiramųjų Hg atomų spinduliuojamų bangų ilgį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2.Teorinė dalis. Buvo įrodyta, kad atomas gali sugerti tik tam tikrų dydžių energijos porcijas. Pirmieji tokį bandymą atliko D.Frankas ir G. Hercas. 3.Aparatūra ir darbo metodas: matavimo prietaisą sudaro Franko ir Herco vamzdelis, elektroninis blokas, krosnelė, termopora temperatūrai matuoti ir voltmetras. Franko ir Herco aparato pagrindinę dalį sudaro elektroninis vamzdelis is kuri išsiurbtas oras ir  pripildytas Hg garų ( kurių slėgis apie 10 Pa).  Įkaitęs katodas emituoja elektronus, kuriuos greitina įtampos U<sub>2</sub> srovės šaltinio elektrinis laukas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 09:58:23',62,'','2010-05-27 10:03:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 09:58:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,246,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(494,'Laboratorinis darbas maišymas','laboratorinis-darbas-maiymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas - susipažinti su mentinio maišytuvo konstrukcija ir nustatyti darbo režimo įtaką energijos sąnaudoms.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 10:25:09',62,'','2010-05-27 10:27:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 10:25:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,245,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(495,'Dielektrikų elektrinių savybių tyrimas','dielektrik-elektrini-savybi-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Nustatyti įvairių dielektrikų plokštelių santykinę dielektrinę skvarbą, dielektrinį jautrį ir poliarizuotumą. Teorinio pasirengimo klausimai. Poliniai ir nepoliniai dielektrikai. Poliarizuotumas. Dielektrinė skvarba ir dielektrinis jautris. Kondensatoriaus talpa.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 10:27:28',62,'','2010-05-27 10:30:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 10:27:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,244,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(496,'Nepusiausvyrųjų krūvininkų difuzijos nuotolio matavimas','nepusiausvyrj-krvinink-difuzijos-nuotolio-matavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: 1. susipažinti su nepusiausvyrųjų krūvininkų difuzijos procesu ir gyvavimo trukmės matavimo metodika. 2. Nustatyti puslaidininkio tipą, išmatuoti difuzijos nuotolį bei krūvininkų gyvavimo trukmę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 10:30:34',62,'','2010-05-27 10:35:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 10:30:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,243,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(497,'Netrūkių pranešimų optimalių imtuvų struktūra (špera)','netrki-praneim-optimali-imtuv-struktra-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pritaikysime statistinių sprendimų teorijos rezultatus netrūkių pranešimų optimalių imtuvų sintezei tuo atveju kai,: 1.įėjime veikia baltas Gauso triukšmas; 2.pranešimas yra atsitiktinis procesas su baigtiniu spektru; 3.iškraipymų dėl sistemos charakteristikų neidealumo nėra.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">8.FM ir DM signalų demoduliavimas. Optimalaus priėmimo teorijoje įrodyta, kad kampu moduliuotų (KM) signalų demoduliatoriai yra įrenginiai, kuriuose sekamas signalų dažnis arba fazė. KM atvėju momentinio dažnio kitimas lemia tai kad signalo galios spektras yra sutelktas jo momentinio dažnio srityje (efektyvusis spektras) ir užima juostą, artimą digubai pranešimo spektro pločiui.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 10:35:56',62,'','2010-05-27 10:39:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 10:35:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,242,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(498,'Mechaninės ir elektromagnetinės bangos (špera)','mechanins-ir-elektromagnetins-bangos-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mechaninės ir elektromagnetinės bangos. a) Banga - tai svyravimų sklidimas aplinka laikui bėgant. Ore, kietuose kūnuose ir skysčiuose mechaninės bangos atsiranda, kai juos veikia tamprumo jėgos, nes šios jėgos susieja atskiras kūno dalis į visumą. Svarbiausi bangą apibūdinantys fizikiniai dydžiai yra jos ilgis, sklidimo greitis, svyravimo periodas ir dažnis. Bangos ilgis - tai atstumas tarp dviejų artimiausių taškų, svyruojančių vienoda faze, t.y. tarp dviejų artimiausių taškų, esančių vienodu atstumu nuo pusiausvyros padėties ir judančių vienodu greičiu ta pačia kryptimi.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">b)    Skersinė banga - tai tokia banga, kurios kiekviena dalis svyruoja apie pusiausvyros padėtį statmenai bangos sklidimo krypčiai. Vandens paviršiumi sklindančios bangos yra skersinės. Be skersinių, skiriamos dar ir išilginės bangos. Tai tokios bangos, kurių visi taškai svyruoja apie pusiausvyros padėtį išilgai bangos sklidimo krypčiai. Išilginės bangos - tai spyruoklės vijų bangavimas sudavus per vieną jos galą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sklindant  skersinei bangai atsiranda tamprioji deformacija. Atskiri medžiagos sluoksniai pasislenka vienas kito atžvilgiu. Kūno tūris nekinta. Deformuojamame kūne atsiranda tamprumo jėgos, kurios siekia grąžinti kūną į pradinę būseną. Būtent šios jėgos priverčia daleles svyruoti. Bet vienas kito atžvilgiu slenkančių dujų ir skysčių sluoksnių tamprumo jėgos neveikia. Todėl skersinės bangos sklinda tik kietaisiais kūnais ir skysčių paviršiais, bet negali atsirasti nei dujose, nei skysčio viduje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 10:40:13',62,'','2010-05-27 10:50:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 10:40:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,241,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(499,'Trukdžiai ryšio kanaluose (špera)','trukdiai-ryio-kanaluose-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Priimant pranešimus susidarančias klaidas kanale lemia veikiančių trukdžių rūšis ir jų intensyvumas. Pagal trukdžių šaltinio vietą juos galima skirstyti į vidinius ir išorinius. Vidiniai susidaro pačioje sistemoje. Jiems priklauso imtuvo įėjimo laipsnio, priėmimo antenos ir signalų kanalų linijų triukšmai, taip pat elektriniai signalai, kurie į imtuvą patenka vidinėmis grandinėmis esant blogam ekranavimui ar ryšiui tarp linijų. Paskutiniuosius trukdžius lemia konstrukcija ir jie gali būti pašalinti, tuo tarpu krūvininkų chaotiškumo sukelti triukšmai iš principo nepašalinami. Triukšmai gali būti šiluminiai ir sąlygoti diskretinės krūvininkų prigimties. Šiluminius triukšmus sukelia krūvininkų šiluminis judėjimas, sudarantis atsitiktinius potencialų skirtumus. Tai Gauso atsitiktinis procesas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 10:59:29',62,'','2010-05-27 11:08:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 10:59:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,240,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(500,'Termoelektroninės emisijos reiškinio tyrimas','termoelektronins-emisijos-reikinio-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.    Darbo tikslas: vakuuminio diodo voltamperinės charakteristikos nustatymas, darbo, reikalingo atlikti, norint sukelti termoelektroninę emisiją, apskaičiavimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 11:11:46',62,'','2010-05-27 11:16:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 11:11:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,239,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(501,'Vandens kiekio nustatymas','vandens-kiekio-nustatymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naftos produkto bandinį maišome 5 min., o tirštus arba parafininius produktus pakaitinus iki 40<sup>0</sup> C. Į sausą ir švarią kolbą atsveriame apie 100 gr tiriamo naftos produkto, 0.1 gr tikslumu, pripilame apie 100 ml tirpiklio ir išmaišome, kad bandinys vienodai kaistų įdedame keletą gabaliukų pemzos arba stiklinių rutuliukų. Kai aparatūra surinkta paleidžiame vandenį per šaldytuvą ir pradedame atsargiai šildyti. Šildymą sureguliuoti taip kad iš surinktuvo lašėtų 2 – 4 lašai per sekundę. Negalima leisti vandens per šaldytuvą labai greitai, nes jo viduje gali pradėti kondensuotis drėgmė iš oro. Jeigu naftos produkte buvo vandens, tai jis išgaruos  ir pradės kondensuotis surinktuve kartu su tirpikliu, o dėl skirtingo tankio susidarys du sluoksniai, apatiniame vanduo, viršutiniame tirpiklis. Kai vandens kiekis surinktuve nustos kaupęsis, o viršutinis tirpiklio sluoksnis taps skaidrus, šildymą nutraukti. Jeigu surinkome nedidelį kiekį vandens, tai tirpiklis nebus skaidrus. Tuomet surinktuvą pamerkti į karšta vandenį 20 min., kol tirpiklis taps skaidrus. Tada surenkame visą vandenį ir pamatuojame jo kiekį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 11:16:43',62,'','2010-05-27 11:21:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 11:16:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,238,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(502,'Lėkštinių ir įkrautinių kolonų hidrodinamika','lktini-ir-krautini-kolon-hidrodinamika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Chemijos pramonėje masės kaitos procesams dažnai naudojamos lėkštinės ir įkrautinės kolonos. Lėkštės ir įkrova reikalinga fazių sąlyčio paviršiui padidinti. Tokiuose aparatuose procesų intensyvumui padidinti ir viso aparato aukščio tolygesniam išnaudojimui pagerinti, dujos arba garai paduodami iš apačios, o iš viršaus žemyn teka skystis. Fazių hidraulika turi įtakos aparatų efektyviam darbui. Projektuojant ir eksploatuojant tokias kolonas, būtina žinoti jų hidrodinaminius rodiklius, nuo kurių priklauso energijos sąnaudos aparatuose bei jų darbo techniniai ir ekonominiai rodikliai. Skaičiuojant lėkštinių ir įkrautinių kolonų parametrus svarbiausia yra nustatyti kolonų hidrodinaminį pasipriešinimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 11:21:46',62,'','2010-05-27 11:23:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 11:21:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,237,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(503,'Laisvai krintančių kūnų pagreičio ir gravitacinės konstantos nustatymas','laisvai-krintani-kn-pagreiio-ir-gravitacins-konstantos-nustatymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Darbo tikslas: susipažinti su visuotinės traukos dėsniu, laisvai krintančio kūno kinematika ir nustatyti matavimo rezultatų patikimumo intervalą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aparatūra ir darbo metodas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ieškodami dydžio g, panaudosime krintantį ore mažą, bet sunkų rutuliuką. Mažu greičiu krintančiam kūnui oro pasipriešinimo įtaka nedidelė, todėl kritimas panašus į laisvą. Toks rutuliukas juda tolygiai greitėdamas ir per laiką t nukrinta kelią h. Išmatavę h ir t, pagal (4) formulę apskaičiuojame g. Siekdami didesnio tikslumo, nekeisdami kelio h, n kartų išmatuojame kritimo laiką tI, kiekvienam atvejui apskaičiuojame pagreitį gI ir randame aritmetinį vidurkį. Įvertindami matavimo tikslumą, apskaičiuojame aritmetinio vidurkio vidutinę kvadratinę paklaidą.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 11:24:45',62,'','2010-05-27 11:28:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 11:24:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,236,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(504,'Ryšio sistemų klasifikavimas (špera)','ryio-sistem-klasifikavimas-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gauso stacionariu atsitiktiniu procesu su nuline matematine viltimi (centruotas atsitikt. proc.). Jų galios spektro tankis yra tolygus l. Plačiame dažnių ruože ir todėl galima laikyti baltu triukšmu. Impulsiniai trukdžiai – tai atsitikt. impulsų sekos, kuriose impulsai yra pakankamai nutolę vienas nuo kito ir imtuvo reakcija į bet kurį iš jų pasibaigia iki kito impulso pasirodymo. Tokių trukdžių pavyzdžiu yra atmosferiniai trukdžiai. Siaurajuosčiai trukdžiai – tai trukdžiai, kurių galios spektrinis tankis užima palyginti siaurą juostą lyginant su signalo spektro pločiu.Tikie tr. šaltiniai yra kitos radijo stotys, pramoniniai ir medicininiai bei kiti AD generatoriai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 11:55:52',62,'','2010-05-27 12:08:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 11:55:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,235,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(505,'Įvadas į kietojo kūno fiziką (Vektaris)','vadas-kietojo-kno-fizik-vektaris','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gamtoje egzistuoja keli agregatiniai medžiagų būviai, tai - dujinis ir kondensuotas. kondensuotą būvį galima skirstyti į kietą ir skystą. Kietas būvis vėlgi gali būti amorfinis ir kristalinis. Šiuolaikinėje astrofizikoje nagrinėjami egzotiški būviai, kurių žemėje nėra, tai neutroninės žvaigždės ir pan.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Labiausiai ištyrinėtas yra dujinis būvis. Medžiagos dujiniame būvyje atstumai tarp sudedamųjų dalių - atomų ar molekulių yra dideli lyginant su pačių sudedamųjų dalių matmenimis. Smūgiai tarp atomų yra reti ir chaotiški, atomų yra didelis kiekis (apie - 10<sup>23</sup>). Tokios sistemos tiriamos termodinamikos arba statistikinės fizikos priemonėmis. Joms gerai tinka tikimybių terminai, nepilnas aprašymas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 12:09:23',62,'','2010-05-27 12:38:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 12:09:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,234,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(506,'Kulkos greičio nustatymas balistine svyruokle','kulkos-greiio-nustatymas-balistine-svyruokle','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Darbo tikslas: susipažinti su kietojo kūno sukamojo judesio dinamika, Huko dėsniu, taikomu sąsūkos deformacijai ir nustatyti kulkos greitį balistine švytuokle.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 12:39:10',62,'','2010-05-27 12:41:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 12:39:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,233,'','',0,41,'robots=\nauthor='),(507,'Molekulinė fizika','molekulin-fizika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Molekulinės kinetinės teorijos teiginiai: 1. Visos medžiagos sudarytos iš molekulių. 2. Molekulės visą laiką chaotiškai juda. 3. Tarp molekulių yra tarpai. 4. Molekulės tarpusavyje sąveikauja. Mikroskopinių dalelių judesiai vadinami Brauno judesiais. Difuzija - savaiminis medžiagų susimaišymas. Molekules veikia stūmos ar traukos jėgos. Didžiausias atstumas, kuriame pasireiškia dar molekulių sąveika, vadinamas molekulių jėgų veikimo siekiu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Molekulių sistemos vidinė energija. Molekulės juda, tai jos turi kinetinės energijos. Molekules riša molekulinės jėgos, tai sudaro sistemą, turinčią potencinės energijos. Kūną sudarančių dalelių judėjimo ir sąveikos energija vadinama jo vidine energija: U=Ek +Ep.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 12:42:53',62,'','2010-05-27 12:54:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 12:42:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,232,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(508,'Kinematikos špera','kinematikos-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">KINEMATIKA nagrinėja kūnų judėjimą nesiedama jo su fizikinėmis priežastimis (kūno mase, veikiančiosiomis jėgomis ). Atskaitos sistemą sudaro koordinačių sistema, susieta su kokiu nors kūnu ar kūnų grupe, ir laikui atskaičiuoti prietaisas – laikrodis. Paprasčiausia yra Dekarto stačiakampė koordinačių sistema. Materialiojo taško padėtį atskaitos sistemoje laiko momentu t nusakome 3 koordinatėm x,y,z arba iš koordinačių sistemos pradžios O išvestu spinduliu vektoriumi r.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atsižvelgiant į būtiną ir pakankamą koordinačių skaičių, reikalingą judančio materialiojo taško padėčiai nusakyti, skiriami 3 atvejai: 1. materialusis taškas juda išilgai tiesės. Pasirinkus koordinačių pradžios tašką O šioje tiesėje, materialiojo taško padėtį nusakome viena koordinate arba pastovios krypties spinduliu vektoriumi. Tokį judėjimą vad.vienmačiu. 2. judančio materialiojo taško spindulys vektorius brėžia plokštumą. Jo padėčiai nusakyti reikia dviejų koordinačių, todėl tokį judėjimą vad.dvimačiu, arba plokštuminiu. 3. kai materialiojo taško padėčiai nusakyti reikalingos 3 koordinatės, turime trimatį, arba erdvinį, judėjimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-27 12:55:36',62,'','2010-05-27 13:01:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 12:55:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,231,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(509,'Kokia Europos valiutinės sistemos kaina?','kokia-europos-valiutins-sistemos-kaina','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Geras išeities taškas  aptariant  bendros  valiutos  privalumus  yra  EV  (Europos valiutos)  Komisijos  pranešimas  (1990 ž.), kuris  buvo drąsus bandymas įvertinti galimus privalumus. Pranešime pažymima, kad pelnas, pašalinus valiutos svyravimą ir pakeitimo išlaidas, būtų 10 EUR bendro nacionalinio produkto (GDP). Iš esmės visa tai išplaukia dėl numanomo kapitalo kaštų “rizikos mokesčio” sumažinimo. Visas kitas pelnas atsiranda dėl bendros valiutos - padidėjusių kainų stabilumo (kas apima ir sustiprėjusį patikimumą), tvarkingesnės valstybinės finansų sistemos ir didesnio makroekonominio stabilumo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žinoma, svarbu pažymėti, kad kainų stabilumas, kuriam pranešime skiriama daug dėmesio, gali būti pasiektas su arba be EMU, kas yra dar patikimiau. Ar EMU padarys tuos privalumus labiau pasiekiamus yra politinės ekonomikos reikalas, kuri nėra aptariama Komisijos pranešime. Kokia bus Europos centrinio banko politika ir paskatinimas? Kokių įstatymų išleidimas, susijęs su tuo, turi būti aptartas dvylikos EU demokratinių įmonių? Nesuprantama, kodėl šie klausimai nebuvo sprendžiami Komisijos pranešime, bet atidėti į šalį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Net jei jie būtų įtikinamai atsakyti, vis tiek liktų alternatyva patikimai įgyvendinti kainų stabilumą šalies priemonėmis. Šalies įgyvendinimo priemonės egzistuoja ir yra efektyviai taikomos daugelio OECD (Ekonominio Bendradarbiavimo ir Vystymo Organizacija) ekonominiuose ūkiuose, tokiuose kaip Vokietija Jungtinės Amerikos Valstijos ir Japonija. Iš esmės, jos apima keletą šalies nominalaus plano formų, kai pinigų pasiūla ar nominalios pajamos arba, paprasčiausiai, kainos elgsena su vykdymo pabaudomis, palydymas politinio proceso. Kitaip tariant, vyriausybės, kurios nesugeba numatyti priimtino infliacijos proceso, praranda balsus. Tai turėtų būti vienintelė efektyvi bausmė už makroekonomikos nesuvaldymą šiuolaikinėje demokratijoje.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-27 19:21:02',62,'','2010-05-27 19:37:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 19:21:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,29,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(510,'Nacionalinė vertybinių popierių birža','nacionalin-vertybini-popieri-bira','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-27 19:41:28',62,'','2010-05-27 19:44:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 19:41:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,28,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(511,'Veiklos finansinė analizė','veiklos-finansin-analiz','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Finansinė analizė yra viena iš aktyviausių įmonės valdymo sistemos funkcijų. Ji padeda nustatyti įmonės veiklos finansinius aspektus, įvertinti esamą padėtį ir ateities perspektyvas. Jos dėka įmonės vadovai gali priimti optimalius valdymo sprendimus, racionalius jų variantus. Finansinė analizė atliekama remiantis apskaitos informacija, padeda laiku atskleisti įvairių veiklos sričių ir įmonės padalinių darbo trūkumus, numatyti jų šalinimo ir veiklos efektyvumo didinimo priemones. Analizuojant atskleidžiami vidiniai rezervai ir galimybės geriau dirbti, racionaliau naudoti materialinius, darbo ir finansinius išteklius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">UAB “Donanta” veiklos finansinė analizė atliekama remiantis sekančiais buhalterinės apskaitos duomenimis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Remdamiesi 1997, 1998 ir 1999 m. duomenimisatliksime horizontalią, vertikalią ir santykinę analizę.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-27 19:45:38',62,'','2010-05-27 19:50:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 19:45:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,27,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(512,'Vertybinių popierių rinka','vertybini-popieri-rinka','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šis darbas - tai pačių pagrindinių vertybinių popierių rinkos principų, būdingų tiek pasaulio, tiek Lietuvos rinkoms apžvalga. Kiekvienoje ekonomiškai išsivysčiusioje valstybėje egzistuoja vertybinių popierių rinkos. Pagal šios rinkos būklę galima nustatyti ir pačios šalies ekonominę būklę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Referato tikslas - panagrinėti vertybinių porpierių rinkos bruožus, jos įtaką valstybės ekonominiame gyvenime, tai pat pažvelgti, kas šioje srityje nuveikta Lietuvoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šis darbas turi keturis pagrindinius  skyrius:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmajame skyriuje nagrinėjama vertybinių popierių rinkos atsiradimo ir vystymosi istorija, jos vietą bendroje rinkos ekonomikos sistemoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antrajame skyriuje supažindindinama su dažniausiai sutinkamų vertybiniais popieriais jų charakteristikomis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trečiajame darbo skyriuje aprašoma bendra vertybinių popierių rinkos struktūra, jos dalyvių funkcijas, bei tarpusavio sąveiką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ketvirtame skyriuje nagrinėjama Lietuvos patirtis - vertybinių popierių rinkos Lietuvoje susiformavimas, rinkos dalyviai, jų funkcijos. Šioje dalyje taip pat aptariami kai kurie bendri klausimai, susiję su prekyba vertybiniais popieriais</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-27 19:51:10',62,'','2010-05-27 19:57:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 19:51:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,26,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(513,'Finansiniai atsiskaitymai','finansiniai-atsiskaitymai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Finansų sektorius yra nepaprastai reikšminga pasaulinio ūkio dalis. Gerai žinoma, jog per pastaruosius penkiasdešimt metų įvyko stambių pasaulinio ūkio pokyčių. Kalbant apie tarptautinius finansus, jaučiamas ypatingas šių žodžių teisingumas. Tokie pokyčiai yra didžiuliai, todėl drąsiai galima tvirtinti apie kokybiškai naujo etapo atsiradimą tarptautinių valiutinių ir finansinių santykių sferoje. Svarbus šių pokyčių elementas yra reiškinys, vadinamas “globalizacija” arba valiutos ir finansų rinkų “globalinė integracija”, besiremianti nacionaline valiutos ir finansų rinkų integracija su eurorinka ir nacionalinėmis valiutos rinkomis į vieną globalinę tarptautinę rinką. Šių procesų sąveiką reguliuoja ir skatina tarptautinės finansų institucijos, kurių vaidmenį šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje sunku pervertinti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Temos aktualumas: Tarptautinės finansų institucijos – sudėtinė tarptautinių finansų sistemos struktūrinė dalis, turinti nemažą įtaką pasaulinės ekonomikos vystymosi raidai. Tarptautinių finansinių institucijų įtaka pasaulinei ekonomikai nėra vienoda. Neabejotinai Tarptautinis Valiutos Fondas ir Pasaulio bankas užima lyderių pozicijas koordinuojant dvišalius ar daugiašalius valstybių veiksmus, priimant sprendimus, turinčius įtakos pasaulinei finansų sistemai. Išskyrus nedidelį ekonomistų ir finansų specialistų būrį, TVF daug kam yra nežinoma, paslaptinga organizacija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugelis stebėtojų paveikti įspūdžio, kad TVF teikia subsidijas neturtingų šalių ekonomikai vystyti, dažniausiai painioja jį su Pasaulio banku ir kitomis ekonominės pagalbos institucijomis. Kitas klaidingas požiūris – TVF laikomas tarptautiniu centriniu banku, kontroliuojančiu pinigų emitavimą pasaulyje. Tretiems atrodo kaip galinga prievartinė politinė institucija, verčianti vykdyti fiskalinį teisingumą ir įstatanti šalis į griežtas ekonomikos ribas.  Tuo tarpu Tarptautinis Valiutos Fondas yra visai kas kita. Tad šio darbo tikslas ir bus -  apibūdinti Tarptautinį valiutos Fondą, jo tikslus, funkcijas, veiklą bei kaip jis susietas su Lietuva.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-27 20:06:53',62,'','2010-05-27 20:11:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 20:06:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,25,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(514,'Nacionalinės ir tarptautinės kredito formos','nacionalins-ir-tarptautins-kredito-formos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvai atgavus nepriklausomybę, perėjus į rinkos ekonomiką, suaktyvėjo prekybiniai mainai tiek šalies viduje, tiek ir už jos ribų. Taigi, Lietuvai integruojantis į Europos sąjungą, įmonėms bei organizacijoms užmezgus glaudesnius prekybinius ryšius su daugeliu užsienio įmonių, atsirado poreikis piniginiams ištekliams tiek pačios valstybės kilimui, tiek atskiriems ūkiniams vienetams savo ūkinei veiklai plėtoti. To pasekoje iškilo kredito, kaip trūkstamų lėšų gavimo šaltinio bei panaudojimo problema. Šią problemą dar labiau paaštrino 1995 metais Lietuvos ekonomiką sukrėtusi bankų krizė, kilusi dėl nesaikingai vykdomos kredito politikos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šio kursinio darbo tikslas - išanalizuoti  ekonominėje literatūroje pateikiamas kredito formas. Todėl nagrinėjimo objektas bus kreditas, dalykas- kredito formos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Darbui atlikti buvo taikoma įvairių šalių ekonomistų knygos, mokymo priemonės - vadovėliai, periodinė spauda, konferencijų medžiaga ir jų analizė.renkant informaciją apie bankų teikiamas paslaugas buvo naudojamas interviu metodas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Išanalizavus literatūrą, galima daryti išvadą, kad nacionalinis kreditas nesiskiria nuo tarptautinio kredito savo esme, principais, o tik panaudojimo mastu. Renkant informaciją apie kreditą Lietuvoje, pastebėjome, kad ne kiekvienas bankas vykdo faktoringo, lizingo operacijas, o forfeitingas dar net neįdiegtas.  Po bankų krizės Lietuvoje didžiausią paklausą turi valstybinis kreditas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valstybės ekonominės ir socialinės  raidos lygis yra glaudžiai susijęs su finansų sistema. Finansų sistema – finansų įstaigų (bankų, komercinių bankų, gyvenamųjų namų bendrijų ir t.t.) ir rinkų (pinigų rinka, vertybinių popierių) tinklas, veikiantis įvairių finansų priemonių (bankų indėliai, iždo vekseliai, akcijos), kurios padeda pervesti pinigus, teikti paskolas ir skolintas lėšas, pagalba. Ji daro poveikį ekonomikai, socialiniams bei kitiems poreikiams, kadangi padeda formuoti valstybės finansinius išteklius. Nuo finansinių išteklių kiekio formavimo, naudojimo priklauso ūkio vystymosi tempai, visuomenės poreikių tenkinimas, krašto apsauga, valdymo įstaigų išlaikymas ir t.t.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-27 20:12:27',62,'','2010-05-27 20:18:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 20:12:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,24,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(515,'Finansinė apskaita','finansin-apskaita','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-27 20:19:12',62,'','2010-05-27 20:20:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 20:19:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,23,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(516,'Vertybinių popierių rinka (Referatas)','vertybini-popieri-rinka-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vertybinių popierių rinka - neatsiejama valstybės, su išvystyta ekonomika, dalis. Paprastai situacija vertybinių popierių rinkoje atspindi visos ekonomikos būklė. Ir tai rodo jos svarbą valstybės, o tuo pačiu ir jos gyventojų gerovei.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aš manau, kad vertybinių popierių rinka yra labai įdomi sistema, kuri veikia kaip laikrodis, bet iš kitos pusės, ji dažnai pateikia siurprizus, kurie verčia susimąstyti, priimti atsakingus sprendimus. Būtent, norėdama geriau išsiaiškinti jos veikimo principus, pasirinkau šią temą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dažnai literatūroje, ypač išleistoje tarybiniais metais, vertybinių popierių rinkos apibūdinimas apsiriboja tik vertybinių popierių biržos veiklos aprašymu, tad šiame kursiniame darbe aš norėčiau parodyti vertybinių popierių rinkos vietą finansų rinkoje. Todėl pirmojoje dalyje aš iš pradžių bendrai apžvelgsiu finansų rinką, o vėliau skirstysiu ją pagal skolų apmokėjimo laikotarpį, t.y. atskirai nagrinėsiu pinigų ir kapitalo rinkas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antrajame skyriuje jau nagrinėsiu vertybinių popierių rinką, kuri ir funkcionuoja pinigų ir kapitalo rinkų rėmuose. Šiame skyriuje trumpai aptarsiu visas vertybinių popierių rūšis, iš jų smulkiau nagrinėsiu dvi pagrindines jų rūšis - akcijas ir obligacijas. Taip pat aptarsiu brokerių ir dilerių vaidmenį vertybinių popierių rinkoje. Dar apibrėšiu pirminę ir antrinę vertybinių popierių rinkas, bei jų pagrindinius bruožus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trečiąją dalį aš skirsiu Lietuvos vertybinių popierių rinkai. Joje aš taip pat aprašysiu vertybinių popierių biržos kūrimąsi ir veiklą. Skyriaus pabaigoje trumpai paminėsiu pagrindinius įvykius, turėjusius įtakos vertybinių popierių rinkos vystymuisi 1994 metais bei dar likusias vertybinių popierių rinkos problemas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paskutiniame skirsnyje, tikėdama Lietuvos vertybinių popierių rinkos ateitimi, norėčiau aptarti šios rinkos vystymosi prognozę 2005 - 2009 metams.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-27 20:21:55',62,'','2010-05-27 20:36:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 20:21:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,22,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(517,'Apskaitos ypatumai prekybinėse įmonėse','apskaitos-ypatumai-prekybinse-monse','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-27 20:37:20',62,'','2010-05-27 20:39:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 20:37:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,21,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(518,'Draudimas','draudimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kas yra Jūsų namų turtas?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai yra viskas, ką Jūs turite namuose: namų įrangos, apstatymo, apyvokos ir vartojimo reikmenys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai gali būti, pvz., baldai, buitiniai prietaisai, rūbai, o taip pat grynieji pinigai ir papuošalai. Tai taip pat radijo ir televizijos antenos, jeigu jos nėra bendro naudojimo. Jeigu draudėjas yra būsto nuomininkas, tai draudimas galioja ir jo lėšomis įrengtiems daiktams, pvz. sanitarinei įrangai, medinėms grindims ar įmontuotiems sieniniams baldams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valstybinis gyventojų turto draudimas organizuojamas visuomenės interesais. Siekiama atlyginti gyventojams gaisrų, avarijų, stichinių ir kitokių nelaimių padarytus nuostolius. Iš draudėjų įmokų, sumokėtų apdraudžiant turtą, sudaromi Valstybinio draudimo fondai, iš kurių mokamas draudimo atlyginimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mūsų šalyje Valstybinis draudimas įkurtas daugiau kaip prieš 60 metų. Atsižvelgiant į gyventojų poreikius ir pageidavimus, turto draudimo sąlygos buvo nuolat tobulinamos, gerinamas gyventojų aptarnavimas. Daug dėmesio skiriama masiniam aiškinamajam darbui, nuo kurio labai priklauso draudimo paplitimas. Valstybinio draudimo darbuotojai ir jų visuomeniniai talkininkai gali dar daug nuveikti, kad kiekvienas respublikos gyventojas geriau žinotų draudimo rūšių sąlygas, privalumus ir plačiau naudotųsi draudimo paslaugomis. Valstybinio draudimo įstaigos rūpinasi gyventojų turtiniais interesais ir padeda likviduoti įvairių nelaimių padarytus nuostolius. Dalis gyventojams priklausančio turto apdraudžiama privaloma tvarka, tačiau nepilna jų verte, todėl kiekvienam yra suteikta teisė savo noru apdrausti savo turtą papildoma suma. Kiekvienos rūšies turtui drausti yra atskiros taisyklės, kuriose tiksliai nusakoma, koks turtas apdraudžiamas, kokiais atvejais išmokamas draudimo atlyginimas ir kitos draudimo sąlygos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Realybė rodo, kad kartą atsitikusi nelaimė gali sąlygoti milžiniškus nuostolius. Atsiradę nuostoliai sukelia finansinius sunkumus. Norint jų išvengti – išeitis paprasta – investicijos į apsaugą, t.y. į draudimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti ir palyginti AB „LIETUVOS DRAUDIMAS” ir UAB „DRAUDA” gyventojų namų turto draudimo taisykles.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Darbo objektas: AB „Lietuvos draudimas” ir UAB „Drauda”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Darbo dalykas: gyventojų turto draudimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Darbo metodika: mokslinės literatūros analizė, AB „Lietuvos draudimas” 2008 m. spalio 27 d. namų turto savanoriškojo draudimo taisyklės ir UAB „Drauda” 2007 m. liepos 31 d. namų turto draudimo taisyklės, ir statistinė medžiaga. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-27 20:50:57',62,'','2010-05-27 20:56:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 20:50:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,20,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(519,'Finansai ir apskaita','finansai-ir-apskaita','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-27 20:57:56',62,'','2010-05-27 21:00:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 20:57:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,19,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(520,'Apskaitos konspektas','apskaitos-konspektas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viena iš svarbiausių sėkmingo verslo plėtojimo salygų - deramas informacijos, ypač apskaitinės, reikšmės įvertinimas ir sugebėjimas tinkamai pasinaudoti jos teikiamomis galimybėmis. Informacija reikalinga sprendimams priimti yra labai įvairi ir jos tiek daug, kad visos vienu metų praktiškai neįmanoma suvokti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Laimei šito ne nereikia, jei valdymo aparato darbuotojai racionaliai paskirstys pareigomis. Tuomet tik vadovams reikėtų susipažinti su platesnio spektro duomenimis, tačiau jie jau butu pakankamai apibendrinti, taigi ir jų kiekis taip pat neturėtų būti labai didelis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienas žmogus priima tik tuo laiku jam aktualiią informacija, ir dažnai net nesamoningai atmeta nereikšmingus jam duomenis. Kibernetikai tokius beverčius duomenis vadina informaciniu triukšmu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmonėms, kuriantiems ir perduodantiems atitinkamas žinias visuomet butina žinoti, kad informacijos kaip ir visų kitų vertybių (netgi pinigų) gali būti per daug. Popierinių pinigų perteklius valstybėje gali sukelti infliacija. Savotiški “infliaciniai” procesai galimi ir valdymo sistemose, kuriose kaip teigia kibernetikai, nieko, išskyrus duomenų apdorojimą bei ju judejimą, ir nėra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Beverčiai duomenys ne tik nenaudingi menedžeriams, bet ir žalingi, nes užgožia vertingas žinias.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmonės palyginti lengvai isivaizduoja materialinių vertybių judejimą, tačau kur kas sunkiau suvokia nematerialius, iš jų ir informacinius, srautus. Tuo tarpu kiekvienas valdymo srities darbuotojas turi aiškiai suvokti duomenų judėjimą įmonėje, ir suprasti valdymui naudingos informacijos formavimo dėsningumus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apskaitos informacija yra iš patikimo šaltinio gauti ir tinkamai užregistruoti apskaitos, daugiausia finansiniai, duomenys, kuriuos naudoja savarankiški ūkiniai vienetai - įmonės, jų valdymo procese, arba kurie potencialiai ir ateityje gali būti naudingi valdytojams bei kitiems apskaitos informacijos vartotojams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apskaitos požiūriu įmonė yra savarankiškas ūkinis vienetas, atribotas nuo kitu įmonių ir savininku.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visose laisvos rinkos šalyse labai paplitęs teiginys, jog apskaita yra verslo kalba. Tai teisinga nuostata, nes neturėdami duomenų apie verslo sėkmę ar turtą, kuriuo disponuoja įmonė, tos įmonės darbuotojai paprasčiausiai negalėtų susikalbėti. Įmonės vadovai neįstengtų susišnekėti su savininkais bei kitų įmoniu vadovais, pirkėjais, tiekėjais. Juk įmonės steigiamos tam, kad uždirbtų pelną ir didintų savininkų  turtą, išreiškiamą pinigais. Įvairūs specialistai puikiausiai gali susikalbėti universalia apskaitos kalba, viską išreiškiančia visuotinių pinigų matu. Šio mato pagrindu visus duomenis ir formuoja apskaitininkai, pateikdami žinias apie įmonės turtą, jos savininkus bei turto panaudojimo efektyvumą - juk įmonės veiklos procese turto nuolat turi daugėti, nebent dalį jo išsidalintų savininkai, arba įmonė nuolatos patirtų nuostolius.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-27 21:01:07',62,'','2010-05-27 21:22:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-27 21:01:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,18,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(521,'Apskaita ir analizė','apskaita-ir-analiz','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-28 19:51:58',62,'','2010-05-28 19:54:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-28 19:51:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,17,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(522,'Forfeitingas','forfeitingas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Forfeitingas yra komercinių debitorinių įsiskolinimų pirkimas (paprastai tai yra akceptuoti vekseliai arba skolos lapeliai), kuriuos bankas laiko, kol ateina apmokėjimo terminas arba parduoda kitam bankui. Forfeitingas gali būti panaudotas kaip trumpalaikis kreditas prekėms. Jo pagrindą sudaro finansiniai įsipareigojimai ir yra būtinos tik banko garantijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Forfeitingo technika buvo sukurta 1960 metais, kai ji buvo panaudota tarp Vakarų eksportuotojų - ypač Vakarų Vokietijos, Italijos, Šveicarijos- ir šalių Rytinėje Europoje. Forfeitingo reikšmė kilusi iš prancūziško žodžio a forfait , kuris reiškia atsisakyti nuo teisės . Labiausiai forfeitingas išsivystė šalyse, kur yra sąlyginai silpnai išvystytas valstybinis eksporto kreditavimas. Iš pradžių forfeitingą vykdė komerciniai bankai, bet didėjant operacijų apimtims “a-forfe”, pradėjo kurtis taip pat ir specializuotos institucijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuo metu vienu iš pagrindinių forfeitingo centrų yra Londonas. Didelė dalis forfeitingo verslo taip pat sukoncentruota Vokietijoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindiniai forfeitingo vertybiniai popieriai yra paprastieji arba pervedamieji vekseliai. Operacijos su jais vykdomos greitai ir paprastai, be nelauktų sunkumų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Be vekselių forfeitingo objektu gali būti įsipareigojimai akredityvo formoje. Akredityvas-tai kredito įstaigos išduodamas indėlininkui vardinis vertybinis popierius, suteikiantis teisę gauti indėlį ar jo dalį kitoje kredito įstaigoje. Akredityvai gali būti atšaukiami ir neatšaukiami. Neatšaukiami akredityvai yra banko tvirtas įsipareigojimas apmokėti pristatytus jam komercinius dokumentus, pagal kuriuos yra išduotas akredityvas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žiūrint iš forfeitoriaus pozicijų, pagrindinis operacijos su akredityvu trūkumas yra tas, kad operacijos dalyvis siūlo, kad atlyginimas bus apmokamas periodiškai ir lygiomis dalimis. Tai yra nepatogu jam, ir patogu likusiems dalyviams.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-28 19:55:23',62,'','2010-05-28 20:00:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-28 19:55:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,16,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(523,'Kredito sistema Lietuvoje','kredito-sistema-lietuvoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kreditas apima piniginius sąntykius, kuriems esant laisvi įmonių, įstaigų, organizacijų finansiniai ištekliai, laisvi valstybinio biudžeto ištekliai, draudimo organų ištekliai, gyventojų santaupos dažniausiai kaupiamos kreditinėse įstaigose ir teikiamos juridinėms bei fiziniams asmenims savalaikio grąžintumo sąlygomis ir taikant palūkanų procentus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi kreditas grąžinamas su procentiniais pinigais ir terminuotai, tai galima kredituoti tik laikinus poreikius. Laikinas laisvų lėšų kaupimas, jų paskirstymas, bei perskirstymas sudaro galimybes laksčiau ir ekonomiškai tikslingiau naudoti piniginius išteklius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pereinamajame į rinką laikotarpyję Lietuvos respublikoje vyko daug pakitimų, vykdant kreditines operacijas. Pažymėtina, kad lyginant su rinkos ekonomikos šalimis, Lietuvoje kreditas dar neturi efektyvios įtakos ūkio subjektų finansinei veiklai ir bendriems krašto ekonominiams procesams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Remiantis Lietuvos respublikos kreditavimo sąlygomis ir užsienio praktika, kreditas gali būti skirstomas į šiais rūšis: trumpalaikis ir ilgalaikis. Lietuvoje paplitusi trumpalaikio ir ilgalaikio kredito atmaina – lengvatinis kreditas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trumpalaikis kreditas teikiamas ūkio subjektams jų einamajai veiklai finansuoti pagal sustambintus kreditavimo objektus. Trumpalaikis kreditas leidžia racionaliau ir efektyviau bei operatyviai perskirstyti ir naudoti piniginias lėšas Lietuvos ūkyje, užtikrinant produkcijos gamybos ar paslaugų teikimo bei jų realizavimo nepertraukiamumą, ūkio subjektų finansinės padėties pastovumą, skatina apyvartinio kapitalo apyvartumą, taip pat svarbus jų formavimo šaltinis. Be to, teikiant kreditą bankams, kontroliuojama įmonės finansinė veikla bei jos rezultatai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trumpalaikio kredito objektais gali būti apyvartinio kapitalo elementai, gamybos kaštų elementai: atsargos, gatavi gaminiai kelyje, išsiųsti dokumentai, gamybos kaštai pagal ekonominius elementus, iš jų darbo užmokesčiui mokėti ir kiti objektai. Pavyzdžiui, sutrikus tarpvalstybiniams atsiskaitymams su buvusios rublio zonos valstybėmis įvedus Lietuvos respublikoje laikinuosius pinigus talonus. Įmonėms ir organizacijoms buvo suteikiamas darbo užmokesčiui mokėti lengvatinis, trumpalaikis kreditas. Nuo 1992m spalio 8d. iki 1992 spalio 28d. imant palūkanas banko išlaidoms padengti, bet nedidesnes kaip 5% metinių palūkanų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ilgalaikis kreditas teikiamas juridiniams ir fiziniams asmenims, jų ūkinės veiklos ir socialiniam vystimui pagal ilgalaikes investicines programas.<br />Pažymėtina, kad dabartiniu metu Lietuvoje dėl infliacijos ir ekonominio nestabilumo ilgaaikio kredito apimtis santikinai mažėja. Dėl minėtų priežasčių komerciniai bankai suinteresuoti teikti ūkio subjektamas trumpalaikius kreditus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Užsienio šalyse, paplitusi specifinė bankinio kredito forma, taip vadinama “Kredito linija”. Pagal “Kredito linija” kreditas gali būti teikiamas šalies viduje ir užsienio valstybėms. “Kredito linija” yra juridiškai iformintas finansinių kreditinių įstaigų isipareigojimas teikti per tam tikrą laiką kredito subjektui kreditinius išteklius suderinto limito ribose, pavyzdžiui 1992m Lietuva galėjo, bet dėl atskirų valdininkų nerūpestingumo negavo 40 milijonų dolerių “Kredito linijos”. Ją atidaryti sutiko JAV eksporto importo bankas. Tai valstybinis bankas, kurio prezidentą paskyrė JAV prezidentas. Esant atidarytai “Kredito linijai” su minėta banko sankcija galima lengvai gauti tam tikros apimties kreditą iš bet kurio užsienio banko, nes eksporto importo bankas veikia kaip valstybinis garantas. Be to šie kreditai naudingi ir tuo, kad pasirašyta sutartis dėl kredito linijos neįpareigoja imti kreditą, tai yra nesant poreikio galima jo ir neimti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Už teikiamą kreditą kreditoriui yra mokamos palūkanos. Palūkanų norma yra atlyginimo už kreditą dydis, išreikštas procentais. Tai kredito kaina. Kredito kaina didina juridinių ir fizinių asmenų atsakomybę kuo efektyviau skolintas lėšas panaudoti. Palūkanų dydis priklauso nuo kredito rūšies, apinties ir termino, skolinamo kapitalo pasiūlos ir paklausos. Jei skolinamo kapitalo paklausa didėja, didėja ir pelno norma, nes šiuo atveju skolinamasis kapitalas yra kaip prekė. Palūkanų norma yra susijusi su pelno norma, o pastaroji dažnai apsprendžia skolinamo kapitalo pasiūlos bei paskolos santykį. Be to skolinamojo kapitalo palūkanų norma susijusi su pelnu ta prasme, kad skolinamojo kapitalo turėtoja atsisako jį pats sunaudotiir perleidžia kitam. Todėl kreditorius gali pretenduoti į skolinamojo gaunamą pelną. Šiuo atveju pelnas yra kreditos kainos   ekonominis pagrindas. Rinkos ekonomikos sąlygomis palakūnos negali būti didesnės nei gaunamas pelnas skolinamąjį kapitalą investavus į ūkio šaką ir mažesnės nei vidutinė pelno norma. Tokiu būdu susiformuoja ekonomiškai pagrįstos palūkanų normos. Šis mechanizmas pilnai neveikia  Lietuvos Respublikoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iki 1992m. rugsėjo 04d. Lietuvoje veikė Vyriausybės nutarimais griežtai reglamentuotos palūkanų normos. Pakeitus Lietuvos banko įstatymą, visos Lietuvos Respublikos kredito įstaigos palūkanų normas nustato savo nuožiura, įvertinant trumpalaikių ir ilgalaikių depozitų pasiūlą ir šių kreditų paklausą. Lietuvos bankas respublikos kredito įstaigoms nustato tik minimalias ir maksimalias palūkanų normas. Nepilnai veikiant rinkos santykiams, kredito įstaigų nustatomos kredito palūkanų normos didžia dalimi priklauso nuo šių įstaigų darbuotojų kompetencijos, patirties. Esant ekonominiam nestabilumui ir vis didėjant infliacijai net ir trumpam laikotarpiui sunku prognozuoti kreditinių santykių pakitimus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-28 20:02:40',62,'','2010-05-28 20:07:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-28 20:02:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,15,'','',0,34,'robots=\nauthor='),(524,'Apskaita biudžetinėse įstaigose','apskaita-biudetinse-staigose','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-28 20:15:59',62,'','2010-05-28 20:18:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-28 20:15:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,14,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(525,'Špera ,,Finansų matematika\"','pera-finans-matematikaq','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-28 20:19:01',62,'','2010-05-28 20:21:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-28 20:19:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,13,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(526,'Vartotojiška paskola ','vartotojika-paskola-','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-28 20:23:01',62,'','2010-05-28 20:25:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-28 20:23:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,12,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(527,'Špera ,,Bendrieji apskaitos principai\"','pera-bendrieji-apskaitos-principaiq-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nepriklausomai nuo įmonės tipo jos apskaita iš esmės vedama vienodai, atsižvelgiant į BAP. Šie principai Lietuvoje jau suformuluoti buhalterinės apskaitos pagrindų įstatyme įmonės principas. Įmonė yra atskiras apskaitos vienetas atskirtas nuo įmonių savininkų ir kitų įmonių. Įmonės turtas nesiejamas su savininko asmeniniu turtu. Net ir personalinėse įmonėse, kurių turtas ir skolos būna teisiškai susijusios su sav turtu skolomis, osav asmeninis turtas gali būti panaudotas įm įsiskolinimams apmokėti, kaip ir įm turtas gali būti parduotas savininkui, jo skoloms padegti. Įm veiklos apskaita yra atkirta nuo jos sav veiklos apskaitos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įm princ. nusako, kad įmonės valdymo personalas yra tiesiogiai atsakingas už įm veiklą jo savininkui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tęsiamos veiklos principas. Daroma prielaida, kad kieviena įm. gali egzistoti nepriklausomai ilgai. Šis princ . teigia, kad įm. kaip apsk. objektas artimiausiu metu nebus likviduojama ir jos egzistavimo laikotarpis nėra kokiu nors būdu apribotas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Periodiškumo p. jis nusako, kad nepaisyti įmonės būklės jos ūkinė veikla gali būti dirbtinai suskirstyta į tam tikrus laikotarpius. Mokęsčių įstat. nuliamia jog dažniausiai taikomas lakotarpis kalendoriniai metai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nepriklausomai nuo gamybos specifikos žemės ūkio įm. , mok. įstaig. gali taikyti ir kitus pasirinktus ūkinius metus. Metų laikotarpis yra dalijamas ketvirčiais arba mėnesiais norint gauti daugiau informacijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pastovumo principas. Jis teigia, kad apskaitos metodika turi būti pastovi pakankamai ilgą laikotarpį. Pasirinkta metodika negali būti keičiama metų eigoje. Rekomenduojama ją nekeisti dar ilgiau.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Piniginio įkainojimo principas. Įm. veikla nuolat yra analizuojama, lyginama su kitų įmonių veiklos rezultatais, tai galima padaryti naudojant piniginį vienetą. Visi įm. turto atsargų, veiklos pasikeitimai yra matuojami pinigais (Liet. litais). Infliacija apskaitoje nėra svarbi, daroma prielaida, kad pinigas yra stabilus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-28 20:26:19',62,'','2010-05-28 20:36:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-28 20:26:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,11,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(528,'Žvaigžde sujungta trifazė grandinė 2','vaigde-sujungta-trifaz-grandin-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: fazių sekos nustatymas ir nulinio laido įtaka trifazio imtuvo darbo režimu i kai jis maitinamas iš trifazės įtampos šaltinio.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naudojama aparatūra: 1. simetrinis trifazės įtampos šaltinis; 2. du rezistoriai ir kondensatorius fazių sekai nustatyti; 3. trys rezistoriai, ritė ir kondensatorių baterija; 4. jungiklis, dviejų ir trijų junkčių perjungikliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>\r\n<div id=\"_mcePaste\" style=\"overflow: hidden; position: absolute; left: -10000px; top: 0px; width: 1px; height: 1px;\"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:HyphenationZone>19</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=\"false\" LatentStyleCount=\"156\"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal 	{mso-style-parent:\"\"; 	margin:0cm; 	margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:12.0pt; 	font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; 	mso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; 	mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; 	mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} p.MsoBodyText, li.MsoBodyText, div.MsoBodyText 	{margin:0cm; 	margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	text-align:justify; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:12.0pt; 	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; 	font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; 	mso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; 	mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} @page Section1 	{size:612.0pt 792.0pt; 	margin:3.0cm 1.0cm 2.0cm 3.0cm; 	mso-header-margin:1.0cm; 	mso-footer-margin:1.0cm; 	mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 	{page:Section1;} --><!--[if gte mso 10]> <mce:style><!   /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:\"Table Normal\"; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-parent:\"\"; 	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:10.0pt; 	font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; 	mso-ansi-language:#0400; 	mso-fareast-language:#0400; 	mso-bidi-language:#0400;} --> <!--[endif]-->\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Darbo tikslas:</span></em></strong></p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span> </span>Fazių sekos nustatymas ir nulinio laido įtaka trifazio imtuvo darbo režimu i kai jis maitinamas iš trifazės įtampos šaltinio.</span></p>\r\n</div>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-29 08:56:20',62,'','2010-05-29 09:02:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-29 08:56:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,230,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(529,'KTU fizikos kolis (špera)','ktu-fizikos-kolis-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kampas tarp vektorių S<sub>m1</sub> ir S<sub>m2</sub> keisis visą laiką. Keisis ir S<sub>m</sub> modulis ir greitis. Todėl šio vektoriaus projekcija nebus harmonine funkcija už tai svyravimai nebus harmoniniai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sudėję vienos krypties skirtingo dažnio harmoninius svyravimus, visada gauname neharmoninį svyravimą. Bet kokį periodinį svyravimą galima išskaidyti į kartotinių dažnių harmoninius svyravimus. Mažiausio dažnio w<sub>2</sub> svyravimas vadinamas pagrindiniu svyravimu, arba pagrindine harmonika, o aukštesniu dažniu 2<sub>w0</sub>, 3<sub>w0</sub> ir t.t. svyravimai -  aukštesnėmis harmonikomis. Sudėjus vienos krypties artimų dažnių harmoninius svyravimus, gaunami mušimai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-29 09:02:57',62,'','2010-05-29 09:16:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-29 09:02:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,229,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(530,'Radioaktyvumas','radioaktyvumas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Radioaktyvumas - tai kai kurių nestabilių branduolių savybė spontaniškai (savaime) skilti į kitų elementų branduolius ir sukelti radiaciją (spinduliuotę). Šis vyksmas dar žinomas kaip radioaktyvusis skilimas. Radioaktyviųjų elementų spinduliuotė būna trijų rūšių : alfa dalelių srautas (alfa spinduliai), beta dalelių srautas (beta spinduliai ir gama spinduliai. Taip pat mažai radioaktyvūs yra rentgeno spinduliai, kurių didelė dozė taip pat gali sukelti spindulinę ligą, ir pakenkti žmogaus organizmui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rentgeno spindulius sukuria rentgeno vamzdis, sinchronuotas, priešpriešinių pluoštų greitintuvo elektronų kaupimo žiedas; juos skleidžia radioaktyvieji izotopai, Saulė, kiti kosminiai rentgeno šaltiniai. Pagal sužadinimo būdą rentgeno spinduliai ir jų spektrai būna stabdomieji, arba baltieji ir charakteringieji, arba būdingieji. Stabdomųjų rentgeno spindulių intensyvumas tolydus pagal visus dažnius iki didžiausio dažnio v<sub>0</sub>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-29 09:17:15',62,'','2010-05-29 09:22:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-29 09:17:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,228,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(531,'Eksperimentinė fizika 1 (K. Arlauskas)','eksperimentin-fizika-1-k-arlauskas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gravitacinė masė ir apibendrintas Galilėjaus dėsnis. Gravitacinių ir inercijos jėgų ekvivalentiškumo principas. Gravitacinis spektro linijų poslinkis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\"> </p>\r\n','\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Masės sąvoka buvo įvesta naudojantis impulso tvermės dėsniu ir įvedant inercinių kūnų savybių supratimą. Todėl taip įvestą masę vadina inercine mase m<sup>(i)</sup>. Tačiau kūnai turi ne tik inercines savybes, bet ir gali aplinkoje sukurti gravitacinį lauką. Tuo jie analogiški įelektrintiems kūnams, sukuriantiems elektrinį lauką. Taigi kūnai sukuria gravitacinį lauką, ne dėl to, kad turi inercinę masę, o dėl to, kad matyt, egzistuoja kažkokie \"gravitaciniai krūviai\" (iš analogijos su elektrostatiniu krūviu), kurie sukuria lauką. Todėl masė vadinama gravitacine mase m<sup>(g)</sup>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-29 09:24:19',62,'','2010-05-29 09:34:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-29 09:24:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',2,0,227,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(532,'Išcentrinio ventiliatoriaus charakteristikų nustatymas','icentrinio-ventiliatoriaus-charakteristik-nustatymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: 1. Nustatyti ventiliatoriaus charakteristikas, esant pastoviam nurodytam sukimosi dažniui; 2. Apskaičiuoti vamzdyno charakteristiką; 3. Surasti ventiliatoriaus darbo tašką.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-29 09:35:19',62,'','2010-05-29 09:38:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-29 09:35:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,226,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(533,'Kokybinė spektrinė analizė','kokybin-spektrin-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: Atlikti kokybinę spektrinę analizę monochromatoriumi UM-2.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis : įkaitintos medžiagos bei garai spinduliuoja įvairių bangų ilgių šviesą, kuri praėjusi pro stiklinę prizmę dėl dispersijos išsisklaido į spalvas. Spektrai skirstomi į emisinius ir absorbcinius. Emisiniai spektrai savo ruožtu yra skirstomi į ištisinius, juostinius ir linijinius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vienatomės dujos ir garai skleidžia linijinį spektrą. Tokį spektrą nagrinėsime šiame darbe. Kiekvieno cheminio elemento atomas skleidžia tik jam būdingą spektrą. Todėl iš spektro galime atpažinti tam tikrus cheminius elementus. Medžiagos cheminės sudėties nustatymą spektrinėmis linijomis, vadiname spektrine analize. Jei nustatinėjame tik medžiagoje esančių elementų rūšis, bet mūsų visiškai nedomina jų kiekiai, tai tokią analizę vadiname spektine kokybine analize.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-31 08:28:34',62,'','2010-05-31 08:37:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-31 08:28:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,225,'','',0,156,'robots=\nauthor='),(534,'Geigerio skaitiklis (špera)','geigerio-skaitiklis-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Geigerio skaitiklis. Elektringosios dalelės, skriedamos per dujas, susiduria su duju atomais ir juos jonizuoja. Skaitiklis sudarytas iš stiklines jonizacijos kameros su 2 elektrodais: anodas yra plona vielelė, ištempta išilgai kameros, o katodas metalo sluoksnis, dengiantis iš vidaus stiklą. Tarp anodo ir katodo sudaroma keleto šimtų voltų įtampa. Patekusi į kamerą elektringoji dalelė jonizuoja dujas ir sukelia trumpalaikį srovės impulsą, kuris sustiprinamas ir perduodamas į skaičiavimo mechanizmą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vilsono kamera. Veikimas pagrįstas persotintųjų garų kondensacija - skysčio lašelių susidarymu - apie kondensacijos branduolius, kuriais buna dujų jonai, atsirandantys išilgi dalelės trajektorijos. Apie kiekvieną joną aktyviai kondensuojasi garai ir išilgai dalelės trajektorijos susidaro ryškus rūko siūlelis - pėdsakas. Tai hermetiškai uždaromas indas, pripildytas sočiųjų vandens garų. Viršutinė kameros dalis padaryta iš skaidrios medžiagos, apatinėje dalyje gali slankioti stūmoklis. Jį staigiai nuleidus dujos išsiplečia ir atvesta, todėl garai pasidaro persotintieji. Ši jų būsena nestabili. Jei tuo momentu skrieja elektringa dalelė, tai ji jonizuoja molekules ir palieka pėdsaką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-05-31 08:37:41',62,'','2010-05-31 08:49:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-31 08:37:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,224,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(535,'Elektroninių apskaitos aparatų panaudojimas','elektronini-apskaitos-aparat-panaudojimas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-31 19:26:27',62,'','2010-05-31 19:29:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-31 19:26:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(536,'Vertybinių popierių emisijos Lietuvoje','vertybini-popieri-emisijos-lietuvoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Akcinių bendrovių vertybinių popierių emisijos, besiplečiančios vertybinių popierių rinkos kontekste, tampa viena svarbiausių verslo finansavimo priemonių Lietuvoje. Emisinė bendrovių veikla, turinti gilias tradicijas išsivysčiusiose užsienio šalyse, užtikrina optimalų kapitalo srautų pasiskirstymą šalies ekonomikoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors Lietuvoje jau yra sukurta teisinė vertybinių popierių rinkos bazė, veikia reguliuojančios bei tarpininkaujančios institucijos, tačiau ne visada Lietuvos emitentų vykdomos vertybinių popierių emisijos organizuojamos efektyviai. Vertybinių popierių emisijos poveikis bendrovės finansų būklei, valdymui priklauso nuo pasirinktų emisijos parametrų, platinimo metodų, prisiimamos neišplatinimo rizikos bei nuo emitento nepriklausančių sąlygų kapitalo rinkoje. Todėl ruošiantis vertybinių popierių emisijai svarbu ne tik parinkti emisijos parametrus, bet ir siekti jų atitikimo esamai kapitalo rinkos būklei.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Emisinio proceso bei jį įtakojančių veiksnių svarba tiek vienos įmonės, tiek visos šalies mastu, bei faktas, jog ekonominėje literatūroje lietuvių kalba ši tema beveik nenagrinėjama, ir paskatino pasirinkti tokią magistro darbo temą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Magistro darbo tikslas – atskleisti vertybinių popierių emisijos organizavimo praktinius aspektus, apibendrinti vertybinių popierių platinimo metodus, išryškinti emisinio proceso metu kylančias problemas bei pateikti atitinkamus pasiūlymus.<br />Magistro darbe dėmesys koncentruojamas ties nuosavybės vertybinių popierių emisijomis, dėl galimos pernelyg didelės darbo apimties, apie skolos vertybinių popierių emisijas užsimenama tik fragmentiškai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apibendrinama užsienio šalių emitentų patirtis, kuri lyginama su situacija Lietuvos kapitalo rinkoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nagrinėjama pirminė Lietuvos vertybinių popierių rinka, antrinei skiriant tiek dėmesio, kiek tai būtina atskleisti jos poveikį vertybinių popierių emisijos procesui. Magistro darbe nagrinėjami Lietuvos ir JAV duomenys.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Magistro darbą sudaro trys pagrindinės dalys. Pirmojoje dalyje trumpai nagrinėjamas pirminės vertybinių popierių rinkos teisinis reglamentavimas bei jos struktūra. Išskiriami pagrindiniai rinkos dalyviai bei institucijos. Antrojoje dalyje nagrinėjamas emisijos organizavimo procesas. Dėmesys koncentruojamas ties problemomis, kylančiomis formuojant emisiją, apibendrinami vertybinių popierių platinimo metodai, jų privalumai ir trūkumai. Trečioje dalyje apibūdinamos jau įvykusios išvestinių vertybinių popierių bei tarptautinių depozitoriumo sertifikatų emisijos, jų išleidimo mechanizmas, reikšmė bei taikymo perspektyvos. Taip pat šioje dalyje apžvelgiamos tolimesnės pirminės vertybinių popierių rinkos perspektyvos, pagrindiniai veiksniai, įtakojantys jos vystymąsi. Magistro darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados, reziumė anglų kalba bei literatūros sąrašas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rašydamas magistro darbą dažniausiai naudojausi teisiniais aktais, esančiais Teisingumo ministerijos duomenų bazėje, taip pat Vertybinių popierių komisijos ataskaitomis, Centrinio vertybinių popierių depozitoriumo interneto puslapiuose esančia informacija bei kitais literatūros sąraše nurodytais šaltiniais.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-31 19:31:28',62,'','2010-05-31 19:37:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-31 19:31:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,9,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(537,'Vertybinių popierių birža','vertybini-popieri-bira','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atkūrus Lietuvoje nepriklausomybę, Lietuva pradėjo orientuotis į Vakarus. Žengiant sparčiu žingsniu į rinką, Lietuvoje pradėjo kurtis vakarietiško tipo įmonės bei organizacijos. 1993 m. įsikūrė Lietuvos Nacionalinę Vertybinių Popierių Birža (toliau NVPB). Pradėjus iš lėto veikti dabar ji pamažu įsisiūbavo ir pradeda priminti vakarietiškas vertybinių popierių biržas.NVPB leidžia privatiems asmenims ar organizacijoms investuoti laisvas savo pinigines lėšas, ir jeigu pasiseka dar uždirbti šiek tiek pinigų. Iš kitos pusės, organizacijoms, parduodančioms savo vertybinius popierius (toliau VP), yra galimybė sukaupti papildomų lėšų savo veiklos plėtimui ar kitokiems reikalams.Šiame darbe pabandysime trumpai nužvelgti NVPB, jos struktūrą, valdymą, prekybos, lisingo, akcijų kainos skaičiavimo tvarką, NVPB vystimasi bei vertybinių popierių rinkos raidą. Pirmoji birža Lietuvoje veikė Klaipėdoje nuo 1775 m. iki 1945 m. Joje buvo prekiaujama eksportui skirtomis prekėmis: mediena, linais, grūdais. 1923 - 940 m. Kaune veikusi birža prekiavo užsienio valiuta bei Vyriausybės VP. Vilniuje VP birža veikė 1926 - 1936 m. Pokario metais Lietuvos VP rinka nebuvo plėtojama.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po nepriklausomybės atkūrimo 1990 m., pradėjus vykdyti ekonomikos reformą, paremtą masine privatizacija, labai svarbu buvo paruošti bazę efektyviai struktūrai, kuri suteiktų akcininkams galimybes sudaryti sandorius savo akcijomis. Taigi VP rinkos atkūrimą Lietuvoje lėmė ekonominės reformos, ypač masinė privatizacija. 1991 m. vasario mėn. Lietuvos Aukščiausioji Taryba priėmė Pirminio privatizavimo įstatymą, ir antroje 1991 m. pusėje prasidėjo masinė privatizacija. Šio proceso metu buvo išleistas didelis kiekis VP - daugiausia paprastųjų vardinių akcijų, kurių savininkais tapo apie 1,5 mln. Lietuvos gyventojų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėl itin didelės infliacijos buvo labai svarbu sukurti centralizuotą VP rinką, kuri leistų nustatyti realią išleistų VP rinkos kainą ir apsaugotų smulkius investuotojus. Atsižvelgdama į egzistuojančią VP rinką, kurioje nebuvo popierinių VP ir sertifikatų, o vieninteliam akcininko nuosavybės teisių patvirtinimui buvo naudojami laikinieji akcininko pažymėjimai, Lietuvos Vyriausybė  nusprendė įdiegti nematerialios VP rinkos modelį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1992 m. rugsėjo 3 d. Lietuvos Vyriausybės sprendimu Nr. 646 buvo įsteigta NVPB. Steigiamasis akcininkų susirinkimas įvyko 1993 m. balandžio 20 d., kurio metu buvo išrinkta 15 asmenų Biržos Taryba. Birža įregistruota VP komisijoje (toliau VPK) 1993 m. gegužės 11 d. Pirmoji Biržos prekybos sesija įvyko 1993 metų rugsėjo  14 d. Jos metu prekybos sąraše buvo 19 emitentų 22 VP, įregistruota 19 finansų maklerio įmonių, parduotos 368 akcijos, o prekybos apyvarta sudarė 1630,5 Lt.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">NVPB modelis, kuris buvo įdiegtas bendradarbiaujant su SBF-Bourse de Paris ir SICOVAM (Prancūzijos depozitoriumu), atitinka tarptautinius standartus ir G30 rekomendacijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuo 1995 m. NVPB yra Europos VP biržų federacijos (FESE) Europos biržų forumo narė. 1998 m. rugpjūčio mėnesį NVPB tapo Tarptautinės biržų federacijos nare korespondente. 1998 m. NVPB iš ne pelno organizacijos tapo  akcine bendrove, rugsėjo mėnesį paminėjo penkerių metų sukaktį, 1999 m. vasario 2 d.  įvyko 1000 Biržos prekybos sesija.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-31 19:38:47',62,'','2010-05-31 19:46:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-31 19:38:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,8,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(538,'Tarptautiniai finansiniai atsiskaitymai','tarptautiniai-finansiniai-atsiskaitymai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmaisiais vertybiniais popieriais galima laikyti Babilono molines lenteles, kai, sumokėjęs įnašą, žmogus gaudavo lentelę su užrašu, kuriuo būdavo patvirtinama, kad lentelės turėtojas sumokėjo įnašą prekybinio laivo savininkui ir yra atitinkamos laivo dalies savininkas. Dalininkas prisiimdavo visą riziką ir atsakomybę (laivo sudužimo ar paėmimo į nelaisvę atveju jis neturėdavo teisės reikalauti  įdėtų pinigų grąžinimo), tačiau jis besąlygiškai gaudavo jam priklausančią pelno dalį, laivui sėkmingai sugrįžus. Tai galima laikyti paprastųjų akcijų užuomazga, nes šiomis lentelėmis galima buvo prekiauti iki laivas sugrįš arba bus gauta žinia apie jo žuvimą. Ten pat susiformavo ir indėlių sistemos bei vekselių užuomazga – buvo galima įdėti pinigus į prekybos namus (ne į konkretų laivą ar ekspediciją), kurie įsipareigodavo mokėti palūkanas bei grąžinti indėlį pagal pareikalavimą savo atstovybėse įvairiuose miestuose. Tokią lentelę galima būdavo parduoti ir kitiems prekybos namams už jų pasiūlytą kainą (taigi su diskontu).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmaisiais vyriausybės vertybiniais popieriais galima laikyti Egipto faraonų papirusus, išduodamus grūdų pirkliams nederliaus metais, kuriais būdavo pasižadama, kad faraono iždas apmokės auksu nurodytą skolą, jeigu po metų valstybė nepajėgs grąžinti atitinkamo kiekio grūdų (dažniausiai būdavo naudojami “paprasti” skaičiavimai – reikėjo grąžinti du arba tris grūdus už vieną). Tai buvo tik vertybinių popierių užuomazga, tačiau jau tada tapo aišku, kad valstybės lėšų poreikis padidėdavo prasidėjus nederliaus metams ar karams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tolesniam vertybinių popierių rinkos vystymuisi tiesioginės įtakos turėjo viduramžių didieji geografiniai atradimai. Kaip žinia, tuo laikotarpiu atsivėrė plačios erdvės tarptautinei prekybai, ir verslininkams prireikė nelyginant daugiau kapitalo, norint pasinaudoti šiomis palankiomis sąlygomis; užjūrio rinkų įsisavinimas ir prekių pardavimas tapo neįmanomas pavieniams asmenims. Dėl to atsirado akcinės bendrovės – anglų ir olandų kompanijos, prekiaujančios su Ost – Indija, kurios ir tapo pirmaisiais vertybinių popierių eminentais. XVI – XVII amžiuje Anglijoje steigėsi akcinės bendrovės, finansuojančios anglies gavybą, drenažą ir kitas kapitalui imlias šakas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prasidėjus pramonės revoliucijai ir susikūrus apdirbimo įmonėms, plačiai paplito akcijų prekyba. Pavyzdžiui, XVIII amžiaus pabaigoje Londono brokeriai turėjo išsinuomoję dalį karališkosios pinigų keityklos patalpų prekybai vertybiniais popieriais. Taip atsirado pirmoji pasaulyje Londono vertybinių popierių birža, o kartu su “gatvės” rinka pradėjo vystytis “organizuota” rinka, daranti vis labiau pastebimą poveikį pramonei ir prekybai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1791 metais Filadelfijoje pradėjo veikti pirmoji vertybinių popierių birža Amerikoje. Po metų pradėjo veikti Niujorko vertybinių popierių birža. Prekiaujama buvo pagrindinai obligacijomis, kurias noriai leido vyriausybė ir geležinkelio kompanijos. XIX amžiaus antroje pusėje Vokietijoje atsirado investiciniai bankai, vykdę visas tarpines operacijas su vertybiniais popieriais sunkiosios pramonės srityje. Taip prasidėjęs brokerių verslas toliau plito po kitas pasaulio šalis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pradžioje vertybiniais popieriais buvo prekiaujama po atviru dangumi, namų lodžijose, uostų užeigose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įžymios Niujorko biržos makleriai vidurdienį rinkdavosi Tontine Coffee House kavinėje. Jų kolegos iš Londono pamėgo vieną smuklę Janthone. Laikui bėgant biržos iš smuklių ir tavernų persikėlė į solidžius pastatus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tokia trumpa vertybinių popierių rinkos atsiradimo istorija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiandien vertybinių popierių rinka (dar įvardinama kaip fondų rinka) yra tikslus ekonomikos padėties barometras, fiksuojantis jos lygį, pakilimus ir nuosmukius, stagnacinius procesus. Bet šalies ekonomikos būklės diagnozavimas nėra šios rinkos savitikslis, jos moto – užtikrinti galimai pilną ir greitą piniginių sankaupų persiliejimą į efektyvesnes veiklos sritis.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-31 19:47:37',62,'','2010-05-31 19:53:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-31 19:47:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,40,'robots=\nauthor='),(539,'Įmonių finansai ','moni-finansai-','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-31 19:55:29',62,'','2010-05-31 19:57:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-31 19:55:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(540,'Vertybiniai popieriai','vertybiniai-popieriai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmaisiais vertybiniais popieriais galima laikyti Babilono molines lenteles, kai, sumokėjęs įnašą, žmogus gaudavo lentelę su užrašu, kuriuo būdavo patvirtinama, kad lentelės turėtojas sumokėjo įnašą prekybinio laivo savininkui ir yra atitinkamos laivo dalies savininkas. Dalininkas prisiimdavo visą riziką ir atsakomybę (laivo sudužimo ar paėmimo į nelaisvę atveju jis neturėdavo teisės reikalauti  įdėtų pinigų grąžinimo), tačiau jis besąlygiškai gaudavo jam priklausančią pelno dalį, laivui sėkmingai sugrįžus. Tai galima laikyti paprastųjų akcijų užuomazga, nes šiomis lentelėmis galima buvo prekiauti iki laivas sugrįš arba bus gauta žinia apie jo žuvimą. Ten pat susiformavo ir indėlių sistemos bei vekselių užuomazga – buvo galima įdėti pinigus į prekybos namus (ne į konkretų laivą ar ekspediciją), kurie įsipareigodavo mokėti palūkanas bei grąžinti indėlį pagal pareikalavimą savo atstovybėse įvairiuose miestuose. Tokią lentelę galima būdavo parduoti ir kitiems prekybos namams už jų pasiūlytą kainą (taigi su diskontu).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmaisiais vyriausybės vertybiniais popieriais galima laikyti Egipto faraonų papirusus, išduodamus grūdų pirkliams nederliaus metais, kuriais būdavo pasižadama, kad faraono iždas apmokės auksu nurodytą skolą, jeigu po metų valstybė nepajėgs grąžinti atitinkamo kiekio grūdų (dažniausiai būdavo naudojami “paprasti” skaičiavimai – reikėjo grąžinti du arba tris grūdus už vieną). Tai buvo tik vertybinių popierių užuomazga, tačiau jau tada tapo aišku, kad valstybės lėšų poreikis padidėdavo prasidėjus nederliaus metams ar karams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tolesniam vertybinių popierių rinkos vystymuisi tiesioginės įtakos turėjo viduramžių didieji geografiniai atradimai. Kaip žinia, tuo laikotarpiu atsivėrė plačios erdvės tarptautinei prekybai, ir verslininkams prireikė nelyginant daugiau kapitalo, norint pasinaudoti šiomis palankiomis sąlygomis; užjūrio rinkų įsisavinimas ir prekių pardavimas tapo neįmanomas pavieniams asmenims. Dėl to atsirado akcinės bendrovės – anglų ir olandų kompanijos, prekiaujančios su Ost – Indija, kurios ir tapo pirmaisiais vertybinių popierių eminentais. XVI – XVII amžiuje Anglijoje steigėsi akcinės bendrovės, finansuojančios anglies gavybą, drenažą ir kitas kapitalui imlias šakas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prasidėjus pramonės revoliucijai ir susikūrus apdirbimo įmonėms, plačiai paplito akcijų prekyba. Pavyzdžiui, XVIII amžiaus pabaigoje Londono brokeriai turėjo išsinuomoję dalį karališkosios pinigų keityklos patalpų prekybai vertybiniais popieriais. Taip atsirado pirmoji pasaulyje Londono vertybinių popierių birža, o kartu su “gatvės” rinka pradėjo vystytis “organizuota” rinka, daranti vis labiau pastebimą poveikį pramonei ir prekybai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1791 metais Filadelfijoje pradėjo veikti pirmoji vertybinių popierių birža Amerikoje. Po metų pradėjo veikti Niujorko vertybinių popierių birža. Prekiaujama buvo pagrindinai obligacijomis, kurias noriai leido vyriausybė ir geležinkelio kompanijos. XIX amžiaus antroje pusėje Vokietijoje atsirado investiciniai bankai, vykdę visas tarpines operacijas su vertybiniais popieriais sunkiosios pramonės srityje. Taip prasidėjęs brokerių verslas toliau plito po kitas pasaulio šalis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pradžioje vertybiniais popieriais buvo prekiaujama po atviru dangumi, namų lodžijose, uostų užeigose.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-31 20:04:55',62,'','2010-05-31 20:09:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-31 20:04:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(541,'Finansai ir mokesčiai','finansai-ir-mokesiai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-31 20:10:22',62,'','2010-05-31 20:12:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-31 20:10:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,37,'robots=\nauthor='),(542,'Schemos','schemos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-31 20:13:22',62,'','2010-05-31 20:14:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-31 20:13:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(543,'Buhalterinė apskaita','buhalterin-apskaita','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-31 20:15:46',62,'','2010-05-31 20:18:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-31 20:15:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(544,'Paskolų suteikimo tvarka','paskol-suteikimo-tvarka','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,50,'2010-05-31 20:19:01',62,'','2010-05-31 20:20:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-05-31 20:19:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(545,'Elektrostatinio lauko tyrimas ','elektrostatinio-lauko-tyrimas-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Elektrolitinės vonelės metodu ištirti įvairios formos elektrodų kuriamą elektrostatinį lauką.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinio pasirengimo klausimai. Elektrostatinio lauko stiprumas ir potencialas. Ekvipotencialiniai paviršiai. Lauko stiprumo ir potencialo sąryšis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-01 13:21:06',62,'','2010-06-23 11:12:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 13:21:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,223,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(546,'Pagrindinės fizikos formulės','pagrindins-fizikos-formuls','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-01 13:24:15',62,'','2010-06-01 13:25:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 13:24:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,222,'','',0,40,'robots=\nauthor='),(547,'Fizikos uždaviniai 3','fizikos-udaviniai-3','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skysčių ir dujų judėjimo uždaviniai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-01 13:26:18',62,'','2010-06-01 13:28:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 13:26:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,221,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(548,'Radijo ieška','radijo-ieka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuo peidžerio (pranešimų gaviklio) atsiradimo praėjo jau beveik 40 metų. Savo egzistavimo pradžioje jis tik signalizuodavo, jog reikia paskambinti iš anksto nustatytu numeriu. Vėliau atsirado galimybė perduoti trumpus skaitmeninius arba raidinius pranešimus. Nuo 1994 metų galima organizuoti atsakomąjį ryšį su gavikliu. Šiuo metu pasaulyje virš 30 000 000 žmonių naudojasi peidžingo ryšio paslaugomis. Tik korinis telefoninis ryšys gali lygintis populiarumu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įrenginio pavadinimas kilęs iš amerikonizmo \"page\", paprasčiausiai reiškiančio \"iškviesti\". Tautiškai jis dar vadinamas \"pranešimų gavikliu\". Gavikliai labai efektyviai išnaudoja dažnių diapazoną. Pranešimų kodavimas, o taip pat tai, jog labiausiai paplitusiose sistemose nereikia laukti patvirtinimo, leidžia naudoti vieną kanalą dešimčių tūkstančių vartotojų aptarnavimui. O infrastruktūros sukūrimas nereikalauja didelių investicijų ir charakterizuojamas greitu atsipirkimu. Iš kitos pusės, tautinių telefonų linijų specifika ir kokybė, portatyvumas ir prieinama kaina (lyginant su radiotelefoniniu - koriniu ar trankingo - ryšiu), - daro peidžingo ryšį Lietuvoje ganėtinai patraukliu. Pirmieji gavikliai siūlė nedidelį paslaugų spektrą, tačiau greitas technologijų vystymasis šioje sferoje suteikė plačias pasirinkimo galimybes - nuo elementarių toninių gaviklių iki raidinių - skaitmeninių, leidžiančių perduoti pakankamai ilgus tekstinius pranešimus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-01 13:28:55',62,'','2010-06-01 13:37:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 13:28:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,220,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(549,'Termoelektroninės emisijos reiškinio tyrimas (užduotis)','termoelektronins-emisijos-reikinio-tyrimas-uduotis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Išbrėžti vakuuminio diodo voltamperinę charakteristiką ir apskaičiuoti elektrono išlaisvinimo darbą. Teorinio pasirengimo klausimai. Elektrono išlaisvinimo darbas. Termoelektroninė emisija. Vakuuminio diodo voltamperinė charakteristika. Ričardsono ir Dašmano formulė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Metaluose apstu laisvųjų elektronų, tačiau jie laisvai juda tik metale. Elektronui išlėkus į vakuumą, toje vietoje metale lieka teigiamojo krūvio perteklius, kuris traukia elektroną. Išlėkus dideliam elektronų kiekiui, ties metalo paviršiumi susidaro labai plonas dvigubas elektrinis sluoksnis. Jo storis lygus keliems tarpatominiams nuotoliams. Į jį patekusį elektroną veiks į metalo vidų nukreipta elektrinė jėga. Elektronas išsilaisvindamas iš metalo, turi atlikti išlaisvinimo darbą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-01 13:41:21',62,'','2010-06-01 13:44:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 13:41:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,219,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(550,'Bendroji ryšio sistemos struktūrinė schema (špera)','bendroji-ryio-sistemos-struktrin-schema-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ryšio sistema suprantama kaip techninė priemonė, skirta informacijos perdavimui, pranešimo šaltinio ir vartotojo visuma. Pranešimo šaltiniu vadinamas įrenginys, atrenkantis pranešimą iš pranešimo ansamblio. Juo gali būti bet kuris daviklis, ESM ir pan. Pranešimo šaltiniai gali būti diskretūs ir nepertraukiami.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kadangi pirminiai signalai dažnai tapatinami su perduodamais pranešimais, vėliau pranešimo šaltiniu vadinamą pirminio pranešimo šaltinį ir elektrofizinį keitiklį. Siuntimo įrenginys skirtas pranešimų x(t) pakeitimui signalu s(t), kuris gali sklisti ryšio linija. Bendruoju atveju siuntimo įrenginys atlieka kodavimo ir moduliacijos operacijas. Jeigu perduodami tolydūs pranešimai skaitmeniniais metodais, siuntimo įrenginys atlieka taip pat diskretizavimo laike ir kvantavimo pagal lygį funkcijas. Siaurąja prasme kodavimą suprantame kaip diskretinio pranešimo keitimą kodo simbolių seka. Visų kodo kombinacijų, gaunamų pagal konkrečią kodavimo taisyklę aibė sudaro kodą. Kodo sekas sudarančių simbolių visuma yra vadinama kodo abėcėle, o jų skaičius – kodo pagrindu. Simbolių skaičius kodo kombinacijoje gali būti vienodas ar skirtingas. Pagal tai ir skiriami tolygūs ir netolygūs kodai. Tolygaus kodo kombinacijos simbolių skaičius vadinamas kodo ilgiu. Vienu iš kodavimo uždavinių yra pranešimą atvaizduojantis abėcėlės suderinimas su RS naudojama abėcėle.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-01 13:45:07',62,'','2010-06-01 13:52:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 13:45:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,218,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(551,'Elektrostatika 1','elektrostatika-1','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiuo metu žinomos keturios sąveikos tarp elementariųjų dalelių rūšys: stiprioji, elektromagneti-nė, silpnoji ir gravitacinė. Elektromagnetinė sąveika, pagal savo stiprumą būdama antroje vietoje, gamtoje yra itin svarbi. Jos dėka egzistuoja atomai, molekulės, skystieji ir kietieji kūnai. Daugelis mechanikos bei molekulinės fizikos kurse nagrinėtų jėgų (pvz., smūgio, trinties, klampumo, tamprumo ir kt. Jėgos) iš esmės yra elektromagnetinės prigimties.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuostoviojo elektrinio lauko sąvokos fizikinė prasmė ir jos taikymo ribos</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektrostatika nagrinėja nejudančių krūvių sąveiką bei tokių krūvių sukurtą lauką, vadinamą elektrostatiniu lauku. Elektrostatinis laukas tam tikra prasme yra abstrakcija, nes gamtoje nejudančių krūvių nėra. Kaip žinome, visos elementariosios dalelės ir iš jų sudaryti atomai bei molekulės nuolat netvarkingai juda. Tačiau jei kūno krūvį sudaro daug elementariųjų dalelių ir erdvės taško, kuriame nagrinėjamas laukas, nuotolis nuo kūno yra daug didesnis už netvarkingai judančių elektringųjų dale-lių trajektorijų matmenis, lauką nagrinėjamame taške tam tikru tikslumu galime laikyti elektrostatiniu lauku. Taigi yra visiška analogija su statika mechanikoje: nors bet kokį kūną sudarančios dalelės ne-paliaujamai juda, pats kūnas, sudarytas iš tų dalelių, gali ir nejudėti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-01 13:53:00',62,'','2010-06-01 13:55:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 13:53:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,217,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(552,'Skysčio ištekėjimas pro antgalius','skysio-itekjimas-pro-antgalius','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">1. Nustatyti skirtingų antgalių debito koeficientus, esant rezervuare pastoviam vandens stulpo aukščiui;<br />2. Nustatyti vieno cilindrinio antgalio debito koeficientus, esant rezervuare trims skirtingiems pastoviems vandens stulpo aukščiams;<br />3. Išmatuoti vakuumą antgalyje;<br />4. Išmatuoti čiurkšlės aukščio priklausomybę nuo aukštyn užlenktų vamzdelių skersmens.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antgalių debito koeficientų nustatymas. Čiaupu 4 palaikant pastovų vandens lygį rezervuare 16, atskaitomas per trukmę T<sub>ji</sub> iš rezervuaro ištekėjęs vandens tūris V<sub>ji</sub>. Žinant ištekančio vandens kiekį ir tekėjimo trukmę, pagal 4.3 lygtį apskaičiuojamas sekundinis debitas V<sub>sji</sub>. Debito koeficientas alfa apskaičiuojamas pagal 4.9 lygtį. Naudojant kūginius (siaurėjančius arba platėjančius) antgalius, debito koeficientas apskaičiuojamas abiem antgalio galams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-01 13:56:20',62,'','2010-06-01 14:01:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 13:56:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,216,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(553,'Fizika 1 (Tamašauskas)','fizika-1-tamaauskas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pratarmė</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Fizika yra fundamentalusis gamtos mokslas, ypatingai svarbus mokslinei pasaulėžiūrai formuoti. Nuosekliai mokantis fizikos, ugdomas loginis mąstymas, fizikinė intuicija, kurie labai praverčia praktinėje veikloje. Remiantis palyginti nedaugeliu eksperimentiškai gerai pagrįstų fizikos principų ir tobulu matematikos aparatu, galima sėkmingai išspręsti daugybę techninių problemų. Taigi fizika kartu su matematika sudaro techninių mokslų teorinį pagrindą. Ypač didžiulis fizikos vaidmuo šiandien, kai, remiantis jos atradimais, kuriami nauji taikomieji mokslai ir ištisos pramonės šakos. Dėl to TSKP XXVII suvažiavimas įpareigojo visokeriopai plėtoti fundamentaliuosius bei taikomuosius tyrimus ir jų rezultatus sparčiai diegti liaudies ūkyje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šio aukštosioms technikos mokykloms skirto fizikos vadovėlio I tomas paruoštas pagal naujai patvirtintą mokymo programą. Kadangi inžinerinių specialybių studentams fizika pradedama dėstyti tuomet, kai jie dar neišklausę atitinkamo aukštosios matematikos kurso, tai šiame vadovėlyje stengtasi per daug nepateikti matematinių išvedžiojimų. Čia materialiojo taško ar kietojo kūno judėjimas aprašomas vektoriniu būdu. Akcentuojama vektoriaus, jo modulio, komponenčių bei projekcijų sąvokų skirtingumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-01 14:06:43',62,'','2010-06-01 14:22:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 14:06:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,215,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(554,'Magnetovaržos ir Holo koeficiento matavimas','magnetovaros-ir-holo-koeficiento-matavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Susipažinti su Holo efektu ir magnetovaržos reiškiniu bei jų panaudojimu puslaidininkių parametrų tyrimui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Išmatuoti Holo koeficientą, Holo judrumą bei magnetovaržos koeficientas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. Nustatyti vyraujantį krūvio nešėjų sklaidos mechanizmą, jų koncentraciją ir dreifinį judrumą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-01 14:23:22',62,'','2010-06-01 14:28:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 14:23:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,214,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(555,'Mechaniniai svyravimai (špera)','mechaniniai-svyravimai-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Harmoninis svyravimas. Procesas, kuris periodiškai kartojasi, vad svyravimu. Svyravimas, kuris vyksta veikiant tamprumo jėgai, kurios proekcija tiesiog proporcinga taško atsilenkimui nuo pusiausvyros padėties, vad harmoniniu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jeigu svyravimas vyksta veikiant tik vidinėms jėgoms, tokie svyravimai vad savaisiais svyravimais. Svyravimai vykstantys veikiant vidinėms jėgoms vad laisvaisiais (gęstančiais) svyravimais. Svyravimai, kurie yra priversti svyruoti periodiškai kintančioms jėgoms vad. priverstiniais  svyravimais. Harmoninis svyravimas yra tada, kai svyravimas vyksta pagal sinuso ar kosinuso dėsnius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-01 14:29:05',62,'','2010-06-01 14:32:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 14:29:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,213,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(556,'Tipinių rinkinių atsparių trukdžiams sudarymas (špera)','tipini-rinkini-atspari-trukdiams-sudarymas-pera','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-01 14:32:36',62,'','2010-06-01 14:34:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 14:32:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,212,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(557,'Segnetoelektrikų poliarizacijos tyrimas','segnetoelektrik-poliarizacijos-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Gauti segnetoelektriko histerezės kilpą ir nustatyti jo liktinį poliarizuotumą bei koercinį elektrinio lauko stiprumą. Teorinio pasirengimo klausimai. Poliniai ir nepoliniai dielektrikai. Poliarizuotumas. Segnetoelektrikai. Jų domenai ir histerezės kilpa. Liktinis poliarizuotumas ir koercinis elektrinio lauko stiprumas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-01 14:35:44',62,'','2010-06-01 14:38:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 14:35:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,211,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(558,'Elektrinės','elektrins','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vilniaus centrinė šiluminė elektrinė</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektrinės-tai įmonės,gaminančios elektros arba elektros ir šiluminę energiją iš pirminių energijos šaltinių. Buržuazinės dvarininkinės Lenkijos okupacijos metais Vilniaus pramonė, atplėšta nuo istoriškai susiklosčiusių ryšių su kitų Lietuvos rajonų ir Rusijos žaliavų šaltiniais bei rinkomis,ėmė merdėti.Ypač stipriai nukentėjo metalo,odų, kailių,baldų ir avalynės pramonė.Lenkijos valdžia Vilnių priskyrė prie \"Lenkijos  B\" grupės, arba antraeilių periferijos miestų, kurių vystymąsi stabdė speciali muitų,transporto tarifų, kreditų sistema ir kitos priemonės.Augo tik ta pra-monė, kurios gaminiai priklausė prie būtiniausių vartojimo reikmenų ir turėjo paklausą vietinėje rinkoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nors ir praradęs savo reikšmę buvusių Rusijos gubernijų pramoniniame ir prekybiniame gyvenime, Vilnius, tenkindamas šio krašto gyventojų ūkinius ir kultūrinius poreikius,pamažu vystėsi ir darė šiokią tokią įtaką Lenkijai. Iki 1924m. pradžios Vilniaus pramonė augo gan sparčiai; kai kurios pramonės <br />šakos pasiekė net prieškarinį gamybos lygį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagyvėjus pramonei ir dėl to pasitasius miesto finansinei būklei,Vilniaus magistratas susirūpino miesto elektrifikacija.Centrinės elektrinės būklė dėl blogo eksploatavimo karo ir pokario metais buvo kritinė.Kadangi centrinės elektrinės įrengimai dažnai neveikdavo,miestui trūko elektros energijos.Padėtis buvo gelbstima mažomis dyzelinėmis elektrinėmis. Tačiau tai negalėjo išgelbėti nuo elektros energijos trūkumo ir dažnai vakarais tamsoje skendėjo ištisi mies-<br />to rajonai, atjungti nuo centrinės elektrinės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1924m. miesto centrinės elektrinės direktoriumi paskyrė inžinierių J.Glatmaną ir jam pavedė parengti elektrinės rekonstravimo projektą.Kitų specialistų siūlymai statyti naują šiluminę elektrinę prie geležinkelio arba hidroelektrinę prie Neries buvo atmesti:tam reikėjo daug laiko ir lėšų.J.Glatmanas greitai parengė eletrinės rekonstravimo projektą ir ėmė jį realizuoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-01 14:38:41',62,'','2010-06-01 14:41:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 14:38:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,210,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(559,'Inžinerinė termodinamika','ininerin-termodinamika','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-01 14:43:56',62,'','2010-06-01 14:47:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 14:43:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,209,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(560,'Paprasta sinusinės srovės grandinė','paprasta-sinusins-srovs-grandin','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.Darbo turinys. Omo ir Kirchhofo dėsnių taikymas paprastomis sinusinės srovės grandinėms su vienu reaktyviuoju elementu skaičiuoti. Vektorių diagramos, varžų ir leidimų trikampiai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2.Naudojama aparatūra:<br />2.1.    Reguliuojamos sinusinės įtampos šaltinis.<br />2.2.    Ritė, kondensatorių baterija, du žinamos varžos rezistoriai.<br />2.3.    Trys ampermetrai.<br />2.4.    Fazometras.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-01 14:48:11',62,'','2010-06-01 14:50:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 14:48:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,208,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(561,'Magnetinių laukų tyrimas','magnetini-lauk-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: magnetinių laukų tyrimas Gauso metodu, žemės magnetinio lauko indukcijos horizontaliosios dedamosios nustatymas tangentinio galvanometro metodu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis (I dalis): Magnetinės indukcijos SI vienetas yra tesla (T).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tangentiniu galvanometru vadinamas prietaisas, sudarytas iš vertikalios žiedo formos ritės ir jos ventre esančios rodyklės. Toks prietaiso pavadinimas atsirado dėl to, kad rodyklės nukreipimo kampo tangentas yra tiesiai proporcingas srovės stiprumui ritėje. Jei ritė pasukama į tokią padėtį, kad jos plokštuma sutaptų su magnetinės rodyklės kryptimi, tai žemės magnetinio lauko indukcijos horizontaliosios dedamosios B<sub>h</sub> ir ritės magnetinio lauko indukcijos B<sub>r</sub> kryptys tampa tarpusavyje statmenos. Kai rite srovė neteka, magnetinę rodyklę veikia tik žemės magnetinis laukas, pasukdamas ją B<sub>h</sub> kryptimi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-01 14:50:35',62,'','2010-06-01 14:53:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 14:50:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,207,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(562,'Entropijos pokyčio nustatymas kaitinant ir išlydant kristalinį kūną','entropijos-pokyio-nustatymas-kaitinant-ir-ilydant-kristalin-kn','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Nubrėžti metalo temperatūros priklausomybės nuo šildymo laiko grafiką, nustatyti lydymosi temperatūrą ir apskaičiuoti atitinkamus entropijos pokyčius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinio pasirengimo klausimai. Grįžtamojo proceso samprata. Termodinaminė entropijos samprata. Statistikinė entropijos samprata. Entropijos pokyčiai kristalinį kūną šildant ir jam lydantis. Temperatūros matavimas termoelementu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Entropija S, kaip ir vidinė energija, laisvoji energija, entalpija, yra termodinaminės sistemos būsenos funkcija. Ji tam tikru būdu priklauso nuo termodinaminės sistemos būsenos parametrų. Kintant sistemos būsenai, kinta ir entropija, tačiau proceso pobūdis neturi įtakos jos pilnutiniam pokyčiui. <br /> Skiriami grįžtamieji ir negrįžtamieji procesai. Mechaninį, ar termodinaminį procesą, vadiname grįžtamuoju, jeigu, jam pasibaigus, sistemą galima atvirkščia tvarka, per tas pačias tarpines būsenas, grąžinti į pradinę būseną ir nelieka aplinkoje pokyčių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-01 14:53:51',62,'','2010-06-01 14:56:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 14:53:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,206,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(563,'Žmogiškasis turtas','mogikasis-turtas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Asmenybėje susilieja į vieną ir gyvuoja vienybėje žmogus gamintojas, kuriantis materialųjį pasaulį, žmogus mąstytojas, dvasinio pasaulio kūrėjas, ir žmogus veikėjas, visuomeninio pasaulio kūrėjas. Pabrėždami vien materialinius ir socialinius bei kultūrinius asmenybės pagrindus, mes numariname procesą. Be abejo, materialinės sąlygos, istorinė dirva, socialinė kūltūrinė aplinka yra ta vieta, kurioje kiekvienas individas (ir kiekviena kartą) iš naujo pradeda kurti save. Tačiau „kurti save“ reiškia save formuoti, perleidžiant per save (perlydant savyje) ir aplinką, ir dirvą. Ir pati aplinka, ir dirva kiekvieną karą perkuriama nauju, įpatingu, nenumatytu būdu. Be to, tai daroma sąmoningai, nes asmenybė yra nepaliaujamas pasirinkimas, nenutrūkstamas individualus sprendimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi asmenybė negali būti a priori, izoliuotai apibrėžiama. A. Leontjevo teigimu, „žmogus negimsta apdovanotas istoriniais žmonijos laimėjimais. Žmogiškųjų kartų raidos rezultatai įkūnyti ne jame, ne jo prigimties gabumuose, bet jį supančiame pasaulyje – didžiuosiuose žmogiškosios kultūros kūriniuose. Tik šių laimėjimų pasisavinimo procese, vykstančiame visą gyvenimą, žmogus įgyja grynai žmogiškas sąvybes ir sugebėjimus; šis procesas jį tartum pastato ant ankstesnių kartų pečių (...)“ (Leontjev A. N.,1981,434). Perimant visuomenės istorinį, kūltūrinį, socialinį palikimą, formuojasi individo sugebėjimai, poreikiai ir tikslai. (Tikslo kategorija pritaikoma tik sąmoningai žmogaus veiklai.) A. Leontjevas įrodo, jog „asmenybė nėra vientisybė, nulemta genotipiškai; asmenybe negimstama, asmenybe tampama“ (Leontjev A. N.,1975, 176). Asmenybė vystosi dalyvaujant trims sąveikos nariams: veiklos subjektui, veiklos sąlygoms ir trečiąjam „nariui“ - veiklai, kadangi šis ryšys gyvas tik per veiklą. Veikla lemia tiek dvasinės veiklos sąlygas, tiek pačios veiklos kokybę. Svarbiausia tokios veiklos sąvybė yra jos gebėjimas kurti ne tik žmogui naudingus daiktus (daiktinį turtą), bet pačią kūrybišką, mąstančią, išugdytų jausmų asmenybę (žmogiškąjį turtą), (Agh A., 1984, 179, 194). Pati laisvos veiklos, t. y. kūrybos, procesas yra grandis jungianti veiklos sąlygas ir veiklos subjektą. Šios veikiančios grandies rezultatas yra nuolatinis ir beribis individo ir jo sąlygos tobulinimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šioje sistemoje negali būti absoliutiniai nei materialiniai, nei socialiniai, nei technologiniai, nei dvasiniai, nei kiti aspektai. Asmenybė nebegali būti traktuojama vien kaip objektyvios ir savaime dėsningos istorijos (ar technologijos) raidos padarinys ar „išraiška“. Nė viena sistemos dalis (narys) negali plėtotis be ryšio su visomis kitomis.<br />Viskas priklauso nuo tarpusavio sąveikos tarp žmogaus ir jo kūrinių – nuo nuolatinio atgalinio ryšio. Ši tarpusavio sąveika tarp žmogaus veiklos ir jos rezultatų leidžia žmogui nuolat pakilti aukščiau savęs, savo gabumų savo talento (žiūr. Verthaimeris, A. Leonjevas).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 18:16:22',62,'','2010-06-01 18:24:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 18:16:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,52,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(564,'Garsiosios frazės','garsiosios-frazs','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Liudvikas XIV, norėdamas pabrėžti savo valdžią Prancūzijoje, kartą pasakė: \"Valstybė - tai aš\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Liudvikas XIV, dvariškių buvo pramintas \"Karaliumi Saule\" .</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Liudvikas XVI giljotinavimas. Karalius prieš mitį pasakė šiuos žodžius: \"Prancūzai, aš mirštu nekaltas; sakau jums nuo ešafoto, prieš pat stodamas dievo akivaizdon. Atleidžiu savo priešams. Aš trokštu, kad Prancūzija...\" Kalba nustelbė būgnų mušimas. Kai budelis Samsonas Liudviko XVI galvą parodė miniai, ši vieningai skandavo: \"Tegyvuoja Respublika!\" Giljotinavimas įvyko 1793 m. sausio 21 d.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">P. Vernjo. Įvertindamas jakobinų atėjimą į valdžią ir masinį terorą revoliucijos priešams, žirondistas P.Vernjo ištarė garsiuosius žodžius: \"Revoliucija kaip saturnas ryja savo vaikus\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ž. Langražas po A. Lavuazjė giljotinavimo pasakė: \"Nukirsti tai galvai prireikė vienos akimirkos, tačiau šimtus metų gali nerasti kitos tokios. (A. Lavuazjė - garsus chemikas, Ž. Langražas - matematikas).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ž. Dantonas budelui Samsonui priš mirtį tarė: \"Parodysi mano galvą žmonėms - ji to verta\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Napoleonas Bonapartas pradėdamas karą Italijoje į kareivius kreipėsi šiais žodžiais:\"Kareiviai, jūs neaprengti, jūs blogai pamaitinti &lt;...&gt;. Aš noriu vesti jus į derlingiausias pasaulio šalis.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 18:25:28',62,'','2010-06-01 18:31:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 18:25:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,51,'','',0,63,'robots=\nauthor='),(565,'Blogio problema','blogio-problema','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei Dievas yra visagalis , visažinis ir absoliučiai geras , kodėl tuomet egzistuoja blogis? Blogio problema yra labiausiai paplitęs prieštaravimas Vakarų ir Rytų Filosofijoje. Yra dvi šios problemos versijos : dedukcinė arba loginė versija , teigianti , kad bet kokio blogio egzistavimas ( nepaisant blogio rolės sukuriant gėrį ) nesuderinamas su Dievo egzistencija ; ir tikimybinė versija , teigianti , kad pasaulyje esant tiek daug negailestingo blogio tiesiog neįtikėtina , kad Dievas egzistuotų. Dedukcinė problema pastaruoju metu mažiau ginčijama , nes visuotinai pripažįstama , kad absoliučiai gera esybė galėtų suteikti tam tikros žalos verčiama moralinių aplinkybių (pvz.suteikti vaikui skausmo ištraukiant rakštį ). Daugiau diskutuojama dėl tikimybės (ar netgi galimybės ), kad nepaisant daugybės blogio kosmose , absoliučiai geras Dievas egzistuoja . Pagalvokime apie žmonių  ir gyvūnų kančias , sukeltas mirties ,grobuoniškumo ,gimdymo komplikacijų , sunkių ligų ,praktiškai neišmatuojamo žmogaus nedorumo , prievartavimų , priespaudos ir “gamtos nelaimių” . Pagalvokime kaip dažnai kenčiantieji būna nekalti.Kodėl yra tiek daug nepelnyto , akivaizdžiai beprasmio blogio?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sprendžiant blogio problemą , kai kurie filosofai ir teologai neigia Dievą esant visagalį . Milas (1806 - 73 ) laikėsi šios nuostatos , o teologai panteistai dar ir šiandien abejoja tradiciniu Dievo galybės traktavimu . Jiems atrodo , kad Dievas yra šiame pasaulyje , kenčia kartu su kenčiančiaisiais ir stengiasi iš blogio išgauti gėrį , bet nepaisant Dievo pastangų , blogis nepataisomai suardys sukurtą tvarką . Kiti mano , kad Dievas yra visai kas kita negu morali veikiančioji jėga. Deivis ( 1993 ) ir kiti tvirtina , kad gero Dievo sąvoka skiriasi nuo geros veikiančiosios jėgos sąvokos . Šiai pozicijai pritaria tie , kurie Dievą laiko Būtimi iš didžiosios raidės , kaip priešpriešą bet kokiai kitai būčiai. Kita kraštutinė nuomonė neigia blogio egzistavimą, tačiau tradicinį monoteizmą ir moralinį skepticizmą suderinti sunku. Kadangi mes tikime , kad yra Dievas, vertas šlovinimo ir žmogaus meilės , moralinio skepticizmo argumentai neturi didelės reikšmės. Mintis , kad blogis yra gėrio trūkumas, gėrio iškreipimas , gali paplisti sprendžiant blogio problema, tačiau sunku įsivaizduoti, kaip vien ši idėja galėtų sutvirtinti tikėjimą Dievo gerumu . Deginantis skausmas ir nesibaigianti kančia atrodo visiškai realūs , netgi jei filosofijos požiūriu jie daro žalą .</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trys didžiosios monoteistinės religijos , tvirtinančios , kad blogis egzistuoja , mažai pasitarnauja sprendžiant blogio problemą. Ir iš tiesų , Judaizmas , Krikščionybė ir Islamas taip laikosi blogio egzistencijos , kad pagrindas atmesti blogį būtų pagrindas atmesti šias religijas . Kokia būtų prasmė Judaizmo mokymo apie išėjimą (Dievas išlaisvino izraeliečius iš  vergijos ) , ar krikščionybės mokymo apie įsikūnijimą  ( Kristus atskleidžia Dievą kaip meilę  ir nurodo dievišką galę , kuri galų gale nugalės mirtį ) , ar Muchamedo mokymo apie Alacho teisingumą ir galingumą , jei vergovė , neapykanta , mirtis ir neteisybė neegzistuotų ?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Blogio problemos aktualumas , teistų nuomone , iš dalies priklauso nuo individualaus požiūrio į kitas filosofijos sritis , ypač etiką , egzistenciją ir metafiziką . Pvz. etika: jei manote , kad neturėtų būti jokios neišvengiamos kančios , nesvarbu kokios priežastys ar pasekmės , tada blogio problema susidurs su tradiciniu teizmu . Be to , jei manote , kad blogio problemos sprendimas  turėtų būti akivaizdus visiems žmonėms , tam tradicinis teizmas prieštarauja , nes sprendimas anaiptol nėra akivaizdus . Diskusijos nusistovėjo ties galimybe surasti aukso vidurį – tai vertybių teorija , aiškiai įvertinanti blogį kosmose ir pateikianti tam tikrą supratimą , kaip visa tai gali būti suderinama su visagalio ir absoliučiai gero Kūrėjo egzistavimu . Ar yra priežasčių , dėl kurių Dievas galėtų leisti kosmines negandas ? Jei tokių priežasčių nežinome , ar galime daryti išvadą , kad jų iš viso nėra ar negali būti ? Ivairių galimybių tyrinėjimą nuliame metafizinis požiūris .</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 18:32:12',62,'','2010-06-01 18:42:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 18:32:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,50,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(566,'Sofijos pasaulis','sofijos-pasaulis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sofija Amundsen keliavo iš mokyklos namo. Iš pradžių ėjo su Joruna. Jiedvi kalbėjosi apie robotus. Joruna pasakė, kad žmonių smegenys - kaip sudėtingas kompiuteris. Sofija nenorėjo pritarti. Žmogus juk - Šis tas daugiau nei mašina?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prie didžiosios maisto parduotuvės mergaitės išsiskyrė. Sofija gyveno ilgo privačių namų kvartalo gale. Iki mokyklos jai buvo dvigubai toliau negu Jorunai, Galėjai pamanyti, kad Sofijos namas stovi pasaulio krašte, nes už jos sodo niekas nebegyveno. Ten buvo tankus miškas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sofija įsuko į KIėverveieną. Pačiame gale gatvė darė staigų posūkį, kuris buvo pramintas \"kapitono posūkiu\". Čia galėdavai sutikti žmonių bemaž tik šeštadieniais ir sekmadieniais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Buvo pati gegužės pradžia. Viename kitame sode po vaismedžiais žydėjo pilnaviduriai narcizai. Beržai buvo apsiskleidę plonais žalio flero apsiaustais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ar ne nuostabu, kaip tokiu metų laiku viskas ima augti ir vešėti? Kas taip patvarkė, kad, vos atšilus orams ir išnykus paskutiniam sniegui, žaluma pradeda trykšte trykšti iš apmirusios žemės?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prie savo sodo vartelių Sofija žvilgtelėjo į pašto dėžutę. Ten visada būdavo begalė reklampalaikių ir keli stori vokai mamai. Prieš eidama į savo kambarį ruošti pamokų, Sofija ant virtuvinio stalo palikdavo storą šūsnį pašto.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tėtis gaudavo tik vieną kitą banko pranešimą, bet jis ir ne šiaip sau tėtis. Buvo didelio tanklaivio kapitonas ir retai kada parvykdavo į namus. Sugrįžęs porai savaičių atostogų, šlepinėdavo su šlepetėmis po namus ir būdavo geras Sofijai ir mamai. Bet išplaukęs į jūrą, vėl tapdavo svetimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiandien pašto dėžutėje gulėjo tik vienas laiškas. Jis buvo skirtas Sofijai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">\"Sofijai Amundsen\", - perskaitė ji ant nediduko voko. \"Klėverveieno 3\". Ir viskas. Siuntėjas nenurodytas. Ant laiško nebuvo net pašto ženklo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vos uždariusi vartelius, Sofija atplėšė voką. Jame terado nedidelį lapelį, nė kiek ne didesnį už voką. Ten buvo užrašyta: Kas tu esi?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ir viskas. Laiškelyje nebuvo nei sveikinimo, nei siuntėjo vardo, tik trys ranka rašyti žodžiai su didžiuliu klaustuku gale.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sofija dar kartą pažvelgė į voką. Na taip, laiškas iš tikrųjų jai. Bet kas jį įmetė į pašto dėžutę?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sofija skubiai atsirakino raudono namo duris. Kaip įprastai, katė Šerekana suskubo išnerti iš krūmų, užšokti ant laiptų ir įsmukti pro duris, dar nespėjus jų uždaryti.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 18:43:15',62,'','2010-06-01 18:47:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 18:43:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,49,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(567,'Friedrich Nietzsche ,,Tragedijos gimimas\"','friedrich-nietzsche-tragedijos-gimimasq','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vakarų filosofija atsirado senovės Graikijoje VII a. pr. Kr. pradžioje. Senovės graikai padarė nepaprastai didelę įtaką visai Vakarų civilizacijai ir mūsų pasaulio sampratai. Jie laisvai samprotavo apie pasaulį, ir šių svarstymų nevaržė jokios religinės dogmos. Jų pačių religija, ta gausybė žmogaus pavidalo dievų, nedaug tebuvo susijusi su šitomis spekuliacijomis apie Visatą. Graikai sukūrė didžią literatūrą, jiems priklauso garsiosios Aishilo, Sofoklio, Euripido tragedijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Fridrichas Nyčė gyveno antrojoje XIX a. pusėje. Tuo laikotarpiu neregėtai iškilo ir sustiprėjo Vokietijos valstybė. Vokiečiai ypač didžiavosi savo universitetų kultūrine pažanga. Nyčė labai kritiškai vertino šią “kultūrą”. Jo įsitikinimu, tiek daug laimėjusi Vokietija neteko svarbiausio dalyko. Šalis prarado sielą, žmones užvaldė pasitenkinimas savimi, sukūrusi materialinę gerovę Vokietija užmiršo dvasią. Kultūra smuko. Nyčė laikė save pranašu, jautė turįs misiją - pažadinti savo kartą, atverti jai akis ir parodyti, kokioms netikroms vertybėms ji tarnauja.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nyčė manė, kad jo laikų kultūros nuosmūkį sąlygojo destruktyvių, gyvenimą griaunančių jėgų pergalė: patologija sunaikino sveikuosius pradus, moteriškumas įveikė vyriškumą. Pirmojoje jo knygoje pateikiama nepaprastai originali graikų tragedijos analizė. Kalbama apie apoloniškosios ir dionisiškosios kultūros santykį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame veikale F. Nyčė kaip niekur kitur į pirmą vietą iškėlė meną, laikydamas jį svarbiausia žmogaus metafizine veikla. Tai reikštų, kad “pasaulio egzistavimas gali būti pateisinamas tik kaip estetinis fenomenas”. Šį požiūrį jis įvardijo “artistinės metafizikos” terminu, kuris yra tiesiogiai susijęs A. Šopenhauerio filosofijos įtaka. Ta įtaka buvo tokia stipri, kad Nyčė į “Tragedijos gimimą” nė kiek nekeisdamas įtraukė jo valios metafizikos ir meno ( ypač muzikos ) sampratas ( A. Mickevičiaus cit. ).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">F. Nyčė patyrė ne tik Šopenhauerio, bet ir R. Vagnerio įtaką. Jo dramose jaunasis Nyčė  įžvelgė ne tik graikų tragiškosios pasaulėjautos atgaivinimo, bet ir naują visos vokiečių kultūros atgimimo galimybę. Darydamas užuominą į Vagnerio operą “Zygfrydas”, kur paukštis rodo kelią pas miegančią Brunhildą, Nyčė teigia: “Na, o jeigu vokietis imtų droviai  dairytis vado, gebėsiančio jį gražinti į seniai prarastą tėvynę &lt;...&gt;, tai tegu įsiklauso į aistringai viliojantį kvietimą dionisiškojo paukščio, kuris plasnoja priešais jį, rodydamas kurion pusėn eiti”. Tokiu būdu Nyčės pagalba Vagneris turėjo tapti nauju, tragiškojo mito pavidalu atgimsiančios ir į dionisiškumą orientuotos vokiečių kultūros prototipu     ( gal todėl 1872 m. išleistą “Tragedijos gimimą” R. Vagneris sutiko su didžiausiu susižavėjimu ).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 18:58:17',62,'','2010-06-01 19:02:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 18:58:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,48,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(568,'Sifito mitas','sifito-mitas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 19:03:32',62,'','2010-06-01 19:04:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 19:03:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,47,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(569,'Kinų filosofija','kin-filosofija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kinų filosofijos raida skirstoma į 4 pagr. laikotarpius: 1) senovės, arba klasikinės filosofijos (VI - III a. pr. m. e.), 2) vid. amžių (III a. pr. m. e. - XIX m. e. a. vid.), 3) naująjį (XIX a. vid. - 1919), 4) naujausiąjį (nuo 1919).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atsiradusi iš rel. mit. vaizdinių, sen. filosofija, išskyrus retas išimtis, liko nuošalyje nuo Kinų mokslo raidos. Jos idėjos ir idėjų reiškimo formos sunkiai perteikiamos Europos filos. kategorijoms. Kita vertus, senosios filosofijos sąvokos nebuvo griežtai apibrėžtos, dėl to įvairios mokyklos jas įvairiai interpretavo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Filosofiją sudarė metaforas, aforizmai, palyginimai ir pavyzdžiai iš istorijos, o ne logiškai susijusių teiginių sistema. Filosofijos mokslų sąvokos vystėsi gana lėtai. Klasikinė filosofija pirmiausia gvildeno praktinius visuomenės ir valstybės valdymo, moralės klausimus. Ji buvo supolitinta, filosofai neretai buvo ir valstybės veikėjai. Viena klasikinės filosofijos problemų buvo dangaus ir visa, kas egzistuoja, kilmė. Dangus (tian) iš pradžių buvo suvokiamas kaip aukščiausias valdovas, likimas ir visa, kas egzituoja, pagrindas. Žemė galinti egzistuoti tik dangaus pritarimu; dėl to viešpataujanti klasė visokeriopai rėmė šią dangaus mistifikaciją. Paveldimosios aristokratijos santvarkos irimas pakeitė ir tikėjimą dangaus galybe. Ankstesnieji dangaus vaizdiniai ilgainiui užleido vietą realistiniam požiūriui. Natūrfilosofai apibūdindami pasaulį, reiškė stichiškai materialistines ir dialektines idėjas. Pirminę materiją (ci) sudarą 5 elementai - vanduo, ugnis, medis, žemė ir metalas, kurie veikiami prieðingų jėgų in (pasyvios moteriškos)  ir jan (aktyvios vyriškos),  sukurią pasaulio įvairovę. Šių kosminių jėgų dualizmu kinų filosofai aiškino gamtos kitimus. Materialistines pažiūras į dangų ir gamtą reiškė daosistai, žymiausias jų - Lao Dzė (Filosofija Daosizmas). Dangų jie laikė gamtos dalimi, susidedančių iš lengvų in ir jan dalelių ir kintančia pagal filosofiškai dao, t.y. natūraliai. Naivia forma reikšdami visuotinio dėsningumo idėją, daosistai sufatalino dao ir teigė, kad jam negalima pasipriešinti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žinomiausią etinę ir politinę doktriną sukūrė Konfucijus (551 - 479 pr. kr.). Stiprindamas senuosius papročius ir tradicijas, jis rėmė egzistuojančius visuomenės santikius, teisino socialinę nelygybę ir diduomenės privilegijas. Konfucijaus priešininkas buvo  Mo Dzė (V a. pr. kr.) ir jo ðalininkai moistai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Humanizmo (visuotinės meilės) principą siūlydami išplėsti visiems žmonėms, moistai stengėsi lygybės idėją pagrįsti etikos pžiūriu. Įstatymininkai, arba legistai, kurių žinomiausias Chan Fėjus (III a. pr. kr. filosofija Fadzia), skelbė, kad protas svarbesnis už tradicijas ir senuosius etinius postulatus, nes buvo stengiamasi paveldimąją feodalinę hierarchiją pakeisti valdžios skiriamais pareigūnais. Priðingai filosofijos konfucianizmui, legistai kūrė valstybės valdymo teoriją, paremtą visuotiniais įstatymais. Jų idėjos padėjo kurti centralizuotą Kinų valstybę. Nominalistai (mindzia) tyrė pažinimo ir logikos, apstraktaus mąstymo problemas, kartu su moistais ieðkojo taisyklingo samprotavimo būdų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 19:05:38',62,'','2010-06-01 19:10:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 19:05:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,46,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(570,'Egzistencializmo filosofijos istorija','egzistencializmo-filosofijos-istorija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kokia gi egzistencializmo istorija, kokie praeities etapai suformavo jį tokį, koks jis yra šiandien?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jau viduramžiuose užčiuoptume filosofinio mąstymo moralinį charakterį, kurį itin pabrėždavo šv. Augustinas ir šv. Bonaventūras. Tačiau gilesnes šaknis egzistencinei filosofijai padėjo įleisti danų filosofas Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855). Jis pasipriešino keliamai Hegelio idealistinės visuotinybės filosofijai, kuri žmogų ėmė tik antiasmeninės idėjos istorinio plėtojimosi momentu. Kierkegaard nepabijojo atskleisti nepalyginamą žmogaus individuališkumą. Ir čia žmogus susiduria vienas prieš savąjį Absoliutą tame tikėjimo paradokse, kuriame individo tikėjimas yra aukščiau visų bendrųjų normų. Kaip ir daugelis iškilių asmenybių,  Kierkegaard nesusilaukė didelio susidomėjimo savo epochoje. Tik vėliau XIX  ir XX amžių sandūroje moralinė žmogaus tikrovė sugebėjo iškilti ir sužibėti, mat kilo stiprus sąjudis prieš ankstesnį perdėtą pasitikėjimą protu. Šiuo laikmečiu egzistencializmą ypatingai apribojo F.Nietssche’s (1844 -1 900) antžmogio filosofija. Valia tapo pagrindiniu žmogiškosios egzistencijos veiksniu. Galbūt tai atrodytų moralės paneigimu, tačiau  iš tiesų imta ieškoti žmogaus prasės. Tiesą pasakius, ir kitos to laiko filosofijos kreipė žmogaus dėmesį įvertybių pasaulį, į žmogaus ryšį su gamta,kėlė reikalą žmogų pažinti pačiame savyje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip suprantamas egzistencializmo terminas? Žmoguje egzistencija eina pirma esmės.O žmogus esti vienintelis toks, kuriame galima tokia pirmumo teisė.Taigi žmogus tampa vieninteliu, kuriam taikomas egzistencijos vardas.Iš čia mes ir galime suvokti patį egzistencializmo terminą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ir vis tik laisvė nelaikoma, aptariant žmogų, tokia ”esme”,  kuri būtų jau įgimta ir iš anksto suteikta pačiu gimimo faktu. Pasak egzistencializmo,  turime laisvę laikyti galimybe. Galimybė tuo, kad laisvu galima būti lygiai tiek, kiek galima laisvę išduoti. Laisvę turime išsikovoti, išsitarnauti savo pačio apsisprendimo būti laisvu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Egzistencinio filosofavimo šerdimi galime laikyti laisvę. Žinojimas yra prielaida ir kelias į laisvę, todėl negalima atriboti šių dviejų dalykų. Ir vis tik žinojime laisvu nebūsi. Žinojimas tik suteikia galimybę apsispręsti, atskleidžia savivalę. Laisvė neapčiuopiama, nepatiriama ar išgyvenama, nenusakoma apibrėžimu. Ir savivalė neturi turinio,  tačiau ji nėra laisvė, ji tik priežastis laisvei susikurti.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 19:10:54',62,'','2010-06-01 19:20:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 19:10:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,45,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(571,'Filosofai apie meninkus','filosofai-apie-meninkus','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 19:21:56',62,'','2010-06-01 19:23:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 19:21:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,44,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(572,'Kieno paliepimu, kam vadovaujant man skirta ši vieta ir šis laikas','kieno-paliepimu-kam-vadovaujant-man-skirta-i-vieta-ir-is-laikas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Turbūt daugelis žmonių sutinka, jog yra kažkas aukščiau už mus, kad mes nesame aukščiausia grandis visoje Visatoje. Ir nebūtina skubėti teigti, jog tai yra Dievas, Budha ar Alachas. Visai gali būti, kad tas aukštesnis yra ne vienas, o jų yra daug. Tikriausiai net ateistai netiki jokia aukštesne jėga tik todėl, kad jie nėra rimčiau apie tai pagalvoję arba paprasčiausiai jie mano, kad jiems ir be to gyvenimas yra mielas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau būnant žmogumi net šlykštu pagalvoti, kad gyveni čia be reikalo, kad leidi laiką tam, kam nereikia, kad darai tai, dėl ko paskui gali labai pasigailėti. Bet labai sunku kažką keisti, kai esi surištas įvairiausiais saitais su žmonių minia, religijomis, nuostatotomis, prietarais, moralės principais, tradicijomis etc. Iš to reikia išsivaduoti ir tapti savimi. Kvaila ir ta mintis, jog tai, ką apie ką mes galvojame gali būti visiški paistalai; gal kažkas, kas yra aukštesnis už mus, juokiasi iš mūsų paistaliojimų. Gal mes tik bandomieji triušiai? Kas įrodys, kad tai netiesa?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Norint suvokti savo vietą Visatoje, galima pabandyti įsivaizduoti kokią nors pačių sukurtą kitą Žemę su kažkokios formos gyvybėmis. Verta pagalvoti, ko mes iš šių gyvybių ir tos sukurtos Žemės tikimės. Mus irgi kažkas sukūrė ir iš mūsų bei mūsų Žemės irgi kažko tikisi. Tada galima pagalvoti ir apie savo vietą, ką galvoja apie mus ta aukštesnė jėga. Gal ko mes tikimės iš savo sukurtų gyvybių, to iš mūsų tikisi ir mūsų kūrėjai? Turbūt, kad aukštesnė jėga yra protingesnė už mus, nes juk ir žmogus už save gudresnių gyvybių nemanau, kad sukurtų, todėl šis pavyzdys gali būti ir nevisiškai teisingas. Be to, tai yra grubus pavyzdys, nes gali būti, kad mes esame sukurti gyventi ne tik vieną kartą šitame gyvenime, gal tai tik vienas etapas visoje mūsų egzistencijoje? Kvaila būtų sakyti, kad po mirties viskas dingsta ir mes prapuolame neaišku kur.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Štai dar vienas verčiantis susimąstyti pavyzdys, nusakantis žmogaus vietą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmonės kuria programas kompiuteriams. Iš jų jie siekia dviejų dalykų: a) kad programa būtų padaryta, b) kad ji būtų įvykdyta kiek įmanoma geriau. O ar kažkas virš mūsų esantis nesiekia to pačio? Juk jis irgi mus sukūrė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ištvanas Jankovičius savo knygoje “Išgyvenau savąją mirtį” (1998) atsako į pagrindinius egzistencijos klausimus. Pasirodo, pasaulyje jau yra padaryti tyrimai, kurie buvo atlikti žmonėms išgyvenusiems klinikinę mirtį, t.y. jie buvo trumpam numirę. Jų aprašyti įspūdžiai tiesiog šokiruoja, jie atrodo kaip iš bulvarinio laikraščio. Atrodo neįmanoma, kad žmogus gali palikti savo žemiškąjį kūną ir matyti jį iš aukšto, kad žmogus neturėdamas apčiuopiamo kūno gali girdėti, ką sako ar net galvoja kiti ir išvis, kad žmogus po mirties netenka tik savo fizinio kūno, o pats išlieka. Tai patvirtina, kad žmogų sudaro ne vien apčiuopiama dalis, t.y. fizinis kūnas, yra ir dar kažkas – kitas apvalkalas. Visai įmanoma (o tai autorius ir teigia), kad žmogus turi ne vieną, o daug apvalkalų ir jo dabartinis gyvenimas yra tik viena visos būties pakopa. Dabartiniai mąstytojai teigia, jog tie kiti žmogaus apvalkalai yra paprasčiausiai sudaryti iš aukštesnių virpesių, aukštesnio dažnio spinduliavimo. Kitaip tariant, tos formos egzistuoja aukštesniuose, mums dar nevisiškai suvokiamuose, matmenyse. Iš viso to galime daryti išvadą, kad žmogaus gyvenimas – tai tik viena jo būties dalis, kurią jis bando įveikti.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 19:24:25',62,'','2010-06-01 19:28:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 19:24:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,43,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(573,'Hipnozė ','hipnoz-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Hipnozė sena kaip pati žmonija. Aptikta įrodymų, kad šį reiškinį žinojo dar šumerai prieš 4000 m. pr. Kr. Tačiau iki šiol dar nėra moksliškai pagrįsto paaiškinimo, kokia gi tikrojo hipnozės prigimtis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Beveik kiekvienas, kuriam teko patirti hipnozės poveikį ar bent skaityti apie jį, žiūri į ją skeptiškai ar su baime. Dauguma mano, kad hipnozė artima narkozės būsenai ar sąmonės netekimui, nors iš tikrųjų net giliausiai pasinėrus į hipnozės būseną to nebūna. Sąmonė ir pasąmonė visada išlieka budrios, išskyrus nebent tuos atvejus, kai organizmui taip reikia miego, kad užhipnotizuotasis pasineria į miego būseną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Niekas negali Jums hipnozės būsenoje efektyviai įteigti ar net priversti padaryti ką nors tokio, kas neatitinka Jūsų asmenybės struktūros. Dažnai manoma, jog hipnozės būsenoje gali būti išplepėti tkie dalykai, kurie jokiu būdu nėra skirti kitiems. Tačiau iš tikrųjų niekas ir niekada negali Jūsų priversti tai padaryti, nes sąmonė vis dėlto visą laiką budi. Užhipnotizuotasis visą laiką žino, ką sako ir ką daro.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visko, kas tik prieštarauja žmogaus etninėms ir moralinėms normoms, jis nepriims ir būdamas užhipnotizuotas. Gali atsitikti net taip, kas jis pats nesąmoningai nutrauks hipnozės būseną. Kiekvienas priima tik tas įtaigas, kurias yra pasiruošęs priimti. Taigi kiekviena kito hipnotizuotojo atliekama hipnozė yra ir autohipnozė, tik šiuo atveju įtaigas pateikia kitas žmogus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei darysime prielaidą, jog mūsų tikrovė, kitaip sakant, tai, kaip mes žiūrime patys į save ir savo aplinką, prasideda mūsų mintyse, tai pasirodys, kad mes visą savo gyvenimą esame daugiau ar mažiau gilios hipnozės būsenoje. Mes savarankiškai neveikiame, o tik reaguojame į įvairiausias mūsų aplinkos įtaigas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau priklausomybė nuo įtaigų, nuostatų ir pagrindinių poreikių susiaurina mūsų mąstymą. Kiekvienoje dabarties situacijoje mes sąmoningai ar nesąmoningai sutelkiame dėmesį į atitinkamas iš aplinkos ateinančias įvairiapuses įtaigas. Nuostatos ir praeities patirtys įtraukiamos į to, kas vyksta, vertinimą, ir viskas kartu nulemia mūsų reakciją, mūsų mintis, jausmus ir veiksmus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Hipnozė yra gimininga miegui būsena tarp miego ir budėjimo, kuri, priklausomai nuo hipnozės gylio, artimesnė tai miegui, tai budėjimui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mūsų smegenys visą laiką skleidžia bangas, kurių dažnis matuojamas hercais. Natūralaus miego metu jų dažnis būna mažesnis už aštuonis gercus (tai vadinamosios teta ir delta bangos). Nuo trylikos hercų jau prasideda smegenų veikla (beta bangos). Tarp aštuonių ir dvylikos hercų yra alfa bangų sritis – nei miegas, nei budėjimas,- būsena, kurios siekiama ir kuri pasiekiama hipnotizuojant.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 19:29:38',62,'','2010-06-01 19:33:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 19:29:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,42,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(574,'Filosofijos egzamino bilietai','filosofijos-egzamino-bilietai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 19:34:07',62,'','2010-06-01 19:35:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 19:34:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,41,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(575,'Aristotelio būties samprata','aristotelio-bties-samprata','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aristotelis buvo žymiausias Platono mokinys, taip pat savarankiškiausias. Jis įkūrė savo mokyklą. Lygindami Aristotelį su Platonu atrandame daug panašumų. Platonas ir Aristotelis suvokiami kaip tam tikri priešininkai. Aristotelis įsitikinęs pasaulio pažįstamumu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Klausimas, kurį sprendžia abu filosofai: kaip galima tikrą žinojimą pasiekti ?Tai lemia mąstymo ir tapatybės struktūrų egzistavimus. Mūsų sprendimai turi atitikti pažįstamus daiktus. Aristotelio filosofijoje nemanoma, kad realybę sudaro idealių daiktų būtis. Mūsų mąstymo teiginiai turi atitikti realiai egzistuojančius daiktus. Aristotelis iškelia klausimą: kad mes gyvename realių daiktų kosmose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jo filosofija sugrįžta nuo idealybės prie konkretybių. Aristotelis akcentuoja realiai egzistuojančius daiktus. Aristotelio filosofijoje realybės neapsprendžia daiktų esmės. Idealūs objektai yra pasiekiami pradedant nuo konkrečių daiktų pažinimo. Realybėje neegzistuoja nei taškai nei trikampiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Idealybės yra mūsų mąstymo veiklos produktai. Empirinis suvokimas nereiškia, kad Aristotelis būtų grynas empiristas. Aristotelis teigė, kad tikrasis žinojimas prasideda nuo konkrečių individualių daiktų pažinimo. Pažinodami idealius daiktus mes turime juos priskirti individualioms esmėms ar rūšims.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aristotelio analogija susietya su logika, tai yra su teiginių ir sprendimų analize, todėl Aristotelis savo filosofijoje pabrėžia daiktų tikrovės neprieštaringumą. Neprieštaringumas įgauna principo statusą. Tas pats daiktas tuo pačiu metu negali turėti skirtingų, vienas kitą paneigiančių apibrėžimų. Vienas jų bus visuomet klaidingas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aristotelis sukuria filosofijos visumą. Jį galima laikyti senovės Graikijos kulminacija. Aristotelis apmasto ne tik tai, kaip pasiekiamas tobulas žinojimas. Aristotelio būties teorija analizuoja besikeičiančius daiktus. Filosofijoje akcentuojant juslinį suvokimą, išryškėja aprašymų ir klasifikavimų reikšmė. Išryškėja filosofijos siekis paversti argumentuotu dėstymu</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jusliškasis pažinimas – tai kelias į proto grynąją įžvalgą. Jusliškasis suvokimas akcentuojamas Aristotelio todėl, kad jis neigė Platono teiginį dėl daikto ir idėjos atskirumo. Aristotelio daikto esmė nėra atskira nuo daikto. Daikto esmė egzistuoja,  kaip pateis daikto suvokimo forma. Aristotelio filosofijoje matome transformaciją. Tai įgauna daikto formos pavidalą. Jeigu daikto esmė glūdi jame, tai reiškia, kad kiekvienas daiktas turi esmę, kaip tam tikrą savo formą. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 19:36:41',62,'','2010-06-01 19:40:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 19:36:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,40,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(576,'Antikos filosofijos sampratų santrauka','antikos-filosofijos-samprat-santrauka','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 19:41:01',62,'','2010-06-01 19:43:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 19:41:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,39,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(577,'Platonas','platonas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Geriausias Sokrato mokinys Platonas (428/427 - 348/347 m. pr m. e.) iš didelės pagarbos savo mokytojui beveik visus savo kūrinius parašė dialogo forma, kuriuose filosofo poziciją užima Sokratas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Platonas suformuoja objektyviojo idealizmo sistemą. Sistema gimsta tada kai Graikijoje plačiausiai nei bet kada yra įsigalėję Demokrito atomizmas. Taigi tuomet ir užsimezga mūsų dienas pasiekiantis materealizmo ir idealizmo ginčas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Platonas, kaip ir Sokratas stebėdamas savo krašto negandas manė, pasaulį reikia tvarkyti nekaip kitai, o moksliškai. Jis ryžosi atskleisti būties esmę, analizuodamas žmonių gyvenimą parodyti kokia turi būti valstybė. Tikrasis žinojimas pasiekiamas protu, sąvokomis, fiksuojant tai kas daiktuose yra bendra ir pastovu. Taip atsirada pagrindinė jo filosofijos kategorija - \"eidos\" (idėja). Platonui idėja reiškia rūšį, formą; daikto atžvilgiu ji yra pirminė; prie jos nieko negalima nei pridėti nei atimti; ji tarsi idealus daikto kriterijus. Grožio, tobulumo objektas yra ne patys daiktai, o amžinas nepriklausomas grožis. Platonas priešpastato idėją materijai, kaip nebūčiai iš kurios ir turi atsirasti daiktai.Idėja tolygi vyrui (aktyviajam pradui), o materija - moteriai (pasyviajam pradui) ir tik abiejų kategorijų atsiranda daiktas. Idėja įtakoja daikto išliekamąją vertę ir panašumą į kitus tos pačios rūšies daiktus, o materija tuo tarpu sąlygoja nepastovumą ir žuvimą, dėl jos daiktas tėra panašus į savo idėją, t.y. tėra tik šešėlis. Stebėdami pasaulį per jusles pažįstame tik daiktus, idėjos yra pažįstamos protu-siela. Taip atskiriamas juslinis ir racionalusis pažinimas. Savo teorijai pagrįsti Platonas reformuoja ir sielos supratimą. Nuo materialaus sielos aiškinimo pereinama prie idėjinio. Sieloje egzistuoja trys pradai - geidžiantysis, impulsyvusis ir protingasis, žmogaus gyvenimą sąlygoja sielos harmonija, kuri pasiekiama teisingumui suvaldžius tris pirminius pradus. Siela yra nemirtinga ir dėl ankstesnio buvimo idėjų pasaulyje, ji gali pažinti mus supančias idėjas per jų atspindžius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Toks net mistiškai pagrįstas sielos aiškinimas parodo, kad Platonas atitrūkęs nuo daiktų pasaulio racionaliems argumentams pagrįsti griebiasi iracionalių argumentų. Tikroji būtis yra gyva, veikianti ir mąstanti. Platono idėjų pasaulis neprimena chaoso, tai veikiau teleologinė sistema, kurioje viskas pajungta absoliučiam gėriui. Kiekvienos žemesniosios idėjos tikslas aukštesnioji idėja, aukščiausia idėja - absoliutaus gėrio idėja.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Graikams buvo įprasta žiūrėti į gerą žmogų kaip į gerą pilietį. Platonui priklauso pati seniausia mus pasiekusi valstybės teorija, kurioje atskleidžiama klasikinė valstybės prigimtis. Valstybė - gyvas organizmas, todėl ją turėtų apibūdinti keturios klasikinės dorybės: išmintis, drąsa, susivaldymas ir teisingumas. Utopinei Platono valstybei būdinga griežta specializacija, t.y. valdovai - valdo, kariai - kariauja, žemdirbiai - dirba žemę. Tačiau, šioje idealiojoje valstybėje neužkertamas kelias despotizmui, piliečių teisių ir iniciatyvos suvaržymams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Platono stengimasis suabsoliutinti protą atitraukiant jį nuo juslių, paverčia jį nenuosekliu idealistu, o ir jo sukurtos utopijos yra savyje per daug idealistiškos ir prieštaringos, kas savaime iššauks vėlesnių autorių kritiką.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 19:49:05',62,'','2010-06-01 19:53:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 19:49:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,38,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(578,'Graikų filosofija','graik-filosofija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sunku užginčyti teiginį, kad Europoje filosofija užgimė Graikijoje maždaug 6 a.pr.m.e. su Taliu. Senovės filosofiją įprasta skaidyti į tris etapus: iki Sokrato, nuo Talio iki Sokrato; klasikinis, nuo Sokrato iki Platono ir Aristotelio; helenistinis, uki Viduramžių filosofijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">5 - a.pr.m.e. Atėnai tebuvo vienintelė vieta, kur buvo galima rimtai užsiminėti filosofija. Po Aristotelio Atėnai ir toliau išlaikė savo svarbą, tač iau iškilo ir kitų centrų, iš kurių žymiausi buvo Roma (Italijoje) ir Aleksandrija (Egipte).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sokratas, Platonas ir Aristotelis tapo trimis atskaitos taškais. Platono mokykla (Akademija) usiėmė epistemologijos, metafizikos ir etikos studijomis; Aristotelio licėjus paniro į empirines studijas. Šalia jų svarbesniosios buvo epikūriečių (kurie gyvenimo tikslą matė malonumuose) ir stoikai (įkurta Zenono ir kuriems gyvenimas turėjo būti užpildytas išmintimi bei dora) mokyklos. Stoikai buvo savo šlovės viršūnėje 1 a. pr. m. e - 1 a. m. e. laikotarpiu, kai konservatyvieji romėnai laikė, kad stoikų doros siekimas yra rimtesnis už epikūriečių mokymus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dauguma filosofinių veikalų buvo parašyti graikų kalba, kurią turėjo išmokti visi, siekę rimtų filosofijos studijų. Tai darėsi vis sunkiau irstant Romos imperijai. Lotynų kalba tebuvo tai, ką (iš Aristotelio ir Platono raštų) išvertė neoplatonikai: Plotino mokinys Porfirijus (432? - 305?) bei Boecijus (475? - 524?, buvęs Romos konsulu).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kitą smūgį graikų filosofijai sudavė auganti krikščionybės įtaka, kuri garikų filosofus vadino \"pagonimis\", į jų mokymus - \"pasauliečių išmintimi\". Naujasis Testamentas mini Pauliaus nutikimą Atėnuose (Apd 17): \"...matydamas pilną stabų miestą Paulius netvėrė apmaudu... Kai kurie epikūriečių ir stoikų filosofai bandė su juo ginčytis. Vieni klausė: \"Ką šis plepys nori pasakyti?\". Kiti: \"Atrodo, kad jis - svetimų demonų skelbėjas\"...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagaliau jį nusivedė į Areopagą ir tarė: \"Ar negalėtume sužinoti, kokį naują mokslą skelbi?\"...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Toliau 22 - 31 eilutės perteikia Pauliaus kalbą, po kurios atėniečiai \"išgirdę apie prisikėlimą iš numirusių, vieni ėmė tyčiotis, o kiti sakė: \"Apie tai paklausysime kitą kartą\". Šitaip Paulius paliko jų būrį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vis dėlto kai kurie vyrai stojo į jo pusę ir priėmė tikėjimą. Tarp jų Dionisas, Areopago narys, viena moteris, vardu Damaridė, ir jų draugai\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Krikščionių požiūriu graikų filosofai buvo taip panirę į begalinius filosofinius svarstymus, kad tik keli jų gebėjo suprasti Dievo tiesas. O tikint, kad Biblija yra Dievo žodis, perteikiantis visa, ką turi žmogus, tada nėra ko gaišti laiko gilinantis į graikų filosofijas - ir dar rizikuoti prarasti nemirtingą savo sielą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 19:55:06',62,'','2010-06-01 20:00:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 19:55:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,37,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(579,'Stabų saulėlydis ,,Gotzen - Dammerung\"','stab-saullydis-gotzen-dammerungq','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Niaurioje ir nepaprastai atsakingoje situacijoje išsaugoti linksmybę - ne toks jau menkas dalykas: ir vis dėlto, ar reikia ko nors labiau už linksmybę? Niekas negali pavykti, jei stokojama išdidumo ir linksmybės. Tik jėgos perteklius yra jėgos įrodymas. Visų vertybių perkainojimo problema tokia tamsi, tokia baisi, kad ji bloškia į sutemas tą, kuris ją kelia,- toks lemtingas uždavinys kiekvieną akimirką verčia ieškoti saulės, kad nusikratytum sunkios, pernelyg sunkia tapusios rimties. Tam tinka kiekviena priemonė, kiekvienas \"atvejis\" yra laimingas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visų pirma karas. Visos gilios, pernelyg į save nugrimzdusios sielos iš karo visada sėmėsi didžiosios išminties; net sužeidimas gydo. Mano devizas nuo seno buvo posakis, kurio kilme tegul pasidomi mokyti smalsuoliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kitoks vaistas, tam tikromis aplinkybėmis man dar labiau geistinas, yra stabų kvotimas... Pasaulyje daugiau stabų negu tikrų dalykų: tai mano \"pikta akis\", žvelgianti į šį pasaulį, tai ir mano \"pikta ausis\"... Dar sykį kelti klausimą taip, tarsi kūju tvotum, ir galbūt kaip atsakymą išgirsti plačiai žinomą tuščią garsą, kuris rodo esant išpūstus vidurius,- koks tai džiaugsmas tam, kuris už vienų ausų turi dar ir kitas,- man, senam psichologui ir žiurkiagaudžiui, kuriam kaip tik tai, kas norėtų būti nutylima, turi garsiai prabilti...</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ir šis rašinys - tai išduoda pavadinimas - pirmiausia yra psichologo atokvėpis, jo sielos blyksnis, dykinėtojo šuolis. Galbūt ir naujas karas? O gal bus kvočiami nauji stabai?.. Šis nedidelis rašinys yra didžio karo paskelbimas; o dėl stabų kvotimo, tai šį kartą bus ne dabarties stabai, bet amžinieji stabai, prie kurių čia bus prisiliesta kūju, tarsi kokiu kamertonu,- juk apskritai nėra jokių senesnių, jokių autoritetingesnių, jokių labiau išpūstų stabų... Ir jokių tuštesnių... Tai netrukdo jais labiausiai tikėti; o kartais, ypač išskirtiniu atveju, sakoma, kad tai išvis ne stabai...</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 20:03:09',62,'','2010-06-01 20:09:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 20:03:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,36,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(580,'Filosofijos santrauka','filosofijos-santrauka','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 20:10:00',62,'','2010-06-01 20:11:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 20:10:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,35,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(581,'Filosofijos pagrindai','filosofijos-pagrindai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pradėdami svarstyti filosofijos specifiką, negalime išvengti jos statuso klausimo: ar filosofija - tai mokslas, ideologija, pasaulėžiūra, ar kokia kita visuomeninės sąmonės forma. Mūsų laikais, kai visuomenės gyvenime visose srityse viešpatauja mokslas, svarbiausias tampa filosofijos moksliškumo klausimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tuomet kyla klausimas, ką laikyti mokslu? Sakykime, ar botanika yra mokslas, ar paprasta taksonomija, t.y. empirinių faktų norminis aprašymas? Atsakyti į tai ne taip lengva. Žymiai sunkiau filosofijos atveju. Taigi toliau teks apsvarstyti filosofijos ir mokslo santykį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Galbūt filosofija yra pasaulėžiūra, t.y. socialinių grupių ir klasių mąstymo stilius, apibūdinantis jų gyvenimo ir veiklos būdą? Jeigu pasaulėžiūra politizuota, tai ji yra ideologija. Kyla natūralus klausimas: ar filosofija yra ideologija? Pasaulėžiūra gali būti ne tik asmeninė arba politinė, bet ir religinė. Religijos pagrindinis klausimas – žmogaus ir Dievo tarpusavio santykiai. Taigi būtina aiškinti taip pat filosofijos ir religijos santykį. Filosofija egzistuoja tam tikroje kultūroje ir negali nuo jos nepriklausyti. Tuomet kyla naujas klausimas apie filosofijos vietą visuomenės kultūroje. Aristotelis (384-322 pr. Kr.) traktavo filosofiją kaip metafiziką, t.y. kaip mokymą apie būties ir pažinimo pradmenis, nors ir nevartojo šio termino, pasirodžiusio tik 1 amžiuje pr. Kr. I. Kantas (1724 - 1804) modifikavo problemą keldamas klausimą, ar gali metafizika būti mokslinė. Taigi tampa aktualus klausimas apie filosofijos kaip metafizikos santykį su mokslu. Šitaip, nors ir ne visai išsamiai, išryškėjo klausimai, charakterizuojantys filosofijos specifiką.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Siūlau skirti parafiziką, fiziką ir metafiziką. Pradėkime nuo fundamentalaus termino. Füsis graikiškai reiškia „gamta, mokymas apie gamtą”, para – „aplink, lyg tai, šalia”. Taigi išryškėja parafizikos reikšmė – „lyg mokslas, lyg žinojimas”. Meta reiškia „su kaupu, virš, per”, t.y. metafizika – tai „daugiau, negu žinojimas”. Terminų kategorinė prasmė paaiškės nagrinėjant toliau. O iš pradžių paanalizuokime situaciją, kuri padėtų suprasti metafiziką, kaip filosofijos pirmtakę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sakykime, medžioklėn į mišką išvyko medžiotojas. Miškas – tai vieta, aplinkybės, kuriose jam tenka veikti. Medžiotojas yra ne tiek stebėtojas, kiek dalyvis tos situacijos, kurioje jis yra. Jis – dalyvis pačia tikriausia šio žodžio prasme – situacijos dalis. Tęsdamas dalyvio apibūdinimą pridursiu, kad jis neatskiriamas nuo situacijos, nesupriešinamas su ja, priešingai, su ja sudaro integralią visumą. Kitaip tariant, miškas su gyvūnais medžiotojui yra duoti ne objektyviai, o subjektyviai dėl noro ir poreikio medžioti. Tai reiškia, kad miškas jam ne esamybė, o reikiamybė: dalyvis šiuo atveju ne objektyvuotas, neiškyla kaip objektas. Kitaip sakant, šiuo atveju nėra dvasinio nuotolio (distancijos) tarp žmogaus ir pasaulio. Dvasinis nuotolis atsirastų tik objektyvinimo atveju, sąlygojančiu ne dalyvį, o stebėtoją. Pastarasis yra už empirinės situacijos ribų, tačiau ne erdvės atžvilgiu: stebėtojas nedalyvauja gyvenime - tarp jų yra dvasinė distancija, padaranti gyvenimą stebėjimo objektu. Būdamas miške kaip stebėtojas, žmogus gali būti biologas, zoologas, menininkas, bet jokiu būdu ne žvejas ar medžiotojas. Stebėjimo rezultatas - tai kokia nors pažinimo ar meno raiška.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 20:12:29',62,'','2010-06-01 20:16:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 20:12:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,34,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(582,'Volterio autobiografija','volterio-autobiografija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Francois Marie Arouet (slapyvardis, kuriuo jis pasirašinėjo - Voltaire - Volteras) gimė 1694 metų lapkričio 21 dieną Paryžiuje. Voltero stilius, protas, intelektas ir aštrus protas teisingumui padarė jį vienu iš garsiausių Prancūzijos rašytojų ir filosofų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jaunas Francois Marie gavo puikų išsilavinimą Jėzuitų mokykloje. Jis baigė mokyklą 16 ir greitai susidraugavo su grupele rafinuotų Paryžiaus aristokratų.  Paryžiaus visuomenei jis patiko dėl savo proto, humoro ir nuostabaus sugebėjimo rašyti poeziją. 1717 metais jis buvo suimtas ir įkalintas Bastilijoje už tai, kad parašė keletą satyriškų eilėraščių, išjuokiančių prancūzų vyriausybę.  Per 11 mėnesių kalėjime jis parašė savo pirmą svarbią dramą - \"Oedipe\", kuri susilaukė ypatingos sėkmės 1718 metais. Kaip tik tada jis ir pasirinko sau slapyvardį - Volteras.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po to, kai 1726 metais Volteras įžeidė galingą didiką, jam buvo suteikta teisė pasirinkti: kalėjimas arba tremtis. Rašytojas pasirinko tremtį ir nuo 1726 iki 1729 gyveno Anglijoje. Ten Volterą patraukė Džono Loko filosofija ir didžio mokslininko Sero Izaoko Niutono idėjos.  Sugrįžęs iš Anglijos, jis parašė knygą girdamas anglų tradicijas ir institucijas. Daugelis pagalvojo, kad knyga parašyta norint iškritikuoti prancūzų vyriausybę ir Volteras vėl buvo priverstas pradingti iš Paryžiaus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1759 metais Volteras įsigijo dvarą, vadinamą \"Ferney\" prie Prancūzijos - Šveicarijos sienos, ten jis gyveno beveik iki savo mirties. \"Ferney\" greitai tapo intelektualia Europos sostine. Per savo tremties metus Volteras pastoviai leido knygas, dramas, brošiūras ir laiškus. Jis buvo proto balsas ir nuoširdi kritika religinei netolerancijai ir persekiojimui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šis žmogus grįžo Paryžių būdamas jau 83 metų. Kelionė jį taip sujaudino ir to jam buvo per daug - jis mirė Paryžiuje. Voltero kūno neleido palaidoti bažnyčios kapinėse, nes jis ją kritikavo. Galų gale jis buvo palaidotas vienuolyne, esančiame Champagne. 1791 metais jo palaikai buvo perkelti į Panteoną Paryžiuje.<br />1814 metais grupelė dešiniųjų ekstremistų pavogė Voltero palaikus ir sumetė juos į šiukšlių krūvą. Kai jo didžiulis sarkofagas (priešais Ruso) buvo patikrintas, palaikai, aišku, buvo dingę. Liko jo širdis, kuri buvo pašalinta anksčiau, ir dabar guli Bibliotheque nationale, Paryžiuje. Liko ir smegenys, tačiau po 100 metų perpardavinėjimo, viename aukcione jos dingo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Volteras pripažino dieviškąją pasaulio kilmę, jis manė gamtą vystantis pagal savo pačios dėsnius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kovodamas prieš bažnyčią, dievą jis laikė būtina visuomenės dvasinio stabilizavimo priemone, o liaudies mases laikė pavojinga stichija. Parodydamas protingo gyvenimo būtinumą visa filosofo, publicisto, poeto, dramaturgo, politiko veikla, jis tapo švietėjų vadu, ir savo kūryba, ir savo gyvenimu įrodžiusiu, kad žinojimas yra kiekvieno žmogaus, ir visuomeninio likimo pagrindas. Individuali mintis, anot Voltero, įsilieja į visuomenės mintį, kurdama visuotinį protą, kuris ir lemia pasaulio reikalus: kiek brandus ir veiklus yra tas visuotinis protas, tiek brandus yra ir visuomenės gyvenimas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 20:17:10',62,'','2010-06-01 20:20:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 20:17:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,33,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(583,'Talis Miletietis','talis-miletietis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Talis Miletietis buvo antikinės ir kartu Europos filosofijos ir mokslo pradininkas, vienas iš Mileto mokyklos įkūrėjų. Mileto mokykla buvo pati pirmoji graikų filosofijos mokykla. Talis dalyvavo Mileto politinėje ir ūkinėje veikloje, daug keliavo, buvo susipažinęs Egipto, Babilonijos, Finikijos mokslu, ypač matematika ir astronomija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Remdamasis šešėliu išmatavo piramidžių aukštį. Talis pirmasis mėgino paaiškinti gamtą ne mitologiškai, bet remdamasis ja pačia. Jis teigė, kad visa tikrovės įvairovė turi vieną pradą – vandenį, todėl visa, kas egzistuoja, yra tarp savęs susiję. Talis filosofiškai aiškino, kad pasaulio reiškiniai nėra atsitiktiniai, kad pasaulis ne chaotiškas, o dėsningas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Beveik visi senovės graikų filosofai kruopščiai darbavosi matematikoje, ypač geometrijoje. Proklas nurodo, jog Talis Miletietis atskleidė arba įrodė, kad skersmuo dalija skritulį pusiau, kad kampas, įbrėžtas į pusapskritimį, yra status, kad kryžminiai kampai lygūs, kad lygiašonio trikampio kampai prie pagrindo lygūs ir kt. Šiuos teiginius iš dalies jau buvo atskleidę babiloniečiai ir egiptiečiai. Tačiau babiloniečių ir egiptiečių geometrija buvo daugiausia praktinio ir taikomojo pobūdžio, o graikų geometrija siekė įrodyti, kad geometriniai teiginiai teisingi ne tik atskiru, atsitiktiniu, bet ir kiekvienu atveju. Taikydami bendro pobūdžio įrodymus, pamažu eidami nuo vienos tiesos prie kitos, graikų matematikai sukūrė geometrijos mokslą. Griežta logine kryptimi geometriją pirmieji pasuko Jonijos mokyklos geometrai. Šią mokyklą įkūrė Talis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Talis buvo susipažinęs ir su babiloniečių astronomija. Plotonas, garsus IV a. pr. m. e. graikų filosofas, pasakoja, kad Talis, stebėdamas žvaigždes, įkrito į šulinį, o greta stovinti moteriškė pasišaipė iš jo, sakydama: “Noris sužinoti, kas dedasi danguje, o kas po kojomis, nemato …”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Talis padarė keletą atradimų astronomijoje: nustatė ekvinokcijų ir solsticijų laiką, apskaičiavo metų trukmę, pirmasis stebėjo Mažuosius Grįžulo ratus ir kt. Ypač jis išgarsėjo, nustatydamas Saulės užtemimą 585 m. pr. m. e. Talis buvo ne tik filosofas bei mokslininkas, bet ir valstybės bei visuomenės veikėjas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Štai kodėl jis priskiriamas senovės “septynių išminčių” grupei.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 20:21:06',62,'','2010-06-01 20:24:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 20:21:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,32,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(584,'Filosofų mintys apie laisvę ir atsakomybę','filosof-mintys-apie-laisv-ir-atsakomyb','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Laisvė tokia žmogaus galia , kurią jis vykdo kaip savo paties valią savo atsakomybe.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Laisvė visada susijusi su atsakomybe, jos viena be kitos neegzistuoja.Laisvei svarbu tai, ką žmogus daro, t. y. veiksmo tikslas ir realizavimo būdas. Šiame referate pateiksiu kai kurių filosofų ir etikų mintis apie žmogaus laisvės ir atsakomybės sąryšį. Įvairiose srityse skirtinga ir laisvė, ir atsakomybė: vienur laisvė didesnė , kitur – mažesnė. Be to laisvė priklauso nuo asmenybės , nuo žmogaus sugebėjimų.Kuo žmogus laisvesnis, tuo jis labiau atsakingesnis.Žmogaus laisvę sąlygoja daugelis veiksnių: visuomenė , kurioje žmogus gyvena, t.y.valstybė, jo paties charakteris, valia ir t. t. Laisvė – tai sugebėjimas valdyti save ir gamtą.Žmogus, žinodamas gamtos dėsnius, gali jais naudotis savo sumanymams įvykdyti. Taigi šiame referate bandysiu apie tai pakalbėti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tik žmogus yra laisvas,nes tik jis egzistuoja pats save apspręsdamas.Apsisprendimo galimybė,kuri yra pats laisvės branduolys yra dvasios dalykas.Pagrindas,kuris įgalina žmogų iš gamtos išsiveržti į dvasinę tikrovę,ir yra ne kas kita kaip laisvė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Laisvė yra tai, kas žmogų padaro žmogumi, jį išskiria iš kitų gyvųjų būtybių, visa savo būtimi priklausančių gamtai. Tai galima teigti, kad laisvė yra pati žmogaus esmė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kanto žodžiais,laisvė yra ne duota, o užduota, būtent laisvė nėra suteikiama pačiu buvimo faktu, o privalo būti paties žmogaus laimima.Trumpiau tariant,ne laisvi gimstame,o privalome laisvi tapti.Turėti savo esme laisvę yra lygu būti pašauktam pačiam save sukurti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sukuriame save pačius susikurdami kultūrą ir išaugdami į morališkai atsakingas asmenybes. Kultūra suteikia mums laisvę gamtos atžvilgiu.Negalime gamtos dėsnių pakeisti, galime juos tik atskleisti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atskleisdami juos tuo pačiu atskleidžiame kelią gamtai viešpatauti. Įprasmindami savo sukurtai simboliais, gamtos padarus paverčiame savo kūriniais ir abejingąją gamtinę tikrovę paverčiame savo pasauliu. Savo pačių atžvilgiu laimime laisvę moraliniu apsisprendimu. Būtų beprasmiška norėti kitokio kūno, negu esame gavę iš tėvų, ar kitokio charakterio, negu nulėmė paveldėjimo veiksnių sąveika, bet moralinę savo atsakomybę galime laisvai plėtoti.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 20:27:48',62,'','2010-06-01 20:36:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 20:27:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,31,'','',0,129,'robots=\nauthor='),(585,'Aurelijus Augustinas ,,Pokalbiai su savimi\"','aurelijus-augustinas-pokalbiai-su-savimiq','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rašyti apie Augustiną ir jo kūrinius visuomet labai sunku, nes apie tai jis pats yra daug ir iškalbingai pasakojęs savo veikaluose, ypač \"Išpažinimuose\" ir \"Pataisymuose\". Sunku ir dėl to, kad veik neįmanoma prilygti Augustino raštų įtaigai, dėstomos minties aiškumui bei kalbos grožiui. Tačiau sunkiausia tai, kad, pradėjus kalbėti apie Augustiną, neišvengiamai tenka paliesti labai daug dalykų. Jis pats drąsiai imdavosi vis naujų klausimų, keitėsi, brendo ir augo nepaprastai greitai. Augustinas ieškojo ir rado, beldėsi, ir jam buvo atidaryta. Sąžininga šio giliai į save pasinėrusio žmogaus svarstymų kelionė paliko daugybę ženklų - kūrinių, labai įvairių ir skirtingų. Atrodytų, kas bendra tarp pirmųjų Kasiciake (/Cassiciacum/) parašytų kartais paviršutiniškų, nesklandžių, dirbtinokų filosofinių dialogų \"Prieš akademikus\", \"Apie palaimingą gyvenimą\", \"Apie tvarką\" ar \"Pokalbiai su savimi\" ir tokių Hipone (/Hippo/) pražydusių mąstymo šedevrų, kaip \"Išpažinimai\", \"Apie Trejybę\", \"Pradžios knygos tiesioginės prasmės paaiškinimai\" ar \"Dievo valstybė\"?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lyg ir nieko. Išskyrus Augustiną kiaurai užvaldžiusį troškimą, tikrą visa įveikiančią filosofo aistrą pažinti save ir Dievą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">386 m. rugsėjo mėnesį trisdešimt dvejų metų Augustinas iš vakarinės Imperijos pusės sostinės Milano persikelia į mažytį kaimelį Alpių priekalnėse Kasiciaką. Čia savo vila jam leido naudotis kolega retorikos profesorius Verekundas. Įspūdingo gamtovaizdžio apglėbtoje viloje kartu su Augustinu apsigyvena jo motina Monika, vyresnysis brolis Navigijus, sūnus Adeodatas, du pusbroliai, du privatūs mokiniai ir didžiausias jo viso gyvenimo draugas Alypijus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iki tol Milane praleisti vieneri metai buvo Augustino vidinio gyvenimo krizės protrūkio metai. Čia jis pasiekė aukščiausią savo pasaulietines karjeros tašką, eidamas Vakaru Imperijos sostines Milano retorikos profesoriaus pareigas, savotišką Imperijos \"propagandos ministro\" tarnybą. Bet Augustinas meta pasaulietinę karjerą ir pasirenka nuošalų, ramų filosofijos studijų bei nedalyvavimo valstybes veikloje /otium liberale/, \"kilnaus neveiklumo\", gyvenimo būdą. Svarstymai apie karjerą ir jos išsižadėjimą \"Pokalbiuose su savimi\"^1 Augustinui - ne vien abstraktus, filosofui privalomi pagvildenimai, bet paties jo gyvenimo galimybių apmąstymai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tais metais toliau kilti karjeros laiptais svajojęs Augustinas buvo nusprendęs vesti. Anu laiku papročiu vedybos reiškė sudėtingą teisinį kontraktą, kurį galėjo sudaryti tik apylygę visuomeninę padėtį užimančios šeimos. Talentingo gražbylystės mokytojo padaryta karjera, globėjai ir pažintys leido tikėtis geros partijos, ir Augustino motina Monika jau buvo jam radusi kilmingą didelių turtų paveldėtoją. Jis buvo nieko prieš ir atgal į Afriką išsiuntė savo sugyventinę, su kuria buvo išgyvenęs beveik penkiolika metų ir iš kurios turėjo sūnų Adeodatą. Bet staiga pareiškia nenorįs vesti, nebenorįs toliau siekti karjeros.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Augustinas puikiai žinojo, kokia jėga traukia moters glamonės. Šis sąžiningai atviras žmogus išdrįsta apie tai rašyti savo \"Pokalbiuose su savimi\"^2. Kaip ir svarstymai apie karjerą, tai pirmi žingsniai \"Išpažinimų\" link.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 20:44:30',62,'','2010-06-01 20:49:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 20:44:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,30,'','',0,37,'robots=\nauthor='),(586,'Filosofijos špera ','filosofijos-pera-','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 20:50:00',62,'','2010-06-01 20:51:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 20:50:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,29,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(587,'Platono vieta Antikos filosofijoje','platono-vieta-antikos-filosofijoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Platonas (428/427 - 348/347 pr. k.) padarė didžiulę įtaką visai Vakarų filosofijos raidai. Taip pat Platonas laikomas idealistinės filosofijos pradininku, sukūrusiu objektyviojo idealizmo sistemą. Šios filosofijos atsiradimą lėmė ankstesnė vergovinė Graikijos filosofija, prieštaravimai tarp atskirų koncepcijų ir ta aplinka, kurioje gyveno Platonas. Tuo metu klestėjo nevaržoma demokratija,sudariusi visas sąlygas pasireikšti kūrėjams. Tačiau tam tikri visuomenės sluoksniai nesaikingai naudojosi laisve, o tai išryškino vergovinės santvarkos trūkumus. Ypač tiek politiškai, tiek morališkai, tiek ekonomiškai Atėnus smukdė Peloponeso karas ir jo sukeltos pasekmės Platonas matydamas krašto negandas priėjo išvados, kad viską reikia tvarkyti moksliškai. Jis nusprendė atskleisti būties esmę, išanalizuoti žmonių gyvenimą ir parodyti, kokia turėtų būti valstybė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jo filosofinė sistema visais laikais buvo vertinama labai nevienareikšmiškai, nes tai labai sudėtinga, neišbaigta ir negriežta jo pažiūrių sistema. Ji kupina paslapčių ,neaiškumų,netgi legendų, o būtent tai ją daro įdomią bei patrauklią. Savo filosofijoj Platonas rėmėsi ankstesniais graikų mąstytojais. Jis domėjosi Heraklito, Anaksagoro pažiūromis, bet didžiausią įtaką jam padarė Sokratas.  Platonas, panašiai kaip ir jo mokytojas, galvojo, jog žinojimas pasiekiamas protu, sąvokomis, fiksuojant tai, kas daiktuose bendra ir pastovu. Taip pat jis viename veikale paprastai neapsiriboja viena kuria nors problema, bet sieja ją su daugelių kitų ir analizuoja įvairiais aspektais.Toks būdas dažnai verčia filosifą vis iš naujo sugrįžti prie klausimo, kuris jau buvo nagrinėtas kituose veikaluose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagal pažiūrų genezę Platono veikalai chronologiškai skirstomi į tris laikotarpius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ankstyvosios kūrybos veikalai: “Eutifronas“ (apie dievobaimingumą), “Lachetas“ (apie drąsą), “Charmidas“ (apie protingumą), “Protagoras“ (apie dorovę), “Georgijas“ (apie retoriką,hedonizmo ir egoizmo kritiką), “Sokrato apologija“. I “Valstybės“ knyga ir kt. Tuo laikotarpiu mąstytojas dar labai sekė Sokratu ir, vadovaudamasis jo metodu ,kovojo su jam nepriimtinomis pažiūromis, ypač su sofistais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viduriniojo kūribos laikotarpio veikalai: “Menonas“ (apie galimybę išmokti dorovės), “Kratilas“ (apie kalbą), “Fedras“ (apiesantykį tarp sieloe iridėjos), “Fedonas“ (apie sielos nemirtingumą),“Puota\" (apie meilę), “Valstybės“ II - X knygos, “Teaitetas“ (apie pažinimą) ir kt. Šiuo laikotarpiu buvo sukurta dualistinė Platono filosofija, idėjų teorija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vėlyvosios kūrybos veikalai: “Parmenidas“ (apie Platoniškai suprantamą dialektiką), “Sofistas“ (apie būtį), “Politikas“, “Timajas“ (apie gamtą), “Įstatymai“ (sušvelninta idealios valstybės teorija) ir kt. Paskutiniuoju laikotarpiu Platonas beveik nustojo reiškęs savo mintis Sokrato vardu. Į amžiaus pabaigą jis dagiau rėmėsi pitagoriečių mąstysenos principais.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-01 20:53:06',62,'','2010-06-01 21:03:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-01 20:53:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,28,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(588,'Žmogus kaip vertybė Ėricho Fromo filosofijoje','mogus-kaip-vertyb-richo-fromo-filosofijoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ė. Fromas gimė 1900 m. Frankfurte prie Maino vyro pirklio šeimoje. Vaikystės metai prabėgo religingoje aplinkoje, šeimoje dažnai buvo skaitomas Senasis Testamentas. Ė. Fromą ypač žavėjo biblinių pranašų knygose aprašyta pasaulinės taikos ir harmonijos vizija . 1926 m. Ė. Fromas nutraukė ryšius su judaizmu , nes buvo nusistatęs prieš bet kokį išankstinį žmonijos susiskirstymą , netgi religiniu pagrindu .</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Baigęs mokslus Heidelbergo ir Miuncheno universitetuose ir turėdamas kišenėje psichologo diplomą , jis pradėjo psichoanalitiko praktiką , nors dalį laiko skyrė ir teorinėms studijoms . Frankfurto Socialinių tyrimų institute Ė. Fromas intensyviai studijavo ir pradėjo kritiškai vertinti Z.Froido psichoanalitinės teorijos teiginius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmoji stambi Ė. Fromo studija \" Kristaus dogma \" , kai 1933 m. Vokietijoje valdžią užgrobė nacistai , jis išvyko į Šveicariją , o po metų persikėlė gyventi į JAV . Čia Ė. Fromas dėstė daugelyje universitetų bei koledžų , bendradarbiavo su žymiais neofroidizmo atstovais K. Morni ir H.S. Salivenu . 1941 m. išėjo garsioji jo knyga \" Bėgimas nuo laisvės \", kuri pelnė jam tarptautinį pripažinimą . Nuo 1951 metų beveik dešimtmetį Ė.Fromas dirbo Meksikos Nacionaliniame universitete, nors dažnai skaitydavo paskaitas ir įvairiuose Amerikos universitetuose. Norėdamas atsidėti vien kūrybai 1974 m. Ė. Fromas sugrįžo su jo knyga apie Z. Froidą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasaulinę šlovę Ė.Fromui  taip  pat pelnė knygos \"Žmogus sau\", \"Sveikoji visuomenė\", \" Psichoanalizė ir dzenbudizmas\" ir kt. Ė. Fromas mirė 1980 m. kovo 18 d. , kai 80 - mečio  buvo belikusios tik kelios dienos. Jis buvo visais atžvilgiais neįprasta figūra šiuolaikinių Vakarų filosofų tarpe . Ė. Fromas  aktyviai dalyvavo  pasauliniame taikos judėjime. Jis neapkentė  fašizmo . Ė.Fromas, būdamas vienas žymiausių humanistinės psichoanalizės atstovų JAV, tikėjo  žmogaus proto galiomis ir sugebėjimu rasti išeitį .</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daug bendrų bruožų jį sieja su A. Šveiceriu  , B. Raselu ir kitais mūsų amžiaus filosofais humanistais, tikėjusiais žmogaus kūrybinėmis galiomis ir kultūros ateitimi . Pagrindinė Ė. Fromo  socialinės filosofijos temos - visuomenės ir individo santykiai, žmogaus vertingumas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 20:09:06',62,'','2010-06-02 20:17:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 20:09:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,27,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(589,'Filosofijos įvadas. ','filosofijos-vadas-','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',0,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 20:18:30',62,'','2010-06-02 20:21:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 20:18:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,26,'','',0,3,'robots=\nauthor='),(590,'Tiesos jėga prieš prievartą','tiesos-jga-prie-prievart','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dvidešimtas amžius įėjo į istorija ne kaip kruvinų revoliucijų, niokojančių karų, gyvybės naikinimo tobulos industrijos, o kaip neprievartinių pergalių prieš prievartą amžius. Jėgos, slypinčios aktyvioje neprievartoje, suvokimas, gebėjimas ją apgalvotai,  panaudoti, sprendžiant socialinius ir politinius konfliktus. Žengiant galbūt jau XX a. paskutinius žingsnius, labai svarbu nesustoti, negrįžti atgal, suprasti ir įtikinti kitus, kad neprievarta yra vienintelė alternatyva prievartai. Prievarta kaip sąvoka spec. literatūroje vartojama plačiąja prasme.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ja pažymime visą tai, kas slopina žmogaus fizinių ir dvasinių galių vystymasis; išskiriamos jos įvairios formos: fizinė, struktūrinė, psichologinė ir t.t.  Istorijos eigoje tradiciniu atsakymu į prievartą  buvo ir tebėra kontroprievarta. XX a. vis dažniau į prievartą atsakoma aktyvia neprievarta. Jos istorija siekia tūkstantmečius, tačiau tik XX a. po taikių Gandžio pergalių Indijos tautų kovoje dėl nepriklausomybės ji tapo pripažinta įvairių politinių konfliktų sprendimo priemone.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Norėčiau pakalbėti apie teisingumą, nes manau kad teisingumas yra glaudžiai susiejąs su tiesa.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žinome, kad moralės subjektas yra žmogus – asmuo. Kaip būtis, jis sugeba suprasti ir objektyviai pažinti gėrį, turėdamas laisvai apsispręsti ir tvarkyti gyvenimą savo nuožiūrą. Būtent čia praverčia tam tikri vidiniai sugebėjimai kaip protingumas, santūrumas ir drąsa. O be šių dorybių, yra dar viena, jau nuo pat Vakarų kultūros aušros labiausiai stebindavo žmones ir filosofus: teisingumas. Atydžiau pažvelgus, teisingumas pasireiškia trim budais. Priklausomai į kuriuos santykius kreipsime dėmesį, tada pats teisingumas atrodys kitaip. Lengviausiai yra suprantamas mainų teisingumas, apimantis santykius tarp atskirų žmonių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šį teisingumą paprastai turime omenyje sakydami, kad kažkas padarė teisingai ar neteisingai, pvz.: atidavė, ką buvo skolingas, apgavo nustatydamas kurios nors prekės vertė. Bet šio teisingumo, yra dar du ne tokie akivaizdūs jo tipai. Pirmasis jų – bendrasis teisingumas. Šis teisingumas įpareigoja kiekvieną žmogų, priklausantį tam tikrai visuomenei, kuriai kai kas priklauso iš to, kas yra kiekvieno mūsų. Be šiuo teisingumo visuomenė subirtų. Antra vertus, mums taip pat priklauso visuomenėje, atstovaujamoje atitinkamų valdžios organų, ir čia veikia padalijimo teisingumas. Tad pažvelkime atidžiau  į šiuos tris teisingumo tipus.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 20:23:10',62,'','2010-06-02 20:27:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 20:23:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,25,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(591,'Aristotelis ,,Apie sielą\"','aristotelis-apie-sielq','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aristotelio - įžvalgaus tyrinėtojo ir gilaus filosofo bruožai , jo svyravimas tarp materializmo ir idealizmo ryškiai pasirodo traktate \"Apie sielą\" . Tai vienas iš jo žymiausių veikalų, turėjęs įtakos ne tik psichologijos mokslui senovėje ir viduramžiais, bet ir naujaisiais laikais psichikos supratimui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prieš išdėstant Aristotelio teiginius apie sielą, vertėtų prisiminti jo pirmtakų pažiūras. Skaitydami Viduramžių filosofo Tertuliano traktatą \"Apie sielą\" , randame tokius žodžius: \"Juk ir mokymas apie sielą atsirado iš filosofinių mokslų tų žmonių, kurie maišo vandenį su vynu. Vieni nesutinka, kad siela nemirtinga, kiti tvirtina ją esant daugiau negu nemirtinga; vieni nagrinėja jos turinį, kiti - formą, treti - ir kito sutvarkymą. Vieni jos pradžią mato vienur, kiti pabaigą įžiūri kitur, priklausomai nuo to, ar remiasi Platono garsu, ar Zenono tvirtybe, ar Aristotelio įrodymų jėga,  ar Epikūro bukumu, ar Heraklito liūdesiu, ar Empedoklio beprotyste\". Tertuliano manymu, kadangi gyvybę mes pripažįstame nuo pradėjimo akimirkos, tad ir siela turinti atsirasti nuo pradėjimo akimirkos. Sigeras Brabantietis (Vakarų Europos filosofas, gyvenęs Viduramžiais) sako: \"Sielą reikia suprasti kaip natūralaus kūno, potencialaus gyventi, veiksmą ir formą arba išbaigtumą. Aišku, jog vieninga būtis atsiranda iš sielos ir kūno be ko nors trečio, kas būtų tos vienybės priežastis\". Renesanso filosofas Pjetras Pomponacis teigia, kad pirmą vietą tarp materialių daiktų užima siela, ir ji , būdama susieta su nematerialiais daiktais, yra tarpinė grandis tarp materialių ir nematerialių daiktų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Chuanas Lujis Vyvas užsimena, jog siela yra ypatingas veiksnys, kuris gyvena gyvybei pritaikytame kūne.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bendru atveju, egzistuoja įsivyravusi nuomonė, jog visa, kas turi sielą, skiriasi nuo to kas neturi sielos daugiausia dviem požymiais: judėjimu ir jutimu. Demokritas sako, kad siela esanti tam tikra ugnis ir šiluma.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi jo filosofijoje pasaulis sudarytas iš atomų, tai ugnis ir siela susidaro iš tų atomų, kurie yra rutulio fomos, nes tokie atomai dėl savo formos lengviausiai visur prasiskverbia ir, patys judėdmi, judina kitus. Galime teigti, jog tie tyrinėtojai, kurie kreipia dėmesį į turinčią sielą kūnų judrumą, ją ir laikė judriausiu kūnu, o tie, kuriems rūpėjo kūnų, turinčių sielą, sugebėjimas suvokti ir pažinti tikrovę, mano, kad siela savyje turi daiktų pradus. Vieni mano, kad tokių pradmenų yra  daug, kiti - kad tik vienas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 20:28:07',62,'','2010-06-02 20:31:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 20:28:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,24,'','',0,41,'robots=\nauthor='),(592,'Filosofijos tradicija ir kūryba','filosofijos-tradicija-ir-kryba','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kūryba - tai įvairiausia żmonių kultūrinė veikla. Pastaruoju metu vis labiau įsitikinama kūrybiškumo svarba moksliniame pażinime bei technikoje. Stokojant kūrybiškumo, negali būti vaisinga nei politinė, nei ekonominė veikla, žmonės negali doroviškai samonėti tobulinti savo tarpusavio santykius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kūrybinei veiklai yra būdinga laisvė  nuo išorinės (gamtinės ar socialinės) būtinybės. Kūryba kyla ne iš išorinės, o iš subjektyviosios paties kūrėjo būtinybės. Dėl to kūryba visada pasiżymi savaimingumu, spontaniškumu, jos rezultatuose atsispindi kūrėjo individualybė, jo subjektyvumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kūrybiškumu pasiżymi ir tokia savita dvasinės żmonių kultūros sritis, kaip filosofija. Filosofija yra savitas kultūros reiškinys, tai tam tikra, savita pażinimo rūšis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viena iš seniausių żmonų kultūros sričių, filosofija, buvo kuriama ir vystoma tūkstantmečiais. Vis dėl to tiksliai paaiškinti, kas yra filosofija, turint galvoje jos istorinės raidos sudėtingumą bei prieštaringumą, ir šiandien nėra paprasta. Visais laikais pavieniai mąstytojai ir ištisos jų mokyklos svarbiausiomis laikė skirtingas problemas, ne vienodai jas sprendė, vadovavosi skirtingais metodais. Skirtingai jie suprato ir pačią filosofiją, jos objektą, specifiką visuomeninę paskirtį. Skirtingų nuomonių šiais klausimais laikosi ir šiuolaikiniai mąstytojai. Toks nuomonių nevienodumas nėra mąstytojų savivalės rezultatas. Tą nevienodumą nulemia mąstytojo individualybę, istorinę bei kultūrinę jo gyvenimo aplinka. Tačiau tai dażnai nulemia ir filosofijos objekto savitumas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Skirtingos mokslo šakos kelia sau tikslą pażinti įairius tikrovės reiškinius, t. y. siekia paaiškinti jų tarpusavio priklausomybę, prieżastis, struktūrą, dėsningumus, nusakyti, kokie jie yra objektyviai, \" patys savaime \", maksimaliai eliminuojant tyrėjo individualų ir istorinį subjektyvumą. Objektyvių sąlygų, priežasčių bei dėsningumų pożiūriu żmonės stengiasi pażinti ne tik aplinkos daiktus, bet ir save pačius. Jie pażįsta save kaip gamtos dalį, kaip objektyvių prieżasčių sąlygojamą gyvą būtybę, kaip objektą tarp objektų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau żmonės pażįsta save ir kaip aktyvų, santykiškai laisvą, kūrybišką subjektą, kuris sąmoningai nusistatytais tikslais pakyla virš gamtinio determinizmo ir, juo remdamasis, kuria savitą, żmogišką, kultūrinį determinizmą. Dėl to ir tikrovę żmonųs pażįsta ne vien kaip išorinės būtinybės viešpatiją, bet ir kaip aktyvios, laisvos, pertvarkančios savo veiklos, savo istorinių tikslų, savo kūrybinių potencijų realizavimo sritį.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 20:32:43',62,'','2010-06-02 20:36:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 20:32:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,23,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(593,'Erich Fromm ,,Meilės menas\"','erich-fromm-meils-menasq','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 20:37:16',62,'','2010-06-02 20:39:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 20:37:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,22,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(594,'Plati filosofijos špera','plati-filosofijos-pera','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 20:40:15',62,'','2010-06-02 20:41:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 20:40:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,21,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(595,'Filosofijos antika - naujieji laikai','filosofijos-antika-naujieji-laikai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 20:42:16',62,'','2010-06-02 20:43:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 20:42:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,20,'','',0,38,'robots=\nauthor='),(596,'Apie ypatingą apvaizdą ir būsimąjį gyvenimą','apie-ypating-apvaizd-ir-bsimj-gyvenim','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kas tai suma žinių, žmonijos įgytų nuo pat jos atsiradimo? Arba tai dvasinis, mus gaubiantis elementas, kuriuo kvėpuojame kaip deguonimi? Arba tai vaizdingas posakis, metafora teigiati mintį, jog žmogus evoliucionuoja vis didesnį dvasingumą? Pripažinsiu, kad tai nėra aišku.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Klasikiniai atkirčiai, kad Dievo nėra mus visus veikia skirtingai. Tobula būtybė negali sukurti netobulo pasaulio. Tobulai gera Būtybė negali sukurti būtybių, kurių daugelis, kaip jinai iš anksto žino, bus skirtos nuodėmei, kančioms ir blogiui. Dieviškasis numatymas suderinamas su žmogiškąja laisve. Jei Dievas iš anksto mane numato, tai aš nesu laisva, vadinasi aš neteistina jokio teismo, nors tai būtų ir dieviškasis. Jei aš esu laisva ir nuodėminga, tai suteikia Dievui amžiną skausmą atsisakydama jo meilės; o Dievas, kenčiąs stoka, negali būti Dievas, kadangi absoliuti pilnatvė yra vienas dievybės atributų. Vadinasi Dievui vis tiek, kad mes nelaimingi čia, žemėje, ir gal pasmerkti aname pasaulyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bet tam iškyla prieštaravimas, jis vis dėl to atsiuntė savo sūnų mums išganyti, tai reiškia, kad ne vis tiek.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Argumentai,įrodinėjantys Dievo buvimą yra labai stiprūs. Galima atsekti nuo žmogaus iki amebos, nuo amebos iki cheminių kitimų vandenyno gelmėse: galima žemę kildinti iš ūko. O iš kur imasi tas ūkas? Ir kas pirmoji Priežastis, jei ne amžina ir kurianti Būtybė?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ar mus trikdo dieviškasis numatymas? Juo piktinasi tik mūsasis pasaulio supratimas, susietas  su laiko tęsiamumu; bet Dievui nėra laiko tęsiamumo, nėra nei vakar, nei rytoj, viskas- amžina Dabartis. “Aš esu, kurs esu.” Dievas nusprendžia iš anksto, kas mes būsime, ką darysime. Mūsų laisvė liekanepaliesta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dievas, amžina Dabartis… Bet tada, bet tada gal ir ūkas neturi pradžios? Gal jis nedalijamoji Dievo Vienybė? O jeigu jis Dievas? Antikos religija buvo tokia: visa, kas yra, kyla iš Dievo. Dievas yra visur: išminčių galvoj ir kelio akmenėly. Visas keblumas- tai susidarytoji suasmeninto Dievo, Dievo, kaip būtybės, sąvoka, bet vos tik atmetu tą antropomorfinį dievybės paveikslą, niekas nebekliudo vadinti Dievą amžinąja Energija, kurioje po mirties ištirpsime nelyginant lašas jūroje. Jeigu taip, tai sąmoningo būsimojo gyvenimo nėra. Tenka susitaikyti su tuo, kad nebebūsiu, kad išnyksiu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Negi žmogus yra bevaisi aistra? Būtis savyje ir Būtis sau absoliučiai sutapti tikriausiai negali. Būtis savyje negali išvengti atsitiktinumo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tikėjimas - tai ne skelbiamų tiesų visuma. Iš pradžių tai veržimąsį tą paslaptingą Dievą, apie kur mes nieko nežinom. Mūsų tikėjimo Dievas yra Dievas Žmogui. Transendentinis, bet neatskiriamas nuo pasaulio. Tikras tikėjimas susieja su artimo meile. Krikščionybė turi tarnauti žmogui- pilnai. Ji turi būti socialinio progreso avangarde.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">O galbūt tikrųjų dvasinių tiesų ieškojimas yra klaidingas? Dievo neišvesi iš samprotavimo, tikėjimas nėra mokslinio anketavimo išvada; ir Dievo buvimo ar Dievo nebuvimo įrodymai nieko neįrodo.Norint tikėti, reikia persiimti moralinėmis tikinčiojo nuostabomis, stengtis gyventi taip lyg jau tikėtum.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 20:45:59',62,'','2010-06-02 20:52:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 20:45:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,19,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(597,'Asmenybės samprata','asmenybs-samprata','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Menas valdyti žmones visuomet yra gyvybiškai svarbus vadovams bet kurioje veiklos srityje. Praeityje, kai buvo darbo jėgos perteklius ir mažas nusiskundimų skaičius, vadovas galėdavo “laikyti po padu” daugiau darbininkų ir atleisti nepatikusius. Šiais laikais prityrę specialistai tapo retenybė. Be to, labai padaugėjo skundų bei reikalavimų, kuriems tenkinti firmos išleidžia daugiau pinigų, nei kitiems veiklos objektams. Dėl visų šių faktorių valdymo menas yra vienas pagrindinių momentų vertinant firmos konkurentabilumą ir vadovybės darbo efektyvumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors žmogus yra sudėtingesnis ir mįslingesnis už bet kurį gamybinį procesą, teorinis supratimas apie jį labai menkas. Žmogaus atsakomųjų reakcijų gama žymiai platesnė nei įrengimų. Vienodi mechanizmai vienodomis sąlygomis vienodai reaguoja į konkrečius poveikius, tačiau nėra dviejų  žmonių, kurie, atsidūrę  vienodose sąlygose, elgtųsi vienodai ( nors jų patirtis ir būtų identiška).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Be to, žmogus reaguoja į tokius faktorius, kurie mums nežinomi, todėl jo negalima tiksliai apibūdinti. Lengva patikrinti, kaip dirba mašina, žmogus gi gali nusišypsoti, nors viduje tiesiog “verda” iš pykčio.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors psichologija- jauna disciplina, tačiau apie individualų mąstymą ir elgesį spėjo sukaupti nemaža žinių. Ji gali būti naudinga vadovui, kuriam būtina suprasti žmones, su kuriais dirba. Pirmos ir antros šio darbo dalies tikslas- supažindinti su kai kuriomis psichologijos mokyklomis, teorijomis, koncepcijomis, labiausiai tinkančiomis šiuolaikiniam vadovui. Žmogaus elgesio samprata leis vadovui būti atidesniu žmonėms, padėti darbuotojams patenkinti savo poreikius ir pasitarnauti organizacijai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 20:53:06',62,'','2010-06-02 20:55:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 20:53:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,18,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(598,'Viduramžių filosofija ir etika','vidurami-filosofija-ir-etika','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 21:00:35',62,'','2010-06-02 21:02:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 21:00:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,17,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(599,'Filosofinių teorijų tikslas','filosofini-teorij-tikslas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mūsų laikų uždavinys – nustatyti, kokie yra dabarties žmogaus teorijų tikslai ir kokios pagrindinės problemos, ir atsižvelgiant į tai ieškoti juos atitinkančių sąvokų ir tyrimo metodų. Kitaip sakant, tiek probleminė situacija, tiek jos išraiška – filosofinė himanizmo teorija, - keičiantis žmogaus situacijai pasaulyje, turi būti apibrėžtos iš naujo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tikslo problema atsiranda tada, kai interesai (poreikiai) susiduria su istorinėmis realybės pasipriešinimu, t.y., kai visuomeninės istorinės veiklos rezultatai ir tikslai išsiskiria.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Filososfinių teorijų tikslas visų pirma – pažintis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Koks dabarties filosofinių teorijų tikslas? Mes pamėginkime nagrinėti socialinės filosofijos problemas, susiklosčiusias dvidešimtojo amžiaus pabaigos mokslo ir žmogaus situacijos kontekste.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogaus problema ir pasaulio problema dvidešimtojo amžiaus pabaigoje – tai jau ne aristtoteliškoji problema.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dabartiniu metu ši problema reikalauja pereiti prie besivystančių istorinių sąveikų tarp žmogaus idėjų pasaulio ir visuomenės bei gamtos (aplinkos) pasaulio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi, filosofinės koncepcijos turinys kur kas pagrįsčiau gali būti identifikuojamas ne pagal objektą, kurį jis tyrinėja, bet pagal tas problemas, kurios keliamos to objekto atžvilgiu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dabartinės socialinės humanistinės filosofijos klausimas yra, kaip asmenybė turi veikti, kad išsaugotų žmonija\\ą (pasaulį) gretą (už) savęs.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Norint išspręsti problemą, svarbi ne tiek verbalinių aiškinmų logika, kiek aiškinimo tikslai…</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuolaikinė filosofija, pripažindama klasikinės filosofijos keltų problemų istorinę reikšmę ir tęstinumą, bendriausių problemų sprendimo ieško jau ne grynai filosofinių (klasikine prasme), bet socialinių istorinių žinių (mokslų) kontekste. Todėl filosofinių kategorijų “perkeliamos” iš filosofinio lygmens į specialiųjų mokslų apie žmogų lygmenį, papildomos arba eksplikuojamos socialinių ir istorinių mokslų kategorijomis (be abejo, modifikuotomis).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 21:03:09',62,'','2010-06-02 21:06:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 21:03:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,16,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(600,'Didieji filosofai','didieji-filosofai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Platonas ( 428/427 - 348/347  pr. Kr. ) Atėnų filosofas ir matematikas, vienas iš giliausių ir įtakingiausių vakarų pasaulio mintytojų. Gimė iš kilmingos šeimos ( tėvas Aristonas kildinosi per karalių Kodrą iš Poseidono, motina Periktionė - iš Solono ); kuri plačiai reiškėsi Atėnų politiniame gyvenime.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Platonas jaunystėje rašė lyrika bei dramas ir galvojo, pagal šeimos tradiciją, mestis į politiką, tačiau įsiliepsnojusios partijų kovos ir ypač Sokrato teismas netruko atidengti politinės veiklos neskrupulingumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Giliai sukrėsto Plantono mintys nukrypo link teorinių samprotavimų apie tokią politinę santvarką, kuri interesų pusiausvyra sujungtų su individo gerove, ir čia pamažėle subrendo įsitikinimas, kad, žmonija tik tada išsivaduos iš vargų, kai tkri išminčiai ras kelią į politinį autoritetą arba galingi politikai pamils išmintį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Persimetimui iš karjeros planų į teorines vizijas ankstyvą impulsą suteikė pats Sokratas, kurio aštri kritika atvėrė politikų teorinį nepasiruošimą ir pirmą kartą iškėlė reikalą visuomeninę veiklą pagrįsti tikru, t.y. mokslišku pažinimu. Bet ir kitos Sokrato mintys liko išeities taškas Platono filosofavimui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Periklis ( gr. Perikles tuoj po 500 - 429 pr. Kr. ) Atėnų politikas, iš motinos pusės kilęs iš senos Alkmeodinų giminės. Kilme ir būdu aristokratas, būdamas Kimono priešas, tapo radikaliu demokratu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Drauge su Efialtu 462 per liaudies susirinkimą pravedė nutarimus, susiaurinusius aristokratų galią. Periklis tapo vieninteliu demokratų vadu. Užsienio politikoje Periklis siekė įkurti Atėnų imperiją. Vykdant šią politiką jam teko kariauti su konkuruojančia Sparta ir persais. 457 jis nugalėjo Spartos sąjungininkus, atėmė iš Eginos laivyną ir privertė mokėti duoklę; iš Korinto atėmė kontroliuojantį įplaukimą į Korinto įlanką Naupakto uostą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sokratas ( apie 470 - 399 pr. Kr. ) graikų filosofas atėnietis, Platono mokytojas. Nors jau senovėje apie Sokratą rašyta daug, patikimų žinių yra maža. Neskaitant Sokrato karikatūros Aristofono komedijoj Debesyse, vaizdą tenka susidaryti iš jo bendralaikių Ksenofonto ir Platono. Sokrato tėvas Sofroniskas buvo skulptorius, o motina Fenaretė akušerė. Jaunystėje jis pats vertės tėvo amatu ( sakoma, kad prie įėjimo į Akropolį stovėjusi grupė jo skulptūrų ). Žmoną Ksantipę tur būt vedė vėlai, nes teismo metu jo vaikai buvo dar maži. Išskyrus tris karines išvykas, Sokratas visą amžių praleido Atėnuose. Negražios išvaizdos ( plokščianosis ) ir nesirūpinąs drabužiu bei turtu, Sokratas nepaprastai skubėjo sukrėsti tariamą žinojimą ir tuo sužadinti tolimesnio aiškinimosi norą, naujas tiesas dažniausiai iškeldamas taikliu klausinėjimu. Pirmuoju atveju Platonas jį lygina elektrinei žuviai, kuri įgeldama paralyžuoja savo auką, o antruoju – dvasinei akušerei. Sokratas aštriai kritikavo demokratus, todėl po trisdešimties tironų valdymo metų 403 pr. Kr. atgaivinta silpnutė Atėnų demokratija jame įmatė pavojingą priešą ir norėjo juo nusikratyti. Paskatinti Sokratą ironiškos laikysenos, teisėjai jį pasmerkė mirti 281 prie 220. Mirė jis draugų tarpe, pats ramiai išgerdamas skirtą nuodų taurę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Herodotas ( gr. Herodotos ) Halikarnasietis (apie 485-425) Cicerono teisingai pramintas “istorijos tėvu”. Jis pirmas parašė pasaulinę, t.y. jo metų žinomų kulturingų tautų istoriją. Herodoto šaltiniai buvo iš dalies jo paties apkeliautųjų kraštų patyrimas, iš dalies senesnieji rašytojai, kaip Hektatajus, Dionisijus Miletietis, Ksantas ir kiti, kuriuos jis palyginti kritiškai vertino. Herodotas plačiai ir įžvalgiai vaizduoja tuomet žinomo pasaulio šalis ir tautas, - tiek aukštos Rytų kultūros, kaip Egipto, Babilono, tiek pirmykščias, kaip skitus, afrikiečius, gausiai duodamas geografinių ir etnografinių žinių. Pagrindinis veikalo siekimas buvo atvaizduoti Europos su Azija, graikų su barbarais kovas, pasiekusiais jo metu aukščiausią įtampos laipsnį ir nulemtas graikų-persų karų. Tuos karus jis aprašė iki mūšio ties Mikale 479. Persų karams Herodotas tebėra pagrindinis šaltinis.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 21:07:29',62,'','2010-06-02 21:13:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 21:07:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,15,'','',0,51,'robots=\nauthor='),(601,'Platono idėjų pasaulis','platono-idj-pasaulis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Platonas - Antikos garsusis filosofas, vienas iš didžiųjų Vakarų filosofijos pradininkų. Jis gimė 428 /427 m. pr. e. , o mirė 348 / 347 m. pr. e. Platonas sukūrė objektyviojo idealizmo sistemą, kurioje iki šiol ieškome viso idealizmo ištakų. Savo filosofiją jis priešpastatė Graikijoje vyravusiam materializmui. Kaip Platonas suprato filosofiją, jos esmę ir prasmę? Savo knygoje (veikale) “Puota” Dialogo pokalbyje tarp Diotimos ir Sokrato jis duoda atsakymąus į šiuos klausimus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Diotima\": Kai gimė Afroditė, dievai susiriko į puotą. Tarp jų buvo Metiolės sūnus Poras. Vos jiems pavalgius, o valgio buvo į valias, atėjo prašyti išmaldos Penija ir atsistojo prie durų. Poras apsvaigės nuo nektaro vyno tada dar nebuvo, - išėjo į Dzeuso sodą ir apsunkęs užmigo. Penija, būdama labai neturtinga, sugalvojo nuo Poro turėti vaiką. Ji atsigulė šalia jo ir pradėjo Erotą. Štai kodėl Erotas pasifarė Afroditės palydovu ir tarnu: jis buvo pradėtas deivės gimimo iškilmėse, be to, jis iš prigimties myli kas gražu, o Afroditė graži.Tai, kad Erotas yra Penijos ir Poro sūnus, nulėmė jo visą likimą: jis visados neturtingas ir toli gražu ne toks švelnus bei gražus , kokiu jį įprasta laikyti. Priešingai, jis šiurkštus, nevalyvas, basas, be prieglaudos, guli visada ant žemės, be patalo, miega prie durų, pakelėse, neturi pastogės, ir kaip tikras savo motinos sūnus niekad neišsikapsto iš bėdos. Antra vertus, iš tėvo jis gavo palinkimą į visą , kas gražu ir gera, jis drąsus , narsus, atkaklus, puikus medžiotojas, rezgąs kokias nors pinkles, visą savo gyvenimą filosofuoja, labai mėgsta apsvarstymą ir įkvepia jį kitiems, geras žmogus, kerėtojas ir sofistas. ( Sofistais  vadinosi Atėnuose gyvenę filosofai, kurie savo išmintį ir patyrimus pardavinėdavo klientams, mokydami ne dorovės,o kaip geriau prisitaikyti visuomenėje ).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Savo prigimtimi jis nei nemirtingas, nei mirtingas: tą pačią dieną jis tai žydi ir klesti, jeigu jam gerai sekasi, tai miršta; tačiau paveldėjęs tėvo prigimtį, ir vėl atgyja.Visa, ką jis įsigyja, nueina niekais, ir jis niekad nebūna nei turtingas, nei vargšas. Jis yra taip pat viduryje tarp išminties ir kvailumo, ir štai kodėl : iš dievų nė vienas neužsiima filosofija, ir nenori pasidaryti išmintingas, kadangi jie ir be to išmintingi; ir aplamai nė vienas išminčius nesiekia išminties. Nefilosofuoja ir nesiekia išminties nė kvailiai : čia ir glūdi kvailumo nelaimė, kad kvailys nebūdamas nei gražus, nei tobulas, nei protingas, esti visada savim patenkintas. O kas nemato, kad jam ko stigtų, tas nė nenori to, ko jam, jo manymu, netrūksta.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 21:14:22',62,'','2010-06-02 21:18:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 21:14:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(602,'Holbacho ateistinė filosofija','holbacho-ateistin-filosofija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Religiją ir ateizmą konceptualiai įprasmina filosofija, o žmonių sąmonėje įsitvirtina per pasaulėžiūrą - religinę ar mokslinę. Pasitelkę gamtos mokslus, ateizmas įrodinėja religijos kaip pasaulio pažinimo instrumento nepatikimumą. Išsivystę visuomenės mokslai leidžia parodyti religijos visuomeninio vaidmens prieštaringumą bei ribotumą.Jei ateizmą suprasime tik kaip argumentuotą religijos kritiką, tai religijai išnykus, jis taps nebereikalingas. Tačiau mokslinio ir kultūrinio religijos pažinimo poreikis išliks, nes jis toks pat amžinas, kaip smalsus, tyrinėjantis žmogaus protas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ateizmą galima palyginti su ledkalniu.Jo antvandeninė dalis - tai religijė kritika, jos formos, būdai, argumentai, vertybės, pateikiamos kaip priešingos religijai. Povandeninė masė - tai istoriškai sąlygota mokslo pažangos, filosofijos ir bendrosios kultūros raidos, kurioje nors epochoje visuma.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visuomenėje įsigalėjusi nuomonė, kad netikėti esant dievą reiškia būti ateistu. Tokia pažiūra neteisinga : norint tapti ateistu, nepakanka neigti atgamtišką būtį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dievo ar absoliuto samprata filosofijos istorijoje buvo rutuliojama ne tik atvirai, bet ir potencialiai, kai autorius iš savo filosofijos ateistinių išvadų nedaro, bet jos tiesiogiai peršasi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antikos filosofija yra graikų mitologijos ir Artimųjų rytų mokslinės iki filosofinės minties vaisius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pradžioje jos dar negalima skirstyti į materialistinę ir idealistinę, religinę ir ateistinę. Pirmas senovės Graikijos mastytojas, savo filosofijoje nepalikęs vietos dievams buvo natūrfilosofas Anaksimandras  (apie 610 - 546 pr. m. e.) Visų reiškinių ir daiktų pradu jis laikė neapibrėžtą  medžiagą apeironą. Jis teigė, kad apeironas, esantis vienintelė visa ko atsiradimo, kaitos, nykimo priežastis. Žmogus - ne dievo kūrinys, jis išsivystęs iš kitų gyvūnų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Anaksimandro mokinys Anaksimenas ( apie 585 - apie 525 pr. m. e. ) savo raštuose minėjo dievus, tačiau, teigdamas, jog visa ko pradžia yra oras, nedarė išimties ir jiems. Ne dievai sukūrė orą, bet oras dievus, jie tiesią vieną iš jo formų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Filosofas ir dainius Ksenofanas ( apie 580 - 480 pr.m. e) ateizmo istorijai svarbus kaip pirmasis mėginimas atskleisti antropomorfinį religinių vaizdinių pobūdį. Jis teigė, kad graikų dievai yra žmogaus vaizduotės kūriniai, savo išvaizda, įpročiais, elgsena panašūs į žmones.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 21:19:24',62,'','2010-06-02 21:24:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 21:19:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,13,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(603,'Saviorganizacija ir sinergetika','saviorganizacija-ir-sinergetika','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Universaliu metodologiniu ir teoriniu modeliu, apibendrinančiu tiek staigius, netikėtus pakitimus ir kataklizmus gamtoje, tiek socialines katastrofas bei lemiamus asmenybės gyvenimo vingius, tampa sinergetika – pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais besiformuojantis tarpdisciplininis mokymas, apibūdinantis dinaminius ir progresuojančius holografinės pasaulėvokos aspektus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sinergetikos terminas, vokiečių fiziko G. Chakeno pradėta moksliniuose darbuose vartoti 70 m.m., apibūdina tarpdisciplininę mokslinių tyrimų kryptį, orientuotą į universalių saviorganizacijos procesų įvairiausios prigimties sistemose pažinimą. Sinergetikos objektas – saviorganizacija – suprantama kaip tvarkingų, organizuotų erdvinių ir laikinių struktūrų sudėtingose, nelinijiniu būdu besivystančiose sistemose atsiradimo procesas.  Pažymėtina, kad tai susiję ne tik su reiškinių kilme: saviorganizaciją matome sistemose, atsidūrusiose nestabilioje padėtyje, vadinamoje bifurkacijos (susidvejinimo) tašku.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nestabilumo būklėje sistemos raida virsta neapibrėžtu, neapskaičiuojamu procesu, kur nereikšmingi, atsitiktiniai nukrypimai gali radikaliai paveikti tolesnį sistemos likimą. Taip iš nestabilaus, chaotiško būvio saviorganizacijos sistemoje formuojasi nauja stabili struktūra – tvarka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šie esminiai sinergetikos mokymo komponentai suponuoja kokybiškai naujo, netradicinio pasaulėvaizdžio įžvalgą, jo suvokimą kaip sudėtingai organizuoto ir atviro (t.y. tampančio, o ne tapusio), nepaliaujamai atsirandančio, o ne besirandančio, t.y. pasaulio, kuris evoliucionuoja pagal nelinijinius dėsningumus, numanančius aibę netikėtų lūžių, krizių ir šuolių, susijusių su tolesniu šio pasaulio plėtros krypčių išsirinkimu. Reikšminga, kad, teikdama novatorišką pasaulio įžvalgos būdą, sinergetika tuo pat metu atgaivina ir remiasi tūkstantmečių idėjomis, Rytų ir Vakarų mąstysenos ir pasaulėjautos ypatumais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš Rytų mentalinės tradicijos sinergetika paėmė Visovės (“viskas viskame”) ir Dao – vieningo pasauliui ir žmogui kelio – idėjas. Iš Vakarų mokslinio intelektinio aktyvizmo sinergetika perima analizės ir eksperimento įgūdžius bei mokslinių išvadų visuotinumo nuostatą, sistemologijos metodologiją bei matematinį modeliavimą ir t.t. Sinergetikos perspektyvoje žmogus – jau ne amžinų ir absoliučių gamtos dėsnių atradėjas, o lygiaverčio dialogo su gamta partneris ir natūralus fizinių, cheminių, biologinių procesų, besivystančių pagal bendrus visiems jiems saviorganizacijos mechanizmus, dalyvis. Skirtingai nuo mokslinių metodologinių prieigų, sinergetika tyrinėja atviras (t.y. vykdančias medžiagų ir energijos apykaitą su išorine aplinka ir turinčias energijos kaupimo ir šalinimo kanalus), nelinijines sistemas. Todėl sinergetikos dalyku laikomi saviorganizacijos mechanizmai, t.y. spontaniško tvarkingų struktūrų atsiradimo, stabilizacijos ir savigriovos tokiose sistemos ypatybės. Pabrėžtina, kad minėtų struktūrų susidarymo ir nykimo, perėjimo iš chaoso į tvarką ir atgal mechanizmai nepriklauso nuo sudarančių sistemų elementų ar posistemių prigimties, o vienodai būdingi tiek gamtos (gyvajame ir negyvajame), tiek žmogaus, socialiniame pasaulyje vykstantiems procesams. Sinergetikoje plėtojamų idėjų ir koncepcijų įvairovė daro ją veikiau paradigma nei apibrėžta pasaulėrangos teorija, t.y. sąlygoja jos, kaip bendrosios metodologinės ir euristinės prieigos bei ypatingo mąstysenos stiliaus naujo pasaulėtyros būdo tapsmo procese sampratą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai pasakytina ir apie vartojamos sinergetikoje terminologijos, pasižyminčios universalumu, pobūdį.  Ne mažiau reikšminga saviorganizacijos eigos charakteristikai yra fraktalo (aibės, daugybės) sąvoka. Fraktalais vadinami objektai, turintys savitarpio panašybės pobūdį, t.y. skirtingų mastų invariantiškumo savybę. Tai reiškia, kad maža objekto struktūros dalis panašėja, kopijuoja didesnę dalį ar visą struktūrą apskritai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 21:26:34',62,'','2010-06-02 21:29:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 21:26:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,12,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(604,'Fridrichas Nyčė','fridrichas-ny','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vakarų filosofija atsirado senovės Graikijoje VII a. pr. Kr. pradžioje. Senovės graikai padarė nepaprastai didelę įtaką visai Vakarų civilizacijai ir mūsų pasaulio sampratai. Jie laisvai samprotavo apie pasaulį, ir šių svarstymų nevaržė jokios religinės dogmos. Jų pačių religija, ta gausybė žmogaus pavidalo dievų, nedaug tebuvo susijusi su šitomis spekuliacijomis apie Visatą. Graikai sukūrė didžią literatūrą, jiems priklauso garsiosios Aishilo, Sofoklio, Euripido tragedijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Fridrichas Nyčė gyveno antrojoje XIX a. pusėje. Tuo laikotarpiu neregėtai iškilo ir sustiprėjo Vokietijos valstybė. Vokiečiai ypač didžiavosi savo universitetų kultūrine pažanga. Nyčė labai kritiškai vertino šią “kultūrą”. Jo įsitikinimu, tiek daug laimėjusi Vokietija neteko svarbiausio dalyko. Šalis prarado sielą, žmones užvaldė pasitenkinimas savimi, sukūrusi materialinę gerovę Vokietija užmiršo dvasią. Kultūra smuko. Nyčė laikė save pranašu, jautė turįs misiją - pažadinti savo kartą, atverti jai akis ir parodyti, kokioms netikroms vertybėms ji tarnauja.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nyčė manė, kad jo laikų kultūros nuosmūkį sąlygojo destruktyvių, gyvenimą griaunančių jėgų pergalė: patologija sunaikino sveikuosius pradus, moteriškumas įveikė vyriškumą. Pirmojoje jo knygoje pateikiama nepaprastai originali graikų tragedijos analizė. Kalbama apie apoloniškosios ir dionisiškosios kultūros santykį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame veikale F. Nyčė kaip niekur kitur į pirmą vietą iškėlė meną, laikydamas jį svarbiausia žmogaus metafizine veikla. Tai reikštų, kad “pasaulio egzistavimas gali būti pateisinamas tik kaip estetinis fenomenas”. Šį požiūrį jis įvardijo “artistinės metafizikos” terminu, kuris yra tiesiogiai susijęs A. Šopenhauerio filosofijos įtaka. Ta įtaka buvo tokia stipri, kad Nyčė į “Tragedijos gimimą” nė kiek nekeisdamas įtraukė jo valios metafizikos ir meno ( ypač muzikos ) sampratas ( A. Mickevičiaus cit. ).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">F. Nyčė patyrė ne tik Šopenhauerio, bet ir R.Vagnerio įtaką. Jo dramose jaunasis Nyčė  įžvelgė ne tik graikų tragiškosios pasaulėjautos atgaivinimo, bet ir naują visos vokiečių kultūros atgimimo galimybę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Darydamas užuominą į Vagnerio operą “Zygfrydas”, kur paukštis rodo kelią pas miegančią Brunhildą, Nyčė teigia: “Na, o jeigu vokietis imtų droviai  dairytis vado, gebėsiančio jį gražinti į seniai prarastą tėvynę &lt;...&gt;, tai tegu įsiklauso į aistringai viliojantį kvietimą dionisiškojo paukščio, kuris plasnoja priešais jį, rodydamas kurion pusėn eiti”. Tokiu būdu Nyčės pagalba Vagneris turėjo tapti nauju, tragiškojo mito pavidalu atgimsiančios ir į dionisiškumą orientuotos vokiečių kultūros prototipu (gal todėl 1872 m. išleistą “Tragedijos gimimą” R. Vagneris sutiko su didžiausiu susižavėjimu).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinis tikslas, kurį pats sau iškėlė F. Nyčė - “nustatyti, kas yra dionisiškasis - apoloniškasis genijus ir kokia jo meninė kūryba”. Savo svarstymais jis nori prisiliesti prie tragiškosios pasaulėžiūros ištakų, todėl “keliauja pas graikus, nes kaip tik tenai, Nyčės manymu, esama didžiulės kilmės ir tikslų priešpriešos tarp plastinio vaizduojamojo, apoloniškojo, ir neplastinio muzikos - Dioniso meno”. Dionisiškasis pradas yra kūrybingas, dinamiškas, gaivališkas, pasireiškiantis vitališku laukiniu elgesiu. Apoloniškasis - santūrus, saikingas, siekiąs harmonijos. Šios dvi skirtingos tendencijos eina šalia viena kitos, dažnai nesutardamos  ir kartu viena kitai žadinančios naujus kūrybinius impulsus, kol ”pagaliau stebuklingu helėnų valios aktu jos pasirodo suporuotos ir &lt;...&gt; pagimdo tiek pat dionisišką, kiek ir apolonišką meno kūrinį - atiškąją tragediją”.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 21:30:31',62,'','2010-06-02 21:35:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 21:30:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,11,'','',0,48,'robots=\nauthor='),(605,'Platono Valstybė','platono-valstyb','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Geriausias Sokrato mokinys Platonas (428/427 - 348/347 m. pr. m. e.) iš didelės pagarbos savo mokytojui beveik visus savo kūrinius parašė dialogo forma, kuriuose filosofo poziciją užima Sokratas. Ne išimtis ir Valstybė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Septintojoje knygoje Platonas toliau tęsia gėrio sampratą. Dar viena Sokrato figūra, Uolos alegorija, sulaukia filosofinio piligrimo. Tai pats detalizuočiausias Platono aprašytas paveikslas ir, neabejotinai, pats svarbiausias.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mes turim įsivaizduoti tamsią uolą, kurioje įkalinti žmonės negali net galvos pasukti. Jie visa laiką stebi sienas. Dėl mažos sklindančios švieselės, jie mato pagrobėlių šešėlius. Kadangi jie visą gyvenimą praleido uoloje, kaliniai mano, kad tie šešėliai yra tikrovė, be to aidą, kurį jie girdi, taip pat laiko tikru garsu (balsais). Tada, vieną dieną, vienas iš kalinių paleidžiamas į laisvę. Uolos tikrovė yra išblaškoma ir jis išvedamas į saulės šviesą, kuri akina nepripratusias akis. Trečia alegorijos dalis pasakoja, kaip pripratęs prie šviesos ir tikrovės, kalinys grąžinamas į kalėjimą. Ten jis vėl apanka, yra išjuokamas, savo relybėje gyvenančių kalinių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sekančioje, dekonstruktuotoje alegorijoje, Sokratas informuoja savo nesuvokiančiam klausytojui, kad valstybės vadovas turi būti panašus į apsišvietųsį žmogų, kuris yra grąžinamas į kalėjimą, bet šį kartą savo noru, neprievarta, dėl iš to sekančios gerovės. Kai Glaukonas pradeda prieštaraut, Sokratas jį nuramina, aiškindamas, jog ši kelionė yra tik visų luomų pažinimas, kuris būtinas norint gerai ir visapusiškai vadovauti valstybei.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po to seka išminties paieška, kuri iškels žmones iš tamsos į šviesą. Būtent mokslai turėtų užpildyti vadovų išmintį. Po to, kai gimnastika ir dailieji menai buvo atmesti, kaip nereikalingi (beje II dalį jie buvo plačiai išanalizuoti), Sokratas analizuoja aritmetiką, geometriją, sielos vientisumą, aptaria ir priima kaip pačius reikalingiausius. Kiekvienas iš šių mokslų turi dvigubą prigimtį: abstrakčią ir tikrąją, bet Sokratui jų negana. Tada jis pasiūlo astronomiją ir muziką, bet šiuos mokslus reikia mokinti ne tokius, kokie jie yra dabar, bet išplėsti ir surastį tikrąjį kelią į tiesą. Galiausiai Sokratas prieina prie dialektikos – išskirtino, paskutinio ir pačio sunkiausio bei kruopščiausio mokslo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po galutinių nutarimų mokslo srity, diskusija nukrypsta į vadovų atranką. Sokratas mano, jog vadovas turi būti atrinktas iš išmintingiausių, gabiausių ir, jei įmanoma gražiausių vyrų ir netgi!!! moterų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pretendentai vaikystėje bežaidžiant turi būti mokomi pastarųjų mokslų, žinoma, ne jų ypatybių, o tik bendrųjų dalykų. Dvidešimties, pretendentai mokomi ir šių mokslų ypatybių, trisdešimties, belikus tik patiems gabiausiems pradedama dėstyti dialektika. Po penkių metų pretendentai išsiunčiami į uolą, t.y. į žemesnius luomus ir atlieka pareigą. Galiausiai, po tokios „rezidentūros”, kuri trunka penkiolika metų, sulaukus penkiasdešimties, jei pretendentas pateisina savo vardą, jis įrodo savo tinkamumą visose sferose ir tampa tinkamiausiu kandidatu į valstybės vadovo postą. Jis tampa tikru, tikros valstybės vadovu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 21:36:23',62,'','2010-06-02 21:40:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 21:36:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(606,'Filosofijos teorija','filosofijos-teorija','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 21:41:17',62,'','2010-06-02 21:42:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 21:41:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(607,'Tiesa, kaip pažinimo idealas','tiesa-kaip-painimo-idealas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jau senovėje pažinimo per tiesą problema buvo labai svarbi. Iš pradžių gnoseologija dar nebuvo atskiras mokslas. Savarankiška ji tapo sofistų, vėliau Platono ir Aristotelio filosofijoje.Apžvelgsime kelių filosofų apmąstymus, tiesos sampratą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienas žymiausių sofistų Protagoras žinomas kaip pirmasis senovės graikų mąstytojas išreiškęs požiūrį, kad žmonės tikrovę pažįsta tik savo interesų ir galimybių ribose, kad pažinimas neatsiejamas nuo jų kasdieninių praktinių poreikių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daiktai egzistuoja tiek, kiek atskiri žmonės juos suvokia, patiria, ką nors apie juos pasako. Jeigu viskas nepaliaujamai keičiasi ir egzistuoja tik tai ką patiriame tiesiogiai, tikrovė yra tokia, kokia mums atrodo. Kad pažinimo procese žmonės savo pojūčiais ir protu tik atspindi daiktų sąvybes. Todėl, jeigu atskirų žmonių įspūdžiai apie tikrovę yra prieštaringi, prieštaringa yra ir pati tikrovė. Ją galima pažinti labai nedaug, ir nėra nieko objektyvaus, visiems žmonėms vienodai teisingo. Kadangi tikra tik tai, ką žmonės tiesiogiai jutimiškai suvokia, o tokie suvokimai dažnai esti skirtingi, netgi prieštaringi, vadinasi, gali būti vienodai teisingi du visiškai skirtingi teiginiai. Tiesa visada yra tik pavienių individų ar žmonių grupių subjektyvios nuomonės nusiteikimai bei tvirtinimai. Žmonės žino tik savo įspūdžius ir poreikius, jie žino tai, kas naudinga, o ne tai, kas teisinga. Todėl nėra tokių argumentų, kuriais galėtume įrodyti, kad vienas teiginys teisingesnis už kitą. Teisingesnis bus tik tas teiginys, kuris naudingesnis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienas iš senovės graikų skepticizmo pradininkų Pironas teigė, jog jei tiesa ir yra, tai žmogui ji nepasiekiama. Daiktai yra tokie, kokie atrodo, kokius juos padaro žmonių nuomonės, norai, nuotaikos, papročiai. Dėl to kiekvienas daiktas, kiekvienas poelgis bus ir geras ir blogas, ir gražus ir bjaurus, ir teisus ir neteisus. Kalbant apie kiekvieną daiktą galima ką nors teigti ir kartu neigti, bet kuris sprendimas nėra teisingesnis už jam priešingą sprendimą. Tikrovė yra nepažįstama, dėl to lieka vienintelė išmintinga išeitis - susilaikyti nuo bet kurių teigiamų ar neigiamų sprendimų apie daiktus. Tikrovės atžvilgiu reikia laikytis visiškai abejingai, išsivaduoti iš troškimų ir aistrų, visur ir visada išlaikyti dvasios ramybę, t.y. pasiekti  būseną, teikiančią žmogui laimę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienas žymiausių Antikos mąstytojų Platonas, nagrinėdamas tiesos ir vertybės klausimus,  niekur griežčiau neskiria tiesos, kaip teorinio pažinimo rezultato, nuo vertybės, kaip praktinio elgesio prielaidos, o jei ir mėgina tai  daryti, tai tik tam, kad vėliau vėl jas sujungtų. Tiesa, kuri neatitinka realybės, o pati siekia būti jos matas, jos norma, - tokia tiesa yra idealas, o tikslas, kuriam trūksta sąmonės, gali būti atsektas tik iš paties dalyko objektyvios eigos, - toks tikslas yra to dalyko prigimtis, jo tiesa. Teorinis pasaulio pažinimas turi realizuoti ir praktinę žmogaus gyvenimo paskirtį, atskleisti ir iškelti ne tik tiesą, bet ir žmogaus gyvenimo vertybes. Teorinis pasaulio pažinimas kuris yra vertybių realizavimasis žmoguje, kartu yra kupinas vidinio dramatizmo ir valios įtempimo, nes tiesa yra organiškai  susijusi su dorybe bei teisingumu ir yra pasiekiama tik įveikiant visa tai, kas pačiame žmoguje yra netikra ir nevertinga. Žmogaus gyvenimo vetybės, kaip ir tiesa, yra objektyvaus pasaulio charakteristika. Platonas tvirtino, kad kai kurias tiesas žmogus žino oprioriškai, iki  pažinimo. Anot mąstytojo, tai turėtų būti tiesos atsineštos iš praeitų gyvenimų ar idėjų pasaulio. Tokių tiesų yra daug. Jos lyg snaudžia žmogaus prote ir laukia kol bus pažadintos, o daiktai, panašūs į idėjas, anot  mąstytojo, galėtų žmogui tas tiesas priminti. Žinojimas  pasiekiamas ne lengvai ir ne iškarto. Jis  reikalauja didelės įtampos ir pasiruošimo.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 21:43:22',62,'','2010-06-02 21:47:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 21:43:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(608,'Platonas rusiškai','platonas-rusikai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Платон (427 – 347 до н. э.) – сын афинского гражданина. По своему социальному положению происходил из афинской рабовладельческой аристократии. И конечно же был своим человеком в Сократовском кружке. В молодости был слушателем кружка сторонника учения Гераклита – Кратила, где познакомился с принципами объективной диалектики, на него также оказала влияние и тенденция Кратила к абсолютному релятивизму. В 20 лет он готовился участвовать в соревновании как автор трагедии и случайно перед театром Дионисияуслышал дискуссию, в которой участвовал Сократ. Она настолько его увлекла, что он сжег свои стихи и стал учеником Сократа. Было это примерно в то время, когда афинский флот одержал последнюю значительную победу в Перепелонской войне.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Платон разделял со всем кружком отвращение к афинской демократии. После осуждения и смерти Сократа, в период, когда демократы снова вернулись к власти, Платон отправляется к одному из старших учеников Сократа – Евклиду – в Мегару. Однако вскоре он снова возвращается в город и принимает активное участие в ее общественной жизни. После возвращения в Афины он предпринял первое путешествиюв Южную Италию и на Сицилию. Он пытается реализовать свои идеи и принял участие в политической жизни на стороне местной аристократии, возглавляемой тогда Дионом, зятем Дионисия Старшего. Дион был последователем пифагорейской философии и в своей общине представлял крайне реакционное крыло. Политическая деятельность Платона не была, успешной. Дионисий выдал его, как военного, послу Спарты. На рынке рабов его выкупили друзья и он возвращается а Афины.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Вaфинах Платон интенсивно работает в области философии. Во время своих странствий он познакомился с Пифагорейской философией, которая в дальнейшем повлияла на него.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Диоген Лаэртский считает, что учение Платона является синтезом учений Гераклита, Пифагора и Сократа. В этот же период Платон в саду, посвященному полубогу Академу, основывает свою собственную философскую школу – Академию, которая становится центром античного идеализма.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">В период правления в Сиракузах тирана Дионисия Младшего Платон вновь пытается включится в политическую борьбу. И на этот раз его стремление провести свои мысли в жизнь не находят ожидаемого понимания. Подавленный политическими неудачами он возвращается в Афины где и умирает в возрасте 80 лет.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 21:53:32',62,'','2010-06-02 21:57:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 21:53:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(609,'Aristotelio būties teorija','aristotelio-bties-teorija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aristotelis buvo Platono mokinys, ir puikiai suvokė jo teorijos prieštaravimus ir trūkumus, du didžiausi iš jų buvo :  savo teorijoje Platonas taip ir nepaaiškino ar kiekvieną empyrinį daiktą atitinka atskira idėja ar vis dėl to 1 idėja yra visų tam tikros rūšies daiktų archetipas. Antroji Platono teorijos silpnybė – jos statiškumas, nes joje įdėjų pasaulis paprasčiausiai priešpastatomas daiktų pasauliui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Todėl Aristotelis savo būties teorija sprendė 2 būdais. Jis mėgino suteikti didesnį realumą empyrinio pasaulio daiktams ir sukurti prielaidą: racionaliai apmąstyti daikto tąsą (t. y jo atsiradimą ir išnykimą). Nagrinėjant būties klausimą savo metafizikoje Aristotelis iškart pabrėžia, kad būties nėra kategorija, o yra tai kas apibrėžiama kategorijų pagalba. Filosofijoje kategorijomis vadinama pačios bendriausios sąvokos kuriomis apibrėžiama siauresnės sąvokos, tačiau pačios jos nėra niekaip neapibrėžiamos. Su Aristotelio teigimu reiškia tai, kad jis faktiškai pripažįsta jog būties neįmanoma aprėpti jokiomis sąvokomis, todėl Aristotelio būties teorijos pagrindinė sąvoka yra ESMĖS sąvoka. Pasak Aristotelio  - esmė yra būties reprezetantas daikte, nes jis yra tai, kas daiktą daro juo pačiu, tai yra: garantuoja juo tapatumą. Būtent esmė yra mąstoma ir pažinime. Aristotelis skiria 2 esmių rūšis: vadinama pirmine esme; antrine esme.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasak Aristotelio – kiekvieną daiktą sudaro 2 pagrin. Elementai – materija ir forma. Aristotelis pabrėžia, jog daiktas yra neišardoma materijos ir formos vienovė. Nes materiją ir formą galima išskirti tik abstarkčiai: teorinės analizės lygmenyje. Šis vienovės principas  yra vadin., chilemorfizmo. Mėginant vaizdžiai paaiškinti materijos ir formos santyki jau nuo Aristotelio laikų mėgstama lyginti granito luitą ir iš jo iškaltą granitinę skulptūra. Šiame palyginime luitas simbolizuoja beformės materiją, o skulptūra – įformintos materijos atvejį. Apskritai Aristotelio būties teorijoje kaip ir Platoniškoje materija yra beformiškumo principas, o forma yra ne kas kita kaip į daiktą perkelta Platoniškoji idėja. Itin originali Aristotelio būties teorijos ypatybė yra jos dinaminis ir energetinis poveikis. Aristotelis I – aši s racionaliai nusako daikto atsiradimo vyksmą naudoj., 3 energetinę pr., tur., sąv.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirminė esmė yra “štai tai”, būtent: realiai egzistuojantis, individualus daiktas. Tačiau pirminė esmė yra nemąstoma ir nepažini. Tuo tarpu antrinė esmė yra rūšinis arba gimininis daikto apibrėžimas. Ji yra tikrasis pažinimo objektas ir nusakoma sąvoka. Šitaip Aristotelis teoriją pirmą kartą aiškiai atskiriama vad., esminės arba substancinės ir vad., abcidencinės arba atsitiktinės daikto sąvybės.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 21:58:21',62,'','2010-06-02 22:05:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 21:58:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,51,'robots=\nauthor='),(610,'Platono gamtos teorija','platono-gamtos-teorija','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 22:06:09',62,'','2010-06-02 22:09:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 22:06:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(611,'Filosofijos apžvalga','filosofijos-apvalga','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kalbėdami apie mokslo objektą, turime išsiaiškinti filosofijos ir istorijos mokslų apimtis. Bandymai apibrėžti filosofiją vienu universaliu apibrėžimu veda į priešpastatymą su pačia filosofijos esme. Pats žodis sako, kad kalbama apie išminties, žinojimo, pažinimo paieškas. Šių paieškų pabaiga yra \"mokslas\". Filosofiją negalime skirti kaip mokslą turintį vieningą tyrimo objektą, tačiau negalime rasti ir žmonijos gyvenimo srities, kurios vienaip ar kitaip neliestų filosofija. Realiai, kai praktiniai empyriniais teiginiais pagrįsti mokslai atsiduria ties neišsprendžiamos problemos slenksčiu, jie visuomet atsakymo ieško filosofijoje. O kartu ir pati filosofija, kaip metodas skatinantis abejoti suformuotomis paradigmomis, veda į mokslinę pažangą. Taigi, filosofija pradžioje buvusi praktinių mokslų motina, dabar ir vėl grąžina prie savęs nuo vidinų prieštarų paklydusius mokslus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Istorija stengiasi aprėpti bet kokio proceso vystymąsi laiko atžvilgiu. Kalbėdami apie filosofijos istoriją, turime skirti objektyviąją ir subjektyviąją filosofijos istoriją. Ojektyvioji filosofijos istorija - tai užfiksuoti filosofiniai teiginiai, kurie yra orginalūs ir nekeičiami. Subjektyvioji filosofijos istorija - tai įvairių autorių, tyrinėtojų pastabos interpretacijos orginalių darbų pagrindu. Būtina ir naudinga studijuoti abi šias filosofijos puses, nes ji visuomet buvo ir bus idėjų kova, mokslas apie idėjas ir santykinę tiesą. Filosofijos istorija stengiasi supažindinti su filosofinių idėjų raida, jų periodizacija. Praktinė šio modulio nauda būtų - bandymas praplėsti studentų akiratį, kiek įmanoma įtakoti jų normatyvinių nuostatų formavimąsi, parodyti prielaidas, kurių pagrindu ir susiformavo dabartinė civilizacija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šis konspektas sudarytas siekiant padėti įsisavinti studentams filosofijos istorijos modulį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pabrėžiame, kad tai nėra idealus tekstas, kurį išmokus atmintinai, egzamine būtų galima tikėtis puikių rezultatų. Konspektas skirtas studijų procesui aktyvinti, t.y. jis naudojamas prieš paskaitas. Tai paverčia paskaitą tik papildomu žinių šaltiniu, o ne ištisiniu diktantu, kuris nėra pati racionaliausia studijų forma. Linkime sėkmės studijose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Filosofija neatsiranda, kaip revoliucija, staigus žmogiškosios minties šuolis. Ji nuoseklios žmogaus civilizacijos vystymosi padarinys, kuris tiesiogiai įtakojo ir mūsų kultūrą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienam žmogui yra tekę filosofuoti. Dar vaikystėje mums kilo klausimai: Kodėl kažkas yra?, Kas aš esu?, Kas yra po mirties?, Kas yra teisingumas ir tiesa?, Kas yra laisvė?, ir daugelis kitų. Žmogus būdamas gamtos dalis gali keisti aplinką, kurioje gyvena, stebėti savo veikimo padarinius, tačiau dažnai jis negali paaiškinti: Kas?, Kaip?, Iš kur viskas atsiranda ir yra?. Tokie ir panašūs klausimai žmogui kilo jau neolite. Tuo laikotarpiu pradeda formuotis sąvokos (bandoma atskirti žodį nuo nuo konkretaus daikto), bunda pažinimas, asociacijos vaizduotė. Pažinimui stumentis į priekį pradedama atsisakyti pirmykščio konkretizmo, o tai dar labiau iškelia problemą: Kodėl viskas vyksta ir viskas taip atsiranda. Nesuvokiami dalykai veda į aplinkos sudvasinimą, padeda pagrindus religijai. Atsiradęs skaičiaus, kaip apstrakčios sąvokos suvokimas (analogijos tarp pvz. trijų medžių ir trijų žmonių atradimas), sugebėjimas ja operuoti padeda žmogui susiorentuoti laike ir erdvėje. Visa tai pastūmėja į mitinį pasaulio tvarkos aiškinimo atsiradimą, o tai jau pereinamasis koridorius į filosofiją.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 22:10:22',62,'','2010-06-02 22:14:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 22:10:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(612,'Žmogiškojo pažinimo šaltiniai','mogikojo-painimo-altiniai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Egzistencializmas, arba egzistencinė filosofija, yra dabarties filosofijos srovė, pagrindiniu savo rūpesčiu turinti žmogiškosios egzistencijos klausimą.Jis nuo tradicinės metafizikos skiriasi tuo, kad jam pirmiausia rūpi ne loginė būties analizė, o paties žmogaus padėtis pasaulyje ir santykis su būties pagrindu. Tuo būdu  egzistencializmas  savo pagrinde visų pirma yra žmogaus prasmės filosofija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinis egzistencializmo nusistatymas yra nepalyginamas žmogaus savitumas, išsiskyrimas iš visos gamtinės visumos. Jis negali savęs sutapatinti su tuo, kas pripildo jį biologine būtimi. Nors ir yra žmogus kūne, bet nėra kūnas: jei būtų tik kūnas, būtų tik gyvulys. Tai gryna negalimybė. Gyvulys yra paprastai, kai jis faktiškai yra. Juk žmogus netampa gyvuliu nė tada, kai sugyvulėja prarasdamas savo žmogiškąją vertę. Egzistencijos sąvoka žymi žmogaus individualybės nepakartojamumą. Egzistencija - tai toji sąmonės pusė, kuri sudaro žmogaus individualiosios būties branduolį, darantį jį pačiu savimi, kuriuo ąšis atskleidžia bei projektuoja save, kaip neatstovaujamą ir nepakeičiamą. Kai vadinamoji gyvybės filosofija šaukė žmogų grįžti į gamtą kaip į vietą, kurioje žmogus gali rasti paguodą ir ramybę, tai egzistencializmas randa gamtą esmiškai žmogui svetimą, negalinčią nuveikti žmogaus vienišumos. Vietoje grįžimo į gamtą egzistencializmas skelbia žmogaus grįžimą save patį. Buvimas “savimi pačiu” nėra naujas būties sluoksnis, kuris prisidėtų prie kitų būties sluoksnių,kurie apsprendžia žmogų (gyvybė, sąmonė, dvasia). Greičiau, užuot buvęs naujas būties sluoksnis, “savimi pačiu” buvimas yra tam tikras žmogaus santykis su tuo, kas jis yra patirtinėje tikrovėje. Tai “vienybės be tapatybės” santykis: nors ir jaučiasi viena su tuo, kuo yra pasaulyje, bet nesutinka būti į tai suvestas. Savo gelmėse žmogus yra daugiau negu tai, kuo reiškiasi pasaulyje: visa tai, kuo yra objektyviai, tėra kūnas, per kurį galima įeiti į pasaulį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogus yra daugiau negu visa pažįstama. Egzistancija yra ir tasai principas, kuriuo žmogus  renkasi save patį, nelygstamai sutapdamas su savo istorine situacija (“tapatybės su manim pačiu”). Pagal tai Jaspersas aprašo kilimą į egzistencijos rangą kaip dvigubą pasaulio palikimo ir į jį grįžimo procesą. Palikti pasaulį - tai suvokti, kad žmogus yra daugiau negu pasaulis. Grįžti į pasaulį - tai suvokti,kad žmogus negali savęs realizuoti niekur kitur, kaip pasaulyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Svetima žmogui gamta, svetimas jam platoninis vertybių pasaulis. Kas yra žmogus šioje savo vienišumoje? Žmogus yra laisvė, - bendras visų egzistencialistų atsakymas. Laisvas yra žmogus pačiame savo pagrinde, neduotas, kaip visi daiktai, o pats sau patikėtas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 22:15:17',62,'','2010-06-02 22:29:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 22:15:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(613,'Religijos filosofija','religijos-filosofija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kas yra religijos filosofija? Religija kaip ją vadina F. Heileris, yra “bendravimas su giliausia bei galutine tikrove”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kas ši tikrovė yra savyje, galima suvokti labai įvairiai. Religija yra neperžengiama. Užtat ir jos filosofija, vaizdingu E. Brunnerio posakiu, sudaro “visos filosofijos iškilią viršūnę”. Vakarų mąstymui visados yra buvęs dievybė: “Didieji mąstytojai mielai tapatino savus aukščiausius pradmenis su dievybe” kaip galutiniu filosofavimo laimikiu. Pagal W. Weischedelį: “Filosofinė teologija yra metafizika savo esme, ir metafizika yra filosofinė teologija savo siekiu”. Kitaip sakant, religijos filosofija slypi metafizikoje ir išsiskleidžia kaip jos viršūnė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Formali filosofijos apibrėžtis yra ne kas kita, tik filosofinis religijos svarstymas. Religijos filosofija yra nuosekli filosofavimo pasėka ir teisėtas sudedamasis filosofijos pradas: ji laikosi bendrojo filosofinio kelio ir turi savitą objektą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Religijos filosofija, kaip sakyta, yra filosofinis religijos svarstymas. Tačiau kas gi yra religija? Ir ką reiškia religiją svarstyti filosofiškai? Tai reiškia padaryti ją filosofijos objektu. Bet štai, P. Tillichas kreipia mūsų dėmesį į tai, kad religija kaip tik nesiduodanti “būti filosofijos objektu”. Tuo būdu religijos filosofija patenkanti į labai keblią padėtį: arba ji sunaikinanti savą objektą, kurį norėtų apmąstyti, arba pati esanti šio objekto sunaikinama. Religijos filosofijai tenka sunkus uždavinys: įgalinti save pačią, įgalinti tuo ir filosofiją apskritai. Jeigu mums pasisektų pripažinti besąlyginę bei visuotinę apreiškimo reikšmę ir sykiu sukurti religijos filosofiją kaip neabejotinai tikrą filosofijos šaką, tuomet ji savaime išsilaisvintu iš minėtos aklavietės ir tuo pačiu iš teologijos grėsmės.    Jei neturėtume religijos nuovokos, iš kur žinotume, kad, sakysime, aukojimas yra religinis, o ne estetinis veiksmas, juoba, kad jis beveik visur ir visados esti apvelkamas meninio pobūdžio lytimis: giesmėmis, muzika, šokiais, eitynėmis? Religija kaip istorinė akivaizdybė savaime atsiremia į mūsų sąmonėje esančią religijos nuovoką, be kurios nebūtų galimas joks religijos pažinimas ar tyrimas, nes nebūtų galimas joks religijos pažinimas ar tyrimas, nes nebūtų suvokiama, kas gi čia pažįstama  ar tiriama. Reikia nuvokti kas yra pati religija. Nuovoka dar nėra sąvoka.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuovoka yra tikra, tačiau logiškai dar neišskleista ir nepagrįsta pažintis. Mes klausiame, kad galėtume žinoti; bet mes žinome, kad galėtume klausti. Kadangi religija be jokios abejonės priklauso pačių pradinių žmogaus būklės reiškinių sričiai, tai visi pagrįstai galime tikėtis, kad jos vardas atskleis mums jos nuovokos prigimtį, tapdamas nuoroda ir į jos esmę.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 22:30:05',62,'','2010-06-02 22:33:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 22:30:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,2,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(614,'Nyčė Fridrichas ,,Zaratustro prakalba\"','ny-fridrichas-zaratustro-prakalbaq','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai trisdešimties metų Zaratustra sulaukė, paliko tėviškę jis savo ir ežerą gimtinės ir pasitraukė sau į kalnus. Čionai patyrė jis palaimą dvasios ir vienatvės ir dešimt metų jam tai nepabodo. Bet štai galop Zaratustra pajuto, kaip jo pasikeitė širdis,- ir vieną rytą jis pakilo auštant, prieš saulę atsistojo ir taip į ją prabilo:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">\"Tu šviesuly didysis! Kokia gi būtų tavo laimė, jei neturėtum tų, kuriems siunti tu šviesą savo!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tu dešimt metų kildavai į aukštį ties landyne manąja: tau būt įgrisę šviest ir kelią šį keliauti, jei čia manęs nebutu buvę, erelio ir gyvates mano.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bet mes čia laukdavom tavęs kiekvieną rytą, priimdavome tavo šviesą gausią ir siusdavom už tai palaiminimo ženklą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ir štai! Man išmintis manoji įkyrėjo, kaip bitei ta kuri medaus per daug pririnko,- man rankų reikia tų, kurios į žmones tiesias.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dalyt ir dovanot norėčiau, pakol visiems išminčiams kvailystės jų patiems pasidarys juokingos, o vargšų širdis vėlei pradės pačių jų turtas džiugint.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Todėl turiu žemyn aš leistis, kaip tu kas vakarą darai, kai nueini už jūrų vandenų ir dar į požemio pasaulį šviesos savos nugabeni - tu šviesuly dosnusis!</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ir aš turiu, kaip žmonės sako, n u ž e n g t pas tuos, kurių taip trokštu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Palaimink tad mane, akie ramybės, kuri ir laimę didžią gali regėti be pavydo!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Palaiminki tu taurę, kuri jau liejas per kraštus, kad auksu vandenys iš jos teketu ir atspindi tavos aistros po platuji pasauli išnešiotu!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žiūrėki štai Taurė šitoji jau ištuštėti pasirengus, o pats Zaratustra pasidaryt žmogum vėl žada.\" -<br />Ir šitaip prasidėjo nusileidimas Zaratustros.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,49,'2010-06-02 22:36:25',62,'','2010-06-02 22:39:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 22:36:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(615,'Elektrodinamikos konspektas 2','elektrodinamikos-konspektas-2','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-06-02 22:47:51',62,'','2010-06-02 22:49:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 22:47:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(616,'Elektrotechnikos kontrolinis darbas angliškai','elektrotechnikos-kontrolinis-darbas-anglikai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-06-02 22:52:26',62,'','2010-06-02 22:54:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 22:52:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,13,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(617,'Analoginės schemos','analogins-schemos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmojoje vadovėlio dalyje nagrinėsime tiesinius įtaisus. Tiesiniuose įtaisuose galioja super¬pozicijos principas: kai įtaiso įėjime veikia sudėtingas signalas – elementarių signalų suma, signalą įtaiso išėjime galime rasti kaip sumą išėjimo signalų, kuriuos sukūrė sudėtingą signalą sudarantys elementarūs signalai. Tiesiniai įtaisai nepakeičia juose sklindančių harmoninių signalų formos, jie gali pakeisti tik virpesio amplitudę ir pradinę fazę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Labai svarbu neapsirinkti, suvokti, kad šis teiginys taikomas tik elementariems harmoniniams signalams. Tiesiniai įtaisai gali pakeisti sudėtingo signalo, pavyzdžiui, stačiakampio impulso formą. Be jokių išlygų galioja kitas teiginys: tiesiniuose įtaisuose neatsiranda naujų įėjimo signalo spektro dedamųjų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Todėl visai suprantama, kad, pavyzdžiui, įvairūs aukštųjų arba žemųjų dažnių bei juostiniai filtrai yra tiesiniai įtaisai: jie praleidžia arba nepraleidžia į išėjimą vienų ar kitų įėjime veikiančių spektro dedamųjų, tačiau nesukuria naujų spektro dedamųjų. Ir dar vienas teiginys: visi realūs tiesiniai įtaisai, o ypač tiesiniai įtaisai su aktyviaisiais elektroniniais prietaisais – tranzistoriais ir diodais, nėra absoliučiai tiesiniai – paprastai su didesne ar mažesne paklaida jie tik laikomi tiesiniais tam tikrame įėjimo arba išėjimo signalų amplitudžių diapazone. Prielaida, kad įtaisas yra tiesinis, labai supaprastina netiesinių įtaisų analizę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šioje vadovėlio dalyje pirmiausiai pakartosime elementarius teiginius ir dėsnius, apibūdinančius elektrines grandines ir jose veikiančius signalus. Šiuos dėsnius nuolat taikysime, analizuodami pirmojoje vadovėlio dalyje nagrinėjamus tiesinius įtaisus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šioje vadovėlio dalyje nagrinėsime įvairius elementarius ir sudėtingus stiprintuvus, veikiančius tiesiniu režimu. Analizuosime šių stiprintuvų schemas ir jų savybes. Integrinių grandynių gamybos technologija lėmė išskirtinį nuolatinės srovės stiprintuvų, diferencinių stiprintuvų ir operacinių stiprintuvų taikymą. Todėl šiems stiprintuvams ir jų taikymui pirmojoje vadovėlio dalyje ir skiriamas didžiausias dėmesys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Harmoniniais virpesiais vadiname neribotos trukmės virpesius, kurie aprašomi harmoninėmis (kosinuso arba sinuso) laiko funkcijomis. Harmoniniams virpesiams būdinga tai, kad jie tiesinėse grandinėse nekeičia savo formos. Prijungus harmoninę elektrovarą prie bet kokios tiesinės grandinės, visose jos šakose įtampos ir srovės bus taip pat harmoninės.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-06-02 22:55:36',62,'','2010-06-02 23:02:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 22:55:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,12,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(618,'Radioelektroninės aparatūros špera ','radioelektronins-aparatros-pera-','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-06-02 23:03:41',62,'','2010-06-02 23:05:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 23:03:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,11,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(619,'3 elektrodinamikos darbai','3-elektrodinamikos-darbai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-06-02 23:07:05',62,'','2010-06-02 23:08:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 23:07:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,10,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(620,'Bi išskaičiavimas','bi-iskaiiavimas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-06-02 23:09:48',62,'','2010-06-02 23:11:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 23:09:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,9,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(621,'Elektrotechnikos kontrolinis darbas Nr.: 1 angliškai','elektrotechnikos-kontrolinis-darbas-nr-1-anglikai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-06-02 23:12:03',62,'','2010-06-02 23:14:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 23:12:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(622,'Audeo - video technikos','audeo-video-technikos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">NK yra monoblokas sudarytas iš mažų matmenų: TV kameras ir portatyvinio video plejerio. Dažnai vadinama camcordier. Cam – TV kamera.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Recordier – įrašantis V  plejeris . VK formatą apsprendžia VM. Naudojamos VK Betacom formatic. t.y profesionalios VK. S – VHS – pusiau profesionalios VK. Taip pat ir Hi – 8. Gali būti naudojamos S – VHS – C pusiau profesionalios Hi - 8 pusiau profesonalios. Gali būti naudojamos S - VHS - C pusiau profesonali.VHS, VHS - C, V - 8 buitinės. Pagrindiniai funkciniai VK blokai parodyti 2.27 pav. Šviesos srautas atspindėtas nuo filmuojamo objekto fokusuojamas objekto 1, į šviesos sign., keitiklio ŠSK - 5, šviesai jautrų taikinį. Prieš kurį pastatytas rastrinis koduojantis šviesos filtras ŠF - 4. Elektrinis signalas atitinkantis optiškai užkoduotą 3-pagrindinių spalvų R,G,B vaizdą iš ŠSK IŠ patenka į dekoderį DK-6. Čia įvyksta videosignalo dekodavimas ir jo komponenčių išskyrimas ir tolesniam apdorojimui iš dekoderio paduodami trys atskirti video signalai R, G, B atitinkantys 3 spalvų raudonos, žalios, mėlynos spalvų vaizdus. Po to sekančiame korekcijos bloke KB - 7, koreguojami iškraipymai kuriuos įneša optinė sistema ir šviesos signalo keitiklis. Po to videosignalai pakeičiami į formatą kuris naudojamas vaizdo signalo įrašymui arba į pilną spalvotą TV sign., užkoduotą pagal atitinkamą standartą (dažniausiai PAL, NTSC). Po to signalai paduodami į VM arba į išorinį Video IŠ, iš šio gali būti paduodami tiesiog į VM TV IN, arba per radio dažnių moduliatorių į anteninius VM arba TV imtuvus. Be šių minėtų pagrindinių mazgų dar yra visa eilė blokų, kuriuose formuojami ir dominuoja pagalbiniai sign., ir įtampos. Sinchronizacijos blokas SB- 9 sutapdina ir sinchronizuoja visų VK sistemų ir blokų darbą laike įrašymo/atkūrimo režimuose. Valdymo blokas VB - 3 formuoja automatiniam režime, arba keičia rankiniame režime komandas ir signalus cameras ir jos atskirų sistemų valdymo sign. valdymas atliekamas operatoriaus iniciatyva, keičiantis apšviestumo lygiui, arba automatiškai. Kontrolės ir indikacijos blokas KIS - 10 skirta užtikrinti vizualiai cameras būklei ir formuojamų video signalų kontrolei, derinti ir diagnozuoti sutrikimams kontrolės ir indikacijos sist., vaizdo ieškikliai ir eilė šviesos indikatorių. Pagal vaizdo ieškiklio ekraną kontroliuojamas filmuojamo vaizdo turinys. Jame gali būti peržiūrėtas vaizdas, įrašytas į VK VM. Dažnai vaizdo ieškiklyje indikuojama laikas, data, baterijų įkrovimo lygis, juostos kasetėje likutis ir t.t.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Garso blokas GB  - 12 formuoja garso sign., su kameroje įtaisytu arba išorinio mikrofono pagalbą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Garso bloke iš mikrofono gautas garso sign., apdorojamas ir iš jo paduodamas įrašymui į VM.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Maitinimo blokas MB formuoja reikalingų dydžių maitinimo įtampas, pirminiu maitinimo šaltiniu gali būti akumuliatorių baterija ir kintamos įtampos elektros srovės tinklas. Iš nepaminėtų blokų liko automatinio fokusavimo ir diafragmos nustatymo blokas AFD – 2, kurio paskirtis sufokusuoti filmuojamo objekto vaizdą, į šviesai jautrų ŠSK paviršių, ir nuskaityti jo suformuotą potencinį reljefą, tam tikru dažniu per nustatytą laiką. 8- blokas yra KEMG ŠSK elektrodų maitinimo ir atlenkimo generatorius, jis užtikrina kiekvieno ŠSK taikinio elemento poten., reljefo nuskaitymą užduotą tvarką. Praktiškai suformuoja skleistinę iš kairės į dešinę iš viršaus žemyn.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-06-02 23:15:09',62,'','2010-06-02 23:20:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 23:15:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,7,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(623,'Kompiuterių architektūra','kompiuteri-architektra','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-06-02 23:22:11',62,'','2010-06-02 23:24:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 23:22:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,6,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(624,'Elektrodinamikos šperos','elektrodinamikos-peros','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-06-02 23:25:22',62,'','2010-06-02 23:27:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 23:25:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(625,'Ryšių sistemos pagrindų šperos','ryi-sistemos-pagrind-peros','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-06-02 23:29:22',62,'','2010-06-02 23:30:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 23:29:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,4,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(626,'Ryšių teorijos šperos','ryi-teorijos-peros','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-06-02 23:31:40',62,'','2010-06-02 23:33:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 23:31:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(627,'Inžinerinė analizė ir sintezė','ininerin-analiz-ir-sintez','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-06-02 23:34:29',62,'','2010-06-02 23:36:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 23:34:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,2,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(628,'Elektronikos laboratoriniai darbai','elektronikos-laboratoriniai-darbai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,46,'2010-06-02 23:37:23',62,'','2010-06-02 23:39:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-02 23:37:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(629,'Švedija','vedija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Švedija – mūsų kaimynė Baltijos jūros vakariniame krante. Tai didžiausia Šiaurės Europos ir trečia po Prancūzijos ir Ispanijos Europos šalis, bet gyventojų skaičiumi ji tik šešiolikta. Iš šiaurės į pietus Švedija nutįsusi beveik 1600 km. Švedijos jūrų siena 7000 km ilgio ir ilgesnė nei sausumos. Pietuose 4 km pločio Eresūno sąsiauris skiria šią šalį nuo Danijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Švedija randasi šiaurės Europoje ir užima Skandinavijos pusiasalio Rytinę dalį. Jos kaimynai vakaruose – Norvegija, o šiaurės rytuose – Suomija. Botnijos įlanka yra Švedijos rytuose, Baltijos jūra skalauja pietinius Švedijos krantus, Kategatas, Zundas ir Skagerakas – pietvakariuose. Švedijai taip pat priklauso keletas salų Baltijos jūroje. Didžiausios – Gotlandas ir Olandas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Švedijos sostinė – Stokholmas. Jis taip pat ir didžiausias šalies miestas.<br />2000 metų liepą Švedija ir Danija susijungė 10 mylių (16 km) ilgio tiltu ir tuneliu tarp Kopenhagos (Danijos sostinė) ir Malmės miesto, kuris yra trečias pagal dydį Švedijos miestas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apie 96 % šalies gyventojų yra švedai. Švedų kalba priklauso germanų kalbų grupei. Prie Suomijos sienos gyvena apie 30000 suomių, o Laplandijoje – apie 15000 senųjų šiaurės gyventojų – samų. Didžioji krašto gyventojų dalis išpažįsta liuteronybę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Švedija – užima vieną pirmųjų vietų pasaulyje pagal žmonių gyvenimo trukmę (78 metai). Gyventojų tankumas krašte labai nevienodas. Laplandijoje 1 km2 gyvena vos vienas žmogus, o Skonėje – daugiau kaip 100. Apie 83 % žmonių gyvena miestuose, o Stokholme, Gėteborge, Malmėje ir jų priemiesčiuose telkiasi trečdalis krašto gyventojų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-03 19:38:10',62,'','2010-06-03 19:43:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-03 19:38:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,86,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(630,'Italija','italija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Italija - Viduržemio pajūrio šalis, esanti Pietų Europos centre. Ji užima Apeninų pusiasalį, toli išsikišusį į Viduržemio jūrą, pietinę Alpių kalnų dalį ir Sicilijos, Sardinijos bei kitas mažas salas. Alpės užstoja Italiją nuo šaltų šiaurės orų pernašų, bet nekliudo jai susisiekti su kitomis Europos šalimis. Šiaurėje Italija ribojasi su Prancūzija, Šveicarija, Austrija ir Slovėnija, o pietuose Tuniso sąsiauris ją skiria nuo Afrikos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Italijos sienos ilgis 9300 km, apie 80% jos eina jūra.Dabartinė Italija - tai ne vien žydras dangus, paplūdimiai prie mėlynos jūros su vešlia subtropine augalija, apelsinų giraitės ir vynuogynai kalnų šlaituose, snieguotos Alpių viršūnės, garsūs kultūros ir architektūros paminklai, bet ir modernūs automobiliai, kompiuteriai, chemijos pramonės gaminiai, madingiausi drabužiai ir avalynė, visame pasaulyje žinomi dainininkai ir pripažinti kino filmai.. Italija yra viena seniausių pasaulio valstybių ir kartu viena jauniausių, nes tik 1871 m. jos hercogystės ir kunigaikštystės susijungė į valstybę.Tarp visų genčių, gyvenusių Apeninų pusiasalyje 1 tūkst. pr. Kr., iškilo lotynai ir sabinai. 753 m. pr. Kr. jie įkūrė Romos miestą. Romos ir jos apylinkių gyventojai pradėti vadinti romėnais. Stiprūs, pasiekę aukštesnį raidos lygį romėnai ilgainiui užkariavo kitas pusiasalio gentis ir jas asimiliavo. Pirmaisiais amžiais po Kristaus Roma pasidarė stipriausia valstybė, jungianti didelę dalį Europos, Šiaurės Afrikos, Mažosios Azijos, Palestiną ir Siriją. Tačiau 476 m.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Romos imperija žlugo, užkariauta barbarų. Vėliau į jos teritoriją įsiveržė vestgotai, vandalai, ostgotai. Dar vėliau Apeninu pusiasalis atiteko Bizantijai, o VIII a. antrojoje pusėje didelę jo dalį užkariavo frankai. Jame susikūrė gausybė mažų karalysčių. 756 m. pusiasalio viduryje buvo įkurta Popiežiaus sritis.Aukštesnis kultūros ir ūkio raidos lygis įgalino vietos gyventojus po truputį asimiliuoti užkariautojus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ėmė formuotis italų tauta ir kalba. Tai vyko X a. - XII a. pabaigoje. Susijungę pusiasalio šiaurės miestai ginklu išsivadavo iš Vokietijos priklausomybės. Tačiau ir vėliau dėl Apeninų daug šimtmečių kovojo didžiausios Europos valstybės. Italiją suvienijo Dž. Garibaldis. Per Pirmąjį pasaulinį karą ta šalis kovojo Antantės pusėje, o per Antrąjį rėmė Vokietiją ir Japoniją. 1942-1944 m. Italijoje vyko stiprus pasipriešinimo judėjimas. 1946 m. birželio 18 d. po referendumo ji pasiskelbė respublika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1200 km Alpių kalnagūbrių lankas skiria Italiją nuo Vidurio Europos. Aukštesni vakariniai kalnagūbriai, viename jų yra aukščiausias Europos (4807 m) kalnas - Monblanas. Kalnagūbriai susidarę iš hercininės kilmės kristalinių uolienų. Gal penkiolika ledynų, smailos kalnu viršūnės ir gilūs slėniai sudaro nepakartojamą vaizdą. Alpių pietinėje papėdėje driekiasi Po upės lyguma - pagrindinis Italijos \"aruodas\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šlaituose auginamos vynuogės ir vaismedžių sodai, o slėnyje - javai, pašarmiai augalai; čia plėtojama gyvulininkystė. Žemumoje įsikūrę didžiausi pramonės centrai.Italijos šiaurės vakarų pakraštyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Alpės lanku pereina į Apeninų kalnus. Šie vieni iš jauniausių planetos alpinių kalnų tęsiasi apie 1500 km, kone per visą pusiasalį. Jų geologinė sandara paini. Aukščiausias Korno taškas iškilęs 2914 m. Nuo jo leidžiasi vienintelis Apeninų ledynas, o kitos viršūnės iki sniego ribos nepakyla. Kalnų uolienos susidariusios iš konglomeratų, smiltainių ir klinčių.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-03 19:45:03',62,'','2010-06-03 19:51:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-03 19:45:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,85,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(631,'Kipras','kipras','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kipras – trečia pagal dydį sala Viduržemio jūroje, atsidūrusi trijų žemynų sankryžoje: čia susikerta keliai, vedantys į Afriką, Europą ir Aziją, todėl čia galima išvysti ne tik trijų žemynų augmenijos ir gyvūnijos, bet ir kultūros pėdsakų, kuriuos čia paliko graikai, finikiečiai, turkai, prancūzai, anglai...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagal graikų mitologiją Kipre gimė grožio ir meilės deivė Afroditė. Dėl to ši šalis vadinama Afroditės sala, ir visus metus čia plūsta žmonės, trokštantys atgaivinti priblėsusius jausmus ar pagydyti sužeistą širdį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai, kad Kipras – gyvas senienų muziejus, parašyta kiekviename turisto vadove. Po Nikosijos ar Limasolio senamiestį galima klajoti valandų valandas, užsukant atsikvėpti į muzijeus, bažnyčias, šventyklas, antikvariato parduotuvėles ir vietinių meistrų dirbtuvėles. Beje Limasolyje yra tvirtovė, kurioje vyko Anglijos karaliaus Ričardo Liūtaširdžio vestuvių pokylis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pietinė salos pusė priklauso graikams, šiaurinė – turkams. Septynios tokios kai Kipras salos sutilptų į Lietuvos teritoriją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kipras – vienintelė Europos valstybė, pavaizduota savo pačios vėliavoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kipre nėra universitetų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kipre kasmet rengiami vynuogių ir vyno festivaliai su paradai ir kaukėmis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kipro gyventojai, ypač gyvenantys nuošaliuose kaimeliuose, labai svetingi. Jeigu netikėtai jums bus pasiūlyta užeiti į svečius kavos puodelio, niekada neatsisakykite, nes įžeisite šeimininkus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-03 19:53:50',62,'','2010-06-03 19:58:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-03 19:53:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,84,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(632,'Kontinentai ir plutos plokštės','kontinentai-ir-plutos-plokts','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kontinentinė Žemės pluta yra daug storesnė už okeaninę ir skiriasi nuo šios sudėtimi. Dabartinis Žemės paviršiaus žemėlapis skirtųsi nuo, tarkime, prieš šimtą milijonų metų pavaizduoto Žemės paviršiaus. Šitokį didelį pokytį sunku suprasti nežinant bendro Žemės sandaros vaizdo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kontinentai ne stovi vietoje, o juda. Įdomu tai, kad ši mintis pirmą kartą buvo pareikšta prieš 350 metų, ir nuo to laiko ji buvo dar ne kartą iškelta, kol pagaliau mokslininkai šią idėją patvirtino tik 1960 m.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dauguma žmonių buvo linkę manyti, kad kieta kontinentinė Žemės pluta negali judėti. Dabar visi žino, kad yra kitaip.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Norint nustatyti tikslią kryptį, reikalingas kompasas. Įmagnetinta jo strėlė pasisukusi išilgai magnetinio Žemės lauko linijų; ji rodo magnetinį Šiaurės polių. Panašiai ir kai kurios kalnų uolienos yra gamtiniai kompasai. Vandens srautų nešami magnetinių geležingų mineralų kristalai, dydžiu prilygstantys maždaug smėlio ar aleurito dalelėms, elgiasi panašiai kaip mažytės kompaso rodyklėlės. Nusėsdamos sraute, jos pasisuka išilgai linijų šiaurė – pietūs ir dažniausiai išlieka tokioje padėtyje net virtusios nuosėdine uoliena.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Panašiai magnetinio lauko veikiami magnetiniai geležingi mineralai būna magminėse uolienose, pavyzdžiui, bazaltuose. Vėsdama lava arba magma esti tokios temperatūros, žemiau kurios minėti mineralai gali įsimagnetinti pagal Žemės magnetinį lauką. Šis magnetinis orientavimas (nieko bendra neturintis su kristalo orientavimu uolienoje) parodo kryptį magnetinio lauko, egzistavusio tada, kai aušo uolienos. Taigi tokie geležingi mineralai primena kompasų strėliukes, rodančias magnetinio poliaus padėtį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mokslininkai aptiko ankstesnio magnetinio lauko krypties rodiklių įvairaus amžiaus sluoksniuose ir juo matavo tūkstančiuose taškų ir visuose stratigrafiniuose horizontuose (atitinkančius įvairių laiko momentų seriją praeityje). Bendros kryptys šiuose taškuose skiriasi nuo tų, kurias kompasas rodo dabar. Paaiškėjo, kad (apytiksliai) per pastaruosius 200 mln. metų kontinentai gerokai pasislinko ne tik poliaus, bet ir vienas kito atžvilgiu. Kiekvieno kontinento kelią galima apytiksliai nustatyti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tyrinėjant senojo magnetinio lauko kryptis, apstulbino toks faktas, kad daugelyje Žemės sluoksnių per keletą pastarųjų milijonų metų (buvo tirtas toks laikotarpis) dalelės įsimagnetinusios atvirkščiai dabartinėms.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Uolienų magnetinės dalelės rodo ne Šiaurės, o Pietų polių. Remiantis radiometrinio datavimo duomenimis, atvirkštinė orientacija užfiksuota visame Žemės rutulyje vienodais laiko tarpais. Vadinasi, tuo laiku Žemės magnetinis laukas, nuo kurio priklausė tokia orientacija, buvo priešingos krypties, ir du jo poliai keitėsi vietomis. Tokia magnetinio lauko kaita vyko ne kartą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kodėl keitėsi magnetinio lauko kryptis? Manoma, kad tokia kaita galėjo būti dėl metalinio Žemės branduolio judėjimo skystoje Žemės rutulio dalyje, nes tai vyko visoje Žemėje vienu kartu…</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įstabiausias iš atradimų, darytų nuo 1950 m. buvo tai, kad vandenyno dugnas nėra plokščia monotoniška lyguma; jo formos tokios pat įvairios kaip ir kontinentų paviršiaus. Tarp daugelio formų yra ir gilus riftas – slėnis, kuris beveik nenutrūkstamai tęsiasi daugiau kaip 6000 km ir vietomis yra daugiau kaip 1000 m gilumo; jis Atlanto vandenyną dalija į dvi dalis ir kerta Indijos bei Ramųjį vandenynus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Riftas užima centrinę, pakiliausią vidurio vandenyno kalnagūbrio dalį. Riftas gerokai gilesnis už kitus slėnius, jis tęsiasi į Žemės gelmes apie 50 – 100 km ir išilgai jo į vandenyno dugno paviršių ateina daug gelmių šilumos.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-03 19:59:31',62,'','2010-06-03 20:03:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-03 19:59:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,83,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(633,'Didieji geografiniai atradimai','didieji-geografiniai-atradimai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1497 metais buvo parengta laivų eskadra ieškoti jūrų kelio iš Portugalijos aplink Afriką į Indiją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ekspedicijos vadovu buvo paskirtas Vaskas da Gama. Jo žinioje buvo trys laivai ir vienas transporto laivas su maisto atsargomis. Iš viso ekspedicijoje dalyvavo 170 žmonių. 1497 metų birželio 8 dieną laivai išplaukė iš Lisabonos ir nuplaukė iki Siera Leonės. Iš ten pasuko į pietvakarius, o už pusiaujo - į pietryčius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1497 metų gruodžio pabaigoje laivai plaukė jau rytinėmis Afrikos pakrantėmis. Vietiniai gyventojai portugalus sutiko palankiai. Mozambiko krante V. da Gama savo karaliaus pavedimu pastatė kelis akmeninius stulpus, vadinamus padranais. Tokie stulpai buvo statomi aiškiai iš jūros matomose vietose kaip orientyrai. Vienoje padrano pusėje buvo iškaltas Portugalijos herbas ir karaliaus vardas, kitoje - statytojo vardas ir padrano pastatymo data.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1498 m. gegužės 18 d., portugalai išvydo Indijos krantus, o po dviejų dienų nuleido inkarus Kapokatės įlankos uoste, kuris buvo už kelių kilometrų į šiaurę nuo Kalikuto miesto. Tik mėnesio pabaigoje vietinis Kalikuto valdovas priėmė kapitoną. Dovanos, kurias atnešė V. da Gama, nepadarė reikiamo įspūdžio. Bet laiškai, atvežti nuo Portugalijos karaliaus, buvo aukštai įvertinti. Taip buvo užmegzti diplomatiniai ir prekybos ryšiai. Tačiau prekyba Indijoje sekėsi sunkiai, todėl nedaug pavyko įsigyti gvazdikų, cinamono ir brangakmenių. Iš išlikusių V. da Gamos dienoraščių galima spręsti, kad kelionė atgal buvo labai sunki. Laivuose buvo daug sunkiai sergančių jūreivių. 1499 metų vasario 1 dieną du laivai pasiekė Mozambiką ir tik rugpjūčio pabaigoje V. da Gamos laivas įplaukė į Lisabonos uostą. Iš keturių laivų sugrįžo du, kuriuose buvo ne daugiau kaip pusė įgulos narių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sugrįžusį jūrų keliautoją V. da Gamą Portugalijos karalius Manuelis I (1495 - 1521) apdovanojo Vidigeiros grafo ir Rytų Indijos admirolo titulais. Vėliau V. da Gama suorganizavo dar dvi keliones į Indiją. Vaskas da Gama suorganizavo dar dvi keliones į naujai atrastas žemes.1502-1503 m. admirolas V. da Gama vadovavo į Indiją plaukiančiai 20 laivų eskadrai. Įkūrė Portugalijos faktorijas Mozambike ir Indijoje. Malšino vietinės valdžios pasipriešinimą ir įtvirtino Portugalijos valdžią Indijoje. Iki šiol prisimenamas V. da Gamos jūrininkų atsakymas, kai indai klausinėjo, kas paskatino portugalus vykti į tokias tolimas keliones. Atsakymas buvo: „Krikščionybė ir prieskoniai”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1524 m. V. da Gama buvo paskirtas Portugalijos valdų Indijoje vicekaraliumi. Trečią kartą atplaukęs į Indiją mirė Kočino uoste. V. da Gamos ekspedicija nebuvo labai sėkminga, tačiau išsiaiškinta, kokios pelningos prekybos galima tikėtis ateityje. Jūrų kelio į Indiją atradimas buvo vienas didžiausių įvykių pasaulinės prekybos istorijoje. Nuo tada prekybos laivai į Indijos vandenyno šalis ir Kiniją plaukdavo aplink Gerosios Vilties kyšulį. Portugalija XVI a. tapo viena stipriausių pasaulio jūrinių valstybių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1898 metais, minint jūrų kelio į Indiją atradimo 400 - ąsias metines, V. da Gamos palaikai buvo perlaidoti Jeronimo ordino vienuolyne Belene, Portugalijoje. Balto marmuro sarkofagą, kuris ilsisi ant šešių marmurinių liūtų nugarų, puošia herbų ir burlaivių reljefai. Sarkofago autorius - Simonas Žuzė da Lušas Surianu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-03 20:04:14',62,'','2010-06-03 20:08:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-03 20:04:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,82,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(634,'Špera apie Lietuvą','pera-apie-lietuv','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-03 20:09:05',62,'','2010-06-03 20:10:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-03 20:09:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,80,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(635,'Liuksenburgas','liuksenburgas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Liuksemburgo pavadinimas kilęs iš žodžio \"Lucilinburugh\" - tai reiškia \"mažoji tvirtovė\". Ir iš tiesų miestas išsiskiria savo unikalia karine architektūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors Liuksemburgas - nykštukinė valstybė (84 km ilgio ir 52 km pločio), jo vaidmuo ES didžiulis: čia posėdžiauja Europos Teismas, yra Europos Parlamento sekretoriatas, ES Audito rūmai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ardėnų regione esantis Liuksemburgas kalnuotas ir miškingas. Pasigėrėti natūraliu gamtovaizdžiu su romantiškomis pilimis ir įtvirtintais miestais atvyksta vis daugiau turistų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Liuksemburgas (sostinė) laikomas komercijos ir bankų centru. Nedaugelis pasaulio miestų gali pasigirti tokia gausa bankų ir kitų finansinių institucijų: 1995 m. čia buvo 7 tūkst. holdingo kompanijų, 900 investicijų fondų ir 222 bankai. Nuo 1968 m. čia įsikūręs Europos investicijų bankas - ES finansinė institucija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pragyvenimo lygis Lieksemburge - vienas iš aukščiausių Europoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Liuksemburgiečiai kaip ir belgai pasižymi puikiu kalbų mokėjimu. Nuo vaikystės mokomasi vokiečių, prancūzų ir \"Letzebuergesch\" (gimtoji kalba), vėliau pasirinktinai anglų, olandų, ispanų ar italų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Liuksemburgas - vienintelė Europoje ir pasaulyje Didžioji Kunigaikštystė, o šalies Didysis kunigaikštis yra jauniausias monarchas Europoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-03 20:11:42',62,'','2010-06-03 20:17:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-03 20:11:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,81,'','',0,48,'robots=\nauthor='),(636,'Naujoji Zelandija','naujoji-zelandija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Maždaug prieš 1000 m. Būrys žmonių nepabūgo išlipti į salyną, esantį Ramiojo vandenyno pietuose.Tai buvo maoriai, perkirtę Ramųjį vandenyną kanojomis ir atkeliavę iš tolimų Polinezijos salų į kraštą, kurį jie pavadino Aotearoa.Apie 700 metų maoriai ramiai gyveno šiose salose.1642 metais olandų keliautojas Abelis Tasmanas atrado šias salas ir pavadino Naująja Zelandija, Nyderlandų provincijos vardu. Netrukus amerikiečiai, australai ir  europiečiai ruonių bei banginių medžiotojai ėmė savivaliauti turtinguose pakrančių vandenyse, o 1840 metais britai įkūrė pirmąją europietišką gyvenvietę. Maoriai priešindamiesi kovojo iki 1870 metų, jų žemės tapo jiems nebepavaldžios.Būdama britų kolonija, Naujoji Zelandija labai  praturtėjo, nes ėmė eksportuoti žemės ūkio produktus.1907 metais šalis tapo nepriklausoma. Neseniai Naujoji Zelandija sudarė kelias sąjungas su savo kaimynais Ramiojo vandenyno pietuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Naujoji Zelandija, esanti apie 1500km. Nuo Australijos, savo artimiausios kaimynės, susideda iš dviejų salų - Šiaurės ir Pietų. Šiaurės saloje klimatas šiltas, švelnus, joje yra veikiantis ugnikalnis.Pietų sala šaltesnė, turi net ledynų, joje daug aukštų kalnų ir miškų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apie 9% gyventojų tebėra čiabuviai maoriai. Naujoji Zelandija-turtinga ir pažangi šalis, ji pirmoji moterims suteikė rinkimų teisę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmonės ir miestai. Naujojoje Zelandijoje vos 3,4 milijonų gyventojų - mažiau nei pusė Londono ar Paryžiaus. Beveik trys ketvirtadaliai jų yra Šiaurės saloje, ten dauguma gyvena miestuose. Velingtonas yra šalies sostinė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Plačios pievos ir šiltas, drėgnas klimatas puikiai tinka žemės ūkiui, ypač eksporto ir avims auginti. Šalyje apie 60 milijonų avių (maždaug po 20 vienam gyventojui) ir 8 milijonai galvijų. Tris ketvirtadalius sudaro žemės ūkio produkcija. Naujoji Zelandija viena iš pirmaujančių pasaulyje pagal vilnų, šaldytos mėsos ir pieno produktų (sviesto, sūrio) eksportą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Energija. Beveik 80% energijos Naujoji Zelandija gauna iš hidroelektrinių, pvz.: Klaido Pietų saloje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ši šalis nevartoja branduolinės energijos. Ji viena iš mažiausiai užterštų pasaulyje, nes gyventojų mažai ir nėra sunkiosios pramonės. Naujoji Zelandija didžiuojasi švarios, žalios šalies reputacijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiviai. Apie 1900 metus į Naująją Zelandiją buvo atgabenti kiniški agrastai, vėliau pavadinti kiviais-garsiojo šalies paukščio vardu. Dabar Naujoji Zelandija yra pagrindinis kivių eksportuotojas į visą pasaulį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiems subtropiniams vaisiams reikia šilto, saulėto klimato. Jie auginami specialiuose soduose, medžių užtvarais ar gyvatvorėmis suskirstytuose į sklypus. Naujoji Zelandija yra Pietų pusrutulyje, todėl kai į šiaurę nuo pusiaujo žiema, šioje saloje auga vaisiai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-03 20:18:36',62,'','2010-06-03 20:22:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-03 20:18:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,79,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(637,'Saudo Arabija','saudo-arabija','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-03 20:23:49',62,'','2010-06-03 20:25:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-03 20:23:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,78,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(638,'Europos valstybių lentelės','europos-valstybi-lentels','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-03 20:25:59',62,'','2010-06-03 20:27:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-03 20:25:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,77,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(639,'Aukštaitijos nacionalinis parkas','auktaitijos-nacionalinis-parkas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aukštaitijos nacionalinis parkas įkurtas 1974 m. Dabartine jo teritorija sudaro 40570 ha. šis parkas yra apie 100 km atstumu i šiaurę nuo Vilniaus, apie 170 km į šiaurės rytus nuo Kauno. Geležinkelis Sankt - Peterburgas - Vilnius - Varšuva - Berlynas eina pietrytiniu parko pakraščiu. Ignalinos rajonui priklauso 50% parko teritorijos, Utenos rajonui - 25%, Švenčioniu rajonui - 25%. Parko direkcija yra Palušės kaime, Ignalinos rajone.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aukštaitijos nacionaliniame parke yra 116 kaimų, kuriuose gyvena daugiau kaip 2000 žmonių. Didžiausia yra Kaltanenų gyvenvietė (apie 300 gyventojų). 10 gyvenviečiu turi apie 100 gyventojų. Dauguma kaimų - kelių sodybų grupė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rečiausiai gyvenama šiaurine - miškingiausia-parko dalis. Čia kaimai išikure paežerėse arba paupiuose. Yra išlikusių daug vienkiemiu. Parke yra išlike šeši etnografiniai kaimai-Šuminai, Strazdai, Varniškės - II, Salos - II, - išsaugoje senają planinę kaimo užstatymo struktūrą. Krėtuonys, Sakališkė, Meironys, Ginučiai yra gatviniai kaimai. Jiems būdinga tai, kad abipus kelio gyvenamieji namai buvo statomi galu, toliau už ju stovi ūkiniai pastatai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aukštaitijos nacionalinio parko teritorijos reljefas yra labai įvairus. Vidutinis aukštis virš jūros lygio - 150 - 155 m. Aukščiausios kalvos iškyla daugiau kaip 200 m. v. j. l. Žemiausios įdubos (40-60 m) užlietos vandens. Paviršiaus nelygumų amplitudė-beveik 100 m. Reljefa suformavo ledynai, kurie ne viena kartą dengė Lietuvą. Paskutiniojo apledėjimo metu susidarę ežeringos moreninės aukštumos. Labai įdomus Šiliniškiu kalvagubris, kurio tąsoje yra Ginučiu ir Papiliakalnės piliakalniai, Ledakalnis. Iš abiejų pusių jį supa dvi gilios ežeru rinos. Klimatas yra jūrinis-žemyninis. Per metus vidutiniškai 1707 valandas sviečia saulė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vidutine metinė temperatūra yra +5,5°C. Šilčiausias yra liepos mėnuo (vidutine temperatūra +18,5°C). Pirmosios šalnos prasideda antroje rugsėjo pusėje, paskutinės trunka iki gegužes 20 d. Pastovi sniego danga susidaro gruodžio antroje pusėje. Metinis kritulių kiekis-600-650 mm. Aukščiausia oro temperatūra buvo 1992 m. vasarą 33°C.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiausios girios yra: Ažvinčiu (4603 ha), Linkmenu (2621 ha), Minčios (2964 ha). Rezervatines zonos miškai užima 700 ha. Tai sudaro 1,8 % visos parko teritorijos. Čia galima lankytis tik su parko administracijos atstovu. Remiantis miškotvarkos medžiaga, miškuose leidžiami įvairus kirtimai. Plynai kertami tik pažeisti ir perbrende medynai. Ukiniu požiuriu miškai suskirstyti į šešias girininkijas, girininikijos-į 39 eiguvas. Visi miškai suskirstyti į 660 kvartalų. Be valstybinių miškų, dar yra 670 ha privačių, kuriuose ūkininkaujama, laikantis saugomu teritoriju reikalavimų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-03 20:28:10',62,'','2010-06-03 20:38:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-03 20:28:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,76,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(640,'Egiptas','egiptas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Egiptas yra ant senųjų platformų, kurioms 3-2 mln. metų. Tik kai kuriose vietose iškyla senųjų platformų skydai, bei Sinajaus pusiasalis yra baikalinės kalnodaros suformuoto reljefo srityje. Egipte vyrauja 300 - 2000 m. aukščiai. Yra al Kataros įduba ( - 133m.). Aukščiausia vieta - Katerinos kalnas Sinajaus pusiasalio Pietuose (2637 m.). Šalies Rytuose yra grabenų virtinė. Jie yra prie Afrikos ir Arabijos plokščių ribos. Egipte yra naftos, geležies, apatitų, fosforitų, urano gamtinių išteklių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Egiptas yra atogrąžų ir subtropinėse klimato juostose. Išskyrus mažą Egipto plotą, esantį subtropinėje klimato juostoje, visoje šalyje yra sausa ir karšta. Ypač karšta būna 5 - 11 mėnesiais, nes saulės spinduliai krinta stačiausiai. O šiaurinėje Egipto dalyje, esančioje subtropinėje klimato juostoje drėgniau būna 11 - 5 mėnesiais, nes visos klimato juostos tarsi pasislenka link Šiaurės. Tada subtropinėje klimato juostoje vyrauja tropinis klimatas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Egiptas yra pusdykumių ir dykumų gamtinėje zonoje. 96 % Egipto teritorijos užima dykumos. Gyvenamoji teritorija sudaro ~ 3% Egipto ploto. Didžiausi plotai - pusdykumių ir dykumų dirvožemiai, tik prie Nilo ir Nilo deltoje yra aliuviniai dirvožemiai. Gyvūnija ir augalija skurdi, išskyrus oazėse. Gyvūnai ir augalai yra prisitaikę gyventi sunkiomis sąlygomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1997 m. Egipte buvo ~ 65 mln. žmonių. Islamas - oficiali Egipto religija. 90% egiptiečių yra musulmonai. Kiti -krikščionys koptai. 45 % egiptiečių yra miestiečiai. 99 % gyvena šalia Nilo ar jo deltoje. Išsilavinimas yra nemokamas, bet tik 51 % pilamečių moka skaityti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Egiptas yra įdomus savo istorija, vietovėmis, kultūra ir žmonėmis. Žmonės Egipte gyvena vien dėl Nilo. Visas Egiptas yra dykumose. Tik Nilo slėnys ir delta nėra dykumingos. Nilas - ilgiausia pasaulio upė. Smarkūs potvyniai nusėsdavo didelius plotus derlingu dumblu. Dėl to plėtojosi žemdirbystė. Įtekėdamas į Viduržemio jūrą, Nilas sudaro milžinišką deltą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Senovės Egiptas buvo labai turtingas. Todėl faraonai statydavo didelius savo kapus - piramides.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Egipte yra apie 80 piramidžių. Apie 2700 m. pr. Kr. faraonas Džoseris pastatė pirmąją piramidę. Iš Gizoje esančių piramidžių didžiausia yra Cheopso piramidė. Jos aukštis 146 metrai. Šią piramidę dar gyvas pradėjo sau statytis faraonas Cheopsas. Piramidę statė 20 metų. Kita Egipto įžymybė - Sueco kanalas. Tai dykume einantis kanalas, tarp Viduržemio ir Raudonosios jūros. Šį kanalą keletą kartų yra užnešę smėliu, ir reikėdavo jį pagilinti, kad būtų tinkamas laivybai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-03 20:44:27',62,'','2010-06-03 20:52:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-03 20:44:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,75,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(641,'Pramonės geografija','pramons-geografija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pramonė yra svarbi ūkio šaka. Dabartinė Lietuvos pramonė dirba sunkiomis sąlygomis. Ji labai priklauso nuo importuojamų žaliavų – metalų, medvilnės, įvairių chemikalų ir kuro (naftos ir gamtinių dujų). Labai sumažėjo Lietuvos pramonės produkcijos paklausa NVS šalyse, nes dėl aukštų kainų jos gaminiai negali konkuruoti rytuose. Vakaruose taip pat Lietuvos prekės negali būti realizuojamos dėl didelės konkurencijos bei prastesnės prekių kokybės. Naudodama vietines žaliavas, Lietuvos pramonė gamina maisto produktus, statybines medžiagas, medieną ir jos gaminius bei dalį lengvosios pramonės produkcijos (odos, avalynė, lininiai audiniai). Iš atvežtinių žaliavų gaminama tekstilės, chemijos kuro (mazutas, benzinas), mašinų pramonės produkcija. Beveik visai Lietuvoje gaminamai el. energijai reikia atvežtinio kuro (branduolinio ir mazuto bei gamtinių dujų). Liet. Pram. skirstoma į kasybos, apdirbamąją, kuro ir elektroenergetikos pramonę. 68 % - darbuotojų dirba apdirbamosios pramonės šakose; kuro ir energetikos - 21 %; kasybos - 11 %.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šios pramonės pagaminta produkcija sudaro 2 % visos gaminamos produkcijos vertės. Nors Lietuvoje yra kur kas daugiau iškasenų, tačiau šiuo metu daugiausia išgaunama požeminis gėlas ir mineralinis vanduo, klintys, dolomitas, opoka, smėlis, žvyras, molis, durpės ir nafta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Požeminis gelasis vanduo. Ne visą šalies vidaus vandenį, taip pat požeminį vandenį gyventojai gali naudoti kaip geriamąjį, o maisto pramonė - kaip technologinį. Geriausiai tinka požeminis gėlas vanduo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuo metu yra rasti 95 geriamojo požeminio vandens telkiniai. Požeminio gel. H2O užteks dar ilgam. Požeminis gėl. H2O Lietuvoje pasiskirstęs netolygiai. Daugiausia randamas Merkio, Neries, Šventosios, Dubysos, Minijos, Ventos ir Nemunėlio upių baseinuose. Vartotojam geriamasis vanduo šalyje tiekiamas trimis būdais: 1. centralizuotas miestų, 2. decentralizuotas stambių pramonės ir žemės ukio įmonių ir gyventojų, (tiekiamas iš vandentiekų, kur jis iš požeminių vandeningų sluoksnių išgaunamas gręžtiniais šuliniais; gautas iš tokių šulinių vanduo yra nešvarus ir jis yra pravalomas). 3. individualusis sodybų ir miestų pakraščių namų vandentiekis. Atskirų sodybų ir miestų pakraščių gyventojai naudoja gruntinį vandenį iš kastinių šulinių (jų Lietuvoje yra apie 300000), o vandenį Lietuvoje naudoja apie 1mln. žmonių. Kadangi šis vanduo gaunamas iš negilių šulinių, tai dažnai būna užterštas nitratų ir kitokių tiršalų (apie 50 - 80 %).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mineralinis požeminis vanduo. Mineralinis yra toks vanduo, kurio viename litre yra nuo 2 iki 35g mineralų. Rasta 19 skirtingos mineralinės sudeties vandens tipų. Tokio vandens šalyje galima išgauti daugiau kaip 6000 m3 per parą. Lietuvoje mineralinis vanduo naudojamas gydymui ir juo yra prekiaujama.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gydomasis mineralinis vanduo išgaunamas prie Birštono, Druskininko kurortų bei gydomųjų įstaigų Anykščiuose, Vilniuje, Kaune, Likėnuose, Abromiškėse (prie Elektrenų); geriamasis mineralinis vanduo – Vilniuje (Aukštieji Paneriai), Likėnuose, Biržuose.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-03 20:53:42',62,'','2010-06-03 20:59:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-03 20:53:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,74,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(642,'Anykščių rajonas','anyki-rajonas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Išgarsintas mūsų literatūros klasikų A. Baranausko, J. Biliūno, A. Žukausko - Vienuolio, J. Tumo-Vaižganto, pasidabinęs kalvomis ir šilais, perjuostas melsvu Šventosios kaspinu Anykščių rajonas – viena iš labiausiai lankomų rytų Lietuvos vietų. Lankytojus traukia noras pamatyti šio krašto istorijos-kultūros paminklus, savo akimis pažvelgti į rašytojų gimtines ir vietas, aprašytas jų kūrininiuose, reto grožio gamtovaizdžius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš visų pusių Anykščius supa, anot A. Baranausko, “kalnai ant kalnų, ė ant tų kalnų kalnai ir maži kalneliai…”. Miestas  įsikūręs giliame šventosios slėnyje, pabiręs abipus Šventosios intako Anykštos žemupio. Šis iš Rubikių ežero atvingiuojantis upokšnis ir davė miestui legendomis apipintą vardą. Viena iš jų byloja, kad senų senovėje upokšnio pakrantėje milžinas rovęs medžius ir užsigavęs nykštį. Iš skausmo jis garsiai šaukęs: “ai, nykštį, ai, nykštį!”. Jo šauksmas net aplinkiniuose kaimuose girdėjosi. Nuo to laiko upelė buvo Ainykšta praminta. O kita legenda, persakyta A. Žukausko-Vienuolio, kalba apie bajoro Nykščio pilį ant Kalitos kalno, kuris iškyla aukštame upelio šlaite ir žvelgia į Anykščių miestą. Turėjęs Nykštys devynis sūnus, bet jie žuvę kovoje su priešu. Jauniausiojo sūnaus žmona Ona Nykštienė, sužinojusi apie vyro mirtį, iš sielvarto pasiskandinusi pro pilį tekančioje upelėje. Nuo to laiko žmonės pradėję tą upę vadinti Onos Nykštienės vardu, vėliau tas pavadinimas sutrumpėjęs, virtęs Anykšta.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš įvairių Lietuvos vietų atvyksta į Anykščius žmonės, kad pamatytų A. Baranausko klėtelę, kur gimė “giesmių giesmė lietuviškai gamtai”, kad pabuvotų name, kur gyveno ir kūrė A. Žukauskas - Vienuolis, pastovėtų prie jo kapo, kad įkoptų Liudiškių piliakalnin prie “Laimės žiburį” simbolizuojančio paminklo J. Biliūnui, kad pasigrožėtų ta nepaprasta, dainių apdainuota gamta. Turistai lankosi Niūronyse, Ažuožeriuose, Malaišiuose, kur išbujojo mūsų literatūros ąžuolai, kur vaikščiojo jų kūrinių personažai. Gausius Anykščių krašto lankytojus traukia čionai gili pagarba mūsų literatūros klasikams, juos išugdžiusiai žemei. Tad nenuostabu, kad daugeliui atvykusiųjų Anykščiai prasideda nuo mažos klėtelės, nuo medžių ūksme apsigaubusios sodybos – A. Baranausko ir A. Žukausko-Vienuolio memorialinio muziejaus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Poeto A. Baranausko (1835 - 1902) tėvai – Anykščių valstiečiai 1839 m. iš Anykščių priemiesčio Jurzdiko persikėlė gyventi į dešinėje Šventosios pakrantėje esančius Ažupiečius, ten nupirkę apirusią sodybą. Į naują vietą buvo perkeltas ir senas ūkinis pastatas – maža, kirviu ręsta, be vinies pastatyta, šiaudais dengta klėtelė, kuri vėliau tapo būsimojo poeto darbo, jaunatviškų svajų ir poilsio vieta. Čia, Ažupiečiuose,  Anykščių apylinkėse prabėgo A. Baranausko vaikystė. Čia jis ganė ažupėnų valstiečių bandą, lakstė Eglėkalnio šlaitais, braidė Valaukio upokšnyje, bėgdavo į kerintį savo grožiu šilelį grybauti, klausėsi motinos ir kitų anykštėnų dainuojamų dainų, kurios, kaip vėliau prisipažino, “kliudė širdį”, ganykloms ir medžiams skandavo savo paties sudėtus posmus… Gimtinės grožis, tai, ką jautri širdis nuo vaikystės buvo į save suėmusi, vėliau kristalizavosi “Anykščių šilelio” posmuose, jo įvaizdžiuose, kai gimė, anot E. Mieželaičio, “didelis poezijos žodis – nepakartojamas tarsi Čiurlionio miškas”.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-03 21:00:57',62,'','2010-06-03 21:04:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-03 21:00:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,73,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(643,'Miestų apskritys','miest-apskritys','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kauno rajonas – vienas iš šešių Kauno apskrities rajonų, beje pats didžiausias. Kauno rajonas tikrai vertas dėmesio, nes čia apstu įvairių parkų, įžymių medžių ir šiaip visokių gamtos paminklų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaunas – vienas iš seniausių ir antras pagal dydį bei reikšmę Lietuvos miestas. Kauno įkūrėju laikomas legendinio Lietuvos Kunigaikščio Palemono sūnus Kūnas. Kurioje vietoje buvo Kūno pilis – neaišku. Remiantis metraščiais, atrodo, jog ji turėjusi būti Nemuno ir Nevėžio santakoje. Nuo Kūno vardo greičiausiai ir kilo Kauno pavadinimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pažaislio parkas užima 201 hektaro plotą. Kauno Pažaislio parke ties rūmais kerojasi 500 metų ąžuolas, kurio aukštis siekia 20 m, o skersmuo 21 m. Ošia čia ir 100 - 130 metų pušys, iš kurių ne vienos aukštis siekia 27 m, o skersmuo – 80 cm. Ošia čia ir šimtametės eglės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vytauto parkas – sodas – 10 ha.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šis parkas įsikūrė prieš 100 metų, čia galime aptikti įspūdingų ąžuolų, eglių, pušų ir įspūdingai baltų ir trapių gluosnių. Pamatysime čia ir 20 - 23 m europinių ir sibirinių maumedžių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lampėdžių liepos skersmuo 2m, aukštis 24m. Jos auga Lampėdžiuose, Romuvos gatvėje prie namo Nr.87. Penkios liepos, kurios, spėjama, buvo pasodintos arba pasėtos, vėliau suaugo į vieną kamieną. 1968 m Lampėdžių liepa paskelbta gamtos paminklu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prienų rajonas vienas iš 6 Kauno apskrities rajonų, jis užima pietinę apskrities dalį, išsidėstęs abipus Nemuno. Pagal savo geografinę padėtį Prienai ir didžiulė Nemuno vidurupio atkarpa yra pačiame rajono centre. Nemunas vingiuodamas sukuria nepakartojamus gamtos vaizdus. Dėl tokių įspūdingų vaizdų šis rajonas ir išsiskiria iš kitų Lietuvos rajonų ir pelno sau didžiausią šlovę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aukščiausia Lietuvos eglė (skersmuo 85 cm aukštis 45 m) auga Prienų miškų urėdijos Prienų girininkijos 90 kvartale. Eglė dailiai nuaugusi, spėjama, jog jos amžius siekia net 300 metų. 1971 m ji buvo paskelbta gamtos paminklu. Gaila, bet pastebėta , kad eglės viršūnė pradeda džiūti.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-03 21:05:52',62,'','2010-06-03 21:10:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-03 21:05:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,72,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(644,'JAV Ekonomika','jav-ekonomika','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jungtinės Amerikos Valstijos (United States of America), yra valstybė Šiaurės Amerikoje. Plotas 9,4 mln. km 2. Gyvena apie 216 mln. žmonių. Pagal plotą ir gyventojų skaičių užima 4 vietą pasaulyje. Valstybinė kalba – anglų. Sostinė – Vašingtonas. Administratiniu atžvilgiu suskirstyos  į 50 valstijų. JAV susideda iš 3 atskirų dalių: 1) pagrindinė dalis užima 7,8 mln. km2 plotą. Joje gyvena 202 mln. gyventojų. Šiaurėje ribojasi su Kanada, pietuose su Meksika, vakaruose prieina prie Ramiojo vandenyno, rytuose prie Atlanto vandenyno, pietryčiuose prie Meksikos įlankos. 2) Aliaska. Užima Šiaurės Amerikos šiaurės vakarų dalį. Jai priklauso Aleutų, Kadjako salos, Aleksandro salynas. 3) Havajų salos. Yra Ramiajame vandenyne. JAV – kolojininė valstybė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">VIDAUS VANDENYS. Didžiausios upės : Misisipė su intakais Misūriu ir Ohaju, Kolumbija, Koloradas, Jūkonas. Daugelio upių režimas nereguliarus, ypač kontinentinio klimato rajonuose. Regulaiarų rėžimą turi Šv. Lauryno upė, tekanti Kanados pasieniu. Didžiausi ežerai : Aukštutinis ežeras,  Huronas, Mičiganas, Eris, Ontarijas (pusė ežerų ploto priklauso JAV kita pusė Kanadai). Didžiajame baseine yra nenutekamų sūrių ežerų (Didysis Druskos ežeras). Floridoje daug karstinių ir lagūninių ežerų. Aliaskoje – ledyniniai tektoniniai ežerai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">DIRVOŽEMIAI. ŽEMĖS ŪKIS. Pagrindinės JAV dalies šiaurės rytuose, Apalačų priekalniuose ir Didžiųjų ežerų rajone daugiausia velėniniai jauriniai ir rudieji miškų,  pietų provincijose – raudonžemiai ir geltonžemiai, Centriniuose lygumų vakaruose – prerijų juodžemiai, Didžiosiose lygumose – kaštoniniai juodžemiai, o į pietus nuo 380 šiaurės platumos – tamsiai rudi ir pilkai rudi, Kordiljerų vidiniuose plokščiakalniuose ir plynaukštėse – pusdykumių rudieji ir subtropinių dykumų. Lygumose taip pat daug velėninių karbonatinių, aliuvinių, pelkinių pievų dirvožemių. Kalnuose – rudieji kalnų miškų ir tamsiai rudi, Aliaskoje – tundriniai, tundriniai kalnų. Žemės ūkiui yra būdingas aukštas kapitalistinių santykių lygis, ryškus prekinis gamybos pobūdis, parajonių specializacija. Dėl mokslinės techninės revoliucijos didinamos investicijos į fermas. JAV žemės ūkis yra labai mechanizuotas, daug naudojama mineralinių trąšų, hibridinių sėklų. Visas valstybės žemės fondas ~ 770 mln. ha. (be Aliaskos), iš jo žemės ūkio naudmenų ~ 580 mln. ha. JAV žemės fondą rytuose daugiausia sudaro dirbamos žemės ir miškai, vakaruose – ganyklos. Ariama žemė didelius plotus užima prerijose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dabar JAV yra 2 pagal medvilnės išauginimą , mėsos pagaminimą, kiaulių auginimą, 1 pagal pieno pagaminimą, į penketuką patenka pagal jūros gėrybių sugavimą, miškų plotą.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-03 21:11:40',62,'','2010-06-03 21:16:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-03 21:11:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,71,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(645,'Lietuva','lietuva','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">,,Koks gražus, mažytis mūsų kraštas, kaip lašelis tyro gintaro...\" rašė apie savo tėviškę lietuvių poetė Salomėja Nėris. Lietuvos vakaruose banguoja Baltijo jūra, rytuose ir pietuose žalumynuose paskendę tyvuliuoja ežerai, ežerėliai. Per visą kraštą melsvomis juostomis vingiuoja daugybė sraunių upių, upelių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Skarotais pušynų ir beržynų gojais apsikaišiusios kalvos ir kloniai. Tačiau didžiausia mūsų krašto puošmena yra gintarinė Baltija su savo dieną naktį ošiančiais pajūrio pušynais ir boluojančiomis pasakiškomis smėlio kopomis. Baltijos jūra plotu beveik 6 kartus didesnė už Lietuvos teritorija. Mūsų respublikai priklauso 99 km. jos pakrančių. Jose Klaipėdos uostamiestis, mūsų taip mėgiamas kurortas Palanga, poilsiavietės: Nida, Juodkrantė, Giruliai ir Šventoji. Per Baltijos jūrą išvežami Lietuvos gaminiai į užsienį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prie pat Baltijos jūros akį džiugina kitas didžiulis ir žuvingas vandens baseinas - Kuršių marios. Apie ketvirtadalį jų priklauso Lietuvai. Į marias įsiterpusiame Ventės rage kasmet sustoja daug pralekiančių paukščių, todėl čia veikia jų žiedavimo stotis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Baltijos jūrą nuo Kuršių marių skiria siaura, ilga ( 98 km ) smėlio juosta - Kuršių nerija. Tai nepakartojamo gamtos grožio vieta - jos prisiminimas labai malonus visiems, kas čia apsilanko.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiausia Lietuvos upė - Nemunas ( 937 km ). Užtvenkus jos vandenis, prie Kauno išsiliejo marios, išaugo galinga hidroelektrinė. Lietuvą puošia ir kitos upės: Neris, Nevėžis, Šventoji, Merkys, Šešupė, Dubysa.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiausias mūsų Drūkšių ežeras plyti 4500 ha plote, ilgiausias Asvejos ( 29 km ), o giliausias - Tauragnų ( 60,5 m ).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-03 21:17:15',62,'','2010-06-03 21:20:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-03 21:17:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,70,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(646,'Italija (Referatas).','italija-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Italija yra viena seniausių pasaulio valstybių ir kartu viena jauniausių, nes tik 1871 m. jos hercogystės ir kunigaikštystės susijungė į valstybę.Tarp visų genčių, gyvenusių Apeninų pusiasalyje 1 tūkst. pr. Kr., iškilo lotynai ir sabinai. 753 m. pr. Kr. jie įkūrė Romos miestą. Romos ir jos apylinkių gyventojai pradėti vadinti romėnais. Stiprūs, pasiekę aukštesnį raidos lygį romėnai ilgainiui užkariavo kitas pusiasalio gentis ir jas asimiliavo. Pirmaisiais amžiais po Kristaus Roma pasidarė stipriausia valstybė, jungianti didelę dalį Europos, Šiaurės Afrikos, Mažosios Azijos, Palestiną ir Siriją. Tačiau 476 m. Romos imperija žlugo, užkariauta barbarų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vėliau į jos teritoriją įsiveržė vestgotai, vandalai, ostgotai. Dar vėliau Apeninu pusiasalis atiteko Bizantijai, o VIII a. antrojoje pusėje didelę jo dalį užkariavo frankai. Jame susikūrė gausybė mažų karalysčių. 756 m. pusiasalio viduryje buvo įkurta Popiežiaus sritis.Aukštesnis kultūros ir ūkio raidos lygis įgalino vietos gyventojus po truputį asimiliuoti užkariautojus. Ėmė formuotis italų tauta ir kalba. Tai vyko X a. - XII a. pabaigoje. Susijungę pusiasalio šiaurės miestai ginklu išsivadavo iš Vokietijos priklausomybės. Tačiau ir vėliau dėl Apeninų daug šimtmečių kovojo didžiausios Europos valstybės. Italiją suvienijo Dž. Garibaldis. Per Pirmąjį pasaulinį karą ta šalis kovojo Antantės pusėje, o per Antrąjį rėmė Vokietiją ir Japoniją. 1942 - 1944 m. Italijoje vyko stiprus pasipriešinimo judėjimas. 1946 m. birželio 18 d. po referendumo ji pasiskelbė respublika.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">GEOGRAFINĖ PADĖTIS - Apeninų pusiasalis, primenantis ilgą batą, bei Sicilijos, Sardinijos ir mažesnės salos Viduržemio jūroje; kranto linijos ilgis apie 7500 km, šalies ilgis iš šiaurės į pietus 1140 km; priskiriama Pietų Europai. Krantus skalauja Viduržemio jūros sudedamosios dalys: rytuose - Adrijos ir Jonijos jūros, Venecijos, Triesto ir Taranto įlankos, Venecijos lagūna, vakaruose - Ligūrijos ir Tirėnijos jūros, Genujos įlanka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">AUGALIJA yra tipiška mediteraninė,  plačialapiai ir spygliuočiai miškai prieškalnėse: ąžuolai, bukai, kaštonai ir europietiški maumedžiai, itališki kiparisai, europietiški bukmedžiai, Viduržemio jūros kadagiai, itališkos pušys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš visų Pietų europos valstybių didžiausia gamtos įvairove išsiskiria Italija. Didelė jos dalis išsidėsčiusi Apeninų pusiasalyje, kuris panašus į aulinį batą su pakulniu ir nosimi. Italijoje skiriamos keturios gamtos sritys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">ALPĖS.Italijoje yra pietiniai Alpių pakraščiai. Aukščiausios viršūnės iškilusios iki 4 km ir dar aukščiau,todel ištisus metus čia boluoja sniegas,o slėniais leidžiasi ledynai.Ant sraunių kalnų upių pastatyta daug vandens jėgainių.Alpių papėdese tyvuliuoja dideli ir giluūs Komo. Madžorės, Gardos ežerai. Alpėse daug kurortų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-03 21:21:17',62,'','2010-06-03 21:29:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-03 21:21:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,69,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(647,'Afrika','afrika','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Afrika yra antras žemynas pagal plotą.Jos plotas lygus 30.3 mln. km 2. Pats aukščiausias kalnas yra Kilimandžaras (5895 m). 1999 metais Afrikoje gyveno 770 mln. žmonių.Prieš 135 mln. Metų Afrika priklausė Gondvanai ,kurią sudarė dabartinės : Pietų Amerika, Afrika, Australija ir Antarktida .</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Afrika – vienintelis žemynas, kurį beveik per patį vidurį kerta pusiaujas.Didesnė jo paviršiaus dalis – plokščiakalniai. Tai pats karščiausias žemynas, kurio milžinišką plotą užima savanos ir dykumos. Afrikoje gyvena patys stambiausi žvėrys, didžiausi paukščiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žemyno miškuose auga daugybė vertingų rūšių medžių, o Žemės gelmėse gausu įvairių naudingųjų iškasenų telkinių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors Afrikos pamatą sudaro stabili platforma, tačiau ne visur Žemės pluta yra rami.Ypač aktyvi ji rytuose.Čia vyko didžiausi Žemės plutos kilimai ir lūžiai.Vienur pluta iškilo, kitur – nugrimzdo. Labiausiai įdubusios sritys vadinamos Vidurio ir Rytų Afrikos grabenais. Giliausiose Vidurio Afrikos grabeno vietose telkšo siauri ir gilūs ežerai.Ilgiausi iš jų Njasos ir Tanganikos. Pastarasis beveik 1500 m gylio.Tarp Vidurio ir Rytų grabeno plyti didžiausias žemyne Viktorijos ežeras. Jo gylis tesiekia 70 - 80 metrų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žemės plutos lūžių srityse vyko dažni žemės drebėjimai. Iš gausiai į paviršių išsiveržusios lavos susidarė Etijopijos kalnynas.Žemės pluta Rytų Afrikoje juda ir dabar. Mokslininkai prognozuoja, kad ateityje, Žemės gelmių veikiama, rytinė Afrikos dalis atskils nuo Afrikos ir nutols.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mūsų platumoje skiriami keturi metų laikai. Afrikoje metų laikai skaičiuojami kitaip nei pas mus.Net ir labiausiai nuo pusiaujo nutolusiose Afrikos srityse  temperatūra nebūna žemesnė nei 10 laipsnių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taip yra todėl, kad Saulė per visus metus juda tarp pietų ir šiaurės atogražų ir Žemė ten įkaitinama labiausiai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-03 21:31:22',62,'','2010-06-03 21:35:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-03 21:31:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,68,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(648,'Vokietija','vokietija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vokietija, oficialiai - Vokietijos Federatyvinė respublika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Joje 1994 metais gyveno 81 088 000 gyventojų, jos plotas po 1990 metų susijungimo yra 357 161 km2. Gyventojų tankumas - 227 žmonių km2.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vokietija yra šiaurės pusrutulyje, pagal nulinį dienovidinį - rytinėje dalyje. Ji, būdama Europos centre, yra apsupta daugelio valstybių. Vakaruose Vokietija ribojasi su Olandija, Belgija, Liuksemburgu ir Prancūzija, pietuose - su Šveicarija ir Austrija, rytuose - su Čekijos respublika ir Lenkija, ir šiaurėje - su Danija bei Šiaurės ir Baltijos jūromis. Vokietijos pakrantė raižyta, daug įlankų, pusiasalių, lagūmų, smėlio nerijų. Vokietijai priklauso taip pat daug salų, didžiausios iš jų: Riugenas (926 km2), Uzedomas (dalis - 354 km2), Femarnas (185 km2), Ziltas (99 km2).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Berlynas yra juridinė sostinė ir didžiausias miestas. Faktinė sostinė yra Bona, bet 1991 metais Vokietijos parlamentas nusprendė perkelti federacinę vyriausybę į Berlyną. Vokietija nėra kalnuota šiaurėje (Šiaurės Vokietijos žemuma), truputį kalningų vietovių galima rasti jos centre, ir kalnai bei plokštikalniai pietuose: Bavarijos ir Klintinės Alpės, Švabijos Albas, Švarcvaldas, Bavarijos ir Tiuringijos Miškas, Reino Skalūniniai, Harcas, Rūdiniai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinės Vokietijos upės, priklausančios Šiaurės jūros baseinui, yra Elbė (ištekanti iš Čekijos respublikos - 700 km Vokietijos teritorijoje), Vėzeris, Emzė, Reinas (865 km Vokietijoje) ir Mainas, taip pat Dunojus (647 km Vokietijoje), priklausantis Juodosios jūros baseinui. Viso Vokietija turi 6650 km vidinių vandens kelių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugiausia ežerų galime pamatyti Bavarijos plynaukštėje ir šiaurės rytuose, didžiausi iš jų: Bodenas (dalis - 298 km2), Miuricas (117 km2).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aukščiausia viršukalnė - Cugspice (2964 m). Ilgiausias laivybinis kanalas - Vidurio vokietijos (385 km).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dirbama žemė užima 40%, miškai 29%, pievos ir ganyklos 15%, sodai ir vynuogynai 4% šalies teritorijos.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-07 19:47:12',62,'','2010-06-07 20:00:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-07 19:47:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,67,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(649,'Neįprasti gamtos reiškiniai','neprasti-gamtos-reikiniai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šeši kilometrai nuo Mažeikių esančią Tirkšlių gyvenvietę šių metų balandžio mėn. 6 dieną (1998 04 06) pirmadienį, po pietų nuniokojo viesulas. Tirkšliškiai išvydo ko nematę. Per keliolika sekundžių žmonės liko be pastogių. Mažeikiečiai apie įvykius Tirkšliuose negalėjo patikėti. Galvota, kad žmonių kalbos šiek tiek sutirštintos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viesulai - labai pavojingi gamtos reiškiniai. Jų kilmė dar nežinoma, ne visai aišku, ir kaip jie susiformuoja. Dažniausiai viesulai susidaro iš audros debesų. Kartais jie primena kyšantį iš debesies piltuvą, o kartais esti panašūs į rankovę arba milžinišką dramblio straublį. Tokiam straubliui dar nepasiekus žemės paviršiaus nuo jos pakyla dulkių, smėlio ar vandens stulpas. Iš šono atrodo, kad pati žemė tiesia debesiui savo ranką. Dažniausiai straublys esti pilkšvos spalvos, bet pasitaiko ir juodų kaip degutas. Kai abi pusės susijungia į milžinišką, siaubingu greičiu besisukantį stulpą, reginys pasidaro niūrus ir bauginantis, pritrenkiantis. Prieš tokį straublį neatsilaiko niekas- nei gyvuliai, nei žmonės, nei vanduo, nei žemė, nei technika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viesulai atsiranda labai netikėtai ir greitai. Jų susidarymą lemia daugelis veiksnių, bet svarbiausias - tai šilto ir šalto oro grumtynės. Atmosferoje pasitaiko atvejų, kai apačioje esantį šiltą orą iš viršaus ušgriūna šaltas, kur kas sunkesnis oras. Ši dvikova retai baigiasi taikiai. Dažniausiai šaltas oras taip audringai veržiasi į šilto oro masę, kad ties jų susidurimo riba oras susi-sluoksniuoja kaip pyragas: pačioje apačioje būna šiltas oras, ant jo gula šalto oro sluoksnis, dar aukščiau vėl šiltas oras, o ant jo šaltas ir t. t.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sunkesnis šaltas oras taip prispaudžia apačioje esantį šiltą orą, jog šis šoksta aukštyn, kaip iššoksta teniso kamuoliukas, panardintas į vandenį. Dėl Žemės nukreipiančiosios jėgos kylantis oro srautas įgauna sukamąjį judesį. Kaip dailiojo čiuožimo meistrai pradeda suktis greičiau, kai išskėstas rankas prispaudžia prie krūtinės, taip ir oras, atitekėjęs arčiau centro, pradeda suktis didėjančiu greičiu. Pakilęs į viršų, kondensuojasi, išsiskiria slaptoji kondensacijos šiluma, kuri ir palaiko sūkurio intensyvumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viesulo ertmėje oras yra tiek praretėjęs, kad, jam praėjus, iš butelių išlekia kamščiai, apipešiotos lieka vištos, o kartais sprogsta ir pastatai. Normalus atmosferos slėgis sudaro vidutiniškai 1 kg kvadratiniame centimetre. Jis vienodai spaudžia tiek išorines, tiek vidines pastato sienas. Pačiame viesulo centre slėgis gali būti sumažėjęs iki 0,2-0,3 kg į kvadratinį centimetrą. Kai, pavyzdžiui, gyvenamasis namas atsiduria viesulo centre, oras, esantis pastato viduje, nebesusitinka tolygaus pasipriešinimo iš išorės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Slėgių skirtumas pastato viduje ir lauke gali siekti 0,7 - 0,8 kg į kvadratinį centimetrą. Vadinasi, pavyzdžiui, langą, kurio plotas 1 kvadratinis metras, viduje esatis oras dabar slėgs 7000 - 8000 kg jėga !</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vargiai ar stiklas atlaikys tokį slėgį. O namo sienas juk slėgs dar didesnė jėga- keli šimtai tonų. Todėl staigiai užėjus viesului, viduje esantis oras susprogdins patį namą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-07 20:02:00',62,'','2010-06-07 20:06:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-07 20:02:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,66,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(650,'Žemės planetos kilmė ir raida','ems-planetos-kilm-ir-raida','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Manoma, kad Žemės amžius yra apie 4,5 mlrd. metų, tačiau nelabai aišku, kaip susidarė mūsų planeta ir visa Saulės sistema. Teorija, kaupiantis žinioms apie Saulės sistemą, nuolat kinta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindiniai šios teorijos teiginiai pagrįsti tuo, kad visa Saulės sistema - Žemė, kitos planetos ir Saulė - susidarė vienu metu ir vieningai. Tai nėra unikalu ir nepaprasta, panašūs procesai Visatoje vyksta ir dabar. Pradinė medžiaga, iš kurios susidarė Saulės sistema, buvo ūkas - didžiulis besisukantis disko formos debesis, sudarytas iš šaltų dujų ir dulkių. Šitai masei tankėjant, išsiskyrė tankesni centrai, kurie ilgainiui virto Saule ir planetomis. Žemės skersmuo, kuris dabar yra 13400 km, tada buvo keleto milijonų kilometrų, todėl dalelės buvo nutolusios viena nuo kitos. Ilgainiui jos, veikiamos Saulės jėgos, artėjo viena prie kitos, vis dažniau susidurdamos ir netekdamos energijos. Stambiausios dalelės kaip kruša “krito” sutankėjusio centro kryptimi ir dėl gravitacinio traukimosi išsiskyrė tiek šilumos, kad masė staigiai tankėjo ir virto kietu kūnu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kieto pavidalo Žemė iš pradžių buvo labai karšta. Manoma, kad geležies dalelės, įeinančios į jaunos, karštos ir tankėjančios Žemės sudėtį, lydėsi į sunkius lašelius, kurie judėjo Žemės centro link. Ten kaupėsi geležis ir kiti mineralai, iš kurių susidarė dabartinis (metalinis) Žemės branduolys.<br />Lengvesnės, ne taip “giliai” nukritusios, dalelės sudarė storą sluoksnį, gaubiantį sunkų branduolį. Šis sluoksnis buvo panašesnis į akmeninį negu metalinį, jį sudarė silikatų mineralai. Taip susidarė Žemės dalis, kuri vadinama mantija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Storas silikatų sluoksnis, nelabai laidus šilumai, stabdė (ir dabar stabdo) šilumos išsiskyrimą iš įkaitusios vidinės Žemės dalies. Nors mantijos temperatūra pasidarė aukšta, gilumoje ji neišsilydė, nes ją labai suslėgė aukščiau susidariusios storymės. Tačiau mantijos viršutinės (arba išorinės) dalies, kur buvo plonesnis ją dengiančių uolienų sluoksnis ir mažesnis slėgis, uolienos iš dalies lydėsi. Tiesa, lydėsi mineralai, turintys žemiausią lydymosi tašką, t.y. lydymasis buvo atrankinis. Taip ir susidarė magma. Ji formavosi tik iš kai kurių aplinkinių mineralų, todėl sudėtimi skyrėsi nuo pradinės uolienos, buvo panaši į bazaltų sluoksnį, šiek tiek lengvesnė už aplinkinę neišsilydžiusią uolieną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lengvesnės bazaltinės magmos masės turėjo tendenciją lėtai kilti. Tokių masių židinių buvo labai daug. Pamažu šios masės pasiekdavo Žemės paviršių, kur temperatūra buvo žemesnė, ir ten aušo, stingo. Taip ilgainiui formavosi Žemės pluta, sudaryta iš bazaltų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi bazaltinė pluta yra atrankinio lydymosi produktas, sudėtimi ji šiek tiek skiriasi nuo mantijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atrankinis pirminių kalnų uolienų kai kurių komponentų lydymasis, matyt, buvo lėto pirminės magmos diferencijavimosi pradžia ir kalnų uolienų, sudarančių Žemės plutą, formavimasis. Po to prasidėjo cheminis dūlėjimas, dar vėliau susidarė granitinės uolienos, lengvesnės už bazaltą. Visi šie trys procesai tęsiasi iki šiol.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iki šiol buvo dėstoma išorinės litosferos dalies formavimosi teorija. O kaip atsirado atmosfera ir hidrosfera? Nors iš pirmo žvilgsnio tai atrodys ir keistoka, bet šie du judrūs Žemės apvalkalai susidarė taip pat kaip ir kieta pluta, t.y. kylant į Žemės paviršių magmai. Bet kuri magma turi dujų. Aukščiau minėta, kad vietomis magma susidarė iš išsilydžiusios aukštoje gelmių temperatūroje uolienos. Lydydamiesi kai kurie mineralai susiskaldė į sudėtinius cheminius elementus. Šis procesas skyrėsi nuo mineralų kristalų rūšiavimosi pagal masę. Medžiagos skilo veikiamos temperatūros, slėgio ir magmos chemiškai aktyvios aplinkos. Be kitų medžiagų, taip išsiskyrė vandenilis (H2), azotas (N2), anglies monoksidas (CO), anglies dioksidas (CO2) ir vanduo (H2O). Kylanti magma šias medžiagas išnešė į paviršių, kur jos išsiskyrė. Taip pradėjo formuotis Žemės atmosfera, kuri iš pradžių buvo visa vulkaninės kilmės. Ją sudarė metanas, vandens garai, amoniakas, vandenilis, azotas ar galbūt šiek tiek joje buvo anglies monoksido bei dioksido.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tų pačių elementų ir medžiagų yra dujose, išsiskiriančiose iš dabartinių ugnikalnių. Pirminė atmosfera daugiausia skyrėsi nuo dabartinės tuo, kad joje visas deguonis įėjo į įvairių cheminių junginių sudėtį, laisvo jo nebuvo. Tai svarbus faktas, nes nuo laisvojo deguonies kiekio atmosferoje priklauso gyvosios medžiagos egzistavimas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-07 20:07:19',62,'','2010-06-07 20:10:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-07 20:07:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,65,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(651,'Italijos miestai XVIII a. Romos rekonstrukcija','italijos-miestai-xviii-a-romos-rekonstrukcija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XV a. pabaigoje prasidėjęs Šiaurės Italijos prekybos miestų ekonominis smukimas ypač pasireiškė XVI ir XVII a. Sumažėjo statyba miestuose. Tuo metu Romos popiežiaus valstybė, gaudama duoklę iš katalikiškų kraštų, nejaučia ekonominės krizės ir jos sostinėje Romoje prasideda dideli statybos darbai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pamažu smunkančiuose šiaurės ir vidurio Italijos miestuose lieka be darbo daug patyrusių architektų ir statybininkų. Jie savo kūrybinį genijų nukreipia į naujai kylantį meno centrą – Romą. Čia toliau plėtojamos renesanso metu šiaurės Italijoje susiklosčiusios architektūrinės tradicijos, - pasatatų kompozicija palaipsniui darosi vis sudetingesnė, pereinama prie naujo stiliaus – baroko.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Barokas buvo laipsniškas renesanso tęsinys, tačiau savo suklestėjimo metu daug kuo skyrėsi nuo jo. Santūrias, tektoniškai pagrįstas fasadų plokštumas, plačiai taikytas renesanso laikais, baroko periode pamažu kaičia laužyta linija, daugiau reikšmės teikiama šviesos ir šešėlių žaismui, puošniam dekorui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Panašiai statomi ir urbanistiniai ansambliai. Vietoje uždarų renesanso aikščių atsiranda atvros, jų planas darosi sudetingesnis. Renesanso periode teorikų darbuose siūlyti projektai dabar įgyvendinami, tiesiamos spindulinės gatvės. Būdamas dekoratyvus stilius, barokas praturtina miestus fontanais, monumentaliąją dekoratyviaja skulptūra, obeliskais, monumentais, statomais aikščių viduryje. Miesto išraiškingumui padidinti pradėtos vartoti ir tokios papildomos priemonės, kaip grindinio raštas, dekoratyvūs laiptai, vėliavų stiebai, puošnūs tiltai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Baroko meistrai nesukūrė naujų urbanistinių teorijų, jie apsiribojo renesanso teoretikų minčių plėtojimu. Svarbiausios statybos baroko periode XVIII a. popiežiaus valstybės sostinėje Romoje, pelniusios baroko lopšio vardą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viduramžiais Romos miestas sunyko , senosios Romos pastatai buvo sąmoningai griaunami kaip pagonybės liekanos. Tik XV a. pradžioje renesanso įtakoje pradedama domėtis senais paminklais, uždraudžima juos ardyti, pradedami kasinėjimai. Renesanso periodas Romoje glaudžiai susijęs su XV a. ir XVI a. čia dirbusių Bramatės, Antonijaus di Sangalo, Petručio, Rafaelio ir kitų architektų bei dailinikų veikla. 1502 m. Bramatė  pastatė apskritos formos šventyklą San Pjetro in Motorijo vienuolyno kieme.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai renesanso Romoje gimimas. 1514 m. Sangalas pradeda Fornezi rūmų statybą, 1506 m. popiežiaus Juliaus II pavedimu Barmantė padeda pamatus grandiozinei to meto statybai – Šv. Petro Bazilikai, kurios vyriausiuoju statytoju 1547m. buvo paskirtas Mikelandželas. Jam vadovaujant, per 27 metus buvo užbaigti pagrindiniai statybos darbai, centriškas pastatas apvainikuotas kupolu. Su Mikelandželo vardu ir Šv. Petro bazilikos statyba susijusi naujos architektūros srovės – baroko pradžia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Baroko gimimas Romoje siejosi su vėlesnės, dekoratyvinės romėnų architektūros (Nervos forumas, Septimo Severo triumfo arka ir kt.) propogavimu. Ne veltui Mikelandželas domėjosi dekoratyviniu, o ne klasikinių romėnų architektūros stiliumi. Jis taip pat buvo barokinės urbanistikos pionierius. Jo suprojektuota ir pastatyta Kapitolijaus aikštė  yra pirmas bandymas atsisakyti uždarų stačiakampių aikščių, atiduoti pirmenybę dekoratyviniam pradui.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-07 20:12:34',62,'','2010-06-07 20:15:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-07 20:12:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,64,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(652,'Apie Londoną','apie-london','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Londonas, D.Britanijos  sostinė. Jame  gyvena  7,4  mln  gyventojų. Miestas įsikūręs Anglijos pietryčiuose, lygumoje, abipus Temzės estuarijos, 75 km nuo žiočių ( š. J.). Londonas  su  priemiesčiais  sudaro D.Londono metropolinę grafystę (1800 km2). Tai miesto centras (Sitis) ir 32 sostinės apygardos. D.Londone susitelkę apie 1/8 visų, apie 1/6 ekonomiškai aktyvių D. Britanijos gyventojų, gyvena apie 0,5 mln imigrantų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Londonas - didelis transporto mazgas. 2 tarptautiniai ir 1 vietinių oro linijų aerouostas. Londonas jūrų prekybos uostas - didžiausias D. Britanijos ir vienas didžiausių pasaulyje pagal krovinių apyvartą (daugiau kaip 44 mln. t., 1976). Uostas ištįsęs Temzės upe 50 km., turi 5 sistemas uždarų dokų - baseinų (pirmasis įrengtas 1669 m.)Per Londono dokus praeina trečdalis viso Anglijos importo ir daugiau kaip ketvirtadalis eksporto. Čionai gabenami Kanados, Australijos ir JAV grūdai, Argentinos, Australijos ir Naujosios Zelandijos mėsa, Danijos, Olandijos ir Belgijos pieno produktai, Indijos ir Ceilono arbata, JAV medvilnė, Irano ir Venesuelos nafta ir naftos produktai ir daug kitokių prekių iš visų Žemės rutulio kraštų. Į Londoną įvežamos žaliavos, o išvežami pusfabrikačiai, gatavos prekės ir įrengimai. Londono keleivinis uostas yra Tilberyje. Londono metropolitetas (įrengtas 1860 -1863) seniausias pasaulyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Londone pagaminama 25% D.Britanijos pramonės produkcijos. Mašinų gamyklose dirba daugiau kaip 40% Londono pramonės dirbančiųjų, popieriaus ir poligrafijos pramonėje apie 13 %. Diduma pramonės produkcijos pagaminama 5 pramoniniuose Londono rajonuose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Centriniame rajone, apimančiame Londono (Sičio) vakarinius ir šiaurinius priemiesčius, - poligrafijos, siuvimo, baldų pramonė, mokslo aparatūros, matavimo prietaisų, staklių, poligrafijos, siuvimo pramonės įrengimų, juvelyrinių dirbinių gamyba (rajone dirba 20% visų Londono pramonės dirbančiųjų). Patemzio rajone - maisto, chemijos pramonė, spalvotoji metalurgija, mašinų gamyba, laivų remontas, naftos perdirbimas šiauriniame Ly upės slėnyje - siuvimo, baldų, chemijos, elektrotechnikos pramonė. Šiaurės vakarų - elektrotechnikos ir elektronikos pramonė, automobilių, lėktuvų,staklių gamyba (rajone dirba 23%visų Londono pramonės dirbančiųjų).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pietvakarių (Vondlio upės slėnyje) - elektrotechnikos pramonė. Sityje susitelkusios finansų, prekybos įstaigos. D .Britanijosir tarpt. Monopolijų bei užsienio filialų v -bos, fondų ir prekių biržos.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-07 20:16:27',62,'','2010-06-07 20:21:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-07 20:16:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,63,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(653,'Apgyvendinimo sistemos','apgyvendinimo-sistemos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ekonominiai gamybiniai socialiniai, kultūriniai ryšiai jungia gyvenvietes į sistemą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Monocentrinė sistema susidariusi tankiai apgyvendintose teritorijose, kur maždaug vienodos ekonominės, bei gamtinės sąlygos. Sistema apjungia įvairių funkcijų gyvenvietes. Pramonė ir sistemos valdymas sukauptos viename centre. Didelis miestas yra kultūros aptarnavimo centras. Ryšiai tarp gyvenviečių nuoseklūs. Trūkumai: centrai netolygiai išdėstyti, nevienodas aptarnavimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Policentrinė sistema gali susiformuoti iš įvairių specialiosios paskirties kompleksų. Nėra dominuojančio centrinio miesto. Gali susidaryti tirštai apgyvendintose teritorijose. Sistemos teoriniam modeliui artimosios gavybinės priemonės rajonas. Vyrauja nedideli miesteliai, turintys siaurą profilį. Visos gyvenvietės glaudžiai susiję gamybiniais ir aptarnavimo ryšiais. Sistema gali pereiti į monocentrinę, kai greta kalnakasybos kuriasi apdirbamoji pramonė. Dažniausiai susidaro aglomeracijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mišrioji sistema  turi ir monocentrinės ir policentrinės sistemos bruožų. Gali būti keli stambūs centrai, bet jie atlieka skirtingas funkcijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žiedinės sistemos charakteringa retai apgyvendintai teritorijai. Statomos atskiros gyvenvietės, kurios toli nuo ekonomikos, kultūros centrų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apgyvendinimo problemos sprendžiamos rekonstruojant gyvenviečių tinklus taip, kad atitiktų naujas ekonomines ir socialines sąlygas. Tai glaudžiai siejasi su gamybinių jėgų pasiskirstymu. Gavybinės pramonės Įm. Statomos ten, kur yra žaliavų. Apdirbamosios pramonės augimas nepriklauso nuo konkrečios vietos. Apdirbamosios pramonės reikšmei didėjanti didelė ir darbo išteklių reikšmė. Ištekliai yra mobilūs ir gali keisti savo teritorija. Tačiau gyventojų pasiskirstymas priklauso ne tik nuo gamybos, bet ir nuo gamtinių, administracinių gyvinimo sąlygų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Švytuoklinė migracija – kasdieninės kelionės į darbą ir atgal. Tai būdinga didelių miestų priemiesčių gyventojams. Gyventojų mobilumas padeda geriau pasirinkti darbą poilsį. Tobulėjant kelių tinklui ir transportui, švytuoklinei migracijos spindulys didėja. Tokie išvystyti ryšiai laikomi naujais urbanizacijos reiškiniais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Norint tolygiai paskirstyti gyventojus reikia: 1.derinti gamybą ir dėstymą su darbo jėga. 2.išdėstyti visų laipsnių informacijos ir aptarnavimo įmones. 3.diferencijuoti gyvenvietes pagal jų įmones pagal jų funkcijas 4.nustatyti gyvenviečių įtakos ribas. 5.teritorija reikia zonuoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mažų teritorijų centro įtakos zonos turi būti tokio spindulio, kad pėsčiomis būtų galima pasiekti per laiką ne didesnį už leistiną kelionės į darbą mieste. Miestams augant didėja ir jų įtakos zona.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Centrų įtakos zonų dažniausiai įtakos turi geografinės sąlygos, gamtinės kliūtys, kelių tinklas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Miesto įtakos zonos nustatymas R= Rab/ (1+ √Na / NB).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rab - atstumas tarp miestų. Na, Nb miesto gyventojų skaičius.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-07 20:22:41',62,'','2010-06-07 20:29:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-07 20:22:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,62,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(654,'Kauno miestas','kauno-miestas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kauno apskrities žemės nuo seno laikomos svarbiausiomis Lietuvoje. Ir ne todėl, kad čia geriausios žemės, išradingiausi žemdirbiai, sumaniausi pramonininkai, gabiausi prekybininkai. Visa tai rasi bet kuriame Lietuvos krašte. Tačiau tik kauniečiai ir žemaičiai gali didžiuotis, kad nė vienas okupantas čia nerado sau ramybės per visus karus bei okupacijas. Laisvės troškimas, sugebėjimas ja naudotis, orumas, nacionalinių interesų saugojimas, noras bendrauti ir bendradarbiauti su draugiškai mūsų valstybės atžvilgiu nusiteikusiais kitų tautų atstovais – štai būdingiausi mūsų apskrities žmonių bruožai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Išplėtota mašinų ir prietaisų gamyba, metalo apdirbimo, chemijos, statybinių medžiagų, tekstilės ir trikotažo, popieriaus ir poligrafijos, baldų, stiklo ir maisto pramonė. Yra daug gamtos bei kultūros vertybių, dominančių pažintinio turizmo mėgėjus. Sparčiai plėtojama jų aptarnavimo infrastruktūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aktyvus kultūrinis gyvenimas. Vieni iš reikšmingiausių renginių – Pažaislio muzikos, tarptautiniai jaunųjų muzikų ir džiazo festivaliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Patogus susisiekimas su kaimyninėmis valstybėmis automobilių plentais, geležinkeliais, lėktuvais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaunas – antras pagal dydį ir reikšmę Lietuvos miestas, visada veržęsis pirmauti. Istorijos vėjams siaučiant jis buvo svarbiausias lietuvių tautos dvasinės atsparos, kovos už tautos savasties išsaugojimą miestas. Dvidešimt metų Kaunas buvo laikinoji sostinė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Yra 9 aukštosios mokyklos (arba jų filialai), 20 mokslo institutų bei įstaigų. Aktyvus kultūrinis gyvenimas: veikia 26 bibliotekos, 7 profesionalūs, 10 mėgėjiškų teatrų, 20 folklorinių ansamblių, įvairūs kiti meno, sporto kolektyvai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaunas – svarbus transporto mazgas. Susikerta dvi svarbios transporto ašys: viena – iš šiaurės pro Estiją ir Latviją į pietus nuo Lietuvos esančias valstybes nusidriekianti Via Baltica trasa, kita eina iš rytų ir tęsiasi iki Klaipėdos. Tai sudaro puikias prielaidas steigti čia laisvąją ekonominę zoną, skatinti investicijas. Iki Kauno planuojama nutiesti Europos standarto geležinkelį, tad čia susikirstų svarbios automobilių magistralės, upių, geležinkelių bei oro trasos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1995 m. – dr. Raimundas Stulpinas, UAB “Strauja” generalinis direktorius, teigiamai įvertinęs lietuvių, anglų, vokiečių ir rusų kalbomis išleistą leidinių ciklo “Pažintis su Lietuva” pirmąją knygą, skirtą pristatyti Lietuvos lankytinas vietas ir turizmo paslaugas, pirmasis atkreipė Projekto autoriaus dėmesį į būtinumą kurti informacijos šaltinį internete, kuriame būtų pateikta sisteminė informacija, formuojanti Lietuvos valstybės įvaizdį pasaulyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1997 m. birželio 24 d. įvyko Lietuvos tūkstantmečio valstybinės komisijos posėdis, kuriame LR Prezidentas Algirdas Brazauskas suformulavo 2009 m. būsimo valstybės jubiliejaus parengiamųjų darbų pagrindines kryptis, o prof. habil. dr. Laimutis Telksnys, Lietuvos mokslų akademijos atstovas, pirmą kartą akcentavo būtinumą valstybės įvaizdžio formavimo reikalams naudoti kompiuterinius tinklus, modernias elektronines priemones ir pasiūlė sukurti specialų puslapį internete “Lietuvai – 1000”. Tai turėjo lemiamos įtakos pradėti visapusiškai Lietuvą pasauliui pristatančio interneto portalo projektavimo darbus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-07 20:30:40',62,'','2010-06-07 20:34:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-07 20:30:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,61,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(655,'Saulės kalendorius','sauls-kalendorius','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kalendorių sudarymo pirmenybės laurai tenka Egiptui. Beveik visų dabartinės Europos Saulės kalendorių prototipų galima laikyti senovės Egipto kalendorių, sudarytą, pagal kai kuriuos duomenis, IV tūkstantmetyje prieš mūsų erą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Metų pradžia pagal šį kalendorių yra laikoma diena, kada pati ryškiausia dangaus žvaigždė Sirijus pirmą kartą pasirodo prieš saulėtekį po dviejų mėnesių nematomumo periodo ( apytiksliai 70 parų ).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Egiptiečiai astronomai taip pat pastebėjo, kad Nilas išsilieja beveik tuo pačiu metu, kai pasirodo Sirijus, o savo ruožu šie abu reiškiniai sutampa su vasaros saulėgrąža.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi beveik visi Egipto gyventojai buvo susitelkę Nilo slėnyje, o nuo šios “šventos” upės išsiliejimo labai priklausė ūkinė veikla, Saulės kalendorius čia įgijo gyvybiška reikšmę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Senovės Egipto astronomai ir valstybės veikėjai metų pradžią nutarė laikyti potviyno sezono pirmo mėnesio pirmą dieną, o metų trukmę nustatė 365 parų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Egiptiečių kalendoriniai metai buvo suskirstyti į 12 mėnesių po 30 dienų kiekvienas. Pirmas egiptiečių kalendorinių metų mėnuo buvo vadinamas totu, o tolesni faofiu, ačiu, chojaku, tibiu, mechiru, famenotu, farmučiu, pachonu, painiu, epifiu, mesoriu. Po to ėjo penkios pridėtinės paros. Tai buvo darnus skaičiavimas ir išvengė daugelio Mėnulio kalendoriaus trūkumų. Kadangi saulinės paros trukmė yra 365,2422, arba 365 paros 5 h 46 s. Dėl šios priežasties kasmet egiptiečių kalendorinių metų pradžia atsilikdavo nuo atogrąžinių metų pradžios apytiksliai ¼ paros, o per ketverius metus – viena  para. Dėl to vėliau egiptiečių kalendorių imta vadinti klaidžiojančiu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įžymus Romos karvedys, rašytojas, vyriausiasis žynys, valstybinis veikėjas Julijus Cezaris ( 102 – 44 m. pr. m. e. ), būdamas Egipte, išstudijavo egiptiečių Saulės kalendorių ir Aleksandrijos astronomų siūlomas kalendorių reformas, padarė išvadą, kad reikia pakeisti sudėtinga ir painų romėnų Mėnulio ir Saulės kalendorių nauju Saulės kalendoriumi. Šiam tikslui pakvietė į Romą Aleksandrijos astronomą ir matematiką Sozigeną ir jo padedamas perdirbo, o 46 pr. m. e. įteisino garsiąją kalendoriaus reformą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Naujajame kalendoriuje metai turi 365,25 paros, jie net truputį ilgesni už Sirijaus bei atogrąžinius metus. Kas ketverius naujojo kalendoriaus metus treji metai skaičiuojami iš 365 parų, o vieneri (keliamieji) – iš 366 parų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-07 20:35:18',62,'','2010-06-07 20:39:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-07 20:35:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,60,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(656,'Londonas','londonas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Londonas - vienas didžiausių Europos miestų, jame gyvena du kartus daugiau žmonių negu Lietuvoje! Šis miestas įsidėstęs 79 km. į vakarus nuo Temzės upės žiočių.Šis miestas yra padalintas į dvi teritorijas: Mažasis Londonas ir  Didysis Londonas. Kiekviena teritorija turi daug įžymybių. Londonas - kultūros bei architektūrinių laimėjimų miestas. Tai augantis, aktyvus ir įvairus miestas su aukščiausios klasės restoranais, klubais, nesibaigiančiu naktiniu gyvenimu. Londone yra daugiau nei 300 galerijų bei puikus teatras.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Hyde Park\'as egzistuoja nuo 1536 metų, kai ši žemė buvo skirta medžiojimui. Parkas augo ir keitėsi atsižvelgiant į valdžios ir visuomenės interesus. Vėliau šis parkas tapo labiausiai turistų lankomu parku D. Britanijoje. Populiauriausia Hyde Park\'o vieta yra 11.34 hektarų ploto Serpentine ežeras, kuriame galima maudytis, žvejoti, plaukioti įvairiausiu vandens transportu. Kita populiari parko dalis yra \"Rotten row\" - garsiausia pasaulyje jojimo trasa, kuri 1990 metais šventė savo 300 metų jubiliejų. Ši trasa buvo pirmoji Didžiosios Britanijos gatvė, kuri buvo apšviesta naktį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nepaisant didžiulo žmonių srauto Hyde Park\'as sugeba išlaikyti ramią kaimišką atmosferą, kuri labai vertinama visų turistų bei vietinių gyventojų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Parkas dar garsėja savo tradicija, kad jame yra vieta (\"Speakers corner\"), kur kiekvienas žmogus gali garsiai reikšti savo įdėjas bet kokia tema.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bekingamo rūmai pastatyti 1703 metais Bekingamo Hercogui, o dabar šis pastatas yra nuolatinė Karalienės rezidencija. Rūmų renovacijos ir atnaujinimo darbai atlikti 1825 metais. Rūmams priklauso ir 16,2 ha sodas. Karališkuosius rūmus saugo besikeičiantys sargai ir vasaros metu galima stebėti jų keitimosi ceremoniją (groja orkestas, sveikinimai, t.t). Tai galite pamatyti kiekvieną dieną 11:30 vasaros metu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prabangūs kambariai yra pagrindinėje vakarinėje pastato dalyje su vaizdu į sodą, jie papuošti ypatingomis dekoracijomis, piešiniais ir kitais meno kūriniais iš Karališkosios kolekcijos. Šie kambariai buvo atverti publikai tik 1992 metais. Juos galima aplankyti tik vasaros metu (2 mėnesių periodas). Šiems kambariams apžiūrėti kiekvienam lankytojui skiriama 1,5 valandos.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-07 20:46:59',62,'','2010-06-07 20:50:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-07 20:46:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,59,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(657,'Lietuvos kasybos pramonė','lietuvos-kasybos-pramon','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Per ilgą ir sudėtingą Lietuvos teritorijos geologinę raidą susidarė įvairių naudingųjų iškasenų, kurios dėsningai pasiskirsčiusios žemės gelmėse. Kristaliniame pamate, susidariusiame iš granitinių uolienų, yra metalinių iškasenų – geležies, spalvotųjų metalų rūdų. Ikikvarterinių nuosėdinių uolienų storymėje yra nemetalinių iškasenų: klinties, dolomito, kreidos, gipso, anhidrito, druskų, naftos, požeminių vandenų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žvyras, smėlis, molis, durpės – tai tipiškos kvartero naudingosios iškasenos. Jos slūgso žemės paviršiuje, gerai  ištirtos, lengvai prieinamos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iki šiol Lietuvoj nerasta pasaulinės ar nors regioninės svarbos naudingųjų iškasenų, tačiau šiuo metu daugiausia išgaunama požeminis gėlas ir mineralinis vanduo, klintys, dolomitai, opoka, smėlis, žvyras, molis, taip pat durpės bei nafta. Taigi, Lietuva savo gelmių turtais nėra labai turtinga valstybė, bet kai kurie telkiniai yra gana dideli.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dolomitai. Jie slūgso Šiaurės Lietuvos devono sistemos sluoksniuose. Dolomitas yra palyginti minkštas, lengvai pjaunamas ir skaldomas, gali būti naudojamas interjero apdailos plokštėms, cementui, mineralinei vatai, kalkėms gaminti. XIX a. dolomitas buvo naudojamas kaip statybinis akmuo. Šiaurės Lietuvoje dar ir dabar yra gerai išlikusių iš dolomito sumūrytų malūnų, bažnyčių, tiltų. Dolomitas kasamas Petrašiūnų, Klovainių ir Skaistgirio karjeruose. Iš čia iškasto dolomito daroma skalda keliams tiesti, betonui gaminti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Klintys. Jos slūgso 10 – 30 m. storio klodais permo sistemos sluoksniuose Akmenės raj. Eksploatuojami Karpėnų ir Menčių telkiniai. Klintys yra svarbiausia cemento, statybinių kalkių, klintmilčių žaliava. Taip pat naudojama silikatinių plytų, stiklo, popieriaus, cukraus pramonėje. Klintys dedamos į gyvulių pašarus, paukščių lesalus. Ištyrus apie 800 ha plotą, rasta apie 250 ha nedolomotizuotų, eksploatacijai tinkamų klinčių. Buvo surasta apie 40 mln. m3 geros kokybės klinčių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Durpės. Jos daugiausia susikaupė kvartere, poledyninėje epochoje. Pelkėse jos kaupiasi ir dabar. Visi durpynai užima 6,4% Lietuvos teritorijos, tačiau jie pasiskirstę netolygiai. Daugiausia jų yra Pajūrio žemumos pietuose, Baltijos ir Žemaičių aukštumose. Didžiausi durpynai: Didysis tyrulys, Aukštumala, Rėkyva, Ežerėlis. Iš durpių daromas kompostas, gaminami daigų auginimo vazonėliai, įpakavimo medžiagos, pašarinėsm mielės. Gydomosios durpės tiekiamos kurortų gydykloms. Durpės – puiki žaliava chemijos pramonei. Vis rečiau Lietuvoje durpėmis kūrenama ir kreikiama.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žvyras. Jo išteklių Lietuvoje daugiau nei kitų naudingųjų iškasenų. Svarbiausi telkiniai yra Kauno, Jurbarko, Trakų, Vilniaus raj. Žvyras naudojamas betonui, gelžbetoniui gaminti, keliams tiesti ir taisyti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nafta. Rasta Vakarų, Vidurio ir Pietvakarių Lietuvoje bei Baltijos jūros šelfe (priekrantinėje dalyje). Pirmasis naftos fontanas iš gręžinio ištryško 1968 metais netoli Gargždų – Šiūparių kaime. Kartu su nafta rasta ir degiųjų dujų. Lietuvos nafta geros kokybės – lengva, nelabai sieringa, iš jos galima gauti ypač aukštos kokybės reaktyvinius ir dyzelinius degalus, nedaug sieros turintį mazutą, tepalus, sintetines medžiagas, gaminti vaistus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mineraliniai požeminiai vandenys. Jų yra visoje Lietuvoje. Jis skiriasi tik jame ištirpusių įvairių elementų druskų kiekiu ir sudėtimi. Siurbiamas Druskininkų, Birštono, Likėnų, Palangos telkiniuose, naudojamas kurortų gydyklose, pilstomas į butelius kaip gydomasis ir geriamasis vanduo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Smėlis. Jo yra visų geologinių sistemų nuoguluose. Kvartero sistemos smėlis kasamas Varėnos, Raseinių, Klaipėdos raj. Šis smėlis daugiausia naudojamas keliams tiesti, pagalbiniams statybos darbams, silikatinėms plytoms gaminti. Todėl jis dar vadinamas statybiniu smėliu. Balto, labai švaraus neogeno sistemos smėlio rasta tik Anykščių raj. Kadangi smėlis susidarė beveik vien tik iš kvarco grūdelių, jis vadinamas kvarciniu smėliu. Tai puiki žaliava stiklui, televizorių kineskopams, krištolui, stiklo tarai gaminti. Šiek tiek naudojamas ir namų fasadų apdailai. Dalis šio smėlio eksportuojama.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-07 20:51:50',62,'','2010-06-07 20:56:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-07 20:51:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,58,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(658,'Utenos apskritis','utenos-apskritis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viena gražiausių Lietuvoje Utenos apskritis dažnai vadinama ežerų kraštu, lyginama su ežeringąja Suomija ar nepaprastai raiškios gamtos Europos kraštu Šveicarija. Šią apskritį sudaro Utenos, Molėtų, Ignalinos, Zarasų ir Anykščių rajonai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Utenos rajonas – kalvų ir ežerų kraštas, Aukštaičių aukštumos šiaurrytinė dalis. Visame rajone tarp kalvų esančiuose pažemėjimuose tyvuliuoja daugiau kaip 185 įvairaus dydžio ir formos ežerai ir ežerėliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Į šiaurę nuo Utenos banguoja vienas didžiausių Lietuvos ežerų – Alaušas. Jis yra populiariausias ir mėgstamiausias rajono ežeras. Vaizdingos ežero pakrantės, dvi didelės salos, dideli ir smėlėti atabradai, skaidrus vanduo, daugybė žuvų vilioja ne tik žvejus, bet ir turistus bei poilsiautojus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nepakartojamo grožio Tauragno ežeras, primenantis plačią vandeningą upę (didžiausias plotis 1.1 km), vingiuojančią iš vakarų į rytus 9.5 km. Tai pats giliausias ežeras Lietuvoje (60.5 m), kurio vanduo tyras, švarus, gero skonio, o dugno reljefas labai nelygus, pilnas seklumų ir duburių, turinčių savo pavadinimus. Net ir karščiausią vasaros dieną jis alsuoja vėsa, baugina savo tamsia gelme. Tik keliose vietose galima keliolika metrų pabristi smėlėtu atabradu. Kitur jis gilus nuo pat kranto. Pasakojama, kad labai seniai, kada šios apylinkės dar ištisai buvo apaugusios ąžuolynais, prie šio ežero su kariais apsinakvojęs kunigaikštis Rigimundas. Karius lydėjęs ir senas kanklininkas. Išgirdę kanklių muzikos garsus, atklydę du taurai, kurie žmogaus balsu patarę kunigaikščiui apsigyventi ant kalno kitoje ežero pusėje. Paklausę žmonės žvėrių patarimo ir pasistatę ten galingą pilį. Pilis buvusi pavadinta Taurapiliu, o ežeras – Tauragnu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šalia ežero stūkso garsusis Taurapilis. Taurpilio piliakalnis, kruvinų kovų su Livonijos ordinu liudininkas, įrengtas stačioje stačiašlaitėje kalvoje, kurios šiaurinėje pusėje banguoja Tauragnas, o iš kitų pusių juosia platus griovys, anksčiau buvęs prileistas ežero vandens. Piliakalnyje ir jo papėdėje įsikūrusioje gyvenvietėje buvo gyvenama dar pirmaisiais mūsų eros amžiais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Į pietryčius nuo Tauragnų prasideda Lietuvos nacionalinio parko teritorija, kur akį džiugina ne tik miškai, ežerai, bet ir ramybe dvelkiantys etnografiniai kaimai, žmogaus rankomis sukurti paminklai. Minčios miškuose, kurie šiaurėje susisiekia su Salako miškais, o pietuose su Ažvinčių giria, tyvuliuoja didelis ir gražus Uteno ežeras, vieni iš žavingiausių Utenykščio ir Baluošo ežerai. Į vakarus nuo Tauragnų pasislėpęs gilioje dauboje raitosi Ilgio ežeras, šalia jo mėlynuoja gilus Klykių ežeras. Netoli nuo ežero – Klykių kalnas (237 m aukščio).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rajono pietuose pradeda vingiuoti Aiseto ežeras, vienas iš ilgiausių ežerų respublikoje. Į jį subėga keletas upelių, o išteka tik viena Aiseta, viena iš švariausių upių Lietuvoje. Ežeras apaugęs pušynais. Jo pietrytiniu pakraščiu tęsiasi Labanoro giria, garsi uogomis ir grybais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gražus yra legendomis ir padavimais apipintas Indrajų ežeras, pasipuošęs trimis salomis. Į jį įteka keletas upelių, o išteka tik Indraja, kuri yra natūralus riboženklis tarp Utenos ir Zarasų rajonų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-07 20:58:06',62,'','2010-06-07 21:01:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-07 20:58:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,57,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(659,'Norvegija','norvegija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Norvegija - šiauriausia Europos šalis. Nuo Lietuvos ji yra už 700 km. Vakaruose jos krantus skalauja Šiaurės ir Norvegijos jūros, o šiaurėje - Barenco jūra. Rytuose Skandinavijos kalnai skiria Norvegiją nuo Švedijos, o šiaurėje ji ribojasi su Suomija ir Rusija. Norvegija ilgiausia Europos šalis, iš šiaurės į pietus nutįsusi 1752 km.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiausias jos plotis - 434, o mažiausias - tik 6,3 km. Norvegija didesnė už Italiją, Didžiąją Britaniją. Pusė krašto yra arktinio klimato juostoje, 72% teritorijos užima kalnai, ežerai, ledynai negyvenamos vietos. Tačiau Norvegija yra viena turtingiausių pasaulio šalių. Norvegų gyvenimas glaudžiai susijęs su jūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ji garantuoja patikimiausią susisiekimą su krašto šiaure. Iš žodžių Nord vegr, t. y. kelias į šiaurę, kilęs net šalies pavadinimas.Administraciniu atžvilgiu šalis padalyta į 18 apskričių - fiulkių, o tradiciškai skiriama šiaurės (į šiaurę nuo 65° š. pl.) ir pietų Norvegija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Seniausiuose antikos autorių šaltiniuose Skandinavijos gentys paminėtos prieš du tūkstančius metų. Norvegų tautybė susiformavo maždaug prieš tūkstantmetį iš atsikėlusių germanų ir vietinių finų genčių. Prastos gyvenimo sąlygos VIII - XI a. vertė norvegų vikingus prekybos, žvejybos ir užkariaujamais tikslais vykti į Islandiją, galbūt Grenlandiją ir Šiaurės Ameriką. IX a. gentys susijungė į valstybę. XIV a. Norvegija sudarė uniją su Švedija ir Danija. Ji ilgai kovojo su Švedija dėl nepriklausomybės, bet tik 1905 m. tapo nepriklausoma. Nors ir paskelbusią neutralitetą, 1940 m. Norvegiją okupavo Vokietija. Pasibaigus Antrajam pasauliniam karui, Norvegija vėl tapo nepriklausoma.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Norvegija yra kalnų kraštas. Beveik 2/3 krašto ploto aukštis didesnis kaip 500 m. Skandinavijos kalnai stačiašlaičiai, jų viršūnės šiaurėje siekia 800 m, o pietuose - daugiau kaip 2400 m. Kalnai suskaldyti gilių upių slėnių. Kai kur pajūriu driekiasi nedidelės (5 - 60 km pločio) žemumos.Krantas labai išraižytas daugybės iškyšulių bei fiordų. Prie kranto gausu mažų salų (150 000) ir šcherų. Fiordai - tai siauros, giliai į sausumą įsirėžusios įlankos su stačiais, ledynų nugludintais šlaitais. Jos susidarė tektoninių lūžių vietose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ilgiausias (204 km) -Sognefiordas. Tiek daug ir tokių ilgų fiordų, kaip vakarinėje Skandinavijos pakrantėje, nėra niekur pasaulyje. Todėl Norvegija vadinama fiordų kraštu.Geologiniu požiūriu Norvegija yra kaledoninio raukšlėjimo srityje ir tik pati pietrytinė jos dalis priklauso Baltijos skydui. Kalnai susiformavę iš kristalinių uolienų, daug kartų irę, lyginti ir vėl iškilę.Dar prieš tris dešimtmečius buvo manoma, kad Norvegija nėra turtinga gamtos išteklių. Tačiau šalyje yra geležies rūdos, nikelio, mangano, molibdeno, kobalto, sidabro, vario, cinko. Pagal titano gavybą ji užima vieną pirmųjų vietų pasaulyje. Norvegijai priklausančiame Špicbergene kasamos akmens anglys. 1969 m. Šiaurės jūroje atradus milžiniškus naftos ir dujų telkinius, kraštas virto vienu didžiausių šių turtų eksportuotojų. 1969 m. mineralinis kuras sudarė 0,3%, o jau 1983 m.- daugiau kaip 50% Norvegijos eksporto. Norvegija pirmauja pasaulyje elektros energijos gamyba vienam žmogui; 99% jos pagamina hidroelektrinės.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-07 21:03:38',62,'','2010-06-07 21:08:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-07 21:03:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,56,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(660,'Valstybių skirstymas pagal ūkio sanklodą','valstybi-skirstymas-pagal-kio-sanklod','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-07 21:09:19',62,'','2010-06-07 21:11:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-07 21:09:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,55,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(661,'Šiaurės Amerika (skaidrės)','iaurs-amerika-skaidrs','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-07 21:12:44',62,'','2010-06-07 21:16:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-07 21:12:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,54,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(662,'Kuro ir elektroenergetikos pramonė Lietuvoje','kuro-ir-elektroenergetikos-pramon-lietuvoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvoje yra nedaug savo kuro ir energijos išteklių. Tai durpės, negausūs naftos ištekliai, geoterminiai H2O’ys, hidroenergetiniai ištekliai, mediena, saulės ir vėjo energija. Pirminius energijos šaltinius reikia importuoti į Lietuvą, nes vietinių energijos išteklių neužtenka. Tai nafta, gamtinės dujos, branduolinis kuras, akmens anglys – juos ir reikia importuoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Norint šalies energijos poreikius, sudaromas pirminės energijos panaudojimo balansas. Jame parodyta, kiek reikės suvartoti vietinių ir importuojamų pirminės energijos išteklių, kaip jie bus panaudoti atskiruose ūkio šakose. Naudojamų kuro rūšių sudėtį lemia ekologiniai, kainų ir vartotojų ypatumai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šalies kuro pramonė – tai naftos perdirbimo produktų gamyba, dujofikacija, durpių pramonė, šiluminės energijos gamyba, malkų ir vietinės naftos gavyba. Lietuva naftą gauna naftotiekių iš Rusijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugiausia mazuto šalyje sunaudoja šiluminės elektrinės; dyzelinio kuro, benzino ir žibalo – transportas; buitinio krosnių kuro – centrinės šildymo sistemos. Naftos perdirbimo produktų gamybai tenka 60% visos kuro pramonės gaminamos produkcijos vertės. Kad šalis nebūtų priklausoma nuo Rusijos, kaip naftos tiekėjo, Baltijos jūroje prie Būtingės statomas terminalas, prie kurio galės sustoti ir perpilti naftą prie jo sustoję tanklaiviai. Gamtinės dujos magistralinių dujotiekių gaunamos iš Rusijos, o toliau vamzdynais paskirstomos vartotojams šalies teritorijoje. Labai svarbi šalies šiluminės energijos gamyba. Šil. energiją gamina ŠE’ės. Jos tiekia karštą vandenį gyvenviečių centrinio šildymo sistemoms.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Durpynai užima 6,4% Lietuvos teritorijos. Iš esamų 6685 durpynų ištirti tik 1427. Dažniausiai tai pramoniniai durpynai. Pagal reikšmę pramoniniai durpynai skirstomi į valstybinės (&gt; 100 ha) ir vietinės (&lt; 100ha) reikšmės durpynus. Durpės Lietuvoje naudojamos kurui, kraikui ir kompostui gaminti, o durpių purvas – gydymui kurortuose. Iš visų kasamų šalies durpių tik ketvirtadalis jų skirtas kurui, o likusi dalis - kraikui ir eksportui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Naftos ištekliai Lietuvai yra dideli reikšmė. Perspektyviausi rajonai naftos telkiniam rasti Vakarų Lietuvoje (Kretingos rajone – Genčų;  Šilutės rajone – Pietų Šiuparių ir Vilkyčių), Baltijos jūros šelfe bei Vidurio Lietuvoje (Kudirkų, Lapgirių, Šiaurės Bliūdžių ir Kybartų). Iš lietuviškos naftos galima gaminti reaktyvinį ir dizelinį kurą, mazutą, sintetines madžiagas (etileną, propileną, butadiną, benzolą). Dalis naftos perdirbama, o dalis – eksportuojama.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-07 21:19:15',62,'','2010-06-07 21:23:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-07 21:19:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,53,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(663,'Modernizacija','modernizacija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Modernizacija yra procesas, kurio metu tradicinė, kaimo, agrarinė visuomenė virsta pasaulietine, industrine, miestų visuomene.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Moderni visuomenė dažniau visa ko pagrindu laiko individą, negu agrarinės, valstietiškos visuomenės, grupės ar bendruomenės. Modernioje visuomenėje stengiamasi specializuotis vienoje srityje, vystant darbų pasidalinimą. Moderni visuomenė nesiremiateisėmis ir privilegijomis, kurias gauna atskiros individų grupės ar individai, nesivadovauja tradicijomis ir papročiais. Jos stengiasi vadovautis logiškais ir moksliškais metodais ar būdais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Socialinės transformacijos sąlygos, kurios vedė į modernizaciją išaugo iš europos socialinių, ekonominių sąlygų. Didžioji šių sąlygų dalis išsivystė iš komercinio kapitalizmo viduramžių europoje. Pirmą karta ekonomika pakeitė savo tixlus nuo vartojimo į produkciją. Atsirado nauja rinkų rūšis, kuri rėmėsi paklausos - pasiūlos mechanizmu. Pagausėjo kapitalo investicijos, kurios buvo reikalingos ateities produkcijai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmą kartą kaimo agrokultūriniai reitingai buvo už miestų ir prekybos centrų. Žemės turėjimas nebebuvo socialinė vertybė, kaip tai būdavo ankstesniais laikais; išskirtinė žemvaldžio vieta buvo užvaldyta pirklių ir amatininkų. Ankstesnis skirtumas tarp žemvaldžio ir bežemio dabar leido atsirasti skirtumui tarp darbdavio ir darbininko. Kariuomenės reikšmė nyko.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuo pat pradžių modernizacija turėjo du pagrindinius bruožus. Vienas iš jų buvo siejamas su dinamišku vystymusi, žiūrėjimu į ateitį ir progresyvumą, teikiantį vilčių perteklių, laisvė ir etc.kita vertus modernizacija įnešė susvetimėjimo, skurdo, nusikalstamumo, aplinkos taršos didesnes problemas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai kurie modernizmo bruožai, po jų sustiprėjimo iki tam tikro lygio , sukėlė atgalinė reakciją. Žmonės iš užgrūstų miestų, ėmė grįžti į kaimus ar priemiesčius. Kai juos užkniso masiškai atštampuoti produktai, iškilo susidomėjimas natūraliais produktais ir rankų darbu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-07 21:31:22',62,'','2010-06-07 21:34:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-07 21:31:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,52,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(664,'Emigracija ','emigracija-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viena aktualiausių šiuolaikinio pasaulio problemų – emigracija – ypač eskaluojama Lietuvoje. Kiekvienais metais daug žmonių išvyksta iš Lietuvos, ketindami užsidirbti ir sugrįžti atgal po metų kitų ar bėgdami nuo problemų, kurios kamuoja Lietuvą. Dauguma išvykusių į užsienį randa darbus, sukuria šeimas ar dėl kitų priežasčių užsibūna užsienio valstybėse, tačiau stengiasi nepamiršti to, iš kur kilo, ir platina savos tautos kultūrą užsienyje. Taigi ar galima teigti, kad emigracija – tai Tėvynės išdavimas, jei dauguma Tėvynės užsienyje nepamiršta?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Romualdas Ozolas savo straipsnyje „Išvažiuokit! Ir kuo greičiau!” teigia, kad emigracija yra Tėvynės išdavimas. Pasak jo, išvykimas iš Tėvynės – tai „protestavimas kojomis”, lengvesnio kelio į asmeninę gerovę pasirinkimas apeinant sunkumus. R. Ozolas pateikia pavyzdžių iš Vakarų Europos valstybių gyvenimo, kaip ten žmonės kovojo už savo teises (Vokietijoje, Prancūzijoje minimos studentų demonstracijos), lyg vakarų europiečiai neemigruoja. Ar tikrai? Kas vyko toje pačioje Europoje prieš 70 ar daugiau metų? Žmonės masiškai kėlėsi į JAV, kūrė savo gyvenimą ten, tačiau būdami išvykę, uždirbdavo ir siųsdavo juos į savo Tėvynę, tokiu būdu stengdamiesi prisidėti prie gerovės didinimo savo valstybėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Panaši situacija dabar su lietuviais emigrantais – jų uždirbti pinigai siunčiami į Lietuvą, kad pagelbėtų čia likusioms šeimoms, taip pat ir Lietuvai – čia išleisti pinigai skatina valstybės ekonomiką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Užsienyje lietuviai jau antrus metus rašė valstybinį diktantą, o Didžiojoje Britanijoje suorganizavo savo krepšinio lygą. Taigi manau, kad toks išvykimas iš Tėvynės, kai stengiamasi propaguoti jos kultūrą ir kitaip ją remti, negali būti laikomas Tėvynės išdavimu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Egzistuoja ir visai kita emigrantų grupė – pabėgę dėl politinių priežasčių ar per prievartą ištremti žmonės, taip pat ir tie, kurie bijojo būti represuojami. Šiais laikais tokių emigrantų Lietuvoje pasitaiko retai, tačiau dažnai kalbama apie praeities žmones ir keliamas klausimas, ar jie buvo Tėvynės išdavikai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pavyzdžiui, Alfonsas Nyka – Niliūnas ar Antanas Škėma. Abu literatūros kūrėjai buvo priversti išvykti iš Lietuvos, ir abiejų kūryboje Tėvynės ilgesys itin ryškus ( A. Škėmos „Baltoje drobulėje” pagrindinis veikėjas nuolat prisimena gimtąsias žemes, Tėvynę, užsienyje įsimyli lietuvę, o Alfonsas Nyka – Niliūnas savo dienoraštyje rašė, kaip jam ilgu gyventi be Tėvynės užsienyje. Manau, kad tokių žmonių irgi negalima smerkti – jie išvyko gelbėdami savo gyvybė ar sveikatą ir būdami užsienyje rašė būtent Lietuvai ir apie ją, stengėsi atkreipti kitų valstybių dėmesį į okupaciją ir kitaip Tėvynei padėti. Manau, kad šie žmonės nusipelno pagarbos už patriotizmo skleidimą užsienyje.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-07 21:35:55',62,'','2010-06-07 21:38:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-07 21:35:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,51,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(665,'Vanduo ir žmogus','vanduo-ir-mogus','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vanduo, vandenilio oksidas, H2O, bespalvis skystis. Neturi skonio ir kvapo. Vandens molekulėje du vandenilio atomai yra susijungę su deguonies atomu taip, kad kampas tarp šių lygus 105. Dėl tokio teigiamų vandenilio jonų ir neigiamo deguonies jono išsidėstymo vandens molekulė yra dipolis. Polinė vandens prigimtis sąlygoja tai, kad jis sudarytas ne tik iš paprastų H2O molekulių, bet ir iš jų asociatų (H2O). Daugelis vandens savybių yra kitokios, negu panašios sudėties junginių. 0 C temperatūroje vanduo užšąla ir virsta ledu, 100 C temperatūroje užverda - virsta garu. Daugiau nei 1500 C temperatūroje vandens molekulė ima skilti į elementus. Kritinis vandens slėgis 21,5 Mpa, kritinė temperatūra 374,15 C, tankis 998,23 kg/m3 (20 C). Didžiausias vandens tankis (1000 kg/m3) yra 4 C temperatūroje. Šiluminė vandens talpa yra didelė (41,9 kJ/kg K), todėl vandens masyvai Žemėje turi didelę įtaką klimatui. Vanduo yra silpnas elektrolitas (H2O H++OH-; K=[H+] [OH-]=1014, t.y. tik viena iš 550 000 000 molekulių yra disociavusi). Vandens laidumą elektrai labai padidina jame ištirpusios rūgštys, bazės arba druskos. Gamtoje yra 9 izotopinės vandens atmainos (apie 0,018% visos gamtinio vandens masės sudaro sunkusis vanduo).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vanduo yra vienas universaliausių tirpiklių. Iš organinių junginių tirpina tik tuos, kurie turi polinių grupių (-OH, -COOH, -NH2) ir yra nelabai didelės molinės masės. Kai kurie junginiai prisijungia vandenį (hidratacija), vnadens veikiami, skyla - vyksta hidrolizė, arba nuo jų pačių atskyla vanduo (dehidratacija).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugelis druskų turi kristalizacinio vandens. Vandens yra kai kuriuose kompleksiniuose junginiuose (akvakompleksuose). Vanduo lengvai reguoja su šarminiais metalais, sudarydamas hidroksidus. Geležis ir jos lydiniai, vandens veikiami, koroduoja. Fluoras iš vandens molekulės atskelia atominį deguonį (F2+H2O 2HF+O). Su oksidais vanduo sudaro bazes arba rūgštis. Aukštoje temperatūroje vanduo konvertuoja metaną iki anglies monoksido. Vanduo yra daugelio cheminių reakcijų terpė ir katalizatorius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gamtoje iš stacionarių vandens išteklių tik 2,53% vandens yra gėlo, o prieinama naudoti tik 0,76% visų vandens išteklių. Litosferoje yra apie 1 000 000 000 km3 vandens; jis įeina į mineralų, uolienų sudėtį. Daug jo susitelkę Žemės mantijoje (13 - 15 mlrd. km3); iš jos kasmet į paviršių (per vulkaninius procesus) patenka apie 1 km3 vandens. Gamtinis vanduo turi daug ištirpusių organinių ir neorganinių medžiagų. Gryninamas distiliavimu arba jonitais. Labai grynas vanduo sintetinamas ir vandenilio ir deguonies specialiuose aparatuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vanduo naudojamas kaip cheminis reagentas, tirpiklis, betono ir skiedinių komponentas. Jis yra energijos nešiklis, šilumnešis. Vandens garai yra garo mašinų, turbinų darbo medžiaga; vanduo reikalingas hidraulinėms pavaroms ir presams. Daug jo suvartojama buityje (200 - 500 l per parą žmogui).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-07 21:39:53',62,'','2010-06-07 21:45:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-07 21:39:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,50,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(666,'Kuršių  marios','kuri-marios','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kuršių marios, lagūna Baltijos pietryčiuose, į pietus nuo Klaipėdos. Plotas 1584 km . Šiaurės dalis priklauso Lietuvai, pietinė - Kaliningrado sričiai. Ilgis 93 km, didžiausias plotis 46 km. Didžiausias gylis 5,9 m ( marių vid. dalyje ), vidutinis gylis 3,8 m. Vandens tūris 6,0 km.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kuršių marios ištįsusios iš šiaurės į pietus ; pietuose plačiausios, į šiaurės tolydžio siaurėja (forma panaši į trikampį). Šiaurėja Klaipėdos sąsiauriu jungiasi su Baltija ; prie pat jūros sąsiauris yra 390 m pločio. Vakaruose marias nuo Baltijos skiria Kuršių nerija. Jos rytiniame (marių) krante yra kyšulių - ragų; didžiausi ( iš šiaurės į pietus ): Agilo, Bulvikio, Grobšto, Rasytės. Didžiausios įlankos : Agilo, Pervalkos, Karvaičių, Didžioji ir Mažoji Preilos, Brukio. Pietiniai marių krantai daugiausia žemi, pelkėti. Prie jų vietomis, ypač vidurinėje dalyje, ties Pustų ragu, yra bangų abrazijos atidengtų ir nugludintų riedulių sankaupų. Į rytus nuo marių yra Nemuno deltos žemuma, kurios krantai taip pat žemi, pelkėti. Čia yra 2 dideli kyšuliai: šiauriau - 5 - 6 m virš vandens iškilęs moreninis akmeningas Ventės ragas, piečiau - žemas samplovinis smėlinis Liekų ragas; 2 didelės įlankos - Kniaupas ir Gaurinė, arba karklė. Tarp ventės rago ir Klaipėdos krantai vietomis kiek aukštesni. Kranto linijos ilgis 324 km.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dugnas gana vienodas, ypač pietinėje dalyje - Budume, kur vyrauja apie 5 m gylis. Čia yra 3 nedidelės seklumos. Žymiausia jų - Labgaršva ( apie 1 km, gylis apie 1,6 m ) yra per 3,5 km į šiaurę nuo Deimenos žiočių. Marių šiaurinėje dalyje dugnas taip pat gana lygus, gylis apie 2 m, tik vakariniu pakrašiu, palei Kuršių neriją, tesiasi 3-5 m gylio pavandeninė rina - Panerijos duburys. Jis susidarė dėl dugno grunto deformacijos, slenkant kopoms į priekį. Duburys yra laivybos farvateris. Sudėtingiausias dugno relfas yra dubens centre - Vidmarėse ( tarp Kuršių nerijos, Ventės bei Liekų ragų ; čia įteka Atmeta ir Skirvytė ).Vidmarių gylis daugiau kaip 5 m; yra seklumų: akmeningos kalvos ( gylis 1,8 m ) ir Akmenės  ( 1,9 ) seklumos,  smėlinga Ežios sekluma ( ilgis 8 km; gylis apie 1, 2 m ).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kuršių marių dugne, ypač šiaurinėje ir centrinėje dalyse, gruntas daugiausia smėlingas.Dumblingos nuosėdos dengia beveik visą dubens pietinę dalį ir visus marių pagilėjimus. Priekrantėje išilgai Kuršių nerijos vėjas pripusto kopų smėlio. Ties pietų krantu, Rybačiu ( Rasyte ) ir apie Ventės ragą dugne yra moreninio priemolio ir riedulių. Marių dugno nuosėdose, ypač dumble, daug orgagininės kilmės vietinių ir upių suplugdytų medžiagų. Nuosėdos nesluoksniuotos, nes stipresnės bangos išjudina ne tik visą vandens storymę, bet ir nuosėdas. Nuosėdos labai išlygina marių dugną.Per metus jų susikaupia vidutiniškai 4,4 milijono m. Dėl to marių vandens tūris 1840-1958 sumažėjo 0,53 km.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Į marias įteka 25 upės ir upeliai. Be Nemuno deltos šakų Atmatos, Skirvytės, Hilijos ir Pakalnės, įteka Danė, Nemunynas, Deimana ir kitos mažesnės upės. Iš marių Deimena ir Priegliumi galima nuplaukti į Aistmares. Marių baseinas 100`500 km, jo 98 / prklauso Nemunui. Per metus ( 1812- 1968 tyrimų duomenimis ) upė atplugdo vidutiniškai 23,1 km vandens ; daugiause atplugdė 1916 ( 33,8 ), mažiausiai - 1842 ( 15,1 km ). Iš kritulių prirenka vidutiniškai 1,4 km. Per Klaipėdos sąsiaurį iš jūros įteka apie 5 km vandens. Iš marių per metus išgaruoja apie 1 km vandens, į jūrą išteka 28,5 km. Vanduo mariose per metus pasikeičia vidutiniškai 4,7 karto. Kai pučia silpnas vėjas ir vandens lygio skirtumas tarp marių ir Baltijos nedidelis, ties Klaipėda paviršiumi į jūrą teka lengvesnis gėlas marių vanduo, o prie dugno atvirkščiai - sunkesnis druskintas jūros vanduo letai teka į marias. Klaipėdos sąsiauryje vienos krypties srovė iš marių į jūrą pavasarį be pertrūkio kartais išsilaiko ištisus mėnesius, o iš jūros į marias neteka daugiau kaip 7 dienas iš eilės. Stipriausia srovė į marias susidaro, pučiant audringiems vakarų, šiaurės vakarų arba šiaurės vėjams. Didžiausias į marias įtenkančios srovės greitis Klaipėdos sąsiauryje išmatuotas 1970 11 10 ( 1,13 m/s ), o iš marių ištekantčios - 1958 10 04 ( 2m/s ). Pačiame marių dubenyje srovės nepastovios, silpnos, jų greitis retai viršija 0,3 m/s. Vyrauja į šiaurę tekančios srovės. Atvirose mariose didžiausias bangų aukštis siekia 2,5 m.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-07 21:46:29',62,'','2010-06-07 21:53:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-07 21:46:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,49,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(667,'Europos iškasenos','europos-ikasenos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-07 22:01:20',62,'','2010-06-07 22:04:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-07 22:01:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,48,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(668,'Šviesos šaltiniai','viesos-altiniai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Puslaidininkiniai šviesos signalai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacijai perduoti jau seniai naudojamos įvairiaspalvės šviesos. Lauko sąlygomis ir erdviuose interjeruose reikalingi skaistieji šviesos signalai, kurie gerai matomi iš didelio atstumo tiek esant natūraliam, tiek dirbtiniam apšvietimui. Skaisčiųjų šviesos signalų technologijoje ilgus metus vyravo kaitinamosios lempos, kurių spinduliuotė praleidžiama pro reikiamos spalvos filtrus. Turint omenyje, kad kaitinamosiose lempose tik 5-7% suvartotos energijos virsta regimąja šviesa, o šviesos filtravimas iš esmės yra energiją švaistantis procesas (t.y. susiaurinamas platus spektras, paverčiant nepageidaujamų bangos ilgių šviesą į šilumą), tokių signalų našumas labai menkas. Antai filtruotų kaitinamųjų lempų šviesinis našumas tesiekia 3 lm/W ir 10 lm/W atitinkamai raudonojoje ir geltonojoje srityse, ir dar mažesnis yra žaliojoje ir mėlynojoje. Kitas kaitinamųjų lempų trūkumas - tai jų nepatikimumas. Paprastai jų siūlelis perdega po 1000-2000 val. eksploatacijos (tiesa, eksploatacijos trukmę galima kelis kartus prailginti šviesinio našumo sąskaita), be to, įprastos lempos mechaniškai yra neatsparios.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pastaruoju dešimtmečiu atsirado naujų puslaidininkinių šviesos šaltinių, kurie ėmė sparčiai keisti kaitinamąsias lempas įvairiose sferose, pirmiausia ten, kur reikalingi skaistieji šviesos signalai. Šie šaltiniai - tai gerai žinomi injekcinės elektroliuminescencijos principu veikiantys šviesos diodai, kurie iki tol buvo taikomi tik kaip indikatorinės lemputės ir miniatiūrinės skaitmeninės matricos. Pirmųjų didelio skaisčio šviesos diodų (puslaidininkinių lempų - PL) pagrindas buvo AlGaAs puslaidininkinis lydinys, jie spinduliavo vien ilgabangę raudoną šviesą. Tačiau sukūrus naujas puslaidininkinių medžiagų sistemas AlGaInP ir AlInGaN, panaudojus nanometrinių matmenų puslaidininkinius darinius ir patobulinus lustų optinę konstrukciją, atsirado nauja karta šviesos diodų, spinduliuojančių visuose regimo spektro ruožuose. PL - tai spalvoti šviesos šaltiniai (spinduliuoja siauru 15-40 nm spektro ruožu), pasižymintys ilga eksploatacijos trukme (100 000 val. ir ilgiau) ir mechaniniu atsparumu. Šiuo metu raudonų ir oranžinių AlGaInP PL spindulinis našumas laboratorijos sąlygomis jau siekia 55%, o žalių ir mėlynų AlInGaN PL - 20-30%. Tokių lempų raudonosios ir oranžinės srities šviesinis našumas didesnis negu 100 lm/W, žaliosios - 60 lm/W ir mėlynosios - 15 lm/W. Komercinių prietaisų raudonosios srities vieno lusto spindulinė galia jau siekia 350 mW, 120 mW - mėlynosios. Šie šviesos šaltiniai masiškai taikomi spalvotuose vaizduokliuose, pranašaujama, kad jie revoliucingai skverbsis į apšvietimo sritį. Daugiausia PL taikomos signalizacijai - eismo šviesoms, automobilių šviesoms bei kitokiems saugos, perspėjamiesiems ir avariniams signalams. Vienintelis PL trūkumas - didesnė prietaiso kaina. Tačiau plečiantis PL gamybai, šio neigiamo veiksnio reikšmė mažėja - iki šiol PL kainos dalis, tenkanti šviesinio srauto vienetui, kas dešimtmetį krito 10 kartų, ir ši tendencija išlieka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 08:14:35',62,'','2010-06-14 08:19:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 08:14:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,205,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(669,'Kulkos greitis (laboratorinis darbas)','kulkos-greitis-laboratorinis-darbas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Iš sukamosios svyruoklės svyravimų, jai plastiškai susidūrus su kulka, nustatyti tos kulkos greitį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Sistema svyruoklė - kulka praktiškai yra uždara, todėl pagal judesio kiekio momento tvermės dėsnį L1=L2.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 08:19:58',62,'','2010-06-14 08:22:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 08:19:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,204,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(670,'Garso  greičio strypuose matavimas stovinčiųjų bangų metodu','garso-greiio-strypuose-matavimas-stovinij-bang-metodu','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Išmatavus plieniniu strypu sklindančio garso greitį apskaičiuoti plieno Jungo modulį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 08:22:49',62,'','2010-06-14 08:24:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 08:22:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,203,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(671,'Dinamika','dinamika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aksiomos</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1)materialus taškas nejuda arba juda tiesiai ir tolygiai, kol atsiranda jėgos, kurios priverčia jį pakeisti šią būseną.<br />INERTIŠKUMAS - materialaus taško savybė išlikti tiesiaeigiškoje ir tolygioje būsenoje. Jėgų neveikimo taško judėjimas vadinamas INERCINIU.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2)Materialaus taško pagreitis proporcingas tašką veikiančiai jėgai ir nukreiptas jėgos veikimo linkme. F=ma.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3)poveikis visada lygus atoriksmiui. Dviejų kūnų poveikiiai vienas kitam lygūs ir nukreipti priešingom kryptim.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">4)Tašką A veikiančių dvieju jėgų  P1 ir P2 poveikis = atstojamosios jėgos poveikiui.<br />SUPERPOZICIJOS PRINCIPAS: materialaus taško, kurį veikia kelios jėgos, pagreitis lygus geometrinei sumai pagreičių, kuriuos taškui suteikia kiekviena jėga atskirai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">D’Alambero principas:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dalamberas įrodė, kad remiantis statikos metodais, galima sudaryti lygtis kurios sieja jėgas veikiančias judantį materialų tašką. <br />Prie tašką veikiančios jėgos P pridėję inercijos jėgą f gauname atsverta pusiausvyra jegų sistemą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Judejimo kiekio teorema:<br />Materialaus taško judėjimo kiekio pokytis per kurį nors laikotarpį, lygus veikiančių jėgų impulsų per tą patį laikotarpį geometrinei sumai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 08:25:12',62,'','2010-06-14 08:37:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 08:25:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,202,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(672,'Optika','optika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaidrus kūnas, turintis du sferinius paviršius, vadinamas lęšiu. Tiesė, einanti per sferinių paviršių centrus, vadinama pagrindine optine ašimi. Bet kuri tiesė, einanti per lęšio optinį centrą, vadinama šalutine optine ašimi. Spinduliai, lygiagretūs pagrindinei optinei ašiai, susikerta taške, kuris vadinamas židiniu. Atstumas, nuo lęšio židinio iki optinio centro, vadinamas židinio nuotoliu. Dydis, atvirkščias lęšio židinio nuotoliui, vadinamas lęšio laužiamąja geba ir žymimas D. D=1/F [dioptrija, 1D=1/m].</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sferinė aberacija židinyje susikerta ne visi lygiagrečiai sklidę spinduliai. Dėl to vaizdas darosi neryškus, miglotas. Norint to išvengti naudojama diafragma arba sudėtinis lęšis – aplanatas. Chromatinė aberacija spindulys lūžta ir atvaizdo pakraščiai būna vaivorykštiniai. Renkama lęšių sistema iš skirtingo stiklo – achromatas. Norint gauti taško atvaizdą, reikia gauti bent dviejų tiesių, išėjusių iš to taško, susikirtimo vietą. Spindulys, einantis per lęšio optinį centrą, krypties nekeičia. Optinei aðšai lygiagretus – nukrypsta tiesiai į jo židinį; einantis per lęšio židinį, einantis per lęšio židinį, nukrypsta lygiagrečiai optinei ašiai. Atstumas nuo daikto iki lęšio yra didesnis už dvigubą židinio nuotolį.  Daikto atvaizdas gaunamas tikras, apverstas ir sumažintas. Taip susidaro fotoaparate, žmogaus akyje. Jeigu daiktas yra arčiau lęšio negu dvigubas nuotolis, jis gaunamas tikras, apverstas ir padidintas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 08:38:00',62,'','2010-06-14 08:48:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 08:38:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,201,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(673,'Krūvininkų dreifinio judrumo matavimas impulsiniu metodu','krvinink-dreifinio-judrumo-matavimas-impulsiniu-metodu','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: 1. Susipažinti su nepagrindinių krūvininkų injekcijos ir dreifo ypatumais bei dreifinio judrumo matavimo metodika. 2. Išmatuoti krūvininkų dreifinį judrumą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinis įvadas. Sudarius puslaidininkyje elektrinį lauką, prie kiekvieno nešėjo chaotiško judėjimo prisideda kryptingas dreifas elektrinio lauko poveikyje. Greičio prieauglis paprastai nebūna didelis ir silpnuose laukuose būna proporcingas elektrinio lauko stipriui E. Proporcingumo koeficientas vadinamas dreifiniu judrumu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 08:49:25',62,'','2010-06-14 08:56:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 08:49:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,200,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(674,'Spyruoklinės svyruoklės svyravimų tyrimas','spyruoklins-svyruokls-svyravim-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Nustatyti tampriųjų harmoninių svyravimų periodo priklausomybę nuo svyruoklės masės ir spyruoklės tamprumo koeficiento.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Nagrinėsime tampriuosius harmoninius svyravimus. Svyravimų sistemą sudaro 1 paveiksle pavaizduota įtvirtinta tampri spyruoklė su masės m apkrova. Pastaroji spyruoklę ištempia tiek, kad apkrovos sunkio jėgą kompensuoja dėl spyruoklės deformacijos susidariusi tamprumo jėga, ir sistema yra pastoviosios pusiausvyros būsenoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 08:56:48',62,'','2010-06-14 08:59:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 08:56:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,199,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(675,'Tirpalų lūžio rodiklio priklausomybės nuo koncentracijos tyrimas refraktometru','tirpal-lio-rodiklio-priklausomybs-nuo-koncentracijos-tyrimas-refraktometru','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Ištirti priklausomybę tarp skaidraus tirpalo absoliutinio lūžio rodiklio ir jo svorinės koncentracijos , bei nustatyti pateikto tirpalo nežinomą koncentraciją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Tirpalo absoliutinį lūžio rodiklį n nustatome refrektometru pagal ribinį kampą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 08:59:46',62,'','2010-06-14 09:02:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 08:59:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,198,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(676,'Informacijos keitiklių veikimo ir parametrų tyrimas','informacijos-keitikli-veikimo-ir-parametr-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Susipažinti su skirtingų tipų informacijos keitikliais, jų veikimo principais ir parametrų tikrinimo metodais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paruošti atsakymus į šiuos klausimus:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Kam reikalingi ir kaip panaudojami informacijos keitikliai automatizuotose matavimo ir valdymo sistemose?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Kas yra keitimo skiriamoji geba ir koks jos ryšys su informacinio žodžio ilgiu?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. Kokie kodai naudojami informacijos keitikliuose?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">4. Kas ir kodėl riboja informacijos keitimo greiti?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">5. Kokie yra pagrindiniai kodo keitimo į analogą (DAC) metodai?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">6. Kas sąlygoja kodo keitimo į analogą paklaidas? Kaip jas sumažinti?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">7. Kokie yra pagrindiniai analogo keitimo į kodą (ADC) metodai?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">8. Kas sąlygoja analogo keitimo į kodą paklaidas? Kaip jas sumažinti?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">9. Kokiu principu veikia analoginio signalo keitikliai į dažnį?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 09:03:19',62,'','2010-06-14 09:12:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 09:03:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,197,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(677,'Elektrinių dydžių matavimas ir matavimo paklaidos 4','elektrini-dydi-matavimas-ir-matavimo-paklaidos-4','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Išmokti įvertinti elektrinių dydžių matavimo sistemines paklaidas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Elektrinių dydžių matavimams dažniausiai naudojami rodykliniai arba skaitmeniniai prietaisai. Įtampos kritimas matuojamas voltmetrais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 09:13:18',62,'','2010-06-14 09:16:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 09:13:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,196,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(678,'Atvudo mašina (laboratorinis darbas) 2','atvudo-maina-laboratorinis-darbas-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Atvudo mašina nustatyti kūno pagreitį ir jį palyginti su pagreičiu, apskaičiuotu pagal antrąjį Niutono dėsnį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinio pasirengimo klausimai. Slenkamojo judėjimo kinematikos lygtys. Pirmasis ir antrasis Niutono dėsniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Darbe naudojamos Atvudo mašinos principinė schema parodyta 1 paveiksle. Milimetrais sugraduoto stovo 1 viršuje įtaisytas apie horizontalią ašį laisvai besisukantis mažos masės skridinėlis 2. Per jį permestas vienodos masės M kūnus 3 ir 4 jungiantis siūlas. Prie stovo tvirtinami laikikliai 5, 6 ir 7, Pirmųjų dviejų padėtį, kartu ir atstumus s bei S galima laisvai pasirinkti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Siūlu surištų kūnų 3 ir 4 sistema yra pusiausvyra. Ant vieno jų, pavyzdžiui 4, uždėjus masės m svarelį, pusiausvyra sutrinka ir sistema pradeda greitėjančiai judėti. Iš antrojo Niutono dėsnio kūnų pagreičio projekcija vertikalioje ašyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 11:45:12',62,'','2010-06-14 11:48:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 11:45:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,195,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(679,'Laidininko varžos nustatymas regresinės analizės metodu','laidininko-varos-nustatymas-regresins-analizs-metodu','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Darbo tikslas:<br />1.    Išmatuoti įtampų ir srovių reikšmes grandinėje.<br />2.    Nustatyti laidininko įtampos ir srovės priklausomybės koeficientus.<br />3.    Regresinės analizės metodu nustatyti laidininko varžą.<br />4.    Parašyti empirinę (tiesinės regresijos) formulę laidininkui.<br />5.    Pagal empirinę formulę nubrėžti laidininko voltamperinę charakteristiką.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vienas pirmųjų eksperimentiniu būdu nustatytų dėsnių, apibūdinančių elektros srovę, yra Omo dėsnis grandinės daliai: srovė I, tekanti vienalyčiu metaliniu laidininku, yra proporcinga jo galų įtampai U: I=U/R.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Laidininko varža R priklauso nuo laidininko ilgio l, jo skerspjūvio ploto S bei laidininko medžiagos. Medžiagos elektrinės savybes įvertina medžiagos specifinė varža. Tai vienetinio ilgio ir vienetinio skerspjūvio ploto laidininko varža. Ji priklauso nuo medžiagos rūšies ir jos būsenos (temperatūros). Varžai atvirkštinis dydis - laidumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 11:48:40',62,'','2010-06-14 11:53:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 11:48:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,194,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(680,'Elektrono specifinio krūvio nustatymas 6','elektrono-specifinio-krvio-nustatymas-6','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Panaudojant statmenai sukryžiuotus elektrinį ir magnetinį laukus, nustatyti elektrono specifinį krūvį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Kūnas, kuris gali suktis apie nejudamą ašį, yra veikiamas išorinių jėgu, tai jis sukasi kampiniu pagreičiu. Kietojo kūno inercijos momentas Iz visada nusakomas konkrečios ašies atžvilgiu. Keičiant ašį, dydis Iz bendruoju atveju taip pat keičiasi. Masės kūno inercijos momentą atžvilgiu  ašies, einančios per jo masės centrą žymėkime Ic. Tuomet to paties kūno inercijos momentą atžvilgiu naujos ašies, lygiagrečios pirmajai ir nuo jos nutolusios dydžiu l, apskaičiuosime pagal Heigenso ir Šteinerio teoremą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 11:54:05',62,'','2010-06-14 11:57:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 11:54:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,193,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(681,'Y spindulių silpimo medžiagoje tyrimas 2','y-spinduli-silpimo-mediagoje-tyrimas-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: nustatyti Y spindulių tiesinį ir masinį silpimo koeficienetus ir pusstorius dviem skirtingomis medžiagoms.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis: radioaktyvumu vadiname savaiminį vienų atomų branduolių virsmą kitų atomų branduoliais, kurio metu skleidžiami įvairių rūšių radioaktyvieji spinduliai. Pasirinkto elemento atomai nėra vienodi. Jie gali skirtis branduolio mase.  Elemento atomai, nesiskiriantys branduolio mase, vadinami izotopais. Gamtoje randamų izotopų radioaktyvumas vadinamas natūraliuoju. Branduolinių reakcijų dėka gali susidaryti nauji radioaktyvieji izotopai, kurių žemėje nėra. Tokių izotopų radioaktyvumas vadinamas dirbtiniu. Atomo branduolys, kuriam būdingas minėtas savaiminis virsmas, vadinamas motininiu, o branduolys, atsiradęs po virsmo, vadinamas dukteriniu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 11:57:30',62,'','2010-06-14 11:59:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 11:57:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,192,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(682,'Elektros energijos gamyba, perdavimas ir panaudojimas','elektros-energijos-gamyba-perdavimas-ir-panaudojimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektros energijos generavimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektros energija žymiai pranašesnė už kitas energijos rūšis tuo, kad ją galima perduoti dideliais atstumais be didelių nuostolių ir kartu patogu paskirstyti naudotojams. Gana paprastais įrenginiais iš mechaninės, vidinės, šviesos energijos galima perversti į elektros energiją. Kintamoji elektros srovė, lyginant su nuolatine pranašesnė tuo, kad įtampą ir srovės stiprumą galima keisti gana plačiose ribose be didelių energijos nuostolių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektros srovę gamina generatoriai – tai įrenginiai, kurie vienos ar kitos rūšies energiją paverčia elektros energija. Prie generatorių priskiriami: galvaniniai elementai, elektrostatinės mašinos, termobaterijos,  saulės baterijos ir t.t. Dabar svarbiausią reikšmę turi elektromechaniniai indukciniai kintamosios srovės generatoriai. Jų veikiamas pagrįstas elektromagnetinės indukcijos reiškiniu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Generatorius sudarytas iš: 1) Elektromagnetas – sukuriantis magnetinį lauką; 2) Apvija – kurioje indukuojasi kintamoji evj Kadangi evj, indukuotos nuosekliai sujungtose vijose, sudedamos, tai indukcinė evj amplitudė rėmeliuose yra proporcinga vijų skaičiui. Ji proporcinga taip pat kiekvieną viją kertančio kintamojo magnetinio srauto amplitudei.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dideliam magnetiniam srautui gauti generatoriuose naudojama speciali magnetinė sisema, sudaryta iš dviejų šerdžių, kurios pagamintos iš elektrotechninio plieno. Magnetinį lauką sukuriančios vijos dedamos į vienos šerdies griovelius, o vijos, kuriose indukuojama evj, - į kitos šerdies griovelius. Viena šių šerdžių kartu su savo apvija sukasi apie horizontalią arba vertikalią ašį. Todėl ji vadinama rotoriumi. Nejudanti šerdis su savo apvija vadinama statoriumi. Tarpas tarp statoriaus ir rotoriaus šerdžių daromas kiek galima mažesnis. Tuomet magnetinės indukcijos srautas būna didžiausia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 12:00:18',62,'','2010-06-14 12:03:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 12:00:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,191,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(683,'Tiesinė difrakcinė gardelė','tiesin-difrakcin-gardel','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Išmatuoti nurodytuosius difrakcinio spektro šviesos bangų ilgius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo eiga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.    Ganiometrą ir šviesos šaltinio maitinimo bloką įjungiame į elektros tinklą. Trumpais mygtiuko pas-paudimais, sužadiname gyvsidabrio lempą. Sukinėdami žiūrono okuliarą, jo matymo lauke gauname juodų sukryžiuotų linijų geriausią ryškumą. Sukinėdami mikroskopo okuliarą, sufokusuojame limbo skalės vertikaliąsias ir optinio kikrometro – horizontaliąsias padalas (jos matomos regėjimo lauko deši-nėje pusėje).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2.    Atlaisvinę sraigtą, lėtai sukdami kolimatorių apie goniometro ašį, einančią per staliuko centrą, nustatome jį vienoje tiesėje su žiūronu. Jo regėjimo lauke matome ryškią šviesią liniją. Tai ir yra centrinis (nulinės eilės) difrakcijos maksimumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3.    Lėtai sukdami kolimatorių apie vertikaliąją ašį, sutapdiname žiūrono vertikalųjį siūlelį su matuojamaja difrakcine spektrine linija (pradžioje su kairiaja, o po tu su dešiniaja). Lengvai užfiksuojame sraigtą ir mikrometriniu sraigtu, kaip galima tiksliau, sutapdiname žiūrono siūlelį su ma-tuojamosios difrakcinės linijos viduriu. Tos pačios eilės difrakcinėms linijoms matavimus pakar-tojame 3 kartus. Difrakcinių linijų eillė – pirma, spalva – žalia. Tada I-osios eilės difrakcinės linijos kampas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 12:03:58',62,'','2010-06-14 12:06:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 12:03:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,190,'','',0,63,'robots=\nauthor='),(684,'Feromagnetikų histerizės reiškinio tyrimas','feromagnetik-histerizs-reikinio-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: ištirti histerizės reiškinį feromagnetikuose, išmatuoti magnetinės indukcijos priklausomybę nuo magnetinio lauko stiprumo ir permagnetinimo šiluminius nuostolius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Matavimo įrenginys: matavimui naudojama histerizės kilpa, stebima oscilografo ekrane. Šios kilpos vaizdui gauti, kad matavimo įrenginys suformuotų įtampą U<sub>x</sub> proporcingą magnetinio lauko stiprumui H feromagnetike ir įtampą U<sub>y</sub>, proporcingą magnetinio lauko indukcijai B feromagnetike.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 12:06:44',62,'','2010-06-14 12:09:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 12:06:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,189,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(685,'Gauso kanalas su tiesiniais signalo formos iškraipymais (špera)','gauso-kanalas-su-tiesiniais-signalo-formos-ikraipymais-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gauso kanalas su tiesiniais signalo formos iškraipymais įvertina selektyviųjų grandžių poveikį signalui. Bendruoju atveju susidarantys iškraipymai yra atsitiktinio pobūdžio.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tiesinis kanalas su sudėtingu adetyviniu triukšmu. Įvertina bet kokio pobūdžio tiukšmus, t.y. triukšmus sukeltus laiko ir dažnio srityse, Gauso, ne Gauso ir k.t. triukšmus. Trukdžio modelis šiuo atveju apibrėžiamas nurodant daugiamačio tikimybių pasiskirstymo tankio skaičiavimo būdą. Pastarasis modelis gana pilnai aprašo kanale veikiančius trukdžius, tačiau yra sudėtingas ir naudojamas retai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 12:10:03',62,'','2010-06-14 12:15:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 12:10:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,188,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(686,'Elektrinių dydžių matavimas ir matavimo paklaidos 6','elektrini-dydi-matavimas-ir-matavimo-paklaidos-6','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Išmatuoti srovės stiprumus, įtampas. Apskaičiuoti varžas. Rasti absoliutines ir santykines matavimų paklaidas. Naudojantis gautaisiais rezultatais užpildyti lentelę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Voltamperinė charakteristika - tai priklausomybė, parodanti kaip kinta srovės stiprumas tiriamoje varžoje keičiant įtampa tarp jos galų. Srovę matuojame ampermetru, o įtampą - voltmetru. Varžą apskaičiuojame naudodami Omo dėsnį grandinės daliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Toks varžos nustatymo metodas vadinamas voltmetro ir ampermetro metodu. Kiekvienas matavimas atliekamas tam tikru tikslumu. Matavimo paklaida apibūdina išmatuoto dydžio vertės nuokrypą nuo tikrosios arba tikimybinės (matematinio vidurkio) vertės. Nuokrypos absoliutinis dydis vadinamas absoliutine paklaida. Ji nusakoma procentais išreikštu prietaiso absoliutinės paklaidos santykiu su viršutine matavimo riba. Žinant prietaiso tikslumo klasę ir viršutinę matavimo ribą galima surasti prietaiso absoliutinės paklaidos vertę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 12:16:26',62,'','2010-06-14 12:18:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 12:16:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,187,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(687,'Žvaigžde sujungta trifazė grandinė','vaigde-sujungta-trifaz-grandin','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: fazių sekos nustatymas ir nulinio laido įtaka trifazio imtuvo darbo režimu i kai jis maitinamas iš trifazės įtampos šaltinio.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naudojama aparatūra: 1. simetrinis trifazės įtampos šaltinis; 2. du rezistoriai ir kondensatorius fazių sekai nustatyti; 3. trys rezistoriai, ritė ir kondensatorių baterija; 4. jungiklis, dviejų ir trijų junkčių perjungikliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 12:18:51',62,'','2010-06-14 12:22:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 12:18:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,186,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(688,'Kombinacinė logika ir jos elementai','kombinacin-logika-ir-jos-elementai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. 1. Išnagrinėti paprastų loginių elementų parametrus, logines funkcijas ir jų būsenų lenteles. 2. Išmokti analizuoti ir konstruoti logines grandines, sudarytas iš didesnio loginių elementų skaičiaus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paruošti atsakymus į šiuos klausimus:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Kas yra Boole algebra ir kokiais dydžiais ji operuoja?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Kokios yra pagrindinės Boole algebros operacijos?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. Kaip užrašomos Boole algebros operacijos?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">4. Kokiomis grandinėmis realizuojamos Boole algebros operacijos?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">5. Kaip žymimi loginiai elementai ir jų išvadai schemose?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 12:49:07',62,'','2010-06-14 12:57:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 12:49:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,185,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(689,'2 KTU fizikos koliokviumo špera','2-ktu-fizikos-koliokviumo-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Molekulių pasiskirstymas pagal greičius. Normalaus tankio dujose kiekviena molekulė per 1s vidutiniškai susiduria su kitomis 10 9 kartų. Kiekvienu atveju tai gali pakisti molekulės modulis ir kryptis. Dėl to molekulės judėjimas yra chaotiškas, todėl molekulės juda įvairiais greičiais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 12:57:45',62,'','2010-06-14 13:00:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 12:57:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,184,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(690,'Temperatūrinio dujų slėgio koeficiento nustatymas','temperatrinio-duj-slgio-koeficiento-nustatymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Susipažinti su idealiųjų dujų būsenos lygtimi ir izoprocesais dujose. Eksperimentiškai nustatyti temperatūrinį dujų slėgio koeficientą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aparatūra ir darbo metodas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiame darbe nustatomas oro temperatūrinis slėgio koeficientas. Normaliomis sąlygomis orą galime laikyti idealiosiomis dujomis. Stikliniame inde 1 yra tiriamasis sausas oras, kuris šildomas termostatu 2. Tiriamojo oro temperatūra matuojam termometru 3. Užregistravę pradinę temperatūrą t1, ištraukiame čiaupą 4 ir slėgį inde p1 sulyginame su atmosferos slėgiu, kuris išmatuojamas laboratorijoje esančiu barometru.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 13:01:32',62,'','2010-06-14 13:04:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 13:01:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,183,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(691,'Optika (Olimpo konspektai)','optika-olimpo-konspektai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Optika yra mokslas apie fizinius, t.y. gamtos, reiškinius, susijusius su trumpųjų elektromagnetinių bangų, kurių ilgis (10<sup>-4</sup> / 10<sup>-9</sup>) m, sklidimu ir sąveika su medžiaga.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pradžioje optika tyrė tik regimosios spektro srities (360 nm / 750 nm) elektromagnetines bangas. Šiulaikinė optika tiria plačią šių bangų spektro sritį : be regimosios, ultravioletinę (įskaitant ir minkštuosius rentgeno spindulius) bei infraraudonąją sritį iki milimetrinių radijo bangų. Optika nuo kitų fizikos šakų, susijusių su elektromagnetinių bangų spinduliavimu, skiriasi ne tiek nagrinėjamų bangų ilgių ruožu, kiek savitais tyrimo metodais. Ji nagrinėja šviesos sklidimą įvairiose terpėse, šviesos spinduliavimo ir sugėrimo dėsnius, taip pat šviesos poveikį medžiagai. Banginė šviesos prigimtis aptikta anksčiau, negu nustatytas faktas, kad šviesa yra elektromagnetinė spinduliuotė. Iš tikrųjų, daugelis reiškinių sklindant šviesai gali būti paaiškinti tik skersinių bangų įvaizdžiais nepaisant jų elektromagnetinės prigimties. Tokius reiškinius - šviesos difrakciją, interferenciją, poliarizaciją - tiria banginė optika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 13:04:46',62,'','2010-06-14 13:20:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 13:04:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,182,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(692,'Branduolinė energetika Lietuvoje','branduolin-energetika-lietuvoje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ignalinos atominė elektrinė yra šiaurės rytų Lietuvoje netoli sienos su Baltarusija. Banduolinė jėgainė pastatyta ant didžiausio mūsų šalyje Drūkšių ežero kranto. <br />Ignalinos atominė elektrinė veikia kanalinio tipo šiluminių neutronų vandens-grafito branduoliniai reaktoriai RBMK-1500. Toks energinis reaktorius - galingiausias pasaulyje. Šluminė elektrinės vieno bloko galia - 4800 MW, elektrinė galia - 1500MW.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ignalinos AE, kaip ir visose elektrinėse, turinčiose RBMK tipo reaktorius, naudojama vieno kontūro šiluminė schema: į turbinas tiekiamas prisotintas 6,5 Mpa slėgio garas, kuris susidaro tiesog reaktoriuje, verdant per jį pratekančiam lengvajam vandeniui, cirkuliuojančiam uždaru kontūru.  Pirmoji elektrinės eilė turi tik du energetinius blokus. Vieno reaktoriaus bloke yra dvi turbinos, kurių galia po 750MW.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiekviename energobloke yra patalpos branduolinio kuro transportavimo sistemoms ir valdymo pultams. Bendra energoblokams - mašinų salė, patalpos dujoms valyti ir vandens paruošimo sistemos. Ežero vanduo naudojamas  elektrinės turbinų kondensatoriams aušinti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">AE svarbiausia dalis - reaktorius, o svarbiausia reaktoriaus konstrukcijos dalis - grafitinis klojinys su branduoliniu kuru, strypais-sugėrikliais ir gaubiančiomis jį metalo konstrukcijomis  - įrengta betoninėje  šachtoje. Vertikaliose grafitinio klojinio kolonose yra technologiniai kanalai su branduoliniu kuru bei valdymo ir apsaugos sistemos kanalai. Klojinys įrengtas  ant suvirintos metalinės konstrukcijos, besiriamenčios į betoninį pagindą. Iš viršaus klojinys perdengiamas viršutiniąja metaline konstrukcija, besiremiančia į biologinės apsaugos žiedinį vandens baką. Suvirintas cilndrinis gaubtas, gaubiantis klojinį, viršutinė ir apatinė reaktoriaus metalinės konstrukcijos sudaro hermetišką reaktoriaus ertmę. Ji užpildyta helio ir azoto mišiniu, kad grafitas nesioksiduotų ir būtų geresnis šilumos laidininkas nuo grafito į technologinius kanalus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 13:20:52',62,'','2010-06-14 13:23:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 13:20:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,181,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(693,'Elektromagnetiniai virpesiai','elektromagnetiniai-virpesiai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Periodiški magnetinio lauko ir elektrinio lauko stiprumo kitimai vadinami elektromagnetiniais virpesiais.  Laisvieji elektroniniai virpesiai gaunami virpesių kontūre, kurį sudaro ritė ir kondensatorius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kintamoji elektros srovė - tai priverstiniai elektriniai virpesiai. 50Hz Ji gaunama sukant pastoviu kampiniu greičiu ir jų rėmelį magnetiniam vienalyčiam lauke.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 13:24:23',62,'','2010-06-14 13:31:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 13:24:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,180,'','',0,36,'robots=\nauthor='),(694,'Dielektrikų elektrinių savybių tyrimas 2','dielektrik-elektrini-savybi-tyrimas-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Nustatyti įvairių dielektrikų plokštelių santykinę dielektrinę skvarbą, dielektrinį jautrį ir poliarizuotumą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinio pasirengimo klausimai. Poliniai ir nepoliniai dielektrikai. Poliarizuotumas. Dielektrinė skvarba ir dielektrinis jautris. Kondensatoriaus talpa.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Dielektriko molekulė elektriškai yra neutrali, tačiau galimi du skirtingi atvejai: 1) molekulės teigiamojo ir neigiamojo krūvių centrai sutampa; 2) tarp šių centrų nuotolis l.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 13:32:03',62,'','2010-06-14 13:34:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 13:32:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,179,'','',0,36,'robots=\nauthor='),(695,'Saulės energijos vartojimas Lietuvoje','sauls-energijos-vartojimas-lietuvoje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ar pasitelksime saulės energiją?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tik truputį daugiau kaip per 8 minutes saulės spinduliai, nuskrieję 150 milijonų kilometrų, pasiekia žemės paviršių. Didžiąją dalį saulės spindulių sudaro trumposios (bangų ilgis 0,3 - 3,0 mm) elektromagnetinės bangos. Apie 35 proc. šios energijos Žemė atspindi atgal į kosmosą, o likusioji dalis sunaudojama žemės paviršiui šildyti, išgarinimo-kondensacijos ciklui, bangoms jūrose, oro ir vandenynų srovėms bei vėjui atsirasti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Energetika, pagrįsta atsinaujinančiais energijos šaltiniais, jų tarpe ir saulės, yra reali ir perspektyvi. Pasipriešinimas branduolinės energijos naudojimui kasdien didėja, organinio kuro ištekliai labai netolygiai išsidėstę pasaulyje, o Lietuvoje jų beveik nėra. Todėl naudoti saulės energijos įrenginius yra būtina. Vienas paprasčiausių būdų - saulės viryklių ir krosnių naudojimas maistui gaminti. Daugelyje pasaulio vietovių saulės gėlintuvais gėlinamas vanduo, saulės džiovyklose džiovinami įvairūs maisto produktai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dabar saulės energija daugiausia paverčiama šiluma ir elektra Pasaulyje ir Lietuvoje saulės energija plačiausiai naudojama vandeniui ir pastatams šildyti. Panagrinėkime, kaip saulės energiją galima versti į šiluminę. Pagrindinis šiam reikalui skirtas įrengi-nys yra saulės kolektorius. Visi saulės kolektoriai turi bendrą elementą - šilumą sugeriančią plokštę - absorberį arba tūrinį šilumos kaupiklį. Šilumos nešėjas gali būti skystis ar oras. Pagal pasiekiamą temperatūrą saulės kolektoriai skirstomi į žemos, vidutinės ir aukštos temperatūros.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 13:35:13',62,'','2010-06-14 13:37:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 13:35:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,178,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(696,'Dielektriko šilumos laidumo koeficiento nustatymas ','dielektriko-ilumos-laidumo-koeficiento-nustatymas-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Išmokti termoelementu matuoti temperatūrą ir nustatyti kieto dielektriko šilumos laidumo koeficientą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinio pasirengimo klausimai. Šilumos laidumas. Temperatūros gradientas. Fononinis šilumos laidumo mechanizmas. Furjė dėsnis. Teorinė dalis. Reiškinys, kai įkaitusios kūno dalies vidinė energija, neatliekant mechaninio darbo, perduodama mažiau įkaitusiai daliai ar kitiems kūnams, vadinamas šilumos laidumu. Jis turimas tik egzistuojant temperatūros gradientui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 13:38:04',62,'','2010-06-14 13:40:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 13:38:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,177,'','',0,46,'robots=\nauthor='),(697,'Šviesos sklidimas, atspindys ir lūžimas','viesos-sklidimas-atspindys-ir-limas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaidrioje vienalytėje terpėje šviesa sklinda tiesiai. Linija, kuria sklinda šviesa, vadinama šviesos spinduliu. Šviesos greitis ore yra apie 300 000 km/s. Optikos dalis, kuria nagrinėja šviesos sklidimą skaidriomis terpėmis remdamasi šviesos spinduliu, vadinamas geometrine optika.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Krintantysis ir atsispindėjęs spindulys bei statmuo veidrodžio paviršiui spindulio kritimo taške yra vienoje plokštumoje; atspindžio kampas lygus spindulio kritimo kampui<br />Krintantysis spindulys, lūžęs spindulys ir per kritimo tašką, nubrėžtas statmuo terpes skiriančiam paviršiui yra vienoje plokštumoje;  kritimo kampo sinuso ir lūžio kampo sinuso santykis toms dviem aplinkoms yra pastovus dydis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Medžiagos lūžio rodiklis vakuumo atžvilgiu vadinamas absoliutiniu lūžio rodikliu. Jis parodo, kiek kartų šviesos greitis c vakuume yra didesnis už šviesos greitį v atitinkamoje medžiagoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visos šviesos, sklindančios iš optiškai tankesnės terpės į retesnę terpę, atspindys nuo retesnės terpės vadinamas visiškuoju atspindžiu.<br />Šviesos energija tiriantis optikos skyrius vadinamas fotometrija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 13:41:26',62,'','2010-06-14 13:44:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 13:41:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,176,'','',0,38,'robots=\nauthor='),(698,'Optimalus signalų priėmimas diskretinių signalų sistemoje  (dsp) (špera)','optimalus-signal-primimas-diskretini-signal-sistemoje-dsp-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Inžinerinėje praktikoje parenkant ryšio sistemai konkretų signalą, tipą be geometrinės konfigūracijos turi būti visa eilė veiksnių. Pagrindiniai iš jų yra:<br />1. Duotas perdavimo linijos savybės<br />2. Vienu metu linijai perduodamų skirtingų pranešimų skaičius.<br />3. Būtinybė kelių sistemų darbą sustabdyti viename dažnių diapazone, su minimaliais trukdžiais.<br />4. Generatorių techninės realizacijos privalumai naudojant Cn generatorių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Praktikoje formuojant signalą, nebūtina atkartoti ankščiau nurodyto algoritmo. Reikiamomis savybėmis pasižymintys signalai gali būti gaunami tiesiogiai generuojant reikiamos formos virpesius. Plačiau naudojami binarinių signalų, rinkiniai yra hormoniniai, virpesių su skirtingais dažniais arba pradinėmis fazinėmis atkarpomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Beveik ortogonalių signalų atsparumas trukdžiams mažesnis negu griežtai ortogonalių signalų, tačiau dažnių ašyje jie išdėstyti kompaktiškai. Binarinėje sistemoje kartais panaudojami signalai su amplitudine moduliacija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Technikoje toks darbas vadinamas darbu su pasyvia faze t.y. perduodant simbolius su x2=0, signalas nespinduliuojamas. Naudojant dažninę ar fazinę manipuliaciją energija naudojama perduodant tiek simbolį x1=1, tiek simbolį x2=0. Vertingi yra sudėtingi signalai, kurių spektro pločio ir trukmės sandauga žymiai didesnė už 1.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Parenkant signalą būtina įvertinti sklidimo aplinkos t.y. fizinės aplinkos iškraipantį poveikį. Apskrita ryšio linijai gali būti traktuojama kaip keturpolis, kuriam galioja superpozicijos principas ir tada bus įvertintas linijos daugiaspinduliaviškumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 13:55:55',62,'','2010-06-14 14:10:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 13:55:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,175,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(699,'Tunelinio reiškinio pn sandūroje tyrimas','tunelinio-reikinio-pn-sandroje-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis: ištirti tunelinio diodo voltamperinę charakteristiką ir, ja naudojantis, nustatyti būdinguosius pn sandaros parametrus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis: dalelės pasižymi ir banginėmis savybėmis, tai kvantinėje mechanikoje susiduriama su reiškiniais, neturinčiais analogų klasikinėje mechanikoje. Vienas tokių reiškinių yra tunelinis reiškinys: dalelės perėjimas pro potencialinį barjerą, nekeičiant energijos. Potencialiniu barjeru vadinama erdvės sritis, kurioje dalelės potencinė energija yra didesnė nei gretimose srityse. Paprasčiausias yra vienmatis barjeras (potencinė energija kinta viena kryptimi). Kiekybinis tunelinio reiškinio matas yra potencialinio barjero skaidrumas. Jis lygus dalelės banginių funkcijų už barjero ir prieš barjerą modulių kvadratų santykiui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 14:10:58',62,'','2010-06-14 14:13:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 14:10:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,174,'','',0,40,'robots=\nauthor='),(700,'Bio ir Savaro dėsnio taikymas žemės magnetinio lauko indukcijos horizontaliajam komponentui nustatyti tangentiniu galvanometru','bio-ir-savaro-dsnio-taikymas-ems-magnetinio-lauko-indukcijos-horizontaliajam-komponentui-nustatyti-tangentiniu-galvanometru','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas -  suprasti Bio ir Svaro dėsnio esmę, susipažinti su jo praktinio taikymo galimybėmis ir išmokti pritaikyti jį žemės magnetinio lauko indukcijos horizontaliajam komponentui nustatyti tangentiniu galvanometru.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Laidininku tekėdama elektros srovė sukuria aplink save magnetinį lauką, kurio magnetinė indukcija išreiškiama Bio ir Savaro dėsniu: srovės elemento I-dl sukurto magnetinio lauko indukcija yra proporcinga šio elemento didumui ir atvirkščiai proporcinga atstumo ir iki nagrinėjamo lauko taško kvadratui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 14:14:29',62,'','2010-06-14 14:18:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 14:14:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,173,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(701,'Laboratorinis darbas Bernulio lygtis','laboratorinis-darbas-bernulio-lygtis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: nustatyti tiriamo vamzdyno nurodytose vietose Bernulio lygties visų aukščių (slėgių) reikšmes, esant dviems skirtingiems debitams, palaikant pastovų skysčio lygį rezervuare. Iš eksperimentinių duomenų apskaičiuoti slėgio nuostolius vamzdyne.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis: pagal Bernulio lygtį, esant nusistovėjusiam skysčio arba dujų srauto judėjimuič bet kuriame srauto skerspjūvyje esančiai dalelei padėties potencinės bei judesio kinetinės energijų suma yra pastovi. Bernulio lygtį galima užrašyti aukščio (m) arba slėgio (Pa)  vienetais. Judant realiems skysčiams (arba dujoms), dėl trinties ir vietinių kliūčių srauto kelyje, dalis srauto dalelės energijos sunaudojama susidaranties pasipriešinimams nugalėti. Ši srauto energijos dalis vadinama hidrauliniais nuostoliais (h<sub>n</sub> arba p<sub>n</sub>).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 14:18:49',62,'','2010-06-14 14:28:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 14:18:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,172,'','',0,50,'robots=\nauthor='),(702,'Laisvai krintančių kūnų pagreičio ir gravitacinės konstantos nustatymas 2','laisvai-krintani-kn-pagreiio-ir-gravitacins-konstantos-nustatymas-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: susipažinti su visuotinės traukos dėsniu, laisvai krintančio kūno kinematika ir nustatyti matavimo rezultatų patikimumo intervalą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aparatūra ir darbo metodas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ieškodami dydžio g, panaudosime krintantį ore mažą, bet sunkų rutuliuką. Mažu greičiu krintančiam kūnui oro pasipriešinimo įtaka nedidelė, todėl kritimas panašus į laisvą. Toks rutuliukas juda tolygiai greitėdamas ir per laiką t nukrinta kelią h.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 14:29:00',62,'','2010-06-14 14:35:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 14:29:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,171,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(703,'Fizikos uždaviniai 1','fizikos-udaviniai-1','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 14:36:09',62,'','2010-06-14 14:39:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 14:36:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,170,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(704,'Magnetizmas','magnetizmas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Magnetinis laukas magnetike, molekulinės srovės. Įmagnetėjimo vektorius</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bandymai rodo, kad medžiagoje magnetinis laukas esti kitoks negu vakuume. Tai rodo, kad medžiaga, patekusi į išorinį magnetinį lauką, pati kuria savo magnetinį lauką, kuris vektoriškai sumuojasi su išoriniu lauku. Sakoma, kad medžiagos magnetiniame lauke įmagnetėja. Įmagnetėjančios medžiagos vadinamos magnetikais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žinome, kad nuostovųjį magnetinį laiką kuria tekanti elektros srovė. Kokios gi magnetikuose tekančios srovės sukuria lauką B\'? Tos srovės buvo pavadintos molekulinėmis srovėmis. Jų prigimtis gali būti tokia: 1) elektronų sukimasis aplink branduolius nuostoviosiomis orbitomis, 2) elektronų sukimasis aplink savo ašis (elektronų sukiniai), 3) branduolius sudarančių protonų ir neutronų sukiniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 14:40:04',62,'','2010-06-14 14:44:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 14:40:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,169,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(705,'Šiluminis spinduliavimas (špera)','iluminis-spinduliavimas-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Spinduliavimo sąvoką fizikai vartoja dviem prasmėmis: 1)ji reiškia vakume ar materialioje erdvėje sklindančių lektromagnetinių bangų ar dalelių srautą; 2)bangų ar dalelių sklidimo iš materialiosios sistemos procesą.Gamtoje labiausiai paplitęs spinduliavimas kurį sužadina medžiagos dalelių šiluminiai virpesiai. Šitaip sukeltas elektromagnetinis spinduliavimas vadinamas šiluminiu arba temperatūriniu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Fotoelektrinis efektas. Einšteino formulė fotoefektui. Tai toks reiškinys, kai apšvietus medžiagą iš jos išlekia elektronai: 1)Išlekiančių foto elektronų greičiai nepriklauso nuo krintančios šviesos intensyvumo, bet priklauso nuo šviesos dažnio arba bangos ilgio; 2)Išlekiančių foto elektronų skaičius priklauso nuo krintančios šviesos intensyvumo; 3)Kiekvienam metalui egzistuoja raudonoji riba (minimalus dažnis arba maximalus bangos ilgis) už kurios fotoefektas npasireiškia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 14:44:49',62,'','2010-06-14 14:48:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 14:44:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,168,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(706,'Radiolokacija','radiolokacija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Objektų aptikimas ir jų buvimo vietos tikslus nustatymas radijo bangomis vadinamas radiolokacija. Visą tai atlieka radiolokatorius, arba radaras, naudojant kryptingą radijo signalų spinduliavimą ir atspindėtų signalų priėmimą. Radiolokatoriais nustatomos objektų koordinatės erdvėje, jų judėjimo kryptys ir greičiai. Radiolokatorių sudaro galingas ultratrumpųjų radijo bangų siųstuvas ir labai jautrus imtuvas, suderintas to paties dažnio bangoms priimti. Atsispindėjusią bangą sugauna arba ta pati siuntimo antena, arba kita, priimanti taip pat tiktai tam tikros krypties bangas. Antena esti paraboloido formos ir spinduliuoja labai siaurą radijo bangų pluoštą – radijo spindulį. Suprantama, reikia ypač kryptingų radijo bangų. Angos kampas, kuriame sukoncentruota pagrindinė spindulio galios dalis, apytiksliai turi būti lygus vienam laipsniui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atmosfera sklindančias bangas išsklaido, ir imtuvą pasiekia tik labai nedidelė siųstuvo išspinduliuotos energijos dalis. Todėl radiolokatorių imtuvai priimtą signalą sustipriną milijonų milijoną (10 ²) kartų. Toks jautrus imtuvas turi būti išjungtas, kai siųstuvas siunčia bangų impulsus. Informaciją apdoroja laiko registratoriai ir kompiuteriai, o rezultatai perduodami į televizoriaus ekraną arba skaitmeninį tablo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vieni kūnai arba jų dalys elektromagnetines bangas atspindi stipriau, kiti – silpniau, todėl į lokatorių sugrįžta skirtingo stiprumo impulsai ir ekrane atsiranda įvairaus šviesumo taškai. Susilieję taškai sudaro aiškiai matomą vaizdą, kuriame galima atpažinti stebimą vietovę, lėktuvus, laivus ir kt..Didžiausią nuotolį, kuriuo galima aptikti lėktuvą ar raketą, riboja tik tiesioginio matomumo sąlygos.Trumpųjų bangų lokacinio matymo nuotolis yra didesnis negu ilgųjų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Radijo likatoriai nebūtinai turi dirbti impulsiniu režimu. Sakykime, lėktuvas skrenda greičiu v antenos kryptimi. Nuo jo visą laiką atsispindi lokatoriaus pasiųstas radijo spindulys. Dėl Doplerio efekto, priimamos bangos dažnis bus mažesnis, jei objektas tolsta nuo stebėtojo ir didesnis jei objektas artėja. Radiotechniniais metodais dažnio didumai randami gana tiksliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 14:48:36',62,'','2010-06-14 14:51:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 14:48:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,167,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(707,'Tirpalų lūžio rodiklio tyrimas refraktometru 2','tirpal-lio-rodiklio-tyrimas-refraktometru-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: ištirti priklausomybę tarp skaidraus tirpalo lūžio rodiklio ir jo svorinės koncentracijos bei nustatyti patiekto tirpalo nežinomą koncentraciją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis: tirpalo absoliutinį lūžio rodiklį n nustatome refraktometru pagal ribinį kampą. Naudojamo refraktometro schema pavaizduota paveikslėlyje. Joje turime glaudžiamąjį lęšį 1, kuris šviesos šaltinio S siunčiamus spindulius nukreipia reikiama linkme, dvi stačiakampes prizmes (apšvietimo prizmę 2 ir matavimo prizmę 3), dispersijos kompensatorių 4 ir žiūroną Z. Žiūronas susideda iš objektyvo 5 ir okuliaro 9. Be to jame įtaisyta plokštelė 7 su punktyrine vizuojamąja linija (trys brūkšneliai) ir stačiakampė prizmė 6, kuri visiško vidaus atspindžio dėka pakeičia spindulių eigą 900 kampu. Ši prizmė įtaisyta tik prietaiso eksploatavimui. Detalių 6, 7, 8 bei 9 tikrą padėtį refraktometre sudarysime, pasukę žiūroną 900 kampu apie ašį 001 taip, kad okuliaras 9 būtų nukreiptas į mus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-14 14:52:23',62,'','2010-06-14 14:54:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-14 14:52:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,166,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(708,'Holo reiškinio metale tyrimas','holo-reikinio-metale-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. 1. Eksperimentiškai ištirti Holo potencialų skirtumo priklausomybę nuo magnetinio lauko indukcijos, esant pastoviam bandiniu tekančios srovės stiprumui.  2. Apskaičiuoti Holo konstantą ir krūvininkų koncentraciją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Darbo eiga<br />1.    Įjungti prietaisus į elektros srovės grandinę.<br />2.    Keisdami varžynu R1 grandinės varžą, nustatykite darbų vadovo rekomenduotą elektromagnetą maitinančios elektros srovės stiprumą Im.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-15 08:54:50',62,'','2010-06-15 08:59:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-15 08:54:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,165,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(709,'30 tarptautinių fizikos olimpiadų užduotys','30-tarptautini-fizikos-olimpiad-uduotys','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinės užduotys</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Ant h=5 aukščio atramos guli M=200 g masės rutulys. v=500 m/s greičiu horizontalia kryptimi lekianti m=10 g masės kulka pramuša rutulį tiksliai per jo skersmenį. a) Kokiame nuotolyje L nukris ant žemės kulka, jei rutulys nukrinta ant žemės I=20 m atstumu nuo atramos? Kokia dalis α kinetinės kulkos energijos pavirsta vidine energija, kai kulka pramuša rutulį? Į oro pasipriešinimą neatsižvelkite.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-15 08:59:48',62,'','2010-06-15 09:11:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-15 08:59:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,164,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(710,'Kvantinės fizikos pradmenys ir formulės ','kvantins-fizikos-pradmenys-ir-formuls-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Fotoefektas - elektronų išlaisvinimas iš medžiagos veikiant šviesai. Šviesos išlaisvintieji elektronai vadinami fotoelektronais, o jų kryptingas judėjimas - fotosrove (fotosrovę galima sukurti vaakuminėje lempoje, kurios katodas - cinko plokštelė. Sudarius įtampą ir apšvietus katodą, grandine tekės fotosrovė). Fotosrovės stiprumas priklauso nuo įtampos, panašiai kaip dujoms arba vaakumu tekančios srovės stiprumas, tačiau pasiekus tam tikro didumo įtampą, anodą pasiekia tiek pat elektronų, kiek jų spėja per tą laiką išsilaisvinti iš katodo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Toliau didinant įtampą srovės stiprinti nebeįmanoma - pasiekta soties fotosrovė. Padidinti soties srovę galima tik padidinus krintantį į katodą šviesos srautą. Soties fotosrovės stiprumas yra tiesiogiai proporcingas krintančiam šviesos srautui (pirmas fotoefekto dėsnis). Didžiausias fotoelektronų greitis nepriklauso nuo apšviestumo - jis priklauso tik nuo spindulių dažnio ir elektrodo medžiagos (antrasis fotoefekto dėsnis). Kai šviesos išlaisvinti elektronai išlekia iš metalo - išorinis fotoefektas. Apšvietus kai kuriuos puslapidininkius, valentiniai elektronai absorbavę fotonus, tampa laisvaisiais, bet lieka medžiagoje. Atiranda naujų krūvininkų, padidėja puslapidininkio laidumas (vinis fotoefektas). Papildomas puslaidininkio laidumas, atsiradęs veikiant šviesai vadinamas fotolaidumu, o prietaisai, kurių varža priklauso nuo apšviestumo, vadinami fotorezistoriais. Prietaisas, keičiantis spindulių energiją elektros energija - fotoelementas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-15 09:12:18',62,'','2010-06-15 09:15:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-15 09:12:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,163,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(711,'Branduolio fizika','branduolio-fizika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Radioktyvaus preparato aktyvumas - jo skilimo greitis. Paprasčiausias prietaisas, tinkantis α dalelių sukeliamiems žybsniams stebėti - spintariskopas. Elektringos dalelės skriedamos per dujas, susiduria su dujų atomais ir juos jonizuoja. Šis reiškinys panaudotas dalelėms registruoti greigerio skaitiklyje. Vilsono kameros veikimas pagrįstas persotintų garų kondensacija - skysčio lašelių susidarymu - apie kondensacijos branduolius, kurias būna dujų jonai, atsirandantys išilgai dalelės trajektorijos. Apie kiekvieną joną aktyviai kondensuojasi garai ir išilgai dalelės trajektorijos susidaro ryškus rūko siūlelis - pėdsakas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Glaserio kameros veikimas pagrįstas staigiu perkaitinto skysčio užvirimu ir garų burbuliukų susidarymu apie virimu centrus - skysčio jonus, atsirandančius išilgai dalelės trajektorijos. Apie kiekvieną joną susikaupia verdančio skysčio garai, ir jų burbuliukai sudaro išilgai dalelės trajektorijos ryškų pėdsaką. Savaiminis skilimas: skylant branduoliams išlekia α, β dalelės ir skleidžiami γ spindulių kvantai, o atomai virsta kitų cheminių elementų atomais (torio atomas, išspinduliavęs α dalelę, virsta radono atomu). Kiekvieno radioktyviojo elemento skilimo greitį apibūdina vadinamasis jo pusamžis (puskiekio periodas) - laikas, per kurį suskyla pusė radioktyviosios medžiagos atomų (per tą laiką spinduliavimo galia sumažėja du kartus). Pusamžis žymimas raide T.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-15 09:15:59',62,'','2010-06-15 09:21:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-15 09:15:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,162,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(712,'Interferencijos praktinis taikymas (špera)','interferencijos-praktinis-taikymas-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.Šviesos bangų ilgių matavimui. 2.Optikos skaidrinimas - padengiami plona plėvele (kad būtų atsispindėję minimumai) 3.Interferometrai - jų veikimas pagrįstas interferencijos reiškiniu. Maikelsono interferometras Δ=(nx-n)l. Liniko interferometras.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ŠVIESOS DIFRAKCIJA. Geometrinė optika pagrįsta teiginiu, kad optiškai vienalytėje aplinkoje šviesa sklinda tiesiomis linijomis.Tačiau tiesiaeigio šviesos sklidimo dėsnis nėra universalus.Šviesa nukrypsta nuo tiesiaeigio sklidimo kai eina pro siaurą plyšelį, mažas skyles arba kai sklidimo kelyje pasitaiko neskaidrios mažos kliūtys. Šviesos nukrypimas nuo tiesiaeigio judėjimo yra vadinamas difrakcija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-15 09:22:34',62,'','2010-06-15 09:27:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-15 09:22:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,161,'','',0,91,'robots=\nauthor='),(713,'Elektrono specifinio krūvio nustatymas 2','elektrono-specifinio-krvio-nustatymas-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Panaudojant statmenai sukryžiuotus elektrinį ir magnetinį laukus, nustatyti elektrono specifinį krūvį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinio pasirengimo klausimai. Dalelės specifinio krūvio sąvoka. Lorenco jėga. Dalelės judėjimas veikiant Lorenco jėgai. Teorinė dalis. „Elementarios” elektringos dalelės krūvio e santykis su jos mase m ( e/m) vadinamas dalelės specifiniu krūviu. Šiame darbe elektrono specifinio krūvio modulis lel/m nustatomas, naudojant sukryžiuotus elektrinį ir magnetinius laukus, taip vadinamu Tomsono metodu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-15 09:28:17',62,'','2010-06-15 09:37:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-15 09:28:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,160,'','',0,34,'robots=\nauthor='),(714,'Elektromagnetizmas (fizikos olimpas)','elektromagnetizmas-fizikos-olimpas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Elektros srovės magnetinis laukas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kai kurių gamtoje randamų rūdų savybė traukti geležinius daiktus buvo žinoma jau senovėje. Tačiau ryšys tarp magnetinių ir elektrinių reiškinių paaiškėjo tik XIX amžiuje, kai Erstedas (H. K. Oersted) pastebėjo, kad netoli laido lygiagrečiai su juo padėta magnetinė rodyklė pasisuka, kai laidu ima tekėti elektros srovė. Šis bandymas rodo, kad elektros srovė kuria magnetinį lauką, kuris ir veikia magnetinę rodyklę. Tais pačiais metais Amperas (A. M. Ampere) nustatė, kad du lygiagretūs laidininkai vienas kitą traukia, kai jais teka tos pačios krypties elektros srovės, ir stumia, kai priešingų krypčių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bandymai rodo, kad elektros srovės sukurtas magnetinio srauto tankis (magnetinio lauko indukcija) priklauso ne tik nuo srovės stiprio bei atstumo iki laido, bet ir nuo laido formos, jo matmenų ir orientacijos. Todėl bendros formulės, pagal kurią galima apskaičiuoti elektros srovės kuriamo magnetinio srauto tankį, nėra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-15 09:37:50',62,'','2010-06-15 09:48:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-15 09:37:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,159,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(715,'Dujų molinių šilumų santykio Cp/Cv matavimas','duj-molini-ilum-santykio-cpcv-matavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tikslas: išmatuoti dujų molinių šilumų santykį γ=C<sub>p</sub>/C<sub>v</sub> ir nustatyti molekulių laisvės laipsnių skaičių i.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Priemonės: Klemano-Dezormo prietaisas, kurį sudaro stiklinis indas su kamščiu, kuriame įtaisyti 2 čiaupai, manometras ir pompa.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-15 09:48:51',62,'','2010-06-15 09:53:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-15 09:48:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,158,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(716,'Šviesos bangos ilgio nustatymas Frenelio biprizme','viesos-bangos-ilgio-nustatymas-frenelio-biprizme','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas –  nustatyti šviesos bangos ilgį ore, naudojantis Frenelio biprizme.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Šiuo darbu nustatome šviesos bangos ilgį ore, pasinaudodami jų interferencija. Koherentines bangas, gauname skaidydami Frenelio biprizme vieno šaltinio spinduliuojamą šviesos srautą į du. Teoriškai jas sudaro dvi vienodos nedidelio laužiamojo kampo prizmės, sudėtos savo pagrindais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Praktiškai Frenelio prizmė gaminama iš vieno stiklo gabalo. Viršutinė prizmė laužia spindulius žemyn, o apatinė aukštyn. Tokio šviesos lūžio dėka gauname dvi koherentines šviesos bangas, kurios, interferuoja. Interferencinis vaizdas susideda iš tamsių ir šviesių juostų. Šios interferencinės juostos lygiagretės biprizmės laužiamųjų kampų briaunoms.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-15 09:54:07',62,'','2010-06-15 09:56:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-15 09:54:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,157,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(717,'Skystųjų tirpalų paviršiaus įtempimo koeficiento priklausomybės nuo koncentracijos tyrimas ','skystj-tirpal-paviriaus-tempimo-koeficiento-priklausomybs-nuo-koncentracijos-tyrimas-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis: susipažinti su skysčių paviršiaus įtempimu ir kapiliariniais reiškiniais. Išmatuoti tirpalo paviršiaus įtempimo koeficientą. Nustatyti paviršiaus įtempimo koeficiento priklausomybę nuo tirpalo koncentracijos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis: kai skystis liečiasi su kita aplinka pvz. savo garais arba oru, jo paviršiaus sąlygos yra kitokios negu vidaus: skysčio viduje molekules supa tokios pačios molekulės ir jų saveikos jėgos kompensuojasi, o ribiniame sluoksnyje molekulę veikiančios jėgos nekompensuojamos ir jų atstojamoji veikia į skysčio vidų. Todėl skysčio paviršius turi tam tikrą potencinę energiją, proporcingą paviršiaus plotui. Šią energiją vadiname paviršiaus energija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-15 09:56:40',62,'','2010-06-15 09:59:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-15 09:56:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,156,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(718,'Kietojo kūno dinamika. Hidrodinamika. Svyravimai. Bangos','kietojo-kno-dinamika-hidrodinamika-svyravimai-bangos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šią mechanikos dalį sudaro keturi savarankiški skyriai: 1. Kietojo kūno dinamika; 2. Hidrodinamika; 3. Svyravimai; 4. Bangos. Kietojo kūno dinamikos vidurinių mokyklų vadovėliuose nėra. \"Fizikos Olimpo\" programoje apie kietojo kūno judėjimą jau kalbėjome Kinematekoje ir Statikoje. Kietojo kūno dinamikai dar bus reikalingos Tvermės dėsnių skyriaus sistemos dinamikos pagrindinės teoremos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Hidrodinamikos skyriaus vid. mokyklų vadovėliuose taip pat beveik nėra, o Svyravimų ir Bangų skyriuose nauji yra daugelis bangų klausimų. Bendrai šis konspektas užbaigia visą mechanikos kursą gilesniu pagrindu, nei vid. mokyklų vadovėliuose ir sudaro minimalią bazę studijuoti kitas fizikos šakas pagal tarptautinių fizikos olimpiadų programą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-15 10:03:16',62,'','2010-06-15 10:18:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-15 10:03:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,155,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(719,'Stygos svyravimų tyrimas 2','stygos-svyravim-tyrimas-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Susipažinti su stovinčiųjų bangų stygoje dėsningumais. Nustatyti skersinių bangų sklidimo greičio ir savųjų dažnių priklausomybę nuo stygos įtempimo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vienas tiriamos stygos galas B įtvirtintas nejudamai, o kitas galas A, permestas per skridinėlį, ir prie jo pritvirtinta lėkštelė 2. Stygos įtempimas keičiamas svareliais 3. Stygos galai prijungti prie kintamosios srovės šaltinio 4. Kai stygos AB atkarpa yra tarp nuolatinio magneto NS polių, tekant styga kintamajai elektros srovei, atsiranda Ampero jėga, kuri vienu srovės pusperiodžiu atlenkia stygą į vieną pusę, o kitu - į priešingą pusę, t.y. suvirpina stygą. Kai generatoriaus dažnis su vienu stygos savųjų svyravimų dažniu ν<sub>n</sub>, o magnetas yra stovinčiosios bangos pūpsnyje, atsiranda rezonansas ir stygoje atsiranda stovinčioji banga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-15 10:19:13',62,'','2010-06-15 10:27:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-15 10:19:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,154,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(720,'Kietojo kūno tankio nustatymas','kietojo-kno-tankio-nustatymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Išmokti matuoti slankmačiu, mikrometru, sverti TLS tipo svarstyklėmis, nustatyti tiesioginių bei netiesioginių matavimų paklaidas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Masės kiekį kūno tūrio vienete išreiškia tankis ρ. Jeigu kūno tankis ρ bet kuriame elementariame kūno tūryje vienodas, toks kūnas vadinamas vienalyčiu (homogeniniu). Kai vienalyčio kūno masė m, o jo tūris V, tai kūno tankis surandamas iš šios išraiškos: ρ = m / V. ρ - matavimo vienetas SI sistemoje [ρ ] = kg/m3.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-15 10:27:57',62,'','2010-06-15 10:32:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-15 10:27:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,153,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(721,'Mechaninių bangų difrakcija ir interferencija','mechanini-bang-difrakcija-ir-interferencija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atstojamosios bangos amplitudės padidėjimas arba sumažėjimas susidedant dviem ar daugiau bangų, kurių svyravimų periodas vienodas, vadinamas bangų interferencija. Vietos, kuriose interferuojančios bangos vienos kitas sustiprina ar susilpnina, priklauso nuo jų fazių skirtumų. Interferuoti gali tik koherentinės bangos (sinusinės bangos, kurių dažniai vienodi ir fazių skirtumas laikui bėgant nekinta), kuriose sutampa virpesių kryptys. Vidutinė astojamosios bangos energija yra lygi interferuojančių bangų energijų sumai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">STOVINČIOS BANGOS - tai atskiras bangų interferencijos atvejis. Stovinti banga susidaro interferuojant dviem sinusinėms bangoms, kurių amplitudės, dažniai ir virpesių kryptys vienodi, kai šios bangos sklinda priešpriešais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-15 10:32:54',62,'','2010-06-15 10:57:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-15 10:32:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,152,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(722,'Elektrono specifinio krūvio nustatymas 3','elektrono-specifinio-krvio-nustatymas-3','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Panaudojant statmenai sukryžiuotus elektrinį ir magnetinį laukus, nustatyti elektrono specifinį krūvį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinio pasirengimo klausimai. Dalelės specifinio krūvio sąvoka. Lorenco jėga. Dalelės judėjimas veikiant Lorenco jėgai. Teorinė dalis. „Elementarios” elektringos dalelės krūvio e santykis su jos mase m (e/m) vadinamas dalelės specifiniu krūviu. Šiame darbe elektrono specifinio krūvio modulis  lel/m nustatomas, naudojant sukryžiuotus elektrinį ir magnetinius laukus, taip vadinamu Tomsono metodu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-15 10:59:53',62,'','2010-06-15 11:05:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-15 10:59:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,151,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(723,'Optika ir atomo fizika','optika-ir-atomo-fizika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Omo dėsnį galima taikyti ne tik nuolatinei srovei, bet ir lėtai kintančios srovės momentinėms vertėms. Iš daugelio elektromagnetinių reiškinių praktikoje vieni iš svarbiausių yra elektromagnetiniai virpesiai, t.y. elektrinio ir magnetinio lauko, elektros srovės , įtampos arba elektros krūvio kitimas tam tikrais dėsningumais. Jie susidaro virpesių kontūre, t.y. elektrinėje grandinėje, turinčioje induktyvumą ir talpą. Kad būtų tenkinama kvazistacionarumo sąlyga, nagrinėsime virpesių kontūrą, sudarytą iš nuosekliai sujungtų didelio induktyvumo L ritės ir didelės talpos C kondensatoriaus. Reali ritė turi ir ominę varžą R.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-15 11:05:36',62,'','2010-06-15 11:10:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-15 11:05:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,150,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(724,'Termodinamikos dėsniai, jų veikimas bei taikymas','termodinamikos-dsniai-j-veikimas-bei-taikymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ką nagrinėja termodinamika?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Fizikos dalis, nagrinėjanti šiluminius reiškinius ir vidinės energijos virsmo kitų rūšių energija dėsnius, vadinama termodinamika. Termodinamikoje nekreipiama dėmesio į medžiagos, sudarančios sistemą, vidinę sandarą. Reiškiniai nagrinėjami remiantis tik makroskopiniais parametrais: slėgiu, tūriu, mase, temperatūra ir kt.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbas, vidinės energijos pokytis, šilumos kiekis - kaip fizikiniai dydžiai. DARBAS termodinamikoje atliekamas pasislinkus makroskopinio kūno dalims viena kitos atžvilgiu, o ne judant visam kūnui. Dėl to kinta kūno tūris. Darbas termodinamikoje lygus vidinės energijos pokyčiui. Išorinių jėgų atliktas darbas A skiriasi nuo dujų (vidinių jėgų) atlikto darbo A’ tik ženklu (kryptimi):  A = - A’.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-15 11:11:19',62,'','2010-06-15 11:17:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-15 11:11:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,149,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(725,'Dėsniai','dsniai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">HUKO dėsnis: tamprumo jėgos atsiradimo priežastis - kūnų deformacija. Pvz.: deformuojant spyruoklę arba strypelį, jame atsiranda tamprumo jėga, kuri lygi Fx=-k*Δx. Dėsnis tam tikrose deformacijos ribose, tamprumo jėga tiesiog proporcinga deformacijos dydžiui, jei deformacijos plastinės, tai dėsnis negalioja.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">I-asis Niutono dėsnis.  Kiekvienas kūnas lieka rimties būvyje arba juda tolygiai tiesia kryptimi, jei to būvio nekeičia kitų kūnų veikimas. Šis dėsnis galioja inercinėms atskaitos sistemoms. Tokių sistemų pagreitis lygus nuliui. Jos yra lygiegretės. Visose jose kūnų judėjimo dėsniai tie patys: veikiamo jėgų kūnai pradeda judėti arba stoti, o neveikiami nejuda arba juda tiesiai ir tolygiai. Pvz.: pririštas prie virvutės akmuo sukasi ratu priežastis dėl kurios akmuo iškrypsta iš tiesaus kelio - virvutės įtempimas. Nutrūks virvutė, ir akmuo lėks ta kryptimi, kuria jis judėjo o virvutės nutrūkimo momentu. Kiekvienas  kūnas “stengiasi” išlaikyti jam suteiktą greitį. Į tai atsižvelgiama praktikoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-15 11:17:39',62,'','2010-06-15 11:25:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-15 11:17:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,148,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(726,'Fizinės svyruoklės svyravimų tyrimas','fizins-svyruokls-svyravim-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Susipažinti su fizinės ir matematinės svyruoklės svyravimo dėsningumais ir nustatyti kūnų laisvojo kritimo pagreitį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Fizine svyruokle vadinamas bet koks kietasis kūnas, galintis svyruoti apie nejudamą horizontalią ašį gravitacijos lauke (1 pav.). Tokios svyruoklės nukrypimas nuo pastoviosios pusiausvyros padėties OA apibūdinamas nuokrypio kampu φ. Svyruoklei nukrypus į dešinę, φ laikomas teigiamu, nukrypus į kairę – neigiamu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-15 11:25:29',62,'','2010-06-15 11:28:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-15 11:25:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,147,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(727,'Elektrono specifinio krūvio nustatymas 5','elektrono-specifinio-krvio-nustatymas-5','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Panaudojant statmenai sukryžiuotus elektrinį ir  magnetinį laukus, nustatyti elektrono specifinį krūvį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. ,,Elementarios\" elektringos dalelės krūvio e santykis su jos mase m (e/m) vadinamas dalelės specifiniu krūviu. Šiame darbe elektrono specifinio krūvio modulis |e|/m nustatomas, naudojant sukryžiuotus elektrinį ir magnetinius laukus, taip vadinamu Tomsono metodu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-15 11:28:54',62,'','2010-06-15 11:33:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-15 11:28:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,146,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(728,'Elektrinių dydžių matavimas ir matavimo paklaidos 5','elektrini-dydi-matavimas-ir-matavimo-paklaidos-5','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Išmokti įvertinti elektrinių dydžių matavimo sistemines paklaidas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Elektrinių dydžių matavimams dažniausiai naudojami rodykliniai arba skaitmeniniai prietaisai. Įtampos kritimas matuojamas voltmetrais, kilovoltmetrais (1kV = 10<sup>3</sup> V), milivoltmetrais (1mV =  10<sup>-3</sup> V ).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aparatūra ir darbo metodas. Duomenys buvo pateikti keturiuose brėžiniuose. Juose buvo parodyti skirtingi voltmetrų ir ampermetrų parodymai. Pagal šiuos brėžinius reikia apskaičiuoti varžą, santykines srovės stiprio, įtampos ir varžos paklaidas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 08:45:04',62,'','2010-06-16 08:50:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 08:45:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,145,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(729,'Topologiniai grandinių skaičiavimo metodai (špera)','topologiniai-grandini-skaiiavimo-metodai-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kirchofo lygčių forma priklauso nuo sujungimo geometrijos, o ne nuo šakų elementų, sujungtų į mazgą. El. grandinės topologinės savybės nepriklauso nuo elementų parametrų. Kiekvieną grandinių šaką galima pakeisti tiesiomis atkarpomis. Gauta figūra - grandinės grafas. Tiesių atkarpos - grafo šakos, o grandinės mazgai - grafo mazgai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Orientuotas - grafas, kurio kiekviena šaka turi kryptį, paprastai kryptis sutapdinama su srovės kryptimi. Jei iš grafo pašalinam minimalų šakų skaičių taip, kad išliktų visi mazgai, bet neliktų uždarų kontūrų, tai gautoji figūra - grafo medis. Medžio šakų skaičius 1 mažesnis už mazgų skaičių. Grafų medžių skaičius lygus determinantui, gautam iš mazgų lygčių, jei kiekvienos šakos laidumą prilyginam 1. Parodyto grafo atveju medžių skaičius 16.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 08:51:19',62,'','2010-06-16 08:55:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 08:51:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,144,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(730,'Kietųjų kūnų savybės','kietj-kn-savybs','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mokslo ir gamybos pažanga didele dalimi priklauso nuo reikiamas savybes turinčių kietųjų medžiagų, todėl kietojo kūno tyrimams fizikoje skiriamas ypatingas dėmesys. Bemaž puse pasaulio fizikų šiuo metu užsiima kietojo kūno fizika. Jie tiria kietųjų medžiagų struktūrą ir jos ryšį su mechaninėmis, elektrinėmis ir magnetinėmis, optinėmis savybėmis, kietuosiuose kūnuose vykstančius reiškinius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kietieji kūnai gali būti kristaliniai arba amorfiniai. Kristalai (gr. krystallos – ledas, krištolas) – tai kietieji kūnai, kuriems būdinga taisyklinga geometrinė forma; ją lemia periodiškas dalelių išsidėstymas kristalo viduje. Kristalą sudarančių dalelių – atomų, molekulių ar jonų – taisyklingas išsidėstymas periodiškai kartojasi šimtus tūkstančių kartų, todėl sakoma, kad kristaluose yra tolimoji tvarka. Neturintieji kristalinės struktūros kietieji kūnai vadinami amorfiniais (gr. amorphos – beformis). Amorfines medžiagas (vašką, parafiną, gintarą, stiklą) galima laikyti net ne kietaisiais kūnais, o didelio klampumo skysčiais, nes jų dalelių išsidėstymui būdinga tik artimoji tvarka, ir jie turi skysčio savybių (pvz., derva, ilgai veikiama slėgio, teka).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kristalų susidarymą, vidinę struktūrą ir formą, fizines ir chemines savybes tirianti mokslo šaka vadinama kristalografija. Kai kurios medžiagos (kvarcas, žėrutis, deimantas, įvairios druskos) gali sudaryti stambius gražių taisyklingų formų pavienius kristalus – monokristalais (gr. mono – vienas). Tačiau dauguma kietųjų kūnų (metalai cukrus, granitas, gipsas ir kt.) yra sudaryti iš daugybės labai smulkių chaotiškai išsidėsčiusių ir tarpusavyje suaugusių kristaliukų, todėl vadinami polikristalais (gr. polys – gausus).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 08:56:06',62,'','2010-06-16 08:59:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 08:56:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,143,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(731,'Šviesos bangos ilgio nustatymas Frenelio biprizme 2','viesos-bangos-ilgio-nustatymas-frenelio-biprizme-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Naudojant Frenelio biprizmę, nustatyti polimonochromatinės šviesos bangos ilgį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Pagal banginę teoriją regimąją šviesą sudaro elektromagnetinės bangos, kurių ilgis siekia nuo 400 nm iki 760 nm. Elektromagnetinės bangos – tai periodaniškai kintančio elektromagnetinio lauko sklidimas erdvėje. Elektromagnetinį lauką sudaro vienas nuo kito priklausomi elektrinis ir magnetinis laukai. Optikoje nagrinėjamas elektrinis laukas, nes tik jis sukelia regėjimo pojūtį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 09:08:53',62,'','2010-06-16 09:13:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 09:08:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,142,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(732,'1 kurso 1 sistemos egzamino konspektai','1-kurso-1-sistemos-egzamino-konspektai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Niutono dėsniai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dinamika nagrinėja kūnų sąveikos įtaką jų mechaniniam judėjimui. Klasikinės mechanikos pagrindą sudaro trys Niutono dėsniai. Pirmasis Niutono dėsnis. Iki Niutono fizikoje vyravo Aristotelio pažiūros. Aristotelis tvirtino, kad visi kūnai, kurių neveikia išorinės jėgos, turi būti rimties būsenoje. Šio teiginio klaidingumą pirmasis nurodė G. Galilėjus. Remiantis jo darbais, buvo suformuluotas mechanikos dėsnis, kuris dabar vadinamas pirmuoju Niutono dėsniu: kiekvienas kūnas išlaiko rimties arba tolygaus tiesiaeigio judėjimo būseną tol, kol kitų kūnų poveikis jo nepriverčia tą būseną pakeisti. Todėl išjudintas kūnas, jeigu jo neveiktų pasipriešinimo jėgos, judėtų amžinai, t. y. judėjimui palaikyti išorinė jėga nereikalinga. Ši kūnų savybė vadinama inertiškumu, o pirmasis Niutono dėsnis dar vadinamas inercijos dėsniu. Tai - fundamentalus gamtos dėsnis, tinkantis visų formų materijai - medžiagai ir laukams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaip matysime, šis dėsnis yra kriterijus, kai reikia nustatyti, ar atskaitos sistemą galima laikyti inercine. Patirtis rodo, kad, veikiant kūną kitiems kūnams, jo greitis kinta ne akimirka, o palaipsniui. Taip ir pasireiškia kūno inertiškumas. Materialiųjų objektų (kūnų, dalelių) inertiškumui kiekybiškai išreikšti 1. Niutonas įvedė fizikinį dydį, kurį pavadino mase. Ji kiekybiškai išreiškia materialiųjų objektų savybę priešintis kiekvienam jų judėjimo būsenos pakeitimui. Kitaip tariant, masė, esant slenkamajam judėjimui, yra kūnų inertiškumo matas. Kūnų inertiškumą nusakančią masę vadiname inercine mase. Ji figūruoja dinamikos dėsniuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tačiau su mase susijusi dar ir kita materialiųjų objektų fundamentali savybė — gravitacija. Niutono gravitacijos (visuotinės traukos) teorijoje kūnas, turintis masę, yra gravitacijos šaltinis. Masė, su kuria yra susijusi gravitacija, vadinama gravitacine, arba svariąja mase. Šią masę nusakome kaip materialiųjų kūnų gravitacinės saveikos matą. Taigi materialiojo objekto masė yra vienas svarbiausių jam būdingų dydžių, išreiškiančių materijos inercines ir gravitacines savybes. Klasikinėje mechanikoje laikomasi požiūrio, kad materialiojo taško masė nepriklauso nuo jo judėjimo ir yra nekintanti jo charakteristika. Be to, sistemą sudarančių materialiųjų taškų masių suma laikoma lygia sistemos (kūno) masei. Šiuos klasikinės mechanikos teiginius papildė ir patikslino specialioji reliatyvumo teorija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 09:13:48',62,'','2010-06-16 09:21:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 09:13:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,141,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(733,'Bangos (konspektas)','bangos-konspektas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bangavimas - svyravimų sklidimas aplinka laikui bėgant vadinasi banga. Kai svyravimai vyksta apie pusiausvyros padėtį statmenai bangos sklidimo krypties, bangos vadinamos skersinėmis. Svyravimai galimi ir išilgai bangos sklidimo krypties. Tokios bangos vadinamos išilginėmis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bangos aplinkoje - nuo šaltinio tolstančios bangos amplitudė aplinkoje mažėja netgi tuo atveju, kai mechaninė energija nevirsta vidine dėl trinties jėgų veikimo. Plokščiąją bangą galima sukelti tamprioje aplinkoje privertus didelę plokštę svyruoti normalės kryptimi. Vienodos fazės paviršiai vadinami bangos paviršiais. Bangos paviršiaus normalė vadinama spinduliu. Rutulinę (sferinę) bangą sukelia kokioje nors aplinkoje pulsuojantis rutulys. Tolstančios nuo šaltinio rutulinės bangos dalelių svyravimo amplitudė neišvengiamai mažėja. Nei dujose, nei skystyje negali būti skersinių bangų. Jos sklinda tik kietais kūnais. Išilginėje bangoje vyksta gniuždymo deformacija. Kietuose kūnuose išilginių bangų greitis didesnis negu skersinių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Garso bangos - ausis kaip garsą skirią nuo 17 iki 20000 Hz dažnio svyravimus. Tokie virpesiai vadinami akustiniais. Akustika - tai mokslas apie garsus. Vaakumo garso bangos sklisti negali. Garso bangos, kaip ir visos kitos, sklinda baigtiniu greičiu. Garso greitis ore nepriklauso nuo oro tankio. Jis apytiksliai lygus šiluminio molekulių judėjimo vidutiniams greičiui ir yra proporcingas kvadratinei šakniai iš absoliutinės temperatūros.  Juo didesnė dujų molekulių masė, juo mažesnis garso greitis jose. Vandeniu garsas sklinda greičiau negu oru. Kietais kūnais - dar greičiau.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 09:21:38',62,'','2010-06-16 09:24:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 09:21:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,140,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(734,'Skysčio tekėjimo pobūdžio nustatymas','skysio-tekjimo-pobdio-nustatymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Skysčio ir dujų tekėjimas pagal pobūdį būna laminarinis arba turbulentinis. Vizualiai tekėjimo pobūdį parodo trasiklio (dažų) pasiskirstymas sraute, o kiekybiškai Reinoldso kriterijaus Re skaitmeninė reikšmė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tiesiems vamzdžiams kritinė reinoldso kriterijaus reikšmė Re<sub>kr</sub>=2320. Esant laminariniam tekėjimui, trasiklio čiurkšlė teka ištisiniu srautu, kurio dalelės nesimaišo ir juda lygiagrečiai vamzdžio sienelėms (Re&lt;Re<sub>kr</sub>). Turbulentinio tekėjimo metu susidaro sūkuriai, visame sraute intensyviai maišosi srauto daalelės ir trasiklio čiurkšlė (Re&gt;10000). Tarp laminarinio ir pilno turbulentinio tekėjimo būna dalinio turbulentiškumo perinamasis tekėjimas (2320&lt;Re&lt;10000).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 09:24:37',62,'','2010-06-16 09:28:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 09:24:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,139,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(735,'Fizikos formulių rinkinys','fizikos-formuli-rinkinys','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 09:29:20',62,'','2010-06-16 09:30:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 09:29:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,138,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(736,'Fizikos uždavinių sprendimo metodai 3 dalis','fizikos-udavini-sprendimo-metodai-3-dalis','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 09:31:31',62,'','2010-06-16 09:33:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 09:31:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,137,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(737,'Stygos svyravimų tyrimas','stygos-svyravim-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Susipažinti su stovinčiųjų bangų stygoje dėsningumais. Nustatyti skersinių bangų sklidimo greičio ir savųjų dažnių priklausomybę nuo stygos įtempimo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Neriboto ilgio stygoje sklindančios bangos lygtis: s=smcos(ωt – kx), s- virpančių dalelių nuokrypis, sm- virpėjimo amplitudė, ω- virpėjimo ciklinis dažnis, k=2π/λ (λ- bangos ilgis)- banginis skaičius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 09:33:35',62,'','2010-06-16 09:36:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 09:33:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,136,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(738,'Poliarizacijos plokštumos sukimo tyrimas','poliarizacijos-ploktumos-sukimo-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. 1. Eksperimentiškai ištirti poliarizacijos plokštumos sukimo kampo priklausomybę, nuo optiškai aktyvaus tirpalo koncentracijos. 2. Nustatyti: a) žinomos koncentracijos tirpalo specifinį sukimą; b) nežinomo tirpalo koncentraciją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinės skaičiavimo formulės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tirpalo specifinį sukimą paskaičiuojame, naudodamiesi šia formule: α = φ/lc. Čia  φ – poliarizacijos plokštumos sukimo kampas matuojamas laipsniais, l – šviesos sklidimo tirpale kelio ilgis metrais ir c – masinė tūrinė aktyviosios medžiagos koncentracija tirpale – kg / m3.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 09:37:03',62,'','2010-06-16 09:40:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 09:37:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,135,'','',0,116,'robots=\nauthor='),(739,'Kūno inercijos momento nustatymas sukamąja svyruokle','kno-inercijos-momento-nustatymas-sukamja-svyruokle','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: susipažinti su sudėtingos formos kūno inercijos momento nustatymo metodu  ir rasti stačiakampio gretasienio svarbiausius inercijos momentus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorine dalis:  Kūno inercijos momentas sukimosi ašies atžvilgiu yra kūno inertiškumo sukamajame judesyje šios ašies atžvilgiu matas ir lygus visų kūno mažų dalelių masių m<sub>i</sub> bei jų atstumų iki ašies r<sub>i</sub> kavadratų sandaugų sumai. Ašys savaime nekeičiančios savo padėties erdvėje, kai apie jas sukasi kūnas , vadinamos laisvosiomis kūno ašimis, arba centrinėmis svarbiausiomis kūno ašimis. Bet kokios formos kūnas turi tris laisvąsias. Jos yra viena kitai statmenos ir eina per kūno masės centrą. Įnercijos momentai svarbiausių inercijos ašių atžvilgiu vadinami svarbiausiais kūno inercijos momentais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 09:41:17',62,'','2010-06-16 09:44:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 09:41:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,134,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(740,'Maksvelio svyruoklės inercijos momentas','maksvelio-svyruokls-inercijos-momentas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Remiantis Maksvelio svyruoklės judėjimu, nustatyti jos inercijos momentą bei ją veikiančią trinties jėgą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinio pasirengimo klausimai. Slenkamojo judėjimo pagrindinės kinematinės lygtys. Mechaninės energijos tvermės dėsnis. Inercijos momentas. Sukamojo judėjimo dinamikos pagrindinis dėsnis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 09:44:46',62,'','2010-06-16 09:46:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 09:44:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,133,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(741,'Tirpalų lūžio rodiklio priklausomybės nuo koncentracijos tyrimas refraktometru 3','tirpal-lio-rodiklio-priklausomybs-nuo-koncentracijos-tyrimas-refraktometru-3','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Išmatuoti įvairių koncentracijų tirpalų lūžio rodiklius  ir  nustatyti nežinomo tirpalo koncentraciją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aparatūra ir darbo metodas. Darbe naudojamo refraktometro optinė schema pavaizduota 1 paveiksle, o lūžio rodiklio atskaitymo skalė – 2 paveiksle. Šviesos spinduliai nuo veidrodžio 1 nukreipiami į stačiakampę apšvietimo prizmę 2 ir praeina ploną tiriamo tirpalo sluoksnį, stačiakampę matavimo prizmę 3, apsauginį stiklą 4, dispersijos kompensatorių 5 ir patenaka į objektyvą 6. Po to prizme 7 šviesos spinduliai nukreipiami į plokštelę 8, ant kurios yra nubraižytos dvi susikertančios linijos ir pro okuliarą 9 patenka į stebėtojo akį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 09:47:15',62,'','2010-06-16 09:50:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 09:47:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,132,'','',0,42,'robots=\nauthor='),(742,'2  dalies Brazdžiūno paskaitu konspektai (špera)','2-dalies-brazdino-paskaitu-konspektai-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ŠVIESOS INTERFERENCIJA. Koherentinių bangų sudėtis vadinama bangų interferencija. Koherentinėmis bangomis vadiname vienodo dažnio ir pastovių fazių skirtumo bangas. Nagrinėjant bangų optiką laikome, kad šviesa yra elektromagnetinės bangos. Elektromagnetinėje bangoje el. lauko stiprumo vektorius statmenas indukcijos vektoriui ir jie statmeni bangos sklidimo krypčiai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">INTERFERENCIJA ATSISPINDINT NUO SKAIDRIOS PLOKŠTELĖS. Kai šaltinio matmenys yra žymiai mažesni už interferuojančios šviesos bangos ilgį, interferencinės juostos esti ryškios. Eigos skirtumas nuo bet kurio interferencinio lauko taško pasilieka pastovus ir interferencinės juostos stebimos bet kuriame nuotolyje. Kai šviesos šaltinio matmenys yra pakankamai dideli, interferencinės juostos bus paslinktos ir užklos kaimynines ir interferencinio vaizdo kokybė bus prastesnė. Tačiau pakankamai gera interferencijos vaizdą galima gauti ir nušviečiant pakankamai didelių matmenų šaltinius. Apšvietus salės šviesa muilo burbulus, žibalo dėmes stebėsime interferencijos reiškinį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 09:50:41',62,'','2010-06-16 09:56:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 09:50:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,131,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(743,'Banginės optikos formulės','bangins-optikos-formuls','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Niutono žiedų formulės įrodymas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 10:56:56',62,'','2010-06-16 10:59:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 10:56:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,130,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(744,'Šlyties  modulio  nustatymas  ','lyties-modulio-nustatymas-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Remiantis sukamųjų svyravimų dėsningumais, nustatyti medžiagos, iš kurios padaryta viela, šlyties modulį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Žinoma, kad šlyties modulis G lygus tokiam tangentiniam įtempimui τ, kuris atsirastų tampriai deformuojamame kūne tuomet, kai santykinė šlytis būtų lygi vienetui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 10:59:38',62,'','2010-06-16 11:02:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 10:59:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,129,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(745,'Sklaidos centrų perelektrinimo tyrimas Holo fotoefekto metodu','sklaidos-centr-perelektrinimo-tyrimas-holo-fotoefekto-metodu','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. 1. Susipažinti su krūvininkų sklaidos mechanizmais ir judrumo priklausomybe nuo nepusiausvyrinių krūvininkų koncentracijos. 2. Išnagrinėti Holo efekto panaudojimo galimybes tiriant sklaidos centrus. 3. Iš Holo judrumo priklausomybės nuo Fermio kvazilygmens padėties nustatyti galimus sklaidos centrų parametrus. Pasiūlyti modelį, paaiškinantį gautus ekeperimentinius duomenis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 11:02:48',62,'','2010-06-16 11:08:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 11:02:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,128,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(746,'Eksperimento duomenų statistinė analizė','eksperimento-duomen-statistin-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Leidinyje pateikti svarbiausi ir dažniausiai eksperimento duometų analizėje taikomi statistiniai metodai. Nagrinėtos diskretinių ir tolydinių skirstinių ypatybės, į juos įeinančių parametrų nustatymo bei hipotezių apie parinktą skirstinį tikrinimo būdai, geriausio atitikimo principas, rgresinė analizė ir koreliacinė analizė. Pagrindinis dėmesys skirtas statistinėje duomenų analizėje taikomoms idėjoms bei principams atskleisti. Leidinys skirtas inžinerinių specialybių magistrantūros studijoms. Jis gali būti naudingas ir inžinieriams tyrėjams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PRATARMĖ</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Eksperimentu gautas matuojamojo dydžio įvertis, be naudingos informacijos, visuomet turi ir šalutinę, kurios įtaką vertinant eksperimento rezultatą stengiamasi sumažinti taikant matematinės statistikos metodus. Čia susiduriama su idealizuotų matematinės statistikos modelių ir jų pagrindu gautų metodų pritaikymo realiam eksperimentui problema, kuri beveik visuomet turi būti sprendžiama kūrybiškai ir dažnai savitai atskirose mokslo srityse.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Matematinės statistikos metodai eksperimento duomenų analizei pirmiausia pritaikyti fizikos moksle ir jų taikymo ypatybėms atskirose srityse atskleisti skirtos išsamios monografijos. Pažymėtina, kad šių metodų taikymas susijęs su nemažais matematiniais skaičiavimais ir tik kompiuterijos laimėjimai sudarė sąlygas jiems paplisti technikos mokslų, inžinerijos ir kitose srityse, susijusiose su duomenų vertinimu. Be to, taikant praktiškai dažnai atsisakoma eksperimento savitumo analizės, pirmumą teikiant vertinimų unifikavimui naudojant kompiuterinių programų paketus. Toks supaprastintas statistinių metodų taikymo duomenų analizei požiūris gali gerokai pakeisti eksperimento įverčius ir skatinti klaidingas prognozes, ypač kai jos sudaromos iš mažos duomenų imties arba skirtos eksperimentui, kurio atlikti negalima, pavyzdžiui, vertinant atominio reaktoriaus patikimumą. Iš čia išplaukia statistinės duomenų analizės teorinių pagrindų poreikis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 11:08:55',62,'','2010-06-16 11:11:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 11:08:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,127,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(747,'Kietųjų kūnų Jungo modulio nustatymas','kietj-kn-jungo-modulio-nustatymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Tempiant plieninę vielą, nustatyti Jungo modulį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Visų medžiagų dalelės (atomai, molekulės) sudarytos iš elektringųjų dalelių (elektronų ir branduolių). Dėl to jos viena kitą veikia elektromagnetinės prigimties jėgomis, kurias vadiname molekulinėmis. Šios jėgos yra traukos ir stūmos pobūdžio. Molekulinės jėgos labai priklauso nuo atstumo r tarp sąveikaujančių dalelių centrų – jam didėjant, jėgos modulis sparčiai mažėja.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 11:11:57',62,'','2010-06-16 11:14:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 11:11:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,126,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(748,'Feromagnetikų histerezės reiškinio tyrimas','feromagnetik-histerezs-reikinio-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Ištirti histerezės reiškinį feromagnetikuose, išmatuoti magnetinės indukcijos nuo lauko stiprumo priklausomybę, permagnetinimo šiluminius nuostolius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Magnetinė indukcija feromagnetiko viduje yra lygi išorinio magnetinio lauko indukcijos B<sub>o</sub>, ir savojo magnetinio indukcijos B<sub>sav</sub> sumai. Pasiekus techninė magnetinę sotį, Bsav praktiškai nekinta, o B didėja tik tiek, kiek padidėja dėmuo B<sub>o</sub>. Feromagnetike esą įvairūs defektai trukdo domenų sienelių slinkimui, todėl magnetinė indukcija mažėja ne pradine kreive OA, o kreive AC.  Sienelės slenka šuoliais, kaip ir stiprinant magnetinį lauką. Dėl defektų trukdymo ir sumažinus lauką H iki 0, bandinyje išlieka vadinama lygtinė indukcija Br (taškas O). Veikiant feromagnetinį bandinį kintamuoju magnetiniu lauku,  magnetinė indukcija B keičiasi uždara kreive ACDFGKA, vadinama magnetinės histerezės kilpa.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 11:15:11',62,'','2010-06-16 11:17:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 11:15:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,125,'','',0,45,'robots=\nauthor='),(749,'Aktyvusis dvipolis','aktyvusis-dvipolis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: aktyviojo dvipolio metodo taikymas, apgręžiamumo savybės eksperimentinis patikrinimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naudojama aparatūra: 1. Reguliuojamas nuolatinės srovės šaltinis; 2. Penki žinomų varžų ezistoriai; 3. Du voltmetrai, du ampermetrai; 4. Jungiklis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 11:18:18',62,'','2010-06-16 11:21:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 11:18:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,124,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(750,'Dulkėto oro valymas','dulkto-oro-valymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Chemijos pramonėje daugelio technologinių procesų metu (smulkinant, transportuojant ar maišant kietas medžiagas) susidaro dulkės. Dulkėmis vadinamos nevienalytės sistemos, kurias dujos ir jose pakibusios kietos dalelės. Dispersinės fazės dalelės dažniausiai būna nuo 2 iki 100  μm dydžio. Mažesnėms dalelėms atskirti reikia sudėtingesnių aparatų ir sunaudojama daugiau energijos. Dulkių išvalymo metodas priklauso nuo pakibusių dalelių dydžio, cheminių savybių ir sistemos temperatūros, terpės būsenos, aparato darbo efektyvumo ir ekonomiškumo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. 1.Išnagrinėti kai kuriuos dujų valymo metodus ir valymui naudojamų aparatų konstrukcijas; 2. Nustatyti aparatų hidraulinį pasipriešinimą; 3. Apskaičiuoti nevienalyčių dujinių sistemų perskyrimo laipsnį gaunamą skirtinguose aparatuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaičiavimo metodika. Nevienalyčių dujinių sistemų perskyrimo stendas sudarytas iš pagrindinių pramonėje naudojamų aparatų: ciklono, ciklonų baterijos, putų aparato ir rankovinio filtro. Visi aparatai lygiagrečiai sujungti su užteršto oro padavimo ir išvalyto oro nuvedimo vamzdynais. Bandant vieną papratą, kiti, uždarius jų sklendes atjungiami nuo sistemos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 11:21:41',62,'','2010-06-16 11:24:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 11:21:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,123,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(751,'Televizija','televizija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Televizija (gr. tele – toli + lot. visio – matymas) – judančių vaizdų ir paveikslų perdavimas laidais arba radijo bangomis. Moksle ir technikoje televizija taikoma įvairiems tyrimams, pramonėje – gamybos procesams stebėti. Ypač plačiai televizija naudojama kultūros reikalams: jos programos iš vieno televizijos centro perduodamos radijo bangomis daugybei abonentų, turinčių specialius imtuvus – televizorius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvoje pirmuosius elementarius televizijos bandymus darė radijo megėjai dar prieš II pasaulinį karą, bet plačiau į buitį televizija atėjo tik 1957m (kai kurių š. Lietuvos rajonų gyventojai nuo 1955m galėjo matyti Rygos televizijos laidas), kai Vilniuje pradėjo veikti televizijos centras, kurio galingumas buvo 15/7,5 kW (15kW vaizdo ir 7,5kW garso siųstuvas). 1958-1959m pastatyti nedideli televizijos retransliatoriai Druskininkuose, Kaune, Panevėžyje, kiek vėliau – Klaipėdoje, Raseiniuose, Šiauliuose ir kitur. Galingi retransliatoriai pastatyti Vilniuje (1957,1964), Kaune (1960), Klaipėdoje (1961) ir Šiauliuose (1962). Nuo 1970, paleidus galingą televizijos retransliatorių Viešintose (Anykščių raj.), Vilniaus televizijos programą gali matyti visi Lietuvos gyventojai. Plečiantis retransliatorių tinklui, sparčiai plito ir televizoriai (1958 jų buvo 1500, 1970 – 403 000).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Televizinis signalas užima labai plačią juostą – visus 6MHz. Jie vadinami videosignalais.Televizijoje per sekundę perduodami 25 kadrai, o to daugiau negu pakanka. Broliams Luji ir Ogiustui Liumjerams pavyko sukurti filmą todėl, kad žmogus sugeba įsiminti regėjimo pojūčius. Tie pojūčiai išlieka maždaug vieną dešimtąją sekundės dalį, tik ne akių tinklainėje, kaip dažnai sakoma, o mūsų samonėje. Iš pradžių negarsiniame kine rodydavo 16 kadrų per sekundę. Kadangi regimieji pojūčiai kurį laiką išlieka, tai kiekvienas kadras nesuvokiamas atskirai nuo prieš jį ėjusio ar vėlesnio. Viskas suvokiama nenutrūkstamai. Nuo 1930m , kai atsirado garsinis kinas, kadrų keitimo dažnis buvo paaukštintas iki 30 per sekundę, o tai šiek tiek skiriasi nuo įprasto televizijoje. Kai dabar per televiziją rodo filmus, pagamintus negarsinio kino epochoje, mus stebina skubūs žmonių judesiai ir gestai. Tą reiškinį galima paaiškinti labai paprastai: filmus, nufilmuotus 16 kadrų per sekundę dažniu, rodoma 25 kadrų per sekundę greičiu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 11:24:51',62,'','2010-06-16 11:26:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 11:24:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,122,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(752,'Reliatyvumas','reliatyvumas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Einšteino reliatyvumo teorijos pagrindas 2 postulatai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Gamtos procesai visų inercinių atskaitos sistemų atžvilgiu vyksta vienodai. Tai reiškia, kad visi fizikos dėsniai inercinių sistemų atžvilgiu užrašomi vienoda forma. Mechanikos reliatyvumo principas tinka ir elektromagnetiniams reiškiniams (arba.: jokiais bandymais (sistemos viduje) negalima nustatyti skirtumo tarp judėjimo iš inercijos ir rimties būsenos).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Šviesos greitis tuštumoje visų inercinių atskaitos sistemų atžvilgiu yra vienodas visomis kryptimis ir nepriklauso nei nuo šviesos signalo šaltinio, nei nuo imtuvo greičio (stebėtojo judėjimo greičio). Šviesos greitis yra nereliatyvus. Tuštumoje jis yra didžiausias sąveikos perdavimo greitis gamtoje. Jos greitis vakuume yra vienodas visomis kryptimis ir nepriklauso nei nuo šaltinio, nei nuo stebėtojo judėjimo greičio. Tai absoliutus greitis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Reliatyvumo teorija - tai fizikinė teorija, nagrinėjanti reiškinius, vykstančius dideliais greičiais judančiose sistemose. Klasikinis požiūris į erdvę ir laiką neteisingas, nes laikoma, kad poveikiai ir signalai iš vieno erdvės taško į kitą perduodami momentaliai. Poveikių sklidimo greitis yra ribotas. Vienalaikiškumo sąvoka - reliatyvi. Vienalaikiškumo reliatyvumas nepažeidžia priežastingumo proncipo (kad ir kokiu greičiu judėtų stebėtojas, jis niekados neužfiksuos įvykių atvirkščia tvarka). Posvyrio kampas α priklauso nuo sistemos S’ greičio ir vadinamas aberacijos kampu. Δt tuo didesnis, kuo didesniu greičiu juda sistemos viena kitos atžvilgiu. Kai tas greitis - 0, tai aberacijos kampas - 0 (reliatyvistinės ir klasikinės mechanikos išvados sutampa). Judančioje sistemoje laikas eina lėčiau. Judančio laikrodžio sekundė ilgesnė, jis veluoja nejudančio laikrodžio atžvilgiu. Laiko sulėtėjimas judančioje sistemoje tuo ryškesnis, kuo artimesnis šviesos greičiui jos judėjimo greitis. Dideliu greičiu judančioje sistemoje sulėtėjus laikui, sulėtėja visi procesai. Nejudančios sistemos atžvilgiu viskas vyksta lėčiau. T.y. nejudančioje sistemoje laikas eina greičiausiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 11:27:12',62,'','2010-06-16 11:38:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 11:27:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,121,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(753,'Eelektra','elektra','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ELEKTROS SROVĖ METALUOSE. Elektros srovė. kryptingas elektringų dalelių judėjimas vadinamas elektros srove. Elektros srovę gali sudaryti ir judančios kitokios elektringos dalelės - jonai. Srovė teka tik akimirką - kol išsilygina sujungtų kūnų potencialai, o tada išnyksta elektrinis laukas jungiančiuose laidininkuose ir krūvių judėjimas liaujasi. Norint gauti nenutrūkstamą srovę, reikia nuolatos papildyti vieno kūno krūvį, palaikyti aukštesnį jo potencialą - sukurti laidininke nuolatinį potencialų skirtumą ir nuolatinį elektrinį lauką. Tai gali atlikti srovės šaltinis, sudarantis pastovią įtampą. Srovė ilgesnį laiką gali tekėti ilgesnį laiką tik uždara grandine.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektros srovė teka grandine iš šaltinio teigiamo poliaus į neigiamą. Elektronai grandinėje juda nuo šaltinio neigiamo poliaus, kur yra jų perteklius, link teigiamo, priešingai nei srovės kryptis. Srovės kryptis ir elektronų judėjimo kryptis yra priešingos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 11:39:00',62,'','2010-06-16 11:45:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 11:39:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,120,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(754,'Lietuvos energijos poreikiai – praeitis, dabartis, prognozės','lietuvos-energijos-poreikiai-praeitis-dabartis-prognozs','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mūsų protėviams ilgus šimtmečius pakako sumanumo naudotis šalia esančiais žemės, vandenų ir miškų turtais ir tenkinti savo poreikius nepažeidžiant aplinkos. Kol energijos ištekliai buvo naudojami tik būstui šildyti, maistui gaminti, amatams ir žemdirbystei plėtoti, tol pakako vietinių energijos šaltinių. Į pagalbą buvo pasitelkiami darbiniai gyvuliai, vėliau vandens ir vėjo malūnai, kiti pačių sukonstruoti įrenginiai. Net pradėjus naudoti Lietuvos pramonėje ir žemės ūkyje garo katilus, pagrindinis kuras buvo malkos ir iš dalies durpės. Tik XIX a. pabaigoje apšvietimui pradėta vartoti žibalą, o XX a. pradžioje, atsiradus vidaus degimo varikliams, teko importuoti ir kitus naftos produktus. Šiek tiek daugiau anglių ir naftos produktų (dyzelinių degalų, benzino, mazuto, tepalų) į Lietuvą teko importuoti tik po Pirmojo pasaulinio karo, kai prasidėjo naujų pramonės įmonių ir elektrinių statyba, transporto sistemos plėtra. Vis dėlto 1935 m. kuro balanse dominavo vietinis kuras: malkos sudarė 66 proc., durpės - 5 proc., akmens anglys -24 proc. ir naftos produktai - 5 procentus. Didžioji visų suvartojamų energijos išteklių dalis (69 proc.) teko namų ūkiui, pramonėje buvo suvartota 23 proc., transporte - 8 procentai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Praūžus Antrojo pasaulinio karo audrai, Lietuvos energijos balanse dar gerą dešimtmetį dominavo vietiniai energijos ištekliai: mediena, durpės ir jų briketai, įvairios atliekos ir hidroenergija. Remiantis kai kuriais duomenimis, 1955 m. vietinių energijos išteklių dalis apytikriai sudarė 55 proc., akmens anglių -28 proc., naftos produktų -17 procentų. Apie 60 proc. viso kuro tuo metu buvo suvartojama pastatams šildyti ir maistui gaminti, apie 24 proc. - pramonėje, statyboje ir žemės ūkyje, o likusi dalis - transporte ir elektrinėse. Iki 6-ojo dešimtmečio pabaigos pagrindinis elektrinių kuras buvo durpės. Tačiau 1962-1965 m. pradėjus eksploatuoti pirmuosius keturis Lietuvos elektrinės blokus, labai didėjo importuojamo kuro (naftos produktu ir gamtinių dujų) poreikiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1965 m. beveik trečdalis viso šalies ūkio šakose sunaudoto kuro buvo sudeginta elektrinėse ir katilinėse. Jau tuo metu šalies kuro balanse vyravo iš tolimų buvusios TSRS regionų importuotas kuras - naftos produktų, gamtinių dujų ir akmens anglių dalis Lietuvos kuro balanse sudarė daugiau kaip 70 procentu. 1960-1989 m. formuojant energetiką, kurią šalis paveldėjo iš praeities, bendri energijos išteklių poreikiai padidėjo net 5 kartus. Tuo metu sparčiai didėjo importuojamo kuro apimtys. Pagrindiniu kuru tapo nafta irjos produktai. Iki 1985 m. beveik visas kuro, suvartojamo pramonės įmonėse, elektrinėse ir katilinėse, poreikių prieaugis buvo kompensuojamas mazutu. 1961 m. į Lietuva buvo nutiestas dujotiekis, kuris pradėjo tiekti efektyvų kurą iš Dašavos (Ukraina) telkinių, o jiems išsekus - iš Vakarų Sibiro. Prie šalies dujų tiekimo sistemos pamažu buvo prijungti visi didžiausi šalies miestai, elektrinės, didieji šiltnamiai ir paukštynai. Tačiau gamtinių dujų importas sparčiau augo tik devintame dešimtmetyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 11:45:41',62,'','2010-06-16 11:48:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 11:45:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,119,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(755,'Fizikinės sąvokos','fizikins-svokos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šviesos greitis - pirmą kartą buvo išmatuotas remiantis astronominiais stebėjimais. Olas riomeris stebėjo vieno Jupiterio palydovo užtemimus, žemės, saulės ir jupiterio orbitos yra beveik vienoje plokštumoje, todėl besisukantis apie jupiterį palydovas periodiškai patenka į jo šešėlį ir tampa nematomu. Riomeris pradėjo stebėjimus tuo metu, kai žemė buvo labiausiai priartėjusi prie jupiterio. Jis visiems metams į priekį apskaičiavo užtemimų pradžios bei pabaigos laiką. Tuo metu, kai jupiteris buvo tolimiausiame taške nuo žemės, užtemimas vėlavo 1000s. žemei nutolus nuo jupiterio, šviesa užtrunka papildomą laiką pailgėjusiam keliui nueiti (per orbitos skersmenį). Joks kūnas negali judėti greičiu, didesniu už šviesos greitį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tiesiaeigis šviesos sklidimas. Šviesos sklidimo kryptį nurodo spinduliai - linijos, statmenos bangų paviršiams. Šviesos spinduliu vadinamas ne plonas šviesos pluoštas, bet linija, kuria sklinda šviesos energija. Tiesiaeigio sklidimo dėsnis: vienalytėje aplinkoje šviesa sklinda tiesiai. Mažų matmenų šaltinis meta ryškių kontūrų šešėlį. Kai šaltinio matmenys dideli - šešėliai yra nekontrastingi. Elektromagnetinių bangų energijos srauto tankis apibūdina ir šviesos bangų energiją. Tolstant nuo šaltinio, ji mažėja kaip dydis 1/R<sup>2</sup>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atspindys. Aplinkų riboje spindulio kryptis pakinta. Dalis šviesos grįžta į pirmąją aplinką (šviesos atspindys). Dalis šviesos patenka į antrąją aplinką, kurioje ji sklinda kita kryptimi (šviesa lūžta). Jeigu riba yra paviršius, kurio nelygumai žymiai mažesni už šviesos bangos ilgį - atspindys veidrodinis. Į artimų veidrodiniams paviršių siauru pluoštu krintantys lygiagretūs spinduliai atsispindėję taip pat sklinda siauru pluoštu artimomis kryptimis (veidrodinis atspindys). Kai nelygumai didesni už šviesos bangos ilgį, siauras pluoštas aplinkų riboje išsklaidomas; atsispindėję spinduliai sklinda įvairiomis kryptimis (sklaidusis arba difuzinis atspindys).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 11:48:28',62,'','2010-06-16 11:53:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 11:48:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,118,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(756,'Šviesos dispersijos prizmėje tyrimas 4','viesos-dispersijos-prizmje-tyrimas-4','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Darbo tikslas. Nubrėžti dispersijos kreivę ir apskaičiuoti šviesos dispersiją bei prizmės kampinę dispersiją fiksuotam bangos ilgiui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 11:53:30',62,'','2010-06-16 11:55:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 11:53:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,117,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(757,'Šviesa','viesa','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šviesos šaltiniai. Ką mes šviesa vadiname, tai tas visiems yra žinoma. Mums užteks priminti tiktai kai kuriuos šviesos šaltinius, kaip tai: saulė, žvaigždės, žaibas, uždegta ugnis, arba žvakė. Mes čia nieko nepasakėme apie mėnesį, nes jis pats iš savęs neišleidžia šviesos spindulių, ir jeigu jis yra matomas, tai tiktai dėlto, jog iki mumis atmuša šviesos spindulius nuo saulės apturėtus. Jus žinote, jog saulė be jokio palyginimo duoda daugiausia šviesos, nei kad kiti minėti šaltiniai. Dėl palyginimo šviesos pajėgų paminėtų daiktų užteks pasakyti, jog kad apturėti saulės šviesą, reiktų, idant ant dangaus būtų aštuoni šimtai tūkstančių mėnulių pilnaties laike, ir jog šviesa šviesiausios ant dangaus žvaigždės, Sirijaus, yra šešis milijonus kartų mažesnė, už saulės šviesą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šviesos išsiplatinimas. Šviesa, kaip ir spinduliuojanti šiluma, išsiplatina per tuščias vietas, per vietas dujomis (gazais) pripildytas, per vandenį ir kitus daiktus. Oras geriausiai šviesą perleidžia, ne kurie gi kieti daiktai, kaip medis ir žemės jo visiškai neperleidžia, vienok tai pasilieka teisybė, kada paminėti daiktai yra gana stori, nes yra patirta, jog didelė plona aukso blėtelė taip pat šviesą perleidžia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 11:56:00',62,'','2010-06-16 12:02:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 11:56:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,116,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(758,'Daugiakanalių ryšio sistemų signalai (špera)','daugiakanali-ryio-sistem-signalai-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Laikinis – skaitmeninis arba impulsinis – kodinis sutankinimas  juose panaudojammi sudėtingi signalai tai leidžia laiduoti didelį sistemų atsparumą trukdžiams darbo slaptumą, galimybę dirbti tuo pat metu viename dažnių ruože daugeliui sistemų. Sistemos su I-K sutank. dažnai vad asinchroninėmis adresinėmis – t.y. jose realizuojamas adresinis informacijos perdavimas būdas. Esmė ta, kad kiekvienam abonentui išskiriami specialūs formos signalai – adresas. Tokiam adresui suderintas imtuvas negali priimti kitos formos signalų. Kodiniai tankinimo būdai yra naudojami: valdymo ir telemetrinėse sistemose, palydovinio ryšio sistemose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 12:33:39',62,'','2010-06-16 12:38:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 12:33:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,115,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(759,'Mechanikos uždaviniai','mechanikos-udaviniai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 12:39:16',62,'','2010-06-16 12:40:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 12:39:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,114,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(760,'Izaokas Niutonas','izaokas-niutonas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Izaokas Niutonas gimė 1642 m. gruodžio 25 d. mažame kaimelyje Linkolnšyre, Anglijoje. Nenuostabu, kad turėjęs sunkią vaikyste., Niutonas linko į paranoją ir smarkų įniršį. Izaokas buvo nerangus, nerišliai kalbėjo, kartais kalbėdamas staiga užsigalvodavo ir ilgam nutildavo.  Jis retai juokdavosi. Kai vienas draugas Niutonui pa¬sakė, kad nemato kokios nors naudos iš graikų matematiko Euklido (Euclides) studijavimo, pastarasis ėmęs linksmai juoktis. Erazmas Darvinas yra sakęs (Erasmus Darwin): \"Newton Explored in Natures scenes the effect and cause/ And, charme\'d, unravelled all her latent tlaws\". (\"Gamtos scenoje Niutonas išty¬rė veikimą ir pagrindus/ Ir pagautas žavesio atspėjo visus jos slaptus dės¬nius\". Netgi gyvenimo pabaigoje Niutono neapvylė geniali kūrybinė intuicija. Jis ilgai stebėjo kibirkštis, kurios sublyksi tarp adatos ir vilna įtrinto gintaro. Rašė, kad jos primena jam mažus žaibus. Jis jautė stovįs prie paslaptingo, dar niekieno nepavadinto didžiulio elektros ir magnetizmo pasaulio vartų. Jis jau buvo beatidarąs juos, tačiau trūko laiko.  Niutonas mirė 1727 metų kovo 31 dieną, Kensigtone, netoli Londono. Akmenligė žiauriai kamavo jį, tačiau paskutinę gyvenimo dieną tarsi aprimo, jis juokėsi, kalbėjosi su gydytoju, skaitė laikraščius. O naktį tyliai mirė. I. Niutonas palaidotas Vestminsterio vienuolyne.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Izaokas Niutonas yra bene įtakingiausia istorinė as¬menybė Vakarų moksle. Savo laikais jis buvo laikomas didžiu intelektualu. Niutonas nepradėjo mokslinės revoliucijos, nes ji jau buvo pakeliui, kai jis gimė. jo moksliniai laimėjimai greičiau suteikė formą ir pagrindinius intelektualinius įrankius šiuolaikiniam fizikos mokslui. Niutono sąskaitoje — trys pagrindiniai judėjimo dėsniai(inercijos, jėgos, veiksmo ir atoveiksmio), visuotinės traukos dėsnis, baltos šviesos skaitymo dėsniai ir visuotinės traukos dėsnis, su kuriuo visas fizikos fenomenas žemėje ir danguje pasidarė prognozuojamas, paprastas ir iš principo pakluso technologijos aiškinimams ir manipuliacijai. Be to, I. Niutonas sukūrė korpuskulinę šviesos teoriją, diferencialinį ir integralinį skaičiavimą, suformulavo įkaitinto kūno atšalimo bei priešinimosi judėjimui klampiame skystyje dėsnį, sukonstravo vieną iš pirmųjų termometrų, pirmą kartą pagamino reflektorių. Jis pagrindė absoliutaus judėjimo, absoliučios erdvės (erdvė - tai kūnų pripildyta trijų matmenų tuštuma, nepriklausoma nuo laiko ir materijos) ir absoliutaus laiko (laikas - tai gryna trukmė, nepriklausoma nuo materijos ir erdvės) sąvokas. Tokia laiko ir erdvės koncepcija atitiko to meto klasikinę mechaniką, klasikinę gravitacijos teoriją. Vėliau mokslas įrodė laiko ir erdvės priklausomumą nuo įvairių gamtos ir žmogaus sąmonės procesų bei vienas nuo kito. Niutonas padarė reikšmingų atradimų optikos ir matematikos srityse. Niutonas įnešė svarbų indėlį į termodinamiką (mokslas apie šilumą) ir akustiką (mokslas apie garsą), suformulavo be galo svarbius fizikinius judėjimo kiekio išsilaikymo ir kampinio judėjimo kiekio išsilaikymo principus, atrado binarinę teoremą matematikoje (Niutono binomas), paaiškino žvaigdžių kilmę. Tiktai dvidešimtajame amžiuje, kai mokslininkai pradėjo su¬sidurti su mažiausiais dydžiais — atomais, Niutono dėsnių reikšmė šiek tiek susvyravo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 12:40:41',62,'','2010-06-16 12:43:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 12:40:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,113,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(761,'Tiesioginių ir netiesioginių matavimų paklaidų įvertinimas','tiesiogini-ir-netiesiogini-matavim-paklaid-vertinimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Išmokti matuoti slankmačiu, mikrometru, sverti svarstyklėmis, nustatyti tiesioginių bei netiesioginių matavimų paklaidas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aparatūra ir darbo metodas. Darbe naudojami šie prietaisai: 0,05 mm tikslumo slankmatis – ritinio ilgiui išmatuoti, 0,01 mm tikslumo mikrometras – ritinio diametrui rasti ir 0,02g tikslumo TLS svarstyklės ritinio masei rasti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 12:43:34',62,'','2010-06-16 12:46:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 12:43:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,112,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(762,'Konvekcinis džiovinimas','konvekcinis-diovinimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. 1. Nustatyti lyginamąsias oro ir šilumos sąnaudas konvekcinėje džiovykloje. 2. Grafiškai atvaizduoti visų termometrų rodomų temperatūrų ir džiovinamos medžiagos masės kitimo priklausomybes nuo trukmės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Džiovinimas yra procesas, kai šiluminiu būdu iš medžiagos yra išgarinama drėgmė ir pašalinamas garas. Medžiagai džiūstant, vyksta difuzijos procesas, t.y. drėgmė difunduoja iš vidinių sluoksnių į paviršių, o nuo jo garuoja į aplinką. Konvekcinio džiovinimo metu mrdžiaga džiovinama šilto oro ar dūmų sraute. Džiovinamas agentas perduoda dalį savo šilumos medžiagai ir pašalina iš jos išgaravusio vandens garą. Džiovinant šiuo būdu džiovinamam agentui, įšildytam kaloriferyje arba kūrykloje, papildomai šiluma tiekiama darbo kameroje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 12:46:29',62,'','2010-06-16 12:48:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 12:46:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,111,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(763,'Elektrostatika','elektrostatika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektrostatika nagrinėja nejudančių krūvių sąveiką, bei tokių krūvių sukurtą lauką, vadinamą elektrostatiniu lauku. Elektros krūvis - tai vienas iš pagrindinių elementariųjų dalelių apibūdinimų (šalia masės, judėjimo kiekio momento (sukinio) ir kt.). Kiekviena elementarioji dalelė turi arba teigiamą, arba neigiamą elektros krūvį, ar esti neutrali (t.y. neturi krūvio arba turi po lygiai teigiamų ir neigiamų krūvių). Bet kokio kūno krūvis yra tą kūną sudarančių elementariųjų dalelių krūvių algebrinė suma.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektrostatinis laukas tam tikra prasme yra abstrakcija, nes gamtoje nejudančių krūvių nėra. Kaip žinome visos elementariosios dalelės ir iš jų sudaryti atomai bei molekulės nuolat netvarkingai juda. Tačiau jei kūno krūvį sudaro daug elementariųjų dalelių ir erdvės taško, kuriame nagrinėjamas laukas, nuotolis nuo kūno yra daug didesnis už netvarkingai judančių elektrintųjų dalelių trajektorijų matmenis, lauką nagrinėjamame taške tam tikru tikslumu galime laikyti elektrostatiniu lauku. Taigi tai yra visiška analogija su statika mechanikoje: nors bet kokį kūną sudarančios dalelės nepaliaujamai juda, pats kūnas, sudarytas iš tų dalelių, gali ir nejudėti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 12:48:40',62,'','2010-06-16 13:01:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 12:48:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,110,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(764,'Spektrinių charakteristikų tyrimas monochromatoriumi','spektrini-charakteristik-tyrimas-monochromatoriumi','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. 1. Susipažinti su automatizuoto monochromatoriaus MDR-23 stendu, jo sudėtinėmis dalimis ir valdymo programavimo principais. 2. Susipažinti  su puslaidininkinio injekcinio lazerio fizikiniais veikimo principais, rasti jo spinduliavimo sritį ir ištirti spinduliavimo spektro priklausomybę nuo žadinančios srovės stiprio</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paruošti atsakymus į šiuos klausimus:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Kokiais optiniais prietaisais tiriami spindulių optiniai spektrai?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Koks spektrinis prietaisas vadinamas monochromatoriumi ir kokių rūšių jų būna?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. Kokios pagrindinės dalys sudaro monochromatorių ir kaip jis panaudojamas spinduliavimo spektro registravimui?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">4. Kas vadinama ir nuo ko priklauso monochromatoriaus skiriamoji geba?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">5. Kaip sudarytas ir kaip veikia puslaidininkinis injekcinis lazeris?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 13:01:38',62,'','2010-06-16 13:10:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 13:01:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,109,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(765,'Skystųjų tirpalų paviršiaus įtempimo koeficiento tyrimas 2','skystj-tirpal-paviriaus-tempimo-koeficiento-tyrimas-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis: susipažinti su skysčių paviršiaus įtempimu ir kapiliariniais reiškiniais. Išmatuoti tirpalo paviršiaus įtempimo koeficientą. Nustatyti paviršiaus įtempimo koeficiento priklausomybę nuo tirpalo koncentracijos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis: kai skystis liečiasi su kita aplinka pvz. savo garais arba oru, jo paviršiaus sąlygos yr akitokios negu vidaus: skysčio viduje molekules supa tokios pačios molekulės ir jų saveikos jėgos kompensuojasi, o ribiniame sluoksnyje molekulę veikiančios jėgos nekompensuojamos ir jų atstojamoji veikia į skysčio vidų. Todėl skysčio paviršius turi tam tikrą potencinę energiją, proporcingą paviršiaus plotui. Šią energiją vadiname paviršiaus energija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 13:11:12',62,'','2010-06-16 13:14:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 13:11:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,108,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(766,'Optika 2','optika-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Stebėdami įvairius šviesos šaltinius, matome, kad jie skirtingai apšviečia aplinkos daiktus. Galima teigti, kad šviesos šaltiniai spinduliuoja ne vienodu intensyvumu. Šaltinio spinduliavimo intensyvumui apibūdinti vartojamas fizikinis dydis šviesos stipris. Šviesos srautas nusako, kokį energijos kiekį šviesa atneša į kūno paviršiaus plotą S per vieną s. Paviršiaus apšvieta – tai vienetiniam paviršiaus plotui tenkantis šviesos srautas. Medžiagos lūžio rodiklis tuštumos (vakuumo) atžvilgiu vadinamas tos medžiagos absoliutiniu lūžio rodikliu. Šviesos lūžimo dėsnyje esantis dydis n vadinamas santykiniu lūžio rodikliu. Visos šviesos, sklindančios iš opt. tankesnės terpės į opt. retesnę, atspindys nuo retesnės terpės vadinamas visišku atspindžiu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 13:15:10',62,'','2010-06-16 13:19:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 13:15:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,107,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(767,'Fizika gamtos mokslų studentams','fizika-gamtos-moksl-studentams','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PRATARMĖ</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šis vadovėlis skirtas aukštųjų mokyklų medicinos ir gamtos mokslų (biologijos, geologijos, geografijos, chemijos) programų studentams. Minėtų programų studentams reikalingos specifinės fizikos žinios, susijusios su įvairių fizikinių vyksmų gyvuosiuose organizmuose aiškinimu, fizikinių metodų taikymu medicinoje ir biologijoje ir taikomų šiose srityse prietaisų fizikinių pagrindų nagrinėjimu. Biomedicininės fizikos paskirties vadovėlių, neskaitant siauros tematikos metodinių priemonių, per pastaruosius dešimtmečius Lietuvoje nebuvo išleista, todėl norėtume šiuo darbu užpildyti susidariusią spragą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kadangi šio vadovėlio fizikinių temų ratas yra platus, jį rengė didelis autorių kolektyvas: J. Butrimaitė, prof. habil. dr. A. Dementjev, prof. dr. G. Dikčius, prof. dr. R. Gadonas, doc. dr. J. Jasevičiūtė, V. Karenauskaitė, prof. habil. dr. V. Sirutkaitis, prof. habil. dr. V. Smilgevičius. Visi kolektyvo nariai turi ilgalaikę darbo patirtį su minėtų specialybių studentais. Prof. G. Dikčius skaito paskaitas Vilniaus universiteto Medicinos fakulteto medicinos, visuomenės sveikatos, kineziterapijos bei ergoterapijios programų studentams; doc. J. Jasevičiūtė − stomatologijos, Gamtos mokslų fakulteto geologijos ir geografijos; prof. V. Sirutkaitis, prof. V.Smilgevičius − ekologinės ir molekulinės biologijos specialybių studentams; V.Karenauskaitė yra Fizikos bendrosios laboratorijos vedėja bei lektorė. Be to, visi autoriai vadovauja šių specialybių studentų praktikos darbams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vadovėlį sudaro tokie skyriai: 1. Įvadas; 2. Matavimai ir matavimo paklaidos; 3. Bendros darbo mokomosiose laboratorijose saugos problemos; 4. Mechanika; 5. Molekulinė fizika; 6. Elektra. Magnetizmas. Medicininė elektronika; 7. Optika; 8. Fizikos uždaviniai; 9. Priedai; 10. Literatūros sąrašas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš viso pateikta 23-jų medicinos ir gamtos mokslams svarbių fizikos temų teorija. Kiekvienos temos apraše pakankamai plačiai aprašomi fizikiniai reiškiniai, jų ryšys su medicina ir gamtos mokslais, pateiktos formulės reikalingos atitinkamų fizikinių uždavinių sprendimui, dydžių skaičiavimui. Taip pat kiekvieno skyriaus pabaigoje pateikiami su ta tema susijusių laboratorinių darbų aprašai: užduotys; darbo priemonės ir prietaisai; užduočių atlikimo metodika ir eiga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-16 13:19:42',62,'','2010-06-16 13:22:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 13:19:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,106,'','',0,46,'robots=\nauthor='),(768,'Kelionių agentai, kelionių organizatoriai ir kelionės organizavimo paslaugos','kelioni-agentai-kelioni-organizatoriai-ir-kelions-organizavimo-paslaugos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiandien pagrindinis klausimas yra dėl santykių tarp kelionių operatorių ir kelionių agentų. Štai ką parodo mums Vakarų patirtis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Operatoriaus prioritetas akivaizdus, ir tai yra teisinga. Stambios operatorių firmos turi ofisus ir agentų tinklą visose Europos (o kai kurios ir viso pasaulio) šalyse. Šios firmos skirsto rinką, planuoja vienos ar kitos sferos politiką. Individualiai sprendžia reklamos problemas, nustato santykių su klientais taisykles.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konkurencija yra žiauri: būna tokių atvejų, kai viena grupė veikia prieš kitą, atima viena iš kitos pelnigus kontraktus su viešbučiais, čiarterinius pervežimus. Bet viename aspekte yra nuostabus vieningumas – tai klausimuose apie santykius su agentūromis.   Nė viena nepriklausoma agentūra negali gauti daugiau nei 12 % komisinio atlyginimo, nė viena iš jų negali gauti didesnio, už jai skirtą, vietų kiekio. Tai daroma tam, kad būtų vystomas frančeizingo tinklas (“franchise” – angl. “paskatinimas”; šiame tinkle yra taikomos įvairių formų nuolaidos).  Šio tinklo rėmuose dirba vienos ar kitos paskatinimo bei nuolaidų sistemos. Galimos įvairios darbo schemos, nes didmenininkas skatina savo pardavėjus. Iš viso, susidaro įspūdis, kad vakarų rinkoje stipriausios yra frančeizingo agentūros; tai agentūros, įkurtos įvairių transporto (avia ir geležinkelio) kompanijų. Kitų agentūrų dalia – tai “kelionių parduotuvių” forma, kurios, kaip taisyklė, parduoda keliones, vadinamas “paskutinę valandą”. Tai yra, žmogus ateina į “parduotuvę” jau su lagaminu ir iš ten – iš karto į oro uostą, į paruoštą skrydžiui liektuvą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įkurti frančeizingo agentūrą – nepigus malonumas. Reikia sumokėti pagrindinei firmai už viską, pradedant kompiuteriais ir baigiant kilimu grindims. O svarbiausia, jūs privalote mokėti už teisę vadintis tuo pačiu vardu. Ar mūsų agentūros ir operatoriai pasiruošusios tam? Atrodo, kad tam dar neatėjo laikas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Svarbus aspektas kelionių opetatorių ir kelionių agentų santykiuose – tai jų vieningumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Užsienio operatoriai paruošiamojo periodo metu sudaro pasiūlymų paketus kitam sezonui. Jie, klientui pageidaujant, keičia kainas, paslaugų rinkinius. Pas mus apie tai tik svajoja. Pavyzdžiui, pas mus pardavimui siūlo tokias poilsines keliones, kurių sąlygomis, klientas pusę kelionės laiko gyvena viename viešbutyje, o kitą pusę – kaimyniniame viešbutyje. Mums  siūlo kelionę, kurioje neatsižvelgta į tai, kad išvykimas iš viešbučio yra 12:00, o lėktuvas išskrenda 21:00. Pavyzdžių yra daug. Agentai gal ir nepardavinėtų tokių kelionių, jeigu jie būtų perspėti dėl tokių “smulkmenų” ir jeigu tai atsitiktų  sezono metu, kada vietos šiai kelionei jau užrezervuotos mėnesiui į priekį, o kitų vietų niekur nėra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pas mus yra didelė konkurencija tarp operatorių ir agentūrų. Laikraščiuose yra daugybė operatorių reklaminių skelbimų, kuriuose jie kviečia pirkti keliones iš jų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kam reikalingos agentūros? Darbui ne sezono metu, kai klientų srautai sumažėja. Kai kuriose šalyse, sėkmingai vystančiose išvažiuojamąjį ir įvažiuojamąjį turizmą (tokiose kaip Vokietija, Ispanija, Šveicarija), oparatoriams įstatymu yra draudžiama pardavinėti savo keliones. Ir tai yra teisinga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atsisakymas nuo kelionių pardavimo padės sukaupti jėgas kokybiškesniam kelionės paruošimui, leis sutaupyti milžiniškas lėšas, kurias dabar jis išleidžia reklamai, atlyginimams, nereikalingų plotų nuomai. Tai leis įdėti lėšas į agentų tinklo vystymąsi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Siekimo patiems pardavinėti savo keliones pagrindas – nepasitikėjimas agentų jėgomis.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-16 19:22:23',62,'','2010-06-16 19:27:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 19:22:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,47,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(769,'Ispanija','ispanija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ispanija daugeliui asocijuojasi su Kristupu Kolumbu, Pablu Pikasu, Salvadoru Dali, korida ir flamenku. Kiti mano, kad Ispaniją suprasti nelengva dėl jos dvilypumo, mat tame pačiame žmoguje dera ir Don Kichotas, ir Sanča Pansa...  Teisūs tie,kurie šią žemę įsivaizduoja su aukštais kalnais ir sniegu apdengtomis jų viršūnėmis,šlaitais, išgrąžintais pilkšvų alyvmedžių, mato slėniuose auginančius citrinmedžius ir baltus kaimelius su virš jų iškilusiomis bažnyčiom, primenančiom maurų pastatytas pilis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiai šaliai nesvetima ir mėlynai žalia Viduržemio jūra su saulėtais paplūdimiais. Štai Maljorka garsi ne tik savo kurortais bet ir Dracho olomis, kuriose stalagmitų ir stalakitų nėriniai pinasi su orkestro muzika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ispanija buvo daugelio šalių atradėja ir valdovė, tai kraštas, kur kryžiuojasi Vakarų ir Rytų kultūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai žavi, spalvinga šalis, stebinanti daugelio amžių architektūrinių formų ir stilių įvairove, šokiais ir korida. Jos istorija skausminga ir turtinga, ji matė graikus ir finikiečius, romėnus ir arabus, inkviziciją ir fašizmą. Kai kurie statiniai ir gyvenimo būdas mena archajinius laikus. Pavyzdžiui, Pietų Europoje žmonės gyvena uolose ar pusiau uolose – pusiau žeminėse.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasaulyje gyvena apie 38,4 mln.ispanų. diduma jų yra Europoje ir Amerikoje. Pirėnų pusiasalyje išsiskiria kaip ir atskiros jų etninės bendrijos. Čia gyvenantiems ispanams būdinga tai, kad dauguma jų nevartoja terminų “ispanas” ar “ispanų tauta”. Baskai, katalonai, aragonai, kanarai, kastiliečiai, valensiečiai mąsto apie sričių nepriklausomybę, tad pirmiausia jie sako: “ aš esu baskas ir ispanas”. Dominuoja ispanų kalba, bet skiriasi dialektai (kaip ir Lietuvoje žemaičių, suvalkiečių, aukštaičių, dzūkų), pavyzdžiui, Aragono, Kastilijos, Asturijos ir kitų sričių tarmės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šv. Šeimynos bažnyčia – Barselonos simbolis. Pirmieji žmonės šiame rojaus kampelyje apsigyveno prieš 4000 metų. Miestas pradėtas statyti VI a.pr.Kr.,o dabar miesto aglomeracijoje gyvena apie 4 mln.žmonių. Miesto širdis – tai teritorija tarp jūros ir kalnų. Rytinė dalis siejasi su Viduržemio jūra, vakaruose ir šiaurės vakaruose Pelado ir Tibidabo kalvos, opietvakariuose Monjurko kalva, kur 1992 m.vyko vasaros olimpinės žaidynės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Barselona – tai tarsi šalies slenkstis,meno ir istorijos lopšys, kupinas tradicijų ir legendų, kur kiekvienas akmuo, kiekvienas kreivių, siaurų gatvelių posūkis ką nors mena. Šiandieninis Barselonos miesto veidas nepakartojamas ir viliojantis kaip jūros banga. Jo puošybai daugiausia nusipelnė architektas A.Gaudis. A.Gaudis (1852 – 1926) tapo žymia figūra architektūroje. Jo kūriniai ypač vertinami. Uostą čia įkūrė kartaginiečiai IIIa. Pr.Kr. XIII-XV a.jis klestėjo, veržėsi su Genuja ir Venecija. XVIIa.čia buvo kataloniečių kovos su absoliutizmu centras. Nuo 1937 iki 1939 m.sausio 26 d.Barselona buvo laikinoji Ispanijos sostinė. Tad ši žemė matė iberus, keltus, graikus, kartaginiečius (šie čia įkūrė Barsino gyvenvietę, pavadintą Hanibalo tėvo garbei – dabartinę Barseloną), romėnus, maurus ir frankus. Tai trijų epochų miestas : viduramžių, naujųjų amžių ir dabarties. Pirmąjį laikotarpį atspindi gotikinis kvartalas. Šiame nedideliame kvartale galima atsekti, kaip gyveno pirmieji miestiečiai. Ir dabar triukšmingiausioje Rambles galima matyti vaidinimų, gatvės muzikantų ir dailininkų, skubančių ir dykinėjančių žmonių. Vėlesnės statybos niekuo nesiskiria nuo kitų didžiųjų Europos miestų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ispanijos klimatas yra panašus į visų Pietų Europos valstybių klimatą. Ispanijos šiaurės vakarai vadinami žaliąja Ispanija. Šioj Pirėnų pusiasalio dalyje iš vakarų į rytus driekiasi Kantabrijos kalnai. Jie lyg siena užtveria kelią drėgnoms Atlanto vandenyno oro masėms. Todėl šioje pusiasalio dalyje iškrinta daugiausiai kritulių (1500 – 2000 mm/m.).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-16 19:28:23',62,'','2010-06-16 19:33:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 19:28:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,46,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(770,'Tundros augmenija ir gyvūnija','tundros-augmenija-ir-gyvnija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Geologiniais mastais visai neseniai Šiaurės Ameriką ir Euraziją dengę ledynai pasitraukė į pačią šiaurę ir aukštus kalnus.Tų ledynų pakraščių teritorijos Šiaurės Amerikoje vadinamos nederlingomis žemėmis, Senajame pasaulyje tundra (suomiškai tunturi - bemiškė aukštuma). Nors pavadinimai skirtingi, 75% augalijos ir gyvūnijos rūšių yra tos pačios abiejose teritorijose.Tundra yra maždaug tarp 60 - 70 Šiaurės platumos, t.y. ji prasideda ten, kur šilčiausio mėnesio vidutinė oro temperatūra tesiekia 10 C0. O pakankama temperatūra ir yra viena būtinų sąlygų medžiams augti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Augalija ir gyvūnija priklauso nuo dviejų svarbiausių veiksnių - šviesos ir šilumos. Prie poliaračio per žiemos saulėgrįžą Saulė nepakyla virš horizonto, toliau į šiaurę poliarinė naktis trunka dar ilgiau. Didumoje tundros poliarinė naktis trunka net keletą mėnesių per metus. Iš dalies tai kompensuoja ilga poliarinė diena. Dieną skuba vystytis ir augalai, ir gyvūnai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Reikia pažymėti ir geologinio palikimo - įšalo reikšmę. Podirvy čia sukaustęs daugiametis įšalas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Grenlandijoje jis apima net 600 m. sluoksnį, tačiau gali būti ir dar storesnis. Vasarą paties viršutinio žemės sluoksnio, vadinamu aktyviuoju sluoksniu, ledas atitirpsta. Šis sluoksnis gali būti nuo 7 cm. iki 3 m. storio ir tik jis leidžia gyvuoti tundros augalijai ir gyvūnijai. Žemė vasarą būna įmirkusi, nes daugiametis įšalas neleidžia vandeniui susigerti gilyn. Žemei nuolatos atšylant ir vėl įšalant, dirva kilnojasi, joje atsiranda tuštumų, kuriose kaupiasi akmenys. Ilgainiui iš jų susidaro akmenų daugiakampiai ar žiedai. Kritulių per metus čia būna iki 50 cm (perskaičiavus į vandenį); daugiausia tai sniegas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tundroje yra ir aukštų kalnų, tačiau diduma jos paviršiaus - tai lygumos, nusėtos ežerų, balų, skersai ir išilgai išraižytos vingiuojančių upeliūkščių. \"Žemutinėje\" tundroje, tai yra toliau į pietus, augalijos danga ištisinė; šiauriau, \"aukštumoje\" tundroje, stiprūs vėjai nupučia ploną dirvožemio sluoksnį, ir augalai įsitvirtina tik plyšiuose ar kitur užuovėjoje. Geriausiai čia auga kerpės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiausi tundros augalai - pažeme nusidriekę beržų ir gluosnių krūmai, kurie suaugę gali būti vos kelių centimetrų aukščio. Beveik visi tundros augalai glaudžiasi prie žemės. Žemaūgiai beržai keružiai, gluosniai retai kada užauga iki 1 m. aukščio. Dažniausiai jie būna gerokai mažesni, nors ir subrendę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gausiai paplitę viržinių šeimos augalai. Beveik visi jie užmezga uogas, o jomis ir minta dauguma tundros gyvūnų. Nuo spanguolių rudenį tunka net baltieji lokiai. Neretai tundros medelius praauga žolės, todėl joms žydint, tundra vasarą trumpai sužaižaruoja įvairiomis spalvomis ir greit išblėsta artėjant žiemai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors tundra ir nesvetinga, čia gyvena labai daug gyvūnų. Didžiausieji - avijautis ir šiaurinis elnias(Šiaurės Amerikoje - karibu), kuris čia ganosi vasarą. Smulkesnieji plėšrūnai - vilkai, poliarinės lapės ir elniai. Jie minta arktiniais starais, pelėnais ir lemingais. Šius žinduolius nuo šalčio saugo storas šiltas kailis ir storas riebalų sluoksnis po juo. Nušalimų išvengti padeda aptaki kūno forma, trumpas snukis, ausys ir uodega.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-16 19:34:53',62,'','2010-06-16 19:38:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 19:34:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,45,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(771,'Infrostruktūra','infrostruktra','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-16 19:39:21',62,'','2010-06-16 19:41:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 19:39:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,44,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(772,'Austrija (referatas)','austrija-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Austrija yra kalnų šalis. Kalnai ir priekalniai, užimantieji beveik 80% teritorijos, priklauso daugiausia Alpių sistemai. Rytinių Alpių kalnagūbriai driekiasi per visą šalį nuo Šveicarijos sienos vakaruose beveik iki Vengrijos sienos rytuose ir šiaurės rytuose pasiekia Dunojų. Austrijoje Rytų Alpės žemesnės ir platesnės už Vakarų Alpes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rytinės Alpės susideda iš eilės platuminių kalnagūbrių, jie suraižyti gilių išilginių ir skersinių slėnių, kuriais teka greitos vandeningos upės (Inas, Zalcachas, Ensas, Muras, Drava, Traunas ir kt.). Ryti nės Alpės, tame tarpe ir jų dalis, esanti Austrijos teritorijoje, yra dalijamos į tris išilgines juostas: Šiaurines Klintines Alpes,Centrines Kristalines Alpes ir Pietines Klintines Alpes. Susiformavusios iš kietų kristalinių uolienų - gneisų, granitų ir žėrutinių skalūnų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Centrinės Kristalinės Alpės sudaro pagrindinę Rytinių Alpių ašį. Jos yra ypatingai aukštos, ypač vakaruose - Ectalio bei Cilertalio Alpių ir Aukštojo Tauerno masyvai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rytų Alpes kerta tuneliai, kuriais nutiesti geležinkeliai ir geri plentai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Perėjos yra 900 - 1300 m aukštyje. Vienintėlė patogi perėja vakarinėje Austrijos Alpių dalyje - Breneris (1 370 m). Ši perėja yra Tirolyje, Italijos pasienyje. Per Brenerį eina svarbus tarptautinis kelias iš Centrinės Europos į Viduržemio jūrą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Į rytus nuo Aukštojo Tauerno Centrinės Kristalinės Alpės praplatėja, pažemėja ir palaipsniui virsta kalvota lyguma.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Į šiaurę nuo Centrinių Kristalinių Alpių, lygiagrečiai joms, tęsiasi Šiaurinės Klintinės Alpės, pasibaigiančios prie pačios Vienos Vinervaldo (Vienos Miško) kalvomis. Šiaurinės Klintinės Alpės, sudarytos iš mažiau kietų uolienų (klinčių, skalūnų ir smiltainių), yra žemesnės už Kristalines Alpes (svarbiausia viršūnė Dachšteinas - beveik 3000 m), bet gražesnės už jas, kontūrai vaizdingesni, viršūnės įvairesnės, šlaitai statesni, slėniai gilesni.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pietinės Klintinės Alpės, esančios daugiausia šiaurės rytų Italijoje, Austrijos teritorijoje užima nedidelį plotą ir siauru ruožu tęsiasi Karintijos provincijos pietuose, Italijos ir Jugoslavijos pasieniu.<br />Per Austriją teka dvi didžiausiuos Europos upės: vakaruose, Šveicarijos pasienyje, - neilga Reino atkarpa, o šiaurėje - 350 km ilgio</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dunojaus dalis.Šalies šiaurės rytuose yra kalvota Padunojo lyguma, kuri netoli Vengrijos ir Čekoslovakijos sienos virsta žemuma. Padunojo lygumai būdingos derlingos liosinės dirvos; dėl to ji yra vienas iš svarbiausių šalies aruodų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Į pietryčius nuo Vienos, dešniajame Dunojaus krante, yra nedidelė dauba, vadinama Vienos baseinu.Kylio pavidalu, kuris siaurėja į pietus nuo Dunojaus, Vienos baseinas įsiterpęs tarp dviejų  neaukštų Alpių atšakų - Vienos Miško (iki 800 - 900 m aukščio) vakaruose ir Leito kalnų (480 m) rytuose, o pietuose priartėjęs prie Zemeringo perėjos (985 m).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-16 19:41:50',62,'','2010-06-16 19:52:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 19:41:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',9,0,43,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(773,'Indija','indija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Indijoje susiformavo daug religijų – vedizmas, brahmanizmas, džainizmas, budizmas, induizmas yra indiškos. Švelnią lietuvio auselę turėtų gąsdinti tokie keisti pavadinimai. O ir keista… Vienoje šalyje tiek religijų. O buvo taip.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Archeologijos duomenimis, III – II t - metyje pr. m. e. Indijoje, prieš atvykstant į ją arijams, buvusi aukšta vietos gyventojų – davidų – kultūra. Rastos figūrėlės, amuletai liudija, kad tuo metu vietiniai gyventojai garbino Deivę Motiną, lyg ir Šyvos (vieno populiariausių induizmo dievų) prototipą, tam tikras medžių rūšis (figą), kai kuriuos žvėris (tigrą, dramblį, raganosį, jautį), kažkokias būtybes (kurių pusę sudaro žmogus, pusę gyvulys), kai kuriuos simbolius (pvz. lingą, svastiką). Daug daugiau žinoma apie arijų, maždaug II t-mečio viduryje įsibrovusių į Indiją, religiją. Žinių teikia arijų sukurta seniausia indijoje literatūra – Vedos. Todėl ir pirmoji išsivysčiusi Indijos religijos forma vadinama vedizmu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vedizmas neturėjo šventyklų, dievų atvaizdų, svarbiausia kulto apeiga buvo aukojimas, kuriam būdingas sudėtingas maginis ritualas. Keli dievai – Agnis (Ugnis), Djausas (Dangus), Indra (Audra, Griaustinis), Prithivė (Žemė), Rudras (Riaumojantysis), Surjas (Saulė), Vajus (Vėjas), Varūna (Tvarka). I t - mečio pr m. e. I pusėje vedizmas pamažu transformuojasi į naują religiją – brahmanizmą. Pavadinimas kilo iš ritualinių tekstų – brahmanų – rinkinio. Rėmėsi tomis pačiomis vedų knygomis, kaip ir vedizmas, tik kitaip jas traktavo. Pagal brahmanizmą, mirusio žmogaus siela persikelia į kitą, gimstantį organizmą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Periodiškai pereinama į aukštesnę padėtį užėmančio žmogaus kūną, siela tobulėjanti. Pasiekusi visišką tobulybę, ji susiliejanti su visuotine dvasia Brahmanu. Vyriausieji dievai – Brahma, Višnus, Šyva – sudarė trejybę. Apie to paties tūkstantmečio vidurį atsiranda dar dvi religijos – budizmas ir džainizmas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Budizmo pavadinimas kilęs nuo jos įkūrėjo Sidhartos Gautamos, praminto Buda. Ankstyvasis budizmas neteikia reikšmės nei ritualui, nei teologijai ir apsiriboja tik moralės ir meditacijos principais. Šios doktrinos pagrindą sudaro “keturios kilniosios tiesos”: 1) yra kančia; 2) yra kančios priežastis; 3) yra kančios įveikimas; 4) yra kelias kančiai įveikti. Budistai medituodamiesi, eidami “kilniuoju aštuongubu keliu” siekia įveikti tris svarbiausias aistras (geidulį, neapykantą ir klaidingą žinojimą) ir užgesinti savyje troškimą būti. Taip jie panaikins savyje kančią – pasieks nirvaną. Džainizmo pavadinimas irgi kilo nuo įkūrėjo – Vardamanos, praminto Džina (nugalėtoju). Džainizmas nepripažįsta nei dievų, nei demonų, antgamtinėmis būtybėmis laiko tik tobulybę pasiekusius žmones – titankarus. Kaip ir budistai, džainistai siekia nutraukti ryšius su materialiu pasauliu ir pasiekti nirvaną. Tačiau platieji liaudies sluoksniai nesuprato šių sudėtingų religijų ir susiformavo induizmas – svarbiausia Indijos religija. Induizmas turi dvi pagrindines kryptis – šyvaizmą ir višnuizmą. Induizmas kritiškai žiūrėjo į budizmą ir džainizmą, pripažino Vedų autoritetą, kastas, reinkarnaciją ir karmos dėsnį. Šalia Višnaus ir Šyvos, garbinama ir daugybė vietinių dievybių, šventų gyvulių, kalnų, upių ir panašiai. Nuo XIII a. arabų užkariautojai pradėjo skleisti Indijoje islamą, kuris iš dalies išstūmė budizmą, susiaurino džainizmo įtaką, iš dalies reformavo induizmą, siekė net sujungti šias dvi religijas. Dabar 85% Indijos gyventojų yra induistai, 10% musulmonų, 2,3% krikščionių, likusieji budistai, džainistai ir kiti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Indų architektūra savo poveikiu ir formų turtingumu Azijoje užima centrinę vietą. Jos įtaka siekia Indonezijos salas, Kinija, Korėją ir net Japoniją. Indų architektūrą lėmė trys pagrindinės krašto religijos, sudarydamos savitus stilius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Budizmo stilius labiausiai reiškėsi Indijos šiaurėje ir Ceilone 250 pr. m. e. – 750 m. e. laikotarpyje. Šiam stiliui būdingi trejopi statiniai – stūpos, savotiškai aptverti piliakalniai, ypač garsi Bhopalo valstijoje Sančio stūpa su būdingais vartais, papuoštais akmenyje iškaltu ornamentu, atkartojančių medžiui būdingą vartų konstrukciją; čaitijai, uolose iškaltos milžiniškos šventyklos, kurios dažnai turėjo masyviomis kolonomis atskirtus šoninius praėjimus ir savo planu bei forma primena romanų stiliaus bažnyčias, Karlio šventykla yra būdinga savo lubų skliautu, iškaltoje uoloje pamėgdžiojančiu medžių rąstus, šventyklą apšviečia milžiniška pasagos formos anga, drauge su įeiga apjungta puošniu ornamentu; viharos, budistų vienuolynai, apjungę kelis pastatus su centrinėje vietoje pastatyta šventykla.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Džainizmo stilius gyviausiai reiškėsi 1000 – 1300 mūsų eros metais, bet vėlesnės jo atmainos taip pat buvo paplitę po visą Indiją. Džainistinėms šventykloms buvo būdinga, kad jos turėjo įėjimo kiemus (ar specialiai išplėstas patalpas prieš įėjimą) ir kryžiaus formos planą, pridengtą užlaidinio skliauto, užleidžiant pagal perimetrą kiekvieną horizontalią plytų eilę iki perdengiamas visas plotas. Tuo būdu virš šventyklos susidarydavo bokštas, kuriam buvo suteikiamos įvairios formos (piramidės, meliono, svogūno). Ypatingas dėmesys buvo skiriamas pastato padėtį ir išvaizdą suderinti su gamtovaizdžiu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-16 19:54:04',62,'','2010-06-16 19:59:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 19:54:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,42,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(774,'Antarktida (referatas)','antarktida-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antarktida - pats šalčiausias žemynas. Jis yra išsidėstęs pietų pusrutulio poliariniame rate. Visa Antarktida yra apledėjusi. Ledo storis - apie 2000 - 3000 metrų. O rytinėje dalyje iki 4500 metrų. Tik 2 % žemyno nėra apledėję. Antarktida - penktas pagal dydį žemynas. Jo plotas 14,1 mln. km2. Niekas nėra matęs tikrojo Antarktidos paviršiaus, nes jį dengia storas ledo sluoksnis.Apie 32 % tikrojo paviršiaus yra žemiau jūros lygio. Ištirta, kad tikrajame reljefe yra kalnų, lygumų ir įdubų. Kai kurie kalnai yra labai aukšti - Vinsono kalnų masyvas - 5140 m. Tai pat yra gilių įdubų - 2555 m. Nuo Antarktidos krantų maždaug iki 500 metrų gylio tęsiasi gana lėkštas šelfas. Jame yra įdubų gilesnių kaip 1km. Nuo šelfo krašto dugnas stačiu šlaitu leidžiasi į vandenyno guolį (maždaug 4 - 5 km. gylio). Vandenyno dugne yra keletas didelių ir gilių duburių (Afrikos - Antarktidos iki 6972 m., Australijos - Antarktidos iki 6089 m. Belinghouzeno iki 5395 m), kuriuos skiria povandeniniai kalnagūbriai. Daugelis salų yra tų kalnagūbrių viršūnės. Vidutinis Antarktidos aukštis kartu su ledu (2040 m.) yra trigubai didesnis už kitų žemynų. Antarktida nepriklauso nė vienai valstybei. Kadangi ten nėra nuolatinių gyventojų, o tik tyrinėjimų stotys šis žemynas vadinamas mokslo ir taikos žemynu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antarktidos žemyno klimatas, kuriame vyrauja anticiklonas, skiriasi nuo antarktinio klimato, kuriam būdinga intensyvi ciklonų veikla. Antarktidos klimatas - šalčiausias visoje žemėje. Vostoko stotyje gruodžio mėnesio vidutinė temperatūra - 32 C, rugpjūčio - 71 C. Antarktida yra pats šalčiausias žemynas pasaulyje. Temperatūros absoliutinis minimumas - 92 C, maksimumas ne aukštesnis, kaip - 20  C. Antarktidai būdingas bruožas šaltis – kyla iš to, kad į ją įsiremia žemės sukimosi ašis. Antarktida yra pats šalčiausias žemynas todėl, kad Saulės spinduliai pasiekia jos paviršių įstrižai. Be to, ledas atsispindi ~ 90% Saulės radiacijos, ir jie išsisklaido erdvėje, nesušildę žemės. Antarktidos centre oro slėgis visą laiką aukštas. Iš ten į pakraščius pučia labai stiprūs, net iki 90 m/s vėjai. Metinis kritulių kiekis: centre 30 - 50 mm, pakrantėje 700 - 1000 mm. Krituliai - tik sniegas. Antarktidoje ledas dengia ne tik žemę, bet ir įšalusią jūrą. Vietomis susidaro šelfai, kai jūra yra įšalusi nuo pat dugno. Didžiausi šelfiniai ledynai- Roso (538000 km2) ir Filchnerio (483000 km2). Nuo šelfinių ledynų išorinio krašto atlūžę luitai virsta ledkalniais, kuriuos vėjai ir srovės nuplukdo toli į šiaurę. Antarktidoje yra poliarinės dienos ir naktys, kurios trunka po pusę metų. Poliarinės dienos ar nakties metu Saulė būna arba visą laiką danguje, arba beveik nesirodo. Poliarinės nakties metu Saulė visai nešildo klimato. Tada būna - 60 - 70 C. O poliarinė diena nebūna daug atšilusi. Poliarinės dienos metu temperatūra būna ~-20-30oC. Antarktidos vidutinė temperatūra – 50 C.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didesnėje Antarktidos dalyje nėra augalijos ir gyvūnijos. Tai antarktinė dykuma. Gyvūnija yra susijusi su skalaujančiais vandenynais. Juose daug planktono, kuriuo minta banginiai, ruoniai, žuvys ir paukščiai. Čia veisiasi daugybė banginių rūšių tarp jų ir didžiausi planetos gyvūnai – mėlynieji banginiai, kašalotai, didžiosios orkos. Tipiški Antarktidos gyventojai – pingvinai. Jie minta moliuskais, vėžiukais ir žuvimi.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-16 20:00:10',62,'','2010-06-16 20:10:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-16 20:00:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,41,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(775,'Inercijos momento nustatymas sukamąja svyruokle','inercijos-momento-nustatymas-sukamja-svyruokle','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Sukamąja svyruokle ištirti stačiakampio gretasienio kūno pagrindinius inercijos momentus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Sukamajame judėjime kūno inertiškumas priklauso nuo fizikinio dydžio vadinamo inercijos momentu.Taigi šis dydis yra kūno inertiškumo matas, kai judėjimas yra sukamasis arba svyruojamasis.Atstumu ri nuo sukamosios ašies nutolusio masės mi materialiojo taško inercijos momentas išreiškiamas taip: I<sub>zi</sub>=m<sub>i</sub>r<sub>i</sub><sup>2</sup>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 07:45:20',62,'','2010-06-17 07:50:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 07:45:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,105,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(776,'Termoelektroninės emisijos reiškinio tyrimas 6','termoelektronins-emisijos-reikinio-tyrimas-6','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: vakuuminio diodo voltamperinės charakteristikos matavimas, elektrono išlaisvinimo darbo nustatymas, trijų antrųjų dėsnio pastoviosios nustatymas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Matavimo įrenginio aprašymas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Diodo voltamperinėms charakteristikoms matuoti naudojama paveiksle parodyta elektrinė schema, sudaryta iš tiriamojo diodo D, anodinės ir kaitinimo įtampos šaltinių ir matavimo prietaisų. Voltmetrais PV<sub>1</sub> ir PV<sub>2</sub> matuojama kaitinimo ir anodinė įtampa. Įtampos keičiamos reostatu R<sub>1</sub> ir potenciometru R<sub>2</sub>. Ampermetru PA<sub>1</sub> matuojama kaitinimo srovė, miliampermetru PA<sub>2</sub> – anodinė srovė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 07:51:01',62,'','2010-06-17 07:54:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 07:51:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,104,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(777,'Trinties jėgų tyrimas','trinties-jg-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduotis: 1. Patikrinti sausosios trinties Kulono dėsnį ir įvertinti statinį trinties koeficientą. 2. Patikrinti riedėjimo trinties formulę ir išmatuoti riedėjimo trinties koeficientą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindiniai teoriniai klausimai. 1. Trinties jėgų klasifikacija. 2. Sausosios trinties Kulono dėsnis ir jo aiškinimas. 3. Riedėjimo trinties fizikinė prigimtis. 4. Netiesioginio matavimo paklaidos radimas. 5. Išmatuotojo dydžio ir jo paklaidos apvalinimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 07:54:47',62,'','2010-06-17 07:56:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 07:54:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,103,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(778,'Elektra. Elektrostatika','elektra-elektrostatika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektroninė teorija. Mokslo dalis, tirianti nejudančių elektros krūvių savybes ir sąveiką, vadinama elektrostatika. 1. Egzistuoja dviejų rūšių elektros krūviai; jie vadinami teigiamais ir neigiamais. Kiekvienas atomas sudarytas iš teigiamą elektros krūvį turinčio branduolio ir apie jį skriejančių neigiamą krūvį turinčių elektronų. Branduolio krūvis yra lygus teigiamą turinčių protonų sumai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Elektronų ir protonų krūviai yra vienodo absoliutinio didumo. Jie elementarūs, t.y. nedalomi ir nuo nieko nepriklausomi. 3. Vienarūšiai krūviai vieni kitus stumia, įvairiarūšiai - traukia. Dalis elektronų gali pereiti iš vieno kūno į kitą ir sudaryti jame elektronų perteklių - neigiamą krūvį . Tuomet kitame kūne susidaro elektronų trūkumas, tai atsiranda teigiamas krūvis. Taip kūnai įsielektrina. 4. Elektros krūvis yra tvarus. Tai sako elektros krūvio tvermės dėsnis: izoliuotoje sistemoje elektros krūviai neišnyksta ir neatsiranda, jie gali tik kitaip pasiskirstyti sistemos kūnuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 07:57:16',62,'','2010-06-17 08:04:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 07:57:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,102,'','',0,37,'robots=\nauthor='),(779,'Elektromagnetizmas (špera)','elektromagnetizmas-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">MAGNETINIS LAUKAS.  MAGNETINĖ INDUKCIJA. Magnetinį lauką sukuria judantys elektros krūviai. Elektrinį lauką sukuria bet koks elektros krūvis. Bet kokį laidininką su srove magnetinis laukas veikia jėga. Pagrindinė magnetinio lauko charakteristika - magnetinė indukcija B.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Magnetinė indukcija B lygi jėgai, kurią magnetinis laukas veikia laidininko statmeno magnetiniam laukui ilgio vieneto elementą, kai juo teka 1A srovė.[B]=T(tesla). Aprašyti magnetiniam laukui naudojama dar viena charakteristika - magnetinio lauko stipris H.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 08:05:23',62,'','2010-06-17 08:10:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 08:05:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,101,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(780,'Nuolatinė elektros srovė. Magnetinis laukas','nuolatin-elektros-srov-magnetinis-laukas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektros srovė ir jos pagrindiniai dėsningumai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektros srovė yra bet koks kryptingas elektros krūvių (tiksliau sakant elektringųjų dalelių ar įelektrintų kūnų) judėjimas. Laisvųjų elektronų metaluose ar teigiamųjų bei neigiamųjų jonų elektrolituose judėjimas, įelektrinto bet kokio kūno slenkamasis ar sukamasis judėjimas yra elektros srovės pavyzdžiai. Tačiau dažniausiai kalbėdami apie elektros srovę turime galvoje kryptingą elektringųjų dalelių judėjimą medžiagoje ar vakuume. Šios elektringosios daleles dar vadinamos krūvininkais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tekant elektros srovei atsiranda naujų reiškinių, kurie nebūdingi judantiems krūviams. Iš jų paminėtini: 1. Šiluminis veikimas. Laidininkas, kuriuo teka elektros srovė, įšyla. 2. Cheminis veikimas. Tekant elektros srovei gali kisti medžiagos cheminė sudėtis. Šis reiškinys būdingas tik medžiagoms, kuriose krūvininkai yra jonai, pavyzdžiui, elektrolitams - vandeniniams druskų, rūgščių ar šarmų tirpalams. 3. Magnetinis veikimas. Elektros srovė kuria magnetinį lauką. Pavyzdžiui, arti padėtos magnetinės rodyklės kryptis pakinta, kai laidu ima tekėti elektros srovė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 08:15:30',62,'','2010-06-17 08:27:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 08:15:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,100,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(781,'Puslaidininkės ir funkcinės elektronikos įtaisai','puslaidininks-ir-funkcins-elektronikos-taisai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pratarmė</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1897 metais anglų fizikas Dž. Tomsonas (J. Thomson) atrado elektroną. Po elektrono atradimo pradėjo formuotis nauja mokslo ir mechnikos sritis – elektronika. Per šimtmetį ji taip veržliai vystėsi ir tobulėjo, kad įsiskverbė praktiškai į visas žmogaus veiklos sritis. Pastaruoju metu elektronika tapo besikuriančios informacinės<br />visuomenės varikliu. Elektronikos šaknys fizikoje. Jos susiję su Ampero (Ampere), Kulono (Coulomb), Faradėjaus (Faraday), Gauso (Gauss), Henrio (Henry), Omo (Ohm), Kirchhofo (Kirchhoff), Maksvelo (Maxwell), Herco (Hertz) ir kitų mokslo gigantų vardais. Pirmiausia nuo fizikos atsiskyrė elektrotechnika, paskui nuo jos – elektronika.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektronika dažnai apibrėžiama kaip mokslo ir technikos šaka, tirianti ir taikanti elektros krūvininkų generacijos, judėjimo, rekombinacijos reiškinius vakuume, dujose, kietuosiuose kūnuose ir taikanti šiuos reiškinius ir jais pagrįstus įtaisus informacijai apdoroti. Taigi elektronika, kaip ir elektrotechnika, tiria ir taiko reiškinius, susijusius su elektronais. Tačiau elektroniką nuo elektrotechnikos skiria du svarbūs skiriamieji bruožai. Pirma, elektrotechnika tiria ir taiko reiškinius, susijusius su elektronais ir elektros srove metaluose, elektronika – su elektronų judėjimu vakuume, plazmoje, puslaidininkiuose. Antra, elektrotechnika susijusi su energetika, elektronika – su informacijos apdorojimu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Spręsdami informacijos apdorojimo ir perdavimo uždavinius šiuolaikinės elektronikos srities mokslininkai ir inžinieriai taiko naujausius visų mokslo sričių pasiekimus. Apdorojant informaciją panaudojami nebe tik elektronai, bet ir kitos dalelės – fotonai, nebe tik elektronų krūviai, bet ir jų magnetinės savybės. Mikroelektronika transformuojasi į nanoelektroniką. Prognozuojama, kad, taikant nanotechnologijas, informacija bus apdorojama molekuliniame lygyje. Nanotechnologijos taikys kvantinius reiškinius ir reiškinius biologinėse sistemose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 08:28:09',62,'','2010-06-17 08:34:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 08:28:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,99,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(782,'Filtravimas','filtravimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Filtravimas – suspensijų perskyrimas, kai akytos medžiagos sluoksnis sulaiko kietąsias daleles ir praleidžia skaidrų skystį (filtratą). Šis metodas taikomas, kai kietos dalelės (dispersinė fazė), veikiamos sunkio jėgų, blogai sėda arba kai reikia atskirti kietąją fazę taip, kad joje liktų mažai drėgmės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 08:34:38',62,'','2010-06-17 08:36:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 08:34:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,98,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(783,'Kulkos greitis','kulkos-greitis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Iš sukamosios svyruoklės svyravimų, jai plastiškai susidūrus su kulka, nustatyti tos kulkos greitį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Sistema svyruoklė - kulka praktiškai yra uždara, todėl pagal judesio kiekio momento tvermės dėsnį L1=L2.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 08:37:10',62,'','2010-06-17 08:39:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 08:37:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,97,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor=');
INSERT INTO `jos_content` VALUES (784,'Lazerio šviesos difrakcija','lazerio-viesos-difrakcija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: nustatyti lazerio spinduliuojamų šviesos bangų ilgį, ištirti maksimumų apšviestumus plyšio difrakciniame vaizde Fraunhoferio difrakcijos atveju ir susipažinti su plyšio difrakciniu vaizdu Frenelio difrakcijos atveju.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis: šviesos difrakcija – tai reiškinys, kai šviesos bangos, sutikdamos mažas kliūtis, mažas angas arba siaurus plyšius, pastebimai užlinksta Skiriame du šviesos bangų difrakcijos atvejus: 1. Plokščiųjų bangų – Fraubhoferio difrakcija; 2. Sferinių bangų – Frenelio difrakcija. Apšvietus tiesinę difrakcinę gardelę plokščiąja monochromatine banga, ekrane pasirodo difrakcinis vaizdas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 08:39:41',62,'','2010-06-17 08:42:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 08:39:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,96,'','',0,38,'robots=\nauthor='),(785,'Optika (laboratoriniai darbai)','optika-laboratoriniai-darbai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mokymo knyga ypatingai gabių mokinių papildomojo ugdymo mokyklos \"Fizikos olimpas\" moksleiviams, atliekantiems praktikos darbus Vilniaus universiteto Fizikos fakulteto Optikos laboratorijoje pagal mokyklos fizikos kurso programą. Leidiniu gali naudotis ir kiti moksleiviai bei aukštųjų mokyklų studentai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Optinių sistemų tyrimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduotys. 1. Nustatyti glaudžiamojo ir sklaidomojo lęšio židinio nuotolį. 2. Nustatyti įgaubtojo ir iškiliojo veidrodžio židinio nuotolį. 3. Nustatyti optinės sistemos kardinaliuosius elementus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 09:01:36',62,'','2010-06-17 09:09:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 09:01:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,95,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(786,'Kūnų laisvojo kritimo pagreičio nustatymas','kn-laisvojo-kritimo-pagreiio-nustatymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Nustatykite kūnų laisvojo kritimo pagreitį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinio pasirengimo klausimai. Visuotinės traukos dėsnis. Kūno laisvasis kritimas ir jo pagreitis. Atsitiktinės ir sisteminės paklaidos. Teorinė dalis. Pagal visuotinės traukos dėsnį, nuotoliu r nutolę du taškiniai masės m ir M kūnai traukia vienas kitą jėga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 09:09:40',62,'','2010-06-17 09:11:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 09:09:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,94,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(787,'Puslaidininkinio fotorezistoriaus vidinio fotoefekto tyrimas','puslaidininkinio-fotorezistoriaus-vidinio-fotoefekto-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.Darbo tikslas: ištirti fotorezistoriaus liukamperinę ir voltamperinę charakteristikas, apsakaičiuoti stacionarinio fotolaidumo ir tamsinio laidumo santykį bei nustatyti krūvininkų vidutinę gyvavimo trukmę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis: vidiniu fotoefektu vadinamas puslaidininkio elektrinio laidumo didėjimas, apšvietus jį šviesa. Papildomas elektrinis laidumas, atsiradęs dėl šviesos poveikio, vadinamas fotolaidumu. Prietaisas, kurio veikimas pagrįstas vidiniu fotoefektu, vadinamas puslaidininkiniu fotorezistoriumi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 09:12:13',62,'','2010-06-17 09:20:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 09:12:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,93,'','',0,147,'robots=\nauthor='),(788,'Energijos rūšys. Termodinamika','energijos-rys-termodinamika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prie spiralinės spyruoklės pakabintas krovinys, deformavęs spyruoklę, atsidurs tam tikroje padėtyje (1). Atlikus darbą kroviniui pakelti į 2 padėtį, galima suteikti jam papildomą potencinę energiją. Paleistas krovinys kris žemyn, ir 3 padėtyje visa potencinė energija pereina į kinetinę. Dėl inercijos krovinys nesustoja ir krenta žemyn, į 4 padėtį, eikvodamas  kinetinę energiją spyruoklei deformuoti ir potencinei energijai sukurti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Svyruoklė, kildama iš pusiausvyros padėties A į tašką B, esantį aukštyje h, įgyja potencinės energijos mgh ; o kinetinė energija taške B, kuriame svyruoklė sustoja, lygi 0; vadinasi energija lygi mgh. Svyruoklei ėmus judėti lanku BA, jos greitis didėja; vadinasi, didėja kinetinė energija, o potencinė energija mažėja. Taške A visa potencinė energija pavirsta į nulį, užtat kinetinė energija pasiekia tą pačią reikšmę mgh (va<sup>2</sup>=2gh).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 09:14:40',62,'','2010-06-17 09:20:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 09:14:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,92,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(789,'Transformatorius','transformatorius','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Transformatoriaus pagalba mes galime keisti tam tikro dažnio kintamosios srovės įtampą, o galia beveik neprarandama. Transformatorius sudarytas iš uždaros plieninės šerdies, ant kurios užmaunamos ritės su apvijomis. Viena jų (pirminė) jungiama prie kintamosios įtampos elektros šaltinio, prie kitos (antrinės) jungiami prietaisai vartojantys elektrą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 09:21:32',62,'','2010-06-17 09:23:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 09:21:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,91,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(790,'Atvudo mašina','atvudo-maina','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: II Niutono dėsnio eksperimentinis patikrinimas, tolygiai greitėjančio ir tolyginio judesio tyrimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aparatūra ir darbo metodas: vertikalios kolonos viršuje įtvirtinas skriemulys, per kurį permestas siūlas. Prie kolonos pritvirtinti trys kronšteinai. Prie siūlo galų pritvirtinti vienodos masės svareliai. Ant vieno svarelio uždedamas papildomas svarelis. Išjungus elektromagnetą sistema pradeda judėti su pagreičiu. Prieš pat pasiekiant pirmą fotoelektrinį daviklį paplidomas svarelis atskiriamas nuo svarelių sistemos ir toliau sistema be pagreičio įveikia kelią tarp fotoelektrinių daviklių. Skaitmeninė skalė parodo laiką per kuri svarelis nuėjo kelia tarp daviklių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 09:23:56',62,'','2010-06-17 09:26:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 09:23:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,90,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(791,'Atvudo mašina 2','atvudo-maina-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Atvudo mašina nustatyti kūno pagreitį ir jį palyginti su pagreičiu, apskaičiuotu pagal antrąjį Niutono dėsnį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Siūlu surištų kūnų 3 ir 4 sistema yra pusiausvyra. Ant vieno iš jų uždėjus mases m svarelį, pusiausvyra sutrinka ir sistema pradeda greitėjančiai judėti. Iš antrojo Niutono dėsnio kūnų pagreičio projekcija vertikalioje ašyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 09:26:39',62,'','2010-06-17 09:28:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 09:26:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,89,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(792,'Šviesos bangos ilgio nustatymas Frenelio biprizme 3','viesos-bangos-ilgio-nustatymas-frenelio-biprizme-3','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Naudojantis Frenelio biprizmę, nustatyti polimonchromatinės šviesos bangos ilgį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aparatūra ir darbo metodas. Matavimo aparatūrą sudaro: šviesos šaltinis, Frenelio biprizmė ir žiūronas su mikrometriniu sraigtu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 09:29:14',62,'','2010-06-17 09:31:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 09:29:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,88,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(793,'Atomo ir branduolio fizikos laboratoriniai darbai','atomo-ir-branduolio-fizikos-laboratoriniai-darbai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Spinduliavimo kvantinė prigimtis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Siekdamas paaiškinti absoliučiai juodo kūno spinduliuotės eksperimentinius dėsningumus, vokiečių fizikas Maksas Plankas 1900 m. padarė prielaidą, kad elektromagnetinė energija išspinduliuojama ir sklinda ne tolydžiai, o diskrečiai, tiksliai apibrėžtomis atskiromis porcijomis, kurios vadinamos spinduliuotės kvantais. Be to, vieno kvanto energija E yra proporcinga spinduliuotės dažniui ν. Proporcingumo koeficientas vadinamas Planko konstanta ir žymimas h.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Planko hipotezės pagrindu Albertas Einšteinas 1905 m. sukūrė šviesos kvantinę (fotoninę) teoriją. Pagal Einšteiną, šviesos energijos kvantą galima laikyti materialia dalele, kuri sklinda šviesos greičiu ir perneša energiją E = hν. Ši dalelė vadinama fotonu. Kadangi fotonas elgiasi kaip materiali dalelė, tai jis privalo turėti masę ir judesio kiekį. Fotono masę mf galima rasti, pasinaudojus energijos ir masės sąryšiu: hν = m<sub>f</sub>c<sup>2</sup></p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 09:31:30',62,'','2010-06-17 09:36:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 09:31:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,87,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(794,'Lazeris fotoelementas','lazeris-fotoelementas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prietaisas keičiantis spindulių energiją elektros energija vadinamas fotoelementu. Vakuuminį fotoelementą sudaro stiklinis balionas, iš kurio išsiurbtas oras. Dalis baliono vidinio paviršiaus padengta šviesiai jautriu metalo sluoksniu, - tai fotokatodas. Anodas yra metalinis žiedelis įmontuotas baliono žiede. Abu elektrodai įjungiami į grandinę kontaktinėmis kojelėmis, įtvirtintomis plastmasiniame cokolyje. Apšvietus katodą iš jo išlekia fotoelektronai ir skrieja link teigiamo anodo, grandinėje atsiranda fotosrovė. Vakuuminio fotoelemento srovė neinertiška, tiksliai pakartoja šviesos kitimus, todėl šie prietaisai naudojami garsui įrašyti kino juostoje ir įrašytam garsui atgaminti. Taip pat apšviestumui matuoti, įvairiems procesams automatiškai valdyti. Derinant fotoelementus ir elektromagnetines rėles galimi įvairūs regintieji automatai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Saulės baterija.  Saulės baterija sudaryta iš užtvarinių puslaidininkinių fotoelementų. Elektroninio laidumo silicio plokštelė padengiama plonu skylinio laidumo silicio sluoksniu. Tarp skiringo laidumo puslaidininkių susidaro užtvarinis pn sluoksnis. Veikiant šviesai silicio sluoksnyje vyksta vidinis fotoefektas: išsilaisvina elektronai ir atsiranda skylės. Veikiami sandūros elektrinio lauko, šie krūvininkai atsiskiria – elektronai pereina į n sritį, o skylutės kaupiasi p srityje; pn sandūroje atsiranda papildomas potencialų skirtumas, vadinamas fotoelektrovaros jėga. Sujungus elektronus grandine teka srovė, jos stiprumas priklauso nuo šviesos srauto ir apkrovos varžos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 09:36:23',62,'','2010-06-17 09:42:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 09:36:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,86,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(795,'Ignalinos atominė elektrinė','ignalinos-atomin-elektrin','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ignalinos AE veikia kanalinio tipo šiluminių neutronų vandens - grafito branduoliniai reaktoriai RBMK - 1500. Toks energinis reaktorius - vienas iš galingiausių pasaulyje. Šiluminė elektrinės vieno bloko galia - 4800 MW, elektrinė galia - 1500 MW. Pirmasis blokas buvo paleistas 1983, o antrasis 1987m. Ignalinos AE, kaip ir visose elektrinėse, turinčiose RBMK tipo reaktorius, naudojama vieno kontūro šiluminė schema: į turbinas tiekiamas prisotintas 6,5 MPa slėgio garas, susidaro tiesiog reaktoriuje, verdant per jį pratekančiam lengvajam vandeniui, cirkuliuojančiam uždaru kontūru. Pirmoji elektrinės eilė turi tik du energetinius blokus. Vieno reaktoriaus bloke yra dvi turbinos, kurių galia po 750 MW, kiekviename energobloke yra patalpos branduolinio kuro transportavimo sistemoms ir valdymo pultams. Bendra energoblokams - mašinų salė, patalpos dujoms valyti ir vandens paruošimo sistemos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jau 1979 m., gerokai prieš 1-ojo bloko paleidimą 1983 gruodį, buvo pradėta tyrinėti aplinkinio rajono gamta. Gauti rezultatai ir išvados leido paruošti būtinas priemones ir patobulinti elektrinės apylinkių kontrolės sistemą dar ruošiant jėgainės projektą. Šios aplinkybės ir nulėmė tai, jog Ignalinos AE daro kuo mažiausią poveikį ją supančiai aplinkai. Elektrinėje numatyta specialūs elementai ir sistema, kuri garantuoja elektrinės ir ir aplinkos apsaugą nuo radiacijos esant normaliam elektrinės darbui ir kilus avarinėms situacijoms.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 09:43:15',62,'','2010-06-17 09:49:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 09:43:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,85,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(796,'Skystų tirpalų paviršiaus įtempimo koeficiento priklausomybės nuo koncentracijos tyrimas','skyst-tirpal-paviriaus-tempimo-koeficiento-priklausomybs-nuo-koncentracijos-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Ištirti kaip priklauso vandens paviršiaus įtempimo koeficientas nuo jame ištirpinto alkoholio koncentracijos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Skysčio molekulės yra arti viena kitos, todėl tarp jų veikia gana didelės molekulinės jėgos. Didėjant atstumui, molekulinės jėgos sparčiai mažėja. Kai šis atstumas didesnis už vadinamąjį molekulinio veikimo sferos spindulį  R≈10<sup>-9</sup> m, į jas jau nekreipiama dėmesio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 09:49:42',62,'','2010-06-17 09:53:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 09:49:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,84,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(797,'Termoelektroninės emisijos reiškinio tyrimas 5','termoelektronins-emisijos-reikinio-tyrimas-5','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Išbrėžti vakuuminio diodo voltamperinę charakteristiką ir apskaičiuoti elektrono išlaisvinimo darbą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinio pasirengimo klausimai. Elektrono išlaisvinimo darbas. Termoelektroninė emisija. Vakuuminio diodo voltamperinė charakteristika. Ričardsono ir Dašmano formulė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Metaluose apstu laisvųjų elektronų, tačiau jie laisvai juda tik metale. Elektronui išlėkus į vakuumą, toje vietoje metale lieka teigiamojo krūvio perteklius, kuris traukia elektroną. Išlėkus dideliam elektronų kiekiui, ties metalo paviršiumi susidaro labai plonas dvigubas elektrinis sluoksnis. Jo storis lygus keliems tarpatominiams nuotoliams. Į jį patekusį elektroną veiks į metalo vidų nukreipta elektrinė jėga. Elektronas išsilaisvindamas iš metalo, turi atlikti išlaisvinimo darbą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 09:53:28',62,'','2010-06-17 09:55:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 09:53:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,83,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(798,'11 klasės fizikos kursas','11-klass-fizikos-kursas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinės molekulinės kinetinės teorijos teiginiai: 1. Tarp dalelių yra tarpai. 2. Dalelės tarpusavy sąveikauja. 3. Visi kūnai gamtoje yra sudaryti iš dalelių. 4. Dalelės netvarkingai arba chaotiškai juda.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Brauno judėjimas - skysčiuose arba dujose esančių dalelių šiluminis judėjimas (dalelės juda netvarkingai). Tarp molekulių veikia molekulių saveikos jėgos: traukos ir stūmos jėgos. Idealiosios dujos-realiųjų dujų modelis. Tarp idealiųjų dujų molekulių yra labai mažos sąveikos jėgos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 09:56:09',62,'','2010-06-17 10:00:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 09:56:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,82,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(799,'Fizikos medžiagos santrauka','fizikos-mediagos-santrauka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">TEMPERATŪRA. JOS MATAVIMAS. ABSOLIUTINĖ TEMPERATŪRA.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Fizikinis parametras, kuris yra vienodas visose šiluminės pusiausvyros būsenos kūnų sistemos dalyse, vadinamas kūno temperatūra. Temperatūra apibūdina kūnų sistemos šiluminės pusiausvyros būsena: šiluminės pusiausvyros būsenos sistemos visų dalių temperatūra yra vienoda. Temperatūra yra skaliarinis dydis. Ji yra matuojama dviem pagrindiniais dydžiais: celcijais, kelvinais. Abu šie dydžiai turi matavimo skales, kurios atitinkamai vadinasi Celcijaus skale ir Kelvino skale.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Celcijaus skalė. Šioje skalėje 0<sup>0</sup>C ledo tirpimo temperatūra, o 100<sup>0</sup>C vandens virimo temperatūra. Intervalas nuo 0<sup>0</sup> iki 100<sup>0</sup> dalijamas į 100 lygių dalių, todeė 1 dalis atitinka 1<sup>0</sup>. Kelvino skalė. Šioje skalėje 0<sup>0</sup> atitinka -273<sup>0</sup>C. Ryšys tarp 1 Celcijaus ir 1 Kelvino yra labai paprastas, nes 1<sup>0</sup>C = 1K. Bet negalima šių dviejų temperatūrų sulyginti, nes skirtumas yra 100<sup>0</sup>. Galima, kad temperatūra pakilo 5<sup>0</sup>C arba 5K, bet negalima sakyti, kad temperatūra pakilo iki 5<sup>0</sup>, kurie lygūs 5K. Visi temperatūros matavimo būdai pagrįsti medžiagų fizikinių savybių kitimu, kintant temperatūrai. Dažniausiai remiamasi kietųjų kūnų arba skysčių šiluminiu plėtimusi. Paprastai temperatūros sukeltus fizikinius pokyčius galima stebėti tam tikru prietaisu – termometrų skalėse.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 10:00:51',62,'','2010-06-17 10:09:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 10:00:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,81,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(800,'Y spindulių silpimo medžiagoje tyrimas','y-spinduli-silpimo-mediagoje-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Darbo tikslas. Nustatyti γ spindulių tiesinį ir masinį silpimo koaficientus ir pusstorius dviem skirtingoms medžiagoms.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Radioaktyvunu vadinamas savaiminis vienų atomų branduolių virsmas kitų atomų atomais, kurio metu skleidžiami įvairių rūšių radioaktyvieji spinduliai. Radioaktyviojo virsmo metu stebimi trijų rūšių spinduliai: α, β ir γ. Nustatyta, jog α spindulius sudaro helio branduolių, srautas. β spindulius sudaro elektronų srautas.  γ  spinduliai pagal klasikinę fiziką yra labai trumpos elektromegnetinės bangos fiziką yra labai trumpos elektromegnetinės bangos.  Pagal Planko iškeltą kvantinę hipotezę elektromagnetinės bangos yra mikroobjektų, vadinamų fotonais, srautas. Fotono energija tiesiogiai proporcinga elektromagnetinių bangų dažniui ir lygi W = h; čia h = 6.626*10  Js – Planko konstanta. Vadinasi  spinduliai yra didelės energijos fotonų srautas. Vien γ spindulių radioaktyvieji izotopai nespinduliuoja, šie spinduliai lydi α ir β  skilimą (savaiminį vienų branduolių virsmą kitais, išspinduliuojant ir šias daleles). γ spindulius skleidžia ne motininis, o dukterinis branduolys, kuris susidarymo metu turi daugiau energijos negu normalioje būsenoje, ir todėl yra vadinamas sužadintu. Per labai trumpą laiką sužadinti branduoliai energijos perteklių išspinduliuoja γ fotonų pavidalu. γ fotonų energija gali turėti tik dikretines reikšmes, atitinkančias dukterinių branduolių energetinių būsenų energijų skirtumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 11:09:14',62,'','2010-06-17 11:14:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 11:09:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,80,'','',0,44,'robots=\nauthor='),(801,'Geometrinė optika','geometrin-optika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Korpuskulikė šviesos teorija: šviesa yra dalelių srautas. Jos sklinda iš šaltinio į visas puses (medžiagos pernešimas). Banginė teorija: šviesa - bangos, sklindančios ypatingoje hipotetinėje erdvėje - eteryje. Eteris užpildo visą erdvę. Šviesos difrakcija - šviesos užlinkimas už kliūties. Šviesos interferencija - šviesos susilpnėjimas arba sustiprėjimas vienam pluoštui dengiant kitą. Šviesa yra elektromagnetinės bangos. Šviesa spinduliuojama ir sugeriama kaip dalelių srautas. Interferencijos ir difrakcijos reiškinius galėjo paaiškinti tiktai banginė šviesos teorija, o spinduliavimo ir sugėrimo - korpuskulinė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tiesiaeigis šviesos sklidimas. Šviesos sklidimo kryptį nurodo spinduliai - linijos, statmenos bangų paviršiams. Šviesos spinduliu vadinamas ne plonas šviesos pluoštas, bet linija, kuria sklinda šviesos energija. Tiesiaeigio sklidimo dėsnis: vienalytėje aplinkoje šviesa sklinda tiesiai. Mažų matmenų šaltinis meta ryškių kontūrų šešėlį. Kai šaltinio matmenys dideli - šešėliai yra nekontrastingi. Elektromagnetinių bangų energijos srauto tankis apibūdina ir šviesos bangų energiją. Tolstant nuo šaltinio, ji mažėja kaip dydis 1/R<sup>2</sup>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šviesos atspindys. Aplinkų riboje spindulio kryptis pakinta. Dalis šviesos grįžta į pirmąją aplinką (šviesos atspindys). Dalis šviesos patenka į antrąją aplinką, kurioje ji sklinda kita kryptimi (šviesa lūžta). Jeigu riba yra paviršius, kurio nelygumai žymiai mažesni už šviesos bangos ilgį - atspindys veidrodinis. Į artimų veidrodiniams paviršių siauru pluoštu krintantys lygiagretūs spinduliai atsispindėję taip pat sklinda siauru pluoštu artimomis kryptimis (veidrodinis atspindys). Kai nelygumai didesni už šviesos bangos ilgį, siauras pluoštas aplinkų riboje išsklaidomas; atsispindėję spinduliai sklinda įvairiomis kryptimis (sklaidusis arba difuzinis atspindys). Krintantysis spindulys, atsispindėjęs spindulys ir kritimo taške iškeltas statmuo dviejų aplinkų ribai yra vienoje plokštumoje; atspindžio kampas γ lygus kritimo kampui α. Jeigu šviesos spinduliai sklistų atvirkščia kryptimi, tai atsispindėjęs spindulys taptų krintančiuoju, o krintantysis - atsispindėjusiu (spindulių apgręžiamumas). Taškas S<sub>1</sub> bus taško S atvaizdas plokščiajame veidrodyje (menamasis atvaizdas, nes taške S<sub>1</sub> susikerta ne patys atsispindėję spinduliai, bet jų tęsiniai. Šviesos energija šio taško nepasiekia. Taškai S ir S<sub>1</sub> išsidėstę simetriškai veidrodžio atžvilgiu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 11:14:42',62,'','2010-06-17 11:17:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 11:14:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,79,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(802,'Reliatyvumo teorija','reliatyvumo-teorija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Reliatyvumo teorijos pagrindai buvo sukurti dvidešimtojo amžiaus pradžioje. Jos kūrėjais buvo Lorencas (Heinrich Lorentz), Puankarė (Henri Poincaré), Einšteinas (Albert Einstein), Minkovskis (Herman Minkowski). Fizikoje išskiriamos dvi skirtingos reliatyvumo teorijos sąvokos: 1. Specialioji reliatyvumo teorija; 2. Bendroji reliatyvumo teorija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Specialiosios reliatyvumo teorijos pagrindai buvo sukurti nagrinėjant šviesos sklidimą, elektrono judėjimą ir kitus elektromagnetinius reiškinius. Dabar specialiosios reliatyvumo teorijos tyrimo objektas yra fizikinių procesų vykstančių dariniuose judančiuose greičiu artimu šviesos greičiui nagrinėjimas bei kiti fizikiniai procesai, kurių vyksme nereikia įskaityti gravitacinių jėgų, bet būtina atsižvelgti į baigtinį sąveikos perdavimo greitį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bendroji reliatyvumo teorija tradiciškai nagrinėja fizikinius reiškinius susietus su gravitacija. Gravitacija esminį vaidmenį vaidina visatoje. Todėl bet kokių kosmologijos problemų nagrinėjimas yra negalimas be bendrosios reliatyvumo teorijos žinių. Šiame kurse bendrosios reliatyvumo teorijos nenagrinėsime. Greičiai artimi šviesos greičiui yra būdingi elementariųjų dalelių fizikoje. Todėl specialioji reliatyvumo teorija būtina nagrinėjant mikropasaulio reiškinius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Esminis specialiosios reliatyvumo teorijos bruožas yra tai, kad ji įvairius fizikinius vyksmus susieja su erdvės ir laiko savybėmis. Ypatingai yra išryškinami geometriniai erdvės ir laiko savitumai. Viena iš revoliucingiausių reliatyvumo teorijos išvadų buvo erdvės ir laiko savybių susiejimas į vieną visumą. Todėl specialioji reliatyvumo teorija dažnai vadinama erdvės ir laiko fizika arba erdvės ir laiko geometrija. Skirtingai nuo kitų fizikinių teorijų, čia dominuoja geometriniai analizės metodai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 11:18:36',62,'','2010-06-17 11:21:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 11:18:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,78,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(803,'Teorinė mechanika 1 uždavinių sprendimo vadovas (vgtu)','teorin-mechanika-1-udavini-sprendimo-vadovas-vgtu','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Knygoje pateiktos žinios apie teoretinės mechanikos statikos principų taikymą įvairiems uždaviniams spręsti. Pateikiami svarbiausių tipinių uždavinių sprendimo pavyzdžiai, išsamūs jų komentarai. Nagrinėjama susikertančiųjų, plokščiųjų ir erdvinių jėgų sistemų pusiausvyra, kūnų sistemos pusiausvyra bei aptariami slydimo trinties uždavinių sprendimo ypatumai. Leidinys skirtas VGTU pagrindinių studijų studentams spręsti savarankiško darbo užduotis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė mechanika yra viena iš svarbiausių disciplinų, rengiant aukštos kvalifikacijos inžinerijos specialistus. Ja remiasi tokios bendrosios inžinerinės disciplinos, kaip medžiagų mechanika, taikomoji mechanika, mašinų ir prietaisų elementai. Remiantis teorinės mechanikos principais sprendžiami daugelis inžinerinių uždavinių, projektuojamos mašinos ir statiniai. Mokantis teorinės mechanikos, reikia įgyti uždavinių sprendimo įgūdžių. Todėl būtina savarankiškai spręsti pakankamai uždavinių. Šiame leidinyje pateikiami statikos uždavinių sprendimo pavyzdžiai ir savarankiško darbo užduotys. Kartu pateikiami savarankiškai spręsti skirtų uždavinių teisingi sprendimo rezultatai.Knyga skirta visų specialybių ir mokymo formų (dieninio ir neakivaizdinio) VGTU studentams. Tai pirmasis tokio pobūdžio leidinys, kuriame pateikiami savarankiško sprendimo užduočių variantai ir jų rezultatai. Autoriai atsiprašo už pasitaikančius netikslumus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 11:22:01',62,'','2010-06-17 11:25:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 11:22:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,77,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(804,'Fizika, mechanika, termodinamika ir elektromagnetizmas','fizika-mechanika-termodinamika-ir-elektromagnetizmas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Fizikos tyrimo objektas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žodis \"fizika\" yra graikiškos (physis) kilmės ir reiškia gamtą. Fizika tiria paprasčiausius, bendriausius gamtos reiškinių dėsningumus, materijos sandarą ir jos judėjimo dėsnius. Taigi fizikos tyrimo objektas yra mus supanti gamta. Fizikos tyrimo objektas yra visa tai, kas supa Žemę, kas yra jos paviršiuje ir gelmėse, kas yra dujose skysčiuose ir kietuose kūnuose, kokios medžiagų savybės, kokie materijos judėjimo dėsningumai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\"> </p>\r\n','\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Erdvė ir laikas – pagrindinės materijos būties formos: erdvė reiškia materijos tįsumą ir struktūriškumą, o laikas – būsenų trukmę ir jų kaitos nuoseklumą. Erdvė – trimatė tuštuma, vienalytė ir izotropinė. Jos savybės: vienalytiškumas suprantamas kaip poslinkio simetrija, t.y. lygiagrečiai perkėlus mechaninę uždarąją sistemą, jos mechaninės savybės nepakinta; izotropiškumas reiškia visų krypčių tapatumą, t. y. pasukus uždarąją sistemą, jos mechaninės savybės nepakinta (sukimo simetrija).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 11:26:18',62,'','2010-06-17 11:29:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 11:26:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',2,0,76,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(805,'Briusterio kampo nustatymas ir Maliu dėsnio ptikrinimas','briusterio-kampo-nustatymas-ir-maliu-dsnio-ptikrinimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Ekspermentiškai patikrinti Maliu dėsnį, nustatyti Briusterio kampą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Pagal banginę teoriją regimąją šviesą sudaro elektromagnetinės bangos, kurių ilgis yra 400-760 nm ribose. Elektromagnetinės bangos – tai periodiškai kintančio elektro magnetinio lauko sklidimas erdvėje. Sklindant elektromagnetinėms bangoms laisva erdve, elektrinio lauko stiprumo vektorius E, magnetinio lauko stiprumo vektorius H ir sklidimo kryptis tarp savęs statmeni. Elektromagnetinės bangos yra skersinės. Kai vektorius E svyruoja tik viena linkme, statmena šviesos sklidimo krypčiai, ji vadinama tiesiai poliarizuota. Plokštuma pravesta per šviesos vektoriaus E svyravimų linkmę ir šviesos sklidimo kryptį, vadinama poliarizacijos plokštuma. Poliarizatoriumi gali būti šviesiai skaidri vienalytė ir izotropinė plokštelė. Pagal šviesos lūžio dėsnį kritimo kampo i ir lūžio kampo r sinusų santykis n<sub>21</sub> nepriklauso nuo kritimo kampo dviem pasirinktom aplinkom ir lygus šviesos sklidimo greičių c<sub>1</sub> pirmoje aplinkoje ir aplinkoje c<sub>2</sub> santykiui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 11:30:47',62,'','2010-06-17 11:34:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 11:30:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,75,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(806,'Metalų šilumos laidumo koeficiento nustatymas','metal-ilumos-laidumo-koeficiento-nustatymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Nustatyti vario šilumos laidumo koeficientą ir įvertinti vario valentinių elektronų laisvojo kelio vidutinį ilgį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinio pasirengimo klausimai. Temperatūros gradientas. Metalų šilumos laidumo „elektroninis” mechanizmas. Furjė dėsnis. Teorinė dalis. Šilumos laidumas – tai reiškinys, kai labiau įkaitusio kūno dalies vidinė energija perduodama mažiau įkaitusiai kūno daliai (ar kitiems kūnams) neatliekant mechaninio darbo. Sakykime išilgai Ox ašies (1 pav.) varinio strypo temperatūra T didėja, o jai statmena kryptimi, labai plono medžiagos sluoksnio, temperatūra vienoda. Temperatūros didžiausią erdvinę kitimo spartą nusakantį dydį lΔT/Δxl vadiname temperatūros gradiento moduliu. Kiekvieno dydžio gradientas yra vektorius nukreiptas to dydžio didėjimo kryptimi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 11:35:14',62,'','2010-06-17 11:38:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 11:35:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,74,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(807,'Teleskopai. Hablo kosminis teleskopas','teleskopai-hablo-kosminis-teleskopas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teleskopas yra pagrindinis astronomų instrumentas. Be jo mūsų žinios būtų labai ribotos, nes kiti instrumentai, pavyzdžiui, veikiantys spektroskopo principu, yra susiję su teleskopu, kuris surenka jiems reikalingą šviesą. Daug metų didžiausias pasaulyje buvo 508 cm skersmens Maunt Palomaro observatorijos (JAV) reflektorius, pastatytas Džordžo Elerio Heilio (1868-1938) iniciatyva. Heilio šūkis “Daugiau šviesos!” galioja ir dabar, nes astronomai stengiasi pasiekti kuo tolesnius nuo Žemės objektus ir giliau pažvelgti į visatą. Dabartinis didžiausias teleskopas pasaulyje yra 982 cm Keck teleskopas Mauna Kea observatorijoje Havajuose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nors pirmą teleskopą tikriausiai išrado olandai, Galilėjus pirmasis jį nukreipė į žvaigždes 17-ame amžiuje. Jis naudojo refraktorių (viršutinis), sudarytą iš dviejų lęšių. 18-o amžiaus teleskopu (vidurinis) gauti vaizdai būdavo neryškūs dėl įvairių lęšių neatitikimų. Apatinis teleskopas yra reflektorius, turintis du veidrodžius bei lęšį, kas pagerina spalvų kokybę ir nereikalauja ilgų “vamzdžių”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teleskopai yra dviejų rūšių - refraktoriai ir reflektoriai. Ir vieni, ir kiti turi savo pranašumų, bet, deja, ir trūkumų. Refraktoriai buvo sukurti XVII a. I dešimtmetyje. Juos naudojo Galilėjas Galilėjus (1564-1642) ir jo amžininkai. Dangaus kūno šviesa krinta į tam tikros formos refraktoriaus lęšį, vadinamą objektyvu; jis fokusuoja šviesos spindulius. Gautas atvaizdas didinamas antruoju lęšiu, kuris vadinamas okuliaru. Kuo didesnis objektyvas, tuo daugiau šviesos surenka teleskopas: 15,2 cm refraktoriaus šviesos galia dukart didesnė negu 7,6 cm refraktoriaus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Objektyvo paskirtis - surinkti kuo daugiau šviesos, o atvaizdą didina okuliaras. Kiekvienas teleskopas turi kelis okuliarus, kuriuos prireikus galima keisti. Kokį okuliarą naudoti, lemia surinktos šviesos kiekis. Pavyzdžiui, 500 kartų didinantis okuliaras netinka 7,6 cm refraktoriui, nes taip smarkiai padidintas vaizdas bus labai blyškus ir neryškus. Toks okuliaras tinka tik tada, kai objektas didelis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 11:39:33',62,'','2010-06-17 11:41:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 11:39:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,73,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(808,'Teodoras Grotus - fizikinės chemijos mokslo pradininkas','teodoras-grotus-fizikins-chemijos-mokslo-pradininkas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">MOKSLININKO BIOGRAFIJOS FAKTAI</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvos fizikas ir chemikas Teodoras Grotus yra įžymus mokslininkas, tyrinėjęs elektrolizę ir šviesos reiškinius, savo tyrimais dešimtmečiais pralenkęs to laikotarpio mokslo lygį. T. Grotaus tėvas buvo visapusiškai išsilavinęs žmogus, palaikė ryšius su įžymiais XVIII šimtmečio asmenimis. Būsimojo mokslininko tėvai dažnai važinėdavo į užsienį ir vienos kelionės į Vokietiją metu, 1785 m. sausio 20 d. Leipcige gimė Teodoras Grotus. Vaikystėje anksti netekęs tėvo, Teodoras iki 17 metų amžiaus išgyveno motinos paveldėtame Gedučių dvare (dab. Biržų apsk.).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mokėsi, kaip tais laikais buvo priimta,  namuose, daugiausiai humanitarinių mokslų bei svetimų kalbų. Tačiau paveldėjęs iš tėvo nemažą biblioteką susidomėjo fizika ir chemija, atlikinėjo cheminius eksperimentus, nors jo mokytojas, laikydamas domėjimąsi chemija bajorui netinkamu užsiėmimu, draudė jam skaityti chemijos knygas. Vėliau, tapęs savarankiškas, Grotus pasišventė chemijai ir 1908 m. įstojo į Leipcigo universitetą. Tačiau studijos Leipcige jo nepatenkino ir jis persikėlė į Paryžių, į garsiąją Politechnikos mokyklą. Studijuodamas Paryžiaus Politechnikos mokykloje, jis pažinojo ir bendravo su daugeliu garsių to meto mokslininkų: J. Gei-Liusaku, A. Humboltu, J. Bercelium ir kitais. Vėliau jis studijavo Romoje, Neapolyje, kur ir susidomėjo prof. Pakiani eksperimentiniu darbu apie galvaninius reiškinius. Pagal Pakiani, vandens elektrolizės metu ant teigiamojo elektrodo susidaro druskos rūgštis. Kartodamas Pakiani eksperimentus, Grotus nepatvirtino jo rezultatų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 11:42:06',62,'','2010-06-17 11:51:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 11:42:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,72,'','',0,115,'robots=\nauthor='),(809,'Kulkos greičio nustatymas sukamąja svyruokle','kulkos-greiio-nustatymas-sukamja-svyruokle','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Iš sukamosios svyruoklės svyravimų, jai plastiškai susidūrus su kulka, nustatyti tos kulkos greitį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Kūnui sukantis, ar svyruojant, jo inertiškumą nusako inercijos momentas Iz. Jis visada nusakomas konkrečios ašies atžvilgiu ir priklauso nuo kūno masės bei jos pasiskirstymo ašies atžvilgiu. Masės m kūno inercijos momentą atžvilgiu ašies, einančios per jo masės centrą, pažymėkime Ic. Tuomet to kūno inercijos momentas atžvilgiu naujos ašies, lygiagrečios pirmajai ir nuo jos nutolusiai nuotoliu l, apskaičiuojamas pagal Heigenso ir Šteinerio teoremą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 11:51:31',62,'','2010-06-17 11:54:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 11:51:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,71,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(810,'Izaokas Niutonas (referatas)','izaokas-niutonas-referatas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Izaokas Niutonas (Isaac Newton) yra bene įtakingiausia istorinė asmenybė Vakarų moksle. Savo laikais jis buvo laikomas didžiu intelektualu; beje, mokslininkų bendruomenė vis dar tebekeliaklupsčiauja prieš jį, nors šiek tiek mažiau negu prieš tris šimtus metų. Priežastis labai paprasta: fizinis pasaulis, kai Niutonas atėjo į ji, buvo vos suprantamas, o tuo metu, kai jisai mirė, pažvelgus į jo darbus, žinota, kad gamtą valdo nepaprastai tikslūs matematiniai dėsniai. Niutonas nepradėjo mokslinės revoliucijos, nes ji jau buvo pakeliui, kai jis gimė; jo moksliniai laimėjimai greičiau suteikė formą ir pagrindinius intelektualinius įrankius šiuolaikiniam fizikos mokslui. Niutono sąskaitoje — trys pagrindiniai judėjimo dėsniai, baltos šviesos skaitymo dėsniai ir visuotinės traukos dėsnis, su kuriuo visas fizikos fenomenas žemėje ir danguje pasidarė prognozuojamas, paprastas ir iš principo pakluso technologijos aiškinimams ir manipuliacijai. Be to, I. Niutonas sukūrė korpuskulinę šviesos teoriją, diferencialinį ir integralinį skaičiavimą, suformulavo įkaitinto kūno atšalimo bei priešinimosi judėjimui klampiame skystyje dėsnį, sukonstravo vieną iš pirmųjų termometrų, pirmą kartą pagamino reflektorių. Tiktai dvidešimtajame amžiuje, kai mokslininkai pradėjo susidurti su mažiausiais dydžiais — atomais, Niutono dėsnių reikšmė šiek tiek susvyravo</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Izaokas Niutonas gimė 1642 m. gruodžio 25 d. mažame kaimelyje Linkolnšyre, Anglijoje. Jo tėvas, smulkus žemės savininkas, mirė prieš gimstant sūnui, motina paliko jį prižiūrėti senelei, kai vaikas turėjo apie trejus metukus, o pati ištekėjo ir gyveno atskirai su antruoju vyru pamokslininku Barnabu Smitu (Barnabas Smith), patėviu, kurio Izaokas neapkentė. Nenuostabu, kad turėjęs sunkią vaikyste., Niutonas linko į paranoją ir smarkų įniršį. Bet, antra vertus, jis gebėjo tvardyti savo agresyvumą, kurį jautė, — savo jaunystės nuodėmių dienoraštyje įrašė: \"Norėčiau sudeginti savo tėvą ir motiną Smitus ir stogą virš jų\". Reikėtų pažymėti, kad pirmuosius savo svarbius apskaičiavimus, kurie vedė prie integralinio ir diferencialinio skaičiavimo, Niutonas padarė mirusio patėvio užrašų knygutės tuščiuose lapeliuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vaikystėje Niutonas buvo labai smalsus, turėjo, kaip sakoma, geras ran¬kas, todėl aišku, jog neketino tapti ūkininku, todėl baigęs kaimo mokyklą giminių dėka jis buvo pasiųstas į Karališkąją mokyklą Grantame. Niutoną labai sudomino Grantame pastatytas vėjo malūnas. Kai jis pagaliau suprato vėjo malūno darbo principą, tučtuojau padarė mažytį modelį, kuriame apgyvendino savo peliuką. Užsinorėjęs ėsti, peliukas turėdavo ropštis į viršų prie maišelio su grūdais ir kartu sukti malūno ratą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1661 m. jis buvo priimtas į Šv. Trejybės koledžą Kembridže. Gyvendamas universitete Niutonas gyvena nepastebimas, vengia linksmų studentiškų kompanijų, nesilanko vakaronėse.Universiteto programa iš esmės buvo paremta Aristotelio filosofija, tačiau per dvejus metus Niutonas prarado norą domėtis Nicomachean Ethics (nikomachine etika). Savo iniciatyva jis pradėjo skaityti ir konspektuoti Fransio Bekono (Francis Bacon), Renė Dekarto (Rene Descartes) ir kitų ankstyvųjų filosofų darbus; jaunuolis pajuto aistrą matematikai ir dangaus fenomenui. \"Amicus Plato amicus Arisiolclcs įnagis ami-ca veritas\", — rašė jis savo užrašuose: — \"Platonas ir Aristotelis yra mano draugai, tačiau geriausia draugė — tiesa.\"</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 11:55:22',62,'','2010-06-17 11:58:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 11:55:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,70,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(811,'Fizikos uždavinių sprendimo metodai 1 dalis','fizikos-udavini-sprendimo-metodai-1-dalis','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 11:59:26',62,'','2010-06-17 12:00:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 11:59:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,69,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(812,'Šiluminio variklio veikimo principas','iluminio-variklio-veikimo-principas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiluminis variklis - tai įrenginys, vidinę degalų energiją paverčiantis mechanine. Kad variklis atliktų darbą, reikia abiejose stūmoklio arba turbinos menčių pusėse sudaryti skirtingą slėgį. Šiluminiuose varikliuose, sudegant kurui, *100-*1000 (palyginti su aplinkos T ) pakyla variklio darbinės medžiagos temperatūra, todėl ir susidaro skirtingas slėgis. Šiluminiai varikliai - garo mašina, garo ir dujų turbina, vidaus degimo variklis, reaktyvusis variklis. Visų šiluminių  variklių darbinė medžiaga - dujos. Plėsdamosi jos atlieka darbą.  Pradinė darbinės medžiagos temperatūra T<sub>1</sub>. Vidaus degimo varikliuse ir dujų turbinose temperatūra padidėja, sudegant kurui variklyje. Temperatūra T<sub>1</sub> vadinama šildytuvo temperatūra.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinės šiluminio variklio dalys: šildytuvas, aušintuvas, darbinis mechanizmas, kuriame darbinė medžiaga atlieka darbą. Atlikdamos darbą, dujos netenka energijos. Jos ataušta iki tam tikros temperatūros T<sub>2</sub>. T<sub>2</sub> negali būti &lt; T<sub>aplinkos</sub>, nes dujų slėgis būtų mažesnis už aplinkos slėgį ir variklis neveiktų. T<sub>2</sub> visada aukštesnė už T<sub>aplinkos</sub>. T<sub>2</sub>- aušintuvo temperatūra. Aušintuvu gali būti atmosfera arba kondensatoriai - specialūs įrenginiai panaudotiems garams aušinti ir kondensuoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 12:01:25',62,'','2010-06-17 12:07:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 12:01:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,68,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(813,'Kanalų sutankinimo būdai (špera)','kanal-sutankinimo-bdai-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kanaliniuose moduliatoriuose keičiant atitinkamais pranešimais pagalbinių nešamų virpesių parametrus g gauti n kanalų signalus Si(t). Tokia operacija yra netiesinė yra įjungta filtrai KF, kurie praleidžia atitinkamus moduliuoto papildomo virpesio dedamąsias ir nuslopina šalutinius moduliacijos produktus. Apjungus kanalinius signalus gaunamas grupinis signalas Udk(t), kuriuo toliau yra moduliuojama bendrajame daugiakanalio ryšio sistemoje. Grupinis signalas gali būti formuojamas 1)tiesiniu kanalų sutankinimu 2) netiesiniu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Plačiausiai naudojamas pagrįstas paprastu kanalinių signalų sumavimu. Pagalbiniai virpesiai tarpusavyje lengvai atskiriami, tai priėmimo įrenginyje galima lengvai juos paskirstyti į atskirus kanalus. Daliniu tiesiškai nepriklauso funkcijų atveju yra ortogonalinės funkcijos. Sutankinant kanalus gautus daugiakanalius pranešimus moduliuojamas naštis. Formuojant signalą naudojamas tarnybinis virpesys skirtas priėmimo ir siuntimo įrenginių sinchronui. Atitinkamai naudojant šiuos virpesius gauname dažninis, impulsinis – laikinis ir impulsinis – kodinis sutankinimo tipai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 12:07:52',62,'','2010-06-17 12:12:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 12:07:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,67,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(814,'Šviesos dispersijos prizmėje tyrimas','viesos-dispersijos-prizmje-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Darbo tikslas. Nubrėžti dispersijos kreivę ir apskaičiuoti šviesos dispersiją bei prizmės kampinę dispersiją fiksuotam bangos ilgiui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Įrodoma, jog pro prizmę praėjusio monochromatinio šviesos spindulio nuokrypio kampas priklauso nuo jo kritimo kampo i<sub>1</sub> į prizmės sienelę   ir mažiausias nuokrypio kampas  y<sub>min</sub> susidaro kai spindulys eina pro prizmę simetriškai, t.y, kai kampai, kuriuos sudaro spindulys su kritimo statmenimis, pakeltas iš kritimo taškų D ir E, yra lygūs (spindulio eiga prizmėje, kai nuokrypio kampas mažiausias, pavaizduota 1 pav). Matysime, kad  y<sub>min</sub> yra susijęs su prizmės absoliutiniu lūžio rodikliu n ir jos laužiamuoju kampu α.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 12:13:14',62,'','2010-06-17 12:18:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 12:13:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,66,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(815,'Stipris, įtampa, varža','stipris-tampa-vara','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Srovės stipris rodo, koks elektros krūvis prateka laidininku per vienetinį laiką (1 sekundę). Srovės stipris lygus elektros krūvio ir laiko, per kurį krūvis prateka laidininko skerspjūviu, santykiui. Jo matavimo vienetas yra amperas [A]. Ampermetras – prietaisas srovės stipriui matuoti. Jis į grandinę jungiamas nuosekliai. Elektrinė įtampa kiekybiškai apibūdina elektrinį lauką, susidarantį tarp šaltinio polių tam, kad tekėtų elektros srovė. Elektros įtampa apibūdina darbą, kurį atlieka vieno kulono el. krūvis, tekėdamas grandine. Įtampa lygi elektros srovės darbo ir krūvio, pratekėjusio grandine, santykiui. Įtampos matavimo vienetas yra voltas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Voltas – tai tokia įtampa tarp laidininko galų, kai juo pratekantis 1C krūvis atlieka 1A darbą. Voltmetras – prietaisas įtampai matuoti. Jis į grandinę jungiamas lygiagrečiai. Varža – tai medžiagos sąvybė priešintis el. srovei. Įtampos ir laidininku tekančios srovės stiprio santykis apibūdina laidininko el. varžą. Laidininko elektrinė varža tiesiog proporcinga laidininko ilgiui, atvirkščiai proporcinga jo skerspjūvio plotui ir priklauso nuo medžiagos. Varžos matavimo vienetas yra omas. Tai varža tokio laidininko, kuriuo teka 1 A stiprio srovė, tarp laidininko galų esant 1V įtampai. Ommetras – prietaisas varžai matuoti. Savitoji medžiagos varža apibūdina medžiagą, iš kurios padarytas laidininkas. Prietaisas grandinės varžai keisti vadinamas rezistorium. Reostatas – prietaisas grandinės varžai reguliuoti. Slankvaržė yra reostatas su slankikliu. Srovės stipris grandinės dalyje yra tiesiog proporcingas tos dalies įtampai ir atvirkščiai proporcingas jos varžai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 15:12:49',62,'','2010-06-17 15:16:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 15:12:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,65,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(816,'Kietojo kûno linijinio plëtimosi koeficiento matavimas','kietojo-kuno-linijinio-pletimosi-koeficiento-matavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tikslas: išmatuoti metalo linijinio plėtimosi koeficientą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Priemonės: kietojo kūno linijinio plėtimosi koeficiento matavimo įrenginys, metaliniai strypeliai, liniuotė, termoporos gradavimo kreivė. Pagrindinės formulės:<br />šildant ploną metalinį strypą, santykinis jo pailgėjimas yra tiesiog proporcingas temperatūros padidėjimui ir priklauso nuo medžiagos cheminės prigimties.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 15:17:38',62,'','2010-06-17 15:20:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 15:17:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,64,'','',0,39,'robots=\nauthor='),(817,'Fizikiniai dydžiai (lentelė)','fizikiniai-dydiai-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 15:21:19',62,'','2010-06-17 15:22:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 15:21:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,63,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(818,'Lietuvos upių galia ir mažoji hidroenergetika','lietuvos-upi-galia-ir-maoji-hidroenergetika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vanduo - energijos nešėjas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vanduo - labiausiai gamtoje paplitęs skystis. Jis yra paprastos cheminės sudėties (H<sub>2</sub>O), tačiau universalus, labai rei-kalingas, net būtinas, nes beveik visi procesai vyksta betarpiškai jam dalyvaujant. Veikiamas šilumos jis keičia savo pavidalą. Šilumą jis gali kaupti ir atiduoti aplinkai. Jis ir skystis, ir dujos - garai, ir kieto pavidalo - ledas. Vanduo gali generuoti energiją ir atlikti darbą dėl savo masės sunkio, tėkmės srauto greičio ir inercijos jėgų. Tos vandens savybės plačiai panaudojamos technikoje mechaninei hidroenergijai ir elektros energijai gauti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vanduo upėje teka dėl savo sunkio ir upės nuolydžio atlikdamas darbą trinčiai tarp tekančio vandens molekuliu (klampumui), hidrauliniam pasipriešinimui upės vagoje įveikti, nešant ir ridenant upės dugnu nešmenis, plaunant upės vagą ir kt. Šiam darbui relkalinga energija priklauso nuo tekančio upe vandens kiekio ir upės kritimo. Visą vandens tėkmės mechaninę energiją sudaro potencinė ir kinetlnė (tėkmės greičio slėgis) energijos. Mūsų gamtinėmis sąlygomis esant palygintl mažam vandens tėkmės greičiui upių kinetinė energija yra maža palyginti su potencine, be to, sunku ją panaudoti (vandens ratai, vandenyje panardinti įvairios konstrukcijos rotoriai ir kt.). 0 užtvenkus upę galima sukaupti daug vandens ir sudaryti tam tikrą vandens kritimą upės skerspjūvyje, kitaip tariant, sudaryti technines sąlygas upės potencinei energijai naudoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 15:22:47',62,'','2010-06-17 15:24:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 15:22:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,62,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(819,'Šviesos dispersijos prizmėje tyrimas 3','viesos-dispersijos-prizmje-tyrimas-3','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Darbo tikslas.Nubrėžti dispersijos kreivę ir apskaičiuoti šviesos dispersiją bei prizmės kampinę dispersiją fiksuotam bangos ilgiui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Teorinė dalis. Šviesos dispersija vadinama jos fazinio greičio priklausomybė nuo bangos ilgio arba dažnio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-17 15:25:04',62,'','2010-06-17 15:29:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 15:25:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,61,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(820,'Japonijos ekonomikos augimo prielaidos','japonijos-ekonomikos-augimo-prielaidos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pokario laikotarpyje tekančiosios saulės šalis tapo viena iš  priešakinių kapitalistinio pasaulio valstybių, antrąja pagal padėtį JAV konkurente. Japonija - tai pasaulinė valstybė ir pasaulyje su elektroninėmis ir viršgarsinėmis perdavimų sistemomis būtų psichologinė ir politinė klaida laikyti ją tiktai azijietiška šalimi. Pastaraisiais metais Japonija tapo, iš esmės, pagrindiniu JAV ekonominiu konkurentu. Šis “palikimas” atspindėjo eilę tarptautinės tvarkos objektyvių faktorių ir Japonijos vystymosi specifines istorines - ekonomines ir socialines - politines ypatybes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dar XIX amžiaus viduryje Japonija, spaudžiama JAV is Europos valstybių, atsisakė 300 metų trukusios izoliacijos ir pradėjo energingą modernizaciją, o 60 - aisiais metais buržuazinė “Meidzi revoliucija” palengvino kapitalistinę industrializaciją. Visa tai padėjo pereiti japonų kapitalizmui į imperializmo stadiją. Kaip stimulą vykdant militarizmo ir ekonominės agresijos politiką Japonijos valdantieji sluoksniai traktavo kaimyninių šalių ekonominį ir karinį silpnumą (Kinija, Korėja). Kažkokiu tai laipsniu šis faktorius turi įtakos ir šiandien.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Laikotarpyje po antrojo pasaulinio karo eilė unikalių, plankių Japonijai faktorių apsprendė gana sparčius (kapitalizmui) ekonominio vystymosi tempus, žymiai viršijančius JAV ir Vakarų Europos rodiklius - fenomenas, kuris buržuaziniame moksle pavadintas “Japonišku stebūklu”. Gal būt svarbiausias iš šių faktorių - aukštas kaupimo lygis. Jo norma Japonijoje pastaraisiais  metais pusantro karto viršija amerikietišką normą, ir tai žymiai pagreitina pagrindinio kapitalo atnaujinimą, ir žinoma gamybos efektyvumo augimą. Savo ruožtu, šis lygis tapo galimas dėka palyginti žemo japonų darbininkų darbo užmokesčio, palyginti nedidelių (iki 80 - ųjų metų) karinių išlaidų dydžių ir bendrai karinio suvartojimo; dėka ypatingai dosnios finansinės paramos bizniui iš valstybės pusės. Tokia parama, nukreipta ilgalaikių technologijų ir struktūrinių programų spreandimui, - tai pagrindinis valstybinio - monopolinio reguliavimo Japonijoje skirtumas  nuo tokio reguliavimo kitose šalyse, tai viena iš jos palyginti sėkmingo prisitaikymo prie basikeičiančių pasaulinės rinkos sąlygų paslapčių, svarbi ūkinio stiprėjimo pagreitinimo priemonė. Kitas spartaus Japonijos išsivystymo faktorius - platus įsisavinimas, efektyvus pritaikymas ir esminis tobulinimas užsieninės, pagrindinai amerikietiškos, patirties ir pasiekimų mokslo ir technikos srityje (pastebėta, kad greitas užsieninės patirties įsisavinimas iš viso yra būdingas salų žmonėms). Tai suteikė galimybę Japonijai laimėti nemažai laiko, sutaupyti žaliavas ir jėgas. Tiesa, toks kursas aosprendė šalies priklausomybę nuo technikos ir technologijos importo, ypač iš JAV, tačiau 70 - 80 aisias metais ji ţymiai sumažėjo. Japonija tampa technologijos neto - eksportininkė, ir jos techninės naujovės aktyviai diegiamos Amerikos įmonėse.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dar vienas faktorių kompleksas susijęs su kai kuriais japonų nacionalinio charakterio bruožais, kurie paliko žymų pėdsaką gamybos valdymo ir darbo organizavimo principų formavime ir pokariniame išsivystyme. Jie remiasi visų pirma bendruomenės, grupės sąmoningumu, kurį pastoviai diegia valstybė ir monopolijos kaip alternatyvą klasinei darbo žmonių sąmonei, kaip priemonę paversti juos į paklusnius ir nepavojingus gamybinių užduočių vykdytojus. Bendruomenės dvasia ir konformizmo elementai stiprina darbo drausmę ir tvarką įmonėse ir įstaigose, padedami įskiepyti paternalistinius santykius ir sustiprinti darbo jėgos eksploatavimą. Jais remiasi ir įdiegtas darbuotojų lojalumas savo firmai, jų kolektyvinė atsakomybė už aukštos kokybės produkcijos išleidimą, ir “kokybės būrelių” didelis našumas, ir samdymo ligi gyvos galvos sistema stambiose įmonėse, ir susijęs su ja nedidelis kadrų tekamumas, ir, pagaliau profajungų organizavimas ne pagal šaknį, o pagal firminį požimį. Čia, kaip pastebėjo Vakarų Vokietijos prof. J. Čiršmajeris, kuris buvo išrinktas Nagojos universiteto prezidentu, “neįtikėtinai išvystyta lenktyniavimo dvasia”, kuri užtikrina pastovų našumo padidinimą. Japonas, skirtingai nuo Vakarų Europiečio, niekada nepasiekia ribos, kur jam pradėtų atrodyti, kad “iš jo pakaks”. Pastaruoju metu ant šios specifikos užsideda kai kurie Japonų menedžmento “vesternizacijos”, amerikietiškojo biznio “etikos” ir darbinės praktikos formų elementai. Taks lydinyd si gerai apgalvota šiuolaikine profesinio parengimo ir pastovaus, darbininkų, specialistų, tarnautojų, valdytojų, kvalifikacijos kėlimo sistema padidina darbo našumą ir Japonijos ekonominio vystymosi tempus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-17 19:52:52',62,'','2010-06-17 19:58:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 19:52:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,40,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(821,'Apgyvendinimo sistemos špera','apgyvendinimo-sistemos-pera','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-17 20:31:03',62,'','2010-06-17 20:32:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 20:31:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,39,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(822,'Valstybių duomenų lentelė','valstybi-duomen-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-17 20:34:47',62,'','2010-06-17 20:36:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 20:34:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,38,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(823,'Duomenys apie valstybių požymius','duomenys-apie-valstybi-poymius','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-17 20:38:02',62,'','2010-06-17 20:39:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 20:38:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,37,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(824,'Amazonija','amazonija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Amazonija yra didžiausia pasaulyje pusiaujo žemuma. Ji plyti Amazonės upės baseine tarp Gvianos plokščiakalnio šiaurėje ir Brazilijos plokščiakalnio pietuose. Vakaruose remiasi į rytinius Andų kalnų šlaitus ir tęsiasi per visą žemyną iki Atlanto vandenyno. Amazonės žemumos paviršius plokščsias, retai pakyla aukščiau kaip 150 metrų virš jūros lygio. O tai tik 50 metrų aukščiau už vidutinį Lietuvos paviršiaus aukštį. Seniau Amazonijos teritorijoje tyvuliavo jūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Joje kaupiasi jūrinės nuosėdos, žemyninės nuogulos. Per ilgą laiką čia susidarė kelių tūkstančių metrų nuosėdinių uolienų  sluoksnis. Amazonė plyti pusiaujo ir subekvatorinėje klimato juostoje. Čia visus metus oro temperatūra aukšta. Labai drėgna. Vasaros ir žiemos temperatūros mažai skiriasi. Kiek labiau išryškėja sausasis ir drėgnasis laikotarpis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėl didelio kritulių kiekio Amazonėje pietų Amerika vadinama drėgniausiu žemynu. Kritulių gausa į šią teritoriją neša iš Atlanto vandenyno pučiantys šiaurės rytų ir pietryčių pasatai. Jų kelyje nėra kliūčių, todėl drėgni orai giliai prasiskverbia į žemyną, pasiekia Andus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gausus krituliai ir lėkštas Amazonijos paviršius buvo gera prielaida susidaryti tankiam upių tinklui, dideliems pelkėtiems plotams. Milžniškoje Amazonijos teritorijoje auga drėgnieji pusiaujo miškai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš Andu kalnu ištekančios Maranjono ir Ukajalio upės susijungusios sudaro Amazonę, kuri kelis tūkstančius kilometrų savo vandenis plogdo žemuma ir ties Balemo miestu pasiekia Atlanto vandenyną. Ilgame kelyje į Amazonę įteka daugiau kaip 500 intaku. Per 200 iš ju  ilgesni už mūsų Nemuną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Amazonės baseinas didžiausias. Jame gali ištekti daugiau kaip pusė Europos žemyno. Amazonė ir jos intakai  plugdo trečdalį pasaulio upių vandens.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Amazonė vandeninga visus metus. Jos intakai suplugdo vandenį iš šiaurės ir pietų psurutulių. Pietų pusrutulyje drėgnasis laikotarpis nuo spalio iki balandžio. Brazilijos plokščiakalnyje tuomet iškrenta daug  kritulių. Upės patvinksta ir plugdo vandenį į Amazonę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiaurės pusrutulyje drėgnasis laikotarpis trunka nuo kovo iki spalio. Tada gausiai lyja Gvianos plokščiakalnyje, rytiniuose Andų šlaituose. Apsčiai maitinami kairieji intakai. Į Amazone atplugdo daug vandens. Per potvynius vandens lygis pakyla 10 - 15 metrų, upė smarkiai išsilieja - kai kuriuose vietose net po 100 km abipus, apsmemia milžiniškus miškų plotus. Todėl čiabuviai užtvindomuose plotuose trobeles statosi ant aukštų polių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aukštupyje Amazonė yra maždaug 2 km pločio. Kelyje į rytus intakai nuolat ją papildo: upė platėja, darosi vandeningesnė.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-17 20:39:36',62,'','2010-06-17 20:44:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 20:39:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,36,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(825,'Žemė','em','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žemė  -  trečia   pagal   nuotolį   nuo   Saulės   planeta.   Ji,  kartu   su Merkurijumi, Venera, Marsu, priskiriama prie vidinių planetų. Vidinėmis vadinamos todėl, nes jos yra tarp Saulės ir asteroidų žiedo. Planetos, esančios už šio asteroidų žiedo, vadinamos išorinėmis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tarp vidinių planetų Žemė yra didžiausia ir masyviausia. Pagal masę (59,74.1023 kg) ji yra pirma tarp savo grupės (vidinių) ir penkta tarp visų planetų. Savo forma primena kamuolį: Žemės pusiaujinis skersmuo - 12756,28 km, o ašigalinis - 12713,51 km.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mūsų planeta nuo artimiausios žvaigždės - Saulės - yra nutolusi vidutiniškai 149,6 mln. km. Šis atstumas vadinamas astronominiu vienetu. Arčiausiai Saulės (perihelyje) Žemė būna apie sausio 3 d., toliausiai (afelyje) - apie liepos 3 d.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mokslininkų teigimu, Žemė susidarė prieš 4,5 mlrd. metų, dėl gravitacinės kondensacijos, iš dulkių ir dujų, kurios planetų formavimosi pradžioje buvo išsisklaidžiusios erdvėje aplink Saulę. Žemės geologinė istorija atkuriama, tiriant Žemės plutos uolienas. Nustatyta, kad seniausių Žemės uolienų amžius ~ 3,5 mlrd. metų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žemės rutuliškumo idėją iškėlė senovės graikai (Pitagoras, VI a. pr. m. e.; Aristotelis, IV a. pr. m. e.); Žemės rutulio apytikslius matmenis apie 240 pr. m. e. nustatė Eratostenas. Skriejimo aplink Saulę idėją III a. pr. m. e. iškėlė Aristarchas Samietis. Įsigalėjus pasaulio geocentrinei sistemai, iki XVI amžiaus Žemė laikyta centriniu Visatos kūnu. Kad Žemė yra tik planeta, skriejanti aplink Saulę (Heliocentrinė sistema), 1515 įrodė M. Kopernikas (Lenkija).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žemė susideda iš koncentrinių apvalkalų, dar vadinamų geosferomis: išorinio dujų apvalkalo - atmosferos, vandens apvalkalo - hidrosferos ir trijų vidinių sluoksnių: Žemės plutos, mantijos ir branduolio. Iš kitų planetų Žemė išsiskiria būtent tuo, kad turi pirmąsias dvi geosferas - atmosferą ir hidrosferą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atmosfera ryškios viršutinės ribos neturi: dujų pėdsakų aptinkama didesniame nei 1000 km aukštyje. Joje daugiausia azoto (78,1%) ir deguonies (20,9%), taip pat anglies dioksido, vandens garų, argono bei kitų dujų dalelių. Ši geosfera dar skirstoma į kelis sluoksnius: troposferą, stratosferą, jonosferą ir egzosferą. Troposfera - tankiausias atmosferos sluoksnis, kuris sudaro 4/5 visos atmosferos masės ir tęsiasi nuo Žemės paviršiaus iki 12 - 18 km aukščio. Čia vyksta dauguma meteorologinių reiškinių. Virš troposferos (iki 50 - 55 km aukščio) tęsiasi stratosfera. Maždaug 20 -25 km aukštyje kaupiasi didžiausia ozono koncentracija (“sluoksnis”), kuri saugo Žemę nuo ultravioletinių Saulės spindulių. Aukščiau, iki 500 km, tęsiasi jonosfera. Jonosferoje susidaro pašvaistės, žybsi į atmosferą įlėkę meteorai. Per ją yra perduodamos ilgesnės nei 15 m radijo bangos. Virš jos yra egzosfera. Tai mažiausio tankio atmosferos sluoksnis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Hidrosfera susideda iš vandenynų, jūrų, sausumos vidaus ir požeminių vandenų, ledynų, sniego dangos. Joje aptinkami beveik visi cheminiai elementai. Pasaulinis vandenynas turi didelės įtakos Žemės klimato formavimuisi, medžiagų apykaitai, geologiniams procesams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viršutinė kietoji geosfera vadinama pluta. Jos didžiausias storis (po kalnuotomis sritimis) yra ~70 km. Žemės plutoje randama visų cheminių elementų. 95% plutos sudaro magminės, o 5% nuosėdinės ir metamorfinės uolienos. Žemės plutą nuo mantijos skiria Mochorovičiaus paviršius. Mantijos didžiausias gylis - 2900 km. Viršutinė dalis (substratas) ir Žemės pluta sudaro litosferą. Viršutinės mantijos apatinę dalį - astenosferą - nuo apatinės mantijos skiria Golicyno sluoksnis. Mantijos uolienos pagal sudėtį panašios į ultrabazines (peridotitus, dunitus) ir akmens meteoritus; vyrauja deguonis, silicis, magnis, geležis. Žemės branduolio vidutinis spindulys 3470 km. Manoma, kad branduolį sudaro geležies (90%) ir nikelio (8%) oksidai. Nuo Žemės paviršiaus į centrą didėja slėgis, tankis ir temperatūra. 100 km. gylyje slėgis 2,9 mln. kPa, ties mantijos ir branduolio riba 137,8 mln. kPa, centre 343 mln. kPa. Medžiagos tankis viršutinėje mantijoje 3,3 g/cm3, riboje su branduoliu 5,7 g/cm3, vidiniame branduolyje 12 - 17 g/cm3. Žemės temperatūra pakyla nuo 600 - 1000 C viršutiniuose poplučio horizontuose iki kelių tūkstančių laipsnių Žemės centrinėje dalyje. Temperatūra gilyn didėja ne visur vienodai; pvz., Europoje pakyla vidutiniškai 1 oC kas 32,3 m, Azijoje 27 m, Š. Afrikoje 23 m, Š. Amerikoje 39,1 m, Australijoje 27,2 m, P. Afrikoje &gt;90 m (Geoterminis gradientas).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-17 20:44:30',62,'','2010-06-17 20:51:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 20:44:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,35,'','',0,39,'robots=\nauthor='),(826,'Žemė pavojuje','em-pavojuje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sėkmingas žmonijos gyvavimas priklauso  nuo biosferos  būklės – mes  priklausome nuo  tyro vandens , gryno oro , neužterštų maisto produktų , nuo vaistų , natūralių pluoštų ir daugybės kitų  labai reikalingų dalykų . Tad turime numatyti galimus savo veiklos įtakos biosferai padarinius ir užkirsti kelią veiksniams , kurie gali kenkti tiek mums patiems , tiek visiems kitiems gyviesiems padarams . Nuolat išnyksta , pastaruoju metu vis daugiau , gyvųjų organizmų rūšių .</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Plečiantis pramonei, vis daugiau suvartojama energijos išteklių.Tai yra iškastinis kuras, susidaręs dideliu slėgiu veikiant iš dalies suirusias prieš milijonus metų gyvenusių augalų ir gyvūnų liekanas. Šiuo atveju taršą galima apibrėžti kaip bet kokį aplinkos pakitimą, nepalankiai veikiantį gyvųjų organizmų būklę, jų gyvenimo sąlygas. Deginant iškastinį kurą, išsiskiria anglies dioksidas, angliavandeniliai, azoto oksidai, sieros oksidai ir kietosios dalelės, kurios kartu su kitomis medžiagomis teršia orą. Apskaičiuota, kad iki 2025 m.pasaulyje bus 4 kartus daugiau automobilių,negu jų yra šiuo metu. Pramonėje vartojant halogenus (F, CL, BR, I), į aplinką išmetami jų junginiai, kurie kartu su azotinėmis trąšomis veikia atmosferos cheminę sudėtį. Yra ir tokių energijos šaltinių, kurie aplinkai ne taip smarkiai kenkia: saulės, krintančio vandens, geoterminė, vėjo energijos.Dėl žmonių ūkinės veiklos padidėjusi tarša ir pramonės plėtra kelia pavojų ne tik mūsų gerovei, bet ir skurdina biologinę įvairovę, žmonių veikla veikia viso pasaulio ekosistemas. Išsiplėtojusi pramonė gerokai pakeitė biogeocheminį anglies apytakos ratą, jame vykstančių procesų greičius. 1850 m. atmosferoje tarp milijono molekulių 280 buvo anglies dioksido, o mūsų laikais - jau 350. Šį padidėjimą  labiausiai lėmė iškastinio kuro deginimas bei miškų kirtimas ir deginimas. Į vandenynus šiuo metu patenka apie pusę į atmosferą išmetamo anglies dioksido; jeigu taip nebūtų, tai jo atmosferoje būtų kur kas daugiau, nei buvo minėta.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėl žmonių ūkinės veiklos į atmosferą išmetama ir kitokių dujų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Anglies dioksidas,metanas ir kitos vadinamosios šiltnamio dujos sulaiko infraraudonuosius  spindulus,kuriuos įšilusi žemė spinduliuoja į kosmosą. Manoma, kad padidėjus šių dujų koncentracijai, klimatas visame pasaulyje gali atšilti. Tai sukeltų labai daug nepageidaujamų padarinių ir hidrosferoje, ir litosferoje.Žemės temperatūra kyla dėl  vadinamojo šiltnamio reiškinio; taigi kuo daugiau vandens išgaruos kylant temperatūrai, tuo daugiau susidarys debesų ir tuo labiau bus sulaikoma nuo Žemės atsispindi šiluma. Taip globalinis atšilimas gali vis didėti ir didėti.Nuo pramoninio perversmo pradžios iki dabar vidutinė temperatūra Žemėje pakilo apie 0.6 ºC.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-17 20:52:28',62,'','2010-06-17 20:57:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 20:52:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,34,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(827,'Azija','azija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Azija - didžiausias žemynas. Azijos plotas sudaro beveik 1/3 visos sausumos. Ji keturis kartus didesnė už Europą. Gyvena virš 3 mlrd. gyventojų. Dėl didelio ploto, gamtos ir gyventojų įvairovės, skiriami 6 Azijos regionai. Vakaruose ir pietvakariuose Azija susisiekia su Europa ir Afrika. Šiaurės rytuose ji prieina prie Šiaurės Amerikos krantų. Azija artimai siejasi su kitais žemynais arba yra netoli jų. Iš įvairių pusių Azijos krantus skalauja keturių vandenynų vandenys. Šiaurėje žemyno krantus skalauja Arkties vandenynas, rytuose - Ramusis, o pietuose - Indijos vandenynas. Iš vakarų į rytus driekiasi kalnynai: Kunlūno, Kaukazo, Elbruso, Hindukušo, Karakorumo, Himalajų, Pamyro, Tian Šanio, Altajaus. Azija turtinga naudingomis iškasenomis. 44 mln. km² jos plote lengvai tilptų 4 Europos. Kartu su Europa sudaro bendrą sausumos masyvą - Euraziją. Abu žemynai jungiasi plačiu, beveik 3000 km ruožu. Vakaruose plytinti Europa yra tartum milžiniško žemyno pusiasalis. Su Afrika Aziją jungia Sueco sąsmauka. Nuo Šiaurės Amerikos skiria Beringo sąsiauris, o nuo Australijos - salų virtinė. Azijos krantai smarkiai raižyti: yra giliai į vandenyną įsiterpiančių pusiasalių, didelių salų, ištisų jų virtinių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Azija - kontrastų žemynas. Jame yra didelius plotus užimančių ir tūkstančius kilometrų besitęsiančius kalnų grandinių, negyvenamų dykumų ir beribių miškų plotų, derlingų lygumų bei slėnių, ryškių temperatūros skirtumų, tankiai ir retai gyvenamų vietų. Daugiausia gyventojų turinčiame žemyne gyvena įvairių tautų ir rligijų žmonės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėl didelės gamtos ir gyventojų įvairovės skiriami šie regionai: Šiaurės Azija , Pietvakarių Azija, Pietų Azija, Rytų Azija ir Pietryčių Azija. Jų ribos sutartinės, vedamos kalnais, upėmis, jūrų ir vandenynų pakrantėmis, valstybių ribomis.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-17 21:00:36',62,'','2010-06-17 21:05:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 21:00:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,33,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(828,'Graikija','graikija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Graikijos menas, maždaug 3000 pr. Kr. Egėjo jūros pakrantėje ėmė kurtis savita kultūra, vadinama Kretos - Mikėnų vardu - ankstyvasis antikos etapas. Ji gyvavo iki XII a. pr. Kr., kol ją išstūmė iš šiaurės atėję graikai. Šios kultūros žymiausi architektūros paminklai Troja ir Knoso rūmai. Rūmų sienos puoštos daugybe freskų. Kretiečiai buvo puikūs keramikai. Jie išrado žiedžiamąjį ratą ir glazūras. Kūrė molines vazas, dekoruodami jūrų motyvais. Antikinis menas pradėjo formuotis VII a. pr. Kr. ir gyvavo iki V a.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Išskiriamos 3 epochos: archainė (VII - VI a. pr. Kr.),klasikinė (V - IV a. pr. Kr.), helenistinė (III - I a. pr. Kr.). Graikų kultūra paplito toli už jos ribų. Archajinės epochos meno kūrinių išliko labai mažai. Didžiausias jų meno laimėjimas- šventyklos. Klasikinės epochos architektūros paminklas- Akropolis. Svarbiausias ir didžiausias Akropolio statinys Partenonas, skirtas deivei Atėnei. Klasikinėje epochoje buvo sukurta daug skulptūrų. Joms būdingas plastinis tikrovės suvokimas. Skulptūros buvo kalamos iš akmens, skobiamos iš medžio, lipdomos iš molio, liejamos iš bronzos. Helenizmo laikotarpiu prasidėjo intensyvūs Rytų ir Vakarų kultūrų mainai. Sukurti milžiniški architektūros ansambliai, klestėjo vaizduojamosios dailės stilių įvairovė, iškilo juodafigūrė ir raudonfigūrė keramika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Graikijos istorija, iki šiandien išlikę šventyklų ir kitų pastatų griuvėsiai atspindi ilgą ir sudėtingą šalies istoriją. Graikų protėviai - achajų, doriočių, jeniečių, pelasgų gentys. Seniausia gyvenvietė - Nea Nikomidia Š. Graikijoje(apie 6200 pr. Kr.). ten gyveno Mino kultūros žmonės. Apie 1600 pr. Kr. suklestėjo Mikėnų civilizacija. Apie 1200 pr. Kr. Mikėnai buvo sugriauti. Tolesni keturi šimtmečiai buvo karų, antpuolių ir genčių kilnojimosi metas (“tamsieji amžiai”). Po 800 pr. Kr. palengva ėmė plisti gr.civilizacija.146pr.Kr. Graikija tapo Romos imperijos dalimi. Romėnai užėmė Graikiją, sugriovė turtingą Korinto miestą, pasiglemžė gausybę meno kurinių.Skilus Romos imperijai Graikija tapo Bizantijos dalimi (395 - 1453). 1453 - 1829 buvo turkų priespaudoje. 1821 - 1829 vyko išsivaduojamasis karas. 1830 paskelbta konstitucinė monarchija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Švietimas buvo prieinamas laisviesiems ir atleistiniams(daug mokytojų, retorių ir filosofų buvo kilę iš vergų). Buvo sukurta mokymo teorija, iškelta harmoningai išsivysčiusio žmogaus idėja. Švietimo sistema sudarė romėnų ir vėlesnio Europos bei arabų švietimo pagrindą. VI a. pr. m. erą, graikams praradus nepriklausomybę , vietoj fizinio ir karinio lavinimo pradėjo įsigalėti humanitarinis švietimas, didelę reikšmę įgijo bibliotekos( Aleksandrijos, Pergamo, Rodo, Oronto, Atiochijos).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mitai. Matriarchato laikotarpio graikų mitams būdinga chtonizmas (tikėjimas, kad žemė pagimdžiusi įvairias stichiškos, nenatūralios gyvulių, iš dalies žmonių formos pabaisas. Pirmykštės bendruomenės mitiniuose vaizdiniuose yra totemizmo, fetišizmo, animizmo, liekanų(dievas Dzeusas įsivaizduotas kaip erelis, žaibas; deivė Atėnė-kaip pelėda, yvatė). Iki vadinamo Olimpo mitologijos atsiradimo buvo daug vietinių mitinių personažų. Patriarchato laikotarpiu, formuojantis Olimpo mitologijai, šių personažų vardai arba jų garbinimo vietos tapdavo tik naujais vieno ar kito dievo epitetais (Efeso Artemidė, Delfų Apolonas).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Filosofija gyvavo nuo VI a. pr. mūsų erą iki VI mūsų eros a. Atsirado formuojantis Graikijoje verg.valstybei. viena svarbiausių atsiradimo priežasčių - konfliktas tarp mokslinių žinių ir religijos. Jai darė įtaką Rytų kraštų senesnės civilizacijos. Laikotarpis iki filosofijos atsiradimo vadinamas 7 išminčių laikotarpiu. Tie išminčiai buvo poetai, valstybiniai veikėjai, paskutinysis iš jų -Talis (apie 625 - 547) laikomas pirmuoju gr.filosofu. Pirmosios filosofijos mokyklos atsirado Jonijoje.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-17 21:07:04',62,'','2010-06-17 21:13:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 21:07:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,32,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(829,'Demografinė žmonijos problema','demografin-monijos-problema','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-17 21:18:40',62,'','2010-06-17 21:22:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 21:18:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,31,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(830,'Londonas (referatas)','londonas-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Londonas - vienas didžiausių Europos miestų, jame gyvena du kartus daugiau žmonių negu Lietuvoje! Šis miestas įsidėstęs 79 km. į vakarus nuo Temzės upės žiočių. Šis miestas yra padalintas į dvi teritorijas: Mažasis Londonas ir  Didysis Londonas. Kiekviena teritorija turi daug įžymybių. Londonas - kultūros bei architektūrinių laimėjimų miestas. Tai augantis, aktyvus ir įvairus miestas su aukščiausios klasės restoranais, klubais, nesibaigiančiu naktiniu gyvenimu. Londone yra daugiau nei 300 galerijų bei puikus teatras.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bokštų tiltas atidarytas 1894 metais, jo statyba truko aštuonerius metus. 1876 metais buvo nuspręsta, kad rytinei Londono daliai su sparčiai didėjančiu gyventojų skaičiumi reikalingas tiltas. Daugelį metų tai buvo vienintelis Londono tiltas per Temzės upę. Londonas augo ir tobulėjo, vėliau buvo pastatyta daugiau naujų tiltų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Architektai, suprojektavę šį tiltą buvo Horace Jones ir John Wolfe Barry. Sunku patikėti, bet vien tilto \"griaučiams\" pastatyti buvo sunaudota daugiau nei 11 000 tonų plieno.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tilto galingi varikliai pakelia sunkias tilto sekcijas vos per 1 minutę (86 laipsnių kampu). Tai leidžia praplaukti dideliems kroviniams bei kruiziniams laivams. Tiltas pakeliamas daugiau nei 700 kartus per mėnesį. Galima nemokamai pereiti šį tiltą ir pėsčiomis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Big ben\'as tai ne garsiojo Londono laikrodžio vardas kaip daugelis mano, iš tikrųjų tai 13 tonų svorio didžiulio varpo, kuris yra laikrodžio viduje, vardas. Varpas yra \"St. Stephen\" bokšte, kuris yra Parlamento Rūmų Šiauriniame gale. Pats varpas palyginus su Parlamento Rūmais nėra labai senas. Varpas pirmą kart suskambėjo 1859 metų gegužės 31 dieną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bokštas yra 97 metrų (320 pėdų) aukščio, o laikrodžio skersmuo - 7 metrai (23 pėdos). Laikrodžio rodyklės yra 4,3 metrų (14 pėdų) ilgio. Bokštas baigtas statyti 1859 metais ir tuo metu jo varpas buvo pats didžiausias Didžiojoje Britanijoje. Big Ben\'as dar kartais vadinamas Laikrodžio Bokštu (Clock Tower).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Linksma istorija kaip  buvo pavadintas varpas :</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai šis varpas buvo atgabentas į bokštą, Parlamentas surengė specialų posėdį, kad tinkamai pavadintų šį tuo metu didžiausią varpą. Buvo daugybė diskusijų ir prieštaravimų. Posėdžiui einant į pabaigą, itin apkūnus ir apvalus biurokratas Seras Benjaminas Hall, tarp kolegų vadintas Didžiuoju Benu, pasakė labai ilgą kalbą šia tema, o po šios kalbos vienas politikas Parlamente sušuko \"Kodel nepavadinus šio varpo Didžiuoju Benu ?\", posėdžio dalyviai pradėjo juoktis ir taip atsirado Big Ben\'o pavadinimas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-17 21:28:26',62,'','2010-06-17 21:33:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 21:28:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,30,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(831,'Gamta ir žmogus','gamta-ir-mogus','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuo senų senovės žmogus buvo susigyvenęs su gamta. Gamta - tai tarsi antrieji namai. Žmogus čia galėjo rasti ramybę, grožį, paguodą.dažnai gamtoje žmogus išsakydavo savo slapčiausias mintis, pasakodavo savo bėdas ir vargus. Poetai „spalvotais“ žodžiais tapė gamtos gyvenimo pulsavimas ir žmogų užplūstančios jausmų bangos-tai žmogaus ir gamtos vienybė. Tačiau laikas nestovi vietoje ir bėga tolyn. Viskas keičiasi. Ir žmonių požiūris į tuos pačius dalykus kitoks...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gamta neatleidžia klaidų.Gamta nemėgsta dirbtinumo. Kol žmogus gyvena gamtoje, prie jos prisitaikydamas ir nesiimdamas esminių aplinkos pertvarkymų, tol jis gali ramiai džiaugtis gamtos teikiamomis gėrybėmis. Tačiau už kiekvieną neapgalvotą žingsnį gamta žmogui negailestingai keršija, paversdama žemę negyva dykuma, atimdama vandenį ar derlių. Sparčiai besiplečianti Sacharos dykuma ir džiūstantį Aralo jūra yra akivaizdžiausi neatsakingos žmogaus veiklos pavyzdžiai. Tokio elgesio pagrindinės priežastys – ekologinis neraštingumas ir gobšumas, t.y. siekimas bet kokiomis priemonėmis gauti kuo didesnę materialinę naudą, visai negalvojant apie pasekmes ir nejaučiant už tai jokios atsakomybės. Žinodami, kokia milžiniška žala jau padaryta gamtai, šiandien gerai turime apgalvoti kiekvieną savo žingsnį, kad nebedidintume tos žalos mastų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gyvenant šiuolaikinių technologijų ir modernių mašinų pasaulyje, dažnai užmirštame gamtą ir jos svarbą žmogui. Žmonės nuolat bėga, skuba... ir suradę trumpą valandėlę laisvo laiko mieliau pažiūri televizorių, dirba kompiuteriu ar laisvą laiką praleidžia namuose, užuot ėję pasivaikščioti į gamtą. Vis mažiau ir mažiau laiko praleidžiame gamtoje. O juk seniau žmonės buvo neatsiejami nuo gamtos ir jos turtų... Jie ne tik naudojosi gamtos teikiamomis gėrybėmis, bet mokėjo su didele ir pagarba ja rūpintis ir ją tausoti.Senovėje miškas buvo tarsi šventovė, kurios žmogus nedrįso niekinti. Visi gerbė miškus . Į mišką ėjo kiekvienas, kuris jautėsi gamtos dalele. Galėjo pasiklausyti jo ošimo, pasigrožėti ir pailsėti po sunkių dienos darbų. Miškas buvo ištikimas lietuvių draugas net pačiomis sunkiausiomis dienomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gamtoje žmonės ieškojo prieglobsčio, paguodos, džiaugsmo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugelis ragina griauti pramonę ir gelbėti gamtą , nepasiduoti,  saugoti ją nepaliestą. Tačiau šiuo požiūriu būti “gamtos pusėje”, reiškia būti  prieš civilizuotą  žmonijos pasaulį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ironiška, tačiau visos šios kritiškos idėjos prieš šiuolaikinį, civilizuotą pasaulį pačios yra pagimdytos civilizacijos. Griežtas gamtos ir kultūros supriešinimas yra visiškai naujas ir žmogiškas išradimas. Teikdami pirmenybę naujovėms žmonės negalvojo apie save, kaip išstumtuosius iš natūralaus pasaulio. Jie buvo dalis didžiojo Būties tinklo. Tik po mokslinės revoliucijos ir industrijos plėtimosi žmonės pradėjo galvoti apie save, kaip apie  atskirą gamtos dalį. Gimė nauja idėja: gamta - kaip natūrali, laukinė aplinka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kol mes apibrėšime “gamtos” sąvoką kaip kaimišką idilę, tai miestas bus suvokiamas, kaip didelis gamtos priešas.  Tokio požiūrio pažangumas yra labai abejotinas. Jį pagimdė žmogaus atitolimas nuo gamtos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kol į miestus bus žiūrima tik kaip į didžiausius gamtos priešus, tol ir patys miestiečiai bus suvokiami  kaip nejautrūs gamtai. Šiandien tik keli iš daugybės miesto gyventojų moka dirbti žemę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tyrimai Vokietijoje parodė, kad vaikai, gyvenantys miestuose, geriau pažįsta automobilių markes nei gėles. Augmenijos trūkumas miestuose yra rimta problema, tačiau tai, kad miestiečiai neišmano apie medžius, gėles ir dirvožemį, dar nereiškia, kad jie patys yra nutolę nuo gamtosauginių problemų ir, kad jiems nerūpi gamta plačiąja prasme.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei mes norime būti neabejingi gamtai, mums yra reikalingi miestai. Dabartinis miesto gyvenimo būdas yra problema, tačiau jie  taip pat yra ir gamtosauginio sprendimo dalis. Mes negalime grįžti prie savo šaknų į pirmykštę bendruomeninę santvarką, tačiau galime padaryti taip, kad natūrali gamta būtų neatskiriama visų mūsų miestietiško gyvenimo dalis.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-17 21:36:55',62,'','2010-06-17 21:41:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-17 21:36:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,29,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(832,'Termoelektroninės emisijos reiškinio tyrimas','termoelektronins-emisijos-reikinio-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Išbrėžti vakuuminio diodo voltamperinę charakteristiką ir apskaičiuoti elektrono išlaisvinimo darbą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Metaluose daug laisvų elektronų, kurie laisvai juda tik metale. Elektronui išlėkus į vakuumą, toje vietoje metale lieka teigiamo krūvio perteklius, kuris traukia.Todėl metaluose susidaro labai plonas dvigubas elektrinis sluoksnius.Storis lygus keliems tarpatominiams nuotuoliams. Elektroną veikia į metalą traukia elektrinė jėga. Elektronas išlaisvinamas iš metalo turi atlikti išlaisvinimo darbą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 07:10:11',62,'','2010-06-18 07:13:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 07:10:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,60,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(833,'Šviesos dispersijos prizmėje tyrimas 2','viesos-dispersijos-prizmje-tyrimas-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Darbo tikslas. Nubrėžti dispersijos kreivę ir apskaičiuoti šviesos dispersiją bei prizmės kampinę dispersiją fiksuotam bangos ilgiui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Teorinė dalis. Šviesos dispersija vadinama jos fazinio greičio priklausomybė nuo bangos ilgio arba dažnio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 07:14:12',62,'','2010-06-18 07:16:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 07:14:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,59,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(834,'Lazerio šviesos difrakcija 2','lazerio-viesos-difrakcija-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: nustatyti lazerio spinduliuojamų šviesos bangų ilgį, ištirti maksimumų apšviestumus plyšio difrakciniame vaizde Fraunhoferio difrakcijos atveju ir susipažinti su plyšio difrakciniu vaizdu Frenelio difrakcijos atveju.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis: šviesos difrakcija – tai reiškinys, kai šviesos bangos, sutikdamos mažas kliūtis, mažas angas arba siaurus plyšius, pastebimai užlinksta Skiriame du šviesos bangų difrakcijos atvejus: 1. Plokščiųjų bangų – Fraubhoferio difrakcija; 2. Sferinių bangų – Frenelio difrakcija. Apšvietus tiesinę difrakcinę gardelę plokščiąja monochromatine banga, ekrane pasirodo difrakcinis vaizdas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 07:17:14',62,'','2010-06-18 07:19:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 07:17:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,58,'','',0,34,'robots=\nauthor='),(835,'Fizikos santrauka','fizikos-santrauka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.1.Elektros krūvis (dviejų rūšių krūviai, krūvių diskretiškumas (kvantavimas), invariantiškumas, tvermės dėsnis, vienetas). Krūvio tankis (ilginis paviršinis, tūrinis). 1.2.Krūvių sąveika. Kulono dėsnis (skaliarinė ir vektorinė išraiškos). Elektrinė konstanta. 1.3.Elektrostatinis laukas. Lauko stipris (grafinis vaizdavimas, taškinio krūvio laukas, laukų superpozicijos principas, vienetas). 1.4.Elektrinis dipolis (momentas, potencialas ir lauko stipris (be išvedimo). 1.5.Elektrinio lauko stiprio vektoriaus srautas. Gauso teorema laukui vakuume. Begalinis tolygiai įelektrintos plokštumos elektrostatinio lauko stiprio skaičiavimas taikant Gauso teoremą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.6.Darbas, atliekamas perkeliant krūvį elektriniame lauke. Elektrostatinio lauko vektoriaus cirkuliacija (lauko potencialumas). 1.7.Elektrostatinio lauko potencialas. Taškinio krūvio potencinė energija ir lauko potencialas, ekvipotencialinis paviršius, potencialo vienetas. 1.8.Elektrinio lauko stiprio ir potencialo ryšys (potencialo gradiento samprata). 1.9.Dielektrikų poliarizacija (poliniai ir nepoliniai dielektrikai, poliarizuotumas, elektroninės (deformacinės) ir orientacinės poliarizacijos samprata). 1.10.Elektrostatinis laukas dielektrike (santykinė dielektrinė skvarba, segnetoelektrikai). 1.11. Gauso teorema dielektrikui (laisvieji ir surištieji krūviai). Elektrinė slinktis. 1.12.Elektrostatinis laukas įelektrintame laidininke ir ties jo paviršiumi (ryšys tarp lauko stiprio ir krūvio paviršinio tankio). 1.13 Įelektrinto laidininko elektrinė talpa (talpos vienetai, kondensatorius, jo talpa). 1.14 .Elektrinio lauko energija ir energijos tankis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 07:20:10',62,'','2010-06-18 07:23:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 07:20:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,57,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(836,'Temperatūrinio dujų slėgio koeficiento nustatymas 2','temperatrinio-duj-slgio-koeficiento-nustatymas-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Susipažinti su idealiųjų dujų būsenos lygtimi ir izoprocesais dujose. Eksperimentiškai nustatyti temperatūrinį dujų slėgio koeficientą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Idealiosiomis dujomis vadiname tokias dujas, kurių molekulės neturi savojo tūrio ir tarpusavyje nesąveikauja.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 07:24:15',62,'','2010-06-18 07:26:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 07:24:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,56,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(837,'Termoelektroninės emisijos reiškinio tyrimas 2','termoelektronins-emisijos-reikinio-tyrimas-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Išbrėžti vakuuminio diodo voltamperinę charakteristiką ir apskaičiuoti elektrono išlaisvinimo darbą</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Metaluose daug laisvų elektronų, kurie laisvai juda tik metale. Elektronui išlėkus į vakuumą, toje vietoje metale lieka teigiamo krūvio perteklius, kuris traukia.Todėl metaluose susidaro labai plonas dvigubas elektrinis sluoksnius.Storis lygus keliems tarpatominiams nuotuoliams. Elektroną veikia į metalą traukia elektrinė jėga. Elektronas išlaisvinamas iš metalo turi atlikti išlaisvinimo darbą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 07:26:45',62,'','2010-06-18 07:28:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 07:26:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,55,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(838,'Atsitiktiniai vyksmai  (V. Palenskis, K. Maknys)','atsitiktiniai-vyksmai-v-palenskis-k-maknys','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atsitiktinumas vienokiu ar kitokiu laipsniu yra būdingas daugeliui gamtoje vykstančių reiškinių. Jis pirmiausia pasireiškia ten, kur reiškinio vyksmui didelės įtakos turi daug įvairių poveikių, ypač tada, kai nagrinėjamoji sistema yra nepastovi. Atsitiktinumo ir būtinumo santykis tirtas jau antikoje. Ankstyvieji materialistai (Demokritas, B.Spinoza, P.Holbachas, L.Biucheris) teigė, kad atsitiktinumo kategorija neturi objektyvaus pagrindo tikrovėje, nes joje viskas determinuota ir todėl būtina. Kiti filosofai (Epikūras, K.Helvecijus) neigdami būtinumo absoliutinimą ir iš jo išplaukiantį fatalizmą, pripažino atsitiktinumą greta būtinumo arba tik atsitiktinumą. Atsitiktinumas yra konkreti būtinumo reiškimosi forma. Atsitiktinumo priešpastatymas būtinumui arba atvirkščiai galimas tik konkrečiame tyrime, bet ne apskritai. Kiekvieną atskirą reiškinį lemia daugybė kintančių aplinkybių ir poveikių. Tam tikras įvykis vienomis sąlygomis yra atsitiktinis, o kitomis − būtinas. Pvz., dėsningi vienos ar kitos biologinės rūšies požymiai iš pradžių esti atsitiktiniai nuokrypiai nuo ankstesnės rūšies požymių. Tie atsitiktiniai nuokrypiai išlieka, kaupiasi, ir jų pagrindu susiformuoja būtinos gyvo organizmo savybės. Analizuodamas įvairius atsitiktinius, atskirus faktus, mokslas siekia atskleisti tai, kas slypi jų esmėje, − tam tikrą būtinumą. Žvelgiant iš šalies, atsitiktinumas pasireiškia kaip nepakankamas masinių reiškinių reguliarumas, kuris neleidžia tiksliai nusakyti atitinkamų įvykių pasirodymo, t.y. neleidžia juos aprašyti deterministiniais modeliais. Tačiau nagrinėjant šiuos reiškinius išryškėja tam tikri dėsningumai. Būdingas atsitiktiniams vyksmams nereguliarumas, kaip taisyklė, kompensuojamas statistiniais dėsningumais, įvykių pasikartojimo dažniais daug kartų atliekant tą patį eksperimentą. Tais atvejais kalbama, kad įvykis turi tam tikrą pasirodymo tikimybę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Yra dėsnių, kurie būtinumą atspindi tarsi apvalytą nuo atsitiktinumo; pvz., Niutono mechanikos dėsniai. Siekdama numatyti Mėnulio ar Saulės užtemimą, astronomija atsiriboja nuo atsitiktinumo ir ima tik būtinumą. Tačiau yra tokių dėsnių, kurie būtinumą ir atsitiktinumą atspindi vienybėje. Dėl to ir patys atsitiktiniai reiškiniai yra tyrimo objektas. Juos tiria ne tik matematika ir fizika, bet sociologija, biologija, chemija ir kt. mokslai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tikimybių teorijos sąvokos pradėjo formuotis XVI amžiuje, mėginant matematiškai analizuoti azartinių lošimų klausimus (italų matematikai L.Pačolis (1445-1514), N.Tartalja (1500-1557), Dž.Kardanas (1501-1557)). XVII šimtmečio pradžioje G.Galilėjus (italų mokslininkas, 1564-1642) mėgino nagrinėti matavimo paklaidas, traktuodamas jas kaip atsitiktines ir įvertindamas jų tikimybes. Tuo laiku mėginta kurti draudimo teoriją, pagrįsta mirtingumo, nelaimingų atsitikimų, ligų ir panašių masinių reiškinių matematine analize. Tačiau tikimybių teorijos pradžia laikomi K.Hiuigenso (1629-1695, olandų matematikas ir fizikas), B.Paskalio (1623-1662, prancūzų matematikas ir fizikas) ir P.Ferma (1601-1662, prancūzų matematikas) darbai, atlikti XVII a. viduryje, susiję su azartiniais lošimais. Tuose darbuose išryškėjo svarbios tikimybių teorijos sąvokos, tarp jų − tikimybės sąvoka. Didelis žingsnis į priekį buvo J.Bernulio (1654-1705, šveicarų matematikas) darbai, taip pat susiję su lošimais. Jis pirmasis įrodė vieną iš svarbiausių tikimybių teorijos dėsnių − vadinamąjį didžiųjų skaičių dėsnį. Šis dėsnis įvertina tikimybę, kad, atlikus didelį skaičių eksperimentų, stebimo įvykio statistinis dažnis mažai skirsis nuo to įvykio tikimybės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 07:29:16',62,'','2010-06-18 07:32:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 07:29:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,54,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(839,'Fizikos egzamino bilietai','fizikos-egzamino-bilietai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ARCHIMEDO JĖGA</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jėga, stumianti kūną iš skysčio arba dujų, vadinama Archimedo jėga. Archimedo jėga priklauso nuo: skysčio, kuriame panardintas kūnas, tankio ir nuo šio kūno tūrio. (Nepriklauso nuo panardinto kūno medžiagos tankio). Jėga, stumianti visiškai panardintą skystyje (dujose) kūną, yra lygi svoriui skysčio (dujų), kurio tūris toks pat, kaip ir panardinto kūno. Tai galima parodyti ir bandymu. Prie dinamometro prikabinkime ritinį, kurio masė ore p. Po to jį panardinkime į indą su skysčiu iki angos lygio. Skysčio dalis, kurios tūris lygus ritinio tūriui, išbėga iš indo į stiklinę. Spyruoklė susispaudžia (pakyla į viršų nuo ribos, kuri nustatyta esant ritiniui ore), tai reiškia, kad kūno svoris skystyje sumažėja ir jis lygus q, todėl kūną veikia ne tik sunkio jėga, bet ir jėga, stumianti iš skysčio kūną (Archimedo jėga).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">KŪNŲ PLŪDURIAVIMAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skystyje panardintą kūną veikia dvi jėgos: sunkio jėga (žemyn) ir Archimedo (aukštyn). Veikiamas šių jėgų, kūnas judės didesnės jėgos kryptimi. Pasiekęs skysčio paviršių, kūnas toliau kils į viršų. Archimedo jėga ims mažėti todėl, kad mažės įgrimzdusios kūno dalies tūris, o Archimedo jėga lygi svoriui skysčio, kuris užima kūno panirusios dalies tūrį. Kai pasidarys Fa=Fs kūnas sustos kilęs ir plūduriuos. Tai galima patikrinti atliekant bandymą: į nutekamąjį indą su vandeniu iki angos lygio, įmetamas plūduriuojantis kūnas, pasvertas ore. Jis išstumia vandens tūrį, lygų įgrimzdusios dalies tūriui. Pasvėrus jį matome, kad plūduriuojančio kūno išstumto skysčio svoris lygus to kūno svoriui ore.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 07:33:09',62,'','2010-06-18 07:43:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 07:33:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,53,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(840,'Šiluminiai varikliai','iluminiai-varikliai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiluminiu varikliu vadinama mašina, kurioje vidinė kuro energija paverčiama mechanine.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 07:48:53',62,'','2010-06-18 07:50:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 07:48:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,52,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(841,'Šildymas vandens garais','ildymas-vandens-garais','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Skysčių šildymas vandens garu taikomas cheminėje technologijoje. Jis patogus tuo, kad kondensuojantis garui išsiskiria didelis šilumos kiekis, o keičiant garų sudėtį, keičiama ir šildymo temperatūra. Aparatams, kuriuose šildymui naudojamas garas, pakanka mažo šilumokaitos paviršiaus ir jų didelis naudingumo koeficientas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šildyti garu galima dviem būdais: a) tiesiogiai, t. y. leidžiant garą į šildomą skystį; b) per sienelę. Pirmas būdas paprastesnis ir ekonomiškesnis. Garas patekęs į skystį, kondensuojasi ir atiduoda šildomam skysčiui, atiduodamas jam visą savo aušinimo šilumą. Dažniausiai garas į skystį paduodamas per barboterį, t. y. spiralės arba žiedo pavidalo vamzdį su skylutėmis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 07:51:01',62,'','2010-06-18 07:53:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 07:51:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,51,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(842,'Atvudo mašina (laboratorinis)','atvudo-maina-laboratorinis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: II Niutono dėsnio eksperimentinis patikrinimas, tolygiai greitėjančio ir tolyginio judesio tyrimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aparatūra ir darbo metodas: vertikalios kolonos viršuje įtvirtinas skriemulys, per kurį permestas siūlas. Prie kolonos pritvirtinti trys kronšteinai. Prie siūlo galų pritvirtinti vienodos masės svareliai. Ant vieno svarelio uždedamas papildomas svarelis. Išjungus elektromagnetą sistema pradeda judėti su pagreičiu. Prieš pat pasiekiant pirmą fotoelektrinį daviklį paplidomas svarelis atskiriamas nuo svarelių sistemos ir toliau sistema be pagreičio įveikia kelią tarp fotoelektrinių daviklių. Skaitmeninė skalė parodo laiką per kuri svarelis nuėjo kelia tarp daviklių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 07:53:23',62,'','2010-06-18 07:55:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 07:53:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,50,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(843,'Fizikos laboratoriniai darbai','fizikos-laboratoriniai-darbai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 07:56:54',62,'','2010-06-18 08:10:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 07:56:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,49,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(844,'Idealiųjų dujų molinių šilumų santykio Cp/Cv nustatymas','idealij-duj-molini-ilum-santykio-cpcv-nustatymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Eksperimentiškai nustatyti oro molinių šilumų santykį γ = C<sub>p</sub>/C<sub>v</sub> .Apskaičiuoti oro molekulių laisvės laipsnių skaičių ir atomų skaičių šiose molekulėse.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Idealiosiomis vadiname tokias dujas,kurių molekulės neturi savojo tūrio ir nėra veikiamos tarpusavio sąveikos jėgų. Oras yra realiosios dujos, tačiau, jei jis nesuslėgtas ,o temperatūra nėra artima 0 K ,jam neblogai tinka idealiųjų dujų dėsniai. Medžiagos moline šiluma vadinamas  šilumos kiekis , kurį reikia suteikti vienam moliui medžiagos,norint jos temperatūrą pakelti vienu laipsniu . Dujoms būdinga tai ,kad jų molinė šiluma priklauso nuo šildymo sąlygų. Skiriamos dvi molinės šilumos : esant pastoviam tūriui ( C<sub>v</sub> ) ir esant pastoviam slėgiui ( C<sub>p</sub> ).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 08:11:11',62,'','2010-06-18 08:15:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 08:11:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,48,'','',0,41,'robots=\nauthor='),(845,'Spinduliavimas','spinduliavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Radioaktyvumas - tai kai kurių nestabilių branduolių savybė spontaniškai (savaime) skilti į kitų elementų branduolius ir sukelti radiaciją (spinduliuotę). Šis vyksmas dar žinomas kaip radioaktyvusis skilimas. Radioktyviųjų elementų spinduliuotė būna trijų rūšių : alfa dalelių srautas(↓) (alfa spinduliai), beta dalelių srautas(↓) (beta spinduliai ir gama spinduliai(↓). Taip pat mažai radioaktyvūs yra rentgeno spinduliai(↓), kurių didelė dozė taip pat gali sukelti spindulinę ligą, ir pakenkti žmogaus organizmui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rentgeno spinduliai, X spinduliai, elektromagnetiniai jonizuojantieji spinduliai, kuriø bangos ilgis λ  = 10<sup>-14</sup> - 10<sup>-7</sup>m. Rentgeno spinduliai, kurių λ &lt; 0,2 nm, sąlygiškai vadinami kietaisiais, kurių λ &gt; 0,2 nm - minkštaisiais. Rentgeno spindulius sukuria rentgeno vamzdis, sinchronuotas, priešpriešinių pluoštų greitintuvo elektronų kaupimo žiedas; juos skleidžia radioktyvieji izotopai, Saulė, kiti kosminiai rentgeno šaltiniai. Pagal sužadinimo būdą rentgeno spinduliai ir jų spektrai būna stabdomieji, arba baltieji ir charakteringieji, arba būdingieji. Stabdomųjų rentgeno spindulių intensyvumas tolydus pagal visus dažnius iki didžiausio dažnio ν<sub>0</sub>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 08:15:34',62,'','2010-06-18 08:21:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 08:15:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,47,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(846,'Elektrono specifinio krūvio nustatymas 4','elektrono-specifinio-krvio-nustatymas-4','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Panaudojant elektronų judėjimą ašinės simetrijos magnetiniame lauke, nustatomas elektrono specifinis krūvis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinio pasirengimo klausimai. Dalelės specifinio krūvio sąvoka. Lorenco jėga. Dalelės judėjimas veikiant Lorenco jėgai. Teorinė dalis. „Elementarios” elektringos dalelės elektros krūvio e santykis su jo mase m (e/m) vadinamas dalelės specifiniu krūviu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 08:21:48',62,'','2010-06-18 08:23:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 08:21:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,46,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(847,'Fizikos formulės (lentelė)','fizikos-formuls-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 09:03:03',62,'','2010-06-18 09:04:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 09:03:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,45,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(848,'Elektra gintaro krašte','elektra-gintaro-krate','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvos nuosavi energijos ištekliai yra gana nedideli. Perėjus prie rinkos ekonomikos, padidėjo valstybės priklausomybė nuo importuojamo kuro, o gyventojai savo kailiu pajuto išaugusių energijos kainų \"dantis\". Tai privertė keisti požiūrį į energijos gamybą ir naudojimą. Energijos išteklių taupymas ir racionalus energijos vartojimas yra vienu iš prioritetinių valstybės uždavinių, nuo kurio sprendimo nemažai priklauso jaunos valstybės savarankiškumas. Ypač aktualu tapo skleisti informaciją apie energijos taupymą, bei naujas technologijas. Visų pirma prireikė keisti patį žmonių požiūrį į energijos vartojimą. Siekiant paskatinti gyventojus bei kitus vartotojus taupyti energiją ir jos išteklius, VĮ Energetikos agentūra 1995 metais įkūrė Efektyvios energetikos centrą. Nuo pat Centro įkūrimo pradžios jo veiklą remia Danijos energetikos agentūra, Europos Komisijos PHARE programa, Energijos taupymo programos direkcija ir kitos organizacijos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PAGRINDINIAI EKONOMIKOS RODIKLIAI</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pastaraisiais metais šalies ekonomikoje ir jos vienoje svarbiausių šakų - energetikoje vyksta dideli teigiami poslinkiai. Pvz., metinis bendrojo vidaus produkto (BVP) prieaugis 1995 - 1997 m. padidėjo nuo 3 iki 6%, metinis perdirbtos naftos kiekis - nuo 3,3 iki 5,6 mln. t, didėjo energetikos efektyvumas, mažėjo lyginamosios sąnaudos BVP vienetui, mažėjo energijos gamybos, tiekimo ir vartojimo nuostoliai. Prie sparčių ekonomikos augimo tempų galutinės energijos reikmės šalies ūkyje pastoviai mažėja. Per 1995 - 1997 m. jos sumažėjo apie 5%. Lemiamą įtaką čia turėjo vykstanti šalies ekonomikos restruktūrizacija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teigiami pokyčiai vyksta energetikos ūkio valdyme, restruktūrizavime ir privatizavime. Pvz., 1997 m. šilumos tinklus ir kai kurias termofikacines elektrines AB \"Lietuvos energija\" perdavė miestų savivaldybėms. Rengiami ir derinami elektros energetikos ūkio decentralizavimo projektai. Privatizuojami naftos ūkio objektai. Ruošiamas patikslintas Nacionalinės energetikos strategijos projektas, kurį Seimui numatoma pateikti 1999 metais. Didelis dėmesys skiriamas Lietuvos elektros energetikos integracijai į Vakarų Europos energetines sistemas. Numatoma iki 2002 metų nutiesti 400 kV elektros perdavimo liniją Lietuva - Lenkija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 09:05:03',62,'','2010-06-18 09:06:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 09:05:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,44,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(849,'Termodinamika ir šilumokaita (špera)','termodinamika-ir-ilumokaita-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PAGRINDINĖS SĄVOKOS IR APIBRĖŽIMAI.TERMODINAMIKOS OBJEKTAS.TERMODINAMINĖS SISTEMOS.DARBO KŪNAI IR JŲ PAGRINDINIAI PARAMETRAI.<br />PROCESAI.TERMODINAMINĖ BŪKLĖ. DUJŲ BŪKLĖS LYGTIS.DUJŲ MIŠINIAI. 2. PTD. ŠILUMA IR DARBAS.DARBO SKAIČIAVIMAS PAGAL P-V DIAGRAMĄ. SPECIFINĖ ŠILUMA.VIDINĖ ENERGIJA. ENTALPIJA. PTD ANALITINĖ IŠRAIŠKA UŽDARAJAI TERMODINAMINEI SISTEMAI.ENTROPIJA IR T-s DIAGRAMA.IDEALIŲJŲ DUJŲ TERMODINAMINIAI PROCESAI.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ATD. CIKLO SĄVOKA. KARNO CIKLAS. ATD ANALITINĖ IŠRAIŠKA IR APIBRĖŽIMAI.ENERGIJOS TRANSFORMAVIMO GALIMYBĖS. EKSERGIJA IR ANERGIJA.ŠILUMOS EKSERGIJA IR ANERGIJA. MEDŽIAGŲ TERMODINAMINĖS SAVYBĖS. MEDŽIAGŲ BŪKLĖS PARAMETRŲ TARPUSAVIO PRIKLAUSOMYBĖ: p-v-T PAVIRIUS IR BŪKLĖS LYGTYS. VANDENS GARO SAVYBĖS,DIAGRAMA,PROCESAI. DRĖGNAS ORAS, JO PARAMETRAI, PARUOŠIMO PROCESAI.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 09:07:19',62,'','2010-06-18 09:11:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 09:07:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,43,'','',0,53,'robots=\nauthor='),(850,'Franko ir Herco bandymas','franko-ir-herco-bandymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: nubrėžti anodinės srovės priklausomybės nuo tinklelio įtampos I<sub>a</sub> = f(U<sub>2</sub>) kreivę, remiantis ja nustatyti pirmąjį kritinį (rezonansinį) atomo potencialą ir apskaičiuoti tiriamųjų Hg atomų spinduliuojamų bangų ilgį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Buvo įrodyta, kad atomas gali sugerti tik tam tikrų dydžių energijos porcijas. Pirmieji tokį bandymą atliko D.Frankas ir G. Hercas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 09:12:20',62,'','2010-06-18 09:15:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 09:12:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,42,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(851,'Fizikos medžiagos santrauka 2','fizikos-mediagos-santrauka-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mechaniniai svyravimai, pagrindinės jų charakteristikoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Svyravimu vadinamas procesą, pasikartojantį bėgant laikui. Kai, laikui bėgant atitinkamai kartojasi kūno ar jo dalių padėtis erdvėje ir judėjimo greitis, tuomet turime mechaninį svyravimą. Aukštesnių dažnių svyravimai vadinami virpesiais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Svyruojantį kūną arba jų visumą vadiname svyravimų sistema. Svyravimų sistemai nukrypus nuo pastovios pusiausvyros padėties, atsiranda tamprumo jėga F, gražinantį ją į pusiausvyros padėtį. Ši jėga ir kūno inertiškumas yra jo svyravimų priežastis. Be gražinančios jėgos, svyravimų sistema gali veikti ir išorinės jėgos, kurios būna dvejopos: 1) kiekvieną judantį kūną veikia aplinkos pasipriešinimo jėga F<sub>2</sub> kuri visada yra judėjimo greičiui v priešingos krypties, todėl svyravimus stabdo. 2) svyravimų sistemą gali veikti svyravimus stimuliuojanti kintanti išorinė jėga F<sub>3</sub> kurią vadiname priverstine.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 09:15:24',62,'','2010-06-18 09:17:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 09:15:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,41,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(852,'Tirpalų lūžio rodiklio priklausomybės nuo koncentracijos tyrimas 2','tirpal-lio-rodiklio-priklausomybs-nuo-koncentracijos-tyrimas-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: ištirti priklausomybę tarp skaidraus tirpalo absoliutinio lūžio rodiklio ir jo svorinės koncentracijos bei nustatyti pateikto tirpalo nežinomą koncentraciją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis: aplinkos absoliutinis lūžio rodiklis parodo, kiek kartų bangos fazinis greitis mažesnis toje aplinkoje nei vakuume.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 09:18:21',62,'','2010-06-18 09:20:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 09:18:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,40,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(853,'Formulės','formuls','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 09:21:19',62,'','2010-06-18 09:22:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 09:21:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,39,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(854,'Tiesinė difrakcinė gardelė 2','tiesin-difrakcin-gardel-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Nustatyti ilgį šviesos bangų, kurios atitinka nurodytą liniją vienatomių arba garų  difrakciniame linijiniame spektre.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Difrakcija - tai reiškinys, kai bangos užlinksta perėjusios kliūtį. Difrakcinę gardelę sudaro neskaidri medžiaga, kurioje yra daug siaurų lygiagrečių angų. Atstumas tarp gretimų angų centrų yra vadinamas gardelės konstanta d.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 09:22:38',62,'','2010-06-18 09:24:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 09:22:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,38,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(855,'Magnetinių laukų tyrimas 2','magnetini-lauk-tyrimas-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: magnetinių laukų tyrimas Gauso metodu, žemės magnetinio lauko indukcijos horizontaliosios dedamosios nustatymas tangentinio galvanometro metodu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis (I dalis): Magnetinės indukcijos SI vienetas yra tesla (T). Tangentiniu galvanometru vadinamas prietaisas, sudarytas iš vertikalios žiedo formos ritės ir jos ventre esančios rodyklės. Toks prietaiso pavadinimas atsirado dėl to, kad rodyklės nukreipimo kampo tangentas yra tiesiai proporcingas srovės stiprumui ritėje. Jei ritė pasukama į tokią padėtį, kad jos plokštuma sutaptų su magnetinės rodyklės kryptimi, tai žemės magnetinio lauko indukcijos horizontaliosios dedamosios B<sub>h</sub> ir ritės magnetinio lauko indukcijos B<sub>r</sub> kryptys tampa tarpusavyje statmenos. Kai rite srovė neteka, magnetinę rodyklę veikia tik žemės magnetinis laukas, pasukdamas ją B<sub>h</sub> kryptimi. Paleidus rite srovę, magnetinė rodyklė, veikiama abiejų laukų, pasisuka pilnosios indukcijos B=B<sub>h</sub>+B<sub>r</sub> kryptimi, sudarančia su pradine padėtimi kampą φ.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 09:25:18',62,'','2010-06-18 09:28:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 09:25:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,37,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(856,'Žvaigžde sujungta trifazė grandinė 3','vaigde-sujungta-trifaz-grandin-3','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: fazių sekos nustatymas ir nulinio laido įtaka trifazio imtuvo darbo režimu i kai jis maitinamas iš trifazės įtampos šaltinio.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naudojama aparatūra: 1. simetrinis trifazės įtampos šaltinis; 2. du rezistoriai ir kondensatorius fazių sekai nustatyti; 3. trys rezistoriai, ritė ir kondensatorių baterija; 4. jungiklis, dviejų ir trijų junkčių perjungikliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 09:28:50',62,'','2010-06-18 09:31:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 09:28:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,36,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(857,'Metalų varžos temperatūrinės priklausomybės tyrimas 2','metal-varos-temperatrins-priklausomybs-tyrimas-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Ištirti laidininko varžos priklausomybę nuo temperatūros.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinio pasirengimo klausimai. Klasikinės elektroninės metalų elektrinio laidumo teorijos pagrindai. Laidininko ominė varža. Specifinė varža. Laidininko varžos priklausomybė nuo temperatūros.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Metalai yra geri elektros ir šilumos laidininkai. Šią metalų savybę sąlygoja tai, kad elektros krūvį ir šilumą perneša tie patys nešikliai – laisvieji elektronai. Pagal klasikinę elektroninę metalų laidumo teoriją, metalo atomų valentiniai elektronai kristale nesurišti su konkrečiu atomu, o laisvai juda šiluminiu judėjimu po visą metalo tūrį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 09:32:13',62,'','2010-06-18 09:34:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 09:32:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,35,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(858,'Sudėtinga nuolatinės srovės grandinė','sudtinga-nuolatins-srovs-grandin','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo turinys – Kirchofo dėsnių, mazgų potencialų ir superpozicijos metodų taikymas, grandinės galių balanso sudarymas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naudojama aparatūra: 1. Reguliuojamas nuolatinės įtampos šaltinis. 2. Reguliuojamas nuolatinės srovės šaltinis. 3. 3 ampermetrai ir 2 voltmetrai. 4. 2 žinomų varžų rezistoriai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 09:34:45',62,'','2010-06-18 09:36:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 09:34:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,34,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(859,'Temperatūrinio dujų slėgio koeficiento nustatymas 4','temperatrinio-duj-slgio-koeficiento-nustatymas-4','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Susipažinti su idealiųjų dujų būsenos lygtimi ir izoprocesais dujose. Eksperimentiškai nustatyti temperatūrinį dujų slėgio koeficientą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Idealiosiomis dujomis vadiname tokias dujas, kurių molekulės neturi savojo tūrio ir tarpusavyje nesąveikauja.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 09:37:09',62,'','2010-06-18 09:38:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 09:37:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,33,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(860,'Elektrinių dydžių matavimas ir matavimo paklaidos 3','elektrini-dydi-matavimas-ir-matavimo-paklaidos-3','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Išmokti įvertinti elektrinių dydžių matavimo sistemines paklaidas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinio pasirengimo klausimai. Absoliutinė ir santykinė paklaida. Sisteminė ir atsitiktinė paklaida. Prietaiso tikslumo klasė ir jos ryšys su sistemine paklaida.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 09:39:14',62,'','2010-06-18 09:40:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 09:39:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,32,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(861,'Elektromagnetizmas','elektromagnetizmas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">MAGNETINIS LAUKAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visur, kur yra elektros srovė, t.y. kur juda elektros krūviai, yra magnetinis laukas. Įmagnetina geležis ir permagnetina komposus žaibas. Erstedas įrodė, kad laidininku tekanti srovė veikia magnetinę rodyklę, bet ne traukia ar stumia, o pasuka, kad ji būtų statmena krypčiai. Pakeitus srovės kryptį magnetinė rodyklė pasisuka į priešingą pusę. Erdvėje apie laidininką, kuriuo teka elektros srovė, yra sąveiką su magnetu perduodanti aplinka - magnetinis laukas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Magnetinį lauką kuria elektros srovė, kurioje yra judantys elektros krūviai. Jeigu viename magnetiniame lauke yra du laidininkai, kuriais teka elektros srovė, tai abiejų srovių magnetinio laukų sąveikos laidai veikia vienas kitą - stumia arba traukia. Amperas nustatė, kad viena kryptimi tekančios srovės viena kitą traukia, o tekančios priešingomis kryptimis viena kitą stumia. Nuolatinių magnetų kuriamas laukas susijęs su elektros krūvio medžiagos viduje: magnetinis laukas - tai ypatingos formos materija, perduodanti judančio elektros krūvių sąveiką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 09:41:20',62,'','2010-06-18 09:43:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 09:41:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,31,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(862,'Hidrauliniai pasipriešinimai','hidrauliniai-pasiprieinimai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Realieji skysčiai, tekėdami vamzdžiais arba aparatais, dalį savo mechaninės energijos sunaudoja hidrauliniams pasipriešinimams nugalėti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tekant skysčiams, susidaro energijos nuostoliai, kurie apskaičiuojami naudojantis eksperimentiniais duomenimis ir empirinėmis skaičiavimo lygtimis. Hidraulinius nuostolius sudaro: a) nuostoliai atsirandantys dėl skysčio dalelių trinties įkanalo sieneles ir dėl skysčio dalelių tarpusavio trinties ΔP<sub>tr</sub>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 10:21:04',62,'','2010-06-18 10:24:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 10:21:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,30,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(863,'Nuolatinės srovės tiesinės elektros grandinės (špera)','nuolatins-srovs-tiesins-elektros-grandins-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektros grandinės ir jos elementai. Elektros grandinės elementai: šaltiniai ir imtuvai. Realią el. grandinę keičiame ekvivalentine schema.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Grandinė sudaryta tik iš tiesinių elementų - tiesinė. Jei bent vienas elementas netiesinis grandinė netiesinė. Šakotos ir nešakotos grandinės. Nešakota - kai per visus grandinės elementus teka ta pati srovė. Grandinės šaka - grandinės dalis, įjungta tarp dviejų mazgų ir sudaryta iš nuosekliai sujungtų grandinės elementų. Mazgas - trijų ir daugiau šakų sujungimo vieta. Uždaras kelias kurį sudaro kalios šakos vadinama kontūru.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 10:25:04',62,'','2010-06-18 10:28:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 10:25:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,29,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(864,'Entropijos pokyčio nustatymas kaitinant ir išlydant kristalinį kūną','entropijos-pokyio-nustatymas-kaitinant-ir-ilydant-kristalin-kn','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: nubrėžti metalo temperatūros priklausomybės nuo šildymo laiko grafiką, nustatyti lydymosi temperatūrą ir apskaičiuoti atitinkamus entropijos pokyčius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Entropija S, kaip ir vidinė energija, laisvoji energija, entalpija, yra termodinaminės sistemos būsenos funkcija. Ji tam tikru būdu priklauso nuo termodinaminės sistemos būsenos parametrų. Kintant sistemos būsenai, kinta ir entropija, tačiau proceso pobūdis neturi įtakos jos pilnutiniam pokyčiui ΔS. <br /> Skiriami grįžtamieji ir negrįžtamieji procesai. Mechaninį, ar termodinaminį procesą, vadiname grįžtamuoju, jeigu, jam pasibaigus, sistemą galima atvirkščia tvarka, per tas pačias tarpines būsenas, grąžinti į pradinę būseną ir nelieka aplinkoje pokyčių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 10:28:26',62,'','2010-06-18 10:31:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 10:28:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,28,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(865,'Tirpalų lūžio rodiklio tyrimas refraktometru','tirpal-lio-rodiklio-tyrimas-refraktometru','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis: ištirti priklausomybę tarp skaidraus tirpalo lūžio rodiklio ir jo svorinės koncentracijos bei nustatyti patiekto tirpalo nežinomą koncentraciją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis: Tirpalo absoliutinį lūžio rodiklį n nustatome refraktometru pagal ribinį kampą. Naudojamo refraktometro schema pavaizduota paveikslėlyje. Joje turime glaudžiamąjį lęšį 1, kuris šviesos šaltinio S siunčiamus spindulius nukreipia reikiama linkme, dvi stačiakampes prizmes (apšvietimo prizmę 2 ir matavimo prizmę 3), dispersijos kompensatorių 4 ir žiūroną Z. Žiūronas susideda iš objektyvo 5 ir okuliaro 9. Be to jame įtaisyta plokštelė 7 su punktyrine vizuojamąja linija (trys brūkšneliai) ir stačiakampė prizmė 6, kuri visiško vidaus atspindžio dėka pakeičia spindulių eigą 90<sup>0</sup> kampu. Ši prizmė įtaisyta tik prietaiso eksplotavimui. Detalių 6, 7, 8 bei 9 tikrą padėtį refraktometre sudarysime, pasukę žiūroną 90<sup>0</sup> kampu apie ašį 00<sub>1</sub> taip, kad okuliaras 9 būtų nukreiptas į mus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 10:31:52',62,'','2010-06-18 10:34:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 10:31:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,27,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(866,'Šiaurės Europa','iaurs-europa','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiaurėje Europos krantus skalauja Arkties vandenynas, vakaruose - Atlantas, pietryčiuose - Juodoji ir Kaspijos jūros, pietuose - Viduržemio jūra. Rytuose Europa ribojasi su Uralo kalnynu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagal kai kurių mokslininkų skaičiavimus Europos geografinis centras yra Lietuvoje (1989 m. Prancūzijos nacionalinis geografijos institutas nustatė, kad Europos centras yra prie Girijos ežero ir Bernotų piliakalnio, tarp 25 ir 26 km. į šiaurės rytus nuo Vilniaus).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinės salos ir salynai: Naujoji žemė, Islandija, Korsika, Malta, Britų salynas, Kipras, Sardinija, Sicilija, Kreta. Bendras salų plotas apie 730 tūkst. kv. km. Apie 1/4 Europos teritorijos sudaro pusiasaliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiausi pusiasaliai - Kolos, Skandinavijos, Apeninų, Pirėnų, Balkanų, Jutlandijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vidutinis aukštis virš jūros lygio apie 340 m, aukščiausia viršukalnė - 4808 m (Monblano kalnas).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vyrauja lygumos (didžiausios - Rytų Europos, Vidurio Europos, Dunojaus, Paryžiaus baseino). Kalnai užima apie 17% etritorijos (pagrindiniai - Alpės, Karpatai, Pirėnai, Apeninai, Uralas, Skandinavijos ir Balkanų pusiasalių kalnai). Islandijoje ir Viduržemio jūros regione yra veikiančių ugnikalnių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiojoje Europos dalyje vyrauja vidutinis klimatas (vakaruose jūrinis, rytuose - kontinentinis), šiaurės salose - subarktinis ir arktinis, Pietų Europoje - Viduržemio jūros. Arktikos salose, Islandijoje, Skandinavijos kalnuose ir Alpėse yra ledynų (bendras plotas virš 116 tūkst. kv. km). Didžiausios upės: Volga, Dniepras, Donas, Pečiora, Š.Dvina, Dunojus, Vysla, Odra, Elbė, Reinas, Luara, Nemunas, Rona, Tachas). Didžiausi ežerai: Ladogos, Onegos, Čiudo, Balatono, Ženevos. Arktikos salose ir Arkties vandenyno pakrantėje - arktinės dykumos ir tundra, piečiau - miškatundrė, spygliuočių, mišrieji ir plačialapių miškai, miškastepės, stepės, subtropiniai Viduržemio jūros miškai ir krūmynai; pietryčiuose - pusdykumės.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 10:28:15',62,'','2010-06-18 10:37:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 10:28:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,28,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(867,'Elektra ir magnetizmas (V. Rinkevičius)','elektra-ir-magnetizmas-v-rinkeviius','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vytautas Jonas Rinkevičius gimė 1938 m. sausio 27 d. Ilčiukuose, Utenos rajone. Studijavo Vilniaus universiteto Fizikos-matematikos fakultete. Baigęs studijas 1961 m., buvo paskirtas dirbti Puslaidininkių fizikos katedroje vyresniuoju dėstytoju. Tuo pat metu jis pradėjo stibio sulfido elektrinių savybių tyrimus ir 1970 m. apgynė mokslų daktaro disertaciją “Stibio sulfido monokristalų vietinių lygmenų ir piroelektrinių savybių tyrimas”. 1974 m. jam buvo suteiktas pedagoginis docento vardas. Doc. V.Rinkevičius buvo vienas pirmųjų, pritaikiusių termostimuliuotų srovių metodą puslaidininkių elektroninėms savybėms tirti, o jų interpretacijai naudojo sudėtingas kompiuterines programas. Jo atliktų didelės varžos puslaidininkių elektrinių savybių tyrimo rezultatai paskelbti prestižiniuose moksliniuose žurnaluose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Doc. V.Rinkevičius mėgo pedagoginį darbą, pirmasis fakultete panaudojo kompiuterinę uždavinių sprendimo kontrolę. Skaitė paskaitas “Fizikos Olimpo” mokyklos moksleiviams, atspausdino šių paskaitų konspektą ir uždavinių rinkinį. Jis daugelį metų skaitė bendrosios fizikos kursą “Elektra ir magnetizmas”, kurio vadovėlį baigė rašyti paskutinėmis gyvenimo dienomis. Vadovėlio kalba netaisyta.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiuo metu žinomos keturios sąveikos tarp elementariųjų dalelių rūšys: stiprioji, elektromagneti-nė, silpnoji ir gravitacinė. Elektromagnetinė sąveika, pagal savo stiprumą būdama antroje vietoje, gamtoje yra itin svarbi. Jos dėka egzistuoja atomai, molekulės, skystieji ir kietieji kūnai. Daugelis me-chanikos bei molekulinės fizikos kurse nagrinėtų jėgų (pvz., smūgio, trinties, klampumo, tamprumo ir kt. Jėgos) iš esmės yra elektromagnetinės prigimties.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuostoviojo elektrinio lauko sąvokos fizikinė prasmė ir jos taikymo ribos<br />Elektrostatika nagrinėja nejudančių krūvių sąveiką bei tokių krūvių sukurtą lauką, vadinamą elektrostatiniu lauku. Elektrostatinis laukas tam tikra prasme yra abstrakcija, nes gamtoje nejudančių krūvių nėra. Kaip žinome, visos elementariosios dalelės ir iš jų sudaryti atomai bei molekulės nuolat netvarkingai juda. Tačiau jei kūno krūvį sudaro daug elementariųjų dalelių ir erdvės taško, kuriame nagrinėjamas laukas, nuotolis nuo kūno yra daug didesnis už netvarkingai judančių elektringųjų dale-lių trajektorijų matmenis, lauką nagrinėjamame taške tam tikru tikslumu galime laikyti elektrostatiniu lauku. Taigi yra visiška analogija su statika mechanikoje: nors bet kokį kūną sudarančios dalelės ne-paliaujamai juda, pats kūnas, sudarytas iš tų dalelių, gali ir nejudėti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-18 10:34:53',62,'','2010-06-18 10:38:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 10:34:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,26,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(868,'Lietuvos geografijos bilietų špera','lietuvos-geografijos-biliet-pera','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 10:40:28',62,'','2010-06-18 10:41:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 10:40:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,27,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(869,'Utenos apskritis','utenos-apskritis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gamtos grožiu viena ypatingiausių Lietuvoje Utenos apskritis dažnai vadinama ežerų kraštu, lyginama su ežeringąja Suomija ar nepaprastai raiškios gamtos Europos kraštu Šveicarija. Šią apskritį sudaro Utenos, Molėtų, Ignalinos, Zarasų ir Anykščių rajonai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Molėtų rajonas vaizdingas ir įdomus savo apylinkėmis. Tarp didesnių kalvų ir mažų kalvelių tyvuliuoja apie 300 ežerų, ošia žali pušynai, ir visa tai vilioja turistus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ežerai beveik vienodai pasiskirstę po visą rajoną. Prie pat Molėtų miesto tyvuliuoja Dūriai, Luokesai, Ilgynas, Siesartis… Dubingius skalauja Asvejos (Dubingių) ežeras. Labai įdomu nuvažiuoti pažvejoti prie Smėlinio, Asio, Alaušo, Perkalnio ir kitų ežerų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Molėtų rajone yra ilgiausias Lietuvoje lovinio tipo Asvejos ežeras. Jo ilgis – apie 30 km, vidutinis plotis – 340 m. Ežeras labai gilus: vidutinis gylis – 15 m, o kai kur – net 50 m. Jame yra keletas įlankų, kurių ilgiausia net 5 km. Krantai statūs, smėlėti, apaugę miškais. Vietomis ežeras labai susiaurėja (net iki 30 m).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dideliame rajono plote ošia miškai. Jie užima 26.6% viso ploto. Dalis jų priklauso draustiniams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiausi rajone – Liudgardo (Dubingių) miškai. Šiuose miškuose aptikta prancūzų karių kapų iš 1812 m. Prie Baluošų ežero rasta 1863 m. sukilėlių stovyklos pėdsakų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šalia Želvos, kurio pusiasalyje yra piliakalnio liekanų, Gilužio, Balčio, Lukštinio, Ilmedo, Ilgiškio ežerų dungso Kaldinių kalvos. Ant jų yra įsikūrusi astronomijos observatorija, turinti didžiausią Pabaltijyje 163 cm skersmens teleskopą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">5 km spinduliu observatoriją supa daugiau kaip 20 ežerų. Didžiausias iš jų – Želva. Beveik visas ežeras yra miške, turi 2 salas. Iš Želvų išsruvena Šventosios intakas Virinta, vinguriuojanti per visą Molėtų rajoną.  Lyg Želvų palydovai – Lenktinis, Šilagilužis, Duobulis, Žalelis, Trinktinis ir kiti ežerėliai. Tolėliau tyvuliuoja gražus ir didelis Virintų ežeras.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Netoli nuo Molėtų yra Siesarties ežeras. Jis gilus, vietomis apie 37 m. Ežere yra 5 salos, kurios labai suteikia grožio šiam ežerui. Iš Siesarties ežero išteka Šventosios intakas Siesartis. Ji neilga, bet srauni ir vandeninga, nes turi daug intakų. Toliau į rytus tęsiasi ištisa ežerų virtinė. Turistų ir poilsiautojų mėgstami Baltieji Lakajai. Tai labai gražus ežeras, nes jame yra trys salos, daug intakų, pusiasalių, prie ežero siūruoja dideli pušynai. Baltieji Lakajai 150 m pločio sąsiauriu jungiasi su Juodaisiais Lakajais. Šis ežeras turi 8 salas, yra apaugęs pušynais ir eglynais. Atabradas siauras, ežeras nuo pat kranto gilus. Iš Juodųjų Lakajų išteka Lakajos upė. Nubėgusi 44 km ji įteka į Žeimeną. Vanduo švarus, tėkmė srauni.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Alaušų ežero pakrantėje ir pačiame ežere aptinkama buvusių namų pamatai. Viduramžiais lėkšta ežero pakrantė niekam nepriklausė, taigi nusigyvenę prekybininkai, amatininkai sumanė paežerėje statytis pirkeles. Tačiau per karą jie buvo visiškai suniokoti, beliko tiktais pamatai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 10:44:42',62,'','2010-06-18 10:47:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 10:44:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,26,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(870,'Afrikos valstybių lentelė','afrikos-valstybi-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 10:49:06',62,'','2010-06-18 10:50:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 10:49:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,25,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(871,'Sukurtas Sibiro platybėse','sukurtas-sibiro-platybse','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trėmimai prasidėję 1941 metais ir testi pokariu buvo pats didžiausias lietuvių tautos genocidas. Į Sibirą buvo išvežta apie 300000 Lietuvos žmonių. Maždaug trečdalis jų mirė dėl nepakenčiamų sąlygų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tremtiniai yra žmonės prievarta išvežti iš namų, tačiau kūryba nėra benamė, ji pati yra namai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jau XIX a. Lietuvių literatūra išgyveno smurto, prievartos bei Tėvynės netekimo skausma.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau 1940 - 1953 metų trėmimai iš Lietuvos su niekuo nepalyginami, tai lietuvių tautos genocidas, vykdytas pačiais žiauriausiais būdais, pildant garsiai nesakomą tarybinių ideologų viltį: Lietuva be lietuvių… Kartu su žmonėmis buvo ištremta ir daug lietuviams brangių žodžių: Dievas, Tėvynė Lietuva, Kryžius, malda, Velykos, Kalėdos. Iš girdėtų eilėraščių, maldu ir dainų intonacijų buvo kuriami eilėraščiai, kuriuos dabar vadiname tremties kūryba, neišskirdami iš jos ir politinių kalinių kūrybos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dabar žinoma daugiau kaip šimtas tremtyje kūrusių žmonių, tik nedaugelis iš jų išleidžia savo atskirą knygą ar prisiminimų rinkinį. Didelė poezijos dalis nebuvo išsaugota iki dabar, ko nesunaikino drėgmė, pelėsiai ir pelės dabar perduoda mirusiųjų giminės, nes daugelis autorių nebesulaukė šių dienų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po karo poezijoje visai išnyksta Lietuvos tema, poezija nebesprendžia tautos likimo klausimų. Bet pačioje pavojingiausioje “zonoje” – Sibiro platybėse šie klausimai vis dar gyvavo, šie tremties eilėraščiai atskleidžia unikalią kūrybos  situaciją. Tremtyje tarsi suaktyvėja tautos kūrybos instinktas, sukyla gyvybinės galios. Įdomiausia tai, kad eilėraščius rašo ne “rašto” žmonės ( poetai, mokytojai, mokslininkai ), o ir paprasčiausi beraščiai ūkininkai, darbininkai ir t.t. Tremtinių kūryba, kaip ir liaudies daina, turi bendrą motyvą – tėvynės ilgesio, sugrįžimo į ją motyvus. Tremtinių eilėraščiai rašomi kaip liaudies dainos, kaip ir XIX a. taip ir tremtyje jie buvo perduodami iš lūpų į lūpas, todėl dabar spausdinami eilėraščiai neatitinka to ką buvo sukūręs pats jų autorius, perduodant eilėraštis buvo kelis kartus pataisytas kartais net “apkarpomas” ar prailginamas. Tremtinio eilėraštis orientuotas į bendrumą: bendra lagerio patirtis, bendri atsiminimai apie Tėvynę, jos gamtą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tremtyje kūrė daugybė žmonių, viena iš jų tai garsi rašytoja Dalia Grinkevičiūtė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmas tremčių paliudijimas – JAV išleista knyga “Lietuviai Sibire”, šioje knygoje kalbama labiau faktais – tai daug liudijimų, laiškų nuotraukų. Paskutinis jos atsiminimų pavadinimas – “Lietuviai prie Laptevų jūros” Lietuvoje ji išgarsėjo 1988 metais ir daug prisidėjo prie to meto atgimimo ir Sąjūdžio kilimo.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 10:50:07',62,'','2010-06-18 10:55:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 10:50:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,24,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(872,'Airija (referatas)','airija-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apie Europą kaip vientisą kultūrinę ir civilizacinę erdvę kalbama jau nuo senovės, o raginimai ir netgi bandymai suvienytiskirtingas Europos tautas yra žinomi nuo pat Karolio Didžiojo laikų. Bet tikrai savanoriškas ir – dabar galima pasakyti – sėkmingas Europos vienijimasis prasidėjo tik XX amžiaus šeštajame dešimtmetyje, įsteigus ekonomines Europos bendrijas, kurios šiandien jau yra išaugusios į įspūdingą europos Sąjungą. Todėl visai neatsitiktinai šiandien europos Sąjunga neretai yra tapatinama su visa Europa.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Neatsitiktinai ir Lietvoje daug kas šalies pasirengimą stoti į Europos Sąjungą taip ir vadina: „ėjimas į Europą“. Ir čia nėra nieko nuostabaus. Europos Sąjunga iš tiesų yra ne tik įdomus reiškinys, bet ir nepaprastai svarbus ilgo, skausmingo Europos civilizacijos raidos rezultatas. Viena vertus, Europos Sąjunga nėra vientisa valstybė, kurią valdytų viena veiksminga vyriausybė. Tačiau ji nėra ir lengvai suardoma bei atsitiktinių aplinkybių nulemta valstybių koalicija. Šioje Europos valstybių asociacijoje (šiandien taip ją pavadinti būtų geriausia) randame ir sėkmingo valstybių prisikėlimo, ir suklestėjimo pavyzdžių (pvz.: Airija, Ispanija, Vokietija), ir besikuriančios supervalstybės užuomazgų (pvz.: bendra teisė, bendra politika, bendri pinigai, bendra gynyba).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ši nedidelė respublika Vakarų Europos pakraštyje yra įsikūrusi antroje pagal dydį Britų salyno saloje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gyventojų ten yra beveik tiek pat, kiek ir Lietuvoje – apie 3,7 mln. Nepriklausoma Airija tapo tiktai 1922 metais, iki tol ji buvo britų imperijos dalis. Iškovojusi nepriklausomybę, Airija pasiskelbė neutralia valstybe ir išvengė įtraukimo į Antrąjį pasaulinį karą. Norėdama išlaikyti neutralitetą, ši valstybė iš pradžių nedalyvavo ir pokarinių europos institucijų kūrimo procese, iki šiol ji nėra NATO narė. Neutrali ir izoliuota Airija buvo neturtinga valstybė, joje dauguma žmonių dirbo žemės ūkyje, o silpna pramonė orientavosi tik į mažą vidaus rinką. Pagrindinė prekybos partnerė buvo Jungtinė Karalystė, prekyba su ja sudarė daugiau kaip pusę užsienio prekybos. Todėl 1961 metais, Didžiajai Britanijai apsisprendus stoti į Europos Bendriją, tą patį nusprendė padaryti ir Airijos vyriausybė, tačiau, Prancūzijai vetavus Britanijos paraišką, automatiškai nutolo ir Airijos narystė. Airija Europos Bendrijos nare tapo tik 1973 metais.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 10:56:08',62,'','2010-06-18 11:01:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 10:56:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,23,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(873,'Upės ir ežerai (referatas)','ups-ir-eerai-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvoje daug upių ir upelių, vienos jų plačios, net iki pusės kilometro, kitos – siauresnės, o upeliukus ir peršokti galima. Nemažai sraunių upelių, kurių akmenuotose rėvose vanduo net putoja, kitos lėtai plukdo vandenis, jų dugne augantys meldai vos siūbuoja.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šaltinių, maitinamų Lietuvos upių vandens, lygis per metus mažai kinta. Tačiau kai kuriose upėse, stipriau palijus, vanduo liejasi iš krantų. Jis toks drumstas, kad ranką įkišus pirštų nematyti. Tai daugiausia Vidurio lygumos upės. Jos ir išteka dažniausiai ne iš šaltinių, o iš pelkių ir pelkučių. Tekėdami upeliai vis platėja. Į juos įteka vis daugiau intakų. Kartais ir be intakų upė platėja, nes į  ją įsilieja dugniniai šaltiniai. Intakai būna kairieji ir dešinieji. Jeigu atsistosime upės pakrantėje ir žiūrėsime pasroviui, tai kairėje bus kairysis krantas, o įtekantys upeliai – kairieji, dešinėje – dešinieji. Nėris – Nevėžis – dešinieji Nemuno intakai, o Šešupė – kairysis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Išskiriame upės aukštupį, vidurupį ir žemupį. Žemupyje upės įtekėjimo vieta vadinama žiotimis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiosios upės prieš įtekėdamos į jūras ar marias išsišakoja į keletą atšakų. Pavyzdžiui, Nemunas prieš įtekėdamas į Kuršių marias suskyla į 4 upes: Atmatą, Pakalnę, Skirvytę ir Giliją. Žemės plotas tarp tų atšakų vadinamas upės delta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Maži upeliai suteka į vis didesnius upokšnius, šie – į upes, o pastarosios į dideles upes, kurios įteka į jūrą. Upės savo intakais surenka vandenį iš tam tikro ploto, kuris vadinamas upės baseinu. Šešupės baseinui priklauso beveik visa Sūduva. Merkio baseinas apima beveik visą Dzūkiją. Nemuno baseinui priklauso beveik visa Lietuva. Todėl Nemunas pagrįstai vadinamas upių tėvu. Tik keletas šiaurinių ir ritinių upių – Venta, Mūša, Nemunėlis ir kažkurios  kitos pabėgo iš Nemuno globos. Jos teka į kaimyninę Latviją, bet, kaip ir Nemunas, įteka į visų mūsų upių globėją – Baltijos jūrą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Priklausomai nuo to, kaip greitai upės teka, koks jų dugnas, kokia vandens temperatūra vasarą, jose auga nevienoda augalija ir gyvena įvairūs gyvūnai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dalis iškritusio vandens (lietaus) grioviais grioveliais nugarmėjo į upelius, upes, kita dalis vėl išgaravo ir virto debesimis. Nemažai jo susigėrė į dirvą ir vandens lašeliai nukeliavo tarp smiltelių gilyn. Jie skverbėsi vis giliau ir giliau, kol pasiekė nepralaidų vandeniui sluoksnį (dažniausiai molį).Tada nuožulnuma pamažu, skverbdamasis tarp smiltelių, nukeliavo žemyn, išsiveždamas į paviršių šaltinėliu. Šaltinis nugargėjo mažyčiu upokšniu. Keliaudamas žemės gelmėmis, lietaus lašelis atšalo, todėl šaltinio vanduo visą laiką šaltas. Jo temperatūra ištisus metus būna 6 - 8 C . Taigi vasarą šaltinio vanduo tikrai šaltas, o žiemą – „šiltas“. Juk tuo laiku upės ir upeliai būna užšalę ir juose dar gargantis vanduo būna apie 0 C temperatūros. Tik labai šaltiniuotų upelių vanduo neužšąla, bet apie juos pakalbėsime vėliau.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Požemiais tekėdamas vanduo kartais patenka tarp dviejų molio sluoksnių, tada prasiveržęs šaltinėliu net kunkuliuoja. Žmonės tokius šaltinėlius versmėmis vadina. Jose vanduo nuolat kyla, vartydamas smilteles. Atrodo, kad tai verda smėlio sriuba. Netoli Druskininkų tokią versmę virtuve vadina.</p>\r\n<p>O kas atsitinka, kai lietaus ar ištirpusio sniego lašeliai, neradę molio sluoksnio, nukeliauja gilyn į žemės gelmes? Pakeliui ištirpina įvairias druskas ir kartu su jomis slūgso kažkur   gelmėje. Miesto gyventojai dažniausiai geria vandenį iš žemės gelmių. Ten jis švaresnis, nes keliaudamas šimtus metrų, apsivalo. Tačiau dalis Šiaulių gyventojų geria labai geležingą vandenį. Matyt, ten keliaudamas vanduo ištirpdė geležies druskas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 11:01:19',62,'','2010-06-18 11:10:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 11:01:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,22,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(874,'Lotynų Amerikos valstybių lentelė','lotyn-amerikos-valstybi-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 11:11:09',62,'','2010-06-18 11:12:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 11:11:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,21,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(875,'Turizmas','turizmas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasaulinės Turizmo Organizacijos pradžia buvo Oficialiųjų Turizmo Viešųjų Organizacijų Tarptautinė Sąjunga įkurta 1925 metais Hagoje. Po Antrojo pasaulinio karo ji buvo pervadinta - Oficialiųjų Turizmo Organizacijų Tarptautinė Sąjunga (IUOTO) ir perkelta į Ženevą. IUOTO buvo techninė, nevyriausybinė organizacija, kurioje narystė kulminaciniame taške apėmė 109 Nacionalines Turizmo Organizacijas ir 88 Suvienytuosius Narius, tarp jų privačias ir visuomenines grupes. Turizmui augant ir tapus neatsiejama modernaus gyvenimo dalimi, jo tarptautinis mastas dar išsiplėtė ir nacionalinių vyriausybių vaidmuo tapo vis svarbesnis - jų veikla apėmė ištisą spektrą nuo infrastruktūros iki nuostatų. Apie 1960-tuosius tapo aišku, kad reikalingos efektyvesnės priemonės kontroliuoti tolesnį vystymąsi ir suteikti turizmui tarpvyriausybinį modelį specialiai pritaikytą asmenų ir atostogų organizatorių mobilumui. 1967m. IUOTO nariai patvirtino sprendimą reorganizuoti ją į tarpvyriausybinę organizaciją įgaliotą rūpintis pasauliniu mastu visais reikalais liečiančiais turizmą ir bendradarbiauti su kitomis kompetentingomis organizacijomis, ypatingai su tomis, kurios priklauso Jungtinių Tautų sistemai, tokios kaip Pasaulinė Sveikatos Organizacija (WHO), UNESCO, ir Tarptautinė Civilinės Aviacijos Organizacija (ICAO). Panaši rekomendacija buvo priimta 1969 m. gruodžio mėnesį JT Generalinėje Asamblėjoje, kuri pripažino \"sprendžiamą ir pagrindinį vaidmenį\", kurį reorganizuota IUOTO turėtų atlikti pasaulinio turizmo srityje \"bendradarbiaudama su egzistuojančiu JT aparatu\". Sprendimas buvo ratifikuotas 1974 m. 51 tautos, kurių oficialios turizmo organizacijos buvo IUOTO nariais. IUOTO buvo pervadinta į Pasaulinę Turizmo Organizaciją (WTO) ir pirmoji jos Generalinė Asamblėja buvo sušaukta Madride 1975 m. gegužės mėnesį. Sekretoriatas buvo įkurtas Madride sekančių metų pradžioje Ispanijos vyriausybės kvietimu, kuri suteikė pastatą centrinei būstinei. 1976 m. WTO tapo Jungtinių Tautų Vystymosi Programos (UNDP) vykdančiąja agentūra, o 1977 m. buvo pasirašyta oficiali bendradarbiavimo sutartis su pačia Jungtinių Tautų organizacija. Nuo pat pirmųjų metų, WTO narystė ir įtaka pasaulio turizmui vis augo. 1977 m. organizacija apėmė 138 šalis ir teritorijas ir per 350 Jungtinių Narių, atstovaujančių vietinę vyriausybę, privatųjį sektorių, turizmo asociacijas ir švietimo organizacijas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasaulinė Turizmo Organizacija yra pirmaujanti tarptautinė organizacija turizmo ir kelionių srityje. Ji veikia kaip globalinis turizmo potvarkių įtvirtinimo forumas ir kaip turistų praktinio patyrimo šaltinis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizacijai priklauso 138 šalys ir teritorijos ir daugiau nei 350 Jungtinių narių atstovaujančių vietinę vyriausybę, turizmo asociacijas ir privataus sektoriaus kompanijas, įskaitant avia linijas, viešbučių grupes ir ekskursijų vadovus. Su savo centrine būstine Madride, WTO yra tarpvyriausybinė organizacija įgaliota Jungtinių Tautų plėsti ir vystyti turizmą. Per turizmą, WTO tikisi skatinti ekonomikos augimą ir darbo vietų kūrimą, suteikti akstiną aplinkos apsaugai ir kultūrinio paveldo išsaugojimui, bei skatinti taiką ir savitarpio supratimą tarp visų pasaulio tautų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 11:14:58',62,'','2010-06-18 11:17:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 11:14:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,20,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(876,'Rusija','rusija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rusijos Federacija (Rossiiskaja Federacija). Senovinis pavadinimas Rusia (Rusj; Rusų žemė - Russkaja Zėmlia: Kijevo Rusia, Mažoji Rusia, Baltoji Rusia) nuo IX a., Rusija (Rossija) nuo XV a., Rusijos imperija 1721 - 1917; 1917 - 1991 Rusija dažnai buvo vadinama visa SSRS teritorija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sostinė - Maskva (Moskva), Rusijos sostinė 1462 - 1712 ir nuo 1991; 1712 - 1918 Rusijos sostinė buvo Peterburgas (dabar Sankt Peterburgas); 1922 - 1991 Maskva buvo SSRS ir Rusijos SFSR sostinė.<br />Rusijos dalis pasaulyje proc. pagal: eksportą 1,1: bendrąjį produktą 1,7; gyventojų skaičių 2,7; teritorijos dydį 11,4.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Eurazijos šiaurėje (trečdalis teritorijos Europoje, du trečdaliai Azijoje); ištįsusi iš vakarų į rytus, šalies ilgis iš vakarų į rytus 9700 km, plotis iš šiaurės į pietus 4000 km: vakaruose prie Baltijos jūros visiškai nuo likusios teritorijos atskirta dalis - Kaliningrado (Kaliningrad: Konigsberg; Karaliaučius; dar Rytprūsiai, Mažoji Lietuva) sritis tarp Lietuvos ir Lenkijos; sausumos siena su 14 valstybiu (iš šiaurės prieš laikrodžio rodyklę): Norvegija, Suomija, Estija, Latvija, Lietuva, Lenkija, Baltarusija, Ukraina, Gruzija, Azerbaidžanu, Kazachstanu, Mongolija, Kinija, Šiaurės Korėja: dažniausiai priskiriama Europai (sostinė Maskva yra Europoje) arba Azijai (didesnė šalies dalis yra Azijoje; Tuvos sostinėje Kyzyle yra geografinis Azijos centras).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Europa - Azija. Per Rusijos teritoriją eina didžioji Europos ir Azijos sąlyginės ribos dalis (iš šiaurės pagal laikrodžio rodyklę): Uralo kalnu rytiniais šlaitais (60° rytu ilgumos), Kaspijos jūra. Kumos ir Manyčo įduba, Juodąja jūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Plotas - 17075400 kv.km (didžiausia pasaulyje valstybė), 70 proc. šalies teritorijos užima lygumos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rytų Europos arba Rusijos lyguma europinėje dalyje (didžiausia Europoje) - geologijos požiūriu atitinka Rytu Europos platformą, buvo keturi ledynmečiai; daug aukštumu ir iškilusiu lygumos daliu: Timano kalvagūbris (Timanskij kriaž) - senu suirusiu kalnu liekana, Šiaurinės skliautakalvės (Severnije uvali) - Volgos ir šiaurės Dvinos vandenskyra, Valdajaus, Smolensko ir Maskvos, Vidurio Rusijos aukštumos - Volgos, Vakaru Dvinos (Dauguvos), Dnepro ir Dono vandenskyra bei Kursko magnetinė anomalija Vidurio Rusijos aukštumoje, Pavolgio aukštuma - su atskirais pakilmais, vadinamaisiais Žiguliu, Gyvačiu ir kitais kalnais, Bendrasis Syrtas - Volgos ir Uralo vandenskyra; žemumos ir reljefo pažemėjimai: Pečioros žemuma, zandrinė Meščioros žemuma bei Okos ir Dono lyguma, plokščia Pakaspijo žemuma.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pelkėta Vakarų Sibiro lyguma (didžiausia Azijoje) tarp Uralo kalnu ir Vidurio Sibiro plokščiakalnio; žemumos ir lygumos Šiaurės Sibire ir upiu slėniuose: Šiaurės Sibiro, Janos ir Indigirkos, Kolymos, Anadyrio ir Penžinos, Paamūrės žemumos; Vidurio Jakutijos bei Zejos ir Burėjos lygumos; neaukštas Vidurio Sibiro plokščiakalnis tarp Jenisejaus ir Lenos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kalnų daugiausia šalies pakraščiuose: Chibinai Kolos pusiasalyje, Didžiojo Kaukazo šlaitai europinės dalies pietuose, Altajus, Sajanai, Pabaikalės kalnai, Stano kalnynas ir Stano kalnagūbris pietuose, Sichotė Alinis, Džugdžūras, Kolymos, Koriaku ir čiukčių kalnynai rytuose; Čerskio ir Verchojansko kalnagūbriai Rytų Sibire; Uralo kalnai tarp Europos ir Azijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Miškai užima 42, dirbamoji žemė 8 (9 proc. pasaulio: turtingi humusu juodžemiai europinės dalies pietuose, dar Vakarų Sibiro juodžemiai), pievos ir ganyklos 5, statiniai ir keliai 2 proc. salies teritorijos.<br />Šiaurės jūru kelias - jungia Rusijos europinę dalį su Tolimaisiais Rytais ir Rusijos Šiaure per Arkties vandenyno jūras; ilgis nuo Karos Vartu iki Providėnijos 5600 km, svarbiausia Arkties ekspediciju bazė Archangelskas; navigacijos trukmė 2 - 4 mėnesiai per metus, dar ledlaužiai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 11:18:53',62,'','2010-06-18 11:24:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 11:18:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,19,'','',0,34,'robots=\nauthor='),(877,'Švedija 2','vedija-2','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Švedijos plotas yra 450 000 kvadratinių kilometrų - panašus į Kalifornijos, Kamerūno, Irako, Ispanijos arba Tailando. Pusė visos teritorijos apaugusi miškais. Mažiau negu 10 proc. yra dirbama žemė. Gana lygus kraštovaizdis nusėtas ežerais - jų yra beveik 100 000. Ilga kalnų grandinė, nusidriekusi šiaurės vakaruose, siekia 2111 metrų aukštį, o palei išraižytą pakrantę yra tūkstančiai salų. Dėl šiltosios Golfo srovės Švedijos klimatas švelnesnis negu kitose šiaurinėse valstybėse. Šalies sostinė Stokholmas yra tokioje pačioje platumoje kaip ir pietinė Grenlandija, tačiau jo vidutinė liepos mėnesio temperatūra yra +18°C. Žiemą temperatūra nukrenta šiek tiek žemiau nulio, o sniego kiekis yra vidutinis. Šiaurinėje Švedijos dalyje žiemos ilgos ir šaltos, o vasaros šviesios ir vėsios. Birželio ir liepos mėnesiais nesutemsta ištisą parą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Švedijos sostinė Stokholmas yra vienas patraukliausių pasaulio miestų, kartu — vienas sunkiausiai apibūdinamų. Vanduo supa beveik trečdalį salų ir septynis miesto kvartalus. Tad miestas išraizgytas molų, kanalų, tiltų voratinkliu ir dažnai vadinamas Šiaurės Venecija (šis pavadinimas reliatyvus, nes susisiekimas daugiausia vyksta keliais), Melareno gražuole ar vandenų karaliene. Įsikūręs rytinėje pailgos Švedijos žemės pakrantėje, Stokholmas yra viena iš nedaugelio pasaulio sostinių, kurioje ramybė ir tyla, grynas oras, aiškus dangus ir erdvės dera su didžiulio miesto gyvenimu. Miestas mozaika išsidėstęs keturiolikoje salų, senamiestis užima tris salas. Miestas sostine tapo 1252 m. karaliaus Gustavo Vazos, išvadavusio šalį iš danų okupacijos, pavedimu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šio amžiaus pradžioje Švedijos ekonomika buvo daugiausia agrarinė, ir ji buvo viena vargingiausių Europos šalių. Tačiau turėdama gausius geležies rūdos, medienos ir vandens energijos išteklius bei sumanius inžinierius ir kvalifikuotus darbininkus, šalis greitai išvystė savo pramonę ir tapo pasiturinčia šiuolaikine valstybe. Ekonomika ypač greitai augo pokario laikotarpiu iki aštuntojo dešimtmečio vidurio, kai Švedijos eksporto pramonė buvo labai konkurentiška. Tačiau per pastaruosius dvidešimt metų Švedijos BNP vienam gyventojui tapo mažesnis negu EBPO šalių vidurkis. Antrojoje devintojo dešimtmečio pusėje Švedijos ekonomika patyrė didėjantį makroekonominį disbalansą, kuris sukėlė greitą kainų ir sąnaudų augimą bei didėjantį valstybės biudžeto deficitą. Dešimtojo dešimtmečio pradžioje Švedijoje buvo pats didžiausias ekonomikos nuosmukis nuo ketvirtojo dešimtmečio. Sukurta plati programa pakeitė valstybės bendrųjų finansų deficitą, kuris sudarė daugiau negu 10% BNP 1994 m., į beveik 2,5% perteklių 1998 m.. Toks pokytis neturi sau lygių EBPO šalyse. Po biudžeto konsolidacijos žymiai pagerėjo visi makroekonominiai rodikliai. Pastaraisiais metais mažėja ilgalaikės palūkanų normos. Palūkanų normų skirtumas, palyginus su euro zona, sumažėjo maždaug 0,4%.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Infliacijos lygis yra mažas ir stabilus, o darbo jėgos našumas ir pramonės gamyba gerokai padidėjo nuo Švedijos kronos devalvacijos 1992 - aisiais. Geriausiai vystėsi daug žinių reikalaujantys sektoriai, tokie kaip telekomunikacijos ir farmacija. Darbo jėgos našumas laikotarpiui nuo 1990 iki 1997 m. padidėjo 60% daug žinių reikalaujančiose pramonės šakose ir beveik 40% kapitaloimliose pramonės šakose. Dėl sėkmingos eksporto veiklos Švedijos rinkos dalys padidėjo daugiau negu 20% nuo 1992 m.. Nepaisant kuklios BNP dalies (22% 1997 m.), gamybos pramonė ir toliau sudaro didžiausią Švedijos eksporto dalį. Miško produkcija sudaro 14%, cheminės medžiagos 10%, iš kurių 4% yra farmacijos produktai, 55% sudaro pagaminti metalo produktai, mašinos ir įrengimai. 20 didžiausių gamybos grupių, kurias sudaro AGA, ASTRA, Electrolux, Ericsson, Pharmacia, Volvo ir SCA, eksportuojamos prekės sudaro pusę viso Švedijos eksporto. Švedijos gamybos sektoriaus tyrimų ir plėtros intensyvumas yra vienas didžiausių pasaulyje. 20 didelių gamybos grupių išlaidos tyrimams ir plėtrai sudaro 80% visų Švedijos gamybos sektoriaus išlaidų tyrimams ir plėtrai. Tradiciškai kapitaloimlios šakos, tokios kaip popieriaus masės ir popieriaus produktų bei juodųjų metalų produktų gamyba, sudaro didelę Švedijos gamybos dalį. Tačiau vis svarbesnės tampa sudėtingų produktų, tokių kaip telekomunikacijos įranga, specializuotos mašinos, transporto priemonės ir farmacijos produktai, gamyba. Nuo 1980 iki 1990 m.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Švedijoje buvo didelis tiesioginių investicijų nutekėjimas. 1986 - 1990 m. 80% tiesioginių finansinių investicijų pateko į ES, nes Švedijos įmonės užsiėmė pozicijas ES vidaus rinkoje. Dešimtajame dešimtmetyje padidėjo tiesioginės finansinės investicijos šalyje, ir dabar balansas yra teigiamas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 11:25:03',62,'','2010-06-18 11:30:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 11:25:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,18,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(878,'Kristupas Kolumbas (referatas)','kristupas-kolumbas-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiuliai Šiaurės Amerikos plotai prieš Kolumbui atrandant Ameriką buvo labai retai gyvenami. Ten gyveno tik dvidešimtadalis indėnų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Spalio 12 - oji Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose yra nacionalinė šventė. Tą diena 1492 metais Kolumbas išvydo Naująjį Pasaulį. Manydamas, kad atplaukė į Indiją, vietos gyventojus praminė indios – indėnais. Pavadinimą “Amerika” naujasis kontinentas gavo gerokai vėliau – nuo keliautojo Amerigo Vespučio vardo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kristupas Kolumbas (1451 – 1506). Jaunystėje plaukiojo su piratais ir įgijo patyrimo. Kolumbas išstudijavo daugybę žemėlapių, planų, kelionių aprašymų ir priėjo išvadą, kad, jei Žemė apvali, plaukiant į vakarus galima pasiekti Indiją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kolumbo vardu pavadinta daugelis JAV miestų, kalnas, upė ir universitetas, be to, nesuskaičiuojama daugybė gatvių, kinų ir vaistinių. Kolumbo diena – tai paradų ir linksmybių diena.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau nė per vieną sukaktį nebuvo tokių didžiulių demonstracijų kaip 1965 metais. Gatves užtvindė daugiausia italų kilmės amerikiečiai; jie protestavo prieš teoriją, kuri buvo žinoma jau seniai, bet netikėtai gavo naujų ir labai rimtų patvirtinimų. Kaip tik porą dienų prieš Kolumdo dieną “New York Times” pasirodė straipsnis, kuris suaudrino italų kilmės amerikiečius, nė nemanančius kam nors užleisti savojo genujiečio Kolumbo prioriteto. Mat straipsnis, datuotas “Niu Heivenas, spalio 10”, pačioje pradžioje skelbė tokią sensacingą žinią:</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Jeilio universitetas šiandien pranešė apie nuostabiausią mūsų amžiaus kartografijos atradimą – apie išlikusį vienintelį ikikolumbinių laikų žemėlapį tų Naujojo Pasaulio kraštų, kurious XI amžiuje atrado Leifas Eiriksonas”. Prie straipsnio buvo pridėtas ir žemėlapis. Taip, tikra teisybė: kairėje, viršutiniame kampe, buvo pažymėta – “Vinlandas” (dabar jau galutinai nustatyta, kadšitaip vadinta Šiaurės Amerikos dalis). Jeilio universiteto mokslininkai teigė, kad žemėlapis padarytas “apie 1440 metus”, vadinasi, daugiau kaip penkiasdešimt metų prieš Kolumbo kelionę. O tai, kad jie žemėlapį išspausdino “New York Times” dienraštyje ir pirmą kartą parodė visuomenei būtent antradienį, spalio 12, per Kolumbo dieną, Italų istorijos draugija Amerikoje suprato ne tik kaip atvirą šūkį, bet kaip ir netaktą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš kurgi taip staiga atsirado tasai nepaprastas žemėlapis?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kad Šiaurės Ameriką atrado ne Kolumbas, o vikingai kokiais 500 metų anksčiau už jį, jau žinoma keletą dešimtmečių apie tai. Todėl tiegiog juokinga, kad dešimt ar penkiolika milijonų italų kilmės amerikiečių taip atkakliai atmeta pasakojimus apie vikingų keliones, laiko juos tiktai legandomis ir kasmet švenčia Kolumbo dieną. Mat dar gerai  nežinoma, ar Kolumbas tikrai buvo italas, o antra, jau senokaitvirtai nustatyta, kad Kolumbas ne tik nebuvo išlipęs į Šiaurės Amerikos žemyną, bet ir nė karto nematė jo net iš tolo. Jis atrado tiktai netoli Centrinės Amerikos esančias salas. Pietų Amerikos žemyną irgi išvydo tik per savo trečiąją kelionę 1498 metais, tuo tarpu metais ankščiau, 1497 metų birželio 24 d., Džonas Kobotas iš Anglijos jau buvo iš tiesų dar kartą atradęs Šiaurės Ameriką.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 11:32:06',62,'','2010-06-18 11:36:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 11:32:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,17,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(879,'Lietuvos gyventojų kaita','lietuvos-gyventoj-kaita','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Per pirmąjį pasaulinį karą Lietuva neteko daug gyventojų, daug jų žuvo, kariaudami caro armijoje, dalis gimtame krašte, o dalis, bėgdami nuo artėjančios vokiečių kariuomenės, pasitraukė į Rusijos gilumą. Be to, daug Lietuvos gyventojų buvo išvaryti į Vokietiją, mirė dėl epidemijų ir ligų. 1917 m. pradžioje vokiečių okupacinė valdžia pripažino, kad dėl pajėgiausių darbininkų paėmimo daugelyje vietų derliui nuimti trūksta darbo jėgos. Mirusiųjų žmonių skaičius viršija gimusiųjų. 1915 m. mirė 3.1 tūkst. žmonių daugiau negu gimė. 1917 m. šis skaičius pasiekė apie 10 tūkst., o 1918 m. – 12,5 tūkst.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1939 m. į Lietuvą buvo įvesta SSRS raudonoji armija, 1940 m. Lietuva prieš tautos valią įjungta į SSRS sudėtį. Toikia padėtis tęsėsi net penkis dešimtmečius. Lietuva 1940 m. tapo viena iš sąjungininkių respublikų, praradusių nepriklausomybę ir valstybingumą. Jos vardas nyko iš pasaulio žemėlapių, vis rečiau ji buvo minima politikoje. Visa tai neigiamai veikia gyventojų socialinę ir tautinę raidą, gyventojų skaičiaus augimą. SSRS, norėdama palaužti tautų nacionalinį išdidumą, jų pasipriešinimą politiniam ir tautiniam pavergimui, pradėjo didžiausias pasaulyje gyventojų deportacijas, t.y. iškėlimą iš nacionalinių žemių į tolimas ir atšiaurias teritorijas. Jau turėdama nemažą to baisaus ištisų tautų perkėlimo ir trėminių patirtį, stalinistai Lietuvoje deportacijas pradėjo 1939 m., t.y. vos grąžinus jai Vilniaus krašto dalį. Sovietų valdžia iš Vilniaus krašto  deportavo apie 25000 lenkų ir žydų. Deportacijos tęsėsi ir vėliau, t.y. visą stalinį laikotarpį. Kai kuriais skaičiavimais vien tik 1939-1941 m. iš Lietuvos buvo ištremta apie 65000 žmonių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ypač didelius nuostoliu padarė ir Vokiečių okupacija II pasaulinio karo metais. 1942 - 1944 m. į Vokietiją priverstiniams darbams buvo išvežta apie 30000, o karo pabaigoje į Vakarus pasitraukė apie 60000 žmonių iš Lietuvos ir apie 170000 žmonių iš Klaipėdos krašto. Apie 240000 Lietuvos žydų buvo suvaryti į getus ir nužudyti ar išvežti svetur.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Deportacija tęsėsi ir pokario metais. Remiantis kai kuriais skaičiavimais, 1945 - 1948 m. į Sibirą, europinę šiaurę ir kitas atšiaurias SSRS teritorijas iš tikrųjų buvo deportuota apie 260000 Lietuvos gyventojų, daugiausia ūkininkų ir inteligentų. Didelė dalis jų tremtyje žuvo, mirė nuo ligų ar niekad nebegrįžo į Lietuvą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors pokario metai turėjo būti  “kompensaciniai”, t.y. per juos turėjo labai padidėti gimstamumas. “Kompensacinį” laikotarpį Lietuvoje sunkino keletas aplingybių. Pirma, nugalėjus fašistinę Vokietiją, Raudonojoje armijoje ne tik nebuvo masinės demobilizacijos, bet atvirkščiai – daugelis lietuvių, atėjus į Lietuvą Raudonajai armijai, dar tebevykstant karo veiksmams, buvo priimti į armiją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antra, didelė dalis jaunų žmonių pasitraukė į Vakarus, išėjo į miškus partizanauti. Trečia, prasidėjo Lietuvos gyventojų sovietinė deportacija. Visa tai turėjo tiesioginės įtakos gimstamumui ir normaliai gyventojų reprodukcijai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuo pokario metų iki pat 1953 m. gyventojų skaičius išaugo vos 100000, t.y. po 12 - 13 tūkst. žmonių kasmet. Tai rodo iš tikrųjų didelę gyventojų deportaciją, kurią iš dalis slėpė į Lietuvą “broliškai pagalbai” iš kitų sovietinių respublikų atvykdavę migrantai. Žymesnis gyventojų skaičiaus augimas prasidėjo tiktai po Stalino mirties. Didžiausias gimstamumas pokario metais buvo užregistruotas 1949 m., kai gimė 63 tūkst. kūdikių. Vėliau gimstamumo lygis pradėjo kristi, bet vėl padidėjo 1959 - 1961 m., kai pradėjo gimdyti pokario metų karta. Vėliau tokia gimstamumo bangų viršūnė, nors ir žemesnė, buvo užregistruota 1985 - 1987. Toks gimstamumo “bangavimas” kas 20 - 23 metai pastebimas visose šalyse, kurios patyrė didelius gyventojų nuostolius, masinių epidemijų, stichinių nelaimių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Padėtis iš esmės pasikeitė po 1956 m., kai į Lietuvą  daugiausia dėl įvairių pramonės įmonių statybų plūstelėjo didžiulė migrantų banga, tada pradėjo į Lietuvą grįžti dalis tremtinių.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 11:37:29',62,'','2010-06-18 11:48:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 11:37:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,16,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(880,'Lietuvos Draustiniai','lietuvos-draustiniai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Saugomų teritorijų tradicijos Lietuvoje siekia gilią senovę.Dar viduramžiais Lietuvos žemėse augo vadinamosios šventosios girios, kuriose drausta kirsti medžius, daryti takus ir net lankytis. Saugomos taip pat buvo Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio “medžioklės” , t.y. miškai, skirti medžiojamų žvėrių ir paukščių apsaugai. Tokių saugomų teritorijų kiek vėliau atsirado ir kitose mūsų šalies dalyse . Pažymėtinos Petro I valdant, įsteigtos “laivinės girios” , skirtos tinkamo laivams statyti miško apsaugai. Tačiau vis dėlto dauguma senųjų saugomų plotų, artimų šiandieniniams draustiniams, buvo skirta medžiojamosios gyvūnijos gausinimui bei apsaugai.Dėl to mūsų šalyje lig šiol labai glaudūs ryšiai tarp draustinių bei rezervatų steigimo ir medžioklės ūkio plėtojimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagal saugomų teritorijų tinklą dažniausiai sprendžiama apie konkrečios šalies gamtosaugos lygį. Todėl paprastai stengiamasi turėti daug ir įvairios paskirties saugomų plotų. Turime trejopo pobūdžio teritorijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valstybinių draustinių tinklas respublikoje jau dabar yra gana platus. Panagrinėkime dabar įvairių rūšių draustinius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pradėkime nuo geologinių draustinių, kurių pirmieji buvo įsteigti dar 1960 metais. Geologiniai draustiniai steigiami apsaugoti pasižyminčiomis įdomia geologine sandara bei turinčioms mokslinę pažintinę reikšmę vietovėms ir kurioms nors geologinės vertybėms.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuo metu turime 15 geologinių draustinių, apimančių 1430 ha plotą, arba 0,02 %  respublikos teritorijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Būginga, kad dauguma mūsų geologinių draustinių yra palyginti nedideli – nuo kelių iki keliasdešimt ha ploto. Iš visų išsiskiria Šauklių draustinis, siekiantis visapusiškos apsaugos tikslų dėl ko ir tampa lygiaverčiu kraštovaizdžio draustiniams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kita negyvosios gamtos vertybių apsaugos forma yra hidrologiniai draustiniai. Jie steigiami siekiant apsaugoti ir tikslingai naudoti ūkiniu, moksliniu bei kultūriniu atžvilgiu vertingus upių baseinus , kuriuose yra tinkamos sąlygos natūraliam paviršiniam nuotekiui susidaryti. Šios rūšies draustiniai buvo įkurti 1980 m. Jų turime tris, užimančius bendrą 24121 ha plotą, arba 0,32 % respublikos teritorijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ypač išsiskiria Skroblaus draustinis , iš esmės visapusiškai apsaugantis kraštovaizdį. Šio draustinio gamtinės vertybės  yra tokios retos, kad čia pageidautina taikyti, net griežtesnę rezervacinės apsaugos tvarką.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 11:50:10',62,'','2010-06-18 11:53:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 11:50:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,15,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(881,'Dirvožemiai','dirvoemiai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jauriniai – tai rūgštūs, neturtingi maisto medžiagų išplaunamieji dirvožemiai. Paplitę lengvos mechaninės sudėties (smėlis, priesmėlis, priemoliai) lygumose bei aukštumose. Šios grupės dirvožemius būtina gausiai trešti organinėmis bei neorganinėmis medžiagomis ir dažnai kalkinti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jauriniai pelkiniai – tai jauriniai dirvožemiai. Jauriniai pelkiniai dirvožemiai paplitę sunkesnės mechaninės sudėties lygumose, kur blogos infiltravimosi ir kritulių sąlygos. Šių dirvožemių gausu Žemaičių aukštumose, Baltijos aukštumų vakariniuose šlaituose, Vidurio lygumoje. Juos reikia ne tik gausiai tręšti, kalkinti, bet ir sausinti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Velėniniai karbonatiniai – patys derlingiausi dirvožemiai. Jie paplitę iškilesnėse Vidurio lygumos vietovėse. Derlinguose dirvožemiuose gerai auga kviečiai, cukriniai runkeliai, linai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Velėniniai glėjiniai – įvairaus įmirkimo laipsnio velėniniai karbonatiniai dirvožemiai. Šiuos derlingus dirvožemius būtina sausinti. VG paplitę Vidurio lygumoje, Užnemunėje. Gerai auga visos kultūros (kviečiai, c.runkeliai, linai).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pelkiniai  dirvožemiai – itin drėgnose vietose susidarantys dirvožemiai. Dirvodarinė uoliena – įvairaus mineralizacijos laipsnio durpės. Pelkes nusausinus galima įrengti puikias pievas ir kultūrines ganyklas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aliuviniai (arba upių salpų dirvožemiai) – tai dirvožemiai, kurie formuojasi upių užliejamosiose dalyse (salpose). Mechaninė sudėtis labai įvairi – priklauso nuo nuotolio iki upės vagos. Šie dirvožemiai gana derlingi, nes patvinusi upė patręšia juos savo nešmenimis. Šie dirvožemiai dažniausiai būna apaugę savaime augančiomis pievomis.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 11:53:57',62,'','2010-06-18 11:57:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 11:53:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(882,'Vilnius – Lietuvos sostinė (referatas)','vilnius-lietuvos-sostin-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vilniaus miestas išaugo tarp kalnų, slėnyje, lyg dideliame amfiteatre. Tame slėnyje yra išlikę Gedimino, Trijų Kryžių, Bekiešo, Bokšto ir Pogulianko kalnai. Kai kurių kalnų šlaitus plauna Neries ir Vilnelės upės, kurios susilieja ties Gedimino kalnu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Miesto geografinė padėtis žymima 500411 šiauries platumu ir 420571 rytų ilgumu nuo Ferro; ji iškilusi 118,2 m. virš jūros paviršiaus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pats miestas užima apie 2000 ha plotą, o didžiojo Vilniaus plotas siekia 10.000 ha.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žemė didelia dalimi smiltinga, bet derlinga. Klimatas nepastovus. Pavasaris dažnai būna šaltas, bet ruduo šiltas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vilniaus istorijos pradžia siekia priešistorinius laikus, todėl nieko tikra apie ją nėra žinoma. Viena tik galima pasakyti, kad Vilniuje lietuvių gyventa daug ankščiau, negu kronikos pradėjo apie tai rašyti ir daug ankščiau, negu Gediminas pasirinko šią vietą sostine.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Stryjkovskis savo kronikoje rašo, kad dabartinėje Katedros aikštėje XIII a. pusėje stovėjusi vyriausioji lietuvių stabmeldžių šventykla, kurią įkūręs kunigaikštis Šventaragis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sumanus politikas didysis Lietuvos kunigaikštis Gediminas, įvertindamas Vilniaus savybes, perkėlė čia savo sostinę ir toje vietoje, kur įteka Vilnelė į Nerį, pastatė ant kalno pilį, kuri, pagal tų laikų strategijos reikalavimu, buvo apsupta dviejų eilių pylimu. Šitoji ant kalno pastatyta pilis buvo vadinama Aukštąja pilimi, o žemiau, pakalnėje, taip pat, rodos, Gedimino pastatyta pilis buvo vadinama Žemąja pilimi. Tuo būdu Šventaragio slėnis, kuris iki to laiko buvo tik dvasinis ir tikybinis lietuvių centras, dabar tapo viso politinio ir kultūrinio Lietuvos gyvenimo židiniu. Kiekvienam lietuviui gerai yra žinomas padavimas apie Gedimino sapną – ant aukšto Vilniaus kalno kaukęs geležinis vilkas. Šis padavimas aiškiai primena tebegyvuojantį žmonėse karštą troškimą Vilnių matyti garsų ir galingą miestą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Norėdamas kultūriškai ir ekonomiškai pakelti ir sustiprinti naujai įkurtą sostinę, Gediminas 1323 metais – šitie metai laikomi istorinia Vilniaus pradžia – siunčia jau iš Vilniaus laiškus į Liubeką, Štetiną ir kitus V. Europos miestus, kviesdamas tų miestų amatininkus ir pirklius atvykti į Lietuvą, į Vilnių. Išplėtęs pramonę ir prekybą, Gediminas padarė Vilnių didžiausiu tuometinės Lietuvos miestu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuo to laiko Vilnius buvo didžiausiu Lietuvos kultūros centru ir lietuvių dvasinio gyvenimo svarbiausiu židiniu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1836 m., rusų surašymo daviniais, Vilniuje buvo 56.135 gyv., o 1875 m. 82.668 gyv. Pagal 1897 m. surašymą, Vilniuje rasta 159.568 gyv., o 1909 m. – 182.795 gyv. Prieš pat Didįjį karą, rusų statistikos daviniais, Vilniuje buvo nuolatinių gybentojų 193.337. 1998 m.. – 578.6 gyv.<br />Pats miestas užima apie 2000 ha plotą, o didžiojo Vilniaus plotas siekia 10.000 ha. 1998 m. Vilniaus plotas buvo 287 km2.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 11:59:14',62,'','2010-06-18 12:02:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 11:59:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,13,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(883,'Ignalinos rajonas','ignalinos-rajonas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ignalinos rajonas – tarsi mažytė Lietuva. Yra čia ir vėjo supustytų žemyninių kopų, ir pavasario potvyniais Nemuno deltų, primenančių žemumų su savo lobuose vinguriuojančiomis upėmis, plačiomis jų santakų lankomis. Tik jūros pakrantės trūksta. Patraukli kalvotoji šio rajono žemė. Yra šiame krašte ir kuklios egzotikos. Ignalinos apylinkėse stūkso vienas iš aukščiausių mūsų krašto viršukalvių: Būdakalnis ir jo bevardės kaimynės Nevaišiuose bei Lepšiuose. Čia tyvuliuoja didžiausias Lietuvos ežeras – Drūkščiai, kaimynystėje – giliausias – Tauragnas. Ignalinos apylinkėse plyti dvi gūdžiausios mūsų didžiagirės – Labanoro ir Ažvinčių, su šalia šnarančiais Minčios miškais. Rajonas yra trijų aukštumų – Švenčionių, Sėlių ir Breslaujos – sandūroje. Rajono teritorijoje yra 4 gamtos draustiniai, nacionalinis parkas, 6 gamtos paminklai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ignalinos miestas įsikūręs nedidelėje smėlėtoje sausoje lygumoje, kurią supa pradubę ežerai ežerėliai, aukštokos kalvos ir miškas. Visi šie gamtos dariniai žiedu juosia miestą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ignalinos rajonas – vienas iš ežeringiausių Lietuvoje. Šiaurės vakarų apylinkėse daugiau kaip 10 % paviršiaus užlieja ežerai. Ežerai labai įvairūs: čia patys didžiausi (Drūkščiai, Dysnai), ilgieji, gilieji dubakloniai (Aisetas, Žeimenys ir kt.), sudėtingų, raižytų krantų (Dringys, Baluošas, Alksnas, Prūtas), giliagalvės tarpukalvių ir tarpumiškių akutės (Žaliasai, Vėlys, Baltys ir į juos panašūs), liūnais apsitraukę (Rimšės Alksnas, Visaginas ir kt.). Iš viso rajono teritorijoje daugiau nei 200 ežerų (bendras jų plotas – 11152 ha), iš kurių kiekvienas vis kitoks, į savo kaimyną mažai panašus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viena iš seniausių ir lankomiausių Ignalinos rajono vietų yra Palūšė – miestelis aukštokame Lūšio ežero šlaite. Palūšėje yra išlikę vertingų meno paminklų. Medinis, gotinius siluetus primenantis ansamblis statytas 1750 m. Viduje bažnyčia tašytų rąstų, yra joje liaudies paveikslų, tapytų XVIII a. ne ant drobės, o ant lentų. Galima pasigrožėti ir liaudies meistrų drožiniais. Varpinėje kabo 1772 m. lietas varpas, papuoštas barokiniu ornamentu. Visas ansamblis yra respublikinės reikšmės kultūros paminklas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ignalinos rajone yra pats vertingiausias Lietuvos nacionalinio parko branduolys. Čia yra labai daug ko pamatyti. Giliausias šiose apylinkėse Šakarvos ežeras. Jis niekur nėra platesnis kaip pusė kilometro, ilgas, primena didelę upę. Panašios išvaizdos yra Žeimenio ežeras, iš kurio išteka Žeimenos upė. Pakilus į Ledakalnį smarkiau suplaks širdis ne vien nuo įkalnės staigumo. Atsiveria akiratis, kurio plotas 10—12 tūkstančių hektarų. Trečdalis jo paviršiaus paskandinta ežeruose, pusė – žaliai pritemdyta miškų, kurie nuo seno buvo vadinami Linkmenų giria.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vakarinėje Ledakalnio keteros pusėje kyšo du Ginučių piliakalniai, Trobaikiškių kalva, Meškakalnis. O aplinkui ežerai, ežerai…Jų nacionaliniame parke – 80! Jie kaip reta įdomūs. Dažnas jų turi “vaiką”: Lūšiai – Lūšykštį, Asalnai – Asalnykštį, Utenas – Utenykštį ir t.t.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 12:03:01',62,'','2010-06-18 12:28:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 12:03:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,12,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(884,'Baltoskandijos šalys (testas)','baltoskandijos-alys-testas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 12:30:28',62,'','2010-06-18 12:31:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 12:30:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,11,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(885,'Ispanijos turizmas','ispanijos-turizmas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Oficialus šalies pavadinimas – Ispanijos karalystė</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valstybės simbolis yra trispalvė vėliava, sudaryta iš 3 horizontalių juostų. Viršuje raudona, per vidurį dviguba geltona ir apačioje vėl geltona. Geltonos juostos kairėje pusėje yra nacionalinis herbas, kuris susideda iš karališkojo anspaudo įrėminto tarp dviejų Heraklio stulpų, simbolizuojančių Gibraltarą ir Seutą abijoje Gimraltaro Sąsiaurio pusėse.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirėnų kalnų atskirtą nuo Europos, Ispaniją pietuose nuo Šiaurės Afrikos pakrančių teskiria siauras Gibraltaro sąsiaurio ruožas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ispanija užima 5/6 Pirėnų pusiasalio. Kaip ir Portugalija, Ispanija įsikūrusi toliausiai vakaruose esančioje Europos žemyno dalyje. Šiaurės rytuose ši šalis Pirėnų kalnagūbriais ribojasi su Prancūzija ir Andora, pietuose - su Gibraltaru, o vakaruose - su Portugalija Šiaurėje ir pietuose Ispaniją skalauja Atlanto vandenynas, o pietryčiuose - Viduržemio jūra. Ispanijos jūros kranto linija vingiuoja 3144 kilometrus. Į šalies teritoriją įeina Balearų (Maljorka, Ibica, Menorka bei Fermentera salos) ir Pitiusų salynai Viduržemio jūroje, Kanarų  salos Atlanto vandenyne, Seutos ir Melilijos miestai Šiaurės Maroke.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš vakarų į rytus Ispanija nutįsusi apie 1000 km, o iš šiaurės į pietus - maždaug 840 km.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ispanijos klimatui įtakos turi \"drėgnas\" Atlantas ir \"sausa\" Afrika, be to, kalnų grandinių išsidėstymas. Ispanijos šiaurės ir šiaurės vakarų rajonuose iškrinta bene daugiausia kritulių (iki 2000 - 3000 mm) Europoje, o pietryčių ir centriniai rajonai yra vieni sausiausių visame žemyne (mažiau kaip 300 mm).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ispanijos gamta iš dalies panaši į kitų Viduržemio pajūrio šalių gamtą; savitumus sąlygoja Afrikos žemyno artumas. Kraštovaizdžio įvairovę ir ypatumus lemia reljefas. Ispanija - aukščiausia virš jūros lygio esanti Europos šalis, po Šveicarijos. Plokščiakalniams ir kalnams tenka apie 90% jos ploto. Beveik pusę paviršiaus užima didžiausias Europoje Mesetos plokščiakalnis, kurio aukštis siekia 800 - 1000 m. Jį sudaro kristalinis granitų ir gneisų pamatas. Mesetą Centrinių Kordiljerų kalnagūbriai dalija į dvi dalis: į šiaurę nuo jų - Senoji Kastilija, o į pietus - Naujoji Kastilija. Ploksčiakalnį supa alpinės kalnodaros raukšliniai kalnai: šiaurėje - Kantabrijos, šiaurės rytuose - Iberijos, pietuose - Siera Morenos. Prancūzijos pasieniu tęsiasi sunkiai pereinami Pirėnų kalnai. Į pietus nuo jų yra Aragono žemuma. Ispanijos pietvakariuose plyti didžiausia krašte Andalūzijos žemuma, o Viduržemio jūros pakrantėje yra mažų lygumų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 12:33:24',62,'','2010-06-18 12:40:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 12:33:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,10,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(886,'Naudingosios iškasenos','naudingosios-ikasenos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Naudingosios iškasenos, mineralinės žaliavos, neorganinės arba organinės kilmės, medžiagų sankaupos Žemės plutoje, naudojamos visuomenės reikmėms. Lietuvoje daugiausia naudojama statybinėms medžiagoms gaminti.Todėl ir šalies kasybos pramonė yra vietinės reikšmės. Šios pramonės pagaminta produkcija sudaro 2 % visos pramonės gaminamos produkcijos vertės. Nors Lietuvoje yra kur kas daugiau iškasenų, tačiau šiuo metu daugiausia išgaunama požeminis gėlas ir mineralinis vanduo, klintys, dolomitas, opoka, smėlis, žvyras, molis, taip pat durpės ir nafta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žvyras, smėlis, durpės ir molis – tai tipiškos kvartero naudingosios iškasenos. Jos slūgso žemės paviršiuje, gerai ištirtos, lengvai prieinamos. Toliau apibūdinsime naudingas iškasenas naudojamas daugelyje ūkio šakų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Durpės : Organinės kilmės degioji uolena. Susidaro iš augalų liekanų, ne visai susiskaidžiusių (susimineralizavusių) pelkėse, kur per daug drėgmės, bet maža oro. Dažniausiai susidaro, užaugus ežerams, rečiau – supelkėjus sausumai. Daugiausia susikaupė poledyninėje epochoje. Pelkėse jos kaupiasi ir dabar.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visi durpynai užima 6,4 % Lietuvos teritorijos, tačiau jie pasiskirstę netolygiai. Daugiausia jų yra Pajūrio žemumos pietuose, Baltijos ir Žemaičių aukštumose, Vidurio žemumoje. Pietryčių lygumoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiausi durpynai: Didysis tyrulis (Radviliškio rajone), Aukštumala (Šilutės rajone), Rekyva (Šiaulių rajone), Ežerėlis (Kauno rajone), Baltoji Vokė (Vilniaus rajone), Šepeta (Kupiškio rajone), Iš durpių daromas kompostas (juo gerinamos dirvos), gaminama daigų auginimo vazonėliai, įpakavimo medžiagos, pašarinės mielės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gydomosios durpės tiekiamos kurortų gydykloms. Durpės – puiki žaliava chemijos pramonei (amoniakui, acto rūgščiai, degutui, vaškui, parafinui, bitumui ir kitiems produktams gaminti.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 12:40:45',62,'','2010-06-18 12:44:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 12:40:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(887,'Klaipėda - Lietuvos uostas','klaipda-lietuvos-uostas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Knygos struktūra: šis Petronėlės Žostautaitės leidinys sudarytas iš pratarmės, trijų stambių skyrių (jie sudaryti iš keleto smulkesnių skyrelių) ir baigiamojo žodžio. Pratarmėje trumpai apžvelgiamas knygos turinys ir įžengiama į knygos esmę t.y. Klaipėdos krašto istoriją 1923 - 1939 metais.  Pirmasis iš stambesniųjų skyrių,  tai “Klaipėdos uostas Lietuvos Respublikos sudėtyje”. Jame trumpai aprašoma Klaipėdos krašto istorija nuo XIIIa. iki pirmojo pasaulinio karo, kurio metu Klaipėda yra atimama iš Vokietijos. Vėliau yra rašoma apie uosto vystymąsį, jį atgavus. Antrasis skyrius: “Prekybos laivyno kūrimas”. Čia aprašomas Lietuvos laivyno (prekybinio truputį vėliau) kūrimas ir vystimasis. Trečiasis skyrius - “Prekių apyvarta per Klaipėdos uostą”. Šiame skyriuje rašoma apie Lietuvos prekybinių santykių gerėjimą su kitomis valstybėmis. Į Lietuvą pradeda plaukti didesnių valstybių laivai su verslo pasiūlymais ir t.t. Knygos  “Baigiamajame žodyje” trumpai aprašoma situacija po II pasaulinio karo, kai Klaipėdos kraštas buuvo prijungtas prie Lietuvos, o Lietuva prie  Sovietų sąjungos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinė knygos tema: leidinyje apžvelgiama Klaipėdos krašto istorija. Daugiausia dėmesio skiriama Klaipėdos uosto gražinimui Lietuvos Respublikai bei jo raidai 1923 - 1939 m. Aptariamos Lietuvos vyriausybės pastangos Klaipėdą paversti Lietuvos užsienio prekybos centru, išplėsti Klaipėdos krašto ryšius su visa Lietuva. Rašoma apie sunkumus, kai klaipėdiečiams teko gintis nuo vokiečių priespaudos ir uosto niokojimo. Knygoje taip pat rašoma apie Lietuvos laivyno kūrimą. Finansų stygius buvo bene didžiausia kliūtis kurti laivyną. Laivų statyba kainavo baisius pinigus, o pirkimas ne ką mažesnius. Tačiau velniškomis vyriausybės pastangomis, bendradarbiaujant su kitų šalių bendrovėmis, laivynas pradėjo augti. Pradžioje laivai buvo ne tokie patvarūs, kad galėtų plaukioti jūromis, bet vėliau jie buvo tobulinami. Pirmiausia buvo kuriamas prekybos laivynas, nes Lietuvai reikėjo didinti šalies biudžetą, bei garsinti savo vardą Europoje. Klaipėdos uosto kilimui maišė vokiečių kėslai. Vokiečių bendrovės, įsikūrusios uoste, kiršino leituvių darbuotojus ir niokojo kraštą. Iki 1939 m. kovo 22 d.,  kai vokiečiai užėmė Klaipėdos kraštą, lietuviai gana sėkmingai susidorodavo su negandomis. Tą pačią dieną 23 val. 55 min. buvo pasirašyta Lietuvos Respublikos ir Vokietijos sutartis dėl Klaipėdos krašto perdavimo Vokietijai. Sutarties pirmasis straipsnis skelbė, jog Klaipėdos kraštas vėl sujungiamas su Vokietija. Antruoju straipsniu Lietuvos vyriausybė įsipareigojo tuojau pat iš Klaipėdos krašto išvesti savo kariuomenę ir pasienio policiją. Uosto netekimas sukrėtė visą Lietuvos ekonomiką. Vienu žodžiu mūsų šalis neteko vartų į pasaulį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovėlio ir knygos tematikos ryšys: galima pasakyti, kad vadovėlyje yra aprašytos tik pagrindinės Klaipėdos krašto istorijos dalys, o knygoje pasakojama beveik apie kiekvieną žingsnį. Rašoma apie daugumą vyriausybės veiksmų, laivyno statybos sėkmes ir nesėkmes. Vadovėlyje Lietuvos pajūrio istorija aprašyta kur kas glausčiau negu knygoje, tačiau vyraujanti tema - ta pati.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 12:46:59',62,'','2010-06-18 12:50:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 12:46:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(888,'Geografijos terminai','geografijos-terminai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 12:51:12',62,'','2010-06-18 12:52:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 12:51:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,46,'robots=\nauthor='),(889,'Vilnius','vilnius','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmą kartą Vilnius buvo paminėtas XII amžiuje rašytiniuose šaltiniuose. O 1323 - aisiais Vilniui buvo suteiktas miesto vardas. Ir per kelis šimtus metų jis tapo vis stiprėjančiu ir augančiu miestu ir 1579 metais čia įkuriamas universitetas, – jis buvo pirmasis toks Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje ir gana greitai tapo svarbiu Europos ir kultūros židiniu.Jis buvo ir politiškai naudingas. XVI amžiuje buvo leidžiami statutai iš kurių paskutinysis iš jų galiojo iki XIX amžiaus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taip pat tuo metu Vilnius buvo atviras ir iš Rytų, ir iš Vakarų atvykstantiems kitataučiams. Dėl to bėgant laikui mieste ėmė kurtis stiprios lenkų, rusų, žydų, vokiečių, karaimų ir kt. bendruomenės. Kadangi kiekvienas jų savaip prisidėjo prie Vilniaus formavimosi, tai suklestėjo. Miestas sparčiai augo – XIX a. pradžioje jis buvo trečias pagal dydį Rytų Europos regione. Didesni tebuvo Maskva ir Sankt Peterburgas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Štai čia yra keli piešiniai kaip tuo metu atrodė svarbiausi Vilniaus objektai.<br />Šiuo metu Vilnius yra Lietuvos respublikos sostinė. Šiuo metu jis yra didžiausias Lietuvos miestas. Čia gyvena 600.000 žmonių. Iš jų 52,8 % yra lietuviai, 19,2 % lenkai, 19,2 % rusai, 4,8 % baltarusiai, 0,7 % žydai, o likę 3,3 % – kitų tautybių atstovai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dabar Vilnius apima 392 kvadratinius kilometrus. 20,2 % miesto yra užstatyta, o likusią dalį užima žalieji plotai     (43,9 %)   ir   vandenys (2,1 %).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vilniuje yra 21 seniūnija. Tai sparčiai augantis ir modernėjantis miestas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vilnius miesto herbe yra pavaizduota Šv. Kristupas (Kristoforas), brendantis vandeniu ir nešantis ant pečių Kūdikėlį Jėzų. Herbas miestui buvo suteiktas septintais gyvavimo metais, t.y. 1330 m.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dar Lietuvai esant pagoniškai valstybei, t.y. iki XIV a. pabaigos, Vilniaus herbas vaizdavo senovės lietuvių pasakų galiūną Alkį, ant pečių nešantį per upę savo žmoną Janterytę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vilnius visada buvo atviras įvairioms kultūroms, papročiams ir tautoms. Tą puikiai atspindi Vilniaus bažnyčios, kurių be galo daug gražių yra sostinėje. Ne visos bažnyčios ir maldų namai veikia iki šiol.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienos restauruojamos, kitos buvo smarkiai nuniokotos tarybiniais metais. Tačiau, kaip ir kiekviename viduramžių mieste, bažnyčios ir vienuolynai kūrė savitą miesto charakterį, bažnyčių bokštai - miesto nuotaiką. Dekoratyvūs bažnyčių fasadai, kupolai, bokštai, varpinės savo banguotomis linijomis, šviesos žaismu darniai įsiliejo į kalvotą Vilniaus apylinkių ritmą, puošdami Vilniaus siluetą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 12:53:26',62,'','2010-06-18 12:57:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 12:53:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(890,'Danija','danija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dauguma gyventojų [98 %] danai. Prie Vokietijos sienos gyvena maždaug 50 000 vokiečių, šiaurėje – apie 20 000 švedų, 10 000 norvegų. Danų kultūra, etnografija, kalba panaši į švedų, norvegų, islandų, fareriečių, tad visos šios tautos priklauso skandinavų etnografinei grupei. Iki XIX a. pradžios Danija buvo kaimų kraštas. Bet vėliau žmonės ėmė kurtis vienkiemių sodybose ir taip liko iki šiol. Kaime dabar gyvena yik apie 20 % krašto gyventojų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugiausia dėvima megztų rūbų. Tradicinis kostiumas populiarus buvo iki XX a. pr. Moterys dėvėjo vilnonius trijų ketvirčių rankovėmis megztus švarkus, ilgus plačius sijonus, prijuostes, ant pečių nešiodavo skareles. Avėdavo žemakulnia avalyne ir maudavosi vilnones kojines.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vyrų kostiume dominavo vilnonės aukščiau kelių kojinės ir odiniai batai. Nešiojo kelnes žemiau kelių ir baltus marškinius bei švarkus. Ant kaklo ryšėdavo skareles, merginos ir vaikinai galvas puošdavo megztomis kepurėlėmis,vyresnieji nešiojo cilindro formos kepures.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šių dienų aprangoje pastebima labai daug megztų drabužių. Sakoma, kad jų tiek daug nenešioja nei viena kita tauta Europoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Danai labai daug vartoja margarino. Jų virtuvė neįsivaizduojama be mėsos patiekalų ir virtų bei sūdytų žuvų. Kaip ir visoje skandinavijoje taip ir Danijoje valgoma labai daud košių. Populiarios košės yra kvietinės, manų, avižinės, perlinės. Jos verdamos su saldžois su vaisias, razinomis, ypač mėgstamos su avietėmis. Skanėstas – džoivinta aviena ir banginių mėsa. Vietiniai Farerų salų gyventojai labai mėgsta džiovintą avių mėsą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gyvulių augintojų ir žemdirbių tauta. Danai atsikėlė į Jutlandijos pusiasalį ir Danijos archipelago salas 3 tūkstantmetyjepr. Kr. Tad nuo seno ši tauta vertėsi žemdirbyste ir gyvulininkyste. Pelkėtas šalies teritorijas danai drenavo ir apsėjo pašarinėmis žolėmis. XIX amžiuje jie specializavosi į grūdų auginimą ir pieno bei mėsos gyvulininkystę. Dažnai gali girdėti sakant, kad Danijoje auga gražiausi sodai, žaliuoja sodriausia žolė,auga riebiausios karvės. Iš čia kilę ir Lietuvoje gerai žinomos žalosios karvės, kurios vertinamos dėl riebaus pieno. Nors dauguma gyventojų susitelkę miestuose, bet dominuoja kaimai, kuriems būdinga keturi išidėstymo tipai. Išskirtinis kaimas yra Jutlandijos pusiasalio viduryje, kurio akcentas – aikštė, aplink ją išsidėstęs kaimas, o už jo – kaimo pievos. Kai kuriose salose įsikūrusios žvejų gyvenvietės. Populiarūs ir amatai. Ypač kalvystė, medžio drožyba, mezgimas, nėrimas ir juvelyrika.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 12:59:38',62,'','2010-06-18 13:03:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 12:59:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(891,'Kauno apskritis','kauno-apskritis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kauno rajonas – vienas iš šešių Kauno apskrities rajonų, beje pats didžiausias. Kauno rajonas tikrai vertas dėmesio, nes čia apstu įvairių parkų, įžymių medžių ir šiaip visokių gamtos paminklų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaunas – vienas iš seniausių ir antras pagal dydį bei reikšmę Lietuvos miestas. Kauno įkūrėju laikomas legendinio Lietuvos Kunigaikščio Palemono sūnus Kūnas. Kurioje vietoje buvo Kūno pilis – neaišku. Remiantis metraščiais, atrodo, jog ji turėjusi būti Nemuno ir Nevėžio santakoje. Nuo Kūno vardo greičiausiai ir kilo Kauno pavadinimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pažaislio parkas užima 201 hektaro plotą. Kauno Pažaislio parke ties rūmais kerojasi 500 metų ąžuolas, kurio aukštis siekia 20 m, o skersmuo 21 m. Ošia čia ir 100-130 metų pušys, iš kurių ne vienos aukštis siekia 27 m, o skersmuo – 80 cm. Ošia čia ir šimtametės eglės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vytauto parkas – sodas – 10 ha.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šis parkas įsikūrė prieš 100 metų, čia galime aptikti įspūdingų ąžuolų, eglių, pušų ir įspūdingai baltų ir trapių gluosnių. Pamatysime čia ir 20-23 m europinių ir sibirinių maumedžių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lampėdžių liepos skersmuo 2m, aukštis 24m. Jos auga Lampėdžiuose, Romuvos gatvėje prie namo Nr.87. Penkios liepos, kurios, spėjama, buvo pasodintos arba pasėtos, vėliau suaugo į vieną kamieną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1968m Lampėdžių liepa paskelbta gamtos paminklu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prienų rajonas vienas iš 6 Kauno apskrities rajonų, jis užima pietinę apskrities dalį, išsidėstęs abipus Nemuno. Pagal savo geografinę padėtį Prienai ir didžiulė Nemuno vidurupio atkarpa yra pačiame rajono centre. Nemunas vingiuodamas sukuria nepakartojamus gamtos vaizdus. Dėl tokių įspūdingų vaizdų šis rajonas ir išsiskiria iš kitų Lietuvos rajonų ir pelno sau didžiausią šlovę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aukščiausia Lietuvos eglė (skersmuo 85 mm aukštis 45 m) auga Prienų miškų urėdijos Prienų girininkijos 90 kvartale. Eglė dailiai nuaugusi, spėjama, jog jos amžius siekia net 300 metų. 1971 m ji buvo paskelbta gamtos paminklu. Gaila, bet pastebėta , kad eglės viršūnė pradeda džiūti.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 13:04:07',62,'','2010-06-18 13:07:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 13:04:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(892,'Egiptas (referatas)','egiptas-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Egiptas randasi Afrikos žemyno šiaurės rytuose. Rytinėje Egipto dalyje randasi Raudonoji jūra. Šiaurėje – Viduržemio jūra. Pietryčiuosia yra Etiopijos kalnynas, vakarinę dalį užima Libijos dykuma (Sacharos dalis), o rytuose Arabijos dykuma. Maždaug per vidurį Egipto teka ilgiausia pasaulio upė Nilas. Nuo Viktorijos ežero iki Viduržemio jūros Nilo tėkmę kerta penki slenksčiai. Paskutinius 150 km. Nilas pasidalija į daugybę atšakų, taip sudarydamas deltą. Nilo vandens lygį reguliuoja Asvano užtvanka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinis Egipto gyvybės šaltinis Nilas – ilgiausia pasaulio upė. Ji išteka iš kalnų ežerų Centrinėje Afrikoje. Nilo ilgis apie 6500 km.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pavasarį Nilo aukštupyje smarkiai lyja. Lietaus ir tirpstančio sniego vanduo subėga į upę ir Nilas patvinsta. Potvynis Egipte prasideda vasaros viduryje. Jis trunka iki Lapkričio mėnesio. Kai vanduo nuslenka, ant nederlingos žemės lieka derlingas dumblas, kuris yra dažniausiai juodos spalvos. Taip Nilas patręšia dirvą. Todėl tai žmonėms sudarė puikias sąlygas verstis žemdirbyste, gyvulininkyste.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bet taip pat potvynio metu Nilas padarydavo daug žalos: potvynių metu vanduo nuplaudavo žemės sklypų ribas ir įrenginius laukuose. O labai stiprūs potvyniai nunešdavo ištisus kaimus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tam, kad žmonės galėtų sureguliuoti Nilo vandens lygį, jiems reikėjo pastatyti užtvanką. Taigi jie prie Asvano miesto pastatė Asvano žtvanką. Ji buvo statoma 10 metų. Sukauptą tvenkinyje vandenį imta naudoti laukams drėkinti, o vandens jėgainė pradėjo gaminti elektros energiją. Taip pat kai buvo pastatyta Asavano užtvanka susidarė Nasero tvenkinys. Buvo padaryta daug žalos, bet ir naudingų dalykų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Asuano užtvanka, esanti šiek tiek į pietus nuo miesto, Egipte buvo pastatyta ne tik tam, kad reguliuotų kasmetinius Nilo potvynius, bet ir kad būtų sukurti vandens rezervuarai, kuriuose būtų galima saugoti didelį kiekį vandens, gelbėjančio nuo bado žiaurių sausrų metu. Užtvankos statyba buvo tarptautinis projektas, pradėtas 1960 m., metu. Užtvankos statyba buvo tarptautinis projektas, pradėtas 1960 m., o 1970 m. atidarytas tuometinio Egipto prezidento. Statybų metu buvo dedamos didžiulės pastangos tam, kad į tėvynę grąžinti Nubijos gyventojus ir perkelti į kitą vietą didžiąją Abu Smbelio šventyklą. Rezervuaras, dabar žinomas Nasero ežero vardu, bendruomenei labai naudingas – jis apsaugojo šalį nuo didžiulės sausros bei nuo kelių netikėtų potvynių.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 13:09:24',62,'','2010-06-18 13:12:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 13:09:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(893,'Pskovas','pskovas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Voroničius,  Izborskas, vėliau Pečiorai…- tai vis miestai kariai, gynę šiaurines Rusios sienas.Stipriausias gynybos ramstis buvo Pskovas. Rusų žemė pastatė šį miestą pasitikti priešą, ir per ilgus ištikimos tarnybos amžius didvyriškos Pskovo sienos užkirto kelią ne vienam įnirtingam priešų antplūdžiui.Kai šimtatūkstantinė karaliaus Stepono Batoro, įžymiausio šešioliktojo amžiaus Europos karvedžio, armija atžygiavo prie Pskovo ir apgulė jį, visus nustebino atsivėrusi panorama. Karaliaus kanceliarijos sekretorius kunigas Stanislavas Piotrovskis užsirašė dienoraštyje: “Gėrimės  Pskovu.Viešpatie, koks didelis miestas!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip Paryžius! Padėk mums , Viešpatie, jį paimti”. Kartu su pasigėrėjimu šiuose žodžiuose skamba ir neslepiama baimė.Kitą diena, jau viską apžiūrėjęs geriau, kunigas Piotrovskis savo patirtą įspūdį patvirtina: “Miestas nepaprastai didelis,  tokio nėra visoje Lenkijoje,  visas apmūrytas siena;už jos spindi cerkvės, nelyginant tankus miškas, visos mūrinės; namų per sienas nematyti. Vieta puikiausia;miestas išsistatęs gražioje lygumoje…”  “Grožis”, ”gražus”, “gėrimės”- tokie žodžiai mirgėte mirga dienoraščio įrašuose. Ir iš tiesų, čia nuostabiai gražu. Gali matyti kaip Pskova įteka į Velikają , kokios ilgos yra tos mūrinės sienos, kuriomis Pskovas buvo apjuostas XIIIa. Šalia kremliaus, kuris kitaip vadinamas kromu, išaugę miestai taip pat buvo apjuosti gynybinėmis sienomis:Daumanto miestas - 1266 m. , Vidurinysis- 1309 - 75 m. , Užpskovės ir Apylinkės - 1465m. XVIa. sienos buvo išplėstos ir sutvirtintos, pastatyta gynybinių bokštų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip ir dauguma kyšulio tipo senovės slavų pilių,  Pskovo kremlius (kromas) buvo seniausia miesto dalis, pirmasis miesto branduolys, stovi ant uolos tarp Pskovos ir Velikajos upių. Tvirtovė pasidarė neįveikiama, nes upės paplovė ir taip stačius tvirtovės krantus, o vietoj rąstų stačiatvorės skardžio viršuje iš storų klinčių plokščių buvo išmūrytos sienos. Įeiti į miestą buvo galima tik pro tamsiuosius vartus- priešpilį, ir tik, jį perėjus buvo galima patekti į tvirtovės vidų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Už sienos galėjai pamatyti erdvę večės aikštę,kurios dešiniame kampe stūksojo Trejybės soboras.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dabar kairysis Pskovos krantas negražus, tai tik piktžolėmis apaugę kažkokie griuvėsiai, nors kažkada čia buvo didelis žuvų turgus, stovėjo daug krautuvių ir sandėlių. Ir prekių buvo labai daug, kad net prekyba žiemą vykdavo ant užšalusios Pskovos ledo. Pskovo žemė - ežerų kraštas, joje teliūskuoja ir nemažas Pskovo ežeras, kuris yra Peipaus ežero pietinė dalis ir į jį įteka Velikaja.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trejybės soboro statyba siejama su Novgorodo garsaus kunigaikščio Vsevolodo Gavrijilo vardu, daugelis tyrinėtojų ir archeologų abejoja ar jis prie šios statybos prisidėjo.Galimas daiktas, kad valdant Vsevolodui, soboras buvo tik pradėtas statyti, o užbaigtas ir pašventintas vėliau.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau šis soboras yra jau ketvirtas iš eilės. Pirmasis buvo medinis, ir jį suręsti ant aukštumėlės liepusi kunigaikštienė Olga. Antrasis buvo iš akmenų išmūrytas XII a. Ir stovėjo 200 metų. Šioje šventovėje lankėsi ir meldėsi Aleksandras Neviškis ir Pskove garbinamas kunigaikštis Daumantas. XIV a. pab. sugriuvo senoji, ir ant išlikusių pamatų buvo pastatyta trečioji cerkvė, kurią dabar labai atidžiai tyrinėja mokslininkai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 13:12:49',62,'','2010-06-18 13:17:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 13:12:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,2,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(894,'Prancūzija','pranczija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prancūzijos Respublika yra didžiausia Vakarų Europos valstybė. Vakaruose ji prieina prie Atlanto vandenyno Biskajos įlankos. Lamanšo ir Pa de Kalė sąsiauriai šiaurėje ją skiria nuo Didžiosios Britanijos. Sausumoje ji ribojasi su Belgija, Liuksemburgu, Vokietija, Šveicarija, Italija, Monaku. Pietuose Prancūziją skalauja Viduržemio jūra, o Pirėnų kalnai ją skiria nuo Ispanijos ir Andoros. Viduržemio jūroje Prancūzijai priklauso Korsikos sala.Prancūzija suskirstyta į 96 departamentus, ji turi valdų Amerikoje, Afrikoje, Okeanijoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žinomiausios užjūrio teritorijos ir departamentai yra Naujoji Kaledonija, Prancūzijos Polinezija, Martinika, Prancūzijos Gviana. Bendras jų plotas - 127 000 km2, o jose gyvena apie 1,5 mln. žmonių.Daug praeities ir dabarties gijų sieja Prancūziją su Lietuva.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugiau kaip prieš 2000 metų dabartinės Prancūzijos žemėse įsikūrė gentys, kurias graikai vadino keltais, o romėnai - galais. Kaip tik galai ir sudarė prancūzų tautos pamatą, o jų kraštas senovėje vadinosi Galija. 1 a. Galiją užkariavo romėnai ir valdė ją penkis šimtmečius. Per tokį ilgą laiką galai ir romėnai, jų papročiai ir kultūra sumišo, Galijoje įsivyravo lotynų kalba. Vėliau į Galiją veržėsi gretimos germanų gentys, bet galiausiai ją VI a. užkariavo frankai, atėję iš šiaurės. Dabartinės Prancūzijos teritorija tapo Frankų valstybės centru, taigi frankai davė vardą tautai ir šaliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">IX a. ta valstybė suskilo. Kalba, kuri formavosi lotynų kalbos pagrindu, vakarų frankų gyvenamoje dabartinės Prancūzijos teritorijoje vadinosi romanų. Tarp rytų frankų įsigalėjo germanų kalba. Frankų gyvenamas kraštas tuo laiku neturėjo nuolatinių ribų, buvo suskilęs į daugelį karalysčių ir kunigaikštysčių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XII - XIII a. vyko Prancūzijos žemių savanoriškas ir priverstinis vienijimas. Bet netrukus kilo Šimtametis karas (1337 - 1453) su Anglija. Šiaurės Prancūzijos žemės buvo užkariautos. Prancūzai priešinosi. Sukilėlius suvienijo valstietė mergina Žana d\'Ark, kurios drąsa ir išradingumas padėjo pasiekti pergalę. Paryžiuje stovi paminklas legenda virtusiai prancūzų didvyrei. Prancūzijos vienijimasis baigėsi XV a., o XVI a. krašto istorijoje išliko kaip Renesanso, arba Atgimimo, laikotarpis. Karaliaus Liudviko XIV valdoma Prancūzija buvo stipriausia Europos valstybė - joje klestėjo amatai, mokslas, menai. Vėliau atėjo nuosmukio laikai.Prancūzijos, ir ne tikjos, istorijai itin reikšmingas 1789 m. liepos mėnuo.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,52,'2010-06-18 13:19:33',62,'','2010-06-18 13:23:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-18 13:19:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(895,'Teorinė mechanika statika (vgtu)','teorin-mechanika-statika-vgtu','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Knygoje išdėstyta klasikinės mechanikos teorijos dalis – statika. Suformuluoti statikos svarbiausieji uždaviniai, apibrėžtos pagrindinės sąvokos, išnagrinėti visi statikos nagrinėjami objektai – jėgos, jėgų sistemos bei įvairių jėgų sistemų veikiami kūnai ir jų sistemos. Aprašyti jėgų sistemų klasifikavimo principai, išnagrinėtos ir suformuluotos šių sistemų pusiausvyros sąlygos. Vaizdžiai demonstruojamas statikos metodų taikymas įvairiems uždaviniams spręsti.<br />Knyga parengta remiantis Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universiteto studijų programa ir rekomenduojama pagrindinių studijų studentams, siekiantiems savarankiškai susipažinti su statikos metodų teoriniais pagrindais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PRATARMĖ</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mechanika – nuolat tobulėjantis fundamentinis mokslas, apimantis klasikinę ir naujausias, dažnai dar iki galo nesuformuluotas, teorijas, kuriame plačiai taikomi šiuolaikiniai skaičiavimo ir matematinio modeliavimo metodai, pritaikomos naujausios technikos galimybės eksperimentams, tyrimams bei virtualiajam – kompiuteriniam įvairių konstrukcijų ir procesų modeliavimui atlikti. Aukštosiose technikos mokyklose susipažinimas su šiuo mokslu prasideda nuo teorinės mechanikos kurso. Teorinė mechanika – dalykas, kurio studijavimas leidžia būsimiems inžinieriams įsisavinti klasikinės mechanikos teorijos pagrindus, padeda suformuoti inžinerinį mąstymą, įgyti uždavinių sprendimo įgūdžių, būtinų studijuojant tokius inžinerinius dalykus, kaip medžiagų atsparumas, medžiagų mechanika, mašinų ir mechanizmų teorija ir t. t.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Technikos universitetų šiuolaikinių studijų programose numatomos paskaitos ir savarankiškas papildomos literatūros nagrinėjimas. Todėl autoriai nutarė parengti teorinės mechanikos statikos dalies paskaitų konspektą ir visus kurse nagrinėjamus teorijos klausimus aptarti daug išsamiau negu tai įmanoma padaryti per paskaitoms skirtą laiką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 07:52:57',62,'','2010-06-21 07:58:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 07:52:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,25,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(896,'Termoelektroninės emisijos reiškinio tyrimas 3','termoelektronins-emisijos-reikinio-tyrimas-3','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis: Nubrėžti vakuuminio diodo voltamperinę charakteristiką ir apskaičiuoti elektrono išlaisvinimo darbą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis: Elektronas, išsilaisvindamas iš metalo, turi atlikti išlaisvinimo darbą. Metaluose yra labai daug laisvų elektronų, kurie laisvai juda tik metale. Elektronui išlėkus į vakuumą, toje vietoje lieka teigiamo krūvio perteklius, kuris traukia elektroną. Išlėkus dideliam elektronų kiekiui, ties metalo paviršiumi susidaro labai plonas dvigubas elektrinis sluoksnis. Jis yra labai plonas, maždaug lygus keliems tarpatominiams nuotoliams. Į jį patekusį elektroną veiks į metalo vidų nukreipta elektrinė jėga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 07:58:29',62,'','2010-06-21 08:00:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 07:58:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,24,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(897,'Nuolatinė elektros srovė 1','nuolatin-elektros-srov-1','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektros srovės stipris ir srovės tankis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektros srovė yra bet koks kryptingas elektros krūvių (tiksliau sakant elektringųjų dalelių ar įelektrintų kūnų) judėjimas. Laisvųjų elektronų metaluose ar teigiamųjų bei neigiamųjų jonų elektrolituose judėjimas, įelektrinto bet kokio kūno slenkamasis ar sukamasis judėjimas yra elektros srovės pavyzdžiai. Tačiau dažniausiai kalbėdami apie elektros srovę turime galvoje kryptingą elektringųjų dalelių judėjimą medžiagoje ar  vakuume. Šios elektringosios dalelės dar vadinamos krūvininkais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tekant elektros srovei atsiranda naujų reiškinių, kurie nebūdingi nejudantiems krūviams. Iš jų paminėtini:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1) Šiluminis veikimas. Laidininkas, kuriuo teka elektros srovė, įšyla.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2) Cheminis veikimas. Tekant elektros srovei gali kisti medžiagos cheminė sudėtis. Šis reiškinys būdingas tik medžiagoms, kuriose krūvininkai yra jonai, pavyzdžiui, elektrolitams – vandeniniams druskų, rūgščių ar šarmų tirpalams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3) Magnetinis veikimas. Elektros srovė kuria magnetinį lauką. Pavyzdžiui, arti laido padėtos magnetinės rodyklės kryptis pakinta, kai laidu ima tekėti elektros srovė.<br />Magnetinis srovės veikimas, skirtingai nuo šiluminio ir cheminio, yra bendriausias. Jis pasireiškia visais elektros srovės atvejais, netgi judant masyviems įelektrintiems kūnams, kada šiluminio ir cheminio veikimo nesti. Cheminio veikimo nesti tekant srovei medžiagomis, kuriuose krūvininkai yra laisvieji elektronai, pavyzdžiui, metalais. Šiluma neišsiskiria tekant srovei superlaidininkais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 08:01:29',62,'','2010-06-21 08:04:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 08:01:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,23,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(898,'Plyksnio užsiliepsnojimo ir savaiminio užsiliepsnojimo temperatūra','plyksnio-usiliepsnojimo-ir-savaiminio-usiliepsnojimo-temperatra','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Plyksnio temperatūra turi žemiausią temperatūrą prie kurios naftos produkto garai su oru sudaro mišinį momentaliai sudegantį prikišus prie jo liepsną. Plyksnio temperatūra tam tikru laipsniu apibūdina naftos produkto pavojingumą gaisro atžvilgiu. Užsiliepsnojimo temperatūra vadinama temperatūra prie kurios pašildžius naftos produktus ir prikišus prie jo liepsną jis užsiliepsnoja ir dega ne trumpiau 5 s. Užsiliepsnojimo temperatūra visada aukštesnė už plyksnio temperatūrą keliomis dešintosiomis laipsnio.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Savaiminio užsiliepsnojimo temperatūra tai tokia minimali temperatūra kuria esant naftos produkto garai su oru užsidega be išorinio liepsnos šaltinio. Šia savybe ir remiasi vidaus degimo dyzelinių variklių darbas. Savaiminio užsidegimo temperatūra visada aukštesnė nei plyksnio temperatūra keliais šimtais laipsnių. Plyksnio temperatūra charakterizuoja žibalo dizelinio kuro, tepalų, mazutų ir kitų sunkių naftos frakcijų žemutinę sprogstamumo ribą. Tuo tarpu benzino plyksnio temperatūra charakterizuoja viršutinę sprogstamumo ribą. Pirmu atveju ji nustatoma kaitinant, antru atveju jinustatoma šaldant. Plyksnio temperatūrai turi įtaką atmosferos slėgis, oro drėgnumas ir aparatūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 08:04:47',62,'','2010-06-21 08:07:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 08:04:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,22,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(899,'Elektromagnetizmas radijo ryšio principais','elektromagnetizmas-radijo-ryio-principais','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektromagnetinis laukas. Elektrinio lauko šaltinis yra ne tik elektros krūvis, bet ir kintamasis magnetinis laukas. Juo greičiau kinta magnetinė indukcija, juo stipresnis atsiradęs laukas. Magnetinei indukcijai didėjant, elektrinio lauko stiprumo E kryptis ir vektoriaus B kryptis sudaro kairįjį sraigtą. Kai mažėja, sudaro dešinįjį. Kintantis laikui bėgant elektrinis laukas sužadina magnetinį lauką.  Elektrinio lauko stiprumui didėjant, atsiradusio magnetinio lauko indukcijos B kryptis ir vektoriaus E kryptis sudaro dešinįjį sraigtą. Kai mažėja, sudaro kairįjį. Elektriniai ir magnetiniai laukai egzistuoja priklausydami vienas nuo kito. Elektrinis laukas be magnetinio arba magnetinis be elektrinio gali egzistuoti tik tam tikros atskaitos sistemos atžvilgiu. Teiginys, kad erdvės taške yra tiktai elektrinis arba tiktai magnetinis laukas, neturi prasmės, jeigu nenurodoma, kurios atskaitos sistemos atžvilgiu tie laukai nagrinėjami. Elektrinis ir magnetinis laukai - tai vieno, elektromagnetinio, lauko pasireiškimas. Elektromagnetinis laukas  - ypatingos formos materija, kurios dėka sąveikauja elektringosios dalelės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektromagnetinės bangos. Elektromagnetinė sąveika sklinda baigtiniu greičiu. Krūvio poslinkis sukelia elektromagnetinio lauko “impulsą”, kuris plisdamas apima vis didesnes erdvės sritis, pakeliui keisdamas lauką, egzistavusį prieš pasislenkant krūviui. “impulsas” pasiekia kitą krūvį, ir tą krūvį veikianti jėga pakinta. Tačiau jėga pakinta ne vienu metu su pirmojo krūvio poslinkiu. Krūvį supančioje erdvėje atsiranda periodiškai kintančių vienas kitam statmenų elektrinio ir magnetinio laukų sistema. Susidaro elektromagnetinė banga, kuri sklinda visomis kryptimis nuo virpančio krūvio. Visuose erdvės taškuose elektrinis ir magnetinis laukas laikui bėgant periodiškai kinta. Vektorių E ir B fazės kiekviename erdvės taške sutampa. Bet kuriuo laiko momentu, einant nuo vieno erdvės taško prie kito, vektorių E ir B vertės periodiškai kinta. Šį kitimą nusako periodas λ. Elektromagnetinė banga - skersinė banga. Pagreitis - pagrindinė elektromagnetinių bangų spinduliavimo sąlyga. Elektromagnetinės bangos skleidžiamos ne tik virpant krūviui, bet ir kitaip kintant jo greičiui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 08:07:39',62,'','2010-06-21 08:10:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 08:07:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,21,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(900,'Stygos svyravimų tyrimas 3','stygos-svyravim-tyrimas-3','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Taikant stovinčiąsias bangas, ištirti stygos savųjų dažnių ir skersinių bangų sklidimo fazinio greičio priklausomybę nuo stygą tempiančios jėgos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinio pasirengimo klausimai. Vienmatės bangos lygtis. Stovinčiosios bangos. Jų susidarymas ribotų matmenų stygoje. Stygos savųjų dažnių priklausymas nuo jos įtempimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 08:11:03',62,'','2010-06-21 08:13:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 08:11:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,20,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(901,'Elektros srovė skysčiuose (špera)','elektros-srov-skysiuose-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaip ir kietieji kūnai, skysčiai gali būti dielektrikai, laidininkai ir puslaidininkiai. Prie dielektrikų priskiriamas distiliuotas vanduo, o prie laidininkų – elektrolitų (t. y. rūgščių, šarmų ir druskų) tirpalai bei lydalai. Skysti puslaidininkiai yra, pavyzdžiui, išlydytas selenas, sulfidų lydalai ir kitos medžiagos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Metalais, jų lydiniais, anglimi elektros srovė teka visiškai nekeisdama jų sudėties.  Tekant srovei, jie tik įyla Tokios medžiagos vadinamos pirmosios rūšies laidininkais. Joms būdingas elektroninis laidumas. Antrosios rūšies laidininkai – rūgščių, bazių, druskų tirpalai bei įlydytų kietųjų dielektrikų (druska, molis) tekant srovei ne tik įšyla, bet ir chemiškai skyla į sudėtines dalis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 08:13:41',62,'','2010-06-21 08:16:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 08:13:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,19,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(902,'Skysčio ištekėjimas pro angas','skysio-itekjimas-pro-angas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas – nustatyti: 1) skritulio formos angai čiurkšlės susiaurėjimo ir greičio koeficientus. 2) Skirtingos formos angų debito koeficientus. 3) Teorinę ir eksperimentinę ištekėjimo trukmę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo eiga. Darbe nagrinėjamas tik stacionarinis skysčio tekųjimas pro mažą angą plonoje sienelėje ir antgalius. Nusistovėjus tekėjimui, skystis iš visų pusių angos kryptimi teka greitėdamas ir ištekėjusi čiurkšlė maždaug 0,5d atstumu nuo sienelės susiaurėja. Jos susiaurėjimas išreiškiamas susiaurėjimo koeficientu μ.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 08:17:10',62,'','2010-06-21 08:19:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 08:17:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,18,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(903,'Elektrostatika 2','elektrostatika-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dielektrikų poliarizacija ir jos molekulinis aiškinimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dielektrikuose nėra laisvųjų krūvininkų, galinčių veikiant laukui judėti makroskopiniais atstumais. Dielektriką sudarančios molekulės yra neutralios, tačiau sudarytos iš elektringųjų dalelių - protonų ir elektronų, įeinančių į atomų struktūras. Dielektrike sudarius elektrinį lauką atsiranda jėgų, veikiančių teigiamuosius krūvius lauko kryptimi, o neigiamuosius - prieš lauko kryptį. Šioms jėgoms veikiant molekulės šiek tiek pakinta, nes į jų sudėtį įeinančios elektringosios dalelės truputį paslenka, dėl to molekulių teigiamų ir neigiamų krūvių centrai nebesutampa. Sakoma, kad molekulės tampa dipoliais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektrinio dipolio kuriamas laukas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ankstesniame paragrafe nagrinėjome, kaip elektrinį dipolį veikia išorinis elektrinis laukas. Tačiau ir pats dipolis kuria savo elektrinį lauką. Jį skaičiuosime pasinaudodami sąryšiu tarp elektrinio lauko stiprio ir potencialo gradiento (1.48). Plokščiojoje stačiakampėje koordinačių sistemoje dipolio neigiamąjį krūvį sutapdinkime su ko-ordinačių sistemos pradžia, o teigiamasis krūvis tegu bus x ašyje, l atstumu nuo koordinačių sistemos pradžios.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 08:20:27',62,'','2010-06-21 08:23:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 08:20:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,17,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(904,'Elektrinių dydžių matavimas ir matavimo paklaidos 1','elektrini-dydi-matavimas-ir-matavimo-paklaidos-1','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis: išmokti įvertinti elektrinių dydžių matavimo sistemines pakaidas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis: įtampos kitimas matuojamas voltmetrais, kilovoltmetrais ir t. t. Elektros srovės stiprums matuojamas amperemetrais, miliamperemetrais ir t. t. Varža matuojama ometrais, kiloometrais, megaometrais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 08:23:52',62,'','2010-06-21 08:26:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 08:23:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,16,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(905,'Fizikos uždaviniai 2','fizikos-udaviniai-2','','','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 08:26:45',62,'','2010-06-21 08:27:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 08:26:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,15,'','',0,34,'robots=\nauthor='),(906,'Planko konstantos nustatymas','planko-konstantos-nustatymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis: išmatuoti, apšvietus fotokatodą įvairų bangų ilgių monochromatine šviesa, uždarymo potencialą ir apskaičiuoti Planko konstanta.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 08:28:19',62,'','2010-06-21 08:30:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 08:28:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(907,'Elektrono judėjimo magnetrone tyrimas','elektrono-judjimo-magnetrone-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: - elektrono specifinio krūvio nustatymas magnetrono metodu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo eiga: paprasčiausias magnetronas yra dviejų elektrodų elektroninė lempa, kurios katodas K ir anodas A yra bendrą ašį turintys cilindrai, patalpinti pakankamai ilgoje ritėje lygiagrečiai jos ašies. Matavimo įrenginį sudaro elektroninė lempa – diodas, įtaisytas ilgos ritės (solenoido) viduje, kaitinimo srovės šaltinis, anodinės srovės šaltinis,su įmontuotu jame voltmetru, solenoido srovės šaltinis ir ampermetrai. Įrenginys sudarytas iš dviejų nepriklausomų grandinių: diodo voltamperinės charakteristikos  matavimo ir solenoido maitinimo grandinių. Diodas solenoide įtaisytas taip, kad anodo ašis sutaptų su solenoido ašimi. Šiame darbe naudojamas tiesioginio kaitinimo diodas. Katodas K įkaitinamas , kai juo teka srovė iš kaitinimo šaltinio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 08:30:26',62,'','2010-06-21 08:32:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 08:30:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,13,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(908,'Eelektromagnetinė indukcija 2','eelektromagnetin-indukcija-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektros srovės atsiradimas uždarame laidininke, kintant jį veriančiam magnetiniam srautui, vadinamas elektromagnetine indukcija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ELEKTROMAGNETINĖS INDUKCIJOS DĖSNIS. Bet kuriuo būdu keičiantis magnetiniam srautui kertančiam uždaro laidininko kontūrą, šiame laidininke atsiranda elektros srovė, kuri teka visą laiką, kol kinta magnetinis srautas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 08:33:12',62,'','2010-06-21 08:36:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 08:33:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,12,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(909,'Elektrono specifinio krūvio nustatymas','elektrono-specifinio-krvio-nustatymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: panaudojant statmenai sukryžiuotus elektrinį ir  magnetinį laukus, nustatyti elektrono specifinį krūvį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis: ,, Elementarios\" elektringos dalelės krūvio e santykis su jos mase m (e/m) vadinamas dalelės specifiniu krūviu. Šiame darbe elektrono specifinio krūvio modulis |e|/m nustatomas, naudojant sukryžiuotus elektrinį ir magnetinius laukus, taip vadinamu Tomsono metodu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 08:36:54',62,'','2010-06-21 08:41:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 08:36:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,11,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(910,'Maksvelio svyruoklės inercijos momentas 2','maksvelio-svyruokls-inercijos-momentas-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo užduotis. Remiantis Maksvelio svyruoklės judėjimu, nustatyti jos inercijos momentą bei ją veikiančią trinties jėgą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis. Kai kūnas, kuris gali suktis apie ašį, yra veikiamas išorinių jėgų, tai jis sukasi kampiniu pagreičiu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 08:41:40',62,'','2010-06-21 08:43:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 08:41:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,42,'robots=\nauthor='),(911,'Puslaidininkių optinių savybių tyrimas','puslaidininki-optini-savybi-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. 1. Susipažinti su puslaidininkių optinių parametrų priklausomybe nuo krintančios šviesos kvantų energijos ir eksperimentine tų parametrų nustatymo metodika. 2. Išmatuoti atspindžio ir absorbcijos koeficientų bei pralaidumo priklausomybę nuo bangos ilgio, apskaičiuoti lūžio rodiklį bei draustinės juostos plotį. 3. Nustatyti optinių šuolių tipą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinis įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Puslaidininkiai, kaip ir visi kietieji kūnai, yra sudaryti suartėjus atskiriems atomams, kurių dalis elektroninio apvalkalo sąveikauja, todėl tuose energijų intervaluose elektronas gali keisti savo energiją kvazitolygiai. Gilesnių sluoksnių elektronai nesąveikauja, todėl toje srityje jie gali turėti labiau apibrėžtas energijos vertes. Toks būsenų pasiskirstymas sąlygoja ir sąveiką su elektromagnetine banga. Didelių energijų fotonai sugeriami, kai elektronai iš giliųjų sluoksnių yra permetami į laisvas būsenas. Tai siauros absorbcijos linijos. Mažėjant kvanto energijai, gali būti sužadinami vis negilesnių sluoksnių elektronai. Kai nėra energetinių lygmenų, atitinkančių kvanto energiją, gali vykti tiesioginė elektronų sąveika su elektromagnetine banga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 08:44:13',62,'','2010-06-21 08:56:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 08:44:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(912,'Fotometrija','fotometrija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Fotometrija – optikos skyrius, kuriame nagrinėjami šviesos energinių parametrų matavimai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Erdvinis kampas lygus vienetui, jeigu rutulio paviršiuje jis išpjauna plotą S=R². Vienetas - steradianas(sr). Šaltinio šviesos stiprumas (I) apibūdina spinduliavimo galią vieno steradiano erdviniame kampe.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 08:57:02',62,'','2010-06-21 09:00:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 08:57:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,8,'','',0,50,'robots=\nauthor='),(913,'Biomasė energijai gauti','biomas-energijai-gauti','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Biomasė yra vienas labiausiai paplitusių ir plačiausiai naudojamų atsinaujinančių energijos šaltinių. Biomasė yra fotosintezės produktas. Kasmet fotosintezės metu augalų stiebuose, šakose ir lapuose sukaupiamas energijos kiekis, keletą kartų didesnis už pasaulio energijos poreikius. Biomasė išsiskiria iš kitų energijos šaltinių tuo, kad tai akumuliuota saulės energija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Medienos pavidalo biomasė yra seniausiai žmonijos naudojamas energijos šaltinis. Tradicinis ir labiausiai paplitęs energijos gamybos iš biomasės būdas yra tiesioginis jos deginimas. Plėtojantis pramonei ir didėjant gamybos apimtims biomasė pamažu buvo išstumta labiau koncentruotų energijos šaltinių -akmens anglių, naftos ir gamtinių dujų. Tačiau jos indėlis energetikoje liko nemažas. Pastaruoju metu iš biomasės pagamintas energijos kiekis pasaulinėje energijos gamyboje sudarė apie 15 procentų. Kai kuriose, ypač mažiau išsivysčiusiose šalyse, biomasės naudojimas energijai gauti yra įspūdingai didelis. Pavyzdžiui, šio dešimtmečio pradžioje Nepale jis sudarė apie 95 proc., Kenijoje - 75 proc., Indijoje - 50 proc., Kinijoje - 33 proc., Egipte ir Maroke - po 20 proc. pagaminamo energijos kiekio. Biomasės, kaip ir kitų atsinaujinančių energijos šaltinių, naudojimo didinimas ypač aktualus pasidarė pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais. Tai lėmė keletas veiksnių. Vienas jų yra neigiama žmo-nijos veiklos įtaka klimato kaitai. Per pastaruosius keletą šimtmečių žmonijos veikla įgavo tokį mastą, kad dėl jos ėmė keistis atmosferos sudėtis. Viena pagrindinių šio reiškinio priežasčių yra ta, kad tenkinant didėjančius energijos poreikius vis daugiau sudeginama kuro ir daugiau šiltnamio efektą sukeliančių dujų (anglies dioksido, azoto oksido, metano ir kt.) patenka į aplinką. Dėl šiltnamio efekto prasidėjo globalinis klimato atšilimas. Jo padariniai gali būti katastrofiški visai žmonijai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 09:01:02',62,'','2010-06-21 09:02:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 09:01:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(914,'Linijinių spektrų tyrimas monochromatoriumi','linijini-spektr-tyrimas-monochromatoriumi','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tikslas: susipažinti su spektrinės analizės metodais; nubrėžti monochromatoriaus gradavimo kreivę  n=f(λ), vadinamą dispersijos kreive; pagal gradavimo kreivę rasti nežinomo spektro linijų bangų ilgius; lyginant išmatuotus bangų ilgius su nurodytais atlase, nustatyti nežinomą medžiagą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo eiga. Prieš monochromatoriaus plyšį pastatome neoninę lempą, reguliuodami okuliąrą gauname ryškų spektrą, lygindami gauto spektro linijų spalvą ir atstumą tarp jų su duotu spektro atlasu, nustatome tas pačias linijas abiejuose spektruose. Išmatuojamspektro linijų dydį, duomenis surašom į lentelę, pagal juos nubraižome monochromatoriaus gradavimo kreivę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 09:03:12',62,'','2010-06-21 09:05:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 09:03:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,82,'robots=\nauthor='),(915,'Optika (V. A. Šalna)','optika-v-a-alna','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Optika yra mokymas apie fizikinius, t. y. gamtos, reiškinius, susijusius su trumpųjų elektromagnetinių bangų, kurių ilgis (10-4 ÷ 10-9) m, sklidimu ir<br />sąveika su medžiaga. Pradžioje optika apsiribojo elektromagnetinių bangų nagrinėjimu regimoje spektro srityje (360 nm ÷ 750 nm). Šiuolaikinė optika nagrinėja plačią<br />spektro sritį šalia regimosios: ultravioletinę (įskaitant ir minkštuosius rentgeno spindulius) ir infraraudonąją sritį iki milimetrinių radijo bangų. Optikos skirtumas nuo kitų fizikos skyrių, susijusių su elektromagnetiniu spinduliavimu, yra ne tiek nagrinėjamųjų bangos ilgių diapazone, kiek savitų optinių tyrimo metodų visumoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Optika nagrinėja šviesos sklidimą įvairiose terpėse, šviesos spinduliavimo ir sugėrimo dėsnius, o taip pat įvairius šviesos poveikius medžiagai. Banginė šviesos prigimtis aptikta anksčiau negu nustatytas faktas, kad šviesa suprantama kaip elektromagnetinė spinduliuotė. Iš tikrųjų, daugelis reiškinių sklindant šviesai gali būti suprasti tik skersinių bangų įvaizdžiais nepriklausomai nuo jų elektromagnetinės prigimties. Tokių reiškinių (šviesos difrakcija, interferencija, poliarizacija) visuma vadinama bangų optika. Kitokie įvaizdžiai sudaro geometrinės optikos pagrindą. Fiziologinėje optikoje (spalviniame regėjime) svarbūs yra žmogaus akies imlumo (reakcijos) dėsniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Fenomalioji šviesos elektromagnetinė teorija, kurioje terpė nusakoma makroskopiniais parametrais (t. y. materialiais parametrais – dielektrine skvarba, magnetiniu jautriu, laidumu ir t. t.), leidžia gana išsamiai aiškinti tokius optinius reiškinius kaip šviesos atspindys ir lūžis dviejų terpių sandūroje, šviesos sklidimo ypatumus kristaluose, optiškai aktyviose terpėse, metaluose. Tai kristalų optika, optinis aktyvumas, metalų optika. Ši teorija, pagrįsta Maksvelo (Maxwell) lygtimis, nusako ryšį tarp makroskopinių medžiagos parametrų ir atomų bei molekulių savybių. Iš to išplaukia, kad šviesos sklidimo tyrimai yra svarbi medžiagos sudėties nustatymo priemonė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 09:06:11',62,'','2010-06-21 09:10:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 09:06:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(916,'Vėjo energijos naudojimo raida Lietuvoje','vjo-energijos-naudojimo-raida-lietuvoje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvoje pirmieji vėjo malūnai pradėti statyti XIV a. Baltijos pajūryje. XIX a. pradžioje vėjo malūnai plačiai paplito po visą Lietuvą. Daugiausia vėjo malūnų buvo pastatyta Vidurio Lietuvoje -Panevėžio, Šiaulių, Naumiesčio, Vilkaviškio apskrityse. XIX a. II pusėje Lietuvoje veikė apie 200 vėjo malūnų, o 1921m.-jau apie 1000. Labai dažnai vienoje gyvenvietėje stovėjo keli vėjo malūnai. Pvz.: Kupiškyje - 5, Panevėžyje ir Radviliškyje po 4, Žagarėje ir Šiauliuose po 3, Daukniškiuose ir Suginčiuose po 2 ir t.t.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vėjo malūnai buvo statomi lygumose, kur vyrauja tolygūs nesūkuriuoti vėjai. Raižytoje vietovėje vėjo malūnų statybos aikštelės buvo parenkamos ant kylančių kalvų. Žiūrėta, kad šių statinių neužstotų pavieniai medžiai, miškas ir trobesiai. Esant prastesnėms vietovės sąlygoms, vėjo malūnas buvo iškeliamas ant aukšto pamato. Vėjo malūnų ir jėgainių konstmkcija labai paprasta. Sparnų sukamasis judesys mechanine pavara perduodamas į girnas arba kitus mechanizmus. Dažnai šalia girnų buvo įrengiama piklius, kruopinės, valcai, grūdų lukštenimo ir valymo mašinos, maišų keltuvai. Vėjo jėgainės sukdavo obliavimo, tekinimo stakles, lentpjūvės mechanizmus. Po Antrojo pasaulinio karo dauguma vėjo malūnų ir jėgainių nustojo veikti, o likusiose vietoj vėjo energijos pradėta naudoti pigi elektros energija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pabrangus pirminiams energijos šaltiniams, visame pasaulyje, taip pat ir Lietuvoje vis labiau stengiamasi naudoti vėjo energiją. 1991 m. UAB \"Vėjas\" suprojektavo ir pastatė 60 kW galios vėjo jėgainę Prienų rajone, Vyšniūnų kolūkyje. Tačiau dėl techninių trūkumų ir lėšų stokos ši vėjo jėgainė nebuvo užbaigta. Vėliau Kaune susikūrusi UAB \"Jėgainė\" sukonstravo ir pagamino 60 kW nominalios galios vėjo jėgainę. 1993 m. ji buvo pastatyta Kauno mieste ir išbandyta. Klaipėdos technikos universitete pagaminta 10 kW galios vėjo jėgainė tiekė šilumą šiltnamiui, tačiau per audrą buvo sugadinta ir iki šiolei neatstatyta. Keletą nedidelės galios vėjo jėgainių yra pasistatę pavieniai asmenys - vėjo energijos naudojimo entuziastai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 09:10:32',62,'','2010-06-21 09:12:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 09:10:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(917,'Stygos savųjų svyravimų tyrimas','stygos-savj-svyravim-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: stovinčiu bangų metodu nustatyti skersinių bangų sklidimo greičio ir savųjų dažnių priklausomybę nuo stygos įtempimo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis: bangos svyravimai apibūdinami tam tikrais skaliariniais arba vektoriniais dydžiais. Tų dydžių priklausomybė nuo koordinačių ir laiko aprašančios lygtys vadinamos bangos lygtimi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 09:12:56',62,'','2010-06-21 09:14:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 09:12:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(918,'Niutono dėsnis','niutono-dsnis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmasis Niutono mechanikos dėsnis apibendrina inercijos principą, kurio esmė yra tokia: bet kuris judantis kūnas stengiasi išlaikyti savo judėjimą, o bet kuris parimęs kūnas - rimties būseną. Šis dėsnis teigia: “Kūnas išlaiko rimties būseną arba juda pastoviu greičiu tol, kol jį paveikia kuri nors jėga”. Taigi pirmam Niutono dėsniui, nusakančiam inercijos reiškinius, galima duot štai kad ir tokį pavyzdį. Šiuo atveju vežimėlis pradeda judėti, o kūnas stengiasi išlaikyti rimties būseną ir svyra į priešingą pusę vežimėlio judėjimo krypčiai (1). Kai vežimėlis juda tolygiai, kūnas jo atžvilgiu nejuda ir išlaiko rimties būseną (2). Vežimėliui sustojus, kūnas stengiasi išlaikyti tolyginio judėjimo būseną ir pasvyra į priekį (3). Šis pavyzdys lygiai taip pat atrodo ir automobilyje. Netikėtai susidūrus, automobilis gali staiga sustoti, bet dëė inercijos keleiviai ir toliau juda į priekį, taigi gali atsitikti nelaimė, jei keleiviai nebus užsisegę saugos diržų, kurie sukuria juos laikančią jėgą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antrasis Niutono dėsnis teigia, kad pagreitis yra proporcingas jį sukeliančiai jėgai. Taip pat jis sako, kad kuo stipresnė jėga veikia kūną, tuo labiau kinta kūno greitis. Gali kisti ne tik greičio didumas, bet ir kryptis; greičio pokytis per laiko vienetą vadinamas pagreičiu. Taigi juo stipresnė veikianti jėga, tuo didesnis kūno pagreitis. Be to, antras judėjimo dėsnis tvirtina, kad pagreitis yra atvirkščiai proporcingas judančio kūno masei. Antrasis Niutono dėsnis rodo, kaip pagreitis priklauso nuo masės m ir veikiančios jėgos F =ma. Iš čia galima apskaičiuoti kūno svorį, o svoris - tai traukos jėga, traukianti kūną žemės centro link. Ši jėga lygi kūno masės ir pagreičio, kuriuo kūnas laisvai krinta (vadinamojo laisvojo kritimo pagreičio), sandaugai. Matome, kad kūno masė ir svoris yra skirtingi dydžiai, matuojami skirtingais vienetais. Masė nusako kūno medžiagos kiekį, o svoris - gravitacijos sukeltą kūną veikiančią jėgą. Nelaimei, anksčiau ir masė, ir svoris buvo matuojami tais pačiais vienetais (kilogramais ir tt.). Šiuolaikinėje SI vienetų sistemoje masė matuojama kilogramais, o svoris (sunkis) - niutonais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 09:15:03',62,'','2010-06-21 09:27:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 09:15:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,38,'robots=\nauthor='),(919,'Elektromagnetinė indukcija','elektromagnetin-indukcija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Faradėjaus elektromagnetinės indukcijos dėsnis. Elektrovaros atsiradimas magnetiniame lauke judančiame laidininke</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jau žinome, kad elektros srovė sukuria magnetinį lauką. Ar nėra atvirkštinio reiškinio, kada magnetinis laukas sukuria elektros srovę? Pirmasis į šį klausimą teigiamą bandymais pagrįstą atsakymą davė Faradėjus (M. Faraday) 1831 m. Jis pastebėjo, kad kintant uždarą laidų kontūrą kertančiam magnetiniam laukui, tame kontūre atsiranda elektros srovė. Ji buvo pavadinta indukuotąja srove, o šis reiškinys - elektromagnetine indukcija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bandymai rodo, kad indukuotosios kontūre srovės kryptis priklauso nuo to, didėja ar mažėja kontūrą kertantis magnetinis srautas, taip pat nuo magnetinio srauto tankio vektoriaus krypties kontūro atžvilgiu. Apibendrintą taisyklę, pagal kurią galima nustatyti indukuotosios srovės kryptį, 1883 m. suformulavo Lencas (E. Lenz): uždarame kontūre indukuota elektros srovė teka tokia kryptimi, kad jos kuriamas magnetinis srautas, kertantis kontūro ribojamą plotą, kompensuotų magnetinio srauto, sukeliančio šią srovę, kitimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,51,'2010-06-21 09:27:56',62,'','2010-06-21 09:30:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-21 09:27:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,84,'robots=\nauthor='),(920,'Reformacija','reformacija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Reformacijos  Lietuvoje  istoriografijoje,  peržvelgus  ją  bendriausiais  bruožais  tuo požiūriu,  kaip suvokiama  pati Reformacija,  išsiskiria  kelios  pagrindinės  istorikų  grupės. Lenki jos  ir  Vokietijos  istorikai  Lietuvos  Reformaciją  laiko  jų  kultūrų  išspinduliuotu  rezultatu.  Reformacija  vertinama  kaip  svetimų  kultūrų  sukeltas  reiškinys.  Z. Ivinskis  Reformacijos  plitimo  Lietuvoje  priežastimi  laikė  pačios  katalikų  bažnyčios  silpnumą,  žemutinio  dvasininkų  sluoksnio  nepakankamą  pasirengimą  darbui  ir  kaimyninių  protestantiškų  valstybių  įtaką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėl  Reformacijos  pradžios  Lietuvoje  istorikai  sutaria – tai XVI  a.  4  dešimtmetis:  1536 m.  Šilalėje  evangeliškus  pamokslus  jau  sakė  Jonas  Tartilavičius  Batakietis,  1539 - 42  m.  Vilniuje  veikė  Abraomas  Kulvietis,  įkūręs  mokyklą;  į  liuteronų  pusę  linko  Jonas  Radvila,  Kęsgailos  ir  kt.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos  istorikai  buvo  linkę  Reformacijos  pabaigą  matyti  jau  tada,  kai  į  Lietuvą  atvyko  jėzuitai,  Kontrreformacijos  pradžios  laikotarpį  priskirdami  jau  nebe  Reformacijos  raidai;  dauguma  jų  paskutinio  XVI  a.  Ketvirčio  procesus  priskyrė  Kontrreformacijai,  kaip  dominuojančiai  jėgai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau  Reformacijos  pabaiga  laikomas  XVII  a.  vidurys:  1658  m.  Lenkijos – Lietuvos  paskelbė  baniciją  arijonams,  XVII  a.  vidurio  karai  su  Švedija  ir  Rusija  buvo  kultūrinio  ir  politinio  periodo  pabaiga.  Po  šių  įvykių  naujos  protestantų  bendruomenės  jau  nebesisteigė,  evangelikų  bažnyčių  tinklas  buvo  sugriautas  ir  jis  nebepajėgė  visas  atsikurti,  naujos  bažnyčios  nebebuvo  statomos,  o  svarbiausia – sumažėjo,  nors  visai  ir  neišnyko,  evangelikų  įtaka  Lietuvos  visuomeniniams  procesams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Laikotarpį,  per  kurį  reformacijos  galia  Lietuvos  visuomenėje  buvo  dominuojantis  veiksnys,  galima  vadinti  Reformacija.  Reformacija  vadiname  procesus,  kuriuos  XVI – XVII  a.  sukėlė  bažnyčios  ir tikėjimo  reformos.  Taigi  Reformacija,  kaip  aktyvus  visuomeninis,  religinis,  kultūrinis  judėjimas  Lietuvoje  truko  apie  100  metų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Reformacija  Lietuvoje  prasidėjo  visuomenės  dalyje,  kurioje  nuo  XVI  a.  pirmojo  ketvirčio  labai  ryškiai  brendo  poreikis  naujovėms  ir  suvokimas,  kad  būtinos  permainos  daugelyje  Lietuvos  visuomeninio  gyvenimo  sričių:  teismų  sistemoje,  valstybės  valdyme,  o  ypač  kultūros  raidą  organizuojančiuose  institucijose  bei  kultūrinio  gyvenimo  turinyje,  kurį  tuo  metu  formavo  katalikų  bažnyčia.  Visuomenėje  buvo  ryškiai  subrendęs  švietimo  institucijų  ir  mokymo  turinio  reformos  poreikis.  Per šį  šimtmetį  pastebimas  didelis  atvirumas  naujovėms.  Stengiamasi  suvokti,  ko  reikia  amžininkams,  mobilizuojamos  intelektualinės  jėgos  kūrybiškai  patenkinti  visuomenės  poreikius,  kartu  formuojant  juos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmasis  Reformacijos  etapas  Lietuvoje – XVI  a.  4 – 5  dešimtmečiai – rėmėsi  liuteronų  idėjomis.  Evangelikų  palyginti  dar  buvo  negausu,  tačiau  jų  veikla  buvo itin  rezultatyvi.  Pirmieji  liuteronybės  pasekėjai  Didžiojoje  Lietuvoje  buvo  visų  kilmingųjų  luomo  sluoksnių  atstovai,  miestiečiai  bei  miestelėnai:  turtingieji  žemvaldžiai  Kęsgailos,  Jonas  Radvila,  vidutiniai  bajorai  Venclovas  Agripa,  Abraomas  Kulvietis,  neturtingi  Stanislovas  Rapolionis,  Jurgis  Zablockis  ir  kt.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-06-23 11:04:02',62,'','2010-06-23 11:09:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-23 11:04:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,221,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(921,'Šiaurės Atlanto sutartis','iaurs-atlanto-sutartis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šios Sutarties Šalys dar kartą patvirtina savo ištikimybę Jungtinių Tautų Įstatų tikslams bei principams ir troškimą gyventi taikoje su visomis tautomis ir visomis vyriausybėmis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jos yra pasiryžusios saugoti savo žmonių laisvę, bendrą paveldą ir civilizaciją, grindžiamus demokratijos, asmens laisvės ir įstatymo viršenybės principais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jos siekia stabilumo ir gerovės Šiaurės Atlanto regione.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jos yra nusprendusios sujungti savo pastangas bendrai gynybai ir taikos bei saugumo išsaugojimui.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-06-23 11:12:12',62,'','2010-06-23 11:16:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-23 11:12:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,220,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(922,'1 Pasaulinis karas','1-pasaulinis-karas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dviejų karinių - politinių blokų susidarymas ir jų prieštaravimų didėjimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vokietija XIX a. pabaigoje - XX a. pradžioj virto viena galingiausių ekonominiu ir kariniu atžvilgiu valstybių. Ji su silpnesnėmis valstybėmis - Italija, Austrija-Vengrija, Japonija - siekė perdalyti pasaulį, kuriame politinę persvarą turėjo senosios daug svetimų žemių ir kolonijų turinčios valstybės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ypač dideli prieštaravimai iškilo tarp Vok. ir Didžiosios Britanijos dėl kolonijų, DB užplūdusių Vok. prekių, augančio Vok. laivyno. Buvo prieštaravimų tarp Vok. ir Pranc., Rus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vok., Austrija - Vengrija ir Italija 1882 sudarė Trilypę Sąjungą. 1891 - 1907 susidarė Pranc., Rus, DB karinė - politinė sajunga Antantė. Tarp šių blokų ėmė kilti daug nesutarimų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1914 birželio 28 Sarajeve serbų patriotai nužudė Austrijos - Vengrijos sosto įpėdinį Pranciškų Ferdinandą. Austrija - Vengrija, gavusi Vokietijos sutikimą, po mėnesio paskalbė karą Serbijai, kurią stojo ginti Rusija. Tada Vokietija paskelbė karą Rusijai ir pradėjo karo veiksmus prieš Prancūziją. Tada karą Vokietijai paskalbė DB. Trilypės sąjungos pusėje 1914 rudenį į karą įsitraukė Turkija. Karo pradžioje Antantė sumobilizavo 11mln., o Trilypė sąjunga - 6 mln. kareivių. Visos valstybės siekė grobikiškų tikslų, bet kalčiausia buvo Vok., nes ji siekė pirmauti pasaulyje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Abu blokai planavo trumpą manevrinį karą. Vokietija tikėjosi greitai nugalėti Pranc, po to planavo pulti Rus. Rusija sudarė 2 frontus: Šiarės Vakarų ir Pietvakarių. Prancūzija planavo sutelkti prieš Vokietiją 1,7 mln. žmonių. DB turėjo sumušti Vok. karinį laivyną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vakarų Europoj karo veiksmai prasidėjo 1914 rugpjūčio 3 - 4 d, kai Vokietijos kariuomenė įžengė į neautralią Belgiją. Per ją vokiečiai tikėjosi apeiti pagrindinius pranc. įtvirtinimus. Sunkiuose mūšiuose pranc. prarado 30% savo kariuomenės. Pranc. vyriausybė persikėlė į Bordo miestą. Rusija pradėjo pulti Vokietiją Rytprūsiuose ir privertė atitraukti dalį jėgų iš Pranc. Manevrinis karas virto poziciniu. Vok ir DB pradėjo kariauti jūroje. Per 1914 karo kampaniją nė viena pusė nepasiekė lemiamos persvaros.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vokietija nutarė įveikti Rus, ir privesti ją pasirašyti separatinę taiką. Rusijos armija traukėsi, nes Vok. buvo pranašesnė techniniu atžvilgiu. Iki spalio mėn. Rytų frontas nusistovėjo ties Rygos, Dauguvos upės, Strypos upės riba. Karas virto poziciniu. Austrija - Vengrija ir Bulgarija pradėjo pulti Serbiją.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-06-23 11:17:16',62,'','2010-06-23 11:23:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-23 11:17:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,219,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(923,'Senovės Indija','senovs-indija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sprendžiant iš archeologinių iškasenų, Indijos teritorijoje žmonių gyventa jau paleolite. III tūkstantmečio viduryje Indo slėnyje įsikūrė miestai kuriuos archeologai aptiko XX a. I tūkstantmetyje pr. Kr. susikūrė valstybės, kurias į vieningą karalystę sujungė pirmieji Maurijų dinastijos (321 – 187 m. pr. Kr.) valdovai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Indija tai – milžiniška šalis, kas iš dalies paaiškina jos gamtos sąlygų įvairovę. Jos teritorijoje esama žemumų ir kalnų, bevandenių dykumų ir vietovių, kur gausiai palyja, stepių ir neįžengiamų  džiunglių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ši civilizacija savo teritorijos didumu ir gyventojų skaičiumi jau tolimoje praeityje, kaip ir dabar, buvo viena iš stambiausių valstybių Azijoje. Griežtos pačios gamtos sukurtos ribos atkirto ją nuo išorinio pasaulio ir pasunkino ryšius su kitomis šalimis ir tautomis. Iš pietų, pietvakarių ir pietryčių ją skalauja neaprėpiami Indijos vandenyno, Arabijos jūros, Bengalijos įlankos vandenys, iš šiaurės – užstoja didžiausias ir aukščiausias pasaulyje kalnagūbris – Himalajai. Kalnų kliūtys, nors ir ne tokios neįveikiamos, bet gana galingos, skiria Indiją nuo Irano ir rytuose – nuo Indokinijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Indija turėjo nemaža gamtos turtų, reikalingų žmogui gyventi, ir jai palyginti nedaug tereikėjo įsivežti produktų. Itin turtinga bei įvairi buvo šalies flora ir fauna. Be kviečių ir miežių, čia jau senovėje pradėta auginti ryžius, kurie kaip tiktai iš Indijos pirmąkart pateko į Vakarų Aziją, Afriką, Europą. Iš kitų kultūrinių augalų, kuriuos vakaresnės šalys pažino per Indiją, paminėtina cukranendrė ir medvilnė, jau nekalbant apie prieskonius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Indija – visokiausių žaliavų ( akmens, metalo rūdų, miško medžiagos ) neišsemiamų šaltinių šalis. Dėl to galėjo vystytis ūkis; tas vystymasis buvo gan be užsienio prekybos savarankiškas, nors, žinoma, būta ir kitų genčių bei tautybių skverbimosi, taip pat neišsiversta be užsienio prekybos (daugiausia per Iraną ir Vidurinę Aziją).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Senovės Indijoje buvo prijaukinti virtinių veislių gyvuliai (pavyzdžiui, kuprotas jautis zebu, patekęs iš čia į Tarpupį ir Egiptą). Indijoje taip pat pirmiausia buvo prijaukinti drambliai kurie buvo panaudojami daugiausia karui. Nuo to meto, kai vyko Aleksandro Makedoniečio žygiai, ir vakarų tautos pradėjo mokytis iš indų panaudoti kautynėse galingus dramblius.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-06-23 11:25:13',62,'','2010-06-23 11:30:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-23 11:25:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,218,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(924,'Istoriniai faktai, sąvokos ir istorinės asmenybės, reikalavimai','istoriniai-faktai-svokos-ir-istorins-asmenybs-reikalavimai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-06-23 11:32:29',62,'','2010-06-23 11:34:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-23 11:32:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,217,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(925,'Amonas Ra','amonas-ra','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Labiausiai egiptiečiai garbino saulės dievą Ra. Jie manė, kad Ra sukūrė žemę, žmones, gyvulius ir augalus. Viename mite Ra sako: “Kai aš atmerkiu akis, žemėje darosi šviesiau, kai užsimerkiu, žemę apgaubia naktis\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">\"Aš siunčiu žmonėms potvynius ir įkuriu ugnį”. Buvo manoma, kad dievas Ra kiekvieną dieną plaukia saulės laiveliu per dangų, vakare jis numiršta, per naktį pereina per pomirtinį pasaulį, o ryte gimsta iš naujo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ra laikytas vyriausiuoju dievu Senosios karalystės laikais. Netoli Memfio veikė dievo Ra šventykla.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bet pasikeitus valdovams ir sostinę perkėlus į Tebus, Ra galia nublanko. Tebų valdovai garbino dievą Amoną. Tačiau senejo Ra įtaka buvo tokia didelė, kad abu saulės dievai susiliejo į vieną, vadinamą Amonu Ra.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-06-23 11:35:08',62,'','2010-06-23 11:38:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-23 11:35:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,216,'','',0,36,'robots=\nauthor='),(926,'Solono reformos','solono-reformos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Solono reformos yra reikšmingas Graikijos istorijos įvykis. Svarbu ne tik socialinė demoso ir aristokratijos kova, bet ir tai, kad privatinė vergvaldinė nuosavybė pasidarė vertesnė už giminės kilmingumą ir ryšium su tuo ėmė augti amatai bei prekyba, buvo įvesti nauji svorio matai, nauji pinigai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įžymus senovės Graikijos filosofas ir mokslininkas Aristotelis, gyvenęs 384 - 322 m. pr. m. e., parašė traktatą „Atėnų politėja\", kuriame aprašė Atėnų valstybinę santvarką. Mat Aristotelis buvo sumanęs parašyti veikalą apie valstybinę santvarką apskritai - „Politiką\". Bet jis norėjo rašyti šį kūrinį, remdamasis konkrečia medžiaga. Todėl paskirstė savo mokiniams aprašyti 158 Graikijos valstybes, o sau pasiliko Atėnų valstybę - „Atėnų politėja\". Šis veikalas pasimetė, ir tik kitų antikinių autorių kūriniuose buvo likę jo ištraukų. Bet XIX a. pabaigoje, kasant Sueco kanalą, „Atėnų politėja\" buvo rasta Egipto smėlynuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paėmęs reikalus į savo rankas, Solonas išlaisvino liaudį ir tam kartui, ir ateities laikams, uždrausdamas asmeninę vergystę už skolas. Paskui jis išleido įstatymus ir panaikino skolas, ir privačias, ir valstybines, kas vadinama seisachtija, nes žmonės tarsi nusimetė naštą. Tuo pagrindu kai kas mėgino jį šmeižti. Mat Solonas, ruošdamasis įgyvendinti seisachtija, apie tai papasakojo kai kuriems savo pažįstamiems, ir paskui, kaip kalba demokratai, buvo draugų apgautas; bet anot tų, kurie nori apšmeižti Soloną, jis ir pats prie to prisidėjęs. Sako, jie prisiskolinę pinigų, supirkę už juos daug žemės, o kai netrukus buvusios panaikintos skolos, pasidarę turtuoliais. Iš jų tarpo, girdi, ir kilę tie žmonės, kurie paskui garsėjo kaip „amžini turtuoliai\". Tačiau labiau panašus į tiesą demokratų pasakojimas. Iš tikrųjų, jeigu žmogus visais atžvilgiais buvo toks santūrus ir bešališkas, kad, turėdamas galimybę patraukti į save vieną pusę ir tokiu būdu pasidaryti tironu valstybėje, užuot taip pasielgęs, sukėlė abiejų pusių neapykantą sau ir valstybės gerovę bei išgelbėjimą palaikė svarbesniu dalyku už savo asmeninę naudą, tai vargu galėjo atsitikti, kad toks žmogus būtų tepęsis rankas tokiais menkais ir niekingais dalykais. O kad jis iš tiesų turėjo tokią galimybę, rodo ir pašliję valstybės reikalai, ir jis pats užsimena (apie tai) savo eilėraščiuose daugelyje vietų; ir visi kiti tai pripažįsta... vadinasi, šį kaltinimą reikia laikyti melagingu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valstybinė santvarka, kurią įvedė Solonas, ir įstatymai, kuriuos jis išleido, buvo nauji; Drakono įstatymų nebebuvo laikomasi, išskyrus žmogžudysčių įstatymus. Surašę (tam tikrose lentelėse) kirbėse, atėniečiai juos paliko „karališkajame portike\" ir visi prisiekė jų laikytis. O devyni archontai, duodami priesaiką prie akmens, pasižadėjo paaukoti auksinę statulą, jeigu nusižengtų kuriam įstatymui. Štai kodėl dar ir dabar jie duoda tokius įžadus. Solonas šiuos įstatymus išleido šimtui metų ir įvedė šit kokią valstybinę santvarką. Pagal turtų vertę visi gyventojai buvo suskirstyti į keturias klases, kaip skirstyta ir anksčiau - į pentako siomedimnus, raitelius, zeugitus ir tetus. Visas pareigas - devynių archontų, iždininkų, poletų, vienuolikos kolakretų jis paskyrė piliečiams iš pentakosiomedimnų, raitelių ir zeugitų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienai klasei jis nustatė pareigas pagal turtų vertę, o tiems, kurie priklausė tetų klasei, tik pareigą dalyvauti tautos susirinkimuose ir teismuose.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-06-23 11:38:46',62,'','2010-06-23 11:46:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-23 11:38:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,215,'','',0,190,'robots=\nauthor='),(927,'Didžioji laisvių chartija','didioji-laisvi-chartija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jono, Dievo meilei Anglijos karaliaus, Airijos senjoro, Normandijos ir Akvitanijos hercogo ir Anžu grafo sveikinimas savo ištikimiems arkivyskupams, vyskupams, abatams, grafams, baronams, justiciarijams, miškų žinybų tarnautojams, šerifams, beilifams, tarnams ir pareigūnams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žinokite, kad mes su Dievo įspėjimu ir mūsų sielų išgelbėjimu, ir visų mūsų pirmtakų ir palikuonių, Dievo garbei ir dėl  šventosios bažnyčios išaukštinimo, patariami garbingiausių mūsų Tėvų Stefano, Kenterberio arkivyskupo, primo visos Anglijos ir Šventosios Romos bažnyčios kardinolo, Henriko, Dublino arkivyskupo, Viljamo iš Londono, Petro iš Vinčesterio, Žosleno šventojo, Gugono iš Linkolno, Volterio iš Usterio, Viljamo iš Koventrio ir Benedikto Ročesterio vyskupo; magistro Pandulfo senjoro popiežiaus subdiakono ir jo dvaro nario – brolio Eimeriko, bažnytinės kariuomenės magistro Anglijoje ir kilmingų vyrų: grafo Pembroko Viljamo Maršalo, Salzberio grafo Viljamo, Voreno grafo Viljamo, Arondelos grafo Viljamo, Škotijos konsteblio Alano de - Galojo, Džeroldo sūnaus Voreno, Gereberto sūnaus Petro, Guberto de - Burgo, Puatu senešalo, Gereberto sūnaus Gugono de - Nevilio Matvėjaus, Tomo Baseto, Alano Baseto, Filipo d’ Obinės, Roberto de - Popslio, Džono Maršalo, Gugono sūnaus Džono ir kitų mums ištikimų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmiausia, prisiekiame Dievu, mūsų chartija patvirtino už mus ir mūsų palikuonis visiems laikams, kad Anglijos bažnyčia būtų laisva ir galėtų naudotis savo teisėmis ir neliečiamumu, rinkimų laisve, kurie yra laikomi svarbiausiais, reikalingiausiais bažnyčiai. Mes laisva valia dar iki nesutarimų, iškilusių tarp mūsų ir baronų, pasiskundėme, savo raštu patvirtinome ir gavome senjoro popiežiaus Inocento Trečiojo patvirtinimą, kuriuo mes vadovausimės ir laikysimės, ir norime, kad ateities kartos sąžiningai per amžius vadovautųsi.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sutinkame, kad visi laisvi mūsų karalystės žmonės, mes ir mūsų palikuonys visiems laikams turėtų žemiau išvardintas laisves, kad jas turėtų nuo mūsų ir mūsų palikuonių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jeigu kas iš grafų ar baronų ar kitų savininkų, turinčių nuosavybę už karinę tarnybą numirs ir tuo metu turės pilnamečių įpėdinių,  tai jis (palikuonis) turės gauti palikimą po senovinio reljefo sumokėjimo; tai yra grafo palikuonis ar palikuonys turės sumokėti už visą grafo baroniją 100 svarų ( sterlingų), barono įpėdinis ar įpėdiniai už visą baroniją – 100 svarų, riterio įpėdinis ar įpėdiniai, valdantys visą riterišką fiefą (valdą), - daugiausia 100 šilingų; o kas turi mokėti mažiau, tegu ir moka mažiau pagal seną fiefo paprotį. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-06-23 11:48:08',62,'','2010-06-23 11:52:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-23 11:48:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,214,'','',0,106,'robots=\nauthor='),(928,'Knygnešiai - kovos dėl lietuviškos spaudos simbolis','knygneiai-kovos-dl-lietuvikos-spaudos-simbolis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Knygnešiai…  Tai vargiai į kitas kalbas išverčiamas žodis. Kitataučiams, nepatyrusiems, kas yra gimtosios kalbos, spaudos švietimo, kultūros draudimas, suprantamas tik tiesiogiai. Tačiau mums, lietuviams,  knygnešio vardas - tai didvyriškumas, tai kovos dėl lietuviškos spaudos simbolis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Knygnešiai ėjo per Lietuvą, pavergėjų  vadinamą šiaurės vakarų kraštu, platindami lietuvišką spaudą, knygas, žinodami, kad už tai laukia bausmės: kalėjimas, katorga ar tremtis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XIX a. XX a. pradžioje per lietuviškas žemes ėjo dviejų valstybių siena, Didžiąją  Lietuvą atkirsdama Rusijos imperijai, Mažąją Lietuvą  palikdama Prūsijos pusėje. Lietuviškos spaudos gabenimui svarbiausia kliūtis buvo sienos apsauga, kuria rūpinosi Rusijos policija ir žandarai. Tam tikrose nustatytose vietose sieną legaliai buvo leidžiama pereiti su užsienio pasu bei legitimaciniu bilietu ar tarnybiniu pasu. Lietuvos valstiečiams svarbiausi  buvo legitimaciniai bilietai, kuriuos galėdavo gauti pasienio gyventojai trijų dienų terminui iš ispravniko. Kartais užtekdavo ir muitinės valdininko ar praėjimo punkto viršininko žodinio leidimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Smulkiausi knygnešiai bei kiti  inteligentai spaudai gabenti pasinaudodavo legaliu sienos perėjimo būdu. Grįždami iš Mažosios Lietuvos, nusipirkę reikalingos spaudos ir ją suslėpę drabužiuose, vežimuose (slaptose kiaurymėse, dvigubame dugne), persiveždavo ar persinešdavo per praėjimo punktus, muitines.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Knygos buvo spausdinamos Mažojoje Lietuvoje. Ten buvo galima lietuvišką spaudą ar knygą įsigyti pačiose spaustuvėse ar knygynuose. Didžiausios ir populiariausios spaustuvės buvo Tilžėje. Spaustuvėse ir knygynuose pasirinkę reikiamų knygų ar spaudos leidinių, knygnešiai traukė atgal. Mažojoje Lietuvoje prie vieškelių pasienyje buvo pristatyta karčemų ir viešbučių. Spaustuvininkai ir knygynų savininkai čia siųsdavo knygnešių Tilžėje ir Ragainėje nusipirktą spaudą, prieš tai ją tvirtai įpakavę į vyniojamą popierių arba apsiuvę audeklu ir surišę virvėmis arba vielomis. Ryšuliai būdavo dideli, iki 2 pūdų  (32 kg) ir daugiau svorio, bet stiprūs vyrai nesunkiai juos galėdavo panešti. Kartais knygnešiai eidami į  mažąją Lietuvą, apsistodavo pas kokius nors žmones ir ten susirasdavo jiems padėjėjų per sieną pernešti krovinį.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-06-23 11:52:57',62,'','2010-06-23 11:57:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-23 11:52:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,213,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(929,'Kultūros istorijos egzamino klausimai','kultros-istorijos-egzamino-klausimai','','<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">1. Graikijos kultūra: aukso amžius, nelegistynių civilizacijų pasiekimai.<br />2. Romos kultūra.<br />3. Krikščionybės išvystymas<br />4. Vakarų civilizacija ankstyvaisiais viduramžiais.<br />5. Karolingų renesansas ir jo reikšmė.<br />6. Vizantijos kultūrine tradicija ir jos reikšme Europos kultūrai. <br />7. Europos kultūrinis progresas XI – XIII amžiais.<br />8. Universitetų kultūra.<br />9. Vėlyvųjų viduramžių kultūriniai bruožai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">10. Renesansų kultūra XIV – XVI amžiais.<br />11. Šiaurės renesansas. Paplitimo priežastis ir reikšmė.<br />12. Renesanso ir humanizmo idėjų plitimas Lietuvoje.<br />13. Reformacija ir jos įtaka Europos kultūrai.<br />14. Reformacija Lietuvoje ir jos reikšmė.<br />15. Moderniųjų laikų Europos kultūra (XVI – XVII amžiais).<br />16. Baroko kultūros bruožai.<br />17. Šviečiamojo amžiaus kultūros bruožai.<br />18. Žymiausias švietėjai ir jų idėjų reikšmė.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-06-23 11:58:36',62,'','2010-06-23 12:09:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-23 11:58:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,212,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(930,'Kazys Grinius','kazys-grinius','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gimė 1866 m. gruodžio 17 d. Salemos Būdos kaime, Sasnavos valsčiuje (dab. Marijampolės raj.), 17 ha žemės turinčio, paprasto valstiečio šeimoje. Motina mokė poterių ir tikybos pagrindų, tėvas - rašyti ir skaityti. Vasaromis Kazys ganė kiaules, žąsis, žiemą lankė rusišką pradžios mokyklą Oškinėje, Lymarkuose, Marijampolėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kazio tėvas Vincas Grinius (Grinevičius) iš savo dėdės, žinomo lietuvių kultūrininko M. Akelaičio, sulaukęs paramos, buvo apsišvietęs, raštingas valstietis, kaupė bibliotekėlę. Šeima buvo gausi - 11 vaikų (7 berniukai ir 4 mergaitės), bet užaugo tik 9, dvi sesutės mirė jaunos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kazys Grinius 1879 - 1887 m. mokėsi Marijampolės gimnazijoje. Čia jam didelę įtaką darė lietuvių kalbos mokytojas P. Arminas, o vėliau - P. Kriaučiūnas, kuris energingai ragino mokinius tautiškai susiprasti ir tvirtai laikytis lietuvybės. Jis juos ragino stengtis kalbėti tik lietuviškai, ginti savo kraštą nuo skriaudų, mylėti savo tėvų žemę ir pan. Šias ir kitas P. Kriaučiūno nuostatas Kazys dėjosi į galvą; vėliau, jau Vokietijoje 1947 m. paskelbtuose atsiminimuose, šio mokytojo veiklą apibūdino kaip “apaštalavimą”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi, dar tebesimokydamas gimnazijoje nuo 1883 m. Kazys skaitė “Aušrą” ir su savo draugu J. Mačiu pradėjo leisti ranka rašytą laikrštuką “Priešaušrį”, savo straipsnelius pasirašinėdamas “Varnaičio” slapyvardžiu. 1885 m. jis jau leido “Iššiepdantį”. Tai buvo pirmieji K. Griniaus visuomeniniai darbai, kurių jis jau nebevengė iki gyvenimo pabaigos. K. Grinius uoliai platino “Aušrą” ir lietuviškas knygas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1887 m. baigęs gimnaziją, jis įstoja į Maskvos uto medicinos fakultetą. Nors ir mokydamasis sunkiomis sąlygomis, jis vistiek įsijugė į lietuvių studentų veiklą, kuriai tuomet vadovavo P. Leonas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1888 m. K. Grinius dalyvavo pirmajame Lietuvos demokratų partijos suvažiavime Marijampolėje. Ten aštriai iškilo naujo liberalaus lietuviško laikraščio reikalas. Drauge su V. Kudirka, P. Leonu, P. Kriaučiūnu, J. Staugaičiu, J. Bagdonu ir V. Palukaičiu suformuluoja “Varpo” paveikslą. Šis žurnalas ir pasirodo 1889 m., kuriame K.Grinius parašė daugybę straipsnių. Deja, darbas leidiniuose sudomino caro žandarus ir Kazį pirmą kartą suėmė ir įmetė į Butyrkų kalėjimą už dalyvavimą studentų riaušėse.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Baigus universitetą į Lietuvą grįžti nepavyko, nes K. Grinius neturėjo lėšų įsikurti. 1893m. jis pagaliau gavo vietą ir 9 mėnesius plaukiojo Kaspijos jūroje kaip laivo gydytojas. Tik po metų grįžto į Lietuvą ir Marijampolėje pradeda verstis laisva gydytojo praktika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visą laisvalaikį K. Grinius dabar skyrė “Varpo” ir “Ūkininko” spaudos reikalams, varpininkų veiklai, rinko lėšas, prižiūrėjo laikraščių administracijų veiklą, redagavo straipsnius, dalyvavo varpininkų suvažiavimuose. 1896m. vedė Joaną Dominiką Pavalkytę, kuri tapo artima visuoneninės vyro veiklos pagalbininke. Ji, padedama socialdemokrato V. Kapsuko, buvo net surengusi 111 Dono pėstininkų pulko, dislokuoto Marijampolėje, kareivių sukilimą, kuris nepavyko. Taip pat ji rašė straipsnius “Dėdienės” slapyvardžiu. Gyvendamas Marijampolėje, K. Grinius buvo tikras lietuviškos veiklos ramstis: organizavo demonstracijas, būrė ir sąmonino lietuvius, skelbdamas tautinius ir demokratinius idealus, veikdamas per slaptai leidžiamą spaudą, per lietuviškus chorus, spektaklius, suburdavo jaunimą, kovojo su Lietuvos rusinimu. Už tokią veiklą buvo ištremtas į Rusijos gilumą, į Poltavą, bet po 1905m. revoliucijos vėl grįžo į Mraijampolę ir toliau varė kultūros bei švietimo darbą (pagal A. Eidintą jis išvengė tremties į Poltavą). <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-06-23 14:36:18',62,'','2010-06-23 14:40:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-23 14:36:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,211,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(931,'Renesanso istorija','renesanso-istorija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žodis Renesansas reiškia atgimimą, atgijimą. Tai buvo antikos atgaivinimo, mokslo, meno ir literatūros pakilimo laikotarpis. Renesansas prasidėjo vėlyvaisiais viduramžiais Vakarų Europoje XV - XVIa.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Renesanso tėvyne laikoma Italija, nes čia Atgimimas prasidėjo anksčiau, dar XIV a. Nors dar randama Renesanso užuomazgų Italijoje jau XIII a.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi Italijoje greičiausiai ekonomiškai sustiprėjo buržuazija, kuri virto svarbiausia klase, veržliai kopiančia į ekonominio ir kultūrinio Italijos miestų gyvenimo viršūnes, todėl galima pagrįsti kodėl Renesansas pirmiausiai pradėjo formuotis Italijoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Italijoje nebuvo centralizacijos, užtat nebuvo ir perėjimo prie absoliutizmo. Trečiojo luomo veiklos niekas nevaržė, ir jis, iškovojęs ne vieną pergalę, miestuose įvedė savo tvarką. Ypač svarbus miestas yra Florencija. Jis anksčiau ir ryžtingiau atsikratė senjorinės priklausomybės nuo Toskanos baronų. Pramonės, prekybos ir bankų išaugimas suteikė jėgų ir pasitikėjimo “popolanų” klasei - pirkliams, pinigų keitėjams ir amatininkams. Florencijos popolanai išleido 1293 metais “Teisingumo įstatumus”, pagal kuriuos iš dvarininkų buvo atimtos rinkimų ir politinės teisės. Pirkliai, amatininkai tapo pilnavaldžiu organu, o popiežiaus valdžia pergyveno krizę, germanų imperatorių ketinimai užimti valdžią Italijoje buvo nesėkmingi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vėliau nevienodu tempu ir savitomis realistinėmis formomis renesansas plito kitose šalyse. Jis išreiškė naują pasaulietinį požiūrį į gyvenimą. Į šiaurę už Alpių renesansą skatino buržuazinės revoliucijos prieš feodalizmą, jo ideologiją ir kapitalistinių visuomeninių santykių stiprėjimas. Šiuos procesus gilino ir spartino reformacija, apėmusi Vakarų ir Vidurio Europą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Humanizmas - tai nauja pasaulio vizija, žinių atnaujinimas, naujas literatūros ir meno vertinimas, naujai apmąstyta pedagogika, kritiškas žvilgsnis į tradicijas ir institucijas, naujas požiūris į žmogų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lotyniškai humanus reiškia žmogiškas, susijęs su žmogumi. Humanistai norėjo atkreipti dėmesį į gyvenimą žemėje, surasti pasaulio prasmę, kiekvieno žmogaus sugebėjimus ir galimybes. Humanistams buvo svarbu ieškoti kultūros ištakų. jie norėjo grįžti prie pirminių antikos raštų ir pagal juos vertinti viduramžių visuomenės gyvenimą. Meno kūriniuose ieškojo objektyvių grožio pažinimo kriterijų, naudojosi įvairiais mokslais - fizikos ir statikos, anatomijos ir geometrijos dėsniais. Humanistai vertino visapusiškai išsilavinusį žmogų, pasireiškiantį įvairiose srityse: moksle, mene, politinėje veikloje. Nemaža humanistų kaip tik ir buvo tokie - rašytojai ir politiniai veikėjai, menininkai ir mokslininkai: L. B. Albertis, T. Moras, F. Rablė, F. Bekonas, Leonardas da Vinčis. Norėdami susipažinti su kitų kraštų gyvenimu, humanistai daug keliaudavo. Humanizmo idėjomis ir mokslu pagrįstas renesanso menas tapo gyvenimiškesnis, daugiau susijęs su žmogaus būtimi. Humanizmo idėjoms plisti padėjo reformacija. Ji suteikė humanizmui politinį klasinį, net revoliucinį pobūdį, nukreipė jį prieš feodalus ir prieš iškylančią buržuaziją. Feodalinėje visuomenėje buvo reikalaujama paklusti  autoritetams. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-06-23 14:42:29',62,'','2010-06-23 14:49:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-06-23 14:42:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,210,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(932,'Pasulinis karas. Datos.','pasulinis-karas-datos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-07 10:56:21',62,'','2010-07-07 10:59:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-07 10:56:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,209,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(933,'Santrauka apie renesansą','santrauka-apie-renesans','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žodis Renesansas reiškia atgimimą, atgijimą. Tai buvo antikos atgaivinimo, mokslo, meno ir literatūros pakilimo laikotarpis. Renesansas prasidėjo vėlyvaisiais viduramžiais Vakarų Europoje XV - XVI a. Renesanso tėvyne laikoma Italija, nes čia Atgimimas prasidėjo anksčiau, dar XIV a. Nors dar randama Renesanso užuomazgų Italijoje jau XIII a.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi Italijoje greičiausiai ekonomiškai sustiprėjo buržuazija, kuri virto svarbiausia klase, veržliai kopiančia į ekonominio ir kultūrinio Italijos miestų gyvenimo viršūnes, todėl galima pagrįsti kodėl Renesansas pirmiausiai pradėjo formuotis Italijoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Italijoje nebuvo centralizacijos, užtat nebuvo ir perėjimo prie absoliutizmo. Trečiojo luomo veiklos niekas nevaržė, ir jis, iškovojęs ne vieną pergalę, miestuose įvedė savo tvarką. Ypač svarbus miestas yra Florencija. Jis anksčiau ir ryžtingiau atsikratė senjorinės priklausomybės nuo Toskanos baronų. Pramonės, prekybos ir bankų išaugimas suteikė jėgų ir pasitikėjimo “popolanų” klasei - pirkliams, pinigų keitėjams ir amatininkams. Florencijos popolanai išleido 1293 metais “Teisingumo įstatumus”, pagal kuriuos iš dvarininkų buvo atimtos rinkimų ir politinės teisės. Pirkliai, amatininkai tapo pilnavaldžiu organu, o popiežiaus valdžia pergyveno krizę, germanų imperatorių ketinimai užimti valdžią Italijoje buvo nesėkmingi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vėliau nevienodu tempu ir savitomis realistinėmis formomis renesansas plito kitose šalyse. Jis išreiškė naują pasaulietinį požiūrį į gyvenimą. Į šiaurę už Alpių renesansą skatino buržuazinės revoliucijos prieš feodalizmą, jo ideologiją ir kapitalistinių visuomeninių santykių stiprėjimas. Šiuos procesus gilino ir spartino reformacija, apėmusi Vakarų ir Vidurio Europą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Humanizmas - tai nauja pasaulio vizija, žinių atnaujinimas, naujas literatūros ir meno vertinimas, naujai apmąstyta pedagogika, kritiškas žvilgsnis į tradicijas ir institucijas, naujas požiūris į žmogų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lotyniškai humanus reiškia žmogiškas, susijęs su žmogumi. Humanistai norėjo atkreipti dėmesį į gyvenimą žemėje, surasti pasaulio prasmę, kiekvieno žmogaus sugebėjimus ir galimybes. Humanistams buvo svarbu ieškoti kultūros ištakų. jie norėjo grįžti prie pirminių antikos raštų ir pagal juos vertinti viduramžių visuomenės gyvenimą. Meno kūriniuose ieškojo objektyvių grožio pažinimo kriterijų, naudojosi įvairiais mokslais - fizikos ir statikos, anatomijos ir geometrijos dėsniais. Humanistai vertino visapusiškai išsilavinusį žmogų, pasireiškiantį įvairiose srityse: moksle, mene, politinėje veikloje. Nemaža humanistų kaip tik ir buvo tokie - rašytojai ir politiniai veikėjai, menininkai ir mokslininkai: L. B. Albertis, T. Moras, F. Rablė, F. Bekonas, Leonardas da Vinčis. Norėdami susipažinti su kitų kraštų gyvenimu, humanistai daug keliaudavo. Humanizmo idėjomis ir mokslu pagrįstas renesanso menas tapo gyvenimiškesnis, daugiau susijęs su žmogaus būtimi. Humanizmo idėjoms plisti padėjo reformacija. Ji suteikė humanizmui politinį klasinį, net revoliucinį pobūdį, nukreipė jį prieš feodalus ir prieš iškylančią buržuaziją. Feodalinėje visuomenėje buvo reikalaujama paklusti  autoritetams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Humanistai pabrėžė žmogaus protinius ir fizinius sugebėjimus, dvasinį ir kūno grožį. Svarbiausia dvasine jėga laikė valią. Žmogaus idealas - tvirta, savimi pasitikinti asmenybė, siekianti įsitvirtinti pasaulyje pasikliaudama savo jėgomis. Kiekvienas žmogus savitas, jo orumas priklauso nuo sugebėjimų parodyti, kaip ir kiek jis gali. Toks Renesansui būdingas individualizmo skatinimas turėjo dvejopas pasekmes: ugdė ne tik žmogaus savarankiškumą bei savigarbą, bet ir egoizmą, kitų žmonių niekinimą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-14 08:38:09',62,'','2010-07-14 08:45:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-14 08:38:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,208,'','',0,75,'robots=\nauthor='),(934,'Egipto civilizacija','egipto-civilizacija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Į pietvakarius nuo Mesopotamijos , Nilo slėnyje, Egipte, išsivystė kita civilizacija . Egipto civilizacija užgimė kiek vėliau nei Šumero ir gyvavo daugiau kaip 3000 metų . Per tą laiką ji patyrė tris klestėjimo ir du nuosmukio laikotarpius, tačiau egiptiečių visuomenė beveik nepasikeitė . Didikai gyveno prabangoje, valstiečiai dirbo laukuose, o vergai tarnavo savo šeimininkams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nilo slėnis buvo žemiškasis rojus klajoklių gentims , kurios vertėsi rankiojimu ir medžiokle. Apie 6000 m. pr. Kr. egiptiečiai jau statė gyvenvietes, tapo žemdirbiais ir gyvulių augintojais. Laikui bėgant egiptiečių gyvenvietės jungėsi į sritis, vadinamas nomais. Kiekvienas nomas garbino savo dievus, turėjo savo diduomenę. Svarbiausius reikalus tvarkė nomarchas – nomo viršininkas. Nomai tarpusavyje dažnai kariavo. Taip formavosi mažų valstybėlių junginiai. Iš jų vėliau susidarė dvi stambios karalystės: Žemutinio Egipto karalystė (Nilo deltoje) ir Aukštutinio Egipto karalystė (į pietus nuo deltos). Apie 3100 m. pr. Kr. Aukštutinio Egipto karalius Menas užkariavo Žemutinį Egiptą ir suvienijo šalį , sostinė – Memfis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Senoji Karalystė (centras Memfyje). Jos įkūrėjas laikomas Džoseris. Ji gyvavo 2700 - 2200 m. pr. Kr.  Tuo laikotarpiu pagerėjo žemės ūkis , buvo kontoliuojama drėkinimo kanalų bei užtvakų būklė , buvo gabenama rūda įrankiams gaminti , pradėtas naudoti žiedžiamasis ratas (puodams gaminti), statomos piramidės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po suirutės susikūrė Vidurinioji karalystė, gyvavusi nuo 2000 - 1800 m. pr. Kr. Jos sostinė buvo Tėbai. Šalį valdė vienas faraonas. Buvo atstatoma ir plečiama irigacinė sistema. Iškastais kanalais plaukiojo laivai, pagyvėjo prekyba. Egiptiečiai nuolat prekiavo su Kretos sala, vykdavo į Palestiną, Siriją. Buvo praplėsta Egipto teritorija iki antrojo Nilo slenksčio. 1800 m. pr. Kr. prasidėjo antrosios suirutės laikotarpis. Vyko tarpusavio karai, pradėjo veržtis gentys iš Azijos (hiksai), jie ir užvaldė šalį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Išvijus hiksus iš Egipto prasidėji Naujoji karalystė, trukusi 1570 - 1100 m. pr. Kr. Ji buvo turtungesnė ir galingesnė nei pastarosios. Gerai apginkluota kariuomenė (kariniais vežimais, bronzineis ginklais) išplėtė Egipto sienas rytuose iki Eufrato upės, o pietuose siekė ketvirtąjį Nilo slenkstį. Nugalėtos tautos mokėjo duoklę. Žymiausias valdovas buvo Ramzis II. Prasidėjus suirutei (kitataučių puldinėjimai) 525 m. pr. Kr. Egiptas tapo Persijos imperijos dalimi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Egipto valdovais buvo faraonai. Juos laikė žmonėmis-dievais. Dažniausiai jais tapdavo vyrai, nes sostą iš tėvo perimdavo sūnus. <br />Be faraono ir jo šeimos, aukščiausią padėtį visuomenėje užėmė žyniai ir didikai. Žyniai perduodavo duoklę dievams. Laikui bėgant jie sukaupė didelius turtus ir ėmė daryti įtaką šalies valdymui. Didikai tarnavo faraonui. Jie buvo sričių valdytojai, mokesčių rinkėjai, kariuomenės vadai, ministrai ir kt. Aukščiausias valdininkas buvo viziris. Jis vadovavo vyriausybei. Didikais dažniausiai tapdavo faraono draugai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prižiūrėtojai ir sargybiniai saugojo faraoną. Dažniausiai tai buvo žmonės iš pasiturinčių šeimų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-14 08:47:23',62,'','2010-07-14 08:54:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-14 08:47:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,207,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(935,'Klasicizmas','klasicizmas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Klasicizmas, 17 a. - 19 a. 1 pusės mano kryptis; 18 a. 2 pusės - 19 a. 1 pusės architektūros ir dailės stilius. Rėmėsi racionalistine pasaulėžiūra, skatino kultūros sekuliarizaciją, sekė antikos menu. Klasicizmui darė įtaką centralizuotos valstybės, tobulos visuomenės, socialaus piliečio idealai. Meno teorija buvo pagrįsta kanonizuota antikine estetika; buvo siekiama idealaus grožio, sukurto pagal nekintamas taisykles.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Klasicizmas sudarė priešybę ankstesniam barokui ir vėlesniam romantizmui. Klasikinių taisyklių laikymas amžinomis, universaliomis grožio normomis vedė į akademizmą. Klasicizmas susiformavo 17 a. Prancūzijoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvoje klasicizmas plito nuo 17 a. 2 pusės ir iš pradžių reiškė demokratines, šviečiamąsias tendencijas. Lietuvos klasicizmui darė įtaką romantinė tautiškumo idėja; klasicizmo ir romantizmo priešprieša nebuvo ryški.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Klasicizmo laikotarpiu miestuose buvo kuriamas taisyklingas gatvių tinklas, didelės atviros aikštės, statomi didingi visuomeniniai pastatai, rūmai. Pastatų monumentalumą pabrėžė simatrinis planas, logiška konstrukcija, tiesios linijos, saikingas dekoras. Fasadų kompozicija rėmėsi griežta orderio sistema (baroko orderis netaisyklingas, puošybiškas), eksterjero raiškiausia dalis dažniausiai buvo portikas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos architektūroje klasicizmas, kaip Italijos ir Prancūzijos atmaina, atsirado 18 a. 8 dešimtmetyje. 18 a. pab. susiklostė lietuviškoji klasicizmo architektūros mokykla. Lietuviškąjai klasicizmo architektūros mokyklai didelę reikšmę turėjo Vilniaus universiteto architektūros katedros veikla; jos profesoriai buvo žymiausi šio laikotarpio architektai. Lietuviškojo klasicizmo regionalumą sudarė savitas klasikinių taisyklių interpretavimas, vietos tradicijų įtaka. Klasicizmo laikotarpiu perplanuota miestų, pastatyta ir rekonstruota rūmų, visuomeninių pastatų, bažnyčių, rekonstruota daug dvarų sodybų, jose užveista peizažinių (laisvo planavimo) parkų su tvenkiniais, kanalais, dekoratyviniais statiniais (pavėsinėmis, fontanais, tilteliais), skulptūromis. Lietuvos klasicizmo architektūra skirstoma į ankstyvąjį ir brandųjį (1770 - 1800) ir vėlyvąjį klasicizmą (1800 - 1860); pastarojo atmaina yra ampyras.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-14 08:56:25',62,'','2010-07-14 09:13:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-14 08:56:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,206,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(936,'XIX a. išradimai  – atominė energija','xix-a-iradimai-atomin-energija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmonijai kasdien suvartojant milžiniškus organinio kuro: akmens anglies ar naftos, kiekius, visiems jau senokai buvo neramu, kas bus, kai tas kuras pasibaigs. Daug dirbama stengiantis pakeisti senkančias kuro atsargas saulės ir kitomis alternatyviomis energijos rūšimis, bet šie energijos šaltiniai vis dar nesugeba atstoti anglies ir naftos. Todėl atomo branduolio energijos įsisavinimas savo metu sukėlė didžiulį entuziazmą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atrandant šios energijos įsisavinimo būdus prireikė daugelio žmonių pastangų. Pats radioaktyvumo reiškinys 1896 m. buvo netyčia buvo atrastas prancūzo Henri Becquerelio, palikusio stalčiuje su fotoplokštelėmis truputį urano druskos. Išryškinęs plokšteles jis pamatė, kad jos yra apšviestos. Po keleto eksperimentų paaiškėjo, kad plokštelę apšvietusias daleles spinduliuoja pats uranas. Dar po poros metų Marie ir Pierre Curie iš rūdos išskyrė naują cheminį elementą radį, kuris nustebino visus mokslininkus, nes nuolat, be jokios regimos priežasties generavo šilumą bei visai nelauktai virsdavo kitais elementais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1905 m. Albertas Einsteinas išnarpliojo neišsenkančios radžio energijos paslaptį parodęs, kad energija gali virsti pati medžiaga. Mažai kas tuomet tikėjo, kad atomų energiją kada nors būtų galima panaudoti. Įžymusis išradėjas Nicola Tesla kartą pasakė, kad atominės energijos paieškos jam atrodo dar labiau beviltiškos, nei stengimasis sukurti amžinąjį variklį. Jo manymu skaldant atomus visada reikėtų sunaudoti daugiau energijos, negu po to būtų galima iš tokios reakcijos gauti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Metams bėgant fizikai sukaupė vis daugiau žinių apie atomų sandarą, bet tai, kaip reikėtų gaminti ir naudoti atomuose sukauptą energiją nepasidarė aiškiau. Taip buvo iki 1938 m., kuomet du vokiečiai Otto Hahnas ir Fritzas Strassmanas nesurado urano atomų branduolių skilimo. Uraną sudaro du izotopai: U 235 ir U 238. Mokslininkai aptiko, jog tuomet, kai į U 235 atomą pataiko neutronas, jis skyla perpus, o šio proceso metu išsiskiria didžiulis energijos kiekis. Dar daugiau, skylant branduoliui išsilaisvina nauji neutronai, galį skaldyti kitus atomus ir sukelti grandininę reakciją. Galiausiai išsiskiria tiek daug energijos, kad ją jau galima naudoti elektros gamyboje arba, blogesniu atveju, kuriant atominę bombą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">A. Einšteinas iškart perspėjo JAV prezidentą Ruzveltą, kad nacių Vokietija gali pasigaminti be galo galingas naujos rūšies bombas ir pareiškė, kad tokius tyrimus būtina pradėti ir Amerikai. Prezidentas paklausė žymiojo fiziko ir gimė labai slaptas projektas \"Manhattan\", skirtas urano ir branduolių skilimo tyrimui.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-14 09:14:48',62,'','2010-07-14 09:19:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-14 09:14:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,205,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(937,'Renesanso mokslininkai','renesanso-mokslininkai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Renesanso žmogus gangreit suprato, ką reiškia persiorientavimas nuo Dievo į save: tai reiškė būtinumą pertvarkyti mąstyseną, sukurti naujo tipo filosofiją - nebe deduktyviniu, o induktyviniu samprotavimu paremtą, ne nuo bendro prie atskiro, nuo abstraktaus prie konkretaus, o nuo atskiro prie bendro, nuo konkretybės į bendrybę mąstymo turinį leidžiančią kelti filosofiją. Buvo visiškai aišku, kad nebepakaks abstrakčių teiginių įrodinėjimo, reikės iš gausių realybės faktų vesti dėsningumus, o pastaruosius tikrinti naujais, jau dėsnio veikimą charakterizuojančiais, faktais: reikės nuolat budėti mokslo tiesos sargyboje, kad rastieji dėsningumai ir dėsniai nevirstų naujomis dogmomis, kad jie būtų performuluoti iš naujo, vos tik atsiras juos neigiančių faktų. Reikės sukurti naują pasaulėvaizdį, todėl būtina ištirti ir dangų, ir žemę. Reikės sukurti naują žmogaus supratimą, paremtą jo kūniškumo akivaizdybe: juk iki šiol, nors ir pripažįstama, kad žmogus turi kūną, tačiau į faktą žiūrima tarsi „pro pirštus\", ir tik renesanso išvakarėse gydytojai ir menininkai išdrįso pradėti daryti skrodimus!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Renesanso žmogus ne tik neišsigando jo laukiančių darbų, jis, galima sakyti, stačia galva puolė tirti pasaulio. Jis tyrė, kaip geriau, patogiau įsikurti kasdienėje aplinkoje - ir pasipylė išradimai ir atradimai, kurie, įsikūnydami mašinose ir darbo būduose, klojo vis storesnį technikos klodą, keičiantį ne tik gyvenimo būdą, bet ir žmonių santykius, jų nuotaikas, siekius, viltis. Laikrodžiai ir malūnai, noragai ir šautuvai, popierius ir spausdinimo mašina - daugybė įmintų gamtos paslapčių, žmogaus išaiškintų ir pajungtų darbui, leido vis drąsiau žiūrėti į gamtą ir jaustis jos valdovu. Ir ne tik čia. Ir už horizonto išplaukiantys laivai parveždavo žinių, kad ten ne pabaisos ir pasaulio riba, o nuostabūs, iki šiol nematyti kraštai. Ta trauka į neregėtus tolius išsiliejo didžiaisiais geografiniais atradimais, kurie visiškai pakeitė renesanso žmogaus pasaulio vaizdą. Bet esmingiausiu poveikio naujajam pasaulėvaizdžiui tarpti, pasaulėžvalgai rastis ir filosofinei pasaulėžiūrai formuotis turėjo astronomai ir fizikai - žmonės, kurie remdamiesi konkrečių faktų kaupimo ir apmąstymo metodais, toje naujoje situacijoje sugebėjo pažvelgti į žemę tarsi iš kosmoso.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš tiesų ką esmingesnio senajai pasaulėžiūrai, kuri buvo paremta Dievo - kūrėjo visagališkumo samprata, galėjo priešpastatyti savo kuriamąsias galias teoriškai įteisinti norintis renesanso žmogus? Ką esmingesnio nei pati gamta - pasaulio medžiagiškumas, jo visuotinumas?! Šitos medžiagiškumo visagalybės iš viduramžių pasaulėvaizdžio besiveržiantis žmogus ieško ne mažiau atkakliai negu keliautojai naujų kraštų, negu išradėjai naujų mašinų ar teologai kažkada - Dievo nepaneigiamumo įrodymų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-14 09:20:58',62,'','2010-07-14 09:26:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-14 09:20:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,204,'','',0,57,'robots=\nauthor='),(938,'Italų renesansas','ital-renesansas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Humanistai.  Kai kurie istorikai renesanso pradžia laiko italų poeto F. Petrarkos (1304 - 1374) laikus. Jis siekė atgaivinti įsilavinimą, kokį gaudavo Romos jaunuoliai. Mokiniai įgiję tokį įšsilavinima vadinosi humanistais. Didžiausia apyvarta tais laikais pasižymi moneta turinti 3,5 g. aukso. Venecijoja vadinama – dukatas. Florencijoje – florinas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Menas. Freska tapybos būdas, žinomas jau romėnų laikais, renesanso meninkų buvo ypač mėgstamas. Freska tapoka ant ką tik nutinkuotos sienos, grynų dažų, ir kalkinio vandens mišiniu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Renesanso menininkai išpuoselėjo tris tapybos žanrus: portretą, peizažą, natiurmortą. Gotikiniai paveikslai baugino, buvo iškilmingi ir dažnai niūrūs, o renesanso tapytojų kūriniuose žmonės džiaugėsi gyvenimu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Spaudintos knygos padėjo plisti renesanso idėjomis, iš pradžių Italijos valstybėse, paskui ir likusiojoje Eurpoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Leonardas da Vinčis. Leonardas nugyveno 67 metus, o paliko tik tuziną paveikslų, keletą iliustruotų pasakėčių ir užrašus. Leonardo da Vinčio paveikslai: “Kristaus krikštas”, “Mono Liza”, “Paskutinė vakarienė”, “Madona uolose” ir t.t.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mikelandželas. Jis buvo tapytojas, architektas, skulptorius ir poetas – buvo laikomas genijumi. Mikelandželas mirė 89 metų. Mikelandželo paveikslai: “Dovydas”, “Pieta” ir t.t</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rafaelis.  Rafaelio paveikslai: “Galetėja”, “Atėnų mokykla”, “Mišios Bolsenoje”.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-14 09:32:03',62,'','2010-07-14 09:39:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-14 09:32:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,203,'','',0,39,'robots=\nauthor='),(939,'Didieji šedevrai','didieji-edevrai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-14 09:40:50',62,'','2010-07-14 09:42:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-14 09:40:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,202,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(940,'Lietuvos materialinės kultūros raida','lietuvos-materialins-kultros-raida','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paleolitas ir mezoolitas.  Medžiota būdavo su ietimis. Kad ietys toliau skrietų ir giliau smigtų, nuo mezolito laikų medžiotojai naudojo svaidykles, kurios buvo gamonamos iš medžio ar kaulo. Maždaug tuo pat metu XI - X tūks. Medžiotojai pradėjo šaudyti lankais. Lankas būdavo gaminamas iš lazdyno, uosio karčių. Savotiškiausias medžioklės ir karybos įrankis buvo bumerangas. Jis darytas iš kreivo ar kieto medžio. Mezolito laikotarpiu ypač buvo paplitę kauliniai durklai su išryškintomis rankenomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Neilitas ir žalvario amžius. Senajame žalvario a. Baltų genčių teritorijoje pasirodė pirmieji metaliniai antgaliai. Neolito laikotarpiu vakarų baltai labiausiai garbino briedį, o rytų baltai – elnią. Žvėrys buvo ne tik šaudomi bet ir gaudomi tinklais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didesni medžioklės pokyčiai vyko geležies amžiuje. Buvo naudojamos visos akmens ir žalvario a. Žinotos medžioklės priemonės; spąstai, tinklai, masalai, kilpos, vilkduobės. Kartais būdavo medžiojama su prijaukintais sakalais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paleolito laikais žmonės žuvų pasigaudydavo rankomis, galbūt prisismaigstydavo ietimi ir žeberklu. Žūklė labai suklestėjo mezolito laikais. Buvo naudojami žeberklai, ietys, strėlės kauliniais antgaliais. Mezolito laikais baltų žemėse gyvenę žmonės jai žvejojo tinklais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Neolitas ir žalvario a. Šiuo laikotarpiu žmonės žvejodavo jau kabliukais. Stambesnės žuvys gaudomos būdavo  ir blizgėmis. Svarbiausi žvejybos įrankiai neolito laikais yra tinklai ir bučiai. Bučiai būdavo daromi iš skalų – plonų medienos juostų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Neoliras ir žalvario a. Baltų genčių gyventuose plotuose žmonės žemdirbyste pradėjo verstis III tūkst. pabaigoje – vėlyvajame neolite. Rytų baltai žemdirbyste ėmė verstis daug vėliau – vėlyvajame žalvario a. Seniausi iš dabartinių kultūrinių javų Lietuvoje yra kviečiai ir soros. Tuo pačiu laikotarpiu jau buvo auginamos ir kanapės. III tūkst. Atsirado ir ariamoji žemdirbystė.  Senovės žemdirbiai suarti žemei purenti, dirvos paviršiui lyginti, pasėtai sėklai apiberti, piktžolėms naudojo akėčias.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Geležies a. lydimams kirsti baltų gentys naudojo geležinius įmovinius ir siauraašmenius pentinius kirvius. Žemei dirti – geležinius kaplius, arklus su geležiniais noragais, eglės viršūnių akėčias, derliui nuimti – pjautuvus, dalgius. Seniausi arimo įrankiai yra arklai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-14 09:44:18',62,'','2010-07-14 09:55:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-14 09:44:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,201,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(941,'Klaipėdos krašto istorija','klaipdos-krato-istorija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sukilimui pradėta rengtis gruodžio mėnesį. Buvo sudarytas Klaipėdos savanorių vyriausiasis štabas. Vyriausiuoju savanorių kariuomenės vadu paskirtas Lietuvos kariuomenės generalinio štabo kontražvalgybos skyriaus viršininkas Jonas Polovinskis, pasivadinæs J. Budriu. 1922 m. gruodžio 22 d. iš Prūsų lietuvių tautinės tarybos narių: M. Jankaus, J. Strėkio, J. Lėbarto, Viliaus Šaulinskio, Jurgio Brūvelaičio, J. Vanagaičio buvo sudarytas Vyriausiasis Mažosios Lietuvos gelbėjimo komitetas, kuris oficialiai turėjo vadovauti ginkluotam sukilimui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1923 m. sausio 3 - 5 d. Kaune įvyko slaptos konsultacijos – tarėsi E. Galvanauskas, Lietuvos atstovas Klaipėdoje J. Žilius, vyriausiasis savanorių kariuomenės vadas J. Budrys ir E. Simonaitis. Šiame pasitarime buvo galutinai parengtas Klaipėdos krašto užėmimo planas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vyriausiojo Mažosios Lietuvos gelbėjimo komiteto pirmajame atsišaukime “Klaipėdos gyventojai!”, paskelbtame 1923 m. sausio 4 d., buvo pranešta apie komiteto įsteigimą, jo tikslus, gyventojai kviečiami remti jo politiką, kurti vietose skyrius; nutarta kreiptis pagalbos į brolius lietuvius Lietuvoje, Amerikoje ir kitur. Komiteto skyriai įsteigti Šilutėje, Pagėgiuose, Rusnėje, Priekulėje, Vanaguose. Imta rinkti gyventojų parašus už Klaipėdos krašto prijungimą prie Lietuvos. Sujudo visas kraštas. Klaipėdiškiai telkėsi į savanorių būrius. Iš viso sukilime dalyvavo apie 300 klaipėdiškių savanorių. Į atsišaukimą buvo atsiliepta labai entuziastingai: daug šaulių ir būriais, ir pavieniui traukė Klaipėdos link. Kad nekiltų netvarkos, Šaulių sąjungos vadai pareikalavo neveikti savo nuožiūra; neorganizuoti šauliai buvo sulaikyti pasienyje, nuginkluoti, atimti narių liudijimai. Viskas turėjo būti atlikta organizuotai ir apgalvotai. Savanoriams buvo nustatytos tam tikros sąlygos: 1) kiekvienas savanoris turėjo raštu pasižadėti ištikimai tarnauti pulke 6 mėnesius; 2) turėti Vyriausiojo Mažosios Lietuvos gelbėjimo komiteto ir lietuvių organizacijos liudijimą apie patikimumą; 3) turėti pasą ar kitą asmens liudijimą; 4) savanoriui nustatytas 2 lt atlyginimas per dieną; 5) nelaimės atveju savanorio šeimai suteikiama vienkartinė pašalpa; 6) invalidams garantuojamas aprūpinimas; 7) už maistą atskaitoma iš gaunamos 2 lt algos; 8) kariuomenės vadui suteikta teisė nusižengusį savanotį pašalinti iš pulko.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Savanoriai buvo apsirengæ civiliais rūbais, apsiginklavæ senais ginklais, ant rankovių užsirišæ žalias juostas su raidėmis MLS, t. y. Mažosios Lietuvos savanoris.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pinigais ir maisto produktais Klaipėdos savanorius rėmė Kaune įsteigtas Klaipėdos lietuviams remti komitetas su skyriais visoje Lietuvoje, o doleriais – Čikagoje sudarytas Klaipėdos gelbėjimo komitetas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-14 09:57:10',62,'','2010-07-14 10:01:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-14 09:57:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,200,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(942,'Antano Smetonos biografija','antano-smetonos-biografija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antanas Smetona gimė 1874 m. Rugpjūčio 10 dieną Taujėnų valsčiaus Užulėnio kaime (Ukmergės rajonas) neturtingo valstiečio šeimoje. Antano tėvas Jonas Smetona ir motina Julijona Kartanavičiūtė turėjo septynis vaikus. Tėvas turėjo apie 20 ha. žemės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Skaityti ir rašyti Antanas  pramoko namie. Mokslus pradėjo būdamas dešimties metų Taujėnų pradinėje mokykloje. Didžiausią įspūdį Antanui paliko mokytojas Trofimovas. Pas jį berniukas išmoko rusų kalbą. Mokyklą baigė būdamas keturiolikos metų. 1882 m įstojo į Palangos progimnaziją ir gerai besimokydamas ją baigė 1883 m. Vėliau įstojo į kunigų seminariją, bet tuo nebuvo susižavėjęs, todėl tęsė mokslus Mintaujos gimnazijoje, kurioje pirmą kartą susipažino su šiais įžymiais žmonėmis: J. Šliūpu, J. Tūbeliu, V. Požėla, P. Avižoniu. A. Smetona  griežtai priešinosi rusų valdžiai už ką ir buvo 1886 m. pašalintas iš gimnazijos, bet mokslus baigia 1897 m. Peterburgo gimnazijoje. Vėliau studijuoja teisę Peterburgo universitete. 1899 m. už protestus dėl studentų laisvės suimamas. Už lietuviškų knygelių laikymą 1902 m. jis vėl suimamas, bet greitai paleidžiamas dėl įkalčių stokos. Baigęs mokslus dirbo Vilniuje viename banke.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antanas Smetona iškilo kaip politinė asmenybė, kai buvo išrinktas į suvažiavimo prezidiumą. Vadovavo LDP partijai. Buvo vienas iš laikraščio “Viltis” leidėjų, kurioje rašė straipsnius aktualius Lietuvos inteligentijai.A.Smetona kėlė ir valstiečių padėties gerinimo klausimus, ragino kurti valstiečių draugijas, steigti jiems banką.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antanas Smetona aktyviai dalyvavo lietuvių kultūros draugijų veikloje: “Aušros” knygų leidimo bendrovėje, “Ryto”, Lietuvių dailės draugijose, “Žiburėlyje” ir kt. 1914 metais pradėjo leisti laikraštį “Vairas” kuriaime kaip ir “Viltyje” dėstė savo mintis apie Lietuvą ir jos nepriklausomybę. Jo šūkis buvo: “Mūsų žurnalo tikslas suburti vienon krūvon visa, ką lietuviai šiuo metu turi geresnio ir sveikesnio, sutelkti vienon draugėn rimtąsias mūsų inteligentų pajėgas. Tada turėsime laivą lietuvių jūroje ir jį ves “Vairas”. Vadinasi A. Smetona stengėsi suburti kuo daugiau lietuviškos inteligentijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antanas Smetona išvertė ir išleido šiuos vadovėlius: “Elementariosios algebros vadovėlis” , “Aritmetikos uždavinynas vidurinėms mokykloms”. “Algebros uždavinynas”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1917 metų rugsėjo 21 d. Vilniaus konferencijoje sudaryta Lietuvos Taryba, kurioje Antanas Smetona pažymimas kaip 43 metų teisininkas, tautininkas. Rugsėjo 24 dieną A. Smetona išrenkamas  Lietuvos Tarybos pirmininku.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-14 10:02:51',62,'','2010-07-14 10:09:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-14 10:02:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,199,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(943,'Testas iš senovės Romos istorijos','testas-i-senovs-romos-istorijos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-14 10:12:27',62,'','2010-07-14 10:14:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-14 10:12:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,198,'','',0,64,'robots=\nauthor='),(944,'Holokaustas arba Lietuvos tragedija','holokaustas-arba-lietuvos-tragedija','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-14 10:22:41',62,'','2010-07-14 10:24:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-14 10:22:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,197,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(945,'Lietuvos respublikos atkūrimo kovo 11 aktas','lietuvos-respublikos-atkrimo-kovo-11-aktas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-14 10:33:48',62,'','2010-07-14 10:36:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-14 10:33:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,196,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(946,'Indo civilizacijos testas','indo-civilizacijos-testas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-14 10:38:12',62,'','2010-07-14 10:39:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-14 10:38:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,195,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(947,'Darijaus I Behistuno įrašas','darijaus-i-behistuno-raas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įrašą 1835 m. aptiko anglų žvalgybos karininkas H. Rolinsonas ant stataus Behistuno uolos šlaito viršum kelio Irano pietvakariuose, netoli dabartinio Kerman - šacho miesto. Tekstas iškaltas trim kalbomis (persų, elamitų, akadų) plokštėse, kurios įmontuotos uoloje. Įrašas padėjo iššifruoti pirmiausia persų, o paskui akadų (babiloniečių) dantiraštį. Čia išvardytos persų nukariautos šalys, pateikiama duomenų apie ginkluotus sukilimus, ne kartą vykusius persų užkariautose šalyse, Kambisui mirus ir pirmaisiais Darijaus I (521 - 486 m. pr. m. e.) valdymo metais, apie persų pajungtas šalis, apie atkaklią Darijaus I kovą su sukilusiomis tautomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aš - Darijus, didysis karalius, karalių karalius, Persijos karalius, provincijų karalius... Ahuramazdai leidus, aš - karalius. Ahuramazda davė man karalystę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šias provincijas aš gavau Ahuramazdos valia, aš tapau jų karaliumi: Persiją, Elamą, Babiloniją, Asiriją, Arabiją, Egiptą, pajūrio provincijas, Lydiją, Joniją, Mediją, Armėniją, Kapadokiją, Partiją, Drangianą, Arėją, Chorezmą, Baktriją, Sogdianą, Gandarą, Skitiją, Satagidiją, Arachosiją, Maką: iš viso 23 provincijas .</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Karalius Darijus sako: „Štai ką aš padariau, tapęs karaliumi\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kambisas, Kiro sūnus, iš mūsų giminės, čia buvo karalius. Kambisas turėjo brolį, vardu Bardija, tos pačios motinos, to paties tėvo kaip ir Kambisas. Kambisas nužudė Bardija, tautai nebuvo žinoma, kad Bardija užmuštas. Tuo tarpu Kambisas išvyko į Egiptą. Kai Kambisas išvyko į Egiptą, tauta sukilo, ir baisios blogybės ištiko šalį, ir Persiją, ir Mediją, ir kitas provincijas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-14 10:46:52',62,'','2010-07-14 10:52:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-14 10:46:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,194,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(948,'Vilniaus okupacija','vilniaus-okupacija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iki šio amžiaus Vilniaus priklausymas Lietuvai niekam nekėlė abejonių. Po pirmojo pasaulinio karo žlugus Rusijos imperijai, lietuvių ir lenkų tautoms susidarė galimybė atkurti nepriklausomas valstybes. Lietuva siekė įtvirtinti savo valstybingumą Lietuvos etnografinėse žemėse, Lenkija - atkurti buvusią Žečpospolitą, kurios sudėtinė dalis iki Žečpospolitos padalijimo 1793 ir 1795 metais buvo Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės teritorija, ir to ji atkakliai siekė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Esant tokiems principiniams nesutarimams, surasti taikų abiem pusėms priimtiną sprendimą buvo labai sunku, nors to meto tarptautinė teisė turėjo pakankamai efektyvių būdų atriboti dviejų valstybių teritorijas. Pagrindu turėjo būti principas uti posseidetis juris, pagal kurį Lietuvos-Lenkijos sienos turėjo būti ten kur buvo Lietuvos ribos Žečpospolitos sudėtyje iki jos padalijimo. Taigi Lietuvai turėjo priklausyti ne tik Vilnius su Gardinu, bet ir Lietuvos Brasta. Tačiau Lenkija nenurimo. Pagrindinis Lenkijos argumentas dėl Vilniaus priklausymo Lenkijai buvo šiose teritorijose vyraujanti kalba. Tačiau tiek tuo metu galiojusioje klasikinėje, tiek šiuolaikinėje tarptautinėje teisėje teritorijos gyventojų kalba nebuvo ir nėra teritorinių ginčų sprendimo pagrindas. Kita vertus, 1861 metų Rusijos Imperatoriškosios geografijos draugijos duomenimis, lenkų Vilniaus krašte gyveno 20.3 %, kai tuo tarpu lietuvių buvo virš 70 %. Taigi Lenkija neturėjo jokių rimtų priežasčių prisijungti Vilniaus kraštą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisine prasme svarbiausias veiksnys sprendžiant Vilniaus klausimą buvo 1920 metų liepos 20 dienos Lietuvos - Rusijos sutartis, kuria Rusija, turėjusi visas suvereniteto teises Lietuvos atžvilgiu, perdavė jas nepriklausomai Lietuvos valstybei ir pripažino Vilnių priklausant Lietuvai, nors vėliau, Lenkijos - Rusijos - Rygos sutartimi Vilnių priskyrė Lenkijai. Taigi, nors Rusija nebeturėjo jokių teisių į Vilnių, lenkai, rėmėsi šia sutartimi kovoje dėl Vilniaus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lenkijos kariuomenė pirmą kartą užėmė Vilnių 1919 metų balandžio 19 dieną, kai Vilniuje buvo įsitvirtinusi Lietuvos - Baltarusijos tarybinės respublikos vyriausybė. Nors Lietuva buvo neutrali šiame kare, Lenkijos kariuomenei veržiantis tolyn į Lietuvą, prasidėjo susidūrimai su Lietuvos kariuomene. Dėl to buvo nustatyta demarkacinė linija. Vilnius liko lenkiškoje linijos pusėje, tačiau netrukus, 1919 metų gruodžio 8 dieną Aukščiausioji Sąjungininkų Taryba  nustatė laikiną Lenkijos rytinę sieną, pagal kurią Vilnių paliktas Lietuvai. Taigi Lenkijos kariuomenė buvo priversta palikti Vilnių, ką ji ir padarė 1920 metų liepos 14 dieną. Tačiau viską lėmė situacija Lenkijos - Tarybų Rusijos kare. Persekiodama sumuštus prie Varšuvos bolševikų dalinius, Lenkijos armija rugpjūčio mėnesį vėl įžengė į Lietuvą. Prasidėjo karo veiksmai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-14 10:53:50',62,'','2010-07-14 10:58:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-14 10:53:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,193,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(949,'Žydai ir Lietuvos komunistų partija','ydai-ir-lietuvos-komunist-partija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos komunistų partija nuo kitų partijų skyrėsi ne tik savo programa, bet ir vidaus gyvenimo principais. Ji buvo kuriama kaip Rusijos komunistinio judėjimo sudedamoji dalis ir formuojama Rusijos komunistų (bolševikų) partijos idėjiniais-teoriniais bei organizaciniais pagrindais. Laikydamiesi bolševikų požiūrio, kad partijos sudėtis yra esminė jos veiklos efektyvumo sąlyga, o kadrai lemia partijos siekių įgyvendinimą, Lietuvos komunistų partijos vadovai pagal VKP (b) ir Kominteto direktyvas taip pat reguliavo organizacijos sudėtį, siekė jos gretų socialinio, idėjinio ir politinio grynumo bei organizacinio monolitiškumo, atkakliai stengėsi užkirsti kelią, jų požiūriu, priešiškų socialinių sluoksnių atstovams stoti į partiją, griežtai kovojo su skaldomąja ir frakcine komunistų veikla. SSRS okupavus Lietuvą, 1940 m. spalio mėn. LKP buvo oficialiai įtraukta į VKP (b) ir integruota į jos politinį ir vidaus gyvenimą. Lietuvos komunistų partijos sudėties reguliavimo procesas tapo organizuotas ir griežtai reglamentuotas, jam vadovavo VKP (b). Griežta naujų narių priėmimo tvarka ir 1940 m. spalio mėn. pradėtas masinis valymas buvo pagrindiniai partijos sudėties reguliavimo metodai. Jais buvo kryptingai formuojama tokios sudėties marionetinė organizacija, kuri užtikrintų VKP (b) politikos įgyvendinimą okupuotoje Lietuvoje ir būtų patikimas šalies aneksijos ir sovietizavimo įrankis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Moksliškai ištirti ir įvertinti LKP sudėtį būtina siekiant nustatyti tikrąsias šios organizacijos atsiradimo ir egzistavimo Lietuvoje aplinkybes, jos pobūdį ir Lietuvai nusikalstamos veiklos užsakovus, organizatorius bei vykdytojus. Tik tokia analizė gali atskleisti partijos socialinę bazę, išryškinti Lietuvos gyventojų stojimo į ją priežastis. Dėl ypatingų kai kurių Lietuvos tautinių mažumų pozicijų šioje partijoje visais atžvilgiais svarbu nustatyti, kiek jų buvo tarp Lietuvos komunistų, atskleisti jų orientacijos į komunizmą ir SSRS priežastis. LKP sudėties kaita taip pat rodo kryptingą bolševikų „partinės statybos“ politiką, kuria buvo siekiama suformuoti Lietuvoje marionetinę, okupacinio ir totalitarinio režimo poreikius visiškai atitinkančią vietinę organizaciją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos istoriografijoje nėra pakankamai ištirti LKP sudėties pokyčiai 1940 m. Palyginti plačiai šia tema rašyta tik sovietinėje LKP istorijos literatūroje. Natūralu, kad čia ji nagrinėta apologetiškai, nutylint į oficialiosios sovietinės istoriografijos rėmus netelpančius ar ją griaunančius faktus ir reiškinius. Neturėdami galimybių plačiau aptarti šią istoriografiją, paminėsime tik kelis svarbesnius ideologiškai angažuoto tyrimo atvejus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi pogrindinės LKP socialinė sudėtis griovė teiginį apie proletarinį partijos pobūdį ir bazę, sovietų istorikai stengėsi jos išsamiau nenagrinėti, neanalizuoti ūkininkų, amatininkų, prekybininkų ir verslininkų buvimo partijoje priežasčių, kad nesukeltų abejonių, ar LKP iš tiesų buvo proletarinė, ar turėjo savo augimo šaltinius ir ar apskritai Lietuvoje buvo objektyvios prielaidos tokiai partijai. Nors sovietinėje istoriografijoje visada buvo pabrėžiama ir teigiamai vertinama daugiatautė, internacionalinės partijos pobūdį atitinkanti LKP, tačiau taip pat norėta parodyti, kad tai buvo ir lietuviška organizacija, todėl sąmoningai buvo nutylėtas neproporcingai didelis tautinių mažumų atstovų skaičius partijoje. Taip stengtasi nesuteikti dingsties LKP vertinti kaip svetimą Lietuvai organizaciją, neduoti empirinio pagrindo lietuvių emigracinėje literatūroje paplitusiai „dviejų genocidų teorijai“.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-14 11:00:08',62,'','2010-07-14 11:08:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-14 11:00:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,192,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(950,'Romos rekonstrukcija (referatas)','romos-rekonstrukcija-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XV a. pabaigoje prasidėjęs Šiaurės Italijos prekybos miestų ekonominis smukimas ypač pasireiškė XVI ir XVII a. Sumažėjo statyba miestuose. Tuo metu Romos popiežiaus valstybė, gaudama duoklę iš katalikiškų kraštų, nejaučia ekonominės krizės ir jos sostinėje Romoje prasideda dideli statybos darbai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pamažu smunkančiuose šiaurės ir vidurio Italijos miestuose lieka be darbo daug patyrusių architektų ir statybininkų. Jie savo kūrybinį genijų nukreipia į naujai kylantį meno centrą – Romą. Čia toliau plėtojamos renesanso metu šiaurės Italijoje susiklosčiusios architektūrinės tradicijos, - pastatų kompozicija palaipsniui darosi vis sudėtingesnė, pereinama prie naujo stiliaus – baroko.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Barokas buvo laipsniškas renesanso tęsinys, tačiau savo suklestėjimo metu daug kuo skyrėsi nuo jo. Santūrias, tektoniškai pagrįstas fasadų plokštumas, plačiai taikytas renesanso laikais, baroko periode pamažu kaičia laužyta linija, daugiau reikšmės teikiama šviesos ir šešėlių žaismui, puošniam dekorui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Panašiai statomi ir urbanistiniai ansambliai. Vietoje uždarų renesanso aikščių atsiranda atviros, jų planas darosi sudėtingesnis. Renesanso periode teorikų darbuose siūlyti projektai dabar įgyvendinami, tiesiamos spindulinės gatvės. Būdamas dekoratyvus stilius, barokas praturtina miestus fontanais, monumentaliąją dekoratyviaja skulptūra, obeliskais, monumentais, statomais aikščių viduryje. Miesto išraiškingumui padidinti pradėtos vartoti ir tokios papildomos priemonės, kaip grindinio raštas, dekoratyvūs laiptai, vėliavų stiebai, puošnūs tiltai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Baroko meistrai nesukūrė naujų urbanistinių teorijų, jie apsiribojo renesanso teoretikų minčių plėtojimu. Svarbiausios statybos baroko periode XVIII a. popiežiaus valstybės sostinėje Romoje, pelniusios baroko lopšio vardą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viduramžiais Romos miestas sunyko, senosios Romos pastatai buvo sąmoningai griaunami kaip pagonybės liekanos. Tik XV a. pradžioje renesanso įtakoje pradedama domėtis senais paminklais, uždraudžima juos ardyti, pradedami kasinėjimai. Renesanso periodas Romoje glaudžiai susijęs su XV a. ir XVI a. čia dirbusių Bramatės, Antonijaus di Sangalo, Petručio, Rafaelio ir kitų architektų bei dailinikų veikla. 1502 m. Bramatė  pastatė apskritos formos šventyklą San Pjetro in Motorijo vienuolyno kieme.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai renesanso Romoje gimimas. 1514 m. Sangalas pradeda Fornezi rūmų statybą, 1506 m. popiežiaus Juliaus II pavedimu Barmantė padeda pamatus grandiozinei to meto statybai – Šv. Petro Bazilikai, kurios vyriausiuoju statytoju 1547 m. buvo paskirtas Mikelandželas. Jam vadovaujant, per 27 metus buvo užbaigti pagrindiniai statybos darbai, centriškas pastatas apvainikuotas kupolu. Su Mikelandželo vardu ir Šv. Petro bazilikos statyba susijusi naujos architektūros srovės – baroko pradžia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Baroko gimimas Romoje siejosi su vėlesnės, dekoratyvinės romėnų architektūros (Nervos forumas, Septimo Severo triumfo arka ir kt.) propogavimu. Ne veltui Mikelandželas domėjosi dekoratyviniu, o ne klasikinių romėnų architektūros stiliumi. Jis taip pat buvo barokinės urbanistikos pionierius. Jo suprojektuota ir pastatyta Kapitolijaus aikštė  yra pirmas bandymas atsisakyti uždarų stačiakampių aikščių, atiduoti pirmenybę dekoratyviniam pradui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Naujas šuolis urbanistikoje buvo Romos miesto rekonstrukcija. XVI a. pabaigoje Roma buvo senovės antikos ir viduramžiškos statybos mišinys. Užstatyta teritorija užpildė tik vieną trečdalį to ploto, kurį supo imperatoriaus Aurelijaus pastatytos gynybinės sienos. Mieste dominavo stambių tūrių romėnų statyti Panteonas ir Koliziejus, buvo išlikę Antonijaus ir Trajano kolonos, Aurelijaus statula ir kiti senovės Romos paminklai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-14 11:10:47',62,'','2010-07-14 11:15:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-14 11:10:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,191,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(951,'Duomenų kodavimas dekodavimas','duomen-kodavimas-dekodavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduotis: parašyti programą, kuri užkoduotų lietuvišką tekstą į užšifruotą lietuvišką tekstą, panaudojant alfabeto simbolių pakeitimą pagal vieną skaitmeninį raktą. Taip pat turi būti programa, kuri tą tekstą iššifruotų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Realizacija: užduotis realizuojama dvejomis atskiromis programomis, iš kurių viena skirta duomenų užkodavimui, o kita – atkodavimui. Taip priartėjama prie realios situacijos – pašalinis asmuo negalės panaudoti užkodavimo programos tokiu pačiu būdu užšifruotų duomenų atkodavimui. Kadangi duomenys skirti užkodavimui yra tekstas iš lotyniškų arba lietuviškų raidžių, tai jų simboliai surašomi į atskirą failą – “Alfabet.txt”. Jis patogus tuo, kad galima ta pačia programa užkoduoti kitų simbolių tekstą - tik prieš tai reikia atitinkamai modifikuoti šį failą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-19 08:48:40',62,'','2010-08-18 11:47:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 08:48:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',11,0,320,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(952,'Algoritmo sąvoka ir savybės','algoritmo-svoka-ir-savybs','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiekvienas žmogus kasdien susiduria su įvairiais uždaviniais: ne tik paprasčiausiais, gerai žinomais, bet ir labai sudėtingais. Dažnai, net nesusimąstome, kokius veiksmus atliekame. Į juos atkreipiame dėmesį tik tada, kai dar nežinome, kaip darbą padaryti arba kai norime kam nors kitam išaiškinti, kaip atlikti darbą. Veiksmus tenka atlikti ne tik su daiktais, žaliava, bet ir su informacija (duomenimis). Tokiais atvejais sakoma, kad informacija yra apdorojama.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Duomenų apdorojimo taisyklės vadinamos algoritmu. Kitaip tariant, algoritmas - tai taisyklių rinkinys, nusakantis, kaip iš vienų duomenų gauti kitus. Žodis \"algoritmas\" kilęs iš IX a. gyvenusio uzbekų kilmės arabų matematiko Muchamedo ibn Musa Chorezmio lotyniškai parašyto vardo Algorithmi. Algoritmu buvo laikomas tik keturių aritmetinių veiksmų atlikimo taisyklės. Vėliau suteikta platesnė prasmė. Algoritmo sąvoka pradėta vartoti žymint veiksmų seką, nusakančią kokius veiksmus ir kokia tvarka reikia atlikti, norint išspręsti duoto tipo uždavinį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1) diskretumas - savybė, panaudojama sudarant algoritmą, kai svarbiausia - uždavinio sprendimą ar kurį nors atliekamą darbą išskaidyti į atskirus veiksmus. Veiksmai turi būti užrašomi aiškiai, griežtai, vienareikšmiai, taip, kad būtų suprantami atliekantiems algoritmą. 2) aiškumas - savybė,kurią turi tenkinti visi algoritmai. Pvz.: reikia apskaičiuoti trikampio plotą, kai žinomi vis trijų jo kraštinių ilgiai. Pasinaudodami Herono formule, čia a,b,c - kraštinės ilgiai, o p - trikampio pusperometris sudarome algoritmą, užrašydami veiksmus ta tvarka, kuria jie turi būti atliekami.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-19 09:07:52',62,'','2010-07-19 09:21:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 09:07:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,319,'','',0,42,'robots=\nauthor='),(953,'Dalis informatikos bilietų','dalis-informatikos-biliet','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Algoritmo pavyzdys kasdieniniame gyvenime galėtų būti kad ir makaronų virimas. Mes tai darome taip:<br />1)     užkaičiame vandenį,<br />2)     įdedame druskos,<br />3)     paimame makaronų dėžutę,<br />4)     įdedame makaronus į vandenį,<br />5)     laukiame kol išvirs,<br />6)     valgome.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ir šį sąrašą galima plėsti ir plėsti. Taigi visa ši užrašyta makaronų virimo receptūra yra ne kas kita kaip algoritmas. Tik mes nevisada tai suvokiame kaip algoritmą, o viską darome mechaniškai. Algoritmas užrašomas įvairiais būdais. Programos algoritmas irgi yra nekas kita, kaip “makaronų virimas”. Čia irgi reikia nustatyti kompiuterio darbo eigą įvairiais atvejais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">ALGORITMO SĄVYBĖS:<br />1)     baigtumas - visada pasiekiamas teisingas atsakymas, jei tik jis egzistuoja,<br />2)     aiškumas - veiksmai užrašomi aiškiai, griežtai, vienareikšmiškai, taip, kad būtų suprantami visiems, kas aplieka algoritmą,<br />3)     masiškumas - su tuo pačiu algoritmu galima spręsti daug to paties tipo uždavinių,<br />4)     diskretumas - algoritmas būna išskaidytas į kiek galimas smulkesnius žingsnelius, tuo padidinant algoritmo tikslumą.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-19 09:22:01',62,'','2010-07-19 09:26:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 09:22:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,318,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(954,'Nežinomojo kartojimų skaičiaus ciklas','neinomojo-kartojim-skaiiaus-ciklas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dažnai susiduriame su veiksmais, kuriuos reikia atlikti daug kartų. Tešlą minkome tol, kol nelimpa prie pirštų. Taip ir programose. Tačiau pakartoti tuos pačius veiksmus - neracionalu. Pakartotiniams veiksmams užrašyti vartojama speciali programavimo konstrukcija - ciklas. Jei kartojimų skaičius žinomas iš anksto (iki kartojimų pradžios), tai patogu vartoti ciklo sakinį FOR. Priešingu atveju reikia vartoti sakinį WHILE arba REPEAT.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sakinys (kuris dažnai būna sudėtinis) esantis šiame cikle, kartojamas tol, kol loginio reiškinio reikšmė yra TRUE. Jei loginio reiškinio reikšmė iš karto yra FALSE, tai sakinys neatliekamas nei karto. Amžinas ciklas - viena būdingiausių programavimo klaidų. Cikle turi būti sakinys, kuris keičia loginio reiškinio reikšmę. Priešingu atveju sakinys bus iš viso nevykdomas (kai loginio reiškinio reikšmė FALSE ir ciklas neatliekdamas nė karto) arba loginio reiškinio reikšmė bus pastovi ir ciklas nesibaigs. Ciklo antraštė valdo tik vieno (po jos einančio) sakinio kartojimą. Jeigu reikia kartoti kelis sakinius, tai jie jungiami į sudėtinį sakinį (apgaubiami žodžiais BEGIN ir END).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-19 09:27:28',62,'','2010-07-19 09:34:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 09:27:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,317,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(955,'OOP java R. Vaicekauskas ir kiti ','oop-java-r-vaicekauskas-ir-kiti-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Interfeisas - tai sąrašas metodų, kurie bus realizuoti klasėje (klasėse). Jokių metodų realizacijų (kūnų) interfeise nėra. Interfeisai turi savo hierarchijų, kuri nesikerta su klasių paveldėjimo hierarchija. Tai leidžia realizuoti tą patį interfeisą klasėse, nesusijusiose hierarchiškai pagal klasių paveldėjimo liniją. Interfeisas yra panašus į abstrakčią klasę, bet turi keletą esminių skirtumų: 1. Klasė gali realizuoti kelis interfeisus, kai tuo tarpu paveldėti gali tik vieną. 2. Interfeiso metodai pasirenkami dinamiškai, t.y., programos vykdymo metu (rekia nepamiršti, jog tai pailgina vykdymo laiką).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. Interfeisas gali būti realizuotas kitoje programavimo kalboje. 4. Interfeisą galima sėkmingai panaudoti tų pačių konstančių importavimui į atskiras klases (panašiai kaip #define h tipo failuose C++ kalboje). 5. Interfeisas negali turėti ir realizuotų metodų, o abstract klasė gali.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-19 09:40:53',62,'','2010-07-20 07:56:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 09:40:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,316,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(956,'Lygiagretaus programavimo namų darbas','lygiagretaus-programavimo-nam-darbas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduotis:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">22. Bankomatai. Bankas aptarnauja n klientų per k bankomatų. Kliento sąskaitoje iš pradžių yra kažkiek pinigų. Kiekvienas klientas gali: 1)paimti pinigų iš bankomato, sąskaita negali būti neigiama. Bankomatų pinigų resursai riboti ir skirtingi. 2)sužinoti balansą. Kiekvienas klientas turi savo PIN – kurį kiekvienai operacijai nurodo. Jei blogas PIN bankas neaptarnauja. Jei PIN blogai nurodomas 3 kartus iš eilės tam pačiam bankomate – sąskaita uždaroma.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Programos procesų bei procedūrų aprašymas:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Masyve Saskaita yra visos klientų paimtos is banko sumos ir pradiniai likuciai banke. Masyvas saskaita yra monitoriaus Bankas vidinis masyvas. Monitorius Bankas apsaugo, kad pri masyvo Saskaita vienu metu prieitų tik vienas bankomatas. Monitoriaus eksportuojamos procedųros yra Balansas, paimti ir pinuskaitymas. <br />BnProcesai – tai bankomatų procesai, juose tikrinami Pin bei norimos paimti pinigų sumos. Prie bankomato vienu metu gali preiti tik vienas klientas, tam uztikrinti naudojami Ada – style randevous kanalai. KlProcesai – tai klientų procesų masyvas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-19 09:52:36',62,'','2010-07-19 09:55:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 09:52:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,315,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(957,'Programavimo pagrindai','programavimo-pagrindai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaičiavimo sistemos</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaičiavimo sistema yra visuma būdų ir priemonių, leidžianti užrašyti ar kitaip pateikti skaičius. Skaitmens reikšmė priklauso nuo užimamos vietos (pozicijos) skaičiuje.<br />Skaičiavimo sistemos pagrindu laikomas skaičius, kuris parodo kiek kartų padidėja arba sumažėja vieno ir to paties skaitmens reikšmė, kai jis perkeliamas į vieną iš šalia esančių pozicijų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dvejetainė skaičiavimo sistema teturi tik du simbolius. Tai 0 ir 1. Ji yra elektroninių schemų pagrindas, nes tik tokia sistema leidžia skaitinėmis reikšmėmis nustatyti elektroninių schemų būvį. Elektros krūvio buvimas tam tikruose schemos taškuose gali būti  laikomas vienetu, o nebuvimas - nuliu (arba atvirkščiai). Kad žmogui būtų suprantami kompiuterio apdorojimui pateikiami skaičiai bei apdorojimo rezultatai, ir kad kompiuteris galėtų atlikti tokį apdorojimą, būtina skaičius iš dešimtainės skaičiavimo sistemos galėti pervesti į dvejetainę ir atvirkščiai, iš dvejetainės į dešimtainę skaičiavimo sistemą. Toks skaičių pervedimas nėra paprastas ir patogus, todėl naudojama tarpinė šešioliktainė skaičiavimo sistema, o šešioliktainiai simboliai gali būti tiesiogiai perkeliami į dvejetainę skaičiavimo sistemą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-19 09:55:37',62,'','2010-07-19 09:57:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 09:55:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,314,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(958,'Loginiai reiškiniai. Teisingumo lentelės','loginiai-reikiniai-teisingumo-lentels','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Loginį reiškinį sudaro loginės konstantos (0 ir 1), loginiai kintamieji, loginių operacijų ženklai ir lenktiniai skliaustai. Remiantis loginėmis operacijomis ir reiškinių sudarymo taisyklėmis, galima simboliškai užrašyti įvairius šnekamojoje ir matematinėje kalboje vartojamus teiginius. Pvz. : Aš turiu pinigų, kad galiu nusipirkti arba kostiumą arba batus ir dviratį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš teisingumo lentelės galima gauti loginį reiškinį kiekvienai teisingumo lentelės eilutei, kurios rezultatas lygus vienetui, rašomas loginis reiškinys - visų kintamųjų konjunkcija. Tie kintamieji, kurių reikšmės pažymėtos vienetais, reiškiny rašomi be neigimo ženklo, o tie, kurių reikšmės pažymėtos nuliu - su neigimo ženklu visi gauti reiškiniai (konjunkcijos) sujungiami disjunkcijų ženklais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-19 09:58:27',62,'','2010-07-19 10:45:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 09:58:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,313,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(959,'Duomenų bazių reliacinė teorija','duomen-bazi-reliacin-teorija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tradicinis duomenų bazių projektavimas apibrėžiamas, kaip procesas, kurio metu yra analizuojami vartotojų poreikiai, aprašomos duomenų savybės ir poreikiams. relevantinė informacija atvaizduojama DBVS palaikomomis duomenų struktūromis [1]. Šis procesas suskaidomas į keturis etapus: reikalavimų analizės fazę, konceptualaus, loginio ir fizinio projektavimo fazes. Konceptualaus projektavimo fazėje modeliuojama vartotojų informacija bei jos apdorojimas. Šioje fazėje naudojami trys pagrindiniai semantiniai modeliai - objektinis, EER- ir reliacinis duomenų modeliai. Šie modeliai yra neutralūs, neorientuoti į konkretų DBVS palaikomą modelį. Reikalavimų analizės fazėje giliai analizuojama  organizacijos veikla ir rezultate tiksliai aprašomos atskirų vartotojų grupių funkcijos. Tačiau duomenų struktūros paprastai lieka netiksliai apibrėžtos, neformalizuotos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Konceptualaus projektavimo fazėje formalizuojami semantiniai sąryšiai tarp probleminių sąvokų, panaudojant tam tikrą vieną ar net kelis semantinius duomenų modelius. Pastaruoju atveju integruojant atskirų vartotojų grupių informacijos poreikius konceptualiniame lygmenyje skirtingus duomenų semantinius modelius tenka transformuoti, kad specifikuoti duomenų bendrąsias savybes globalinėje schemoje. Loginio projektavimo fazėje sudaroma DB loginė schema, orientuota į pasirinktos DBVS duomenų modelį, kuris gali skirtis nuo duomenų modelio, panaudoto, sudarant globalinę schemą. Čia taip reikalingos modelio transformacijos, ypač tuo atveju, kai norima loginę schemą suprojektuoti automatizuotu būdu. Savo ruožtu, kuriant sofistines, plačios paskirties DBVS stengiamasi suprogramuoti unifikuotus duomenų manipuliavimo modulius, orientuotus į tipinių plataus spektro semantinių duomenų sąryšių apdorojimą. Tokie sąryšiai dar vadinami duomenų abstrakcijomis. Fizinio projektavimo metu DBVS palaikomo duomenų modelio loginė schema papildoma konkrečios kompiuterinės aplinkos  ir operacinės sistemos duomenų fiziniais parametrais. Šitokia nuosekli projektavimo fazių seka būdinga taip vadinamai duomenų tiesioginei inžinerijai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-19 10:45:52',62,'','2010-07-19 10:48:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 10:45:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,312,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(960,'Dinaminiai html','dinaminiai-html','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dinaminis HTML yra technologija, apjungianti savyje HTML, stilių sąrašus ir skriptus, bei leidžianti Web puslapiams keistis ir realizuojanti animaciją. Be to, kai puslapis buvo užkrautas iš serverio, nebereikalingas ryšys su serveriu - viskas vyksta vartotojo kompiuteryje. Dinaminiuose HTML vartotojui spaudžiant klavišus, važinėjant su pele ar spaudžiant jos klavišus, keičiasi Web puslapio teksto dydis, spalva, padėtis ir t.t. Galima animacija, puslapio elementai gali judėti aplinkui, atskiri elementai gali dingti ir vėl pasimatyti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kai kurie DHTML privalumai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. DHTML leidžia elgtis su visu Web puslapiu, kaip programuojamu objektu.Tai leidžia Web puslapiams geriau reaguoti į įvedamus duomenis ir komandas, pateikiamas vartotojo. 2. Papildomos multimedijos panaudojimo, maketų kūrimo galimybės. Pranešimo laukų judėjimas, šrifto spalvos keitimas, specialūs filtrai (pvz. šešėlių kūrimas) ir daugelis kitų priemonių leidžia sukurti interaktyvesnius dokumentus. 3. Serverio apkrovimo sumažinimas. Žiūrint vartotojui DHTML visi duomenys iš pat pradžių paimami iš serverio ir perkeliami į vartotojo kompiuterį. Po to darbas vyksta tik pastarojo kompiuteryje. Taip mažiau apkraunamas ir tinklas, ir serveris. 4. Interaktyvumo lygio padidėjimas. Dinaminio Web puslapio turinys gali būti pakeistas priklausomai nuo vartotojo veiksmų (pvz. vartotojas su pele gali tampyti atskirus objektus, matomus ekrane). 5. Duomenų bazių palaikymas. Leidžia pateikti duomenis puslapyje be pakartotino kreipimosi į serverį, kad šis prileistų prie informacijos. 6. Duomenų išvedimo (patalpinimo) supaprastėjimas.Duomenys gali būti išvedami iš karto, kai jie yra gaunami. Anksčiau reikėdavo gauti visus duomenis, ir tik po to juos buvo galima išvesti į ekraną. 7. Sąrašų stilių pagerinimas.Čia galima patalpinti papildomos informacijos, kuri leidžia sutrumpinti puslapio formatavimo atributų aprašymą. 8. Kelių platformų palaikymas. Palaiko Windows, Macintosh, UNIX ir kt. Dinaminiame HTML galimas ne tik paprastas Web puslapio elementų atributų keitimas, bet ir galima transformuoti patį tekstą. Visi taisymai vykdomi realiame laike.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-19 10:49:17',62,'','2010-07-19 11:15:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 10:49:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,311,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(961,'Kompiuterinė programinė įranga','kompiuterin-programin-ranga','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompiuteris – tai įrenginys, skirtas  palengvinti žmogaus darbą. Visi nurodymai (programos), kuriuos turi atlikti kompiuteris yra surašomi kompiuteriui suprantama kalba jo atmintyje. Vadinasi, jei norime, kad kompiuteris atliktų kokią nors užduotį, turime reikiamą programą įrašyti  į kompiuterio atmintinę. Pavyzdžiui, jei norime suvesti kokį nors tekstą į kompiuterį, galime pasinaudoti teksto tvarkymo programą, tarkim Microsoft Word, kuria Jūs dabar ir naudojatės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visos programos, skirtos koordinuoti (reguliuoti) kompiuterio darbą arba apdoroti informaciją yra vadinamos programine įranga. Kai kuriuos veiksmus kompiuteris atlieka visuomet. Pavyzdžiui, Jūsų parašytas raides paversti jam suprantama kalba, vedžiojant pelę kilimėliu, tuo pačiu judinti pelės rodyklėlę ekrane. Programos, kurios valdo kompiuterio darbą ir susieja žmogaus veiksmus su kompiuterio veiksmais vadinamos operacine sistema.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-19 11:17:41',62,'','2010-07-19 11:37:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 11:17:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,310,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(962,'Excel','excel','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• Lentelės kursorius – paryškintų linijų rėmelis darbo lentelėje, kuris žymi aktyvų, parengtą duomenų rašymui, ekrane rodomos lentelės langelį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• Valdymo komandų meniu - pele arba funkciniais valdymo klavišais parenkamų paketo valdymo komandų vardų sąrašas arba komandas vaizduojančių ženkliukų rinkinys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• Įvedimo laukas – ekrano eilutė tarp valdymo komandų ženkliukų juostos ir darbo lango, kurioje yrarodomi aktyvaus langelio saugomi arba į jį įvedami duomenys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• Valdymo ženkliukų meniu - pele parenkamų valdymo komandų grafinių įvaizdžių juosta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• Darbo lentelių parinkimo žymės – į darbo langą siunčiamų darbo knygos lentelių parinkimui skirtos žymės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• Informacinis laukas – ekrano dalis su duomenimis apie paketo darbo režimą ir tvarkomo dokumento savybes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• Procesų konstruktorius (Wizard) – dialoginė paketo valdymo priemonė, kuri siūlo vartotojui tipinių lentelių tvarkymo darbų organizavimui skirtą komandų seką ir konsultuoja apie tų veiksmų valdymo būdus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pačiame viršuje, kaip ir daugelyje Windows terpės programų, yra meniu eilutė, truputį žemiau standartinė įrankių juosta, na o dar žemiau turėtų būti formulės juosta Formula Bar. Toliau prieiname prie pačios Excel lentelės. Ji yra sudaryta iš ląstelių cells, kurios yra gražiai surikiuotos į stulpelius columns ir eilutes rows. Kairėje ekrano pusėje yra vertikaliai sunumeruotos eilutės (nuo 1 iki 65536), o viršuje - horizontaliai stulpeliai (nuo A iki IV). Kiekviena ląstelė turi savo koordinates, eilutės ir stulpelio atžvilgiu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-19 11:37:12',62,'','2010-07-19 12:01:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 11:37:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,309,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(963,'Algoritmas','algoritmas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Algoritmas – tai nurodymų seka tam, kas turės atlikti užduotį. Algoritmas – tai aiškūs ir tikslūs nurodymai, kaip ir kokių veiksmų seką reikia atlikti norint pasiekti užsibrėžtą tikslą arba išspręsti suformuluotą uždavinį. Algoritmas – tai aiškiai suformuluotas taisyklių rinkinys kuriam nors tikslui pasiekti. Informacijos (duomenų) apdorojimo taisyklės vadinamos algoritmais. T.y. algoritmas – tai taisyklių rinkinys, kuriuo nurodoma, kaip iš vienų duomenų gauti kitus. Duomenys, kurie žinomi prieš atliekant algoritmą, vadinami pradiniais duomenimis arba argumentais. Duomenys, kurie gaunami atlikus algoritmą, vadinami galutiniais duomenimis arba rezultatais. Algoritme gali būti ir tokių duomenų, kurie nėra nei argumentais, nei rezultatais. Tokie duomenys vadinami papildomais arba tarpiniais duomenimis. T.y. Papildomais arba tarpiniais duomenimis vadinami tokie duomenys, kurie nėra nei argumentai, nei rezultatai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dydžiai, kurių reikšmė niekuomet nekinta, vadinami konstantomis. Galimybė išskaidyti algoritmo veiksmus žingsniais vadinama algoritmo diskretumu. Algoritmo aiškumas – tai jo pateikimas vykdytojui suprantama ir aiškia kalba. Norint gauti rezultatą, atliekamų veiksmų skaičius visuomet turi būti baigtinis. Ši algoritmo savybė vadinama baigtinumu. Algoritmo tinkamumas įvairioms pradinių duomenų reikšmėms vadinamas universalumu. Algoritmo rezultatyvumas: algoritmas turi duoti kokį nors konkretų rezultatą. Algoritmavimo ir programavimo kalbos – tai žymenų ir taisyklių sistemos, pritaikytos veiksmams ir jų atlikimo tvarkai aprašyti taip, kad algoritmą galėtų atlikti kompiuteris ar koks kitas automatas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-19 12:01:49',62,'','2010-07-19 12:05:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 12:01:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,308,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(964,'FrontPage Explorer','frontpage-explorer','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinė FrontPage 98 paketo dalis – FrontPage Explorer programa, kuria kuriama, redaguojama bei peržiūrima interneto svetainės struktūra. FrontPage Explorer programa galima peržiūrėti ir redaguoti svetainėje esančius puslapius, bylas, peržiūrėti katalogus, svetainės navigaciją, peržiūrėti bei redaguoti nuorodas, svetainės dizaino temas. FrontPage Explorer programa patogi tuo, kad iš jos galima valdyti visus FrontPage 98 paketo komponentus: Editor, Image Composer, Publish Wizzard bei  Personal Web Server  (PWS).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmą kartą paleidę FronPage Explorer, pamatysite langą Getting Started su keliomis opcijomis.<br />Jei nenorite kiekvieną kartą paleisdami Explorer programą matyti šį langą, varnele pažymėkite lauką Always Open Last Web – programa automatiškai iškvies paskutinę redaguotą svetainę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasirinkus One Page Web, jame bus kuriama vieno puslapio svetainė. Laukelyje Choose a title for your FrontPage web įrašykite svetainės pavadinimą. Spustelėdami Change mygtuką galėsite keisti svetainės adresą. Opcija Import an Existing Web padės perkelti kita programa sukurtą svetainę. Pasirinkę From Wizard or Template, svetainę galėsite kurti pagal šabloną. Šablonai pateikiami žemiau pateiktame laukelyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Corporate Presence Wizard šablonas puikiai tinka kuriant firmos ar kompanijos svetainę.  Pasirinkus jį, pateikiama keletas klausimų – atsakę į juos sukursite svetainę, turinčią visą informaciją apie jūsų firmą. Customer Support Web šablonas padės internete sukurti firmos klientų aptarnavimo sistemą. Discussion Web Wizard šablonas padės sukurti diskusijų svetainę su įvairiapuse paieška. Empty Web šablonas sukuria tuščią svetainę. Personal Web sukuria asmeninės svetainės karkasą. Project Web svetainės gelbsti vadovaujant projektams. Svetainėje pateikiama informacija apie projekto dalyvius, jo eigą,  kita informacija. Šablonai praverčia tuomet, kai norite greitai ir be didesnių pastangų sukurti specifinę svetainę. Tačiau jie dažnai neatitinka kūrėjų keliamų reikalavimų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-19 12:09:49',62,'','2010-07-19 12:13:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 12:09:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,307,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(965,'Plyta Pascalio programa','plyta-pascalio-programa','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">TIKSLAS. Išmokti įeiti į Turbo Paskalio aplinką iš WINDOWS\'95. Įsisąvinti integruotos Paskalio aplinkos: 1) Redaktorių; 2) Kompiliatorių; 3) Komponuotoją. Susipažinti su Paskalio algoritminės kalbos sintakse, programos forma, struktūra.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-19 12:52:54',62,'','2010-07-19 12:58:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 12:52:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,306,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(966,'Programuojamo taimerio tyrimas','programuojamo-taimerio-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Susipažinti su programuojamo taimerio KP580Bl/l53 struktūra, funkcionavimu, darbo režimais ir jų programavimu, procesoriaus pertraukimu pagal taimerio signalus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Konkreti užduotis. Sudaryti programą tirti taimerio funkcionavimui 0, 1 ir 2 režimais ir nubraižyti laiko diagramas. Programas sudaryti darbui realiame laike, t.y. skaičius N turi būti įrašomas į skaitiklį ir signalas GATE įjungiamas reikiamu laiko momentu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-19 12:58:36',62,'','2010-07-19 13:01:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 12:58:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,305,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(967,'2000 metų Informatikos egzamino klausimai, atsakymai, užduotys','2000-met-informatikos-egzamino-klausimai-atsakymai-uduotys','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacija - tai žinios kurias galime perduoti, priimti, įsiminti. Ją gauname iš aplinkos ir pasiekiame jutimo organais. Pvz. : Suskamba durų skambutis - žinau, jog kažkas atėjo; perskaitę laikraštį sužinom, kas naujo pasaulyje. Informacija padeda pašalinti nemoksliškumą. Ankstesniais amžiais buvo universalūs žiniuoniai. Dabar mokslininkas negali sutalpinti į galvą visų savo srities žinių. Kaip susidoroti su tokiu informacijos srautu ? Reikalingi kompiuteriai, nes žmogus jau nebepajėgus sukišti tokį didelį informacijos kiekį. Gyvenime mes nuolat susiduriam su informacija, tai yra, įvairiomis žiniomis, kurias gauname iš mus supančio pasaulio.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacija saugoma, perduodama, apdorojama. Jau senovėje svarbios žinios buvo užrašomos molinėje plytelėje, akmenyse, vėliau ant popieriaus lapo, knygose. Raštas - taip pat tinka informacijos perdavimui. Vieno žmogaus parašyto tekstą perskaito kitas. Rašytinę informaciją perduoda paštas, knygynai, bibliotekos. Vėliau atrastas greitesnis perdavimo būdas - tai elektrinės ir elektroninės ryšio priemonės : faksas, telefonas, televizija, radijas. Dar vėliau imta ieškoti ekonomiškesnių ir patikimesnių būdų. Šio šimtmečio viduryje atsirado naujas mokslas - informacijos teorija (pradininkas Klaudijus Šenonas). Gautą informaciją nuolat lyginame, darome išvadas, kuriame hipotezes. Šį protinį darbą galime laikyti informacijos apdorojimu, o smegenis - informacijos apdorojimo fabriku, turinčiu saugyklą - atmintį. Protinio darbo automatizavimui buvo sukurtos skaičiavimo mašinos. Skaičiavimas - irgi informacijos apdorojimas. Dabartinės mašinos gali įvairiai apdoroti informaciją : versti iš vienos kalbos į kitą, iš pateiktų ligos simptomų nustatyti diagnozę, žaisti šachmatais, užsakyti lėktuvo bilietą ir t.t. Šios mašinos vadinamos KOMPIUTERIAIS. Informatika - mokslas apie informaciją, jos perdavimą, kaupimą, saugojimą ir svarbiausia apdorojimą. Mes daug girdime apie kompiuterius, apie jų nuostabiausias galimybes. Vėliau ar anksčiau tauta vis tiek susidurs su kompiuteriais.Informatika padeda suvokti kokius darbus ir kaip gali atlikti kompiuteris. Kompiuteris skirtas informacijai apdoroti (įvairūs skaičiavimai, kūrimas mokslinių duomenų apie įvairius objektus, kaupimas, rūšiavimas). Vadinasi, reikia turėti nors minimalų supratimą apie informaciją, jos apdorojimo dėsnius. Tos informacijos apdorojimo pagrindas - algoritmai. Tada reikia suvokti algoritmus, mokėti juos sudaryti ir suprasti kitų sudarytus. Visa tai nagrinėja informatikos mokslas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-19 13:03:04',62,'','2010-07-19 13:06:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 13:03:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,304,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(968,'Mikroprocesoriaus Intel - 8080 darbo tyrimas','mikroprocesoriaus-intel-8080-darbo-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Susipažinti su mikroprocesoriaus Intel - 8080 architektūra, jo veikimo pagrindais ir komandų sistema.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paruošti atsakymus į šiuos klausimus: 1. Kokios yra pagrindinės mikro ESM sudedamosios dalys ir kokias funkcijas jos atlieka? 2. Iš kokių pagrindinių dalių sudarytas šis mikroprocesorius, kam jos reikalingos? Ką vadiname adresų erdve, nuo ko ji priklauso? Kokie yra registrinės ir operatyviosios atminties pranašumai ir kuo jos skiriasi? Pagrindiniai mikroprocesoriaus Intel - 8080 valdymo signalai, kokias funkcijas jie atlieka? Kokią informaciją perteikia procesoriaus būsenos žodžio (PSW) atskiri bitai? Ką vadiname mašininiu žodžiu, ciklu, taktu? Kada ir kokia informacija perduodama apie magistralės būseną? Kokiais dviem pagrindiniais būdais prie mikro ESM jungiami išoriniai (periferiniai) įrenginiai? Kaip adresuojami išoriniai įrenginiai?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-19 13:07:06',62,'','2010-07-19 13:19:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 13:07:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,303,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(969,'Terminai','terminai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1) LLC  (Logical link control) (loginio ryšio valdymas) – viršutinė OSI antro lygio (ryšio) dalis, bendra visiems IEEE LAN standrtams įskainant ETHERNET ir Token ring. Jis kontroliuoja duomenų persiuntimą paketais LAN. 2) MAC (media access control) – apatinis OSI 2 lygio sluoksnis, atsakingas už priėjimo kontrolę fiziniame lygyje. Kiekvienas LAN tipas turi savo MAC lygį, pavyzdžiui CSMA/CD funkcionuoja kaip Ethernetas. 3) MAU (multi – station access unit) ( daugialio stočių priėjimo įrenginys) – tai yra Token ringo koncentratorius palaikanti iki 8 įrenginių kiekvienoje LAN žvaigždės ląstelėje. 4) NIC (network interface card). 5) MTU ( maximum transmission unit) – jisai kontroliuja maksimalų duomenų perdavimo ilgį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">6) Peer – to – peer – bendravimas tarp dviejų įrenginių, kurių kiekvienas turi atitinkamą kontrolę per sesiją, kuris yra paskirstytas į master/slave bendravimą,  kur master yra host kompiuteris, kuris turi pilną kontrolę. 7) PPP (Poin – to – point)  - tai alternatyva OSPF ir RIP maršrutiniams protokolams, tikslu labiau specilizzuotas pasikeičiant maršrutizavimo tarp paprastų poin-to-point ryšių, kaip telefoninės linijos ir t.t. Tai įgalina maršrutizatorius (routers) iš skirtingų šaltinių  sąveika point-to-pint grandine. 8) Protokolas – taisyklės, kuriomis nustatomas duomenų pasikeitimas tinkle. 9) Twisted pair – UTP ir STP. 10) Backbone network – tinklas tipiškai jungiantis individualius LAN tiklus. Dažniausiai, bet ne visada backbone yra didesnės apimties negu LAN. Gali kartais dengti didelį plotą sujungiant skirtingus LAN, šiuo atveju backbone bus mažesnės talpos negu LAN.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-19 13:19:41',62,'','2010-07-19 13:24:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 13:19:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,302,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(970,'Grafikos elementų paruošimas publikavimui internete','grafikos-element-paruoimas-publikavimui-internete','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiame modulyje kalbama apie grafinių multimedijos elementų kūrimą bei apdorojimą. Pagrindiniai dalykai, į kuriuos reikia atkreipti dėmesį, yra failo dydis (failo dydžio ir kokybės santykis) ir failų formatų standartai. Kuo daugiau vietos diske užima failas, tuo ilgiau jis siunčiamas į vartotojo kompiuterį. Jei norite, kad jūsų tinklalapius galėtų matyti kuo daugiau žmonių, stenkitės naudoti tik standartinius failų formatus, nes Interneto naršyklės (programos) „supranta” tik tam tikrus failų formatus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kadangi naudojant paveikslėlius ir kitus multimedijos elementus ilgėja tinklalapio siuntimo laikas, šios priemonės naudotinos tik gerai apgalvojus. Tinklalapį perkrauti grafikos elementais yra tokia pat blogybė kaip ir visiškai jais nesinaudoti. Viename šio kurso skyriuje kalbama apie atvaizdų skaitmenizavimą – paveikslėlių bei trimačių objektų skenavimą plokščiaisiais skeneriais. Dažniausiai tinklalapiuose vartojami grafikos elementai yra statiniai paveikslėliai bei GIF animacija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Statinių paveikslėlių formatai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Formatas – tai taisyklių rinkinys, failo kodavimo sistemos apibrėžimas. Formatai naudojami tam, kad sukurtą failą galėtų peržiūrėti ir kiti žmonės kitame kompiuteryje. Tai lyg kalbėjimas viena kalba. Jei žinote failo formatą – žinote, kokią programą naudoti jam peržiūrėti, redaguoti ir t.t. Jei nebūtų failų formatų, nebūtų įmanoma kaupti informaciją ir ja keistis. Failų formatų yra labai daug. Kai kurie jų naudojami tik specifinėms užduotims atlikti ir nėra plačiai paplitę, tačiau yra ir standartinių failų formatų, kuriuos naudoja daugelis programų. Tai TXT ir DOC formatai tekstiniams failams koduoti, TIFF, PICT formatai spausdinti skirtiems vaizdams, GIF ir JPEG formatai Interneto grafikai vaizduoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-19 13:24:23',62,'','2010-07-19 13:27:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 13:24:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,301,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(971,'Džordžas Bušas','dordas-buas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">41 – asis JAV prezidentas Džordžas Bušas gimė 1924 metų birželio 12 d. Miltono mieste. Tėvas – žymus respublikonų partijos veikėjas. 1952 - 1963 m. Konektikuto valstijos atstovaujantis senatorius JAV kongrese. Motina – Doroti Voker – kilusi iš Niu Jorko bankininkų šeimos. Antrojo pasaulinio karo metais Džordžas Bušas tarnavo savanorius karo laivyno aviacijoje. 1945 - 1948 m. mokėsi Jelvo universitete, gavo humanitarinių mokslų bakalauro laipsnį. 1953 - 1959 m. firmos “Zapata petkoleum korporeišn” sreigėjas ir direktorius. 1966 m. pardavė savo firmą ir atsidėjo vien tik politikai, tapo aktyviu respublikonų  partijos veikėju. 1966 m. išrinktas į JAV kongreso atstovų rūmus. 1970-1973 m. - JAV nuolatinis atstovas prie Suvienitųjų Nacijų Organizacijos. 1973 - 1974 m. – respublikonų partijos nacionalinio komiteto pirmininkas. 1974 - 1975 m. – JAV ryšių grupės Pekine vadovas. 1975-1977 m. CŽV direktorius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Niekas taip gerai neparodo ko vertas prezidentas, kaip pasaulinė krizė. 1990 metų rugpjūčio pradžioje Džordžas Bušas pajuto tvirtą Sadamo Huseino ranką, pakilusią agresijai, ir gresiantį pavojų dėl ekonomikos komplikacijų. Nelengvą padėtį dar labiau sunkino į Kuvietą įvažiavę Irako tankai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai įvyko rugpjūty. O antroji Bušo prezidentavimo vasara jo postą buvo apgaubusi ramybės ir šveisių perspektyvų skraiste. Šaltasis karas jau pasibaigęs, ekonomika, nors lėtai, be gerėjo. Santykiai su Kongresu, kad ir būta tam tikrų nesutarimų, išliko bičiuliški. Bet Bušas neapdairiai sulaužė pažadą nedaryti pakeitimų mokesčių srityje, ir derybos su Kongresu dėl deficito sumažinimo netikėtai žlugo. Irako invazijos dėka iki padangių šoktelėjo naftos kainos. Vašingtono adresu pasigirdo nepatenkintų balsų, reikalaujančių aktyviau veikti. Laimei, Bušas kaip valstubės vadovas turi nuostabią savybę: bet kokiai situacijai susiklosčius, ramiai ar krizinei, jis gali būti toks pat energingas, veržlus, negailintis patarimų kitiems ir linkęs išklausyti kitų nuomonę. Pakankamai atsargus. Priešingai nei Reiganas, kurį dažnai užvaldydavo karštos, aistringos idėjos, Bušas pirmenybę teikia užkulisiniams susitarimams tarp draugų. Ir netik todėl, kad jis nejaukiai jaustųsi išsišokėlio kailyje. Bušas įsitikinęs, kad ginklų žvanginimas yra visiškai neproduktyvus, nesvarbu, ar tuo siekiama palenkti į savo pusę užsispyrusius demokratus Kongrese, ar sutramdyti šėlstantį arabų diktatorių. Daug daugiau naudos gali duoti susitarimas “akis į akį” už uždarų durų. Bušas puikiai tai įsisąmoninęs. Prezidentas žino, kaip veikia vyriausybės mechanizmas, ir mėgsta naudotis jo svertais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bušų šeima negali gyventi be savo draugų, skirtingai nuo Reiganų šeimos, kurie bet kokioje situacijoje stengėsi pasilikti dviese žiūrėti televizorių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Baltieji rūmai Bušų laikais visada pilni žmonių. Visada jų gausu prezidento užmiesčio rezidencijoje Kemp Devide. Tarp žmonių Bušas jaučiasi patogiai – paradiškumas, iškilmingumas jam svetimi visose situacijose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">O Bušas keitėsi. Permainos prasidėjo priešrinkiminėje kampaninjoje, kai eikėjo keisti veišąją nuomonę. Daugelio veikėjų akyse, kaip išsiaiškino apklausa, Bušas atrodė savimi patenkintas milijonierius, kuriam nerūpi prastų amerikiečių reikalai. Bušuo teko persitvarkyti, teko atsisakyti prancūziškų žodžių, kuriuos jis dažnai įterpdavo į savo pokalbius, dažniau išvykti į fermas, pramonės objekus ir reklamuoti savo potraukį paprastiems valgiams. Atkakliomis treniruotėmis Džordžui Bušui pasisekė savo balso tembrui suteikti tokį vyrišką atspalvį, kuris netrikdytų rinkėjų. Aktyviai padirbėjo specialistai ir taisydami kandidato gestikuliaciją. Pamokos padėjo: judesiai tapo laisvesni, gestai – paprastesni. Bet iki Reigano jam buvo toli. Juk reigano biografija – dešimtmečiai aktoriaus karjera. Reigano kalbas rengdavo daugybė padėjėjų. Bušui atėjus į valdžią, šie paliko baltuosius Rūmus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bušas nemėgsta bereikalingų ginčų ir prieštaravimų, vertina mokėjimą saugoti paslaptis. Prieš riziuodamas, viską gerai pasveria. Iš savo darbuotojų geba išgauti platų nuomonių diapazoną, tačiau stengiasi sutelkti administracijos dėmesį keliems svarbiausiems uždaviniams spręsti. Prezidentas už lojalumą ir kolektyvinį žaidimą, tačiau mėgsta būti komandos kapitonu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-19 19:28:55',62,'','2010-07-19 19:36:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 19:28:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,190,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(972,'Istorinės datos (špera)','istorins-datos-pera','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-19 19:38:25',62,'','2010-07-19 19:39:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 19:38:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,189,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(973,'Senovės Roma (referatas)','senovs-roma-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Romos valstybė atsirado ir sustiprėjo Apeninų pusiasalyje, kurį graikai pavadino Italija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apeninų pusiasalis yra ilga, palyginti neplati žemės juosta, giliai įsirėžusi į centrinę Viduržemio jūros dalį ir skirianti ją į dvi dalis. Pusiasalio šiaurinė siena – aukštas, sunkiai praeinamas Alpių kalnagūbris, skiriantis jį nuo Europos žemyno pagrindinio masyvo. Pusiasalio pagrindą sudaro Apeninų kalnai, šiaurės vakaruose atsišakoja nuo Alpių ir keletu grandinių nusidriekę išilgai viso pusiasalio. Iš pradžių Apeninai eina iš šiaurės vakarų į pietryčius, skirdami pusiasalį nuo vakarinio kranto iki rytinio, o kiek daugiau į pietus staiga pasuka pietvakarių link ir, pamažu žemėdami, pasiekia patį pietinį pusiasalio galą – Brutijaus sritį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėl tokio Apeninų kalnų išsidėstymo pusiasalis tartum padalytas į tris dideles srytis: šiaurinę – žemumą tarp Alpių ir Apeninų, kuria teka didžiausia Italijos upė – Padas (dabar Po) su intakais, įtekanti į Adrijos jūrą; centrinę, kurią iš šiaurės, rytų ir pietryčių supa Apeninų kalnai su pamažu žemėjančiais vakariniais šlaitais, o tai savo ruoštu šią teritoriją skiria į keletą atskirų rajonų: Arno upės slėnį, Tiberio upės slėnį ir pietuose, derlingoje Kampanijos žemumoje, Volturno upės slėnį. Trečia srytis yra pietryčių žemuma – Apulija; iš šiaurės ir šiaurės vakarų Apeninai ją skiria nuo viso pasiasalio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rytinė Apeninų pusiasalio pakrantė nebuvo patogi vystytis laivininkystei. Šiaurėje ji žeme ir pelkėta, vidurinėje dalyje, kur Apeninų kalnai siekia rytinį pusiasalio krantą, uolėta ir mažai išraižyta. Tik pietuose ir vakaruose krantai su keletu patogių įlankėlių ir užutėkių. Patogiausi yra Tarento ir Neapolio užutėkiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Arti rytinės Apeninų pusiasalio pakrantės nėra jokių salų. Visos pakrančių salos susitelkusios vakaruose. Didžiulė derlinga Sicilijos sala yra lyg žemyno tęsinys. Kiek atokiau stūkso dvi kitos didelės salos – Sardinija ir Korsika. Tarp jų ir Apeninų pusiasalio išbarstyta keletas uolėtų salelių, iš kurių didžiausia yra Ilva (dabar Elba) – netolo kranto Tirėnų jūroje ir Kaprėja (dabar Kapris) – prie įėjimo į Neapolio užutėkį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Klimatas skirtingas priklausomai nuo vienų arba kitų rajonų padėties. Žiemą šiaurėje lyja šalti lietūs ir net pasninga. Naktimis būna šalnų. Panašios klimato sąlygos ir kalnų rajonuose. O pietų ir vakarų pajūrio rajonuose šilta net žiemą, bet gausiai lija, o tai sudaro palankias sąlygas augti vešliai augmenijai.<br />Senovės Italijos gyvūnija buvo panaši į Vidurio Europos. Kalnuose ir miškuose veisėsi danieliai, kalnų ožkos, šernai, vilkai, lapės, taip pat ir įvairūs smulkūs žvėreliai, paukščiai, ropliai. Italija skalaujančiose jūrose (Adrijos, Jonijos, Tirėnų, Ligūrijos) buvo daug žuvies: tunų, plėšriųjų murenų ir kitų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apeninų pusiasalio žemės gelmės buvo palyginti neturtigos naudingųjų iškasenų. Alpių atšakose buvo randama truputį aukso ir sidabro. Centriniuose Apeninuose skaldytas marmuras: “travertitas” – pilkšvas ir “kararo” – baltas bei spalvotas. Ilvos saloje buvo kasama geležis ir varis, kitose Apeninų pusiasalio srityse storesnių metalo klodų neaptikta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apeninų pusiasalis buvo gyvenamas žiloje senovėje. Žmogaus egzistavimo pėdsakai, rasti Italijoje, rodo, kad čia gyventojų būta jau paleolito epochoje. Neolito stovyklų liekanų rasta įvairiose pusiasalio dalyse. Seniausios iš jų datuojamos IV tūkstantmečiu pr. Kr.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">III – II tūkstantmečiams pr. Kr. skiriamos polinių gyvenviečių, buvusių šiaurės Italijos upėse ir ežeruose, liekanos. Šios gyvenvietės dėl susidariusių aplink jas didelių krūvų perpuvusių šiukšlių vadinamos teramaromis (terra mara (ital.) – riebi žemė).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tose polinėse gyvenvietėse gyveno žvejai ir medžiotojai, jau susipažinę su žemdirbystės ir gyvulininkystės pradmenimis. Šalia akmeninių įrankių jie vartojo varinius ir žalvarinius.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-19 19:41:24',62,'','2010-07-19 19:45:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 19:41:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,188,'','',0,49,'robots=\nauthor='),(974,'Graikų kultūros testas','graik-kultros-testas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-19 20:06:20',62,'','2010-07-19 20:08:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 20:06:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,187,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(975,'Atlanto chartija','atlanto-chartija','','<p style=\"padding-left: 60px; text-align: justify;\">1. JAV ir Didžioji Britanija nesiekia įsigyti teritorijų ar ko kito.<br />2. Jos nesutiks su jokiais teritoriniais pakeitimais, prieštaraujančiais suinteresuotų tautų laisvai pareikštiems norams.<br />3. Jos gerbia visų tautų teisę pasirinkti valdymo formą, kokią šios nori; jos siekia atstatyti suverenines teises ir savivaldą tų tautų, kurios buvo prievarta jų netekusios.<br />4. Deramai prisilaikydamos savo įsipareigojimų, jos sieks, kad visos šalys – didelės ar mažos, nugalėtojos ar nugalėtosios – lygiomis teisėmis galėtų prekiauti ir naudotis pasaulio žaliavų šaltiniais, kurių būtinai reikia, kad tos šalys klestėtų ekonomiškai.<br />5. Jos nori pasiekti visų šalių visiško bendradarbiavimo ekonomikos srityje, kad galima būtų užtikrinti visoms aukštesnį gyvenimo lygį, ekonominį vystymąsi ir socialinį aprūpinimą.<br />6. Jos tikisi, kad, galutinai panaikinus nacistinę tironiją, įsigalės taika ir visos šalys galės saugiai gyventi savo teritorijoje; jos taip pat tikisi užtikrinti tokias sąlygas, kurioms esant, visi žmonės visose šalyse galėtų gyventi visą savo gyvenimą, nežinodami nei baimės nei skurdo.<br />7. Tokia taika turi suteikti visiems galimybę laisvai, be jokių kliūčių plaukioti jūromis ir vandenynais.<br />8. Jos laiko, kad visos pasaulio valstybės, remdamosi realistiniais ir dvasiniais samprotavimais, turi atsisakyti panaudoti jėgą, nes ateityje jokios taikos nebus galima išsaugoti, jeigu valstybės, kurios už savo ribų grasina ar gali grasinti agresija, ir toliau naudosis sausumos, jūrų ir oro ginkluote. Čerčilis ir Ruzveltas yra tos nuomonės, kad, kol bus sudaryta platesnė ir patikimesnė visuotinio saugumo sistema, tokios šalys turi būti nuginkluotos. Anglija ir JAV taip pat rems ir skatins visas kitas įvykdomas priemones, kurios padės taikingoms tautoms nusikratyti ginklavimosi naštos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-19 20:09:35',62,'','2010-07-19 20:16:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 20:09:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,186,'','',0,49,'robots=\nauthor='),(976,'Lenkija - Lietuva','lenkija-lietuva','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Maždaug VI a. nuo Karpatų kalnų slavų gentys pradėjo verštis į sanskritų bei indoeuropiečių žemes. Tai davė pradžia lenkams ir Lenkijai atsirasti. Vėliau šios slaviškos gentys pradėjo vykdyti grobikiškus žygius į jotvingių, lietuvių bei skitų žemes. Bet lietuvių lenkinimas prasidėjo tada, kai Jogaila užsigeidė Lenkijos sosto ir Krėvos pilyje pasižadėjo apsikrikšyti, įteisinti Lietuvoje krikščionybę bei prijungti Lietuvą ir visas jos žemes prie Lenkijos. Taigi kryžiuočių ordinas, nugalėjęs prūsus, latvius bei jotvingius, siekė užgrobti LDK ir sudaryti Pabaltyje galingą jėga priš rytų slavus. Maskva jau ėmė vykdyti rusiškų žemių jungimo politiką. Lietuvai reikėjo sąjungininko, tačiau niekas nenorėjo sudaryti politinės sąjungos su pagoniška Lietuva. Vis labiau brendo Lietuvos krikšto ir sąjungos klausimas. Palanki situacija sąjungai su Lenkija sudaryti susiklostė, kai miręs Lenkijos karalius Liudvikas I paliko dvi dukteris ir neatremtą vokiečių agresiją, bei ų pačių vokiečių užgrobtas žemes. Lenkai patys pasiūlė Jogailai vesti Jadvygą. Jie tikėjosi plėsti ekspansiją į rusų žemes bei bendromis jėgomis priešintis kryžiuočiams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuviai taip pat buvo suinteresuoti sąjunga su Lenkija, nes siekė išplėsti prekybinius ryšius. Bet bėda buvo ta, kad lenkai sąjungą suprato kaip Lietuvos prisijungimą, o ne kaip lygiateisių valstybių susitarimą. Visa tai baigėsi 1385 08 14 d. Krėvos sutartimi. Taigi, nors Krėvos unija su Lenkija skatino bendrą kovą su kryžiuočiais, išlaikyti prijungtas rytų slavų žemes bei dar labiau plėsti ekspansiją į Rytus, tačiau lenkai norėjo likviduoti LDK suverinumą ir valstybingumą, paversti lietuvių žemes Lenkijos karalystės provincija. Taigi šios Krėvos sutarties reikšmė buvo nemaža, nes ji sudarė sąlygas abiejų valstybių politiniam, socialiniam suartėjimui, spartino LDK feodalizaciją, leido suvienyti lietuvių ir lenkų jėgas kovai su kryžiuočiais. Per Lenkiją į Lietuvą ėmė sklisti Europos civilizacija, Lietuva priėmė krikštą, lenkai daugeliu atvejais tapo lietuvių mokyojais, tačiau ši unija Lietuvai turėjo ir neigiamų padarinių: nors LDK liko atskira nuo Lenkijos valstybė, tačiau ši sutartis teikė lenkų feodalams juridinių argumentų ir toliau LDK laikyti Lenkijos dalimi, kurti naujus sąjungų projektus. Taipogi prasidėjo Lietuvos polonizacija.Kai kurie istorikai tvirtina, “jogei Krėvos pilyje Jogaila su savo palyda raštu pasižadėję įjungti Lietuvos ir Rusijos žemes į Lenkijos karalystę; ir esą tokis pasižadėjimas buvęs sutvirtintas raštu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dabartinis Krėvos susitarimo “dokumentas” , kuris saugomas Krovkuvos diecezijos koplyčioje, kaip rodo pridedamoji faksimilė, neturėjo nei parašų, nei antspaudų. Anspaudai buvo prikergti 1835 m. 1831 metų sukilimą pralaimėjus, kuomet tokiu būdu suklastotas dokumentas buvo išstatytas viešai visuomenės žiniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos ir Lenkijos santykiai iki Haroldės akto keitėsi net keletą kartų. Pirmiausia, kai Jogaila išėjo į Lenkiją ir visi kunigaikščiai pasižadėjo, kad Lietuva su Lenkija bus sujungta unija ir valdoma vieno valdovo, tačiau kaip ji turės būti valdoma, tada nebuvo numatyta. Vėliau pasirodė, kad iš Krokuvos negalima valdyti Lietuvos, ir Jogaila paskyrė vietininką - Skirgailą.  Vėliau, kai Vytautas, nepatenkintas lenkų kišimusi į Lietuvos vidaus reikalus, sukėlė bajorus ir pradėjo kovą - jis pats buvo paskirtas Jogailos vietininku Lietuvoje. Jis gavo gan plačias teises ir greitai tapo visiškai savarankišku valdovu. Lenkai, žinoma tokiu Lietuvos savarankiškumu liko nepatenkinti ir ėmė reikalauti iš naujo sunormuoti Lietuvos ir Lenkijos santykius. Vytautas, po pralaimėto Vorsklos mūšio, atsidūrė politinėje painiavoje, todėl sutiko sunormuoti Lietuvos santykius su Lenkija, ir iš to sekė 1401 m. Vilniaus - Radomo aktai. Šiuo susitarimu buvo patvirtintas Vytauto savarankiškumas: jis buvo paskelbtas tikruoju valdovu, bet kartu buvo garantuota, kad po jo mirties visa Lietuva grįš Jogailai ir jo įpėdiniams, Lenkijos karaliams. Tokiu būdu buvo paskelbtas Lietuvos savarankiškumas, bet tik laikinas - iki Vytauto mirties, o paskui turėjo būti bendra valstybė, bet Vytautas su tuo sutiko, nes tikėjosi vėliau viską pakeisti. Taigi šis aktas, galima asakyti, išėjo Lietuvai į naudą, nes Lietuvoje jau liko tik vienas valdovas - Vytautas, kunigaikščiai tapo Vytauto, o ne Jogailos valdiniai. Tačiau lenkai bijojo Vytauto savarankiškumo ir ėmė reikšti nepasitenkinimą. Tas privedė iki naujų raštų, kuriais Lietuva pasižadėjo laikytis 1401 m. sutarties.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-19 20:17:52',62,'','2010-07-19 20:25:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 20:17:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,185,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(977,'Romo Kalantos paveikslas ','romo-kalantos-paveikslas-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Romas Kalanta gimė 1953 m. , tad susideginimo metu turėjo 19 metų . Jis dirbo fabrike ,o<br />vakarais lankė mokyklą, vienuoliktą klasę .Vaikinas buvo plačiai apsiskaitęs , išsilavinęs ir tvirto savarankiško būdo . Jis dažnai pasiginčydavo su mokytojais , ypač su Lietuvos istorijos , nes visos knygos buvo prikimštos daug suklastojimų , melagysčių ir propagandos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors jis ir turėjo priklausyti komjaunuolių organizacijai , tačiau buvo priešiškai nusistatęs  prieš visokias marksistines ir ateistines organizacijas . Apskritai Romas nemėgo rusų brukamos ideologijos ir netgi rusų kalbos .  Taip pat yra žinių , kad R. Kalanta buvęs labai religingas ir galvojo stoti i seminariją . Savo religinių įsitikinimų Romas neslėpė nuo mokytojų ir draugų .</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Be to neslėpė ir to , kad norėjo būti kunigu . Į tai be abejo negalėjo neatkrepti dėmesio mokyklos vadovybė , ypač , kai Romas tai atskleisdavo savo rašto darbuose .  Galiausiai vienas iš mokytojų , greičiausiai tai klasės auklėtojas apsilankė pas tėvus ir priekaštavo blogu ir nekryptingu auklėjimu . Nežinia , ar Romas išsigando galimos bausmės , ar iš  tikrųjų jis tenorėjo paerzinti mokytojus ,tačiau vėliau aiškino , jog tai darė tik norėdamas konfliktuoti su mokytojais . Tokie \"išpuoliai \' prieš mokytojus be jokios abejonės<br />atsiliepdavo toliasniam gyvenimui : pagal vienus šaltinius , po trečio karto mokinys buvo šalinamas iš mokyklos , pagal kitus  buvo paliekamas mokykloje , tačiau atestate buvo įrašomi  žodžiai , jog jis yra atsilikęs ir studijuoti aukštojoje mokykloje negali . Tokiu atveju mokinys privalo eiti dirbti į fabriką . Kažkas panašaus nutiko ir Romui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-19 20:26:33',62,'','2010-07-19 20:38:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 20:26:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,184,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(978,'Lietuvių spaudos draudimas. Knygnešiai.','lietuvi-spaudos-draudimas-knygneiai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvių, kaip ir kitų tautų, spaudos raidą daugiausia lėmė socialinės ir politinės sąlygos, bendrasis krašto kultūros lygis. Formuojantis lietuvių nacijai, nacionalinė spauda darėsi vis svarbesnė idėjinio bendravimo priemonė ir idėjinės diferenciacijos, kylančios iš nacijos klasinio susiskaldymo, išraiška.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Caro valdžia imperijoje siekė kontroliuoti visą spaudą visomis kalbomis. Dalinį lietuvių spaudos draudimą ėmė vykdyti Vilniaus ir Varšuvos administracija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">M. Muravjovas įvedė kirilicą. ,,Michailas Nikolajevičius [Muravjovas] pirmasis pabandė pritaikyti rusišką raidyną lietuviškai knygai, - vėliau rašė I.Kornilovas,- ir liepė išspausdinti elementorių bei išsiuntinėti jį į Kauno ir Vilniaus gubernijas.” Anot I.Kornilovo, M.Muravjovas ,,visiškai nedraudė spausdinti lietuviškų - lenkiškų knygų”, t.y. lietuviškų knygų lotynišku raidynu. Jau vien 1864. VI. 5  Muravjovo įsakymas rodo, kad apie lietuviškų elementorių, spausdintų skirtingais raidynais, laisvą konkurenciją negalėjo būti nė kalbos. Pradėtasis spaudos draudimas buvo tolydžio stiprinamas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš pradžių tradicinio raidyno pakeitimo kirilica idėja nesukėlė lietuvių inteligentų pasipriešinimo, bet, keliems mėnesiams praėjus, jau matome ryškų jų nepasitenkinimą šia caro valdžios priemone.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">M. Valančius, matyt, iš tikrųjų pamatė ir viešai buvo pareiškęs, kad tradicinio raidyno uždraudimas tomis priemonėmis, kurias ėmė taikyti caro administracija, liaudies buvo sutiktas priešiškai. M.Valančius buvo visiškai teisus, kad kirilica liko nepritaikyta lietuvių kalbos fonetinėms ypatybėms. M.Valančiaus nepasitenkinimas valdiniais leidiniais turėjo dar ir kitą - religinį - turinį. Jis, būdamas katalikų vyskupas, bendravo su caro valdžia ir iš esmės skelbė, kad ,,kiekviena valdžia iš dievo” ir nekeistina be dievo valios.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vis dėlto viešpataujanti caro Rusijoje buvo provoslavų bažnyčia. Carizmo apologetai ėmė įrodinėti, ypač nuo 1863 m. sukilimo, kad Šiaurės vakarų krašte, Lietuvoje, pirmučiausia paplito provoslavų religija, o tik vėliau Lietuva buvusi neteisėtai sukatalikinta. Šie teiginiai buvo lyg teorinis pagrindas caro vyriausybės politikai, siekimui grąžinti kraštą į ,,teisėtąją religiją”. Pasipriešinimą lietuvių  spaudos draudimui caro administracijos pareigūnai, kaip jiems tai buvo būdinga, laikė ,,lenkų intriga”, t.y. veiksmais tų jėgų, kurios dalyvavo 1863 m. sukilime.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">K. Kaufmano vadovaujamos administracijos pareigūnai skubėjo lietuvių spaudos draudimą įforminti ir raštiškais patvarkymais. 1865.VIII.10 I.Kornilovas rašė: ,,Dabar, manau, atėjo laikas ne tik visiškai ir formaliai uždrausti toliau leisti žemaitiškas ir latviškas knygas lenkiškais - lotyniškais spaudmenimis, bet ir sunaikinti spaustuvėse bei knygynuose esančias šių knygų atsargas”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Priešinimąsi caro valdžios priemonėms likviduoti nacionalinę spaudą rodo nelegaliosios spaudos susikūrimas, jos gausėjimas ir paplitimas tarp gyventojų. Pasipriešinimo jėgai, jo radikalumui didelę reikšmę turėjo nelegaliosios spaudos klasinė - idėjinė kryptis, lietuvių liaudies įsitraukimas į bendrąjį visų Rusijos imperijos tautų išsivadavimo judėjimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Spaudos draudimas smarkiai pakenkė lietuvių švietimui bei kultūrai, tačiau nė trumpam laikui neįstengė nutraukti knygų leidimo.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-19 20:39:33',62,'','2010-07-19 20:44:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 20:39:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,183,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(979,'Žmogaus ir piliečio teisių deklaracija','mogaus-ir-pilieio-teisi-deklaracija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prancūzų liaudies atstovai, įkūrė Nacionalinį susirinkimą ir manydami, kad tamsumas, žmogaus teisių užmiršimas ar jų nepaisymas yra vienintelė visuomenės nelaimių ir vyriausybių sugedimo priežastis, ryžosi iškilmingoje Deklaracijoje išdėstyti prigimtines, neatimamas ir šventas žmogaus teises tam, kad ši Deklaracija, nuolat būdama visuomeninės sąjungos narių akivaizdoje, jiems primintų jų teises ir pareigas; tam, kad įstatymų leidžiamosios ir įstatymų vykdomosios valdžių veiksmus kiekvienu momentu būtų galima palyginti su bet kokiais politinių institucijų tikslais ir kad jie būtų labiau gerbiami; tam, kad piliečių reikalavimai nuo šiol pagrįsti paprastais ir neginčijamais principais, būtų sutelkti j Konstitucijos laikymąsi ir visuotinės gerovės saugojimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-19 20:47:19',62,'','2010-07-19 20:51:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 20:47:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,182,'','',0,61,'robots=\nauthor='),(980,'Mykolo Lietuvio politinė programa','mykolo-lietuvio-politin-programa','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mykolo Lietuvio politinė programa aprašoma jo paties knygoje “Apie totorių, lietuvių ir maskviečių papročius”. Ši knyga 1550 m. buvo įteikta Lenkijos karaliui ir Lietuvos didžiajam kunigaikščiui Žygimantui Augustui. Šiame veikale Mykolas Lietuvis skatina Jogailos palikuonį suimti Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės valdžią į savo rankas ir teisinėmis priemonėmis pažaboti plintančią bajorų savivalę. Tiesa apie patį Mykolą Lietuvį tikslių biografinių žinių nėra, manoma, kad jis buvęs Lietuvos bajoras, tačiau įvarūs šaltiniai jo pavardę skelbia vis kitaip.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Savo veikale Mykolas Lietuvis sielojasi dėl to, kad vis daugiau LDK priklausiusių žemių pereina Maskvos kunigaikščio valdžion, ir, kad Krymo totoriai nebaudžiami plėšia Lietuvos sritis. Šitokia Lietuvos smukimo priežastimi autorius laiko viešpataujančių sluoksnių savanaudiškumą, visuomenės papročių sugedimą, girtuokliavimą ir teisybės nebuvimą. Mykolas Lietuvis pasigęsta tvirto valdovo valdymo, kurį jis laiko galybės šaltiniu. Apgailestaudamas jis prisimena Vytauto valdymo laikus kai lietuviai buvo karingi, santūrūs ir blaivūs.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mykolas Lietuvis savo knygoje aštriai kritikuoja Lietuvos teismus, juose vyraujančią neteisybę, smurtą nukreiptą prieš varginguosius. Jis teigia, kad Lietuvos Statutas gina tik didikų teises, taip pat arvirai nepritaria teisminėms feodalų privilegijoms.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mykolas Lietuvis pasisako ir prieš feodalinės Lietuvos mokesčių sistemą, kur mokesčius moka vien tik pavaldūs miesto gyventojai ir skurdūs žemdirbiai. Jis siūlo įvesti mokesčius visiems krašto gyventojams, imti juos ne nuo žmogaus, o nuo žemės, nes kas turi daugiau žemės, tas daugiau moka mokesčių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ypač griežtai Mykolas Lietuvis smerkia katalikų dvasininkus, kurie plėšia ir švaisto liaudies triūsą. Taip pat jis kritikuoja ir pačią bažnyčią. Pasak jo, vyskupus ir klebonus žemėmis apdovanodavo kunigaikščiai tam, kad tie skelbtų tikėjimą ir mokslą, bet aukštieji bažnyčios hierarchai prie bažnyčių negyvena, o dykinėja, krauna turtus ir lėbauja švaistydami žmonių turtą. Čia Mykolas Lietuvis iškelia klausimą: jeigu dvasininkai neatlieka savo pareigų, tai kam jie naudojasi bažnyčiai skirtomis žemėmis ir tose žemėse gyvenančiais valstiečiais?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mykolo Lietuvio veikale yra nemažai kritiškų priekaištų Lietuvos didikams, nesirūpinantiems valstybės reikalais ir nesąžiningai naudojantiems iždą bei nesaugantiems valstybinių paslapčių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mykolo Lietuvio veikale atsispindėjo lietuvių romėnišksios kilmės teorija. Ramdamasis ja jis siūlo vietoj LDK vartojamos rusų kalbos įvesti lotynų ir apgailestauja, kad nėra gimnazijų kur būtų mokoma šios kalbos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindiniai tendencijai – Lietuvos feodalinės valstybė stiprinimui – yra palenktas visas Mykolo Lietuvio veikalo turinys. Čia jis pastebi sustiprėjusią Maskvos valstybę kaip pavojingiausią LDK varžovą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taip pat jis siekia įtikinti Lietuvus – Lenkijos valdovą, kad šis Maskvos kunigaikšio ir totorių chanų pavyzdžiu tvirčiau paimtų valdžią į savo rankas, sustiprintų valstybės centralizaciją, padarydamas galą feodalų savivalei, netvarkai teismuose ir aukštuomenės papročių sugedimui. Šiuo veikalu Mykolas Lietuvis atspindi Lietuvos feodalų interesus ir klasinius požiūrius.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-19 20:52:26',62,'','2010-07-19 20:57:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 20:52:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,181,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(981,'Lietuvos ir visuotinės istorijos santrauka','lietuvos-ir-visuotins-istorijos-santrauka','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-19 20:59:32',62,'','2010-07-19 21:01:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 20:59:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,180,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(982,'1918 02 16 – aktas','1918-02-16-aktas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-07-19 21:04:32',62,'','2010-07-19 21:09:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-19 21:04:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,179,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(983,'Word 2000 atmintinė','word-2000-atmintin','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dažniausiai naudojami valdymo klavišai ir komandų mygtukai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tarp klavišų, kuriuos reikia paspausti kartu, rašomas pliuso ženklas. Pavyzdžiui, užrašas Ctrl+V reiškia, kad, paspaudus klavišą Ctrl ir jo neatleidus, reikia paspausti klavišą V. Atmintinėje nurodyti komandų klavišai tinka amerikietiškai klaviatūrai, įjungus kitą klaviatūrą, kai kurie jų gali veikti kitaip. Komandoms valdyti reikia naudoti tik pagrindinėje klaviatūros dalyje esančius skaičių klavišus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pastraipos paraščių formavimas liniuote</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dokumento lange virš dokumentui rengti skirto balto lauko yra horizontali liniuotė su šliaužikliais ir tabuliavimo žymomis. Pele stumdami apatinius liniuotės šliaužiklius, nustatysite pastraipos kairįjį ir dešinįjį kraštus, o stumdami viršutinį - pastraipos pirmosios eilutės pradžią. Stumdami šliaužiklį, kartu stumsite pastraipos kairiojo krašto ir pirmosios eilutės šliaužiklius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-20 07:30:35',62,'','2010-07-20 07:41:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-20 07:30:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,300,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(984,'Pranešimas','praneimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pranešimas – tai konkreti informacijos išraiška. Pranešimai gali būti perduodami įv. signalais: šviesa, garsu, kvapu, temperatūra ir t.t. Asmuo, siunčiantis pranešimą, vadinamas siuntėju, o asmuo priimantis pranešimą – priėmėju arba gavėju. Pranešimo siuntėjas ir priėmėjas turi būti iš anksto susitarę, kokiu signalu bus perduodamas pranešimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tolydžiaisiais vadinami tokie signalai, kurių reikšmių skaičius bet kuriame intervale yra begalinis. Pvz.: tarp dviejų racionaliųjų skaičių yra be galo daug racionaliųjų skaičių; ilgių atžymos; žemėlapis – tai vietovės pavaizdavimas tam tikru masteliu. Tolydusis signalas bet kuriame intervale turi be galo daug reikšmių. Juo perduodant informaciją neišvengiama paklaida. Kad perduodama ir apdorojama tolydžioji informacija išliktų tiksli, ji diskretizuojama, t.y. keičiama diskrečiąja.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Diskrečiaisiais vadinami tokie dydžiai, kurių reišmių skaičius bet kuriame baigtiniame intervale yra baigtinis. Pvz.: bet kuriame natūrinių skaičių intervale yra baigtinė natūraliųjų skaičių aibė. Diskretieji dydžiai reiškiami diskrečiaisiais signalais.  Diskretusis signalas turi baigtinį, aiškiai apibrėžtą reikšmių skaičių. Jono ūgis yra 150 cm; saulės sistemoje yra 9 planetos. Sugavau 15 cm ilgio žuvį. Prietaisai, kuriuose skaičiai išreiškiami jiems proporcingais fizikiniais dydžiais, o operacijos su skaičiais pakeičiamos operacijomis su tais fizikiniais dydžiais, vadinami tolydžiosiomis skaičiavimo mašinomis. Diskrečiosios skaičiavimo mašinos operuoja diskrečiaisiais dydžiais – simboliais, tekstais, skaičiais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Diskretieji dydžiai išreiškiami tolydžiaisiais naudojant tik dalį tolydžiųjų dydžių reikšmių ir atmetant tarpines reikšmes. Informacijos kiekis, kurį duoda vienas iš dviejų vienodai tikėtinų atsakymų į klausimą, vadinamas bitu. Galima sakyti, kad bitas yra informacijos kiekis, padidinantis žinias du kartus. Dviejų simbolių abėcėlė vadinama dvejetaine. Vienos abėcėlės simbolių keitimas kitos abėcėlės simboliais, vadinamas kodavimu, o taisyklės, nustatančios, kaip koduoti simbolius, vadinamos kodu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-20 07:42:42',62,'','2010-07-20 07:47:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-20 07:42:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,299,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(985,'Informacijos dydžiai, jos matavimo vienetai','informacijos-dydiai-jos-matavimo-vienetai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacija gali būti bet kas, jos pilna visur. Paprasčiausias pavyzdys: visa tai ką matote yra ne kas kitas, o informacija. Ji, kaip ir bet kas kitas, turi savo matavimo vienetus. Saugoma ji bet kur: žmogaus atmintyje, popieriuje, diskuose ir taip toliau. Suvokti dokumentų aplanko informacijos kiekį nesunku: tereikia pažvelgti į jo storį ir aplinkui besimėtančius lapus (kuo daugiau lapų - tuo daugiau informacijos), su kompiuteriais kiek sudėtingiau - kompiuterio atmintis neapčiuopiama, nematoma plika akimi. Taigi galime spręsti, kad \"popierinė\" informacija matuojama lapais, o kompiuterio informacija matuojama specialiais vienetais - baitais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Baitas (angl. byte) labai panaus į simbolį ar raidę žodyje. Paprastutis pavyzdukas: žodis šakar-makar turi 11 baitų (brūkšnelis irgi skaičiuojamas kaip vienas baitas). Informatikai ir kompiuterių kūrėjai žymiai greičiau už mus prisiminė metrinę sistemą ir ėmė naudoti kilobaitus (1000 baitų), megabaitus (1000000 baitų), gigabaitus (1000000000 baitų), terabaitus (1000000000000 baitų). Jeigu būsime visai tikslūs, tai kilobaitas turi 1024 (2<sup>10</sup>) baitus, megabaitas –  1048576 (2<sup>20</sup>) baitus, gigabaitas – 1073741824 (2<sup>30</sup>) baitus, terabaitas - 1099511627776 (2<sup>40</sup>) (kompiuteriai mėgsta daugybą, kuriuoje yra įsivėlęs skaičius 2).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tūkstantis kilobaitų yra lygiai tas pats, kaip ir vienas megabaitas (sutrumpintas žymėjimas: 1 Mb.). Tūkstantis megabaitų vadinama vienu gigabaitu (1 Gb). Vieną tūkstantį gigabaitų priimta vadinti vienu terabaitu (1 Tb.). Šiandien perkant gerą (žinoma, naują) kompiuterį iš geros firmos kietojo disko talpos standartas ne mažiau kaip trys gigabaitai. Tai nėra labai daug, nes vien jau firmos Microsoft operacinė sistema \"Windows 98\" pilna komplektacija (su visom galimybėm) užima apie 300 megabaitų, o kur dar biuro įrangos programa \"Office 97\" su savo 200 megabaitų (gamintojas - Microsoft, JAV), kūrybingiems (dizaineriams, dailininkams) sunku apsieiti ir be kanadiečių korporacijos Corel profesionalios grafikos paketo \"Draw 8.0\" (dydis - ~200 megabaitų). Tačiau kompiuteristų (taip vadinu žmones, kurie naudojasi kompiuteriu) laimei ne visos programos tokios griozdiškos. BigHead\'o pamastymas kompiuterinės programinės įrangos klausimu:  Programos naudingumas atvirkščiai  proporcingas jos kainai ir dydžiui. Dvigubu intervalu tarp eilučių surinkto paprasto teksto DIN A4 formato lapas užima apie tūkstantį baitų arba vieną kilobaitą (tekstas be paveiksliukų, nemaketuotas), spalvota foto nuotrauka (matmenys: 10*15 cm., kokybė: 150 taškų colyje) - apie vieną megabaitą, muzikos minutė (sukompresuota Mpeg3 formatu) - taip pat apie vieną megabaitą. Tačiau, tik klasikiniai pavyzdžiai (tikrovė - sudėtingesnė)...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-20 07:48:05',62,'','2010-07-20 07:55:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-20 07:48:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,298,'','',0,49,'robots=\nauthor='),(986,'Lentelių įterpimas į dokumentą','lenteli-terpimas-dokument','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lentelės dažnai sutinkamos įvairiuose dokumentuose. Word programa ruošiamos lentelės gali būti išryškintos įvairiomis linijomis, taip pat galima rėmelių neryškinti ir lentelę panaudoti gražiam teksto išdėstymui lape. Lentelėse galima įterpti formules  ir atlikti nesudėtingus skaičiavimus. Darbui su lentele reikalingos komandos patalpintos meniu Table. Čia aprašomi veiksmai su lentelėmis gali būti atlikti ir kitomis priemonėmis (kas žino), tačiau mokytoja savo nuožiūra parinko paprastesnes.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lentelės rėmelių ryškinimas.  Ryškinti rėmelius galima naudojantis Auto Format mygtuku (žr. aukščiau į paveikslėlį), kol dar langelyge Insert Table nepaspaudėte OK. Bet jeigu jau lentelė puikuojasi jūsų dokumente, tai kitas būdas Table-&gt; Table Auto Format.  Šiame lange kairiojoje pusėje galima pele išsirinkti formato pavadinimą, o viduryje pasižiūrėti lentelės pavyzdį. Siūlau paieškoti (sąrašo dešinėje yra šliaužtė) formato Grid5, kuris pats papraščiausias ir praktiškiausias. Jei lentelės formatą dedate ant užpildytos tekstu lentelės, nuimkite pažymėjimą nuo parametro Auto Fit, kuris automatiškai pakeičia lentelės stulpelių plotį pagal lentelėje įrašytą tekstą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-20 07:56:51',62,'','2010-07-20 08:00:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-20 07:56:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,297,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(987,'Priskyrimo sakinys','priskyrimo-sakinys','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bendroji forma : rezultatas:=reiškinys. Pvz.: n:=3, vardas:=‘Dalia’; n1:=n2 ir t.t. Šio sakinio paskirtis - suteikti reikšmių priskyrimo ženklo := kairėje pusėje esančiam kintamajam. Ši reikšmė - tai dešinėje priskyrimo ženklo pusėje esančio reiškinio įvertinimo rezultatas. Reiškinys gali būti kintamasis, konstanta, taip pat kintamųjų konstantų, funkcijų, operacijų bei skliaustų junginys. Kompiuteris vykdydamas priskyrimo sakinį, pirmiausia apskaičiuoja reiškinio reikšmę ir ją suteikia kintamajam, užrašytame kairėje pusėje. Buvusi kintamojo reikšmė dingsta: n1:=n2. Po priskyrimo kintamojo n1 reikšmė pasikeis, o n2 - ne.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Taigi, sukeitus juos vietomis, priskyrimo rezultatas jau būna visai kitoks. Prieš priskyrimą : n1»18; n2»9; n1:=n2; Po priskyrimo n1»9; n2»9. Kompiuteris tik tada gali teisingai apskaičiuoti reiškinio reikšmę, kai jau žinomos visų kintamųjų, esančių dešinėje sakinio pusėje, reikšmės. Priešingu atveju, kai kurio nors kintamojo reikšmė nebuvo apibrėžta, įvairiais kompiuteriais atlikto priskyrimo veiksmo rezultatas būna skirtingas. Priskyrimo sakinys dešiniosios ir kairiosios pusių kintamųjų tipai turi būti suderinami, tai reiškia, kad tiek rezultatas, tiek reiškinys turi būti tokio pat tipo (pvz.: abu integer arba char). Priskyrimo ženklo negalima painioti su matematine lygybe. Pvz.: n:=n+1. Šis pavyzdys matematinės lygybės požiūriu neturi prasmės, o tokį priskyrimo veiksmą galima atlikti. Apskaičiavę dešinėje pusėje esantį reiškinį su senąja kintamojo n reikšme, gautą reikšmę vėl priskiriame tam pačiam kintamajam n.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-20 08:00:22',62,'','2010-07-20 08:10:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-20 08:00:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,296,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(988,'Duomenų sąrašai','duomen-sraai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Duomenų sumavimas grupuojant</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jeigu reikia duomenyse matyti įvairių sąrašo grupių tarpinius skaičiavimus (ne tik sumavimą), naudojama DATA meniu komanda Subtotals. Ji automatiškai apskaičiuoja ir įterpia į sąrašą nurodytų laukų grupių sumas. Ji taip pat gali naudoti funkcijas nurodytas lentelėje. Grupės paprastai pasižymi kokiu nors bendru požymiu. Pavyzdžiui ta pati data, pavadinimas, kodas ir pan. Prieš naudojant šią komandą, būtina surūšiuoti sąrašą, kad tą patį grupės požymį turinčios eilutės sąraše atsidurtų greta. Prieš iškviečiant Data Subtotals komandą, pažymėkite vieną iš sąrašo stulpelių pavadinimų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasirodžiusiame komandos lange pirmame laukelyje At Each Change in: reikia parinkti tą, pavadinimą, pagal kurio stulpelio  reikšmių pasikeitimus bus įterpiamos naujos eilutės su tarpiniais skaičiavimais. Laukelyje Use Function galima pasirinkti skaičiavimams reikalingą funkciją. Laukelyje Add Subtotal to: pelės spragtelėjimu galima pažymėti tuos stulpelius, kurių reikšmės turi būti skaičiuojamos. Kiti parametrai: Replace Current Subtotal - pakartotinai atliekant komandą Data Subtotals, buvusios sumos pakeičiamos naujomis, priešingu atveju ( jei varnelė nuimta) pakartotinai atlikus komandą Data Subtotals, naujiems skaičiavimams įterpiamos naujos eilutės Page Break between groups - kiekviena grupė bus atskirta į kitą puslapį Summary below data - suvestinė sąrašo apačioje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-20 08:11:17',62,'','2010-07-20 08:39:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-20 08:11:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,295,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(989,'Įsilaužėlių persekiojimas','silauli-persekiojimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiuolaikinių tinklo nusikaltėlių veikla yra dar labiau užmaskuota. Dažniausiai bandymai įsilaužti į kompiuterinę sistemą pasireiškia dvejopai. Pirmiausiai įsilaužėlis gali pasinaudoti galimybe, kurią jam suteikia įjungta bendra failų ir spausdintuvo (File and Print Sharing)  naudojamo “Interneto” ryšio metu, funkcija, nustatoma “Control  Panel” sekcijoje   “Network”  (norint, kad jūsų failai nebūtų pasiekiami per Internetą reikia išjungti bendro naudojimo failais ir spausdintuvu funkciją: pirmiausia , iš “Control Panel “ reikia  eiti į “Network”, po to reikai nurodyti  TCP/ IP tinklo komponentą, paskui reikia pasirinkti “Files and Print Sharing” ir nuimti žymeklius (varneles) nuo abiejų langelių). Šį parametrą galima būtų lyginti su buto durų atlapojimu ir turto išdėstymu prieškambaryje. Galima naudotis ir slaptažodžiu, apsaugant savo bendro naudojimo segtuvus, tačiau “įsilaužėliams “ tai bus tik laiko klausimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antrasis būdas, kaip gali būti pažeistas saugumas, tai yra nepastebimų programų, dar kitaip vadinamųjų “Trojos arklių”  (pvz.”Back Orifice” ar “Netbus”) naudojimas. Jos patenka į jūsų kompiuterį  kaip elektroninio  pašto priedai ar pasivadinusios kokia nors naudinga programa. Paleistos programos įsitvirtina jūsų asmeninio kompiuterio sistemoje ir laukia. Kai įsibrovėlis iš savo kompiuterio prisijungia prie jūsų kompiuterio “galinių durų “, jis dažniausiai turi visas galimybes jūsų sistemoje daryti ką jis nori. Šie įsiveržimai aukai atrodo visai nekaltai. Naujausios “Mikrosoft” operacinių sistemų versijos automatiškai pastebi šią saugumo spragą ir mandagiai paklausia ar nenorėtumėte šios galimybės uždrausti. Nepastebimos “galinių durų “ programos ypač mėgsta tuos, kurie elektroninio pašto priede “paleisk.exe” tikisi rasti ką nors naudinga. Tik vėliau pastebi, kad žinutė baigiama žodžiais “... ir pranešk, kas čia yra”. Šis priedas gali būti pasiųstas tų, kurie žino kas ir kaip. Internete kiekvienas yra įtartinas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-20 08:40:13',62,'','2010-07-20 08:49:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-20 08:40:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,294,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(990,'Vartotojo vadovas projektavimo valdymo laboratorinis darbas','vartotojo-vadovas-projektavimo-valdymo-laboratorinis-darbas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">MAS funkcijinis aprašas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Masinio aptarnavimo sistemos (MAS) – tai sistemos, kurios operuoja paraiškomis (įvykiais) ir apdorotuvais (vykdytojais). Keletas sistemų pavyzdžių: parduotuvė (įvykiai – pirkėjai, vykdytojai – pardavėjos), bankas (įvykiai – akcijų kainų pokyčiai, vykdytojai – brokeriai), notarų biuras (įvykiai – visokie pareiškimai, vykdytojai – notarai). Taigi, kaip matome, MAS panaudojimas yra labai platus, juolab, kad MAS galimas būsenas galima aprašyti Markovo procesais ir tuo labai supaprastinti skaičiavimus. Pagrindinė mūsų pateikiamos MAS programos funkcija -  įvairių aprašytų sistemų suvedimas į Markovo procesų lygtis ir jų sprendimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Tam MAS modeliavimo programa vartotojui leidžia:<br />•    greitai ir patogiai sudaryti sistemą, naudojant grafinį redaktorių,<br />•    grafinio redaktoriaus sugeneruotą kodą paredaguoti ir patobulinti vidiniu (build-in) tekstiniu redaktoriumi,<br />•    sukompiliuoti ir įvykdyti sugeneruotą ar rankiniu būdu įvestą kodą, tokiu būdu sudarant visų galimų sistemos būsenų grafą,<br />•    suskaičiuoti grafo būsenų tikimybes, žinant perėjimų tarp grafo viršūnių tikimybes.<br />•    pamatyti būsenų grafo vaizdą,<br />•    suskaičiuoti dominančius sistemos parametrus ir charakteristikas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-20 08:49:57',62,'','2010-07-20 08:54:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-20 08:49:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,293,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(991,'PowerPoint 2000 programos konspektas (Stumbrienė)','powerpoint-2000-programos-konspektas-stumbrien','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mažiausias Microsoft Office 2000 Standard rinkinys yra skirtas kiekvienam vartotojui. Rinkinį sudaro: 1. Word - darbas su teksto redaktoriumi; 2. Excel - darbas su elektroninėmis lentelėmis; 3. PowerPoint - kompiuterinis skaidrių rengimas ir naudojimas pristatymuose; 4. Outlook - elektroninės informacijos tvarkymo ir valdymo programa.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dažnai kyla problemų reklamuojant produkciją, prekes, rengiant ataskaitas, pateikiant verslo planą ar pristatymą. Šias problemas įveiksime lengviau, jei savo pranešimą ar pristatymą pagyvinsime skaidrėmis, parengtomis ir demonstruojamomis pagal PowerPoint programą. Šią mokomąją priemonę sudaro programos PowerPoint 2000 konspektas, pavyzdys ir pavyzdžio aprašymas. Konspekte aprašomi skaidrių, skirtų pristatymui, rengimo eiga ir priežiūros būdai. Aiškinamos teksto, grafikos elementų, garso, vaizdo bei kitų efektų naudojimo galimybės. Pateikiami ir pristatymo išsaugojimo būdai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-20 08:54:54',62,'','2010-07-20 09:08:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-20 08:54:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,292,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(992,'Informatika. Geležies šperos','informatika-geleies-peros','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Magistralių istorija<br /><br />Magistralinė struktūra buvo jau seniai. IBM tipo kompiuteriai atsirado 1981 m. Buvo naudojama ISA (industry standart architecture) magistralė. Ji buvo pagrindinį ir išgyveno iki dabarties. Tačiau dabar jau retai sutinkama. Magistralės charakterizuojamos: 1. DM plotis (bitais); 2. AM plotis; 3. Magistralės darbo dažnis. ISA (16 bitų, AMP = 24 bitų, DD = 8MHz). Augo procesoriaus dažnis (32 bitai). ISA magistralė nebetempė. MCA (micro channel architecture) magistralė – mikrokanalas – (DD = 10 MHz, 16 bitų, 32 bitų, AMP = 32 bitai). Atitiko to laiko procesoriaus reikalavimus. Trūkumas – visai nesuderinta su ISA. EISA magistralė (extended...) tikslas – kad MCA neįsitvirtintų. EISA suderinama su ISA (8 MHz, 32 bitų.). Kurį laiką naudojama serveriuose. Prasidėjo vietinių magistralių era.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vietinė magistralė (Lockal bus)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atsirado, nes vystantis kompiuteriams atsirado – išryškėjo įrenginiai, kurie dirba lėtai ir kuriems nereikia greito darbo. Greitai veikti turi procesorius, vaizdo valdiklis (eina dideli informacijos srautai), magnetinsi diskas (reikai greito duomenų apsikeitimo su procesorium), atmintis. Pagrindinės magistralės (EISA, ISA...) naudojamos lėtiems įrenginiams aptarnauti – tai garso korta, klaviatūra, t.t. ISA magistralė išliko iki šių dienų lėtiems įrenginiams. Greitieji įrenginiai jungiami prie vietinės magistralės, kuri yra greitesnė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">VESA VL (VL-BUS) – (videoelektronų standart asotiation). Užsiima vaizdo sistemos standartizavimu. Ji atsirado, kai buvo naudojami 486 procesoriai (tuo metu patys greičiausi) ir labiau buvo prie jų ir pririšta. Vėliau buvo išstumta. Galėjo dirbti su 32/64 bitais. Pentiumai turi 64 bitų magistralę. Ši magistralė buvo nustota naudoti, nes atsirado PCI 16-64 MHz, tačiau jei kalba eina apie praplėstus lizdus (ką galima prijungti), tai dažnis čia buvo mažesnis ir nesiekė 66 MHz, o tik 40-50 MHz. 264 MB/s – maksimali teorinė pralaida, bet vidutiniškai per ilgą laiko tarpą tiek negausime. Jei įjungsime 64 bitų įrenginį, jis dirbs, bet dirbs dvigubai lėčiau. Dirbs ir 32 bitų įrenginys. Yra unikali.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-20 09:08:51',62,'','2010-07-20 09:14:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-20 09:08:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,291,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(993,'Algoritmai','algoritmai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PAIEŠKA PAPRASTAME SĄRAŠE</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuosekli paieška. Tegu įrašai išdėstyti atsitiktinai kaip buvo įrašyti. Reikia surasti duotą įrašą pagal raktą. Nuosekliai ieškant reikia peržiūrėti visus įrašus nuosekliai.Vid.peržiūrėų įrašų sk. ieškant yra Lap =L/2. Jei įrašo nėra teks peržiūrėti visus įrašus L. Tarkim ieškomo įrašo su tikimybe p0 nėra sąraše, tada vid. peržiūrėtų įrašų sk.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">RŪŠIAVIMO ALGORITMAI</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">K - mačių kortežų rūšiavimas. Tegul mes turime seką A1 A2 ... An k - mačių kortežų, t.y., A erdvinis Ai elementas, sudarytas iš ai1 ai2 ... aik. Reikia šią seką rūšiuoti taip: B1 B2 ... Bn, kad visiem i Bi<sub>i</sub> B<sub>i+1</sub>. Rūšiavimas atliekamas k kartų pereinant per duotą seką. Pirmą kartą atliekamas rūšiavimas pagal k - ąją komponentę. Antrą kartą pagal (k-1) komponentę ir t.t. Prėjus pagal i - ąją, turėsim sūrušiuotą seką. Kiekviena skiltis ai j yra nuo 0 iki m-1. Reikia organizuoti m pagalbinių eilių Q(j), kur j=0,...,m-1, kurios iš pradžiu turi buti tuščios.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-20 11:00:10',62,'','2010-07-20 11:06:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-20 11:00:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,290,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(994,'Turbo Paskalis 7.0','turbo-paskalis-70','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bendrieji informatikos klausimai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kas yra informacija? Skaičiai, tekstai, garsai, paveikslai, skulptūros, kt. Informacijos perdavimo būdai: knygos, telefonas, radijas, televizija, kompiuterių tinklai (einama link viskam bendro duomenų perdavimo tinklo). Problema - kryptingas informacijos apdorojimas: ją reikia sudėlioti (kaupti) taip, kad galėtume greičiausiai susirasti mums reikalingą informaciją (rūšiavimas pagal autoriaus pavardę, mokslo sritis, bazinius žodžius, kt.). Kompaktiškas saugojimas, greitas perdavimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informatika - mokslas apie kompiuterius ir jų taikymus (mokslas apie informacijos kaupimo ir apdorojimo metodus, informacines technologijas, techninių ir programinių priemonių kūrimą įvairiems reikalams, kt.). Kompiuterių istorija: jų kartos, universalūs ir specializuoti, skaitmeniniai ir analoginiai. Kompiuterio struktūra: įrenginių paskirtis, ryšiai tarp jų, kompiuterių architektūra. IBM PC sudėtis, įrenginių charakteristikos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacijos vaizdavimas kompiuteriuose: 2 (dvejetainė) skaičiavimo sistema ir jos vartojimo priežastys. Ryšys tarp 2 skaič. sist. ir 10 skaič. sist. Apie 8 skaič. sist. ir 16 skaič. sist., kodėl jų prireikė. Skaičių vaizdavimas fiksuotu ir slankiu kableliu (byte(1 baitas), shortint(1b), word(2b), integer(2b), longint(4b), real(6b), single(4b), double(8b), extended(10b), comp(8b)). Simboliai ir jų kodavimas (char(1b), string(iki 255b)). Programinis kompiuterių valdymo principas. Programa - tai komandų seka. Mašininės komandos struktūra.<br />Algoritmas: kokie veiksmai ir kokia eilės tvarka turi būti atlikti, norint išspręsti kažkokį uždavinį. Nuosekli veiksmų seka. Programavimo automatizavimas: operacinės sistemos, programavimo kalbos, programų paketai ir t.t. Komandinis ir grafinis interfeisai: dialogo tarp žmogaus ir kompiuterio palaikymo būdai. Pvz., MS DOS aplinka, NORTON COMMANDER, WINDOWS, LINUX. Dažnai sutinkama santrumpa GUI – Graphic User Interface (grafinis vartotojo interfeisas). Informatikos standartai: susitarimai laikytis vienodos tvarkos, taisyklių. Pvz., OSI (Open System Interconnection) modelis - tai standartų rinkinys, kurio reikia laikytis, kad skirtingų rūšių kompiuteriai galėtų palaikyti ryšį; protokolai - standartų rinkiniai, kurių laikomasi perduodant duomenis kompiuterių tinklais. ISO - tarptautinė standartizacijos organizacija, yra ir kitos: CEN,ETSI, t.t.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-20 11:07:57',62,'','2010-07-20 11:13:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-20 11:07:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,289,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(995,'Pascalio užduotys','pascalio-uduotys','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-20 11:14:43',62,'','2010-07-20 11:18:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-20 11:14:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,288,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(996,'Mikroprocesorinė pramoninio manipuliatoriaus valdymo sistema','mikroprocesorin-pramoninio-manipuliatoriaus-valdymo-sistema','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Susipažinti su realaus objekto mikroprocesorinio valdymo principais, sudaryti realaus laiko objekto valdymo programą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Konkreti užduotis. Sudaryti programą, kuri valdytų manipuliatorių ir pagal kurią manipuliatorius atliktų tam tikrą veiksmų seką. Aparatūra. Laboratoriniam darbui atlikti reikalingas IBM PC kompiuteris, įstatoma į kompiuterį universalaus interfeiso bloko plokštė, specializuotas stendas ir pramoninis manipuliatorius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-20 11:41:06',62,'','2010-07-20 11:45:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-20 11:41:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,287,'','',0,6,'robots=\nauthor='),(997,'Algoritmai Dičiūnas','algoritmai-diinas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ĮVADAS<br />Algoritmų analizės objektas yra algoritmai. Nors algoritmo sąvoka yra laikoma pirmine matematikos sąvoka, nereikalaujančia apibrėžimo, dažnai algoritmą apibūdina kaip baigtinę seką tikslių komandų (instrukcijų), nurodančių kaip rasti nagrinėjamo uždavinio sprendinį. Beveik visus algoritmus galima suskirstyti į dvi dideles klases: kombinatorinius algoritmus ir skaitinius algoritmus. Kombinatoriniai algoritmai operuoja su diskrečiiais (= kombinatoriniais) objektais: sveikaisiais skaičiais, baigtinėmis aibėmis, grafais, matricomis ir pan.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaitiniai algoritmai paprastai yra skaičiavimo metodų realizacijos, t.y., algoritmai sprendžiantys įvairaus pavidalo matematines lygtis su realiais koeficientais arba optimizuojantys realaus argumento funkcijas. Nagrinėdami algoritmus, mes pagrindinį dėmesį skirsime kombinatoriniams algoritmams. Taigi, algoritmų analizės kursą galima laikyti skaičiavimo metodų kurso analogu diskrečioje matematikoje: skaičiavimo metodai taiko matematinę analizę (pvz., diferencialines lygtis) tolydiems uždaviniams spręsti, o kombinatoriniai algoritmai taiko diskrečią matematiką diskretiems uždaviniams spręsti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-20 11:45:51',62,'','2010-07-20 11:56:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-20 11:45:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,286,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(998,'Pirminių skaičių nustatymas Pascalio programa','pirmini-skaii-nustatymas-pascalio-programa','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-21 07:17:01',62,'','2010-07-21 07:19:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-21 07:17:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,285,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(999,'Perlintro','perlintro','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kas yra Perl?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Perl yra bendros paskirties programavimo kalba, kuri pradžioje buvo skirta manipuliavimui tekstu, o dabar yra naudojama daugeliui užduočių: sistemų administravimui, interneto svetainių, tinklo, grafinių sąsajų programavimui ir kitoms užduotims. Ši kalba yra labiau praktiška (lengva naudoti, efektyvi, pilna) negu graži (maža, elegantiška, minimalistinė). Pagrindinės Perlo ypatybės yra naudojimo paprastumas, tiek procedūrinio, tiek objektinio programavimo palaikymas, patogus teksto apdorojimas ir vienas didžiausių nemokamų modulių pasirinkimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paprasčiausios sintaksės apžvalga</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Perlo programa susideda iš vieno ar kelių sakinių. Šie sakiniai paprastai būna surašyti byloje. Priešingai nei kai kuriose kitose kalbose, nereikia aprašyti main() funkcijos ar panašių dalykų. Perlo sakiniai baigiasi kabliataškiu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-21 07:19:53',62,'','2010-07-21 07:26:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-21 07:19:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,284,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1000,'J. Blonskis C++','j-blonskis-c','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įžanga</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">C kalba ir jos modifikacija C++ pasižymi labai dideliu lakoniškumu, sintaksinių struktūrų lankstumu ir universalumu, todėl šią kalbą dažniausiai pradedama mokytis jau turint programavimo kitomis kalbomis patyrimą. Ši knyga skirta skaitytojui, kuriam žinomos pagrindinės programavimo kalbose vartojamos sąvokos, programų struktūrizavimo<br />priemonės, sugeba naudoti standartines duomenų struktūras, valdančias struktūras, programavimo aplinkas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Programos struktūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pradedant programuoti su C++ kalba, siūloma atkreipti dėmesį į tokias šios kalbos ypatybes: 1. yra tik viena programos struktūrizavimo priemonė - funkcija; 2. programos sąvoką atitinka pagrindinė funkcija, kuri žymima vardu main; 3. identifikatoriuose didžiosios ir mažosios raidės nesutapatinamos; 4. programos objektų (struktūrų, kintamųjų, funkcijų) aprašai gali būti bet kurioje programos vietoje - svarbu tik tai, kad objektas būtų apibrėžtas prieš jį naudojant; 5. aprašuose plačiai vartojami funkcijų prototipai; 6. C++ kalboje nedidelis standartizuotų operatorių skaičius, todėl kalbos realizacijos turi labai įvairias ir galingas bibliotekų sistemas; 7. kreipiantis į kintamuosius ir struktūras, plačiai vartojamos rodyklės; 8. daugelį duomenų tipų galima interpretuoti keliais įvairiais būdais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-21 07:27:48',62,'','2010-07-21 07:48:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-21 07:27:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,283,'','',0,69,'robots=\nauthor='),(1001,'Kaip išmokti dirbti kompiuteriu','kaip-imokti-dirbti-kompiuteriu','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompiuteris, kompiuteris, kompiuteris … Kas jis toks? Ką su juo galima daryti? Ar tai mechaninė ir labai kvaila mašina, o gal tai protaujanti ir labai gudri mašina? Daugelis žmonių šiais laikais sieja savo darbą, verslą ir kitus ryšius su kompiuteriais. Tačiau ar jie tikrai moka gerai dirbti juo, esa susipažinę su visomis kompiuterio galimybėmis ir savybėmis? Deja, anaiptol taip nėra, netgi pagalvojus, kad tuoj tuoj mes peržengsim į XXI amžių, kuris siejamas vien tik su naujovėmis, kurios bus paremtos kompiuteriais ir kitomis “protingomis” mašinomis, daugelis žmonių vis dar nemoka, o gal net ir nenori mokėti bei susipažinti su kompiuteriais. Nemažai daliai žmonių ši “protinga” mašina atrodo baisiai ir jie paprasčiausiai nenori sau prisidaryti papildomų problemų, kurios jų manymu, “atsirastų” jiems pradėjus dirbti ja.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išmokti dirbti kompiuteriu tikrai nėra labai lengva, tačiau nėra ir sunku. Pirmasis žingsnis turėtų būti susipažinimas su kompiuteriu iš išorės. Daugumą kompiuterių sudaro dvi pagrindinės dalys: monitorius (vaizduoklis) ir pats kompiuteris – dėžė ,kurioje slypi visas šios “protingos” mašinos protas. Tačiau pasitaiko ir tokių, kuriuos sudaro vientisa sistema, kuomet viskas būna vienoje vietoje. Visi kompiuterio periferiniai prietaisai jungiami būtent prie tos, vadinamosios kompiuterio dėžės. Sekantis žingsnis – pats svarbiausias tai mokymasis dirbti, išnaudoti kompiuterį savo tikslams. Tam įvairiems žmoniems reikia nevienodo laiko kiekio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vieni įsisavina kompiuterio valdymą ir veikimo principą labai greit, kiti - lėčiau. Šiandieniniai kompiuteriai daugiausiai naudojami vesti buhalterinę apskaitą, vykdyti įvairius apskaičiavimus ir žinoma pramogai: žaisti įvairius žaidimus bei naršyti po internetą, rečiau rimtiems programavimams ir programų kūrimams. Kaip matome kompiuteriai daugiausiai naudojami raštinėse ir namuose, o tam daugiausia reikia mokėti elementariausiais programas: – Microsoft® Word, Excel ir kt. Išmokti dirbti šiomis programomis tikrai yra nesunku ir net ganėtinai lengva, galima lankyti įvairiausius kursus, galima pačiam bandyti pasiėmus į rankas papildomą literatūra, o gal net ir be jos. Sudėtingesnis yra programavimas, kuriam neužtenka čia aptartų įgūdžių ir mokymosi priemonių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-21 07:49:21',62,'','2010-07-21 07:55:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-21 07:49:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,282,'','',0,51,'robots=\nauthor='),(1002,'Priskyrimo skinys','priskyrimo-skinys','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bendroji forma : rezultatas:=reiškinys. Pvz.: n:=3, vardas:=\'Dalia\'; n1:=n2 ir t.t. Šio sakinio paskirtis - suteikti reikšmę priskyrimo ženklo (:=) kairėje pusėje esančiam kintamajam. Ši reikšmė - tai dešinėje priskyrimo ženklo pusėje esančio reiškinio įvertinimo rezultatas. Reiškinys gali būti kintamasis, konstanta, taip pat kintamųjų, konstantų, funkcijų, operacijų bei skliaustų junginys. Kompiuteris vykdydamas priskyrimo sakinį, pirmiausia apskaičiuoja reiškinio reikšmę ir ją suteikia kintamajam, užrašytame kairėje pusėje. Buvusi kintamojo reikšmė dingsta: n1:=n2. Po priskyrimo kintamojo n1 reikšmė pasikeis, o n2 - ne. Taigi, sukeitus juos vietomis, priskyrimo rezultatas jau būna visai kitoks. Prieš priskyrimą : n1»18; n2»9; n1:=n2; Po priskyrimo n1»9; n2»9. Kompiuteris tik tada gali teisingai apskaičiuoti reiškinio reikšmę, kai jam žinomos visų kintamųjų, esančių dešinėj sakinio pusėje, reikšmės. Priešingu atveju, kai kurio nors kintamojo reikšmė nebuvo apibrėžta, įvairiais kompiuteriais atlikto priskyrimo veiksmo rezultatas būna skirtingas. Priskyrimo sakinys dešiniosios ir kairiosios pusių kintamųjų tipai turi būti suderinami, tai reiškia, kad tiek rezultatas, tiek reiškinys turi būti tokio pat tipo (pvz.: abu integer arba char).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jei realiojo tipo kintamajam bandysime priskirti sveikojo tipo reikšmę, klaidos nebus - kompiuteris INTEGER tipo reikšmę perves į REAL.  Priskyrimo ženklo negalima painioti su matematine lygybe. Pvz.: n:=n+1. Šis pavyzdys matematinės lygybės požiūriu neturi prasmės, o tokį priskyrimo veiksmą galima atlikti. Apskaičiavę dešinėje pusėje esantį reiškinį su senąja kintamojo n reikšme, gautą reikšmę vėl priskiriame tam pačiam kintamajam n.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-21 07:55:34',62,'','2010-07-21 08:07:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-21 07:55:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,281,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1003,'C++ praktikumas','c-praktikumas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">C kalba ir jos modifikacija C++ pasižymi labai dideliu lakoniškumu, sintaksinių struktūrų lankstumu ir universalumu, todėl šią kalbą dažniausiai pradedama mokytis jau turint programavimo kitomis kalbomis patyrimą. Ši knyga skirta skaitytojui, kuriam žinomos pagrindinės programavimo kalbose vartojamos sąvokos, programų struktūrizavimo priemonės, kuris sugeba naudoti standartines duomenų struktūras, valdančias struktūras, programavimo aplinkas. Knygelėje glaustai pateikiamos C++ pagrindinės priemonės (sakinių konstrukcijos, duomenų tipai, funkcijos). Gausiai pavyzdžiais iliustruojamos pagrindinės C++ priemonės, kurios, autorių nuomone, būtinos pradinei pažinčiai su šia kalba. Pagrindinis dėmesys skirtas klasėms ir jų savybėms.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Programavime plačiai vartojamas dinaminis atminties skirstymas. Tai leidžia kurti efektyvesnes programas. Dinaminės duomenų struktūros leidžia kurti programuotojui norimos konfigūracijos ir sudėtingumo duomenų tipus. Tai labai lanksti ir efektyvi priemonė, naudojama duomenims saugoti bei apdoroti. Šiame leidinyje pristatomos pagrindinės klasikinės dinaminės duomenų struktūros: tiesiniai vienkrypčiai sąrašai ir jų modifikacijos (stekas, dekas, eilė, žiedas), dvikrypčiai tiesiniai sąrašai, tiesinių sąrašų rinkiniai, medžio tipo sąrašas. Nagrinėjamos pagrindinės operacijos su sąrašais: formavimas, peržiūra, paieška, rikiavimas, šalinimas, įterpimas,naikinimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visi veiksmai iliustruojami realiomis programomis, parašytomis ir patikrintomis su C++4.5. Knyga skirta studentams, studijuojantiems duomenų struktūras, tačiau stengtasi pristatyti dinamines duomenų struktūras detaliai su kuo daugiau pavyzdžių, kad būtų suprantama ir žingeidžiam moksleiviui ar programavimo mėgėjui. Ši knyga skirta praktinei pažinčiai su C++, todėl išsamesnėms kalbos studijoms reikalinga specialiai tam skirta literatūra. C++ kalbai skirtų knygų daug, tačiau jos siūlomos užsienio kalbomis. Lietuviškai parašytų knygų labai mažai. Autoriai tikisi, kad ši knyga palengvins pradedančiam programuotojui pasirinkti jam tinkamą literatūrą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-21 08:07:36',62,'','2010-07-21 08:13:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-21 08:07:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,280,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1004,'Asmeninio kompiuterio vaizdo sistema','asmeninio-kompiuterio-vaizdo-sistema','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompiuterio vaizdo sistema susideda iš monitoriaus, kuriame atvaizduojama informacija ir vaizdo plokštės, kuri formuoja vaizdą. Monitoriaus ekrane teksto ženklai ir vaizdai yra formuojami iš taškų matricos. Taškų matricos yra vadinamos vaizdo elementais (pikseliais). Vaizdo elementų skaičius ekrane vadinamas skiriamąja geba – tai ekrano taškų, telpančių vertikalia ir horizontalia kryptimi, skaičiaus sandauga. Ją nusako formuojamo ekrano taško dydis. Kuo didesnė skiriamoji geba, tuo aiškesnis kontūras, geresnis vaizdo matomumas ekrane.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Monitorius ir vaizdo plokštė gali dirbti dviem būdais: <br />• Tekstiniu AN (Alphanumeric) <br />• Grafiniu APA (All Points Adressable)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dirbant tekstiniu būdu ekranas suskirstomas eilutėmis (25) ir stulpeliais (80), o vieną simbolio poziciją sudaro taškelių (pikselių) matrica. Grafiniu būdu galima atskirai valdyti kiekvieną pikselį ir vaizduoti įvairias geometrines figūras. Kuo daugiau telpa pikselių ekrane, tuo didesnė jo skiriamoji geba.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Grafiniai elementai sudaromi iš įvairiaspalvių taškų. Galimas dvejopas jų aprašymas – vektorinis ir rastrinis: <br />•    Vektoriniu būdu vaizduojamą piešinį sudaro atkarpų (vektorių) rinkinys. Šiuo atveju piešinio kompiuterinis kodas bus informacija apie jį sudarančius vektorius, t.y. vektorių pradžios ir pabaigos taškų koordinatės, atspalvis. Tarpinių vektoriaus taškų koordinatės bus suskaičiuojamos. <br />•    Rastriniu (matricinis, pilno užpildymo) būdu vaizduojamo piešinio kodą sudaro informacija apie visų taškų spalvingumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-21 08:29:09',62,'','2010-07-21 08:33:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-21 08:29:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,279,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1005,'Duomenų tipai ir operacijos su tø tipø duomenimis','duomen-tipai-ir-operacijos-su-to-tipo-duomenimis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Duomenis galima suskirstyti į rūšis pagal jų įgyjamas reikšmes, sveikuosius ir realiuosius skaičius, simbolius, tekstus, logines reikšmes ir pan. Šios duomenų rūšys programavime vadinamos duomenų tipais. Dažniausiai vartojami šie standartiniai duomenų tipai: integer, real, char, string, boolean. Integer. Žodžiu integer žymimas sveikųjų skaičių (teigiamų ir neigiamų) tipas. Skaičiai rašomi be dešimtainio taško. Jei prieš skaičių nėra nurodytas ženklas, skaičius yra teigiamas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-21 08:34:06',62,'','2010-07-21 08:39:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-21 08:34:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,278,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1006,'Organizacijos AB \"Mažeikių nafta\" valdymo modeliavimas','organizacijos-ab-qmaeiki-naftaq-valdymo-modeliavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiame darbe analizuojama AB “Mažeikių nafta ”, kuri perdirba naftos produktus. Tai organizacinio pobūdžio sistema. AB “Mažeikių nafta ” yra viena iš stambiausių įmonių Europos mastu, todėl jos kompiuterizavimas yra būtinas ir neišvengiamas procesas. Norint tai padaryti, reikia atlikti nuodugnią įmonės analizę. Ko ir siekiama šiuo darbu. Atliekant AB “Mažeikių nafta ” teko daug bendrauti su įmonės kolektyvu. Dėkoju jiems už suteiktą pagalbą ir pasitikėjimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Organizacijos veiklos modeliai, sudaryti ProcessTeam paketo pagalba</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Biznio sąveikų modelis aprašo visą  organizacijos AB “Mažeikių nafta”  verslo sritį ir jos aplinką. Šiame modelyje atvaizduojami visi vidiniai įmonės padaliniai, jos sąveikos su išorinėmis organizacijomis. Šio modelio dėka susidarome strateginį biznio srities vaizdą, galime apibrėžti veiklos ribas, modeliuoti vidinių elementų materialias bei informacines sąveikas. Tiesioginė biznio sąveikų modelio paskirtis yra  AB “Mažeikių nafta” išorinių kontaktų - materialių ir informacinių mainų su aplinka modeliavimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aukščiausio lygio modelyje analizuojama organizacija yra tarsi “JUODA DĖŽĖ”. Šiame modelyje nesimato  AB “Mažeikių nafta” vidinių padalinių bei ryšių tarp jų. Šis modelis atvaizduoja tik išorėje esančias organizacijas ir jų materialias bei informacines sąveikas su įmone.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbų eigos modelis atvaizduoja biznio procesus ir darbus, perduodamus iš vieno proceso kitiems. Be to, šis modelis parodo, kuris  AB “Mažeikių nafta” padalinys atlieka ir atsako už konkretų procesą. Šio modelio pagalba analizuojame darbų rezultatų perdavimus tarp padalinių, organizacijos technologiją, ieškome neefektyvumo priežasčių.  AB “Mažeikių nafta” Darbų “Pirkimai” eigos modelis pateiktas žemiau.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-21 08:39:37',62,'','2010-07-21 08:43:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-21 08:39:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,277,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1007,'Mikroprocesorius špera','mikroprocesorius-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mikroprocesorius – tai programa valdomas duomenų apdorojimo įtaisas, pagamintas vienoje mikroschemoje. Mikroprocesorinė sistema – tai funkcionaliai išbaigta sistema, turinti savyje mikroprocesorių, atmintį, įtaisus ryšiui su išoriniu pasauliu (tai įvairios interfeiso priemonės). Mikroprocesorinė sistema pagaminta vienoje ar keliose spausdinto montažo plokštėse. MS - oje mikroprocesorius yra pagrindinis el-tas, tačiau jo kaina sudaro apie 10 proc. Visos kainos. Kitą dalį sudaro atminties, I/O schemų kainos, o savo ruožtu nesudaro nė pusės kainos, įskaitant PĮ. PĮ yra labai brangi.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Interfeisas – tai standartizuotos kompiuterio įtaisų ryšio priemonės. Jis susideda iš unifikuotų informacijos siuntimo magistralių, unifikuotų elektroninių schemų, valdančių informacijos siuntimą, t.p. informacijos mainus valdančių algoritmų, signalų reikalavimų jiems visuma. Išskiriame 2 interfeisus: 1. Tolydinių signalų interfeisas; 2. Diskretinių signalų interfeisas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-21 08:44:17',62,'','2010-07-21 08:46:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-21 08:44:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,276,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1008,'Kompiuterių komunikavimo laboratoriniai darbai','kompiuteri-komunikavimo-laboratoriniai-darbai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas į OSI modelį</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Panagrinėkime tokį pavyzdį. Tarkime vienas žmogus, kitam žmogui siunčia elektroniniu paštu žinutę. Informacija esanti žinutėje paprastai būna tekstas, kurį supranta žmonės. Tuo tarpu tinklu perduodama informacija yra vienetų - nulių sekos. Taigi žinutė siunčiama elektroniniu paštu turi virsti iš teksto į vienetų - nulių sekas. Kompiuteris priėmęs žinutę iš vienetų - nulių sekos turi atstatyti pradinį tekstą. Taip žinutė turėjo pereiti du apdorojimo etapus - iš teksto į dvejetainę seką ir iš dvejetainės sekos į tekstą. Kadangi paprastai kompiuterių tinklai apima daugelį tarpinių mazgų, tai žinutė turėjo kažkokiu būdu surasti adresatą. Taip pat galima daryti prielaidą, kad kompiuteriai tarp kurių buvo persiųstas elektroninis paštas naudoja skirtingą programinę įrangą. Be abejo kompiuteriai taip pat gali būti ir skirtingų gamintojų. Todėl gamintojai tiekiantis tinklinius produktus - aparatinę ir programinę įrangą privalo laikytis tam tikrų taisyklių aprašančių informacijos perdavimo procesą, bei standartų aprašančių tikslias tinklinių produktų specifikacijas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1980 jų pradžioje tarptautinė standartizavimo organizacija (International Standartization Organization - ISO) pripažino vieningo tinklo modelio poreikį, kuris padėtų tinklo produkcijos gamintojams sukurti tarpusavyje suderinamus tinklinius produktus. ISO 1984 metais patvirtino OSI (Open System Interconnection - ryšys tarp atvirų sistemų) modelį. Šis modelis išsprendė problemas susijusias su tinklų suderinamumu. OSI modelis greitai tapo pagrindiniu architektūriniu modeliu tarpsisteminiams ryšiams aprašyti. Buvo sukurti ir kiti modeliai, bet dauguma tinklo produktų gamintojų susieja savo produkciją su OSI modeliu. OSI modelio paskirtis yra aprašyti informacijos perdavimo procesą funkciniame lygyje, t.y. nusakomos visos funkcijos, kurios vykdomos vykstant informacijos mainams tarp sistemų. Tai nėra kažkoks konkretus standartas, o tik modelis. Remiantis šiuo modeliu, yra aprašomi tinklinių produktų standartai, kurie konkrečiai aprašo produkto specifikacijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacijos mainų tarp kompiuterių procesas OSI modelyje yra padalintas į septynis mažesnius ir todėl lengviau išsprendžiamus uždavinius (funkcijas). Kiekvienas iš septynių uždavinių atitinka OSI modelio tam tikrą lygį. Dauguma tinklo sistemų apima visus septynis modelio lygius, tačiau sistemos gali ir neturėti kai kurių lygių. Du žemutiniai OSI modelio lygiai pagrinde įgyvendinti aparatinėm priemonėm, 5 viršutiniai modelio lygiai pagrinde įgyvendinami programiškai. OSI modelis aprašo kaip vyksta informacijos mainai tarp taikomųjų programų esančių skirtingose sistemose apjungtose tinklu. Pirmame pavyzdyje pateikta OSI modelio struktūrinė schema. Šioje struktūrinėje schemoje nėra detalizuoti atskiri lygiai, bei paaiškintos lygių atliekamos funkcijos. Šioje schemoje atvaizduota kaip informacija iš vienos sistemos patenka į kitą, bei kaip sąveikauja skirtingi OSI lygiai tarpusavyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-21 08:48:46',62,'','2010-07-21 08:52:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-21 08:48:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,275,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1009,'Daugiaprogramių struktūrų kūrimas ir vystymas šiais laikais','daugiaprogrami-struktr-krimas-ir-vystymas-iais-laikais','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mūsų žiniomis, pasaulyje yra per 6 000 000 000 įvairių programinių struktūrų. Kiekviena jų – vienintelė, ir tik sąlyginai jas galima skirstyti pagal tam tikrus kriterijus. Stebina didelė jų įvairovė. Juk kiekviena struktūra prasideda nuo elementaraus dvejetainio kodo, sudaryto iš 0 ir 1. Kiekviena nauja struktūra yra kuriama iš dviejų jau susiformavusių daugiaprogramių struktūrų. Būtinai viena struktūra turi būti motininė, o kita – tėviškoji.  Tėviškoji struktūra sukuria dvejetainį kodą motininėje struktūroje, kurį motininė papildo ir vysto. Po devinių mėnesių tokio papildymo pirmykštį dvejetainį kodą jau galima vadinti programine struktūra. Kol kas ši struktūra negali nei transliuoti, nei kurti programinį kodą, be to, ji yra vienprogramė ir beveik visą laiką praleidžia miego režimu. Šiuo metu ją galima lyginti su MS-DOS pirmosiomis versijomis. Dvejetainiam kodui tapus struktūra, ją pradeda aptarnauti abi ją kūrusios tėvinės struktūros, papildydamos savo kūrinį naujomis funkcijomis, procedūromis, prijungdamos naujus modulius bei įterpdamos vis sudėtingesnius objektų aprašymus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bėgant laikui, ši naujai sukurta struktūra darosi savarankiškesnė,  nors vis dar yra vienprogramė – t.y. vienu metu sugeba atlikti tik vieną veiksmą. Tačiau dabar ji gali pati prisijunginėti jai naudingus ar patinkančius modulius, nors vis dar reikalauja labai griežtos techninės priežiūros iš savo tėvinių struktūrų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Daugiaprograme naujoji struktūra tampa apytiksliai po penkerių metų. Dabar ją galima lyginti su Windows 3.1 – struktūra pradeda bendrauti su panašaus lygio kitomis struktūromis, sugeba vienu metu vykdyti keletą nesudėtingų programų, neviršijančių jos kol kas labai riboto atminties kiekio. Nors techinė priežiūra, atliekama tėvinių struktūrų, vis dar yra gana griežta, mūsų struktūra jau gauna naują informaciją iš tinklo, į kurį sujungta daug jos ir aukštesnio lygio strukūrų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Panaši situacija išsilaiko dar apytiksliai 10 metų. Šiuo laikotarpiu mūsų struktūra vis labiau intergruojasi į ją supantį informacinį tinklą ir vis mažiau reikalauja techninės priežiūros iš savo tėvinių struktūrų. Struktūra šiuo metu yra maždaug Windows 95 – Windows 98 lygio, jos saugoma informacija užima daug daugiau vietos, užduočių sudėtingumas ir atlikimo kokybė yra gana aukšti. Dabar mūsų struktūra gali pati rinktis – ar pasilikti esamame lygyje, ar tobulinti savo programinį kodą iki OS, Windows NT ar net Linux.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Strukrūros, pasirinkusios tobulėjimą, beveik visiškai atsiskiria nuo savo tėvinių struktūrų – pastarosios ją kažkiek kontroliuoja tik per reguliarius energijos impulsus, kurie palaipsniui silpnėja. Dabar mūsų struktūra renka informaciją daug kryptingiau, atlieka daugiau geresnės kokybės užduočių. Toks informacijos rinkimas tęsiasi keletą metų – vėliau struktūra vėl gali rinktis atnaujinimą, jei tik tai leidžia jos resursai, kurie buvo užprogramuoti dar pradiniame dvejetainiame kode, sukurtame jos tėvinių struktūrų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-21 08:53:12',62,'','2010-07-21 08:55:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-21 08:53:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,274,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(1010,'Operacinė sistema MS - DOS','operacin-sistema-ms-dos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">TRUPUTĖLIS APIE PROGRAMINĘ ĮRANGĄ</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sisteminėje programinėje įrangoje galima išskirti kelias klases: operacinės sistemos (operating systems), aptarnaujančios programos (utilities), aplinkos arba terpės (shell), tinklų programinė įranga, programavimo sistemos. Pagrindinė operacinių sistemų paskirtis - koordinuoti ir valdyti kompiuterio resursus. Operacinė sistema užtikrina visų kitų programų darbą. Tai labai sudėtingi uždaviniai, nes pavyzdžiui vienam klavišo paspaudimui apdoroti reikia įvykdyti daugiau kaip 1000 mašininių komandų. Pagrindinė operacinė sistema dirbant su IBM PC genties kompiuteriais yra MS - DOS (sukurta firmos Microsoft). Su šiais kompiuteriais taip pat naudojamos DR - DOS (sukurta firmos Digital Research), OS/2, UNIX.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Operacinė sistema MS - DOS faktiškai tapo standartu dirbant su IBM  PC genties kompiuteriais. Šiai operacinei sistemai sukurta daug taikomosios programinės įrangos ir ji labai plačiai naudojama. Aptarnaujančios programos atlieka dalį operacinės sistemos funkcijų ir paprastai suteikia papildomų galimybių ir patogumų. Dažniausiai jomis naudotis yra patogiau nei operacinės sistemos komandomis. Populiariausios aptarnaujančios programos yra Norton Commander, Norton Utilities, PC Tools, Advanced Disk Manager (ADM) bei daugybė kitų programų. Vartotojo aplinka arba terpė atlieka tuos pačius veiksmus kaip ir operacinės sistemos komandos. Ji naudoja vartotojui draugišką interfeisą (bendravimo bûdą). Tai tarpininkas tarp vartotojo ir operacinės sistemos, padedantis greitai rasti duomenis, programas, redaguoti, kopijuoti, pašalinti failus, vykdyti programas. Paprastesnės terpės yra DOS Shell, PC Shell, Xtree Pro, sudėtingesnės grafinės - Windows, DESQview.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompiuterių tinklų programinė įranga valdo duomenų srautus tinkluose, valdo atitinkamą aparatûrą. Šios programinės įrangos darbas analogiškas operacinių sistemų darbui. Dažniausiai dirbama su tinklais Novell NetWare, Token Ring, IBM  PC Network, OS2/LAN. Programavimo sistemos yra priemonės programinei įrangai kurti. Kiekviena programavimo kalba turi savo privalumų ir trûkumų. Negalima sakyti, kad yra viena pati geriausia programavimo kalba. Vienos labiau tinka moksliniams - techniniams uždaviniams spręsti, kitos - ekonominei informacijai apdoroti, trečios  orientuotos į aparatûros valdymą. Populiariausios programavimo kalbos yra Macro Assembler, C, C++, Pascal, Basic, Modula -2, Prolog, COBOL, FORTRAN.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-21 08:55:45',62,'','2010-07-21 08:58:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-21 08:55:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,273,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1011,'Praktinis darbas individualūs pirkimai pardavimai','praktinis-darbas-individuals-pirkimai-pardavimai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduotis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Perkam, atisikaitom su tiekėjais, skaičiuojam atsargas. Atsarg valdymas. Nuolat atskaitomas atsargų metodas. PVM įvertinimas. Pardavimai įkainuojant konkrečių kainų metodu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tipas: tai operacijos tipas. Tai pardavimas / pirkimas. Pagal sąlyga reikalaujama pardavimų, tačiau duomenų užpildymui padaryti ir pirkimai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmoje dalyje yra sąskaitų lentelė. Atliekant pirkima pagal nutylėjimą Debetuoja 204 ir 251 sąskaitos, o Kredituoja 450 sąskaita du kartus (t.y. pirkimo kaina ir PVM ) Atliekant pardavimą Debetuoja: 600, 240, 240 (suma ir PVM); o Kredituoja: 204, 500, 470. Debetavimo ir Kreditavimo sąskaitas galima keisti, jei atliekama kito tipo operacija ar pan. Sąskaitų planą galima papildyti lentelėje ‘Saskaitos’.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antroje dalyje – duomenys apie atliekamą operaciją. Prekės Kodas (kiekviena prekė turi savo kodą) / Prekės pavadinimas / Perkamas(Parduodamas) kiekis / vieno vnt. Kaina / Visa kaina be PVM / PVM’as / Visa kaina su PVM / Sandėlio kortelės numeris (tai numeris, kuriuo pažymima kiekviena prekių rūšis gautų iš vieno tiekėjo, vienu metu ir už tą pačią kainą). Kortelės numeris reikalingas tam, jog jei yra gauta tą pačia dieną tos pačios rūšies prekių su skirtingomis kainomis, kad būtų galima nustatyti kuri prekė gauta pirmiau. Kadangi naudojamas FIFO metodas, todėl yra svarbu žinoti prekių užpajamavimo eilę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-21 08:59:47',62,'','2010-07-21 09:03:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-21 08:59:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,272,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1012,'Kompiuteriniai virusai','kompiuteriniai-virusai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompiuterinis virusas - tai speciali nedidelės apimties programa, turinti automatinį dauginimosi - maskavimosi mechanizmą ir galinti kompiuteryje atlikti nepageidaujamus veiksmus. Dažniausiai virusais užsikrečiama per elektroninio pašto žinutes, iš interneto parsisiunčiant infekuotus failus arba naudojant infekuotus diskelius ar kompaktinius diskus. Terminą “kompiuterio virusas” pirmą kartą pavartojo amerikiečių mokslininkas Fred Cohen 1984 metais. Praėjo nemažai laiko, bet virusų problema nė kiek nesumažėjo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindiniai virusų tikslai yra maskuotis ir daugintis, bet nereikia pamiršti, kad viruso paskirtis - kenkti. Dažniausiai sutinkami virusai bando kenkti, sukeldami komiškas ar vartotojo darbą apsukinančias situacijas. Kai kurie virusai gadina informaciją, programinę, o kartais ir techninę įrangą. Kartais virusų sukeliama žala susijusi su jų dauginimosi funkcijomis, kai didelis aktyvių viruso modulių skaičius išeikvoja kompiuterio darbinę atmintį ar dėl intensyvaus dauginimosi perkraunami kompiuteriniai tinklai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindiniai virusų tipai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Failų užkratai. Šio tipo virusas užkrečia vykdomuosius programų failus, prikabindami savo kodą prie failų, turinčių .com arba .exe išplėtimą, kartais užkrečiami ir .sys, .ovl, .prg arba .mnu tipo failai. Todėl kiekvieną kart, startuojant infekuotą programą, startuoja ir virusas, kuris vėliau savo kodą prijungia prie kitų programų. Šie virusai plinta perkeliant infekuotas programas iš vieno kompiuterio į kitą (dažniausiai tai būna kompiuteriniai žaidimai).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sisteminių sričių užkratai. Šie virusai savo kodą talpina sisteminėse disko srityse, dažniausiai įsiskverbdami i DOS vykdomąjį sektorių disketėje arba vykdomojo kieto disko dalyje. Startuojant iš užkrėsto diskelio, užkrovimo metu stratavęs virusas užkrečia kompiuterio kietą diską ir kito kompiuterio užkrovimo metu jau stengiasi užkrėsti visus į kompiuterį įdėtus diskelius.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-21 09:03:34',62,'','2010-07-21 09:06:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-21 09:03:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,271,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(1013,'Skaičiaus skaitmenų suma Pascal programa','skaiiaus-skaitmen-suma-pascal-programa','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-21 11:31:25',62,'','2010-07-21 11:35:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-21 11:31:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,270,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1014,'Agentai kurie priima logiškus sprendimus','agentai-kurie-priima-logikus-sprendimus','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žiniomis grįstas požiūris yra galingas būdas agento programos konstravimui. Pagrindinis tikslas yra sukonstruoti agento modelį, kuris galėtų žinodamas apie pasaulį daryti logiškas išvadas. Žiniomis grįstas agentas pajėgus priimti naujas užduotis naujų tikslų forma. Agentas gali greitai įgyti patirties jam perdavus žinias, arba jis jas gali išmokti iš aplinkos. Jis gali prisitaikyti prie aplinkos pokyčių atnaujindamas atitinkamas žinias. Žiniomis grįstas agentas turi žinoti įvairius faktus. Dabartinę pasaulio būseną, kaip numanyti apie nematomus dalykus iš pasaulio suvokimo, kaip pasaulis keičiasi bėgant laikui, ką jis nori pasiekti, ir kokius veiksmus jam reikia atlikti įvairiose situacijose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tam kad būtų paprasčiau suvokti agentą ir jo veikimo principą, remsimės paprastu nauju wumpus pasauliu, kuris bus apibrėžtas vėliau. Šiame pasaulyje žiniomis grįstas agentas gali lengvai įgyti patirtį. Agento veikimo principus yra lengviau pavaizduoti remiantis logika. Šiame pavyzdyje bus naudojama teiginių logika, su kuria supažindinama tolimesniuose paragrafuose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žiniomis grįstas agentas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinis žiniomis grįsto agento komponentas yra žinių bazė. Formaliai žinių bazė yra pasaulį atvaizduojančių faktų aibė. Kiekvienas atskiras atvaizdavimo elementas yra vadinamas sakiniu. Šie sakiniai yra išreikšti kalba kuri vadinama žinių išreiškimo kalba. Turi būti būdas itraukti naujus sakinius į žiniu bazę, ir galimybė užklausti kas yra žinoma. Žinių bazė turi būti sudaryta įvestų sakinių pagrindu, ir užklausų rezultatai turi remtis prieš tai įvestais sakiniais. Tai vadina išvedimu. Ši veiksmą atlieka išvedimo mechanizmas, kuris yra taipogi pagrindinis žiniomis grįsto agento komponentas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Yra imanoma suprasti žiniomis grįsto agento veikimą, remiantis tuo ką jis žino. Imanoma sukonstruoti tokį agentą, kuriam būtų galima pasakyti tikslą. Pradinė agento programa, prieš pradėdama veikti, priima sakinius, kuriais kurėjas apirežia pasaulį. Žinių atvaizdavimo kalba suteikia paprastą galimybę išreikšti žinias sakiniais. Tai vadinama deklaratyviuoju sistemos kurimo požiuriu. Galima apibrėžti ir mokymosi mechanizma, tada suteiktumėm agentui visiška autonimiškumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 07:16:35',62,'','2010-07-22 07:21:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 07:16:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,269,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1015,'Dokumento spausdinimas','dokumento-spausdinimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dokumento peržiūrėjimas prieš spausdinant</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Spausdinimu, dažniausiai, baigiamas kiekvieno dokumento ruošimas kompiuteriu. Jei prie kompiuterio prijungtas spausdintuvas yra įjungtas, į jį įdėtas popierius, o Jūs ruošiatės spausdinti tik aktyvų darbo knygos lapą, ir Jūsų reikalavimai spausdinimui nėra ypatingi, spausdinama, nuspaudus Print mygtuką, esantį bendrosios paskirties įrankių juostoje. Popieriaus ir laiko taupymo sumetimais reikėtų spausdinti tik patį paskutinį Excel dokumento variantą. Naudinga prieš spausdinimą pasižiūrėti, kaip dokumentas atrodys atspausdinus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Peržiūros režimas išrenkamas nuspaudus bendros paskirties mygtukų juostoje Print Preview mygtuką arba vykdant File meniu Print Preview komandą. Vykdant šį veiksmą, Excel ekrane parodys pirmąjį spausdinamą lapą. Print Preview režimo metu pasikeičia ir ekrane matomi įrankiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 07:21:40',62,'','2010-07-22 07:28:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 07:21:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,268,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1016,'Loginė daugyba ir jos savybės','login-daugyba-ir-jos-savybs','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kelis teiginius galima sujungti į vieną naują teiginį. Gyvoj kalboj tam dažnai panaudojamas jungtukas \"ir\" Pvz. : \"Ryte buvau mokykloje\" , \"šiandien perskaičiau knygą\". Sujungę į vieną gausim:\" Ryte buvau mokykloje ir šiandien perskaičiau knygą\". Naujas sudėtinis teiginys bus teisingas tik tada, kai teisingi abu jį sudarantys teiginiai. Visais kitais atvejais jis klaidingas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 07:29:03',62,'','2010-07-22 07:32:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 07:29:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,267,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1017,'Kompiuterių virusai','kompiuteri-virusai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Terminą “kompiuterio virusas” pirmą kartą pavartojo amerikiečių mokslininkas Fredas Koenas (1984 m.) 7-oje informacijos saugumo konferencijoje (JAV). Šis terminas įsigalėjo dėl to, kad kompiuterio virusai labai panašūs į jų biologinį prototipą. Kompiuterio virusas pažeidžia informaciją, esančią programos kode. Jis ima valdyti kompiuterinę sistemą. Kompiuterio virusai rūpi tiek pat, kiek AIDS. Kompiuterio virusu vadinama programa, gebanti kurti savo kopijas ir įterpti jas į failus, sistemines kompiuterio sritis, kompiuterių tinklus ir t.t. Šios kopijos turi savybę plisti. Jei kompiuteriai sujungti į tinklą, tai virusai juo plinta be galo dideliu greičiu, todėl ir jų daroma žala padidėja daug kartų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Yra žinoma keletas programų, diskų ar diskelių užkrėtimo požymių. Greta tokių akivaizdžių, kaip raidžių byrėjimas, kamuoliuko šokinėjimas, įvairių pranešimų pasirodymas displėjaus ekrane ar neįprasti garsiniai efektai, pasitaiko ir ne tokių ryškių:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    pasikeičia command.com ir kitų bylų dydis bei data;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    lėčiau nei įprasta programa įrašoma į atmintį, neaiškus kreipimasis į diską;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    neveikia kai kurios rezidentinės programos bei tvarkyklės;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    anksčiau normaliai dirbusi programa sustoja;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    staiga sumažėja tiesioginės kreipties atminties (RAM) dydis bei disko talpa ir t.t.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Virusai turi pavadinimus, tokius kaip: “Laiko bomba”, “Trojos arklys”, “Kirmėlė”… Jų poveikis būna įvairus: sugadinamos arba visai ištrinamos bylos, sugadinama informacija tarnybinėse zonose, netikėtai pasigirsta melodija, lėtėja kompiuterio darbas ir t.t.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 07:34:07',62,'','2010-07-22 07:46:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 07:34:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,266,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1018,'3 paskaita','3-paskaita','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išnagrinėję šią temą Jūs turite žinoti:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Kas yra simbolis ir kokias savybes jis turi. 2. Kas yra simbolių formatavimas ir kaip jis atliekamas. 3. Kas yra pastraipa ir kokias ji turi savybes.  4. Kaip atliekamas pastraipo formatavimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorija. Kaip jau buvo rašyta pirmoje paskaitoje, be teksto įvedimo ir redagavimo, kai kurios programos (tekstiniai procesoriai) suteikia galimybę ir formatuoti tekstą. Teksto formatavimas – lapo, pastraipos, eilutės, simbolio apiforminimo procesas. Tekstiniame procesoriuje MS Word galimi du teksto formatavimo metodai: tiesioginis formatavimas, pažymint tekstą bei formatavimas stilių pagalba.  Kol kas mes nagrinėsime pirmąjį metodą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 07:47:33',62,'','2010-07-22 07:50:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 07:47:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,265,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1019,'Pagrindinis WinWord langas','pagrindinis-winword-langas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pradėjus darbą su WinWord sistema, ekrane sukuriamas naujas tuščias dokumentas, kurio langas atveriamas programos lange. Programos lango valdymo elementai yra tokie patys kaip bet kurios Windows programos. Paveiksle nurodytos pagrindinės WinWord lango dalys.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmą kartą startavus WinWord programą liniuotė yra graduota coliais (inches). Colis - tai 25.4 mm. Lietuvoje įprasta metrinė ilgio matavimo sistema. Norint pakeisti liniuotės gradavimo vienetą, reikia: 1. Vykdyti meniu Tools komandą Options. 2. Išsirinkti komandos skyrelį General. 3. Išplėstiniame sąraše Measurement Units išrinkti liniuotės gradavimo vienetą: colį (inches), centimetrą (centimetrs), punktą (points-1/72 colio), piką (picas-1/6 colio). 4. Spausti komandos mygtuką OK.Liniuotės buvimą WinWord lange nurodo “varnele” pažymėta meniu View komanda Ruler.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 07:51:30',62,'','2010-07-22 07:57:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 07:51:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,264,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1020,'Mokomės dirbti su C++','mokoms-dirbti-su-c','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmas žvilgsnis į C++</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šioje pamokoje išnagrinėsime operatorius, iš kurių susideda C++ programa. Pamatysite, kad C++ programose laikomasi to paties formato: pradedama nuo vieno ar keleto operatorių #include, yra eilutė void main(void), po to seka operatorių rinkiniai, sugrupuoti tarp kairiojo ir dešiniojo figūrinių skliaustų. Iš šios pamokos suprasite, kad šiuos operatorius suprasti labai paprasta.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kas yra void main(void)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kuriant C++ programas jūsų išeities faile bus daugelis operatorių. Mokydamiesi suprasite, kad tvarka, kuria operatoriai atsiranda programoje, nebūtinai turi sutapti su tvarka, kuria operatoriai bus 2 vykdomi paleidžiant programą. Kiekviena C++ programa turi vieną įėjimą, nuo kurio pasideda programos vykdymas, t.y. pagrindinę programą. C++ programoje operatorius void main(void) parodo jūsų programos pradžią. Kai programos tampa didesnės ir sudėtingesnės, jos dalinamos į kelias mažesnes. Šiuo atveju operatorius void main(void) nurodo pradinius (arba pagrindinius) programos operatorius – programos dalis, kuri vykdoma pirmiausia. Programoje turi būti vienas ir tik vienas operatorius vardu main. Peržiūrint dideles C++ programas ieškote main, kad nustatyti operatorius, nuo kurių prasideda programos vykdymas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 09:16:34',62,'','2010-07-22 09:20:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 09:16:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,263,'','',0,48,'robots=\nauthor='),(1021,'Kompiuterija','kompiuterija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompiuterį sudaro: sisteminis blokas – pagrindinė kompiuterio dalis, atliekanti aritmetinius ir loginius veiksmus, valdanti kitų kompiuterio įrenginių darbą. Tai elektroninė plokštė, kurioje įmontuota procesoriaus mikroschema. Displėjus – tai įrenginys, kurio pagalba kartu su klaviatūra ir pelyte vartotojas gali bendrauti su kompiuteriu. Displėjaus ekrane yra atvaizduojamos įvedamos komandos ir duomenys, operacinės sistemos ar taikomosios programos pranešimai, išvedami darbo rezultatai. <br /> Klaviatūra . Kompiuteriuose dažniausiai būna 101 klavišo klaviatūra. Ji panaši į rašomosios mašinėlės klaviatūrą, tik joje be raidžių dar yra ir specialūs valdymo klavišai.  Pelytė – tai nedidelė dėžutė su dviem arba trim klavišais, laidu prijungta prie kompiuterio. Jos dugne yra rutuliukas, kuris stumdant pelytę šiurkščiu paviršiumi sukasi savo lizde. Šis rutuliuko judėjimas ekrane matomas kaip žymeklio judėjimas. Komandos kompiuteriui duodamos klavišų paspaudimais. Dažniausiai pelytė yra valdoma dešiniąja ranka.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išoriniai atminties įrenginiai. Duomenų saugojimui ir kaupimui kompiuteriuose naudojami diskeliai, diskai, kompaktiniai diskai, magnetinės juostos. Jų pagrindiniai parametrai yra talpa, matuojama Kb, Mb, Gb. Diskelis ( Floppy disk ) – tai plonas plastmasės skritulys, padengtas magnetinės medžiagos sluoksniu ir patalpintas į apsauginį vokelį arba dėžutę. Labiausiai paplitę 5.25 colio ir 3.5 colio diskeliai. Priklausomai nuo informacijos užrašymo tankio 5.25 colio diskelyje gali tilpti 360 Kb, 0.72 arba 1.2 Mb informacijos. Į 3.5 colio diskelį – 0.72, 1.44 arba 2.88 Mb informacijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Diskų įrenginį sudaro keletas metalinių diskelių, turinčių bendrą sukimosi ašį ir uždarytų hermetiniame korpuse. Diskelio paviršius padengtas specialiu magnetiniu sluoksniu. Priklausomai nuo įrenginio tipo jame gali tilpti 20 – 4000 Mb informacijos. Kompaktiniai diskai ( CD – ROM ) – juose duomenys rašomi veikiant lazerio spinduliuote į diską. Diskui sukantis, duomenys rašomi į koncentrinius takelius. Šie įrenginiai skirti didelės apimties duomenų laikymui. Juose gali tilpti iki 600 Mb informacijos , kuri įrašoma disko gamybos metu ir negali būti keičiama, todėl jie naudojami enciklopedijoms, programoms, archyviniams duomenims saugoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Juostų įrenginiai panašūs į video kasetes. Jie skirti archyviniams duomenims kaupti, jei jais naudojamasi ne nuolat. Įjuos periodiškai galima įrašyti diske esančius duomenis, kad diskui sugedus, būtų galima juos atstatyti. Spausdintuvas – juo atspausdinami duomenys iš kompiuterio ant popieriaus. Pagal savo veikimo principą spausdintuvai gali būti suskirstyti į adatinius, termo-, rašalinius ir lazerinius. Spausdintuvai turi pastoviąją atmintį, kurioje patalpinti raidžių, skaitmenų ir įvairių simbolių vaizdai, atitinkantys ASCII kodų lentelę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 09:21:37',62,'','2010-07-22 09:25:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 09:21:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,262,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1022,'Informacinė rinka ir informacijos menedžmentas','informacin-rinka-ir-informacijos-menedmentas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">INFORMACIJOS PASISKIRSTYMO REIKŠMĖ</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje organizacijos sėkmės faktorių lemia jos sugebėjimas kaupti, apdoroti ir skleisti informaciją bei kurti savo žinių bazę. Šie procesai įtakoja sėkmingą organizacijos darbą. Efektyvus informacijos apdorojimas įtakoja tokius faktorius kaip naujų produktų ir paslaugų kūrimas, naujų rinkų, potencialių partnerių paieška bei efektyvus finansinis veiklos organizavimas. Preciziškas informacijos panaudojimas gali atverti naujas organizacijos veiklos perspektyvas bei nurodyti jos vystymosi kelius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Biblioteka ar informacijos departamentas, nesugebantis efektyviai skleisti informaciją, yra praktiškai nerentabilus. Akivaizdu, kad informacinio darbo profesionalai privalo ne tik apdoroti sukauptą informaciją, bet ir savalaikiškai ją skleisti, tuo užtikrindami sėkmingos organizacijos veiklos raidą. Šis darbas nagrinėja bendruosius informacijos sklidimo aspektus, pabrėždamas naujo pobūdžio informacinių paslaugų, atliekamų modernių ryšio priemonių pagalba, svarbą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">INFORMACINIŲ PASLAUGŲ VERTINIMO KRITERIJAI</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Viena iš pagrindinių informacijos departamento funkcijų yra ugdyti personalo sampratą, jog informacinės paslaugos yra būtina vystymosi sąlyga. Nėra nustatyta bendrai priimtinų normų, remiantis kuriomis, ši samprata gali būti įgyvendinama. Akivaizdu, jog informacinių paslaugų teikimas turi būti sumodeliuotas taip, kad patenkintų maksimalų skaičių vartotojų ir reikiama informacija pasiektų reikiamą asmenį jam suprantama forma, reikiamu laiku.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Egzistuoja keletas faktorių, kurie įtakoja teikiamas informacines paslaugas:<br /> -    laiko faktorius (reikiama informacija, reikiamu metu);<br /> -    kokybės ir kiekybės neatitikimo faktorius (nevisuomet kokybė yra ekvivalenti kiekybei);<br /> -    užklausos ir poreikio neatitikimo faktorius (nevisuomet vartotojo užklausa atitinka jo informacinius poreikius);<br /> -    informacinių paslaugų įvertinimo faktorius (informacinės paslaugos turi būti subjektyviai vertinamos vartotojo);<br /> -    informacijos suvokimo faktorius (informacija turi būti pateikiama aiškiai ir lengvai įsisavinama);<br /> -    suvestinių informatyvumo stokos faktorius (informaciniai biuleteniai ar suvestinės dažnai nėra efektyviausia informavimo priemonė);<br /> -    grįžtamojo ryšio faktorius (grįžtamasis ryšys tarp vartotojo ir informacijos departamento privalo būti efektyviai organizuotas).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; padding-left: 30px;\"><br /><br /></p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 09:26:17',62,'','2010-07-22 09:33:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 09:26:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,261,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1023,' NetWare 4.01 administravimas','-netware-401-administravimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: suprasti  tinklo administratoriaus funkcijas, išsiaiškinti ir palyginti administratoriaus  teises su eilinio vartotojo teisėmis. Situacija. Aš esu  “BENAMIND” firmos lokalinio tinklo administratorius (organizational unit manager) ir man suteiktos supervizoriaus teisės NDS šakoje KT.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Su pagalba NetWare Administrator ,bet kokiam tome galima sukurti reikiamą katalogų ir pakatalogių struktūrą , skirtą duomenų ir programų saugojimui. Tam tomas turi būti sukurtas kaip  NDS objektas ir sumontuotas serveryje (turėtų statusą Mounted).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 09:34:01',62,'','2010-07-22 09:36:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 09:34:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,260,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1024,'Informacijos ir informatikos samprata','informacijos-ir-informatikos-samprata','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informatika - tai žinios, kurias galima perduoti, priimti, įsiminti.Informaciją nuolat gauname iš aplinkos. Ji mus pasiekia per jutimo organus. Pav., pažvelgę pro langą, matome, koks lauke oras. Pirmąją informaciją žmogus gauna jau gimdamas. Tai tėvų paveldėta genetinė informacija. Visą kitą informaciją žmogus gauna iš aplinkos, daugiausia iš kitų žmonių. Vaikai mokosi iš tėvų, vyresniųjų ir daugiau žinančių draugų. Turimą informaciją žmogus perduoda kitiems, bet ir naudoja ją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacijos apykaita vyksta ne tik tarp žmonių, bet ir visoje gyvoje gamtoje. Net paprasčiausi vienalasčiai organizmai geba justi aplinkos veiksnius - šviesą - ir į juos reaguoti. Tačiau kitaip negu kitos gyvos būtybės, žmogus perduoda, priima, įsimena ir netgi apdoroja informaciją - naudojasi ne tik jutimo organais, bet ir dirbtinėmis priemonėmis. Jau gilioje senovėje žmonės svarbiausiais žinias iškaldavo akmenyje, užrašydavo molinėse plytelėse, kad tos žinios išliktų ir būtų perduotos ateities kartoms. Laikui bėgant rašto reikmenys tobulėjo: atsirado papirusas, popierius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Didžiulį perversmą saugant informaciją padarė spausdintas žodis. Spausdintose knygose kaupėsi labai daug informacijos. Tai - žmonijos atmintis. Informacijos perdavimą labai pagreitino elektrinės ryšio priemonės - telefonas, radijas, televizija. Tačiau elektinis ryšys turi savo trūkumų - brangiai kainuoja, neišvengiamas informacijos iškraipymas, klaidos.Todėl šio šimtmečio viduryje atsirado naujas mokslas, vadinamas informacijos teorija. Žmogus stengiasi automatizuoti ne tik fizinį darbą, bet ir protinį darbą - informacijos apdorojimą. Šiam tikslui ir buvo sukurtos elektorinės skaičiavimo mašinos. Pastaruoju metu jos vadinamos kompiuteriais. Mokslas apie informaciją, jos perdavimą, kaupimą, saugojimą ir, svarbiausia apdorojimą - vadinamas informatika.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Diskretieji ir tolydieji dydžiai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacija yra abstrakti sąvoka. Ta pati žinia, o ne konkreti jos išraiška. Konkretumo prireikia, kai norime informaciją kam nors perduoti. Tada ją išreiškiame pranešimu. Pranešimas - tai konkreti informacijos išraiška. Pranešimai gali būti perduodami įvairiais signalais: šviesa, garsu, kvapu, elektros srove. Asmuo, siunčiantis pranešimą, vadinamas pranešimo siuntėju, o asmuo, priimantis pranešimą gavėju. Pranešimo siuntėjas ir gavėjas turi būti iš anksto susitarę, kokiu signalu bus perduodamas pranešimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Signalo prigimtis yra fizinė. Todėl signalą galima išmatuoti ir nustatyti jį apibūdinančius dydžius, pvz., stiprumą, trukmę. Šie dydžiai ir panaudojami pranešimui išreikšti. Siuntėjas pranešimą išreiškia tam tikrų dydžių signalu, o gavėjas išmatuoja gautą signalą ir atpažįsta, kas juo buvo perduota. Pagal informacijos išraiškos būdą dydžiai skirstomi į tolydžiuosius ir diskrečiusius. Tolydžiais vadinami tokie dydžiai, kurių reikšmių skaičius bet kuriame intervale yra begalinis. Tolydieji dydžiai reiškiami tolydžiaisiais signalais. Pvz: ilgių atžymos, žemėlapis.Preišingi tolydiesiems dydžiams yra diskretieji dydžiai. Žodis diskretus reiškia nutrūkstamą, sudarytą iš atskirų dalių. Diskrečiaisiais vadinami tokie dydžiai, kurių reikšmių skaičius bet kuriame baigtiniame intervale yra baigtinis. Diskretieji dydžiai reiškiami diskrečiaisiais signalais. Pvz: Jono ūgis 156 cm, nubrėžta 24 cm atkarpa. Kad perduodama ir apdorojama tolydžioji informacija išliktų tiksli, ji diskretizuojama. Daug kartų perduodant tolydųjį signalą, paklaidos gali nepastebimai virsti stambiomis klaidomis. Todėl tehnikoje vis labiau įsigali diskretusis informacijos vaizdavimo būdas. Daugėja matavimo prietaisų, kuriuose vietoj skalės su rodykle yra skaitmeninis indikatorius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 09:37:33',62,'','2010-07-22 09:45:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 09:37:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,259,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(1025,'Deikstros algoritmas','deikstros-algoritmas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduotis : realizuoti “Deikstros” algoritmą ir sudaryti programą trumpiausio kelio nuo “P” (pradžia) iki “G” (galas) radimui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduoties analizė: pradiniai duomenys turi būti surašyti tekstiniame faile. Failo eilutės formatas: briauna pradžia,briaunos pabaiga, briaunos svoris. Duotame grafe reikia rasti trumpiausi kelią nuo įvestos iš klaviatūros pradines ir galinės viršūnės.Naudojant  Deikstros algoritmą.Atsakymas išvedamas į ekraną. Tarkim ,kad žinom trumpiausią kelią tarp s ir k (Fk)ų Tada Fj skaičiuojamas Fj=min(Fj, Fk+Ckj). Fs=0. Fj=    . Fk=min(Fj) kur j nedažytos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 09:46:27',62,'','2010-07-22 09:49:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 09:46:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,258,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1026,'Svetainės publikavimas internete','svetains-publikavimas-internete','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sukūrę svetainę, turime ją publikuoti, t.y. nusiųsti į FTP ar WWW tarnybinę stotį, kad bet kuris po Internetą klaidžiojantis žmogus ją galėtų pamatyti.Pirmiausia turite gauti vietos FTP arba WWW serveryje svetainei publikuoti. Taigi prieš publikuodami svetainę turite žinoti:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    koks bus jos adresas internete (pvz., http://ftp.osf.lt/~muziejus);</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    FTP serverio pavadinimą (pvz., ftp://ftp.osf.lt);</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    vartotojo vardą bei slaptažodį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 09:50:04',62,'','2010-07-22 10:15:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 09:50:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,257,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1027,'Skaičių dalumo grafinis vaizdavimas Pascal programa','skaii-dalumo-grafinis-vaizdavimas-pascal-programa','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 10:15:56',62,'','2010-07-22 10:17:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 10:15:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,256,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1028,'Operacinė sistema OS/2 Warp 3.0','operacin-sistema-os2-warp-30','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">TURINYS:<br />1.    Darbo aplinka \"Workplace shell\"<br />2.    Darbas su programomis<br />3.    Darbas su diskais<br />4.    Aplankai ir failai<br />5.    Sistemos paruošimas darbui ir stabdymas</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo aplinka \"Workplace shell\"</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogui yra paprasčiau orientuotis, kai informacija susisteminta ir pateikiama grafiniais vaizdais: lengviau ją įsiminti, ji patogi valdyti, ne tokia nuobodi. Todėl siūloma pirmą žingsnį į OS/2 žengti per darbo aplinką (Workplace shell). Darbo aplinkos objektai. Darbo aplinką galima palyginti su rašomuoju stalu, ant kurio mums patogiai išdėstytos darbo priemonės. OS/2 darbo aplinkoje tokios priemonės vadinamos objektais. Pateiksiu objektų pavyzdžių: programos, segtuvai, įrenginiai, duomenys ir t.t. Kiekvienas objektas turi savo vardą, piktogramą, valdymo meniu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 10:18:26',62,'','2010-07-22 10:22:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 10:18:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,255,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1029,'Kompiuterių struktūra špera','kompiuteri-struktra-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kilda</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Algoritmai. Pagrindiniai reikalavimai. Algoritmai tai fiktyvios procedūros padedančios vienareikšmiškai gauti rezultatus. Pagrindinai algoritmai taikymi matematikoje negalimų uždavinių sprendimui. Technikoje algoritmai – tai galimybė uždavinį spręsti programiškai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinės algoritmų savybės:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Algoritmas naudojamas su pradiniais duomenimis ir algoritmas duoda rezultatus. Pasirodo ir tarpiniai rezultatai. Taigi riekia nurodyti ir duomenų reikalavimus. Duomenys gali būti ir vaizdiniai. Todėl algoritmų teorijoje nenaudojamas žodinis duomenų apibrėžimas. Fiksuojami baigtiniai pradinių objektų rinkiniai ir baigtinis kitų objektų sudarymo būdų ir elementariųjų objektų rinkinys. Elementariųjų objektų rinkinys sudaro baigtinį pradinių simbolių alfabetą.Tipinis kitų objektų sudarymo būdas – indukcija.<br />Baigtinio alfabeto baigtinio ilgio žodžiai – tipiškiausias algoritminių duomenų pavyzdys. 2. Duomenys talpinami atminyje. Ji paprastai laikoma vienalyte ir diskretine, viena ląstelė atsimena vieną duomenų simbolį. Teoriškai atmintis gali būti begalinė. 3. Algoritmas susideda iš elementarių žingsnių arba veiksmų, skirtingų žingsnių arba veiksmų aibė yra begalinė. Tipinis pavyzdys – kompiuterio komandų sistema. 4. Algoritmų žingsnių seka determinuota: po kiekvieno žingsnio nurodomas kitas, kurį reikia atlikti, arba sustojama. 5. Iš algoritmų reikalaujama rezultatyvumo:t.y. kad po baigtinio žingsnių skaičiaus būtų sustojama ir rodomas rezultatas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 10:22:51',62,'','2010-07-22 10:58:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 10:22:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,254,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1030,'Diagramos ir statistinë analizë ','diagramos-ir-statistine-analize-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš matematikos žinome, kad funkcinės priklausomybės gali būti aprašomos trimis būdais: matematikos formulėmis, lentelėmis ir grafikais. Todėl kiekvieną lentelę, kurioje saugoma keletas vienodos struktūros duomenų eilučių, galima laikyti funkcijos aprašymu ir šį aprašymą pakeisti grafiniu vaizdu. Tokie grafiniai vaizdai skaičiuoklėse yra vadinami diagramomis ir labai gerai tinka duomenų analizės tikslams. Norint tiksliau įvertinti lentelėmis aprašomas priklausomybes, gali būti pageidaujama sudaryti šias priklausomybes aprašančias matematines formules.  Sudarant tokius aprašymus, reikia įvertinti tai, kad lentelėse registruojami stebėjimų arba matavimų rezultatai dažniausiai yra veikiami daugybės atsitiktini faktorių. Todėl jų aprašymui geriausiai tinka ne griežtos matematinės priklausomybės, o įvairūs statistiniai įverčiai. Skaičiuoklėse yra gausus statistinių įverčių skaičiavimo funkcijų rinkinys, regresinės analizės priemonės. Jeigu nereikia didelio tikslumo ir nepageidaujama naudoti sudėtingų statistikos terminų, galima apsiriboti statistinei analizei skirtomis grafikos priemonėmis - histogramomis ir procentinio pasiskirstymo diagramomis. Tokios diagramos gali papuošti ir padaryti įtaigesnes jūsų ataskaitas, reklaminius bukletus, padėti jūsų profesinei veiklai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Grafinis lentelių duomenų vaizdavimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Analizuojant lentelėse aprašomų objektų parametrų reikšmes, dažnai rūpi nustatyti, kaip kinta šios reikšmės, kokia yra jų kitimo atkarpa, kaip reikšmės yra pasiskirsčiusios šioje atkarpoje, kokios yra jų kitimo tendencijos, tarpusavio priklausomybės. Sprendžiant tokius uždavinius, gali būti vartojamos analitinės analizės priemonės, tačiau žymiai vaizdesni ir patogesni yra grafiniai lentelėse saugomų duomenų vaizdai, kurie yra parenkami atsižvelgiant tiek į vartotojo poreikius, tiek į lentelėje saugomų duomenų savybes. Lentelėse (sąrašuose) saugomos reikšmės gali atspindėti stacionarias funkcines priklausomybes arba ten gali būti atsitiktinį pobūdį turinčių duomenų rinkiniai (imtys).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 10:59:12',62,'','2010-07-22 11:13:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 10:59:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,253,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1031,'Diagramos','diagramos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naujos diagramos kūrimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacija, ypač skaitmeninė, lengviau suvokiama ir įsisavinama, kai pateikiama vaizdingomis diagramomis. Excel diagrama (chart) – tai darbiniame lape esančių duomenų grafinis vaizdas. Excel turi patogias priemones diagramų sudarymui ir siūlo išsirinkti tirtai puikias, profesionalių dizainerių apipavidalintas penkiolikos tipų diagramas – dvimates ir trimates paruoštas pagal 102 skirtingus formatus. Diagramos gali būti braižomos:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•     tame pačiame knygos lape, kur yra duomenys;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    atskirame knygos lape.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Diagramų redagavimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sudaryta diagrama gali būti patalpinama viename lape su lentelės duomenimis arba saugoma atskirame knygos lape (Chart). Kartu su lentelės duomenimis viename lape (Sheet) saugoma diagrama yra grafinis objektas. Tokiai diagramai redaguoti taikomos standartinės objektų redagavimo komandos (Move, Size). Taip pat galima vykdyti Edit meniu komandas (Cut, Copy, Paste, Clear). Jeigu norite pertvarkyti diagramą reikia pereiti į diagramos redagavimo režimą (du kartus spragtelti kairiuoju pelės klavišu diagramos plote). Tuomet diagramos lauko rėmelyje atsiras charakteringi juodi kvadratėliai, lauko dydžiui ir proporcijoms keisti, ir pasikeis pagrindinis meniu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 11:13:29',62,'','2010-07-22 11:15:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 11:13:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,252,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1032,'Skaičiavimo sistemos špera','skaiiavimo-sistemos-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaičiavimo sistemos. Skaičiavimo sistema - tai simbolių ir jų užrašymo taisyklių visuma, naudojama skaičių vaizdavimui. Nepozicinėje skaičiavimo sistemoje skaičiai išreiškiami įvairių skaitmenų kombinacija, kurioje skaitmenų reikšmė nustatoma pagal simbolių konfigūraciją. Pozicinėje skaičiavimo sistemoje kiekvieno skaitmens reikšmę apsprendžia ne tik jo simbolio konfigūracija, bet ir vieta, kurią jis užima. Skaitmenų, naudojamų skaičių užrašymui, kiekis q vadinamas skaičiavimo sistemos pagrindu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Koduotos skaičiavimo sistemos. Skaičiavimo sistema, kurios skaitmenys yra užkoduoti kitos skaičiavimo sistemos skaitmenimis vadinama koduota skaičiavimo sistema. Koduotos skaičiavimo sistemos skilčių svoris gali būti natūralus arba dirbtinis. Skaičių pervedimas iš vienos skaičiavimo sistemos į kitą. Pervedant sveiką skaičių iš vienos sistemos į kitą, reikia nuosekliai dalinti šį skaičių iš naujos skaičiavimo sistemos pagrindo, kol bus gauta liekana, mažesnė už daliklį. Dalybos metu gautos liekanos yra skaitmenys naujoje skaičiavimo sistemoje. Paskutinė liekana - gauto skaičiaus aukščiausios skilties skaitmuo. Taisyklingos trupmenos pervedimui į kitą skaičiavimo sistemą naudojamas kartotinio dauginimo metodas iš naujos skaičiavimo sistemos pagrindo. Taisyklinga trupmena dauginama iš naujos skaičiavimo sistemos pagrindo. Gautos sandaugos sveikoji dalis yra aukščiausias skaitmuo naujoje skaičiavimo sistemoje. Trupmeninę sandaugos dalį vėl dauginame iš naujos skaičiavimo sistemos pagrindo. Dauginame tol, kol sandaugos trupmeninė dalis virsta 0 arba tol, kol gauname reikalingą skaitmenų kiekį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 11:16:15',62,'','2010-07-22 11:27:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 11:16:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,251,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(1033,'Pirmuju n nelyginiu skaiciu suma Pascal programa','pirmuju-n-nelyginiu-skaiciu-suma-pascal-programa','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 11:35:58',62,'','2010-07-22 11:47:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 11:35:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,250,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1034,'Kompiuterio dalys','kompiuterio-dalys','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šioje mokomojoje knygoje supažindinama su kompiuterių struktūra ir funkcionavimu. Kuo aiškiau ir išsamiau išdėstyti modernių kompiuterių sistemų esmę, būdingus bruožus siekiama dėl kelių priežasčių. Pirma, pasaulyje plačiausia skaičiavimo technikos įvairovė: nuo vienalusčių dviem pirštais apčiuopiamų mikrokompiuterių iki superkompiuterių, kuriems būtinos patalpos. Visi jie vadinami kompiuteriais, nors skiriasi ne tik matmenimis, bet ir pajėgumu, skirtingos jų taikymo sritys ir kainos. Antra, nemažėja kompiuterių technologijų tobulinimo tempas. Plėtra aprėpia visus kompiuterių technologijų aspektus - nuo kompiuteriuose taikomų integrinių schemų projektavimo iki jų jungimo į sudėtingiausias struktūras.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nepaisant įvairovės ir sparčių pokyčių, kompiuterijoje yra tam tikrų fundamentinių koncepcijų, kurios laikui bėgant nesikeičia ir yra nuolat diegiamos. Natūralu, kad šių koncepcijų pritaikymui įtakos turi gamybos technologijų lygis ir siekiamas kompiuterio pajėgumo bei kainos santykis. Istoriškai susiklostė, kad kompiuterijos mokslas kūrėsi ir sparčiausiai plėtojosi JAV bei Vakarų šalyse, ypač Didžiojoje Britanijoje. Natūralu, kad literatūroje yra aibė specifiškų terminų anglų kalba. Sklandžiai ir tiksliai išversti juos ne visada pavyksta, anglų kalboje žodžiai daugiareikšmiai, neįsigilinu į konkretų kontekstą beveik kiekvieną galima iškreipti. Todėl, kur tik įmanoma, taikysime nusistovėjusius lietuviškus terminus, o tuo atveju, jei vykusio atitikmens nėra, greta vartosime originalų anglišką terminą jį išskirdami arial šriftu ir atitinkamose vietose apskliausdami figūriniais skliaustais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 11:48:08',62,'','2010-07-22 12:27:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 11:48:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,249,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1035,'Laboratorinis darbas','laboratorinis-darbas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Susipažinti su programuojamo taimerio KP580BИ53 struktūra, funkcionavimu, darbo režimais ir jų programavimu, procesoriaus pertraukimu pagal taimerio signalus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Konkreti užduotis. Ištirti programuojamo taimerio 3-is darbo režimus, kurių kiekvienas priklausytų vienai iš grupių : taimeris naudojamas kaip skaitiklis; daliklis; taimeris valdomas programiškai (panadojant GATE signalus). Norint, kad procesorius nebūtų pastoviai apkrautas, reikia signalą OUT, kuris rodo, kad skaičiavimai atlikti paduoti į vieną iš pertraukimą apdorojančių linijų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 12:29:01',62,'','2010-07-22 12:31:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 12:29:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,248,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(1036,'Microsoft Accsess duomenų bazių namų darbo aprašymas','microsoft-accsess-duomen-bazi-nam-darbo-apraymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vadovų yra visokių – išmanančių verslą ir pradėjusių nuo nulio, bet tikinčių, kad pasiseks, vertinančių savo darbuotojus ir laikančių juos vos ne tarnais, mandagių bei malonių ir arogantiškų bei nesirenkančių žodžių. Tačiau visi jie moka įdarbintiems žmonėms atlyginimą, kurio dydis, beje, taip pat parodo vadovo požiūrį į žmones. Tačiau atlyginimai ir darbuotojų skatinimas įmonėje, pasirodo, yra ta tema, kuria verslininkai mažiausiai nori kalbėti. Susidaro įspūdis, kad vadovas- labiau rūpi firma nei joje dirbantys žmonės. Tai suprantama: jei firma klestės, darbuotojai turės darbo, o ir atlyginimą gaus didesnį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kai   kurie  žmonės   dirba  tai  tarsi  tikėtųsi  gyventi  amžinai.   Norėdami išgyventi, visi  žmonės   privalo dirbti;  egzistavimas  šioje žemėje priklauso nuo mūsų sugebėjimo   pasigaminti  maistą,  įsirengti  pastogę  ir  pasisiūti  drabužius,  nuo  mūsų  sugebėjimo  valdyti pasaulį.   Sugebėjimas   ką nors  sukurti visiškai priklauso nuo mūsų valios ir noro dirbti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiekviena visuomenė, nepaisant jos ekonominės organizacijos, - kapitalistinės ar socialinės  - turi išspręsti gamybos problemas, kad nuolat patenkintų  gyvybinius žmonių poreikius.   Tą  galima  padaryti  naudojant savanorišką  ar  privalomą  darbą. Kapitalistinėje  sistemoje  jokia  politinė valdžia   prievarta   neverčia   žmonių   dirbti, negrasina areštu ar  bausme, jei  kas nedirba. Kitaip buvo socialistinėje visuomenėje, tokioje kaip  Tarybų   Sąjunga, kur   kiekvienas   turėjo  dirbti  pagal  ūkio liaudies  centro   vystymo planą. Atsisakiusiems dirbti buvo taikomos bausmės arba net įkalindavo darbo stovyklose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 12:32:36',62,'','2010-07-22 12:35:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 12:32:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,247,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1037,'SQL duomenų bazių serveriai','sql-duomen-bazi-serveriai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nelengva valdyti kompaniją \"Interneto\" eroje. Tačiau duomenų bazės suteikia galios, leidžiančios įkinkyti visus svarbiausius verslo duomenis. Mes apžvelgiame naujausius ir geriausius duomenų bazių serverius, sukurtus IBM, \"Informix\", \"Microsoft\", \"Oracle\" ir \"Sybase\". Nagi, atsakykite, kokia technologija versle yra svarbiausia? Teisingai, telefono linijos ir tinklo maršrutizatoriai yra pagrindinės jūsų verslo nervų sistemos dalys; jos perneša svarbią informaciją iš ten, kur ji saugoma, ten, kur ji reikalinga. Tačiau jūsų duomenų bazė yra jūsų verslo smegenys. Joje - visa svarbiausia informacija apie klientus ir verslo procesus, be kurios jūsų įmonė paprasčiausiai nefunkcionuotų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jei jūsų duomenų bazė negali susijungti su kita programine ir technine įranga arba veikia pernelyg lėtai, darbuotojai negali priimti užsakymų, peržiūrėti kainų ir patikrinti, ar turite tam tikrų produktų. Jie nežinos, ar paskambinęs žmogus pernai užsisakė prekių už milijoną ar tik už keliolika litų. Jie netgi negalės pasižiūrėti, koks techninės pagalbos tarnybos telefonas. Be duomenų jūsų verslas paprasčiausiai žlugs.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tinkamos duomenų bazės išsirinkimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Štai kodėl taip svarbu jūsų įmonei išsirinkti tinkamą duomenų bazę. Svarbiausi faktoriai, pasirenkant duomenų bazę, turi būti maksimalus vartotojų, vienu metu besijungiančių prie duomenų bazės, skaičius, jums reikalingas duomenų bazės veikimo lygis, programų, kuriomis jungsitės prie duomenų bazės, tipai, serverio, kuriuo naudosis duomenų bazė, techninė bei programinė įranga, o be to, jūsų specialistų žinių apie tam tikrą duomenų bazę lygis. Kitas būdas - pavesti kitiems rūpintis jūsų duomenų bazės poreikiais. Šį būdą pastaruoju metu ypač reklamuoja \"Oracle\". Jis bus patogus, jei savo įmonėje neturite jokių duomenų bazių specialistų arba jei kartkartėmis duomenų bazė smarkiau apkraunama. Tokiais atvejais pagelbės pašaliečių specialios žinios ir priemonės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 12:36:26',62,'','2010-07-22 12:41:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 12:36:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,246,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1038,'Bendras didžausias daliklis','bendras-didausias-daliklis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Programos “ BENDRAS DIDŽIAUSIAS DALIKLIS “ struktūrograma;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Susipažinimas su Turbo Pascalio aplinka.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 12:41:13',62,'','2010-07-22 12:43:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 12:41:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,245,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1039,'MS DOS operacinė sistema','ms-dos-operacin-sistema','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">DOS komandos</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Fdisk. Diskiniai kaupikliai gali būti suskirstyti į kelias dalis, iš kurių gali būti įkrautos skirtingos operacinės sistemos. Kiekvienoje iš šių dalių yra vienas arba keli loginiai kaupikliai, kurie DOS terpėje žymimi raidėmis (C:; D:; ir t.t.). Diskinio kaupiklio padalinimui į dalis ir loginius kaupiklius operacinėje sistemoje DOS yra programa Fdisk. Šią programą taip pat galima naudoti informacijos apie diskinio kaupiklio padalinimą į loginius kaupiklius peržiūrai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Dosinėje eilutėje parašius fdisk komanda į ekraną išvedamas pagrindinis meniu: Fdisk Options; Current fixed disk drive: Choise one of the following:<br />1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive (sukurti diskinio kaupiklio dalį DOS formate, arba loginį kaupiklį);<br />2. Set active partition (nurodyti, iš kurios kaupiklio dalies įkraunamas kompiuteris, jį įjungiant, t.y. kuri kaupiklio dalis yra aktyvi);<br />3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive (ištrinti kaupiklio dalį arba loginį kaupiklį);<br />4. Display partition informacion (išvesti informaciją apie diskinio kaupiklio padalinimą);<br />5. Change current fixed disk drive (pasirinkti diskini kaupiklį, ši meniu punktas yra kai kompiuteryje yra tik vienas diskinis kaupiklis).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 12:44:13',62,'','2010-07-22 12:47:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 12:44:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,244,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1040,'Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 tinklo administravimas','microsoft-windows-nt-40-tinklo-administravimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduotis: Jūs esate mokyklos informatikos mokytojas. Mokykla gerai kompiuterizuota, tad kompiuterinėmis darbo vietomis yra aprūpinti visi administracijos darbuotojai, buhalterija bei sargai. Mokykloje yra keletas kompiuterių klasių, kurios naudojamos ne tik informatikai, bet ir kitoms disciplinoms (biologija, matematika ir kt.) mokyti. Iš viso mokykloje yra iki 100 kompiuterinių darbo vietų. Visi mokyklos kompiuteriai sujungti į tinklą ir naudoja įvairias Microsoft Windows OS. Jūsų, kaip informatikos mokytojo, viena iš pareigų – kompiuterinio tinklo diegimas, vartotojų kūrimas ir administravimas, tinklo servisų priežiūra.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: Išsiaiškinti Windows NT tinklo vartotojų ir grupių koncepcijas, taikant administratoriaus priemones sukurti pateiktos organizacijos vartotojus ir grupes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 12:48:21',62,'','2010-07-22 12:50:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 12:48:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,243,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(1041,'Interneto teikiamų paslaugų rūšys','interneto-teikiam-paslaug-rys','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">World Wide Web (WWW)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiuo metu žiniatinklis [WWW] tampa populiariausia interneto informacijos paslauga. Populiarumo priežastis paprasta: čia vadinamuosiuose tinklalapiuose (Žiniatinklio puslapiuose) pateikiami įvairialypiai elektroniniai dokumentai (tekstinė, grafinė, garsinė, vaizdo ir kt. informacija), tarpusavyje susieti nuorodomis, leidžiančiomis sparčiai ir patogiai „vartyti“ šiuos puslapius. Pati vartotojo darbo aplinka priklauso nuo naudojamo kompiuterio pajėgumo ir programos, su kuria peržiūrima informacija žiniatinklyje. Tokios peržiūros programos – naršyklės (Browsers) – yra panašios į įprastines Windows sistemos programas, tik jos dirba su vadinamaisiais hiperteksto dokumentais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Hipertekstas – tai tekstas, susietas (lyg enciklopedijoje ar žodyne) su kitomis to paties dokumento vietomis ir kitais dokumentais, nesvarbu, ar laikomus tame pačiame kompiuteryje, ar bet kuriame kompiuteryje kitame pasaulio gale. Tokios saitai [nuorodos] vadinami hipersaitais. Eidamas nuo vieno saito prie kito (vienokiu ar kitokiu būdu aktyvindamas juos), vartotojas gali keliauti tiek tuo pačiu dokumentu, tiek iš vieno dokumento į kitą. žiniatinklio klientas (naršyklė) siunčia užklausas (pagal hipersaite nurodytą adresą) į žiniatinklio tarnybinę stotį – programą, kuri tas užklausas analizuoja ir nusiunčia reikalingą dokumentą klientui. žiniatinklio klientai ir tarnybinės stotys bendrauja vadinamuoju hiperteksto perdavimo protokolu (HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)), o patys žiniatinklio dokumentai kuriami standartine hiperteksto žymėjimo kalba (Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)) kalba. HTML – tai kalba, apibūdinanti žiniatinklio dokumento teksto apipavidalinimą: jo stilių, formatą, šriftus ir kt. Ja galima kurti įvairias hipersaitus, įterpti į dokumentą grafinius bei judančius vaizdus, garso įrašus ir pan.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 12:50:44',62,'','2010-07-22 12:52:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 12:50:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,242,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1042,'Prielaidos kompiuterių tinklams atsirasti','prielaidos-kompiuteri-tinklams-atsirasti','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">1.    Sujungti kompiuterius ryšio linijomis, kuriomis, naudojant tam tikras priemones, būtų galima perduoti informaciją.<br />2.    Poreikis komutuoti.<br />3.    Skaitmeninio ryšio technologijos (sparčiai išsivysčiusios).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-22 12:53:22',62,'','2010-07-22 12:56:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-22 12:53:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,241,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1043,'Informatikos terminai','informatikos-terminai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacija – tai žinios, kurias galime perduoti, priimti, įsiminti. Mokslinės, visuomeninės, politinės, techninės žinios, perduodamos vienų asmenų kitiems žodžiu, raštu arba masinės komunikacijos priemonėmis. Skaičiavimas – skaitmeninės informacijos aprodorimas. Informatika – mosklo šaka, tirianti visų rūšių informacijos struktūrą, organizacijų f-jas, genezę, sąveiką su kitais materijos elementais. Mokslas apie informaciją, jos perdavimą, kaupimą, saugojimą, o svarbiausia apdorojimą. Informatikas – informatikos mokslinio tiriamojo darbo specialistas. Kai kuriose užsienio valstybėse – automatizuoto duomenų apdorojimo specialistas. Pranešimas – konkreti informacijos išraiška. Informacijos visuomenė – tada kai didžioji dalis žmonių dirba darbą susijusį su informacijos gamyba, platinimu, paieška, saugojimu. Asmuo siunčiantis pranešimą vadinamas pranešimo siuntėju, arba trumpiau siuntėju, o asmuo, priimantis pranešimą, vadinamas priėmėju arba gavėju. Pranešimo siuntėjas ir priėmėjas iš anksto turi būti susitarę kokiu signalu bus perduodamas pranešimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagal informacijos išraiškos būdą dydžiai gali būti skirstomi į tolydžiuosius ir diskrečiuosius. Tolydžiaisiais vadinami tokie dydžiai, kurių reikšmių skaičius bet kuriame intervale yra begalinis. Diskrečiaisiais vadinami tokie dydžiai, kurių reikšmių skaičius bet kuriame intervale yra baigtinis. Diskretieji dydžiai reiškiami diskrečiaisiais signalais.<br />Tolydusis signalas bet kuriame intervale turi be galo daug reikšmių. Kad perduodama ir apdorojama informacija butų tiksli, ji diskretizuojama, t.y. keičiama diskrečiąja.<br />Prietaisai, kuriuose skaičiai išreiškiami jiems proporcingais fizikiniais dydžiais (dažniausiai elektros srovė ir įtampa), o operacijos su skaičiais pakeičiamos operacijomis su tais fizikiniais dydžiais, vadinami tolydžiosiomis skaičiavimo mašinomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 07:05:04',62,'','2010-07-27 07:16:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 07:05:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,240,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1044,'Ekvivalentinis skaidymas špera','ekvivalentinis-skaidymas-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaidykime automato būsenas į klases pagal tokias taisykles: 1. visos būsenos, priklausančios vienai klasei, turi būti k - ekvivalentinės. 2. visos būsenos, priklausančios skirtingoms klasėms, turi būti k - atskiriamos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Toks skaidymas vadinamas automato k - ekvivalentiniu skaidymu ir žymimas P<sub>k</sub>. Klasės P<sub>k</sub> vadinamos k - ekvivalentiškumo klasėmis ir žymimos Σ<sub>k1</sub>, Σ<sub>k2</sub> .. Σ<sub>ks</sub>.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 07:16:55',62,'','2010-07-27 07:22:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 07:16:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,239,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1045,'Kompiuterių struktūros špera','kompiuteri-struktros-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Baigtiniai automatai. Pagrindinės sąvokos ir savybės. Analizės tikslas – nustatyti sistemos (objekto) funkcionavimo dėsnius. Sintezės tikslas – suprojektuoti sistemą pagal duotus funkcionavimo dėsnius. Tiek sintezės tiek analizės požiūriu sistemą charakterizuojančius kintamuosius galima suskirstyti tokiu būdu: 1. įėjimo kintamieji – tai poveikiai generuojami kitos sistemos ir veikiantys tiriamąją sistemą. 2. išėjimo kintamieji – tai sistemos reakcija, charakterizuojanti sistemos poelgį ir kurie domina sistemos tyrėją. 3.  tarpiniai kintamieji – tai dydžiai, kurie nėra nei įėjimo nei išėjimo kintamieji. Schematiškai sistemą galima pavaizduoti kaip juodą dėžę turinčią baigtinį išvadų skaičių, prieinamų tos sistemos tyrėjui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Priimta , kad sistema valdoma sinchrosignalais paduodamais iš sinchrosignalų šaltinio. Visi sistemos kintamieji matuojami netolydžiai, o tam tikrais laiko momentais, kurių metu paduodami sinchrosignalai. Šie laiko momentai vadinami taktiniais momentais. Priimta , kad sistemos elgesys bet kuriuo laiko momentu  t<sub>v</sub> nepriklauso nuo laiko intervalo t<sub>v</sub> - t<sub>v-1</sub>. Tokiu būdu sistemos kintamojo reikšmė priklauso ne nuo laiko, o nuo eilės numerio, susieto su taktiniais momentais. Tokios sistemos vadinamos sinchroninėmis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 07:23:39',62,'','2010-07-27 07:33:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 07:23:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,238,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1046,'Informacija ir informatikos atsiradimas','informacija-ir-informatikos-atsiradimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacija - tai žinios, kurias galima perduoti, priimti,  įsiminti. Informaciją nuolat gauname iš aplinkos. Ji mus pasiekia per jutimo organus - regos, klausos, uoslės, skonio, lytėjimo ir kt. Pavyzdžiui, pažvelgę pro  langą, matome, koks lauke oras: giedra, lyja ar sninga; išėję į lauką, pajuntame, ar šilta, ar šalta; išgirdę durų skambutį, suprantame, kad pas mus kažkas atėjo, o atidarę duris, pamatome, ir kas atėjo. Šie pavyzdžiai skatina daryti išvadą, kad visas mūsų turimas žinias ir įgūdžius suformavo kada nors vienaip ar kitaip gauta informacija. Pirmąją informaciją žmogus gauna jau gimdamas. Tai iš tėvų paveldėta genetinė informacija. Visą kitą informaciją žmogus gauna iš aplinkos, daugiausia - iš kitų žmonių. Turimą informaciją žmogus ne tik perduoda kitiems, bet ir naudojasi ja. Žmogus perduoda, priima, įsimena ir netgi apdoroja informaciją - naudojasi ne tik jutimo organais, bet ir dirbtinėmis priemonėmis. Jau gilioje senovėje žmonės svarbiausias žinias iškaldavo akmenyje, užrašydavo molinėse plytelėse, kad tos žinios išliktų ir būtų perduotos ateities kartoms. Laikui bėgant, rašto reikmenys tobulėjo: atsirado papirusas, popierius, spausdintos knygos, laikraščiai, žurnalai.Tai - žmonijos atmintis. Raštas tinka ne tik informacijai saugoti, bet ir jai perduoti. Vieno žmogaus parašytą tekstą perskaito kitas. Tai jau informacijos perdavimas. Informacijos perdavimą labai pagreitino elektrinės bei elektroninės ryšio priemonės - telegrafas, telefonas, radijas, televizija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informatika - mokslas apie informaciją, jos perdavimą, kaupimą, saugojimą ir svarbiausia, apdorojimą. Dar sakoma, kad informatika - informacijos pažinimo ir veiksmų su ja technologijų kūrimo bei taikymo sritis. Gamta apdovanojo žmogų penkiais pojūčiais, kurių dėka jis “siurbia” informaciją iš aplinkos ir suvokia tą aplinką. Davė gamta žmogui atmintį informacijai saugoti, protą mąstyti, balsą, mimiką, gestus savo mintims, patirčiai perteikti. Bet žmogui to pasirodė per maža, ir jis sugalvojo informacines technologijas - dirbtinius būdus bei metodus, kaip elgtis su ta informacija. Informacinių technologijų kūrimas yra šiuolaikinės informatikos inžinerijos paskirtis ir galutinis tikslas, o vartojimas - daugumos šiuolaikinių profesijų pagrindas. Tačiau informatika - ne tik technologijų kūrimas ir vartojimas. Labai svarbu pažinti ir pačią informaciją, nes būtent ji yra visos informatikos egzistavimo pagrindas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 07:33:55',62,'','2010-07-27 07:49:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 07:33:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,237,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1047,'RSA algoritmo analizė','rsa-algoritmo-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduotis: Sudaryti programą RSA algoritmo analizei. Joje realizuoti: pirminio, slapto raktų generavimas; slapto rakto išskaičiavimas žinant viešą (fiksuoti laikus); skaičiaus užkodavimas, bei atkodavimas tais raktais. Stengtis kiek galima daugiau optimizuoti programos skaičiavimus, ypač koduojant tekstą, kur reikalingi dideli kėlimai laipsniu. Ataskaitoje pateikti įvairias priklausomybes grafiškai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Toliau pateikiamos grafinės įvairių parametrų priklausomybės: vidutinis slapto rakto išskaičiavimo laikas priklausomai nuo pirminių skaičių kiekio imamo iš failo. Vidutinis laikas reiškia, kad imant iš pirminių skaičių failo pvz. iki 30 skaitmenų nebus būtent paimtas 30-as, t.y. gali būti ir 28-as, ir 13-as ir net 1-as. Ribinis slapto rakto išskaičiavimo laikas priklausomai nuo pirminių skaičių kiekio imamo iš failo. Ribinis laikas reiškia, kad imant 30 pirminių skaičių iš pirminių skaičių failo bus paimtas būtent 30-as, t.y didžiausias skaičius tame intervale. Vidutinis iteracijų skaičius išskaičiuojant slaptą raktą priklausomai nuo slapto rakto skaitmenų kiekio. Iteracija - tai vienas ciklas, kuriame išskaičiuojant slaptą raktą pagal viešą atliekamas pilnas raktų generavimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 07:49:49',62,'','2010-07-27 07:54:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 07:49:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,236,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(1048,'Objektinis programavimas C++ Adamonis 2005','objektinis-programavimas-c-adamonis-2005','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 08:02:43',62,'','2010-07-27 08:05:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 08:02:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,235,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1049,'Ciklinis sumavimas','ciklinis-sumavimas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 08:05:45',62,'','2010-07-27 08:07:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 08:05:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,234,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1050,'Informacinių technologijų šperos','informacini-technologij-peros','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Svarbiausi informacinės visuomenės bruožai ir galimos problemos</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išnagrinėję įvairias informacinės visuomenės sampratas ir apibendrindami medžiagą, galime teigti, kad vystantis informacinei visuomenei, ryškėja tokios tendencijos: 1. Nepaprastai greitas informacinės visuomenės vystymasis. Dažniausiai omenyje turima visuotinė kompiuterizacija, kompiuterių įdiegimas praktiškai visose srityse, - pradedant gamyba ir baigiant laisvalaikiu. 2. Globalumas – tai tie procesai, kurie vyksta globaliu mastu, kerta nacionalines sienas, jungia bendrijas ir organizacijas į naujas laiko-erdvės kombinacijas, padarydami pasaulį vis daugiau vidiniai susijusį. 3. Neturįs precedento informacijos atvirumas, laisvas ir nekontroliuojamas priėjimas prie informacijos bei jos gausa ir nevaržoma galimybė ja keistis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">4. Informacinėje visuomenėje išnyksta laiko ir erdvės apribojimai. Kai kuriuose darbuose tai vadinama laiko ir erdvės “suspaudimu”. 5. Kompanijos ir firmos tampa fragmentuotomis geografiniu požiūriu, t.y. darbo dalis, nereikalaujanti aukštos kvalifikacijos, atliekama mažiau išsivysčiusiose šalyse, o kvalifikacijos ir žinių reikalaujanti darbo proceso dalis – išsivysčiusiose valstybėse. 6. Informacinės visuomenės gamybos proceso varomąja jėga tampa poreikiai, o ne resursai, kaip buvo fordistinės produkcijos atveju. Visais būdais stengiamasi patenkinti vartotojų poreikius. 7. Pasikeitė ir prekių, plačiai vartojamų produktų (commodity) pobūdis: Tradicinių prekių, kaip varomosios ekonomikos jėgos, vietą pradeda užimti informacijos industrijos prekės. 8. Idėja apie laisvą, neišmatuojamą laiką ima nykti, laikas tampa “suprekintas”.  Laikas kaip prekė įgyja vertę, kurią galimą išmatuoti ir naudoti mainuose. 9. Rinkos erdvė tampa vis labiau išskaidyta. Rinka yra nebe vieša vieta įprastine prasme, bet privatūs santykiai su duomenimis ir technologijomis, kur geografiniai atstumai praranda reikšmę. Elektroninės komunikacijos priemonių išsivystymas leidžia daugybę darbų atlikti neišeinant iš namų. 10. Atsisakoma planavimo, ypač ilgalaikio, nes šiuolaikinis visa ko nepastovumas, trumpalaikiškumas labai apsunkina planavimą. 11. Informacinėje visuomenėje keičiasi ir kultūra. Kompiuterizacija, kompiuterinių pasaulinių tinklų atsiradimas bei paplitimas pavertė popkultūrą globalia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 08:07:52',62,'','2010-07-27 08:12:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 08:07:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,233,'','',0,70,'robots=\nauthor='),(1051,'Kompiuterinės grafikos knyga','kompiuterins-grafikos-knyga','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Grafinių sistemų techniniai komponentai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Grafinėse sistemose dažniausiai vartojami du arba daugiau procesorių. Jose, be centrinio procesoriaus, yra vaizduoklio procesorius. Jis sąveikauja su centriniu procesoriumi ir kontroliuoja vaizduoklio operacijas (1.1 pav.). Vaizduoklio procesorius keičia iš centrinio procesoriaus perimamus skaitmeninius duomenis į atitinkamas įtampų reikšmes, perduodamas į elektroninį vamzdį. Skaitmeninio-analoginio keitimo būdas priklauso nuo vaizduoklio tipo ir konkrečių aparatiškai realizuotų grafinių funkcijų (operacijų).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Grafinės sistemos vaizduoklio procesorius vaizdo duomenis gauna iš vartotojo programos. Tie duomenys yra elektroninio vamzdžio ekrano taškų šviesos ryškumo reikšmės. Vartotojas savo programose, sudarančiose vaizdus, vartoja jam patogią koordinačių sistemą. Grafinėje sistemoje ši vartotojo koordinačių sistema pertvarkoma (transformuojama) į ekrano koordinačių sistemą. Daugelyje grafinių sistemų koordinačių pradžios taškas yra žemutiniame kairiajame ekrano kampe. Tada ekrano plokštuma atitinka stačiakampės koordinačių sistemos pirmąjį kvadrantą. Yra grafinių sistemų, kuriose koordinačių pradžios taškas yra viršutiniame kairiajame ekrano kampe arba centre.<br />Pagrindinis vaizduoklio procesoriaus uždavinys yra sudaryti atkarpas arba kreivių lankus. Kita jo būdinga funkcija yra generuoti simbolius. Vaizduokliai vykdo įvairių - vientisų, brūkšninių, taškinių - atkarpų, kreivių lankų bei spalvotų plotų sudarymo funkcijas. Šiuolaikiniai vaizduokliai gali daryti įvairias vaizduojamų objektų transformacijas ir manipuliacijas. Grafinių sistemų būdingieji techniniai komponentai yra elektroninis vamzdis, vaizduoklio procesorius, dialogo įrenginiai - pelytė,  valdymo svirtis (joystick), specialūs grafinių duomenų įvesties įrenginiai - skaitmenizavimo planšetė (digitizer) arba grafinė planšetė (graphics tablet), skaitlys (scanner).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 08:14:32',62,'','2010-07-27 08:17:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 08:14:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,232,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1052,'TCP/IP kompiuteriniai tinklai','tcpip-kompiuteriniai-tinklai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiekvienas amžius turi vieną ar keletą dominuojančių technologijų. Viena iš svarbiausių 20-ojo amžiaus technologijų - informacijos rinkimas, apdorojimas, platinimas - glaudžiai susijusi su ryšių bei kompiuterinės technikos neprecedentiniu vystymusi. Ryšių ir kompiuterių apjungimas iš esmės pakeitė  kompiuterinių sistemų organizavimo principus. Kompiuterinių centrų funkcijas dažnai atlieka daug atskirų, tačiau tarpusavyje sujungtų kompiuterių. Kompiuterinis tinklas - tai tarpusavyje sujungtų autonominių kompiuterių rinkinys. Du kompiuteriai yra sujungti į tinklą, jeigu jie gali keistis informacija. Griežto pavaldumo sistemos, taip pat paskirstytos kompiuterinės sistemos nėra kompiuteriniai tinklai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Tinklai  kompanijoms<br /><br />•    Bendras resursų naudojimas. Toli vienas nuo kito esantys kompanijos kompiuteriai apjungti į tinklą. Informacija nuo vartotojo gali būti labai toli. Ją gali naudoti daug darbuotojų tuo pačiu metu.<br />•    Didelis patikimumas. Duomenų failai turi po keletą kopijų skirtinguose kompiuteriuose. Kai vienas sugenda, galima naudotis kitais, neprarandant duomenų.<br />•    Pinigų taupymas. Vienas didelis kompiuteris (mainframe) yra brangesnis už daug mažų, sujungtų į tinklą ir atliekančių tą patį darbą. Duomenys saugomi viename arba keliuose bendro naudojimo failų serveriuose. Vartotojai - klientai. Kliento - serverio modelis, užklausa - atsakymas.<br />•    Galimybė nesunkiai plėsti tinklą, pajungiant naujus vartotojus ir naujus serverius pagal poreikius.<br />•    Galinga toli esančių darbuotojų bendravimo priemonė, atliekant bendrą darbą. Kartais tai yra svarbiau už anksčiau minėtus privalumus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 08:18:32',62,'','2010-07-27 08:21:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 08:18:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,231,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1053,'Paprastas duomenų kodavimo algoritmas','paprastas-duomen-kodavimo-algoritmas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduotis: Parašyti duomenis užkoduojančią ir atkoduojančią programą. Pradinius ir galutinius duomenis saugoti failuose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Algoritmas: Yra sudaryta koduojamų simbolių abėcėlė. Iš viso 64 simboliai, kiekvienas simbolis turi savo pozijicą. Užkoduojama  ir atkoduojama pagal įvestą raktą, kuris sudarytas iš skaitmenų (0..9). Rakto ilgis gali būti iki 20 simbolių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 08:22:07',62,'','2010-07-27 08:24:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 08:22:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,230,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1054,'Veiksmai su lapais','veiksmai-su-lapais','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lapų žymėjimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naujai atidaryta Exel darbo knyga turi 16 lapų. Kiekviename lape gali būti saugoma įvairi informacija. Darbo eigoje reikia atlikti tam tikrus veiksmus su lapais:  įterpti, naikinti, kopijuoti ir pan. Norint pereiti nuo vieno lapo prie kito (išskirti lapą), reikia spragtelti pele ties reikiamo lapo vardu lapų sąrašo eilutėje. Norint išskirti kelis lapus, reikia, laikant nuspaust Ctrl klavišą, spragtelėti pele ties reikiamų lapų sąrašo  eilutėje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vardo suteikimas lapui</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naujoje Excel knygoje lapai vadinami Sheet1, Sheet2, … Knyga bus lengviau skaitoma, jei lapai turės prasminius vardus, pavyzdžiui, ATASKAITA, DIAGRAMA, SĄRAŠAS ir t.t. Norint suteikti lapui vardą, reikia: 1. Išskirti reikiamą lapą. 2. Dešiniuoju pelės klavišu spragtelėti ant išskirto lapo pavadinimo, tai yra iškviesti kontekstinį meniu, ir vykdyti komandą Rename. 3. Lauke Name įrašyti norimą lapo vardą. 4. Nuspausti OK mygtuką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 08:24:12',62,'','2010-07-27 08:28:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 08:24:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,229,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1055,'Tinklų administravimo teorija','tinkl-administravimo-teorija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skirtumai tarp linux ir kitų OS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Yra svarbu žinoti skirtumus tarp Linux ir kitų OS, tokių kaip DOS, OS/2, ir tarp LINUX versijų. Pirmiausiai, LINUX gali sugyventi su visomis kitomis OS tuoje pačiame kompiuteryje. JŪs galite paleisti MS-DOS arba OS/2 katu su LINUX be jokių problemų. Kodėl pnaudoti LINUX? Kodėl naudotis LINUX vietoj kitų gerai žinomų, išbandytų, plačiai aprašytų komercinių OS? Viena iš svarbiausių priežaščių yra ta, kad LINUX yra geriausias pasirinkimas norint naudotis UNIX OS namuose. LINUX leidžia jums naudotis, testuoti ir kurti UNIX  programinę įrangą namų sąlygomis, naudojant duomenų bazes ir X WINDOW sistemos aplikacijas. Tačiau LINUX nėra tik asmeniniam naudojimui. Ji yra pakankamai gera ir pilna, kad atliktų įvairiausias užduotis. Daugelis verslo atstovų, yač smulkaus, dabar renkasi LINUX darbo stotis. Aukštosios mokyklos pastebėjo, kad LINUX yra puiki mokomoji priemonė studentams mokyti OS pagrindų. Komercinių produktų bendrovės pradeda naudotis laisvai platinamos LINUX sistemos suteikiamomis galimybėmis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">LINUX – MS-DOS. Neretai MS-DOS ir LINUX veikia karu toje pačioje sistemoje nors daugumą MS-DOS funkcijų pilnnai arba net geriaus atlieka LINUX. Daugumas vartotojų grįžta prie MS-DOS norėdami naudoti teksto redagavimo programomis, kadangi daugumas komercinių taikomųjų programų (pvz WordPerfect for MS-DOS) dar nėra prieinamos LINUX. MS-DOS pilnai neišnaudoja 80x86 procesorių galimybių, kai tuo tarpu LINUX gali tuo pat metu veikti procesorių apsaugos režimu, bei  pilnai išnaudoti jų galimybes. Jūs galite tiesiogiai kreiptis į bet kokią turimą atmintį. LINUX suteikia pilna UNIX sąsają, kai tuo tarpu MS-DOS to neturi. LINUX prieš kitas OS. Yra keletas pažangių OS šiuo metu plačiai paplitusių kompiuterių pasaulyje. Tarp kurių yra OS/2 ir MS WINDOWS tapo populiarios norint patobulinti MS-DOS OS. Abi OS/2 ir WINDOWS NT OS, kaip ir LINUX  yra galinčios pilnai atlikti multitasking OS operacijas. Beto jos, kaip ir LINUX palaiko panašias vartotojo sąsajas, tinklo priemones ir saugumo priemones. Tačiau pagrindinis skirtumas tarp LINUX ir kitų OS, kad LINUX yra UNIX versija ir gali naudotis UNIX aplinkos teikiamais privalumais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">LINUX nepriklauso vienam sąvininkui, nėra vieno atsakingo asmens,  tai yra taip vadinama UNIX bendruomenė, kuri kuria programas ir standartus šiai OS. OS/2 ir Microsoft OS turi vieną saviniką. Čia vartotojo sąsajos kurimas ir dizainas yra kontroliuojamas vienos korporacijos, kuri kuria OS kodą. Keletas organizacijų pasiekė sunkią užduotį standartizuoti UNIX programavimo sąsają. LINUX  labiausiai atitinka, suderinama su POSIX.1 standartu. Jei bus pastebėta, kad šis standartas jau netinkamas, yra galimybė, kad LINUX perims kitus standartus, bet standartizavimas nėra pagrindinis LINUX gamintojų tikslas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 08:29:12',62,'','2010-07-27 08:33:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 08:29:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,228,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1056,'Programavimas VBA kalba','programavimas-vba-kalba','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Leidinyje pateikiamos Visual Basic programavimo kalbos varianto VBA (Visual Basic for Application) programavimo galimybės, supažindinama su redaktoriaus aplinka ir objektais, pateikiami kintamųjų ir konstantų taikymo principai, analizuojamos operatorių savybės, rašomos pirmosios procedūros, nagrinėjamos valdymo struktūros ir galimybės sudaryti vartotojo funkcijas, pateikiamos vidinės programavimo kalbos funkcijos. Mokomojoje knygoje supažindiname su klasės objektų programavimu, objektų savybių ir metodų kūrimo būdais ir pavyzdžiais, galimybėmis programiniu būdu perskaityti ir užrašyti informaciją teksto rinkmenoje. Knyga skirta Inžinerinės grafikos katedros magistrantams ir visiems, kas nori išmokti programuoti VBA kalba.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmoji programavimo kalbos BASIC versija buvo skirta pradedantiesiems mokytis programuoti. Ją 1963 metais Dartmaunto (Dartmount) koledže sukūrė amerikiečiai Džonas Kemenis (John Kemeny) ir Tomas Kurtzas (Thomas Kurtz). Žodžio BASIC pirmosios raidės reiškia – pradedantiesiems daugiatikslis simbolinių instrukcijų kodas (Beginners Allpurpose Symbolic Instruction Code). Kalba buvo sukurta programavimo kalboms mokyti, pagrindams suvokti ir paprastoms programoms rašyti. 1975 m. jaunas programuotojas Paulas Alenas (Paula Allen) ir Harvardo universiteto pirmakursis Bilas Gatesas (Bill Gates) parengė „Altair“ kompiuteriui pirmąją BASIC sistemą. Vėliai šie jaunuoliai įkūrė garsiąją „Microsoft“ kompaniją. 1991 m. „Microsoft“ kompanija sukūrė Visual Basic (VB) programavimo kalbą, skirtą dirbti sistemos Windows aplinkoje ir naudoti jos išteklius. VB – tai jau objektinio programavimo kalba. Kalba valdo objektus, kuriems atliekami įvairūs veiksmai. Pasikeitė programavimo aplinka – atsirado galimybės stebėti projekto vykdymą, projektuoti priedus. Dabar visas programos kodas paskirstytas į procedūras (paprogrames), kurios redaguojamos ir iškviečiamos<br />atskirai. VBA (Visual Basic for Application) yra VB kalbos variantas, kuris naudojamas Microsoft Office programose (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, Access) ir „Autodesk“ grafinėje sistemoje AutoCAD. Galimybė programuoti grafinėje aplinkoje labai sudomino ir privertė nuodugniau studijuoti VBA programavimo kalba, o ši mokymo knyga yra pirmasis žingsnis į grafikos programavimą AutoCAD aplinkoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 08:34:04',62,'','2010-07-27 08:37:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 08:34:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,227,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(1057,'Dokumentų valdymo sistemos','dokument-valdymo-sistemos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">DVS pristatymas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bendrinis apibrėžimas: document - anything serving as a representation of a person\'s thinking by means of symbolic marks (bet kas, tarnaujantis kaip asmens minčių atvaizdavimas išreiškiamas per simbolius ar kitokį atvaizdavimą). Ilgą laiką dokumentus tiesiog susiedavo 1:1 su kompiuteriniais failais. Pastaruoju metu dokumento sąvoka dokumentų valdymo sistemos įgavo platesnę sąvoką. Dokumentas – įrašyta informacija arba objektas, kuris gali būti traktuojamas kaip vienetas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dokumentų valdymo sistema bendriausiu atveju vadinama automatizuota elektroninių dokumentų kontroliavimo sistema apimanti visą dokumentų gyvavimo ciklą, pradedant sukūrimu ir baigiant archyvavimu. Dokumentų valdymo sistemos leidžia organizacijoms padidinti kontrolę kuriant, saugant, paskirstant elektroninius (ir ne tik elektroninius) dokumentus, tuo būdų didinti efektyvumą ir lengvesnę bei greitesnę prieigą prie dokumentų. Su dokumentų valdymo sistemomis yra glaudžiai susijusi darbo sekų (workflow) sąvoka. Paprastai, DVS turi savo priemones workflow apibrėžimamas arba API, per kurį galima prijungti “išorines” workflow sistemas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Workwlow – tai biznio (veiklos) proceso visiškas arba dalinis automatizavimas, kuriuo metu dokumentai, informacija ar užduotys yra nuo vieno veiklos dalyvio perduodami kitam, su tikslu atlikti veiksmą pagal iš anksto nustatytas taisykles. Šiame apibrėžime “dalyvis” gali reikšti vartotoją, vartotojų grupę arba kitą taikomąją programą. (Pagal Workflow Management Coalition WfMC) – tarptautinė asociacija, workflow standartų vystymui ir bendradarbiavimui skirtingų workflow sistemų).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 08:38:28',62,'','2010-07-27 08:43:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 08:38:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,226,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(1058,'C, C++ kalbų ABC A. Kynienė','c-c-kalb-abc-a-kynien','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“С, C++ kalbos ABC” metodinio leidinio paskirtis – supažindinti su C kalbos programavimo pagrindais. Ji skirta visiems, kurie nori išmokti programuoti šiuolaikine programuotojų kalba. Programavime, kaip ir bet kuriame moksle, patirtis įgyjama dirbant, todėl šioje metodinėje priemonėje pateikiama daug savarankiškų užduočių. Ši metodinė priemonė šiek tiek praplėsta pradžiamoksliui: pateikiamos ir sudėtingesnės temos, kurių gali prireikti kuriant sudėtingesnes programas. Čia visiškai negalbama apie grafikos kūrimo elementus. Leidinyje gausu pateiktų programų pavyzdžių, tačiau dalis programų yra nepilnos ir norint, kad šios programos veiktų, pačiam skaitytojui reiks jas papildyti. Gale pateiktame priede sudėta C kalboje naudojamų funkcijų santrauka. Manau, šis leidinys padės studentui perprasti C kalbą ir pačiam pramokti rašyti programas šia kalba.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">C programavimo kalba, tai galinga programavimo kalba, vis labiau naudojama visame pasaulyje. Dabar ši kalba tai pagrindinė profesionalų programavimo kalba, kuri sėkmingai vartojama tiek sisteminės, tiek taikomosios įrangos kūrimui. Pirmą kartą C kalbą aprašė jos autoriai B.W.Karnighan ir D.M.Ritchie 1978 metais išleistoje knygoje „C programavimo kalba“. C kalbos variantas su klasėmis pavadintas C++ kalba. Ši kalba buvo kaip instrumentas programuotojams – praktikams. Be šios kalbos, yra ir kitų programavimo kalbų: Paskalis – griežtas programavimas, Beisikas – jo sintaksė artima anglų kalbai. Iš esmės C++ yra nauja programavimo kalba, pritaikyta sudėtingų programų sistemų ir instrumentinių programavimo priemonių kūrimui, panaudojant objektinio programavimo technologiją. Tačiau šioje kalboje išsaugotas glaudus ryšys ir su klasikine C kalba.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 08:43:31',62,'','2010-07-27 08:50:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 08:43:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,225,'','',0,45,'robots=\nauthor='),(1059,'Delphi praktikumas','delphi-praktikumas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Knygelėje pristatomas programavimo darbų Delphi aplinkoje rinkinys. Darbai parinkti pagal KTU Informatikos fakulteto pirmojo kurso studentų ir intensyviųjų studijų informatikos mokytojų mokymo programas. Delphi terpėje programuojama Object Pascal dialektu, artimu Turbo Pascal kalbai. Šiems darbams suprasti pakanka minimalių įgūdžių programuojant Turbo Pascal kalba. Knygelė skirta savarankiškam darbui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas į Delphi</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduotis. Tai pažintinis darbas. Jo metu Jūs turite susipažinti su Delphi darbo aplinka: meniu, langais, komponentų paletėmis; programų kūrimo prin¬ci¬pais: formos projektavimu, jos modulio redagavimu, programos vykdymu, ko-kie failai sukuriami ir kaip juos saugoti. Šiame darbe svarbu pasiekti ne kokį nors konkretų rezultatą ar sukurti nuro¬dy¬tą programą, o tiesiog pajusti kaip reikia dirbti Delphi aplinkoje. Todėl Jūs galite atlikti ir daugiau veiksmų negu čia parašyta: į formos langą įdėti daugiau įvairių komponentų, keisti kitas jų savybes – matmenis, vietą, spalvą, užrašus, jų šriftą. Gal ne visi veiksmai bus sėkmingi, bet Jūs sukaupsite patirties, kuri bus reikalinga kituose darbuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 08:51:08',62,'','2010-07-27 08:54:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 08:51:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,224,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1060,'Žurnalas \"Kompiuterija\" liepos mėn.','urnalas-qkompiuterijaq-liepos-mn','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 08:55:04',62,'','2010-07-27 08:56:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 08:55:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,223,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1061,'Programavimas Paskaliu G. Grigas','programavimas-paskaliu-g-grigas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ši knyga yra programavimo pradžiamokslis. Aprašomos pagrindinės Paskalio kalbos konstrukcijas bei jų panaudojimas algoritmams ir programoms užrašyti. Medžiaga pateikiama taip, kad skaitytojas galėtų ją įsisavinti spręsdamas uždavinius. Pateikiami uždaviniai ir praktikos darbai. Uždaviniai skirti savikontrolei. Knygos pabaigoje pateikiami jų sprendimai (atsakymai). Praktikos darbai – tai nedideli programavimo darbai, skirti programavimo įgūdžiams pagilinti bei darbo su kompiuteriu praktikai. Knyga turėtų būti naudinga vyresniųjų klasių moksleiviams, informatikos mokytojams ir pirmųjų kursų pedagoginės krypties studentams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mūsų tikslas – išmokti programuoti. Programavimo darbai prasideda nuo uždavinio formulavimo ir baigiasi galutinio produkto – programos – sukūrimu. Uždavinio formuluotėje pasakoma ką reikia padaryti, bet nepasakoma kaip. Pavertimas ką į kaip ir yra programavimo tikslas. Pirmiausia reikia sugalvoti, kaip išspręsti uždavinį, t.y. rasti jo sprendimo būdą. Po to reikia sprendimą išreikšti algoritmu (programa), o programą išbandyti kompiuteriu. Parašyti tobulą, t.y. teisingą ir patogią naudotis, programą iš karto ne visada pavyksta (teisingiau – beveik niekada nepavyksta). Programą tenka daug kartų taisyti bei tobulinti. Programos rašymas yra ilgas darbas, reikalaujantis sumanumo, kruopštumo, atkaklumo. Tačiau visus vargus atperka kūrybinis džiaugsmas, kai pagaliau gaunamas tobulas, veikiantis produktas, kuriuo galima ne tik pačiam pasidžiaugti, bet ir kitiems parodyti. Programas rašysime Paskalio kalba. Tačiau pagrindinis mūsų tikslas yra programavimas, o ne programavimo kalba. Programavimo kalba (šiuo atveju Paskalis) yra tik darbo įrankis pagrindiniam tikslui pasiekti. Tačiau norint sėkmingai naudotis įrankiu, reikia gerai žinoti tą įrankį, turėti darbo su juo įgūdžių. Todėl būtų logiška pirmiau išmokti įrankį - Paskalį o po to programuoti. Bet šis įrankis sudėtingas ir jam tenka nemažai laiko ir pastangų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 08:57:15',62,'','2010-07-27 09:14:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 08:57:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,222,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1062,'Kompiuteriniai tinklai','kompiuteriniai-tinklai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Pagal naudojimo paskirtį kompiuterių tinklas gali būti:<br />1) uždarasis (private network), aptarnaujantis konkrečios organizacijos informacinius mainus.<br />2) viešasis (public network), už nustatytą mokestį teikiantis savo abonentams įvairias informacinių komunikacijų paslaugas, tarp jų ir telefoninį, kompiuterinį bei videoryšį.<br />3) tarptautinis (international network), palaikantis vartotojų tarpkontinentinius ryšius povandeniniais kabeliais ir palydovinio ryšio sistemomis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Pagal naudojimo pobūdį kompiuterių tinklas gali būti:<br />1) vietinis (local area network - LAN). Tai uždarasis tinklas, aptarnaujantis mažoje teritorijoje esančius vienos organizacijos vartotojus, sujungtus telefoninio, kabelinio arba optinio ryšio kanalais (didžiausias atstumas tarp vartotojų - kelio dešimtys kilometrų). Jame paprastai naudojama speciali ryšio įranga, o ne modemai ar kitos ryšio priemonės. Toks tinklas gali bûti sujungtas su kitais vietiniais tinklais bendros paskirties arba jam skirtomis ryšio linijomis;<br />2) municipalinis (metropolitian area network - MAN), įvairiomis ryšio linijomis jungiantis kompiuterių vartotojus didelėje teritorijoje (rajone, mieste).<br />3) globalusis (wide area network - WAN). Tai ryšio kanalais sujungtų mažesnių tinklų visuma.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 09:16:53',62,'','2010-07-27 09:26:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 09:16:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,221,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1063,'Microsoft Outlook Express 5','microsoft-outlook-express-5','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Elektroninio pašto ir naujienų grupių žinučių tvarkymo meniu (File):<br />-Sukuria naują žinutę(laišką), katalogą žinutėms(laiškams) saugoti ar įrašą adresų knygoje<br />-Atidaro pažymėtą laišką<br />-Išsaugo laišką nurodytu pavadinimu bei formatu, nurodytoje vietoje<br />-Išsaugo failus, prisegtus prie laiško<br />-Išsaugo pažymėto laiško apipavidalinimo pavyzdį Stationery kataloge.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">-Veiksmai su Outlook Express5 katalogais<br />-Importuoja failus iš kitų programų<br />-Eksportuoja failus į kitas programas<br />-Spausdinti laišką<br />-Atidaro kitą pašto dėžutę<br />-Keičia individualių pašto dėžučių nustatymus<br />-Rodyti informaciją apie pažymėtą katalogą<br />-Outlook Express5 naudojimas atsijungus nuo Interneto<br />-Baigti darbą su Outlook Express5 programa.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 11:55:41',62,'','2010-07-27 11:59:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 11:55:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,220,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1064,'Kompaktiniai diskai','kompaktiniai-diskai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompaktiniai diskai rinkoje atsirado palyginti neseniai. Nors išrasti gana seniai, juos vystyti pradėjo SONY bei PHILIPS kompanijos 1980 m. Kompaktiniai diskai pasirodė pranašesni už garso kasetes, kadangi į juos buvo galima įrašyti skaitmeninį garsą. Ilgą laiką kompaktinius diskus naudojo tik tam tikros profesijos žmonės - radijo stočių, įrašų studijų darbuotojai. Plačiosiose visuomenės sluoksniuose kompaktiniai diskai atsirado tik 9 dešimtmetyje, pirmiausia - Didžiojoje Britanijoje. Nenuostabu, kad kompaktiniai diskai pirmiausiai paplito būtent ten, kadangi Didžioji Britanija laikoma populiariosios muzikos lopšiu (būtent ten susikūrė \"The Beatles\") ir poreikis turėti geresnės kokybės garso įrašų negu galima laikyti kasetėse ar kompaktiniuose diskuose buvo jaučiamas jau seniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompaktiniai diskai gana nelengvai rado savo vietą rinkoje. Daugelyje Europos šalių kompaktinių diskų gamintojai turėjo laikytis konversinio marketingo krypties - sunku buvo rasti akivaizdžiai teigiamas prekės savybes ir jas reklamuoti. Ypač tai jautėsi mažiau išsivysčiusiose šalyse, kai tuo metu labiau išsivysčiusiose šalyse poreikis buvo jaučiamas ir buvo galima taikyti plėtojantį marketingo tipą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kadangi vos 1/10 kompaktinio disko kainos sudaro pats diskas, netruko paplisti nauja nelegali verslo rūšis - piratavimas. Piratavimas pasireiškia tuo, kad be autorių sutikimo perrašomas jų sukurtas produktas ir už tai autoriui nemokama. Tokie kompaktiniai diskai yra net iki 5 - 6 kartų pigesni už legalius, todėl ypač neturtingesnių šalių gyventojai pasirinko būtent juos, neišgalėdami pirkti legalių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Piratai pasinaudojo gamybine marketingo koncepcija. Marketingo koncepcija - tai į vartotoją orientuota, įmonės ar žmogaus valdymo filosofija. Gamybos koncepcija - tai tokia įmonės valdymo orientacija, kai laikomasi prielaidos, kad svarbiausia yra masiškas produkto paplitimas ir žema kaina. Nepasiturintys gyventojai būtent ir suteikė pirmenybę žemai kainai, o ne legalumui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompaktiniai diskai naudojami ne tik muzikos platinimui. Buvo pastebėta, kad jie gali būti naudojami ir kitokiai informacija saugoti. Ilgesnį laiką tokiems dalykams nebuvo paklausos, nes daugelis kompiuterinių programų reikalaudavo tik nedidelių informacijos saugojimo išteklių (PVZ. 1983 m. \"Microsoft\" bosas Bill Gates sakė, jog 640 KB turi užtekti viskam). Tik žengiant per 10 dešimtmečio slenkstį prireikė kompaktinių diskų paslaugų informacijos saugojimui. Pradžioje kompaktiniai diskai atrodė fantastinės talpos - 600 - 700 MB 1990-aisiais buvo labai daug. Kompaktiniuose diskuose buvo pradėtos saugoti programų kopijos, skaitmeniniai vaizdo ir garso įrašai. Visuomenėje jau buvo jaučiama paklausa nedideliems įrenginiams, galintiems saugoti didelius kiekius informacijos, todėl nesunku kompaktinių diskų prekybai buvo pritaikyti plėtojantį marketingo tipą. Kompaktiniai diskai iškart pasirodė pranašesni iki vartotus (nors dar ir dabar vartojamus) 3,5 colio diskelius. Diskeliai talpina tik 1,44 MB, o kompaktiniai diskai net 640 MB informacijos. Specialiai kompaktiniams diskams buvo išrasti CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) prietaisai. Ilgą laiką buvo tobulinami duomenų nuo kompaktinio disko nuskaitymo greičiai - jei dar 1997 m. 8x greitis - labai didelis, tai 2000 pradžioje 48x laikomi neypatingai greitais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 12:00:04',62,'','2010-07-27 12:02:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 12:00:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,219,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1065,'Multimedia','multimedia','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektroninės leidybos kursai: multimedijos medžiagos perkėlimas į kompiuterį, apdorojimas, suspaudimas (glaudinimas)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai specializuoti intensyvūs elektroninės leidybos kursai, skirti ne informatikos specialistams, norintiems elektronine forma teikti daugiaterpę informaciją kompiuterių tinkluose (intranete) ir kompaktiniais diskais (CD-ROM) ar bent konstruktyviai kurti savo projektus, kurie realizuojami naudojant naujausias kompiuterines technologijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kursų klausytojai – kultūros įstaigų darbuotojai, meno kūrėjai, leidėjai ir visi, kuriems trūksta elektroninės leidybos žinių, susipažins su multimedijos medžiagos (grafinės, garso, vaizdo, teksto) perkėlimo į kompiuterį, jos apdorojimo, konvertavimo technologijomis ir ypatumais, aparatūrine ir programine įranga. Klausytojai supažindinami su skeneriais, skaitmeninėmis fotokameromis, garso ir vaizdo įrašymo į kompiuterio atmintį plokštėmis, svarbiausiomis jų charakteristikomis. Pateikiama senų ar defektų turinčių nuotraukų atnaujinimo kompiuteriu metodika populiariomis grafinių vaizdų apdorojimo programomis Adobe Photoshop. Kursų klausytojams suteikiama žinių apie vaizdo ir garso medžiagos redagavimą ir montažą, informacijos suspaudimo (glaudinimo) formatus MPEG1, MP3 ir jiems sukurti reikalingas programines priemones.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Multimedija (angl. multimedia) – tai informacinė technologija, kai  pasitelkus garsą, vaizdą, animaciją ir videoinformaciją kuriamas interaktyvus ryšys tarp kompiuterio ir vartotojo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sąvoka \"multimedijos produktas\" (MM) šiame kurse suprantama kaip WWW tinklalapis ar CD-ROM diskas. Čia taip pat apžvelgiami elementų, reikalingų šiam produktui (statinių paveikslėlių, animacijos, garso failų), kūrimo ir apdorojimo pagrindai. Daugiausia kalbama apie WWW tinklalapius, nes tai labiausiai paplitusi ir lengviausiai įsisavinama multimedijos produktų rūšis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Projekto parengimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vienas iš svarbiausių MM produkto kūrimo etapų yra projekto parengimas. Tai projekto tikslų, resursų bei kūrybinio potencialo planavimas, taip pat darbų tvarkaraščio sudarymas. Kuo daugiau smulkmenų bei galimų klaidų numatysite šiame etape, tuo lengviau bus įgyvendinti projektą. Neverta tikėtis, kad viskas vyks kaip suplanuota, tačiau kuriant produktą reikėtų atlikti kuo mažiau konceptualių pakeitimų, nes tokiu atveju vėl teks peržiūrėti visą projektą ir turimus finansinius bei personalo resursus, o tai užims laiko ir pridarys painiavos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 12:04:03',62,'','2010-07-27 12:07:23',62,62,'2010-07-27 12:07:23','2010-07-27 12:04:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,218,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(1066,'1 ir 2 bilietai','1-ir-2-bilietai','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">1. Grafai ir jų vaizdavimo būdai. (2 balai)<br />2. NP - pilnumas. Sudėtingumo klasė NPC ir ją liečiantys rezultatai su įrodymais. (1 balas)<br />3. Apibrėžkite kalbą CIRCUIT - SAT. (0.5 balo)</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 12:09:35',62,'','2010-07-27 12:54:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 12:09:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,217,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(1067,'Dirbtinių neuronų tinklų teorija','dirbtini-neuron-tinkl-teorija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Paprasčiausių biologinių neuronų tinklų bei šiuolaikinių kompiuterių galimybės. 2. Esminiai skirtumai tarp biologinių neuronų tinklų ir šiuolaikinių kompiuterių: informacijos apdorojimo greitis; informacijos apdorojimo nuoseklumas; kompleksiškumas ir ryšiai; informacijos saugojimas; atsparumas klaidoms; informacijos apdorojimo valdymas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. Dirbtinių neuronų tinklų (DNT) teorijos raida. 4. DNT realizavimo būdai: kompiuteriu; specializuota aparatūra; optinis/elektro - optinis. 5. DNT naudojimo sritys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 12:12:39',62,'','2010-07-27 12:20:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 12:12:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,216,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1068,'Informacijos ir informatikos samprata','informacijos-ir-informatikos-samprata','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacija - tai žinios kurias galime perduoti, priimti, įsiminti. Ją gauname iš aplinkos ir pasiekiame jutimo organais. Pvz. : Suskamba durų skambutis - žinau, jog kažkas atėjo; perskaitę laikraštį sužinom, kas naujo pasaulyje ir t.t. Informacija padeda pašalinti nemoksliškumą. Ankstesniais amžiais buvo universalūs žiniuoniai. Dabar mokslininkas negali sutalpinti į galvą visų savo srities žinių. Kaip susidoroti su tokiu informacijos srautu? Reikalingi kompiuteriai, nes žmogus jau nebepajėgus sukišti tokį didelį informacijos kiekį. Gyvenime mes nuolat susiduriam su informacija, tai yra, įvairiomis žiniomis, kurias gauname iš mus supančio pasaulio. Pvz. : Durų skambutis, laikraštis, termometras.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacijos neįprastos savybės :</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">1. Savotiškas apsikeitimas informacija (jei apsikeisime obuoliais turėsime po obuolį, jei apsikeisime idėjomis turėsime dvigubai daugiau).<br />2. Informacija savotiškai perduodama bet kokiu atstumu (laužai, būgnai, telefonas). <br />3. Informacija sensta kitaip negu kitas: žmogų sendina laikas, o informaciją sendina nauja informacija.<br />4. Informacija galima tobulinti laike arba sunaikinti (informacija savotiškai keičiasi).<br />5. Informacija iš pasyvios formos gali pereiti į aktyviąją (knyga guli ant stalo - pasyvi, skaitoma knyga - aktyvi forma).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 12:20:57',62,'','2010-07-27 12:28:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 12:20:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,215,'','',0,6,'robots=\nauthor='),(1069,'MS Access duomenų bazių automatizavimas','ms-access-duomen-bazi-automatizavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išleidžiama bendro kompiuterinio mokomojo leidinio (KLM) „MS ACCESS duomenų bazių automatizavimas. Automatizavimo pagrindai. Makrokomandos. Programavimas VBA“ pradžia - „MS ACCESS duomenų bazių automatizavimas. Automatizavimo pagrindai“. Tekstinę sritį sudaro pirma kompiuterinė knyga (103 psl.), objektų sritį - kartu komplektuojamų duomenų bazių pavyzdžių bei su pirma knyga siejamos papildomos medžiagos rinkinys. Pradedančiųjų ir toliau pažengusiųjų kompiuterių vartotojų savimokai orientuotas kompiuterinis mokamasis leidinys sudarys sąlygas mokytis automatizuoti Ms Access duomenų bazes taikant įterptąsias programas (Wizards), makrokomandas ir programavimą VBA (Visual Basic for Applications).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Leidinyje pateikiami supažindinamieji teoriniai apibendrinimai ir aiškinamieji tekstai, apžvalginiai bendrosios paskirties ir specializuoti pavyzdžiai, pratimai, užduotys, iliustracijos, kontrolinės užduotys. Nagrinėjami įterptinių programų panaudojimo atvejai, suderintų (veikiančių) ir savarankiškam derinimui numatomų makrokomandų ir taikomųjų procedūrų arba programų tekstai ir jų aprašai, rečiau vartojamų ar naujesnių kompiuterinių terminų parankinis žodynas, ir atskirai duomenų bazių automatizavimo srities VBA programavimo aiškinamasis žodynas. Pateikiamos nuorodos kur ką galima rasti arba pakeisti ir kt. Aiškinamos komandos, jų panaudojimas. Daug kur greta angliškų pavadinimų ir tekstų pateikiami lietuviški atitikmenys. Kompiuteriniai terminai tikslinti pagal kompiuterijos terminų žodynus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 12:29:53',62,'','2010-07-27 12:32:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 12:29:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,214,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1070,'Asemblerinis programavimas ir valdymas','asemblerinis-programavimas-ir-valdymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Skaičiavimo sistemos</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skiriamos pozicinės ir nepozicinės skaičiavimo sistemos. Mes kasdieną susiduriame su dešimtaine skaičiavimo sistema, kuri yra pozicinė skaičiavimo sistema. Pozicinėje skaičiavimo sistemoje simbolio, reiškiančio skaitmenį, prasmė priklauso nuo jo vietos skaičiuje. Nepozicinėje skaičiavimo sistemoje tokio simbolio prasmė nepriklauso nuo jo vietos skaičiuje. Plačiau apie skaičiavimo sistemas galima paskaityti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 12:32:44',62,'','2010-07-27 12:35:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 12:32:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,213,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(1071,'Interneto terminų žodynas','interneto-termin-odynas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Asynchronous - asinchroninis informacijos perdavimo būdas, kuriam nereikia siuntėjo ir gavėjo laiko sinchronizacijos. Backbone - magistralinis (bazinis) tinklas. Greitų kanalų kuriais eina informacija į lėtesnes regionines magistralines duomenų perdavimo linijas, sistema. Bandwidth - duomenų kanalo pralaidumas. Baud - bodas. Informacijos perdavimo greitis telefono linija. Skaitmeninėje linijoje lygus ą bitui per sekundę (bps).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bps (bits per second) – bitas per sekundę. Informacijos perdavimo greičio vienetas. Kbps – kilobaitas per sekundę. DNS (Domain Name Server) – domeninių vardų serveris. Kompiuteris susiejantis domeninį vardą su skaitmeniniu, Ryšio pagreitinimui kiekvienas Interneto potinklis turi savus DNS serverius. DNS (Domain Name System) domeninė vardų sistema IP adresams. Adresas sudaromas iš kompiuterio vardo ir hierarchinių domenų vardų. Pvz.: www.litnet.lt. Deinys vardas rodo priklausomybe aliai ( lt – lietuva ) ar dideliam tinklui ( com -  komercinis, .gov, .edu – JAV vyriausybės ir švietimo tinklai, kairysis kompiuterio vardą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 12:36:09',62,'','2010-07-27 12:39:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 12:36:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,212,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1072,'Baigtinių elementų metodo pagrindai ir kompiuterinės technologijos','baigtini-element-metodo-pagrindai-ir-kompiuterins-technologijos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Plieninės plokštelės su skyle skaičiavimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo aprašymas. Mūsų šio darbo tikslas yra apskaičiuoti duotos plokštelės su skyle įtempimus. Visą šį darbą darysime naudodamiesi programų paketu ALGOR, kuris yra tam ir skirtas. Šis programų paketas susideda iš kelių programų iš kurių kiekvienas skirta tam tikram skaičiavimų etapui, t.y. modelį braižysime su viena programa, o įtempimus skaičiuosime su kita, atskira programa yra ir programa gautiems rezultatams peržiūrėti ir analizuoti. Taigi matome, kad teks dirbti su gana galingu ir dideliu programų paketu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 12:40:13',62,'','2010-07-27 12:42:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 12:40:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,211,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1073,'CD - rom taisymas','cd-rom-taisymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiekvienas daiktas turi ydą senti. Cd - Rom\'as su laiku skaito kompaktus vis prasčiau ir prasčiau, iki kai visiškai nebeskaito jų. CD-romas susidaro iš dviejų stiklinių lešių, prizmės, galvutės ir lazerio akutės. Šie daikčiukai apsineša dulkėmis ar kitomis nuosėdomis ir vis blogiau veikia arba ižvis nebeveikia :). Atsakomybės už sugadintą techniką ir jūsų kreivas rankas aš neprisiimu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Išjungiat kompą, nuimat dangtį, surandat cd-romą, išjungiat jo laidus, viską atsukat ir išimat cd-romą. 2. Įkiškite ploną, kietą daiktąį skylutę priekiniame CD-Rom skydelyje ir suspauskite tol, kol stalčiukas išlys tiek, kad galėtumėt jį ištraukt ;). 3. Ištraukią stalčių, pažiūrėkite į po juo esančios ertmės dešiniają pusę ir pamatysite juodą (gali būti ir kitoks)fiksatorių, kuris trugdo ištraukti stalčių. Atsuktuvu jį paspauskite žemyn ir ištraukit stalčiuką. 4. Naudodamiesi atsuktuvu nuimkit priekinio skydelio gaubtą.<br />5. CD-Rom\'o apačioje atsukite 4 didelius ir 6 mažus varžtus. Reikės mažo atsuktuvo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 12:43:13',62,'','2010-07-27 12:47:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 12:43:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,210,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1074,'Formulių sudarymas ir kopijavimas','formuli-sudarymas-ir-kopijavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Formulės struktūra</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Formulė (formula) sudaroma, kai reikia atlikti tiek paprastus, tiek sudėtingus skaičiavimo veiksmus su Microsoft Excel darbo lapo duomenimis. Nurodžius celių koordinates, vardus, funkcijas bei operacijas, pagal formulę ir nurodytas reikšmes apskaičiuojama nauja reikšmė. Formulė visada pradedama lygybės ženklu (=). Reikšmėmis gali būti konstantos, įrašytos pačioje formulėje, arba reikšmės, įrašytos celėse, kurių koordinatės ir vardai nurodyti formulėje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 12:47:42',62,'','2010-07-27 12:49:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 12:47:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,209,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1075,'3 ir 4 bilietai','3-ir-4-bilietai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">1. Viršutinis ir apatinis rūšiavimo uždavinio sudėtingumo įverčiai. (2 balai)<br />2. Kalbų ir uždavinių ryšys. (1 balas)<br />3. Apibrėžkite kalbą 3-KNF-SAT. (0.5 balo)<br />4. Trumpai suformuluokite šakų ir rėžių metodą. (0.5 balo)<br />5. Suformuluokite uždavinį apie minimalų grafo karkasą. (0.5 balo).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 12:50:12',62,'','2010-07-27 12:53:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 12:50:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,208,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1076,'Mikroprogramavimas','mikroprogramavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nėra griežtų ribų tarp kompiuterio aparatūrinės ir programinės įrangos. Be to tos ribos visą laiką kinta. Tradicinės įsivaizduojamos komandos ankstesniuose kompiuteriuose buvo realizuojamos atskiromis schemomis. Dabartiniuose kompiuteriuose visos tradicinės komandos yra interpretuojamos mikroprogramų pagalba. Mikroprogramos savo ruožtu sudarytos iš mikrokomandų, kurios realizuojamos aparatūriškai schemų lygyje. Mūsų tikslas yra susipažinti su mikroprograminiu lygiu ir mikroprogramavimu. Mikroprograminio lygio tikslas yra užtikrinti aukštesnio lygio virtualios mašinos komandų interpretavimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 12:55:04',62,'','2010-07-27 12:57:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 12:55:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,207,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1077,'Reklamos elektroninės leidybos vadyba','reklamos-elektronins-leidybos-vadyba','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Internetas ir marketingas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Reklamos agentūrų įvairiose šalyse tyrimai rodo, kad reklamai skiriama vis daugiau lėšų. Labiausiai išvystyta reklamos rinka yra JAV. 1.1.paveiksle pateikta prognozė, kiek Europos šalyse bus išleista lėšų reklamai 2000-2002m. Reklamos kaštai auga, tačiau firmos dar nelabai plačiai naudoja reklamą internete. Greičiausiai ir ateityje reklama internete užims tik nedidelę rinkos dalį [4]. Verslininkai nelabai mėgsta reklamuotis internete, kadangi jų nuomone internetas yra pernelyg padrikas. Jie dar nežino visų interneto galimybių, nenori dėti pastangų ir investicijų naujoms technologijoms. Pastebėta, kad Interneto naudojimas gali padaryti didelę įtaką teigiamam firmos įvaizdžiui ir klientų informavimui apie firmos prekes ar teikiamas paslaugas. Didžiausios pasaulio korporacijos vienija savo jėgas, įkurdamos bendrų interesų svetaines internete, norėdamos priartėti prie vartotojo, todėl mažesnėms firmoms sunku su jomis konkuruoti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Internetas yra kompiuterinė hipertekstinė aplinka, kuri pasižymi unikaliomis reklamos galimybėmis. Šiuo aspektu, galima išskirti du pagrindinius jo bruožus: 1. Internetas - nauja bendravimo priemonė, veikianti pagal komunikacinį principą \"daugelis - daugeliui\". Be to, Internetas yra hipertekstinė informacijos pateikimo priemonė, ryškiai besiskirianti nuo tradicinių masinės informacijos priemonių savo interaktyvia prigimtimi ir lankstumu. 2. Internetas - globali virtuali elektroninė rinka, neturinti jokių teritorinių ar laiko apribojimų, leidžianti vykdyti virtualų prekių pirkimą - pardavimą, ir žymiai praplečianti firmų galimybes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 12:58:29',62,'','2010-07-27 13:01:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 12:58:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,206,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1078,'Procesorius','procesorius','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiandien kompiuterių ir programinės įrangos industrija yra viena svarbiausių ekonomikos šakų. Kasmet pasaulyje parduodama dešimtys milijonų kompiuterių, kuriais mes ne tik greitai ir patogiai apdorojame informaciją, bet ir kuriame trimačius vaizdus, bei žaidžiame. Realybė sparčiai lenkia tik prieš kelerius metus darytas prognozes, kurios <br />2000-uosius metus laikė riba, kai mikroprocesorių darbo dažnis bus didesnis kaip 100 MHZ. Dabar jau nenustebtume, jei 2000-aisiais metais bus pasiektas, o gal ir viršytas 1000 MHz dažnis. Jau galime įsigyti asmeninį kompiuterį su \"Intel\" firmos 600 MHz dažnio procesoriumi \"Pentium III\". Iki 2000-ųjų \"Intel\" lustai pasieks stulbinančią 700 MHz spartą. Aš manau, kad per trejerius, ateinančius metus turėtų sukurti maždaug porą tuzinų naujų procesorių, tokie gigantai kaip AMD, \"Cyrix\" ir žinoma \"Intel\".</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompiuteris susideda iš daugelio išorinių, bei vidinių dalių, viena iš jų- procesorius (keturių degtukų dėžučių dydžio mikroschema, su kuria montuojamas \"cooler\'is\", o lietuviškai vėsintuvas, tai kone svarbiausia kompiuterio dalis. Procesorius koordinuoja visą kompiuterio darbą, apdoroja informaciją ir atlieka visus skaičiavimus. Mikroprocesorius vykdo šimtus įvairių operacijų ir daro tai kelių dešimčių ar net šimtų milijonų operacijų per sekundę greičiu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1970 m. INTEL firmos darbuotojas M. E. Hofas sukonstravo integralinę shemą, kuri galėjo atlikti tokias pat funkcijas kaip ir procesorius. Taip ir atsirado pirmasis mkroprocesorius Intel-4004, žinoma jo galimybės buvo žymiai kuklesnės negu didelės ESM centrinio procesoriaus-jis veikė žymiai lėčiau ir vienu metu galėjo apdoroti tik 4 bitus informacijos (didelių ESM procesoriai vienu metu galėjo apdoroti 16 arba 32 bitus informacijos). Tačiau vėliau Intel firma ištobulėjo ir 7-8 dešimtmetyje buvo mikroprocesorių industrijos lyderė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiekvienas mikroprocesorius turi savo taktinį dažnį, o kuo jis didesnis tuo didesnis mikroprocesoriaus našumas ir žinoma kaina. Taktinis dažnis matuojamas megahercais (MHz). Pavyzdžiui, gaminami mikroprocesoriai Pentium, kurių taktinis dažnis yra nuo 75 iki 550 MHz, o kuo toliau tuo jis didės. Dažnai taktinis dažnis nurodomas kartu su pavadinimu, pavyzdžiui Pentium 333 MHz. Taktinis dažnis rodo mikroprocesoriaus viduje vykstančių elementarių operacijų greitį.Tos pačios komandos (pavyzdžiui sudauginti ar sudėti), skirtingose gali būti įvykdytos per skirtingą taktų skaičių. Kuo šiuolailiškesnis mikroprocesorius, tuo mažiau taktų reikia toms pačioms operacijoms įvykdyti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 13:01:31',62,'','2010-07-27 13:03:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 13:01:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,205,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(1079,'MySQL','mysql','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 13:04:26',62,'','2010-07-27 13:05:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 13:04:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,204,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1080,'Formatavimas','formatavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ruošiamas dokumento tekstas gali būti pirma parašytas (surinktas klaviatūros pagalba), o tik po to formatuojamas, gali būti formatuojama ir dokumento ruošimo metu. Abiem atvejais reikia pamąstyti: “Ar programa žino kokį teksto fragmentą norima formatuoti?”. Todėl atkreipkite dėmesį: 1. simbolių formatavimas bus atliekamas pažymėtam fragmentui arba vienam žodžiui, kurio viduryje mirksi teksto žymeklis. Jei žymeklis mirksi frazės gale arba tuščioje eilutėje, atliktos simbolių formatavimo operacijos bus matomos tik naujai įvedamam tekstui, jei po formatavimo niekur neperstumsite teksto žymeklio.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. pastraipų formatavimas bus atliekamas tai pastraipai, kurioje mirksi teksto žymeklis (nesvarbu gale ar pradžioje, ar viduryje). Jei reikia formatuoti kelias vieną po kitos parašytas pastraipas, teks pažymėti tų pastraipų eilutes (pakanka pažymėti dalinai - vienos pastraipos pabaigą, kitos pradžią). Jei žymeklis stovi tuščioje eilutėje, tai atlikus pastraipos formatavimą, efektas bus matomas naujai įvedamam pastraipos tekstui. Nepamirškite - galvodami apie naujos pastraipos formatavimą ir žymeklį perkelti į naują pastraipą (paspauskite &lt;Enter&gt;). 3. puslapių formatavimas gali būti atliekamas visam dokumentui iš karto (Whole Document) arba pažymėjus teksto fragmentą (Selected Text). Pažymėtas fragmentas išskiriamas į atskirą puslapį, kuris turi kitokius parametrus nei visi kiti puslapiai tame dokumente.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 13:06:04',62,'','2010-07-27 13:16:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 13:06:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,203,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1081,'Informacijos perdavimas. Diskretieji ir tolydieji dydžiai','informacijos-perdavimas-diskretieji-ir-tolydieji-dydiai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pranešimas - konkreti informacijos išraiška. Pranešimai gali būti perduodami įvairiais signalais : šviesa, garsu, kvapu, temperatūra, radio bangomis, elektros srove ir t.t. Tas pats pranešimas gali būti perduodamas įvairiais signalais. Bet tuo pačiu signalu galima perduoti įvairius pranešimus. Tai priklauso nuo išankstinio susitarimo. Asmuo siunčiantis pranešimą vadinamas siuntėju, o asmuo priimantis pranešimą vadinamas gavėju.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Siuntėjas ir gavėjas turi būti iš anksto susitarę kokiu signalu bus perduota informacija: 1. Praneðšmai gali būti siunčiami tik tokiais signalais kuriuos gali perduoti siuntėjas ir gavėjas. Pvz. : beraštis negali parašyti nei perskaityti, o kurčias negali girdėti. 2. Pranešimus nešantys signalai pakeliui nuo siuntėjo iki gavėjo gali būti keičiami kitos rūšies signalais. Ir siuntėjui, ir gavėjui svarbūs tik galutiniai signalai. Pvz. : kalbėdami telefonu mes galime sužinoti kuriais signalais perduodami mūsų tariami žodžiai. 3. Pranešimai tam tikru būdu  koduojami. Siuntėjas ir priėmėjas turi tą patį kodą, kad vienodai suprastų pranešimą. Pvz. : susikalbėti du pašnekovai gali vartodami tą pačią kalbą. Signalo prigimtis fizinė, todėl jį galima išmatuoti bei nustatyti apibūdinančiais dydžiais. Jie ir panaudojami pranešimui išreikšti. Pagal išraiškos būdą dydžiai yra skirstomi į tolydžiuosius ir diskrečiuosius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 13:16:33',62,'','2010-07-27 13:25:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 13:16:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,202,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1082,'Kompiuterinių tinklų saugumas','kompiuterini-tinkl-saugumas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompiuterinių tinklų saugumas darosi aktuali problema vis platesniam žmonių ratui. Kuo labiau plinta Internetas, kuo daugiau žmonių ir ištisų kompanijų prisijungia prie jo, tuo aktualesnė darosi vietinio kompiuterių tinklo apsauga, jei jis prijungtas prie Interneto. Informacija šiais laikais yra viena iš brangiausių prekių. Įsilaužimai pasinaudojant Internetu jau realybė. Paprastai išskiriamos dvi įsilaužimų klases: 1. Nelegalus priėjimas prie duomenų. 2. Serviso sutrukdymas. Viena saugumo spraga dažniausiai sudaro sąlygas įvykdyti tik vieną iš šių įsilaužimų. Serviso sutrukdymas paprastai laikomas mažesne problema nei nelegalus priėjimas prie duomenų. Tačiau spragų, leidžiančių sutrukdyti serviso darbą, randama daugiau.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įsilaužimas sukelia ne tik tiesioginius nuostolius įsibrovėliui nelegaliai priėjus prie duomenų. Daug gali kainuoti duomenų auditas - ar nepakeisti, nesugadinti, neištrinti duomenys. Taip pat - ar įsilaužėliai nepaliko sau \"atsarginio įėjimo\" ateičiai. Įsilaužimai galimi dėl dviejų priežasčių: 1. Serverio konfigūravimo ir priežiūros klaidos. 2. Klaidos serverio programose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmosios problemos sprendimas priklauso praktiškai tik nuo sistemos administratoriaus. Antroji - nuo visos grupės programų, bibliotekų bei operacinės sistemos branduolio. Interneto serviso vartotojas bendrauja su taikomaja programa, kuri savo ruožtu kviečia funkcijas iš įvairių bibliotekų bei kreipiasi į branduolį. Interneto servisas - tai interneto serveryje dirbanti programa, kuri pagal nustatytą protokolą, bendraudama TCP/IP protokolu (naudodama jį duomenų su klientu apsikeitimui), pateikia ir gauna iš kliento duomenis. Kaip Interneto servisų pavyzdžius galima pateikti: WWW serveris (naudojamas tam, kad pateikti vartotojui įvairialypę informaciją: tekstą, iliustracijas, audio/video medžiagą.); FTP serveris (naudojamas failų perdavimui ir priėmimui); pašto (SMTP) serveris (elektroninio pašto transportas). Interneto serveris savo ruožtu tai kompiuteris, kuris yra prijungtas prie Interneto. Jame dirbančiais Interneto servisais gali pasinaudoti vartotojai iš Interneto.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-27 13:27:37',62,'','2010-07-27 13:31:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-27 13:27:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,201,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1083,'Matrica laboratorinis darbas','matrica-laboratorinis-darbas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 07:27:54',62,'','2010-07-28 07:31:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 07:27:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,200,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(1084,'Programos \"Ciklinis sumavimas\" struktūrograma','programos-qciklinis-sumavimasq-struktrograma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 07:32:01',62,'','2010-07-28 07:33:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 07:32:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,199,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1085,'X86 architektūros mikroprocesoriai (iki Pentium)','x86-architektros-mikroprocesoriai-iki-pentium','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kas yra procesorius? Centrinis procesorius (angliškai CPU – central processing unit)  yra integruotos elektros srovės konstrukcija ant mažyčio gabalėlio silicio. Šį procesorių sudaro tūkstančiai ar net milijonai tranzistorių, kurie tarpusavyje yra sujungti aukščiausios kokybės aliuminio takeliais. Visi tranzistoriai dirba kartu, kad galėtų laikyti savyje duomenis ir juos apdirbti, taigi mikroprocesorius gali atlikti labai daug naudingų operacijų. Komandos, kurias turi atlikti mikroprocesorius yra duodamos programinės įrangos (angl. software).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kadangi x86 architektūros mikroprocesorius pradėjo gaminti amerikiečių kompanija Intel, reikėtų apžvelgti jų procesorius, pagamintus iki x86 architektūros atsiradimo.  Pirmasis Intel procesorius buvo 4004, pasirodęs 1971 metais, jį sudarė 2300 tranzistorių, jis buvo 4 bitų, ne veltui pavadinimas 4004. Jo taktinis dažnis buvo 108 kHz ir galėjo jis valdyti juokingą 640 baitų atmintį. Palyginimui, dabartinį  Pentium ® II procesorių sudaro apie 7,5 milijono tranzistorių, jo greitis iki 450 Mhz ir valdyti jis gali atmintį iki 64 GB. Pirmasis procesorius buvo panaudotas visai ne kompiuteriams, o kalkuliatoriams, argi nejuokinga, tada gan brangiai kainavęs procesorius randamas kiekvienoje skaičiavimo mašinėlėje. 1972 metais Intel išleido procesorių 8008, kuris buvo 8 bitų ir jį jau šiaip taip pritaikė TV spausdinimo mašinai, na tai jau labiau panašu į kompiuterį. Gan didelę pažangą padarė kompanija 1974 metais išleidusi procesorių 8080, kuris buvo statomas į pirmuosius personalinius kompiuterius – Altair. Tai buvo Intel klestėjimo pradžia ir ji tapo didelė konkurentė kitoms procesorių gamintojoms, pavyzdžiui tuo metu tokiai žinomai firmai kaip Motorola. Visai aišku, kodėl šie procesoriai buvo tokie populiarūs, per 2 metus (1972-1974) procesoriaus greitis padidėjo nuo 108 kHz iki 2Mhz, tai beveik 20 kartų, jau nekalbant kad valdomas atminties kiekis šoktelėjo nuo 640 baitų iki 64 KB.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1976 metų kovą pasirodė labai mažai girdėtas 8085 procesorius, kurio greitis buvo jau 5 mHz, o takelio plotis paplonėjo dvigubai lyginant su 8080. Šio procesoriaus parametrai beveik sutapo su 8086 procesoriaus, sukėlusio grandiozinę revoliuciją visų personalinių kompiuterių pasaulyje. Jau iš pavadinimo turbūt aišku, jog 8086 buvo jau x86 architektūros procesorius.<br /><br />Kas ta x86 architektūra? Tai procesoriuje įlituotų komandų rinkinys. Juk būtų kvaila, jei procesorius dirbtų naudodamas sudėties komandas. Taigi buvo surinktos reikalingiausios komandos ir įlituotos į procesorių, aišku, šios komandos gali būti įvykdytos ir naudojantis paprastomis sudėties komandomis, tačiau darbas vyktų keliskart lėčiau, juk x86 komandos buvo optimizuotos. Ir dabar tuo nesunku įsitikinti, pabandykime paleisti kokį nors x86 žaidimą ant Macintosh ar Alpha procesoriumi aprūpintu kompiuteriu. 533 mHz Alpha procesorius (kuris kainuoja tikrai brangiau už paprastus x86), emuliuodamas x86 programas dirba kaip Pentium II 233 mHz. Be x86 architektūros egzistuoja ir RISC architektūra, įgyvendinta Mac kompiuteriuose. Taigi todėl neina taip paprastai paleisti Mac programų ant x86 kompiuterio ir atvirkščiai, programos turi būti perkompiliuotos. x86 komandos pagreitino kompiuterio darbą su atmintimi, su diskais, su video plokšte leido geriau išnaudoti kompiuterio resursus. Architektūrų pavyzdys galėtų būti ir MMX ar 3Dnow technologijos. Abi šios technologijos tai papildomos x86 komandos, leidžiančio greičiau veikti žaidimams. Žaidimas sukompiliuotas MMX technologijai, neveiktų ant procesoriaus, kuris jos neturi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 07:34:24',62,'','2010-07-28 07:44:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 07:34:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,198,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1086,'Praktinis darbas su MS Excel','praktinis-darbas-su-ms-excel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 07:45:40',62,'','2010-07-28 07:46:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 07:45:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,197,'','',0,45,'robots=\nauthor='),(1087,'Mikroprocesorius','mikroprocesorius','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mikroprocesorius – tai programa valdomas duomenų apdorojimo įtaisas, pagamintas vienoje mikroschemoje. Mikroprocesorinė sistema – tai funkcionaliai išbaigta sistema, turinti savyje mikroprocesorių, atmintį, įtaisus ryšiui su išoriniu pasauliu (tai įvairios interfeiso priemonės). Mikroprocesorinė sistema pagaminta vienoje ar keliose spausdinto montažo plokštėse. MS-oje mikroprocesorius yra pagrindinis el-tas, tačiau jo kaina sudaro apie 10 proc. Visos kainos. Kitą dalį sudaro atminties, I/O schemų kainos, o savo ruožtu nesudaro nė pusės kainos, įskaitant PĮ. PĮ yra labai brangi.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mikroprocesorinių sistemų architektūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Interfeisas – tai standartizuotos kompiuterio įtaisų ryšio priemonės. Jis susideda iš unifikuotų informacijos siuntimo magistralių, unifikuotų elektroninių schemų, valdančių informacijos siuntimą, t.p. informacijos mainus valdančių algoritmų, signalų reikalavimų jiems visuma. Išskiriame 2 interfeisus: 1. Tolydinių signalų interfeisas; 2. Diskretinių signalų interfeisas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tolydinių signalų interfeiso struktūrinė schema: kartais gali būti ne visi įrenginiai reikalingi, pvz. Kartais gali nereikėti SFS, matavimo stiprintuvo ar filtro. Daviklių gali būti daug (d1…dn). Diskretinių signalų interfeiso struktūrinė schema: 2. mikroprocesorinės sistemos I/O interfeisas. Kadangi kiekvienas objektas charakterizuojamas savitais ryšiais, tai interfeiso priemonės kiekvienu atveju bus skirtingos. Pasikeitimo duomenimis tarp mikroprocesoriaus ir periferinių įrenginių galimus variantus skirstome į 3 grupes. 1. Programuojamas pasikeitimas duomenimis. Šiuo atveju laiko momentai, kuriais turėtų prasidėti pasikeitimas duomenimis, turėtų būti nustatomi programoje. Konkretus I/O komandos tipas, sutinkamas darbo programoje, nurodo reikiamą veiksmų seką sistemoje. 2. Pasikeitimas duomenimis, kuris sužadina I/O įrenginio pertraukimo iškvietimo signalą. Šiuo atveju pasikeitimo duomenimis pradžią apsprendžia periferinių įrenginių darbas. Pasirodžius pertraukimo užklausimo signalui, uP pradeda vykdyti specialią paprogramę, skirtą duomenų pasikeitimui valdyti. 3. Pasikeitimas duomenimis TKA (tiesiog.kreipimasis į atmintį) režimu. Pasikeitimo duomenimis procedūrai realizuoti reikalinga PĮ ir procesoriaus darbo sinchronizacija, kitaip tariant, jų darbo greičiai t.b.suderinti taip, kad vėlinant lėtesniam įrenginiui, greitesnis turi palaukti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 07:47:13',62,'','2010-07-28 08:02:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 07:47:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,196,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1088,'Kompiuterių struktūros egzamino špera','kompiuteri-struktros-egzamino-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">DIAGNOSTINIAI EKSPERIMENTAI DVIEM BŪSENOMS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tegu automatas M turi n būsenų. Galimų pradinių būsenų aibė A(M) turi dvi būsenas S<sub>i0</sub> ir S<sub>j0</sub>, t.y. A(M)={S<sub>i0</sub>,S<sub>j0</sub>}. Kadangi automatas minimalus, tai būsenos S<sub>i0</sub> ir S<sub>j0</sub> yra atskiriamos. Šios būsenos yra (n-1) atskiriamos. Todėl egzistuoja (n-1) ilgio arba trumpesnė įėjimo seka, kurią padavus į automatą M/S<sub>i0</sub> ir M/S<sub>j0</sub> gausime skirtingas išėjimo sekas. Tokia seka vadinama diagnostine seka būsenoms S<sub>i0</sub> ir S<sub>j0</sub>.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmas diagnostinis sekos simbolis bus įėjimo simbolis P<sub>l-1</sub> lentelėje, kurioje eilutės S<sub>i0</sub> ir S<sub>j0</sub> turi skirtingus indeksus. Antras diagnostinės sekos simbolis bus tas įėjimo simbolis P<sub>l-2</sub> lentelėje, kurioje būsenos S’<sub>i0</sub> ir S’<sub>j0</sub> turi skirtingus indeksus. Būsenos S’<sub>i0</sub> ir S’<sub>j0</sub> yra būsenos, į kurias P<sub>l-1</sub> lentelėje pereina S<sub>i0</sub> ir S<sub>j0</sub>, veikiant šias būsenas atskiriamuoju įėjimo simboliu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 08:02:47',62,'','2010-07-28 08:12:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 08:02:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,195,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1089,'Fibonacio sekos pirmieji n nariai Pascal programa','fibonacio-sekos-pirmieji-n-nariai-pascal-programa','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 08:12:28',62,'','2010-07-28 08:13:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 08:12:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,194,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1090,'Duomenų bazių sistemos R. Baronas','duomen-bazi-sistemos-r-baronas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Duomenų bazės, duomenų bazių valdymo sistemos</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Duomenų baze (DB) galima vadinti rinkinį tarpusavyje susijusių duomenų, kurie apdorojami programomis. Tokia duomenų bazė, loginiu požiūru, yra panaši į elektroninę kartoteką. Panašios duomenų bazės (kartotekos) vartotojai atlieka tokias operacijas:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• naujo įrašo (naujos kortelės) įtraukimas;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• esamo įrašo (kortelės duomenų) keitimas;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• esamo įrašo (kortelės) šalinimas;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• duomenų paieška duomenų bazėje (kartotekoje).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Minėtom ir panašiom operacijoms atlikti, kai duomenys saugomi kompiuterio atmintyje,reikia programinės įrangos. Tokia programinė įranga kartu su duomenų baze vadinama duomenų bazės sistema (DBS). Dažnai, kalbant apie kompiuterines sistemas, pastarosioms priskiriami ir jų vartotojai. DB vartotojais laikomi asmenys, betarpiškai operuojantys duomenų baze, bei taikomosios programos, kurios vykdymo metu kreipiasi į DB. Pagrindinė tokios programinės įrangos paskirtis yra suteikti DB vartotojui galimybę dirbti su DB, neatsižvelgiant į technines detales. Programinė įranga, sprendžianti tokį uždavinį vadinama duomenų bazių valdymo sistema (DBVS). Supaprastinta DBS pavaizduota 1.2 pav. Kitaip tariant, DBVS leidžia vartotojui žiūrėti į DB kaip į žymiai aukštesnio lygio objektą, negu į įrašų failą. Šiuo požiūriu, DBVS atlieka vartotojo sąsajos su DB vaidmenį. Vartotojas operuoja DB duomenimis formalia kalba, pvz. SQL.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 08:14:37',62,'','2010-07-28 08:28:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 08:14:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,193,'','',0,49,'robots=\nauthor='),(1091,'Ekspertinės sistemos','ekspertins-sistemos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Panaudojant kompiuterių techninę įrangą ir specializuotą programinę įrangą, informacijos organizavimo procese atsiranda specializuotų informacijos kaupimo apdorojimo ir pateikimo sistemų, vadinamų kompiuterizuotomis informacinėmis sistemomis, sukūrimo poreikis. Ekspertinės sistemos, vystėsi kaip dialoginės sistemos; jos sudaro informacinių sistemų,, vadinamų \"pagalbinėmis sprendimų priėmimo sistemomis\", porūšį,. Ekspertinės sistemos ypatingos tuo, kad praturtina vartotojo žinias apie problemą, kurią jis nagrinėja, tuo tarpu pagalbinės sprendimų priėmimo sistemos numato, kad žmogaus žinios apie sprendžiamą problemą nekinta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Galima rasti, daug ekspertinių sistemų apibrėžimų, o tai reiškia, kad šiuo metu griežtos, jų, definicijos nėra. Anglų kalba leidžiamoje specialioje literatūroje pasitaiko įvairių šio tipo sistemų pavadinimų, kaip antai: \"sistemos, paremtos žiniomis\"; \"dirbtinio intelekto sistemos, paremtos žiniomis\"; \"\"kūrybinės sistemos, darančios išvadas iš taisyklių\"; \"sistemos, su žinių baze\".</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nepaisant to, kad nėra griežtų apibrėžimų, galima išskirti, kai kuriuos bendrus šių sistemų bruožus:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- jos, apima organizuotas žinias, sudarytas iš faktų, jų ryšių ir euristikos, tos žinios apima kurią nors specialią sritį;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- naudojamos kaip patarėjai, dažniausiai sprendžiant sudėtingas problemas;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- kai kurias problemas gali spręsti taip pat sėkmingai kaip ekspertas žmogus, o kartais netgi geriau.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prie šito reikia pridurti, kad ekspertinės sistemos nesprendžia universalių problemų. Todėl jos sąlygojamos siaurų ir specialių sričių. Jos taip pat nėra pranašai ar neginčijami autoritetai, todėl jos yra tik sprendimo priėmimo pagalbininkas. Ekspertines sistemas sudaro tokios tarpusavyje susijusios dalys arba moduliai: a) žinių įvedimo modulis; b) žinių bazė, kurią sudaro dvi atskiros dalys: faktų ir taisyklių bazė; c) išvadų generatorius; d) vartotojo ryšio su sistema modulis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Modulis a) padeda įvesti į kompiuterio atmintį faktus ir taisykles. Be abejo, atsižvelgiant į tai, kas pasakyta, šie faktai ir taisyklės turi priklausyti siaurai sričiai, kuriai projektuojama sistema. Žinios, kurias sudaro faktai ir taisyklės, nėra pastovios, jos visą laiką papildomos naujais faktais ir taisyklėmis. Kai kurios iš jų taip pat gali būti panaikintos arba pakeistos. Taigi žinių bazė turi būti nuolat atnaujinama. Faktai ir taisyklės, pradiniai duomenys įvedami į kitą modulį, išvadų generatorių. Jis jungia faktus, užrašytus bazėje su atitinkamomis taisyklėmis, užrašytomis taisyklių bazėje. Taip susidaro nauji faktai, kurie savo ruožtu užrašomi faktų bazėje. Taigi sistema sugeba kurti savo žinių baze.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 08:28:52',62,'','2010-07-28 08:32:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 08:28:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,192,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(1092,'Powerpoint apie PC','powerpoint-apie-pc','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompiuterių našumas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">AMD įvestas ekvivalentinis rodiklis primena rodiklį Performance Rating (PR), kuris buvo įvestas 1996 metais (firmos AMD, IBM, Cyrix, SGS-Thomson).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jos kėlė tokius tikslus: 1. Pasiūlyti gamintojų plačiai pripažįstamą ir lengvai suprantamą procesorių našumo įvertinimo metodą; 2. Pateikti lengvai suprantamą vartotojams vieną skaičių, apibūdinantį našumą vykdant programas, vietoje dažnio (MHz) ir procesoriaus architektūros apibūdinimo; 3. Pasiekti, kad jį plačiai pripažintų procesorių gamintojai, sistemų pardavėjai, spauda ir vartotojai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PR rodiklis gyvavo neilgai, nes jo neparėmė Intel.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dabar gi Intel  pripažindama, jog dažnis nėra absoliutus našumo rodiklis, ketina vėl grįžti prie savo procesorių reitingavimo. Naujasis rodiklis turėtų atsižvelgti ne tik į dažnį, bet ir į kešo talpą bei magistralės spartą. Pavyzdžiui, Pentium 4 šeimos viduje bus lengviau skirti senesniojo Northwood branduolį turinčio 2.6GHz Pentium 4 su 512KB kešu ir 533MHz magistrale galimybes, lyginant su naujesniu Prescott 2.8GHz procesoriumi su 1MB kešu ir 800MHz magistrale.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}<br /><br /></p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 08:33:06',62,'','2010-07-28 08:38:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 08:33:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,191,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1093,'Turbo Pascalio praktikumas','turbo-pascalio-praktikumas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Knygos pagrindu yra pamokos, kurios buvo skirtos VDU informatikos fakultete šeštadieniniuose kursuose mokiniams, o vėliau KTU JKM programavimo specialybės mokiniams. Medžiaga pateikiama sudėtingumo seka, tačiau skaitytojui nebūtina atlikti visas užduotis pilnumoje, norint suprasti kito skyrelio medžiagą. Pakanka išsiaiškinti esančių pratimų programas ir suvokti naudojamas priemones. Įvairaus sudėtingumo užduotys skirtos savarankiškam darbui, kas leidžia įsitikinti, kaip pasisekė suprasti skyrelyje pristatomas programavimo priemones. Knygoje Turbo Paskalio konstrukcijos ir priemonės pristatomos vartotojo požiūriu. Plačiau apie jas reikia skaityti kalbos aprašymui skirtose knygose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Programavimo esmę sudaro gebėjimas vartoti duomenų struktūras ir mokėjimas pasinaudoti duomenų apdorojimo algoritmais. Visą tai stengėmės demonstruoti nestandartinėmis užduotimis, panaudojant ekrano spalvas ir garsus. Devintame skyriuje pristatome Turbo Paskalio grafikos priemones. Šį skyrių galima skaityti ir suprasti įsisavinus pirmųjų keturių skyrių medžiagą. Siūlome visų skyrių pratimus pertvarkyti darbui grafiniame ekrane. Paskutinis skyrius skirtas grafikos pavyzdžiams. Diskelyje rasite visų skyrių programas. Jos sudėtos kataloguose pagal skyrius. Tikimės, kad knyga pasinaudos visi, kuriems įdomu ir žingeidu patiems išmokti rašyti programas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 08:38:56',62,'','2010-07-28 08:46:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 08:38:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,190,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1094,'Pradedant PHP4','pradedant-php4','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PHP4 yra paskutinė PHP kalbos versija - \"PHP Hypertext Preprocessor\". Tai programavimo kalba sudaranti galimybes konstruoti dinaminius, interaktyvius interneto puslapius. Ją Rasmus Lerdorf sukūrė 1994 metais. Nuo to laiko ji patyrė didelius pasikeitimus ir buvo pradėta naudoti daugelio web programuotojų visame pasaulyje. Tai kas PHP yra?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kalbant technine kalba, PHP4 yra nepriklausoma nuo platformos, įsiterpianti į HTML, serverio pusės, interneto scriptų kalba. Pažiūrėkime atidžiau į šiuos terminus:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Nepriklausoma nuo platformos. Jūs galite paleisti dauguma PHP4 kodo, be apribojimų, ant kompiuterių su skirtingomis operacinėmis sistemomis. PHP4 skriptas, kuris veikia Linux aplinkoje veiks ir Windows sistemoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Įsiterpiantis į HTM. PHP4 kodas rašomas į failus, turinčius PHP instrukcijų ir HTML kodo mišinį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. Serverio pusės. PHP4 programos, kurias mes rašysime bus vykdomos serveryje, galutinis vartotojas mato tik jų rezultatus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">4. Interneto skriptų kalba. Mes naudojamės PHP4 programomis per interneto naršyklę. Pasiekiame serverį, kuriame randasi PHP programa ir tai sužadina pačią programą taip, kad ji tik pateikia mums savo veiklos rezultatus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 08:46:50',62,'','2010-07-28 09:09:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 08:46:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,189,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1095,'Elektroninė lentelė MS Excel','elektronin-lentel-ms-excel','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas - susipažinti su MS Excel galimybėmis: įvaldyti pagrindinius lentelės rengimo veiksmus, išmokti panaudoti formules bei funkcijas, sudaryti diagramas, analizuoti duomenis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">MS Excel įeina į programų paketą  MS Office. Šis paketas valdomas ir skirtas darbui Windows terpėje. MS Excel sudaro priemonės, leidžiančios pritaikyti elektroninės lentelės ypatumus specifinėms vartotojo reikmėms. Vartotojas gali laisvai manipuliuoti duomenimis ir diagramomis. MS Excel duomenys nesunkiai susiejami su kitomis Windows terpės taikomosiomis programomis. Pateikti visas MS Excel galimybes nedidelės apimties skyriuje yra neįmanoma, todėl toliau aprašomi veiksmai, reikalingi šio skyriaus ir kitoms būtiniausioms praktinėms užduotims atlikti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 09:10:04',62,'','2010-07-28 09:12:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 09:10:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,188,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1096,'Pagrindinės duomenų fizinio perdavimo sąvokos','pagrindins-duomen-fizinio-perdavimo-svokos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompiuterio techninė įranga duomenis į ryšių linija perduoda nuosekliais bitu srautais. Šie duomenų bitai linijoje gali būti vaizduojami diskrečiaisiais (skaitmeniniais) arba tolydžiaisiais (analoginiais) signalais. Diskretieji signalai – tai impulsų seka, kurios skirtingi signalo lygiai atitinka bitų reikšmes. Tokiais signalais dažniausiai perduodama informacija iš kompiuterio pagrindinio įrenginio į jo įvairius išorinius įrenginius (terminalus, spausdintuvus) ir atgal. Tolydieji signalai – yra sinusoidės pavidalo. Čia skirtingas bito reikšmes gali atitikti skirtingas signalo pasikartojimo periodas. Tolydžiaisiais signalais išreikšta informacija dažniausiai perduodama telefoninėmis linijomis. Perduodant duomenis, diskretieji signalai gali būti verčiami tolydžiaisiais. Toks procesas vadinamas moduliavimu, o jam atvirkščias – demoduliavimu. Daugumai kompiuterio irenginių (terminalams, spausdintuvams ir pan.) pagrindins informacijos vienetas yra simbolis. Todėl siunčiami bitai pakuojami nuosekliomis grupėmis, o gavėjas šiame bitų sraute turi sugebėti atpažinti ir išskirti perduotus simbolius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Asinchroninis – perdavimas dar vadinamas startstopiniu. Čia prie kiekviena perduodama simbolį yra siunčiamas pradžios bitas, po jo – kontrolės bitas ir vienas arba du pabaigos bitai. Kontrolės bito reikšmė priklauso nuo simbolyje esančių vienetinių bitų kiekio (lyginio arba nelyginio). Pavyzdžiui, siuntėjas ir gavėjas gali susitarti, kad kontrolės bitas bus lygus nuliui, jei simbolio vienetinių bitų skaičius yra lyginis. Galimas ir prieingas susitarimas – svarbu, kad ir siunčianti, ir priimanti įranga dirbtų pagal tas pačias taisykles. Toks kontrolės būdas iš dalies leidžia nustatyti, ar teisingai buvo perduoti visi simbolio bitai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sinchroninis – leidžia persiųsti duomenis žymiai greičiau, nes čia jie siunčiami blokais. Prie kiekvieną bloką formuojama sinchronizuojančių signalų seka, kuri praneša gavėjui, kad po jos prasidės duomenų simboliai. Blokas užbaigiamas kontrolės bitais, kurių paskirtis yra tokia pat, kaip ir asinchroninio duomenų formato, bei bloko pabaigos požymio sinchrosignalais. Taip keičiasi informacija kompiuteris ir iorinis įrenginys, turintis atmintį duomenims kaupti, arba du kompiuteriai. Sinchroninio perdavimo aparatūra yra gerokai sudėtingesnė ir brangesnė, todėl dauguma mikrokompiuterių jos neturi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Be informacijos vaizdavimo formų ir jos persiuntimo formatų, duomenų perdavimo technologija numato ir duomenų srautų judėjimo būdus. Simplekso būdu duomenys ryšio linijoje visuomet perduodami tik viena kryptimi t.y. vienas abonentas tik siunčia informacija, antrasis – tik priima. Taip technologinių procesų valdymo sistemose perduodami duomenys iš įvairių daviklių į kompiuterį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 09:12:35',62,'','2010-07-28 09:15:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 09:12:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,187,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1097,'Darbas su MS FrontPage 98','darbas-su-ms-frontpage-98','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 09:16:28',62,'','2010-07-28 09:17:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 09:16:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,186,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1098,'Excel 7.0 makro komandos','excel-70-makro-komandos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirma užduotis Sukurti makrokomandą darbo lapo Pagrindinės darbuotojo Priskaitymų-atskaitymų lapeliui suformuoti. Įterpkite naują darbo lapą, pavadinkite jį Lapelis ir paruoškite jame tokio pavyzdžio Priskaitymų-atskaitymų lapelį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 09:18:20',62,'','2010-07-28 09:21:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 09:18:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,185,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1099,'Rekomendacijos dėl Linux ir Windows OS naudojimo viename kompiuteryje bei Linux ir Windows bylų sistemų','rekomendacijos-dl-linux-ir-windows-os-naudojimo-viename-kompiuteryje-bei-linux-ir-windows-byl-sistem','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Migruojant prie laisvos OS Linux dažnai tenka pereinamuoju laikotarpiu naudoti kelias OS viename kompiuteryje. Tai nėra sudėtinga, kadangi Linux yra labai lanksti operacinė sistema, turinti daug galimybių, tereikia tik šiek tiek žinių. Pradedant naudotis Linux ir Windows OS viename kompiuteryje dažniausiai būna viena iš šių situacijų:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Tuščias kompiuteris be OS (arba kompiuteris, kuriame galima sunaikinti visą jame esančią informaciją); 2. Kompiuteris su įdiegta Windows OS; 3. Kompiuteris su įdiegta Linux OS; 4. Kompiuteris su įdiegtomis abiem OS.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Trumpai aprašysime kiekvieną situaciją (jei jau turite įdiegtas abi OS, galite iškart pereiti prie 4 situacijos), tačiau prieš tai reikia susipažinti su kietojo disko struktūra bei jo paskirstymu kelioms OS. Pastaba: prieš diegiant bet kokią OS arba dalijant (skirstant) kietąjį diską primygtinai rekomenduojama pasidaryti svarbių duomenų atsargines kopijas, kadangi dėl jūsų ar įdiegimo (disko skirstymo) programos klaidos arba nenumatytų aplinkybių (pvz. trumpam nutrūksta elektros energijos tiekimas), galite prarasti visą kietajame diske esančią informaciją. Dėl tos pačios priežasties diegimo metu rekomenduojama atjungti kietuosius diskus, į kuriuos nebus<br />diegiama OS.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kietojo disko dalijimas (partitioning)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įdiegiant tik vieną OS į kompiuterį, įdiegimo programa dažniausiai padalija (suskirsto) kietąjį diską ir sukuria bylų sistemas automatiškai arba užduodama keletą paprastų klausimų, kadangi dažniausiai užtenka 1-2 skirsnių ir galima visą kietąjį diską skirti vienai OS. Įdiegiant Linux OS kartu su kita OS į vieną kompiuterį, reikalingi bent 3 skirsniai ir todėl reikėtų nors šiek tiek išmanyti kietojo disko loginę struktūrą – t.y. kas yra skirsniai (angl. partitions) bei kaip suskirstyti (padalinti) kietąjį diską į skirsnius. Pastaba: nepainiokite kietojo disko bei kietajame diske esančių loginių skirsnių su Windows OS loginiais diskais (jie žymimi raidėmis A, C, D ir t.t.). Windows OS terminas „diskas“ naudojamas ir fiziniams įrenginiams (kompaktinių diskų įrenginiui, kietajam diskui, lanksčių diskelių įrenginiui ir pan.) ir kietojo disko skirsniams (pagrindiniams ir loginiams) apibūdinti. 1. Kietojo disko loginė struktūra, skirsniai, bylų sistemos Operacinė sistema gali naudotis kietuoju disku, tik tuomet, kai jame yra sukurta vienas ar<br />daugiau skirsnių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 09:22:27',62,'','2010-07-28 09:28:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 09:22:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,184,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(1100,'Sistemų analizė','sistem-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ANALIZĖS MODELIAVIMAS. ĮVADAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Techniniame lygyje Programų inžinerija (PI) pradedama nuo eilės modeliavimo darbų, kurių pasekoje gaunamos užbaigtos reikalavimų specifikacijos ir išsamus programinės įrangos, kuri yra kuriama, vaizdas. Analizės modelis yra pirmasis techninis sistemos atvaizdavimas. Analizės modelis turi tenkinti 3 pagrindinius tikslus: 1. Aprašyti, ko nori klientas; 2. Duoti pagrindą programinės įrangos (PĮ) plano kūrimui; 3. Apibrėžti reikalavimus, kurie galėtų būti patikrinami kai PĮ jau bus sukurta. Dabar dominuojantys yra Struktūrinės analizės (Structured Analysis) ir Objektiškai-orientuotos analizės (Object-Oriented Analysis) modeliai. Be to, trumpas kitų modelių aprašymas yra 3 skyriuje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">STRUKTŪRINĖ ANALIZĖ (STRUCTURED ANALYSIS)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Struktūrinė analizė (Structured Analysis, SA) – tai modelio(ų) kūrimas. Naudojant notaciją, kuri tenkina Operacinės analizės (Operational Analysis) principus, yra sukuriami modeliai, kurie aprašo (duomenų ir valdymo) informacijos turinį ir srautus, tada sistema padalinama funkciškai (functionally) bei pgl. elgseną (behaviorally) ir aprašoma esmė to, kas turi būti sukurta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 09:29:32',62,'','2010-07-28 09:32:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 09:29:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,183,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1101,'Pozicinės skaičiavimo sistemos','pozicins-skaiiavimo-sistemos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaičiavimo sistemoje pagrindas (pvz.: 10, 8, 16, 2) nusako skaitmenų skaičių ir skaitmens pozicijos svorį. Pavyzdžiui, dešimtainis skaičius anan-1…a1a0 yra lygus a<sub>n</sub>·10<sup>n</sup>+a<sub>n-1</sub>·10<sup>n-1</sup>+...+a<sub>1</sub>·10<sup>1</sup>+a<sub>0</sub>·10<sup>0</sup>.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 09:33:27',62,'','2010-07-28 09:41:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 09:33:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,182,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1102,'Kilda. Špera','kilda-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Algoritmai. Pagrindiniai reikalavimai. Algoritmai tai fiktyvios procedūros padedančios vienareikšmiškai gauti rezultatus. Pagrindinai algoritmai taikymi matematikoje negalimų uždavinių sprendimui. Technikoje algoritmai – tai galimybė uždavinį spręsti programiškai. Pagrindinės algoritmų savybės: 1.Aagoritmas naudojamas su pradiniais duomenimis ir algoritmas duoda rezultatus. Pasirodo ir tarpiniai rezultatai. Taigi riekia nurodyti ir duomenų reikalavimus. Duomenys gali būti ir vaizdiniai. Todėl algoritmų teorijoje nenaudojamas žodinis duomenų apibrėžimas. Fiksuojami baigtiniai pradinių objektų rinkiniai ir baigtinis kitų objektų sudarymo būdų ir elementariųjų objektų rinkinys. Elementariųjų objektų rinkinys sudaro baigtinį pradinių simbolių alfabetą.Tipinis kitų objektų sudarymo būdas – indukcija.<br />Baigtinio alfabeto baigtinio ilgio žodžiai – tipiškiausias algoritminių duomenų pavyzdys.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2.Duomenys talpinami atmintyje. Ji paprastai laikoma vienalyte ir diskretine, viena ląstelė atsimena vieną duomenų simbolį. Teoriškai atmintis gali būti begalinė. 3.Algoritmas susideda iš elementarių žingsnių arba veiksmų, skirtingų žingsnių arba veiksmų aibė yra begalinė. Tipinis pavyzdys – kompiuterio komandų sistema. 4.Algoritmų žingsnių seka determinuota: po kiekvieno žingsnio nurodomas kitas, kurį reikia atlikti, arba sustojama. 5.Iš algoritmų reikalaujama rezultatyvumo:t.y. kad po baigtinio žingsnių skaičiaus būtų sustojama ir rodomas rezultatas. 6.Reikia skirti: - Algoritmo aprašą (instrukcijos/programa); - algoritmo realizacijos mechanizmą (kompiuterį); - algoritmo vykdymo procesą – veiksmų seką, gaunamą pritaikant algoritmą konkretiems duomenims.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 09:42:03',62,'','2010-07-28 09:45:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 09:42:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,181,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1103,'Formulių lentelė','formuli-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 10:42:43',62,'','2010-07-28 10:44:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 10:42:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,180,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1104,'Elektroninė skaičiuoklė MS Excel','elektronin-skaiiuokl-ms-excel','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įžanga</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šis leidinys – mokymo priemonė, skirta pradedantiesiems mokytis dirbti su elektronine skaičiuokle MS’Excel. Leidinyje plačiau nenagrinėjamos programos galimybės, apsiribojama tik darbo su programa pagrindais bei praktinių užduočių rinkiniu. Šia mokymo priemone galės sėkmingai naudotis besimokantieji, paskaitų metu susipažinę su dėstytojo pateikta teorine medžiaga. Mokomoji medžiaga skirta savarankiškoms studijoms. Ankstesni du šios mokymo priemonės variantai buvo sėkmingai naudojami paskaitų metu keletą metų, derinant teorinį ir praktinį mokymą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ši mokymo priemonė skirta 16 valandų MS’Excel pagrindų studijoms. Mokymo priemonėje pateiktas rekomenduojamos literatūros sąrašas, kuris bus naudingas, giliau įsisavinant programą. Kiekvieno skyriaus pradžioje pateikiamas siekiamų tikslų sąrašas. Platesni skyriai baigiami savikontrolės klausimais, kurie svarbūs besimokančiajam. Leidinio gale pateikiami savarankiškų užduočių pavyzdžiai, kuriuos patartina atlikti besimokančiajam, siekinat geriau įsisavinti įgytas žinias.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PROGRAMOS PASKIRTIS, IŠKVIETIMAS IR DARBO PABAIGA</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiame skyriuje sužinosite: 1. Kokia yra programos MS’Excel paskirtis; 2. kaip iškviesti programą MS’Excel; 3. kaip pasirinkti įrankių juostas; 4. kokios yra programos versijos; 5. kaip baigti darbą MS’Excel terpėje. Kasdieniniam įstaigos darbo organizavimui, klientų aptarnavimui tenka tvarkyti šūsnius dokumentų: registruoti duomenis, apdoroti, analizuoti, isiteminti informaciją. Nedidelėse įmonėse šiems darbams atlikti šiandien plačiai naudojama taikomoji programa – elektroninė skaičiuoklė MS’Excel. Ši programa puikiai tinka statistinei analizei, prognozėms, grafiniam duomenų vaizdavimui. Prieš keletą metų džiaugėmės, galėdami panašius darbus atlikti programos SuperCalc pagalba. Microsoft firma pasiūlė rinkai naujoviškesnį skaičiuoklės variantą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 10:44:46',62,'','2010-07-28 10:49:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 10:44:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,179,'','',0,82,'robots=\nauthor='),(1105,'Internetas','internetas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Internetas - pasaulio kompiuterių tinklų sistema, kurios žinioje yra didžiulis duomenų, programų, dokumentų ir kitokios informacijos kiekis, ir kuri leidžia asmeninį kompiuterį naudoti tos informacijos paieškai bei tiesiogiai bendrauti su šio milžiniško tinklo vartotojais. Tai didžiausias pasaulio kompiuterių tinklas, sudarytas iš mažesnių nacionalinių ir komercinių kompiuterių tinklų. Internete vartotojų kasmet padidėja vidutiniškai du kartus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasaulio kompiuterių tinklo, kurį dabar turime, kūrimas prasidėjo aštuntajame dešimtmetyje. Tada buvo sukurtos taisyklės (protokolai), nurodančios, kaip informacija turi būti siunčiama kompiuterių tinklais. Jos pavadintos “Internet”. Pasaulis buvo sujungtas tarpusavyje informacijos “voratinkliu”. Devintajame dešimtmetyje šis tinklas jau buvo vadinamas “Internet” ir vartotojų šiandien jau yra 60 milijonų. Šiuo metu kas 30 min. prie “Internet” prisijungia naujas tinklas. Jei ši tendencija išsilaikys ir toliau, maždaug 2003-ais metais visi žemės gyventojai galės naudotis “Internet” paslaugomis. Tikrų pasaulio šalių sienos fiksuotos, o “Internet” šalies - nuolat keičiasi. Joje atsiranda naujų salų, vandenynų ir net ištisų kontinentų. “Internet” - tai erdvė, susidedanti iš kompiuterių, programų, informacijos ir tinklų. Ji be perstojo atsinaujina ir prisitaiko prie realybės. “Internet” tinklui negalioja valstybių sienos. Čia bendrauja skirtingų įsitikinimų, įvairių profesijų, interesų ir poreikių žmonės, gyvenantys skirtingose šalyse. Tačiau visi jie turi laikytis tam tikrų bendravimo tinkle taisyklių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 10:50:22',62,'','2010-07-28 10:57:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 10:50:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,178,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1106,'DES algoritmas, duomenų apsaugos laboratorinis darbas','des-algoritmas-duomen-apsaugos-laboratorinis-darbas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Principas. Koduojant DES metodu, duomenys yra imami 64 bitų (8 baitų) porcijomis ir užkoduojami su šį bitų (7 baitai) raktu, taip gaunama 64 bitų koduota informacija. Atkodavimui naudojamas tas pats algoritmas su tuo pačiu raktu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Saugumas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Rakto nulaužimo sunkumai. Su 65 bitų ilgio raktu įmanomos 2<sup>56</sup>, t.y. 7.2x10<sup>16</sup> , galimų raktų variantų. Perrenkant iš eilės visus galimus raktus, atspėtume, sakykim, patikrinę pusę visų raktų, net ir tokiu atveju, jei kiekvieną variantą patikrintume per 1 mikrosekundę, paieškos užtruktų daugiau nei 1000 metų. Naudojant naudojant dideles sistemas iš daug paieškos mikroshemų, įvairias technologijas, paieškos laiką galima sutrumpinti iki kelių valandų, tačiau tokios sistemos yra brangios, o ir pats ieškojimas 1993 m duomenimis kainuoja apie 500 000 $.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Nulaužimo automatizavimo sunkumai. Tačiau net tuo atveju, jei ir bus galimybė, perrinkti visus galimus variantus, nėra garantijos, kad  informaci9ja bus iš šifruota. Problema , kaip patikinti , ar su šiuo raktu iššifruota informacija yra ta, kuri buvo užšifruota, t.y. ar raktas parinktas teisingas. Jei koduojama tekstinė informacija, problema mažesnė. Galima užduoti dažniausiai pasikartojančių tos kalbos žodžių paiešką.Tačiau , jei informacija yra ne tekstas, o programa, skaitmeninė informacija, suarchyvuotas ar užkoduotas failas, paieškos automatizacija praktiškai neįmanoma. Yra kuriamos teorijos, įvairūs kriptoanalizės metodai, tačiau efektyvių metodų dar nėra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 10:58:12',62,'','2010-07-28 11:03:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 10:58:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,177,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(1107,'Linux vartotojo vadovas 2002','linux-vartotojo-vadovas-2002','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šioje instrukcijoje stengiamasi supažindinti paprastą vartotoją su pagrindiniais darbo Linux grafinėje aplinkoje principais. Rašant remtasi labiausiai išvystytomis Linux grafinėmis aplinkoms GNOME (versija 2.0.x) bei KDE (versija 3.0.x), pateikiamos šių sąsajų ekrano nuotraukos bei įvairių elementų paveikslėliai. Pradžioje aprašyti naudojimosi pele bei klaviatūra pagrindai, paaiškinti pagrindiniai terminai. Toliau pateikiami bei detalizuojami pagrindiniai grafinės aplinkos elementai (skydeliai, meniu, langai ir t.t.) bei trumpai aprašomos pagrindinės jų savybės, darbo su jais ypatumai. Taipogi yra skyrelis apie bylų sistemas Linux aplinkoje. Perskaitę turėtumėte suprasti, kad dirbti su Linux išties yra nesudėtinga ir labai patogu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo su Linux OS pradžia bei pabaiga</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paspaudus kompiuterio įjungimo mygtuką reikia šiek tiek palaukti, kol pasirodys pradinis prisijungimo ekranas, kuriame OS Linux vartotojas turės užsiregistruoti – t.y. įvesti prisijungimo vardą bei slaptažodį. Į registravimosi programą taip pat patenkate kai baigiate darbą grafinėje aplinkoje (paspaudžiate mygtuką „Atsijungti“ („Išsiregistruoti“) arba vienu metu paspaudžiate klavišus Ctrl - Alt - Backspace. Įprastas KDE registracijos langas pateiktas 2 paveiksle. Viršuje parašyta sistemos vardas, langelyje pavaizduotos sistemoje esančių vartotojų ikonos bei parašyti jų prisijungimo vardai. Žemiau reikia įvesti vartotojo prisijungimo vardą (Login) arba galima tiesiog du kartus spragtelėti ant jus vaizduojančios ikonos; tuomet galima įrašyti slaptažodį (Password); ir jei norite - pasikeisti sesiją (Session Type) t.y. kiekvieną kartą prisijungdamas jūs galite pasirinkti kokioje grafinėje aplinkoje dirbsite - KDE, GNOME, IceWM, Windowmaker ir t.t.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 11:03:53',62,'','2010-07-28 11:09:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 11:03:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,176,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1108,'Žurnalas \"Kompiuterija\" rugpjūčio mėn.','urnalas-qkompiuterijaq-rugpjio-mn','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 11:09:46',62,'','2010-07-28 11:10:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 11:09:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,175,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1109,'Pateikčių ruošimo pagrindai ir priemonės','pateiki-ruoimo-pagrindai-ir-priemons','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas - įgyti pateikties  (presentation) skaidrių (iliustracijų) meninio apipavidalinimo bei demonstravimo kompiuteriu įgūdžius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinė dalis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pateikties (prezentacijos, pristatymo) programa Microsoft Power Point, kaip ir kitos Microsoft Office  paketo dalys, yra sudėtinga programų sistema, dirbanti Windows 95/98, Windows NT 3.51/4.0 ar vėlesnių šių operacinių sistemų versijų aplinkoje. Power Point naudojamės  skaidrių, padalomosios medžiagos, pranešimo konspekto, tinklapio svetainių ir kt. pateikčiai kurti. Pateiktis – tai skaidrių rinkinys, kuriamas viename arba keliuose failuose ir demonstruojamas kompiuteriu auditorijai. Galima sukurti skaidres su tekstais, lentelėmis, diagramomis, grafikais, piešiniais, paruoštais betarpiškai Power Point aplinkoje arba įkeliant juos iš Word, Excel, Access ir kt. Be to, jas demonstruojant galima panaudoti garsinius efektus, videoklipus ir pan. Power Point  dokumentas gali būti išsaugotas ne tik kaip atskiras failas, bet ir įvairiais grafinių objektų formatais (pvz. galima iškviesti HTML failus iš Interneto, Intraneto ar FTP serverių,  kurti Web svetaines). Toliau paprastumo dėlei ruošiamų Power Point programa skaidrių komplekto paruošimą bei peržiūrą ir demonstravimą vadinsime pateiktimi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 11:11:30',62,'','2010-07-28 11:13:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 11:11:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,174,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1110,'Kreiviu konstravimo metodai ir programinė įranga','kreiviu-konstravimo-metodai-ir-programin-ranga','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Kreivių Konstravimo Metodai” sistemos funkcinis aprašymas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Programos “Kreivių Konstravimo Metodai”  paskirtis – grafiškai realizuoti, bei taikyti Bezje ir B-splainų kreivių konstravimo metodus, bei parodyti jų sąsają. Ši programa leidžia :</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1)    konstruoti 2-osios, 3-osios, 4-osios ir N-osios eilės Bezje kreives, kur ( N =5/33)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2)    Bezje kreives konstruoti su svoriais</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3)    konstruoti B-splainų kreives</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">4)    atspausdinti gautas kreives</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">5)    naudotis pagalbos sistema.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 11:13:50',62,'','2010-07-28 11:18:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 11:13:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,173,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1111,'Dažniausiai naudojami klavišų deriniai 1','daniausiai-naudojami-klavi-deriniai-1','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 11:18:44',62,'','2010-07-28 11:19:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 11:18:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,172,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1112,'Optimalaus binarinio medžio sudarymas','optimalaus-binarinio-medio-sudarymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduotis. Realizuoti optimalaus binarinio medžio radimo algoritmą. Palyginti gautus rezultatus pagal laikus  ir elementų kiekį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 11:20:10',62,'','2010-07-28 11:22:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 11:20:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,171,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1113,'Kompiuterių raida','kompiuteri-raida','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmuosius mechaninius skaičiavimo įrenginius dar antikos laikais naudojo matematikai, inžinieriai bei prekeiviai. Kinijoje ir Japonijoje prieš keletą tūkstančių metų iki Kristaus gimimo jau buvo naudojami skaičiuotuvai, padaryti iš karoliukų, pritvirtintų prie specialaus rėmo (karoliukai vadinosi kalkulėmis, iš čia ir kilo terminai “kalkuliuti” ir “kalkuliatorius”. Ant siūlo suvertų kalkulių pozicija atitiko tam tikrą skaičių. Vieną iš tobulesnių mechaninių kalkuliatorių 1642 metais sukūrė prancūzų mokslininkas Blezas Paskalis. Šį įrenginį, pavadintą “Paskalina”,sudarė ratukai, ant kurių buvo užrašyti skaičiai nuo 0 iki 9. Apsisukęs vieną kartą, ratukas užkabindavo gretimą ratuką ir pasukdavo jį per vieną skaičių. Pagrindinė “Paskalinos” yda – labai sudėtingas įvairių operacijų, išskyrus sudėtį, atlikimas. Pirmąją mašiną, kuria lengvai atliekami visi keturi veiksmai , 1673 metais sukūrė vokietis Gotfrydas Vilhelmas Leibnicas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Anglų matematikas Čarlzas Babidžas, sugalvojęs dvi reikšmingiausias mechanines skaičiavimo mašinas, dažnai vadinamas šiuolaikinės technikos “tėvu”. Pirmąją mašiną, skirtą matematiniu lentelių sudarymui ir tikrinimui (skaičiuojant skaičių skirtumą), Č. Babidžas sukūrė 1822 metais. Ji vadinosi skirtuminė mašina. 1833 m. jis nutarė sukurti universalią skaičiavimo mašiną ir pavadino ją “analizine mašina”. Tačiau realizuoti analizinę mašiną buvo labai problematiška – galiausiai ji būtų buvusi ne mažesnė už garvežį. Todėl ši mašina nebuvo sukurta. Č. Babidžas nepateikė nė vieno išsamaus jos aprašymo. Tačiau aprašymas buvo išsuogotas jo bendradarbės, grafienės, Augustos Ados Bairon-Lavleis dėka. Grafienė Ada Lavleis vadinama pirmąja programuotoja. Jos garbei viena iš programavimo kalbų pavadints Ada.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Č. Babidžo nuopelnas yra tas, kad analizinėje mašinoje jis pritaikė komponentus, kurie yra svarbiausi ir šiuolaikiniame kompiuteryje. Jis pirmasis suprato, kad skaičiavimo mašiną turi sudaryti penki pagrindiniai komponentai: 1. įvesties įrenginys; 2. atmintis; 3. aritmetinis; 4. valdymo įrenginys; 5. išvesties įrenginys.  Amerikietis Hermanas Holeritas 1890 metais laimėjo efektyvaus gyventojų surašymo duomenų apdovanojimo konkursą. Jis taip pat naudojo perfokoltas. H. Holerito tabuliatorius tapo pirmąja skaičiavimo mašina, veikiančia ne mechaniniu procesų pagrindu. Ji pasirodė esanti labai efektyvi, ir tai leido įsteigti firmą, gaminančią tokius tabuliatorius. Nuo 1924 metų iki dabar ji vadinasi IBM (International Business Machines) ir yra viena stambiausių kompiuterius gaminančių firmų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 11:25:06',62,'','2010-07-28 11:29:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 11:25:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,170,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(1114,'Informacijos paieška internete','informacijos-paieka-internete','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paprasta paieška. Duotos naršyklės aplinkoje, panaudojant nurodytas paieškos programas atlikti iš anksto žinomo WWW dokumento paiešką. Paieškos rezultatai įrašomi į 2 lentelę. Pradiniai duomenys: WWW naršyklė: Netscape arba Internet Explorer. Bendroje užduotyje naudosime Netscape. Pirma paieškos programa:  Search engine tipo paieškos programa (žiūr.1 lentelę). Bendroje užduotyje naudosime Netscape Search. Antra paieškos  programa: Directories tipo paieškos programa (žiūr.1 lentelę). Bendroje užduotyje naudosime Yahoo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">WWW dokumentas: WWW tinkle patalpinto dokumento adresas. Bendroje užduotyje naudosime http://www.litnet.lt/index.html. Pradžioje atidarome nurodytą dokumentą ir susipažistame su jo turiniu. Rekomenduojame atidaryti 2 naršyklės langus. Viename lange atidarome WWW dokumentą(http://www.litnet.lt/index.html), kitame pirmos paieškos programos WWW dokumentą (http://www.netscape.com). Lentelėje nurodyta eilės tvarka  konstruojame paieškos raktus ir rezultatus rašome į lentelę. Paieškos raktas sukonstruotas sėkmingai, jeigu rezultatas neviršyja pastabose nurodyto skaičiaus. Pasitikriname ar tarp paskutinio bandymo rezultatų  yra užduotyje nurodytas  WWW dokumentas. Naujame naršyklės lange atidarome antros paieškos programos WWW dokumentą(http://www.yahoo.com). Panaudojant sukonstruotus raktus pakartojame paieškas su antra programa.. Rezultatus įrašome į lentelę. Paieškos raktas būtinai turi likti tas pats. Pasitikriname ar tarp paskutinio bandymo rezultatų  yra užduotyje nurodytas  WWW dokumentas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 11:29:28',62,'','2010-07-28 11:32:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 11:29:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,169,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1115,'AWARD BIOS CMOS slaptažodžiai','award-bios-cmos-slaptaodiai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 11:32:59',62,'','2010-07-28 11:34:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 11:32:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,168,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1116,'Tekstinis redaktorius. Grafiniai objektai','tekstinis-redaktorius-grafiniai-objektai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 11:35:07',62,'','2010-07-28 11:36:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 11:35:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,167,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1117,'Pastraipų formatavimas','pastraip-formatavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Situacija: Jūsų parduotuvė prekiauja daržovėmis. Prekes tiekia keturi tiekėjai. Kompiuteriu yra kaupiama informacija apie tiekimus tokiame formate: data, prekės pavadinimas, vienetai, vieneto kaina, kiekis, suma, tiekėjas. Sudarykite lentelę ir, naudodami formą, ją užpildykite duomenimis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Patarimai. Stulpelių pavadinimus rašykite lentelės pirmoje eilutėje. Antroje eilutėje įrašykite vieno tiekimo važtaraščio duomenis ir sumą skaičiuojančią formulę. Aktyvuokite pirmo stulpelio pavadinimo celę ir kvieskite meniu Data komandą Form. Pildydami duomenis sekite, kad datoje vienodai atskirtumėte metus, mėnesius ir dienas (geriausiai tašku). Taip pat labai svarbu žinoti, koks skyriklis naudojamas, atskiriant sveikąją skaičiaus dalį nuo trupmeninės (tikriausiai kablelis). Formos pagalba sukurtas įrašas perkeliamas į Excel lentelės lapą ir, patraukus formą į šoną, jį galima peržiūrėti. Duomenis taisyti galima tiek formoje (pele spragtelėjus klaidos vietoje ir pamačius mirksintį teksto žymeklį), tiek uždarius formą redaguoti įprastu būdu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 11:37:00',62,'','2010-07-28 11:43:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 11:37:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,166,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1118,'Apie CD','apie-cd','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompiuterių industrijai jau daugiau kaip 20 metų. Per tą laiką programų kokybė ir kiekybė smarkiai išaugo. Paskaičiuota, kad vienai legaliai programos kopijai pasaulyje tenka viena nelegali. Prisipažinsiu, mano namų kompiuterį sudaro apie 96% nelegalios produkcijos, juk aš esu paprastas moksleivis ir neįstengiu įsigyti legalaus softo… prieš metus nusprendžiau, kad reikia nusipirkti nors vieną licenzini kompaktą… susitaupiau pinigų ir nusipirkau licenzinę Windows 95 versiją! Ir iki šios esu nustebęs šio kompaktinio disko patvarumu: nekartą jis yra man kritęs nuo stalo, panaudotas kaip lėkštutė pasidėti kavos puodeliui. Bet jis vis dar man tarnauja… ir aš šiuo savo CD labai didžiuojuosi. Nei vienas nelegalus CD nėra tiek atlaikęs, kaip šis mano CD. Taigi kuo skiriasi legalių kompaktinių diskų įrašinėjimas nuo nelegalių? Jis skiriasi tuo, kad legalūs kompaktiniai diskai yra įrašomi panaudojant aukštos kokybės tuščius diskus, tuo užtikrinant produkcijos kokybe ir ilgaamžiškumą. Nelegalūs kompaktai yra taip pat įrašinėjami, bet jiems naudojami kompaktai yra labai prastos kokybės ir neilgaamžiški. Tušti diskai, nelegaliems CD daryti yra perpus pigesni už tuos kuriuos naudoja legalūs CD gamintojai. Skiriasi ir tuo, kad legalių kompaktinių diskų įrašinėjimas yra legalus, o už nelegalių kompaktų įrašinėjimą yra baudžiama.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiuo metu Estijoje vyksta pirmasis teisminis procesas  dėl nelegalaus kompiuterinių programų naudojimo - dėl intelektualiosios nuosavybės teisių pažeidimo.<br />Taigi nelegalių kompaktinių diskų įrašinėjimas ir platinimas yra labai rizikingas biznis. Nelegalūs CD dažniausiai yra įrašinėjami (tiksliau būtų pasakyti \"ŠTAMPOUJAMI\") Rusijoje, o legalūs Europoje ar Amerikoje. Vieno nelegalaus kompakto, nepriklausomai nuo programos jame savikaina yra apie 5-8 litus, o toki pat legali kopija gali kainuoti nuo 500 iki 4000 ir daugiau litų( priklausomai nuo programos). Apie nelegalių ir legalių kompaktinių diskų panašumus ir skirtumus galima šnekėti be galo ilgai, juk piratai vis tobulėja, ir greitu metu, jei mes neužkirsime nelegalių CD plitimo, bus galima nusipirkti  puikiai sufabrikuotą \"legalų\" soft\'ą  su visomis licenzijomis už 16 litų…!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 11:43:33',62,'','2010-07-28 11:48:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 11:43:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,165,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1119,'Projektų valdymo sistemų paskirtis ir funkcijos','projekt-valdymo-sistem-paskirtis-ir-funkcijos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bendru atveju tai priemonės, leidžiančios menedžeriui palaikyti visus projekto valdymo etapus, nuo tikslų iki jų pasiekimo. Skiriami 3 pagrindiniai etapai: - projekto struktūros sudarymas; - projekto laikinė analizė; - resursų sudarymas ir paskirstymas, būtinas vykdant projektą, kalendorinis planavimas, įvertinant ribotus resursus; - projekto vykdymo proceso kontrolė ir operatyvus valdymas. Kai pereinama prie projekto realizacijos dažnai neįsivaizduojama apie būsimus darbus ir būtinas tam išlaidas. Firmos vadovai dažnai negali gauti atsakymų susijusių su būsimais darbais.Projektų valdymo sistema suteikia tikslius planavimo algoritmus, kurių bazinė koncepcija – darbų kompleksas ir resursų kompleksas. Sistemos turi turėti patogias projekto darbų aprašymo priemones, projekto apribojimo ir atvaizdavimo priemones. Sistemos turi turėti ekranines formas duomenų įvedimui ir 3 pagrindinius projekto atvaizdus: Grantt’o diagramą, tinklinę ir hierarchines diagramas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Laikinė projekto analizė jungia uždavinių atlikimo laikinį planavimą, įvairių laikinių rodiklių skaičiavimus. Kritinių uždavinių išaiškinimas. Kad būtų atliekamas kalendorinės planavimas. sistema turi palaikyti darbo laikų grafiką. Granto diagrama vaizdžiai atvaizduoja uždavinį laiko ašyje. Svarbus planavimo etapas – projekto realizavimo resursinė analizė. Kiekvienas projekto uždavinys turi įvairius resursus. Realūs projektai turi apribotus resursus. Projektų valdymo sistemos turi turėti priemones resursų aprašymui ir jų paskirstymui pagal uždavinius, taip pat kontrolės ir reguliavimo priemones pagal laiką. Jei resursai yra perkrauti t.y. kai kuriais laiko momentais uždavinio paklausa gali viršyti max leistiną kiekį. Resursų paskirstymo hiptograma vaizdžiai rodo perkrovimo ir išretinimo vietas, o resursų išlyginimo priemonės leidžia perplanuoti projektą, įvertinant resursų apribojimus. Kai sudaromas projekto planas, vadovybė tampa atsakinga už projekto įgyvendinimą. Projekto valdymą kontroliuoja 3 charakteristikos: laikas, resursai ir išlaidos. Svarbi sistemos pusė – ataskaitos. Ataskaitos leidžia į sistemą pažiūrėti iš skirtingų taškų, taip pat tai priemonė informacijos pateikimo vykdytojams. Ataskaitų forma turi būti pakankamai lanksti, kad informacija būtų atvaizduojama prieinamoje formoje. Tokiu būdu projektų valdymo sistema, priklausanti vidutinėms ir brangioms sistemoms, turi:  Projekto darbų komplekso aprašymo priemones, nurodant ryšį tarp darbų ir laikines charakteristikas: informacines priemones apie resursus ir projekto išlaidas atskiriems uždaviniams, kalendorinio planavimo priemones, esant ribotiems resursams; Projekto eigos kontrolės priemones;  Projekto ataskaitų priemones, tame tarpe grafines priemones. Skirtumai tarp sistemų būna, kaip sistemos realizuoja įvairias priemones. 1 iš svarbiausių rodiklių – lankstumas t.y. galimybė maksimaliai tiksliai aprašyti įvairias veiklos rūšis ir realias valdymo situacijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 11:49:11',62,'','2010-07-28 11:54:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 11:49:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,164,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1120,'TAB klavišo naudojimas dokumentų formavime','tab-klavio-naudojimas-dokument-formavime','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tabuliacijos klavišu teksto žymeklis Word dokumento lape strykteli į dešinę standartiniu 1,27 cm šuoliuku. Daugelis jį naudoja norėdami padaryti didesnius tarpus tarp žodžių ir eilučių pradžioje. Atstumas 1,27 cm yra mažas ir tenka Tab klavišą spūstelti kelis kartus. Kur sustos teksto žymeklis lape eilinį kartą spūstelėjus Tab klavišą galima matyti liniuotės apatiniame kraštelyje. Jei dokumente įjungtas tarnybinių simbolių matymo režimas (mygtukas įspaustas), tai Tab klavišo paspaudimas atvaizduojamas lape simboliu “→”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Be standartinės tabuliacijos (1,27 cm) programa Word siūlo naudoti tabuliacijos žingsnius, kuriuos  liniuotėje atžymėti gali pats programos vartotojas. Vartotojas gali naudoti kelių tipų tabuliacijos žymes, kurios leidžia dar ir skirtingai lygiuoti tekstą pasirinktų tabuliatorių atžvilgiu. Labai svarbu, kad vartotojas dëdamas liniuotėje tabuliacijos žymes, matytų teksto žymeklį toje pastraipoje, kurioje norės naudoti (ar sunaikinti) tabuliaciją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 11:55:03',62,'','2010-07-28 12:01:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 11:55:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,163,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(1121,'Duomenų sąrašo samprata','duomen-srao-samprata','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Duomenų sąrašų samprata</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Duomenų bazes Excel programoje patogu pateikti lentele. Tokios lentelės vadinamos duomenų sąrašais. Kiekviename stulpelyje saugomi vienarūšiai duomenys. Sąrašo pavyzdžiai: duomenys apie įmonės darbuotojus, klientus, žaliavas ir panašiai. Sąrašo duomenys gali būti peržiūrimi, redaguojami, papildomi, rūšiuojami, atrenkami (filtruojami), grupuojami. Sąrašo duomenys panaudojami įvairiems skaičiavimams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Duomenų sąrašo rūšiavimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Labai dažnai praktikoje duomenų bazės turi būti rūšiuojamos. Kartais duomenų bazė turi būti surūšiuota pagal vieną stulpelį (raktą), kitą kartą pagal kitą, sekantį kartą pagal kelis raktus. Pabandysiu paaiškinti pavyzdžiais: darbuotojų sąrašas gali būti rūšiuojamas pagal pavardę, kitą kartą pagal darbo stažą. Pirmu atveju sąrašas patogus ruošiant algalapių žiniaraščius, o antru - kai skiriamos premijos vyriausiems įstaigos darbuotojams ir pan. Jei reikia vienodą darbo stažą turinčius darbuotojus surašyti abėcėlės tvarka, teks naudoti du rūšiavimo raktus: pirmasis - stažas, antrasis - pavardė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 12:02:16',62,'','2010-07-28 12:10:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 12:02:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,162,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1122,'V. Deksnys \"Įterptinės sistemos\"','v-deksnys-qterptins-sistemosq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pratarmė</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Viena iš būdingiausių šiandieninės mokslinės - techninės pažangos ypatybių yra platus mikroelektronikos gaminių naudojimas įvairiose ūkio srityse. Jau daugelį metų JAV ekspertų sudaromame \"kritinių technologijų\", apimančių visas gamybos, tyrimo ir kūrybos kryptis ir turinčių įtaką šalies ekonominiam ir gamybiniam potencialui sąraše mikroelektronikos ir informacinės technologijos tradiciškai užima pirmą vietą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mikroprocesoriuose - ypač sudėtinguose mikroelektronikos įtaisuose - įdiegti pažangiausi mokslo ir inžinerinės minties laimėjimai. Jie naudojami šiandien daugelyje žmogaus veiklos sričių - nuo kosminių tyrimų, gamybinės veiklos iki medicinos buities. Tai personaliniai kompiuteriai, automatizuotos informacijos rinkimo ir apdorojimo sistemos, valdymo ir kontrolės sistemos, telekomunikacijos ir kt. Mikroprocesorių adaptacija daugeliu atvejų vyksta projektuojant reikalingas sąsajos schemas, jungiamas prie gana reguliarios mikroprocesorinės sistemos struktūros.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-28 12:10:48',62,'','2010-07-28 12:21:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-28 12:10:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,161,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1123,'PGP – Privačios sferos apsauga','pgp-privaios-sferos-apsauga','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ateidamas į mūsų namus, \"Internetas\" kartais palieka kiek praviras duris. Susijungus į pasaulinį tinklą dešimtims milijonų kompiuterių, atsiranda realus pavojus, jog kažkas sumanys pro tą plyšelį prasmukti ar bent pažvelgti į Jūsų kibernetinio namo vidų. Šiais laikais elektroniniu špionažu užsiima ne tik slaptosios tarnybos. Kaip apsaugoti savo privačią korespondenciją bei kitą neskelbtiną informaciją? Tam vartojamos šifravimo programos, iš kurių bene labiausiai paplitusi yra \"Pretty Good Privacy\" (PGP), kuri atlieka ir daug kitų funkcijų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įprastiniai (simetriniai) šifravimo metodai numato to paties slaptažodžio (rakto) panaudojimą ir informacijos užkodavimui, ir jos atkodavimui. Tai reiškia, kad siuntėjas turi iš anksto perduoti slaptažodį gavėjui. Būtent čia ir slypi pagrindinė bėda: kaip perduoti slaptą kodinį raktą taip, kad niekas jo nesužinotų? Siųsti paštu? Padiktuoti telefonu? O jeigu norime bendrauti su keletu korespondentų, kiekvienam siųsdami kitaip šifruotas žinutes? Tuomet turėsime kelis, keliolika ar keliasdešimt skirtingų slaptažodžių. Kur juos dėti? Kaip juos saugoti ir kaip greitai parinkti kiekvienam atvejui tinkamą?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PGP dirba kitaip. PGP vartoja asimetrinį šifravimo metodą su dviem raktais: slaptu privačiu (private key) ir visiems skelbtinu viešu (public key). Tai, ką užkodavote vienu, galima atkoduoti tiktai antru ir atvirkščiai. Taip atkrinta silpniausioji šifruoto susirašinėjimo grandis - slaptažodžio perdavimas. Viešieji raktai gali būti persiunčiami įprastu elektroniniu paštu arba patalpinami į tam skirtus PGP raktų serverius (key server). Turint tik vieną iš PGP raktų, neįmanoma nei iššifruoti juo pačiu užkoduoto pranešimo, nei apskaičiuoti, koks yra antrasis tos poros raktas. Mano viešuoju raktu užkoduotą pranešimą galiu perskaityti tik aš, kadangi tik aš vienas turiu savo slaptąjį raktą. Dar daugiau: žinutę galima užšifruoti (\"pasirašyti\") slaptuoju raktu, ir ją perskaitys visi, kas žino viešąjį raktą. Ką tai duoda? Pirma - taip informacija apsaugoma nuo pakeitimų (PGP tuojau pat įspės, jai nors viena laiško raidė skirsis nuo siuntėjo pasirašyto originalo), ir antra - tuo garantuojama, kad laišką tikrai išsiuntė jį pasirašęs siuntėjas, kadangi tik jis vienas žino slaptąjį raktą, vartojamą pasirašymui. Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose ir kai kuriose kitose valstybėse tokie elektroniniai parašai jau yra pripažinti teisiškai galiojančiais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-29 08:38:13',62,'','2010-07-29 08:42:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-29 08:38:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,160,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1124,'Microsoft PowerPoint F. Melninkienė','microsoft-powerpoint-f-melninkien','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šios metodinės priemonės - paskaitų konspekto tikslas yra supažindinti su pristatymų (pateikčių) kūrimo programa Microsoft PowerPoint, išmokyti palaipsniui įvaldyti ją. Paskaitų konspektas skirtas klausytojams, kurie jau šiek tiek įvaldę kompiuterį, t.y. orientuojasi Windows aplinkoje bei yra dirbę su tekstiniu redaktoriumi Word. Klausytojai, įvaldę šią programą, mokės kurti pristatymus konferencijoms, pranešimams, įterpdami grafinius objektus iš kompiuterio atminties, Internet\'o arba kurdami naujus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Didžiąją šios priemonės dalį sudaro metodiškas pristatymo kūrimo aprašymas, naudojant įvairias priemones. 15 ir 16 skyriuose pateikta pagrindinių įrankių reikšmių santrauka. 17 skyriuje pateikta nuosekli pristatymo kūrimo sutrumpinta atmintinė. Pabaigoje 1 priede pateiktas vienas iš galimų pristatymo pavyzdžių. 2 priede - praktinė užduotis, kurią kūrybiškai atlikus bus įtvirtinti darbo su MS PowerPoint įgūdžiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pateikta medžiaga suteikia žymią metodinę paramą ne tik praktinių užsiėmimų metu su dėstytoju, bet ir mokantis dirbti kompiuteriu savarankiškai. Tikiuosi, kad ši priemonė padės Jums pažinti dar vieną įdomią kompiuterio panaudojimo sritį ir padės apibendrinti iki šiol įgytas žinias.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-29 08:43:19',62,'','2010-07-29 09:03:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-29 08:43:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,159,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1125,'Excel KTU','excel-ktu','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinės sąvokos</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo lapo bazinis elementas yra celė. Microsoft Excel programos celės pasižymi visomis įvairiausių skaičiuoklių celių savybėmis. Kiekviena Microsoft Excel darbo lentelės celė turi savo koordinates, pavyzdžiui, A1 ar C6. Raide žymimas stulpelis, o skaičiumi - eilutė. Norint įrašyti į celę tekstą, reikia ją pažymėti. Bet kuriuo metu yra pažymėta bent viena celė. Pažymėtoji celė ekrane yra apvesta ryškiu rėmeliu. Ji vadinama veikiamąja. Kelios gretimų eilučių ir stulpelių celės sudaro celių bloką. Pažymėtasis blokas ekrane rodomas invertuotas (juodame fone šviesus tekstas). Šis blokas turi tik vieną veikiamąją celę, kuri ekrane rodoma įprastu būdu - su rėmeliu ir neinvertuota. Bloko koordinatės nurodomos šio bloko viršutiniojo kairiojo kampo ir apatinio dešinio kampo celių koordinatėmis, sujungtomis dvitaškiu, pavyzdžiui, B9:C11. Sudėtinį bloką (multiple - area - range) sudaro kelios pažymėtos negretimos celės arba jų blokai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teksto įrašymas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Celėje tekstas renkamas pagal iš anksto nustatytas taisykles. Surinktą tekstą galima redaguoti, pakeisti jo išdėstymą, formatą, šriftą, spalvą. Į Microsoft Excel skaičiuoklės lentelės celę galima įrašyti dviejų pagrindinių tipų duomenis: konstantas (constants) ir formules (formulas). Konstantas galima skirstyti į tris grupes: skaitinės reikšmės (numeric values), tekstas (text values) ir datos ir laiko reikšmės (data and time values). Be jų Microsoft Excel  atpažįsta  dar dviejų specialių tipų konstantas: logines reikšmes (logical values) ir klaidų reikšmes (error values). Tekstą arba skaičių įrašyti į celę labai paprasta - pažymėkite celę ir klaviatūra rinkite tekstą ar skaičių. Kai renkate tekstą, renkami simboliai rodomi ir veikiamojoje celėje, ir formulės eilutėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-29 09:04:41',62,'','2010-07-29 09:09:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-29 09:04:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,158,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1126,'FrontPage Editor puslapių redaktorius','frontpage-editor-puslapi-redaktorius','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Editor programa skirta atskiriems interneto puslapiams kurti. Jei redaktorių pasirenkate kartu su FrontPage Explorer programa, iš Explorer programos bet kurį puslapį galite iškviesti redagavimui Editor programa. Editor programa naudotis taip pat patogu ir nesudėtinga, kaip ir Explorer programa. Puslapių redaktorius leidžia sukurti profesionalų interneto puslapį net ir nemokant HTML kalbos. Puslapis kuriamas labai panašiai kaip Word redaktoriumi rašomas ir formatuojamas tekstas. Ir pats Editor programos langas primena tekstų redaktoriaus langą, tik dar turi kelias papildomas funkcijas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Puslapių išsaugojimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kurdami ar pildydami puslapius nepamirškite jų išsaugoti – neprarasite duomenų. Puslapį galima išsaugoti keliomis FrontPage Editor komandomis: Save – išsaugomi jau esančio puslapio pakeitimai ar papildymai. Save pasirinkite tuo atveju, kai anksčiau esate išsaugoję redaguojamąjį puslapį. Save As – komanda naudojama tada, kai puslapis anksčiau nebuvo išsaugotas arba kai norima jį išsaugoti kitu vardu. Iškvietę šią komandą, įrašykite puslapio pavadinimą (Title) bei  puslapio bylos pavadinimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-29 09:10:33',62,'','2010-07-29 09:14:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-29 09:10:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,157,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1127,'Microsoft Word pradmenys 1 dalis','microsoft-word-pradmenys-1-dalis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pradedant darbą Word 9x programoje atsidaromas naujas dokumento langas, komandos File/New arba standartinės formatavimo juostos (prisiminkite praėjusią paskaitą) pirmojo mygtuko pagalba. Tačiau prieš suvedant tekstą, patogiau būtų nustatyti lapo parametrus. Ruošiant dokumentą nereikia užmiršti apie galimybę jį atspausdinti ant popieriaus. Lietuvoje yra priimtas A4 formato popieriaus lapo standartas, kur horizontalus lapo kraštas užima 297 mm., o vertikalus – 210 mm. (JAV – Letter formatas (297,4x215,9mm)). Lapo išmatavimams nustatyti reikia pasinaudoti meniu komanda File/Page setup.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Apatinėje paraštėje (Footer) gali būti puslapių numeriai, įvairūs paaiškinimai. Viršutinėje ir apatinėje paraštėse įvesta informacija yra vadinama viršutiniuoju bei apatiniuoju kolontitulais  automatiškai kartojasi kituose puslapiuose. Pagal Lietuvos raštvedybos standartą viršutiniajai ir kairiajai paraštėms skiriama 20 mm, apatiniajai – ne mažiau 20mm, dešiniajai – 7-20 mm.. Jei tekstas spausdinamas ant abiejų popieriaus lapo pusių, dešiniajame lape kairiosios ir dešiniosios paraštės dydžiai sukeičiami vietomis ir tuomet vietoj kairiosios ir dešiniosios paraščių naudojami yra terminai vidinė ir išorinė paraštės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-29 09:14:59',62,'','2010-07-29 09:18:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-29 09:14:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,156,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1128,'C paskaitos','c-paskaitos','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">C programavimo kalbos ypatybės:</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">•    Gerai išvystyta aukšto lygio programavimo kalba.<br />•    Dauguma (vos ne visos) komercinės programos parašytos būtent C arba C++ kalba. De facto tai pramoninių programų rašymo standartas<br />•    Kada atsirado C kalba? 1969 metais išleista C kalbos pirma versija. Sukurta kaip sudėtinė UNIX operacinės sistemos dalis. Vėlesnės UNIX versijos parašytos C kalba<br />•    Kodėl pavadinta C? Buvo dvi ankstesnės versijos – A ir B, bet jos buvo nevykusios. Iš trečio karto pasisekė sukurti pasisekusią programavimo kalbą. Todėl ir pavadinimas C.<br />•    C – tai nepriklausoma nuo mašinos tipo procedūrinė programavimo kalba<br />•    Koks skirtumas tarp C ir C++? C++ – tai objektinis procedūrinės programavimo kalbos C poaibis<br />•    Kokias programas galima parašyti naudojant C/C++?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Programavimo kalbų klasifikacija<br /><br />•    Kas yra kalba ? Ar pvz. matematika kalba? <br />•    Kokios kalbos yra natūralios ir kokios dirbtinės?<br />•    Kodėl programos nerašomos natūralia kalba? Kas nulėmė tokią programavimo kalbų struktūrą kokia yra dabar? <br /><br />•    Žemo lygio programavimo kalbos:<br />•    -  mašininiai kodai<br />•     - asembleriai (ypatybės?)<br /><br />•    Aukšto lygio programavimo kalbos:<br />•    -procedūrinės: Fortran, Pascal, C<br />•    -interpretatoriai: Basic<br />•     objektinės: C++, Java, Delphi (ypatybės?).</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-29 09:19:25',62,'','2010-07-29 09:23:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-29 09:19:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,155,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1129,'Algoritmai šperos','algoritmai-peros','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuosekli paieška</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tegu įrašai išdėstyti atsitiktinai kaip buvo įrašyti. Reikia surasti duotą įrašą pagal raktą. Nuosekliai ieškant reikia peržiūrėti visus įrašus nuosekliai. Vidutinis peržiūrėtų įrašų skaičius ieškant yra L<sub>ap</sub> =L/2. Jei įrašo nėra teks peržiūrėti visus įrašus L. Tarkim ieškomo įrašo su tikimybe p<sub>0</sub> nėra sąraše, tada vidutinis peržiūrėtų įrašų skaičius L<sub>ap</sub>=L*p<sub>0</sub>+Σ<sub>i=1<sup>l</sup></sub> (i*p<sub>i</sub> ); p<sub>i</sub>=1-p<sub>0</sub>/L.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ieškant įrašo sutvarkytame faile(įrašai išdėstyti pagal raktą) reikia peržiūrėti iš eilės, todėl vidutinis peržiūrėtų įrašų skaičius tas pats: L<sub>sp</sub>=L/2. Jei ieškomo įrašo nėra, tai paieška nutraukiama kai eilinis raktas bus didesnis už užduotą. Atliekant k įrašų paiešką nesutvarkytame faile vidutinis peržiūrėtų įrašų skaičius L<sub>kap</sub> = k * L / 2.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-29 09:24:11',62,'','2010-07-29 09:32:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-29 09:24:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,154,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1130,'C ir C++ Golubevas','c-ir-c-golubevas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Struktūros (angl. structures) – tai agregatai, kurių elementai yra (tiksliau, gali būti) skirtingų tipų (t.y. struktūros – tai heterogeniniai agregatai). Struktūrų elementai dar vadinami nariais (angl. members) . C struktūros didžiąja dalimi yra analogiškos Paskalio įrašams (angl. records).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skirtingai nei C ir C++ masyvai, struktūros apibrėžiamos kaip naujų, vartotojo apibrėžiamų, tipų kintamieji, t.y. iš pradžių apibrėžiamas (teisingo apibrėžimo ir aprašo terminų naudojimo prasme, tiksliau būtų sakyti aprašomas arba specifikuojamas) struktūros  tipas (vadinsime, struktūrinis tipas) ir tik paskui apibrėžiama struktūra, kaip struktūrinio tipo kintamasis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-29 09:47:27',62,'','2010-07-29 10:30:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-29 09:47:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,153,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1131,'Kompiuterio virusai 2','kompiuterio-virusai-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacinis virusas yra programa, savaime įsiskverbianti į kitas programas ir sugebanti daugintis. Jis greitai plinta, nes kaskart paleidus “užkrėstą” programą jis susiranda kaupiklyje (diske ar diskelyje) dar “neužkrėstą” programą ir į ją įsiskverbia. Ne visi virusai gadina programas ar duomenis, tačiau jie visi vienaip ar kitaip trukdo dirbti su AK. Kai kurie virusai gali būti labai pavojingi ir nepataisomai sugadinti AK esančią informaciją, kuri gali kainuoti daug brangiau negu AK. Terminą “kompiuterio virusas” pirmą kartą pavartojo amerikiečių mokslininkas Fred Cohen 1984 metais. Praėjo nemažai laiko, bet virusų problema nė kiek nesumažėjo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jeigu kompiuterį palygintume su gyvuoju organizmu, o atskiras kompiuterines programas - su ląstelėmis, gautume analogišką vaizdą. Analogijos tarp biologijos, medicinos ir kompiuterijos šaknys daug gilesnės, nei atrodo iš pirmo žvilgsnio. Kompiuterio virusai rūpi tiek pat, kiek ir AIDS. Kompiuterinio viruso blogoji savybė, kad jis plinta. Kol nebuvo kompiuterių tinklų, virusinės programos pridarydavo nedaug žalos. Kas kita kai kompiuteriai susijungė į tinklą. Virusai juo plinta be galo dideliu greičiu, todėl ir jų daroma žala didėja daug kartų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ši problema turi dar vieną aspektą. Išsivysčiusiose šalyse daugelis firmų, kuriančių programinę įrangą, rūpinasi ir priešvirusinėmis programomis. Taip pat yra nemažai literatūros šiuo klausimu. Taigi daugelis kompiuterių savininkų žino, kas yra kompiuterio virusas, kokios jo “vizito” pasekmės, ir yra pasirengę su juo kovoti. Silpnai išsivysčiusiose šalyse (taip pat ir mūsų ) labai paplitęs nekontroliuojamas įvairių programų kopijavimas, paprasčiau, vogimas. Tai ypač gera dirva kompiuterio virusams. Todėl mokyklose, įstaigose užsikrėtimo faktas yra įprastas reiškinys, panašus kaip sloga. Toks “pripratimas” prie virusų gali baigtis liūdnai, jei pasitaikys labai pavojingas “egzempliorius”. Yra žinoma keletas programų, diskų ar diskelių užkrėtimo požymių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-29 10:31:32',62,'','2010-07-29 10:42:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-29 10:31:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,152,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1132,'Unix OS praktika','unix-os-praktika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Praktikos pagrindai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prisijungimas. Prisijungus prie UNIX mašinos vartotojas privalo įvesti savo ID (username) ir slaptažodį. Vartotojo vardas yra unikalus duotajai sistemai (arba sistemų grupei), o slaptažodis yra keičiamas simbolių rinkinys, žinomas vien tik vartotojui. UNIX yra svarbios didžiosios ir mažosios raidės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Terminalo tipas. Visose sistemose (dažniausiai) terminalo tipas yra užduodamas pagal nutylėjimą. Tai dažniausiai yra vt100 terminalas. Sun mašinos gali naudoti sun terminalą. Jei naudojamas X-Terminalas – xterms arba xterm. Terminalo tipas nurodo UNIX sistemai kaip elgtis su duotąja sesija. Terminalą galime pakeisti, pakeičiant aplinkos kintamąjį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Slaptažodis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kai jums yra sukuriamas vartotojas ir suteikiamas slaptažodis, reikėtų jį pasikeisti. Tai yra svarbu sistemos ir jūsų informacijos saugumui. Slaptažodis yra pakeičiamas naudojant passwd komandą. Reikės įvesti seną ir du kartus naują slaptažodį. Kai kuriais atvejais sistemų administratoriai naudoja specialias programas, kurios patikrina ar įvestasis slaptažodis yra pakankamai saugus. Štai kelios slaptažodžių taisyklės:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nenaudokite: pilnų bet kokios kalbos žodžių, vardų, informacijos, kurią galima surasti jūsų piniginėje, asmeninės informacijos (paso numerio ir pan.), valdymo klavišų (kai kurios sistemos jų nepalaiko). Nerašykite niekur savo slaptažodžio ir niekad niekam jo nesakykite.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Slaptažodis turėtų būti sudarytas iš raidžių ir skaičių kratinio, įvairaus registro raidžių (didžiosios/mažosios), iš ne mažiau kaip 6 simbolių. Slaptažodį jūs turėtumėte gerai atsiminti. Jis turėtų būti dažnai keičiamas. Kai įvedate slaptažodį sekite ar niekas nežiūri per petį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-29 10:42:45',62,'','2010-07-29 10:46:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-29 10:42:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,151,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1133,'Santrauka apie algoritmus','santrauka-apie-algoritmus','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Algoritmas – tai nurodymų seka tam, kas turės atlikti užduotį. Algoritmas – tai aiškūs ir tikslūs nurodymai, kaip ir kokių veiksmų seką reikia atlikti norint pasiekti užsibrėžtą tikslą arba išspręsti suformuluotą uždavinį. Algoritmas – tai aiškiai suformuluotas taisyklių rinkinys kuriam nors tikslui pasiekti. Informacijos (duomenų) apdorojimo taisyklės vadinamos algoritmais. T.y. algoritmas – tai taisyklių rinkinys, kuriuo nurodoma, kaip iš vienų duomenų gauti kitus. Duomenys, kurie žinomi prieš atliekant algoritmą, vadinami pradiniais duomenimis arba argumentais. Duomenys, kurie gaunami atlikus algoritmą, vadinami galutiniais duomenimis arba rezultatais. Algoritme gali būti ir tokių duomenų, kurie nėra nei argumentais, nei rezultatais. Tokie duomenys vadinami papildomais arba tarpiniais duomenimis. T.y. Papildomais arba tarpiniais duomenimis vadinami tokie duomenys, kurie nėra nei argumentai, nei rezultatai. Dydžiai, kurių raikšmė niekuomet nekinta, vadinami konstantomis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Galimybė išskaidyti algoritmo veiksmus žingsniais vadinama algoritmo diskretumu. Algoritmo aiškumas – tai jo pateikimas vykdytojui suprantama ir aiškia kalba. Norint gauti rezultatą, atliekamų veiksmų skaičius visuomet turi būti baigtinis. Ši algoritmo savybė vadinama baigtinumu. Algoritmo tinkamumas įvairioms pradinių duomenų reikšmėms vadinamas universalumu. Algoritmo rezultatyvumas: algoritmas turi duoti kokį nors konkretų rezultatą. Algoritmavimo ir programavimo kalbos – tai žymenų ir taisyklių sistemos, pritaikytos veiksmams ir jų atlikimo tvarkai aprašyti taip, kad algoritmą galėtų atlikti kompiuteris ar koks kitas automatas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-29 10:47:12',62,'','2010-07-29 10:50:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-29 10:47:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,150,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1134,'Pavojai iš interneto','pavojai-i-interneto','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">\"Internetas\" ne tik prijungia mūsų kompiuterius prie pasaulinių informacijos lobynų. Jis sujungia mus vienus su kitais, sujungia \"geriečius\" su \"blogiečiais\", ir neteisus yra tas, kuris mano, jog naršyti po WWW platybes nėra pavojinga. Absoliuti dauguma \"įsilaužimų\" į kompiuterius iš pasaulinio tinklo lieka nepastebėti. Pasak JAV federalinio tyrimų biuro (FBI), šiuo metu užregistruojami tik maždaug penki procentai nelegalaus landžiojimo po svetimus kompiuterius atvejų. Niekieno netrukdomi hakeriai patenka į bankų duomenų apdorojimo sistemas ir naudojasi kitų indėlininkų santaupomis, elektroninio pramoninio špionažo profesionalai ir šiaip mėgėjai per \"Internetą\" vagia slaptus naujausios produkcijos planus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dauguma tokių elektroninių vagysčių šiuo metu įvykdoma, naudojantis specialiai tam sukurtomis \"ActiveX\" bei \"Java\" programomis, kurias drauge su kita informacija iš WWW puslapių parsisiunčia nieko blogo nenutuokiantys internautai. Koncerno \"Sun\" sukurta, šiuo matu plačiai paplitusi ir vis populiarėjanti universali programavimo kalba \"Java\" bei kompanijos \"Microsoft\" propaguojama \"ActiveX\" technologija skirtos visų pirma interaktyvių WWW puslapių kūrimui, animacijai bei kitiems vizualiniams efektams. Bet ne tik. Sumanūs hakeriai nesunkiai suranda būdų panaudoti \"Javą\" ir \"ActiveX\" saviems tikslams. Šios dvi \"Interneto\" technologijos saugumo požiūriu yra visiškai skirtingos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">\"Javą\" kūrę koncerno \"Sun Microsystems\" (dažniausiai vadinamo tiesiog \"Sun\") programuotojai iš pat pradžių galvojo apie programų darbą \"Internete\" ir apie informacijos apsaugą. Iš WWW puslapio parsiųsta \"Java\" programėlė (Java applet) startuoja ir dirba griežtai apribotoje srityje - \"virtualioje mašinoje\". Ji gali kreiptis tik į tam tikslui skirtą kompiuterio disko sritį, neturi teisės paleidinėti kokių nors kitų programų, gali \"bendrauti\" (siųsti ir priimti duomenis) tik su tuo \"Interneto\" serveriu, iš kurio ji pati buvo parsiųsta ir t.t. Visos su \"Java\" kalba susijusios saugumo \"skylės\" atsiranda tik dėl nepakankamo šių saugumo principų paisymo ar tiesiog dėl programavimo klaidų. Vistik tenka pažymėti, jog su \"Java\" susijusios saugumo \"skylės\" įvairiose programose atrandamos kone kas antrą savaitę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-29 10:51:00',62,'','2010-07-29 10:55:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-29 10:51:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,149,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1135,'Darbas su modeliavimo sistema Silverrun','darbas-su-modeliavimo-sistema-silverrun','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tema – Mokymo priemonė “Darbas su modeliavimo sistema SILVERRUN”. Darbo tikslas - ištirti firmos SILVERRUN Technologies Inc. paketo “SILVERRUN-BPM” galimybes kompiuterizuojant mechaninio cecho valdymą ir paruošti mokomąją medžiaga (vartotojo vadovą). Biznio aplinka keičiasi greitai. Atsiranda poreikis organizacinei sistemai ir jos veiklai reformuotis , prisitaikyti prie aplinkos pasikeitimų. Pagrindinis dalykas organizacinei sistemai šios dienos konkurenciniame klimate yra atidi biznio procesų analizė ir re-inžinerija. Biznio procesų modeliavimas gali padėti įvertinti pasikeitimų įtaką, surasti optimalų sprendimą, parodo kokiam stovyje yra veikla dabar ir padeda kurti ateities planus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atsiranda vis daugiau biznio modeliavimo paketų, kurie skirti biznio procesų analizei, dokumentavimui, modeliavimui, re-inžinerija.. SILVERRUN yra  vienas iš nedaugelio prieinamų modeliavimo sprendimų kuris palaiko įvairiarūšę šios dienos biznio aplinką. SILVERRUN-BPM tai įrankis skirtas biznio procesų modeliavimui, dokumentavimui ir analizavimui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">SILVERRUN-BPM vartotojams leidžia nustatyti duomenys reikalingus biznio procesams palaikyti ir jeigu pageidaujama galima integruoti su SILVERRUN duomenų modeliavimo įrankiais, tokias kaip SILVERRUN-ERX (Entity Relationship Expert) ir RDM (Relational Data). Visapusiškam veiklos vaizdui susidaryti  Biznio procesų modeliuose galima įrašyti informaciją apie resurso panaudojimą ir kainą. SILVERRUN-BPM gali būti naudojamas  kaip atskiras biznio procesų modeliavimo įrankis arba kartu su kitais duomenų modeliavimo produktais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Analitinėje dalyje atlikau biznio procesų modeliavimo priemonių analizė  kur buvo iš analizuotos ir palygintos tokios procesų modeliavimo priemonės: SILVERRUN-BPM, BPwin , Workflow  BPR ir FirstSTEP Charter for Visio kurias apibendrinau ir pateikiau lentelėje . Plačiau Buvo išnagrinėtos ir aprašytos SILVERRUN-BPM galimybės iliustruojant notacijomis. Aprašiau dalykinę sritį. Išanalizavau ir aprašiau cecho valdymą darbų sekų modeliu. Projektinėje dalyje aprašyta operatyvaus mechaninio cecho valdymo modelio sudarymo eiga, kokie pagrindiniai žingsniai buvo vykdomi norint sukurti modelį. Buvo aprašytos paketo galimybės ir kaip jomis naudotis. Sudarytas vartotojo vadovas, kuris bus kaip mokymo priemonė pradedantiesiems dirbti su šiuo paketu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-29 10:56:04',62,'','2010-07-29 11:00:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-29 10:56:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,148,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(1136,'Sauga kompiuterių tinkluose (skaidrės)','sauga-kompiuteri-tinkluose-skaidrs','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Personalas. Kai įsilaužimai techninėmis priemonėmis tampa pernelyg sudėtingi, vienas iš atakų metodų yra išnaudoti taip vadinamą “žmogiškąjį faktorių”. Šios metodikos, besiremiančios apgaudinėjimu, gąsdinimu ir pan. dar vadinamos “socialine inžinerija”. Vienintelė apsauga – griežtos organizacijų taisyklės ir personalo mokymai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Internetas tai tūkstančiai tinklų, kuriuos suriša protokolų sistema, leidžianti bet kokio tinklo vartotojams komunikuoti tarpusavyje arba naudotis servisu esančiu kitame tinkle. Protokolas – tai formalus aprašymas pranešimo formatų ir taisyklių, kurių turi prisilaikyti du kompiuteriai keisdamiesi informacija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-29 11:00:56',62,'','2010-07-29 11:04:47',62,62,'2010-07-29 11:04:47','2010-07-29 11:00:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,147,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(1137,'Namų darbo Nd1 ataskaita','nam-darbo-nd1-ataskaita','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduotis (Nd1- 2).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Duoti du masyvai A(n)  ir B(m). Rasti didžiausią skaičių per abu masyvus ir jį pašalinti iš to masyvo, kuriame jis yra. Užduoties analizė. Analizuojant šį uždavinį būtų galima pasakyti, kad programa viską atlieka pati: susikuria masyvus, juos peržiūri, atlieka veiksmus ir gražina rezultatus. Vartotojas tik stebi ir nurodo parametrus (masyvo narių skaičių). Ši programa neatlieka jokių sudėtingų matematinių veiksmų, ji tik iš dviejų masyvų išrenka didžiausią narį ir jį pašalina iš to masyvo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Programos aprašymas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Programa yra skirta tam, kad iš masyvų A[n] ir B[m] pašalintų didžiausią narį ir išvestų rezultatus į ekraną. Programa naudojasi 4 paprogramėmis (funkcijomis): masyvo sukūrimo - įvedimas, masyvo spausdinimo - Spausdinimas, didžiausio masyvo nario ieškojimo- max ir masyvo nario šalinimo - Salinimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-29 11:46:49',62,'','2010-07-29 11:54:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-29 11:46:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,146,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1138,'PHP lietuviškai','php-lietuvikai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacija iš interneto pakampių surinko, visą savaitgalį prie Easy PDF sėdėjo ir kankinosi Justinas L. Taigi, kad visi girdėtų, sakau: šitas dokumentas yra surinktas iš visu kampu ir aš nesisavinu sau jo autorystes ar kaip ten sakoma =). Visa info apie autorius galite rasti apačioje... Taigi šiek tiek apie šitą ebook\'ą. Kažkada seniai kažkur internete radau tokį archyvą, pavadinimu php_lt.zip. Pažiūrėjau - visai nieko, newbiams gerai. Taigi šitas php_lt.zip yra šio dokumento (knygos, knygelės, biblijos.. koks skirtumas) pagrindas. Taigi visa zip\'ą sugrūdęs į pdf\'ą nusprendžiau jį papildyti ir informacija iš geriausio lietuviško PHP resurso - beta.php.lt. Tai taip ir gavos šis failiukas, kaip sakant viskas viename...</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kas yra PHP?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PHP (PHP hypertext preprocessor) tai skriptinimo kalba (scripting language), kuri pačioje pradžioje buvo orientuota tik į internetą, nors šiuo metu ją galima \"drąsiai\" pavadinti programavimo kalba, kadangi su ja pilnai galima programuoti ne tik internetui (web\'ui). Pavyzdžiui su php-gtk galima kurti pilnavertiškas cross platformines programas su GUI (graphical user interface), bei consolines programėles mail wrapperius ir t.t. PHP skriptai yra interpretuojami ir ivykdomi serverio pusėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-29 11:54:28',62,'','2010-07-29 12:02:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-29 11:54:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,145,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1139,'Access 2000 konspektas (Melninkiene)','access-2000-konspektas-melninkiene','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Duomenų bazių valdymo sistema Microsoft Access 2000</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Access 2000 - duomenų bazių valdymo sistema, leidžianti: 1. saugoti beveik neribojamą informacijos kiekį; 2. patogiai išdėstyti duomenis; 3. atrinkti iš bazės informaciją pagal nurodytus kriterijus; 4. sudaryti formas, palengvinančias informacijos įvedimą; 5. kurti įdomias ir vaizdžias ataskaitas, įtraukiant į juos duomenis, tekstą, piešinukus ir grasą. Access 2000 priemonėmis sukurtą duomenų bazės failą sudaro ne tik patys duomenys, bet ir visi sukurti duomenų bazės objektai: lentelės, formos, užklausos, ataskaitos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-29 12:02:40',62,'','2010-07-29 12:09:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-29 12:02:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,144,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1140,'Duomenų srauto stebėjimas ir analizė lokaliame tinkle','duomen-srauto-stebjimas-ir-analiz-lokaliame-tinkle','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Windows NT turi pagalbines sistemos priemones duomenų srautui lokaliniame tinkle analizuoti. Mes tai atliksime MS Network Monitor pagalba.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">SMB yra application level protokolas OSI modelyje, skirtas tinklo sesijai valdyti. Jis nurodo komandas, kurios turi būti atliktos, kompiuteriui – gavėjui priėmus paketą. Čia matyti, kad duomenų perdavimo sesiją inicializuojama pirmame freime, KTML_NT_1 kompiuteriui užklausus KTML_NT_0 surasti failą ricka.txt. Toliau nurodytas failas atidaromas, nuskaitomi jo atributai ir, galiausiai, failo turinys perrašomas į reikiamą kompiuterį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-29 12:10:17',62,'','2010-07-29 12:13:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-29 12:10:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,143,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1141,'Paieška internete','paieka-internete','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Didžiojoje Britanijoje atliktų tyrimų duomenimis [Sullivan, D.], 21,2% internautų visada, o 59,8% beveik visada randa tai, ko ieško. Tik 2,6% apklaustųjų atsakė, kad jie niekada neranda informacijos. Apklausos duomenimis, didžiausia dalis žmonių, negavę reikiamo atsakymo, bando ieškoti naudodami tą pačią paieškos sistemą, tik užrašydami kitokį klausimą. Nedaugelis į pagalbą pasitelkia kitus paieškos įrankius. D.Sullivan taip pat domėjosi, kaip žmonės užduoda savo klausimus. Pasirodo, populiariausia yra paieška pagal kelis reikšminius žodžius (44,8%) ir tik 8,7% apklaustųjų naudoja šnekamosios kalbos klausimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Brangios ryšių paslaugos verčia taupyti internete praleistą laiką, tad prieš jungiantis į pasaulinį kompiuterių tinklą verta pagalvoti, kokia informacija reikalinga ir kur ji greičiausiai galėtų būti surasta. Visi naudojamės įvairiais paieškos įrankiais, tačiau menka paguoda, kai atsakymų grįžta šimtai, tūkstančiai ar net milijonai. Todėl labai svarbu žinoti bendrus paieškos internete principus. Dažnai būna sunku apsispręsti, nuo ko pradėti informacijos paiešką, nes nėra vieno katalogo, kuriame būtų galima rasti viską, nėra griežtų standartų, kurie apibūdintų virtualų kelią iki ieškomos informacijos. Tuo tarpu egzistuoja labai daug paieškos įrankių bei paieškos formatų, iš kurių turime pasirinkti vieną ar kelis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-29 12:14:12',62,'','2010-07-29 12:16:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-29 12:14:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,142,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1142,'Antivirusinės programinės įrangos analizė ','antivirusins-programins-rangos-analiz-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šio darbo teorinėje dalyje trumpai apžvelgiamos tarptautinės ir nacionalinės Internet paieškos sistemos, jų galimybės, privalumai ir trūkumai. Detaliau išnagrinėtos viena tarptautinė (http://msdn.microsoft.com/) ir viena lietuviška (http://www.search.lt/) paieškos sistemos: vykdant paiešką pagal įvairiai suformuotus paieškos raktus atskleidžiamos jų teigiamos, neigiamos pusės, įvertinamas rezultatų tinkamumas.<br />Analitinėje darbo dalyje pateiktas temos “Antivirusinės programinės įrangos analizė” aprašymas, remiantis surinkta interneto medžiaga. Taip pat keliamas tikslas išsiaiškinti ar galima išsiversti be antivirusinės programinės įrangos ir kokia antivirusine programa galima pasikliauti. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiami apibendrinimai, išvados, naudotos literatūros sąrašas, taip pat pateikiami priedai originalo kalba.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">INTERNET PAIEŠKŲ SISTEMŲ APŽVALGA</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Daugelis paieškų sistemų šiandien yra tapę elektroninės informacijos vartais: ieško informacijos ne tik pasaulinio voratinklio tekstinės informacijos puslapiuose, bet ir vaizdo bei garso įrašų archyvuose, naujienų grupėse, teikia elektroninio pašto paslaugas, siūlo prekių elektroninėse parduotuvėse, verslo partnerių – geltonuosiuose puslapiuose ir t. t. Reikiamą informaciją Internete norime rasti sugaišdami kaip galima mažiau laiko. Tam reikalingi paieškos pagalbininkai. Paieškų sistemos gali būti  tarptautinės ir nacionalinės. Tarptautinė paieška. Didžiosios tarptautinės paieškos sistemos dažnai siūlo galimybę pasirinkti kalbą, kuria norime ieškoti. Galima greitai rasti informaciją, saugomą kaimyninėse valstybėse bei kituose žemyno kompiuteriuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nacionalinė paieška. Pagrindinis reikalavimas, kurį turi atitikti lietuviškos paieškos sistemos – kad paiešką būtų galima atlikti naudojant specifinius lietuviškus rašmenis (ą, č, ę, ė, į, ž ir t. t.). Paieškos sistemos tinklapyje turi būti vartojama taisyklinga lietuvių kalba. Nemokantiems užsienio kalbų nacionalinės paieškų sistemos yra vienintelė galimybė greitai rasti reikimą informaciją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-07-29 12:16:58',62,'','2010-07-29 12:19:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-07-29 12:16:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,141,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1143,'Skaičiuoklė, formulės ir funkcijos','skaiiuokl-formuls-ir-funkcijos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-02 06:50:26',62,'','2010-08-02 07:01:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-02 06:50:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,140,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1144,'Elektroninė skaičiuoklė Microsoft Excel','elektronin-skaiiuokl-microsoft-excel','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jeigu jūsų kompiuteryje yra įdiegta Microsoft Excel programa, ją galima išsikviesti iš Start meniu - iš pradžių bakstelkite užduočių juostos Start mygtuką, po to - Programs komandą, o kai atsivers papildomas meniu, bakstelkite Microsoft Excel 97 komandą. Ekrane atsidarys programos langas, ir automatiškai bus sukurta nauja darbo knyga.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-02 07:02:12',62,'','2010-08-02 07:04:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-02 07:02:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,139,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1145,'Algoritmavimo bei programavimo kultūros elementai','algoritmavimo-bei-programavimo-kultros-elementai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Algoritmas sudaromas tam, kad kompiuteris jį atliktų ir pateiktų rezultatus. Algoritmą skaito ne tik kompiuteris, bet ir žmogus.Skaitant ir nagrinėjant kitų algoritmus, galima išmokti programuoti, tobulinti savo programavimo stilių. Dėl to algoritmai turi būti nesunkiai suprantami, vaizdūs. O tam, sudarydami ir užrašydami algoritmus, turime laikytis tam tikrų programavimo kultūros elementų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Reikalavimai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Patį algoritmą reikia parinkti ir sudaryti taip, kad jis kuo geriau tiktų duotam uždaviniui spręsti: būtų aiškus, taupiai naudojantis kompiuterio atmintį, neatliekantis nereikalingų veiksmų. 2. Programavimo kalbos konstrukcijos parenkamos tokios, kurios geriausiai išreiškia algoritmo veiksmus. 3. Kintamųjų, funkcijų ir procedūrų vardai parenkami taip, kad jie atitiktų aprašomų duomenų paskirtį. 4. Algoritmo tekstas išdėstomas vaizdžiai, kad kuo lengviau jį būtų skaityti. 5.Sudėtingesnės algoritmo teksto vietos aiškinamos vartojant specialią konstrukciją - komentarus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-02 07:05:43',62,'','2010-08-02 07:12:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-02 07:05:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,138,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1146,'Kompiuterių tinklų programavimas Java Sakalauskaitė','kompiuteri-tinkl-programavimas-java-sakalauskait','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindiniai Web Services protokolai – trumpi apibrėžimai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">XML (eXtensible Markup Language): žymių kalba, gebanti struktūrizuoti informaciją taip, kad ji būtų lengvai ištraukiama ir naudojama bet kurioj aplikacijoj. XML naudoja žymes(tags), kaip ir HTML, bet tos žymės yra skirtos ne informacijos atvaizdavimui, o  apibrėžimui ir struktūrizavimui. Servisų deskriptoriai, kurie nusako kaip surasti ir iškviesti web servisus, taip pat aprašomi XML.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol): pagrindinis Web Services komunikacijos protokolas, naudojamas struktūrizuotų duomenų apsikeitimui tarp tinklinių aplikacijų. Pvz., SOAP naudojamas paskelbti servisų aprašymus servisų registre. Visos interakcijos tarp servisų registro, serviso tiekėjo ir serviso naudotojo yra atliekamos per SOAP.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">WSDL (Web Services Description Language – tariama „whiz-dull“, „wizdle“): kalba web servisų aprašymams kurti. Ja galima aprašyti kur yra servisas ir kaip jį iškviesti, o taip pat, kas tai per servisas, kas jį teikia, raktinius žodžius, ir panašią informaciją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery and Integration): tai technologija katalogams (kaip LDAP), naudojama servisų registrų, leidžia kataloguose ieškoti konkrečių servisų. Iš esmės, UDDI yra baltieji arba geltonieji puslapiai, naudojami servisams surasti. Katalogai gali būti tiek vieši, tiek privatūs.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Web Services pristatymas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">XML internetiniai servisai yra naujos kartos įrankis kurti paskirstytas sistemas, kurios įgalintų programų tarpusavio bendravimą be vartotojo įsikišimo. Pagrindas yra heterogeniškumo pripažinimas, taigi internetiniai servisai, nepriklausomi nuo platformos bei programų sistemų kūrimo aplinkos, gali būti sukurti ir paskelbti internete bei bendrauti su kitomis sistemomis naudojant žinomus ir visiems prieinamus protokolus, tokius kaip HTTP bei SOAP.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Trumpai Web servisų veikimą galima būtų nusakyti šitaip: WSDL yra naudojamas apibrėžti web servisą – jo interfeisą, metodų kvietimus, paskui tai yra publikuojama į vieną ar kelias Internet/Intranet saugyklas, kur serviso apibrėžimą gali surasti potencialūs vartotojai, panaudojant UDDI, ir galų gale, SOAP pranešimai yra naudojami iškviesti web servisą ir panaudoti jo funkcionalumą. Atmetant konkrečius protokolus, viskas analogiškai veikia ir įvairiame versle – siūlomos paslaugos skelbiamos geltonuosiuose/baltuosiuose puslapiuose, ten nurodomi kontaktai (interfeisas), ir tada vartotojas, norintis gauti paslaugą, kontaktuoja su paslaugos teikėju jam priimtiniausiu iš visų pasiūlytų būdų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-02 07:12:59',62,'','2010-08-02 07:17:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-02 07:12:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,137,'','',0,37,'robots=\nauthor='),(1147,'Masyvo elementų rikiavimas','masyvo-element-rikiavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">TIKSLAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išmokti įeiti į Turbo Paskalio aplinką iš WINDOWS\'95. Įsisąvinti integruotos Paskalio aplinkos: 1) Redaktorių; 2) Kompiliatorių; 3) Komponuotoją. Susipažinti su Paskalio algoritminės kalbos sintakse, programos forma, struktūra.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-02 07:18:49',62,'','2010-08-02 08:21:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-02 07:18:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,136,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1148,'Operacijos su sveikaisiais ir realiaisiais skaičiais','operacijos-su-sveikaisiais-ir-realiaisiais-skaiiais','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visus Paskalyje vartojamus skaitinius duomenis galima suskirstyti į sveikojo (integer) ir realiojo (real) tipo duomenis. Sveikojo tipo duomenys - tai diskretieji duomenys, pvz,: klasės mokinių skaičius, pažymiai, kurie kompiuteryje atvaizduojami kaip sveikieji skaičiai. Realieji duomenys atitinka realiųjų skaičių poaibį, kurio dydis priklauso nuo konkretaus kompiuterio. Realiojo ir sveikojo tipo duomenys skirtingai vaizduojami kompiuterio atmintyje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Realiojo ir sveikojo tipo duomenys skirtingai vaizduojami kompiuterio atmintyje. Be to, skaičiavimai, atliekami su sveikojo tipo duomenimis, yra tikslesni, nes realieji skaičiai dažniausiai suapvalinami ir dėl to gaunamos paklaidos. Aritmetinės operacijos su sveikojo tipo duomenimis atliekamos greičiau, duomenys užima mažiau vietos atmintyje. Su sveikaisiais skaičiais atliekamos aritmetinės operacijos Paskalio kalboje žymimos tokiais simboliais: + sudėtis, - atimtis, * daugyba, / dalyba, div - sveikųjų skaičių dalyba, mod - sveikųjų skaičių dalybos liekanos radimas. Daugybos ženklo negalima praleisti, nes programose sveikųjų vardai gali būti sudaryti iš kelių raidžių. Taigi sandaugos (a ir b) neatskirtume nuo vieno kintamojo, pažymėtu vardu ab.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-02 08:22:04',62,'','2010-08-02 08:28:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-02 08:22:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,135,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1149,'Mėgėjiškas Fido tinklas kaip mikrovisuomenės modelis','mgjikas-fido-tinklas-kaip-mikrovisuomens-modelis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gyvename nuostabiais laikais - į visas gyvenimo sritis veržiasi naujos technologijos, daugiau ar mažiau keičiančios kiekvieno iš mūsų aplinką, pomėgius, įpročius. Technologinė pažanga įsiskverbia visur, tačiau bene labiausiai tai jaučiama komunikacijų sferoje. Per kelis paskutinius amžius ryšius ir komunikacijas krėtė viena revoliucija po kitos. Nuo pirmųjų rankiniu būdu spausdintų laikraščių ir raitų kurjerių vos per kelis šimtus metų ateita į telegrafo, telefono, radijo, spalvotos televizijos, palydovinio ryšio ir galiausiai pasaulinių kompiuterinių tinklų erą.  Turint galvoje, kokį didelį poveikį technologinė pažanga darė ir daro visoms žmogaus gyvenimo sritims, nenuostabu, kad pokyčiai komunikacijų sferoje tapo pagrindu naujiems bendravimo būdams. Kadaise laiškas į kitą šalį ar žemyną keliaudavo savaites, mėnesius ar net metus. Šiandien elektroninio pašto pagalba susisiekti su kitu pasaulio kraštu galima per keliasdešimt sekundžių. Taip smarkiai išaugęs informacijos perdavimo greitis leidžia pačios informacijos perduoti žymiai daugiau ir naudoti komunikacijas tokiais tikslais, apie kuriuos mūsų protėviai net nesvajojo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Galima būtų ilgai kalbėti apie technikos pažangą ir jos padarinius, tačiau mus domina ne tiek techninis, kiek sociologinis požiūris į perversmą komunikacijų srityje. Šiandien tūkstančiai ir milijonai viso pasaulio žmonių bendrauja naudodami kompiuterinius tinklus. Kokie dėsniai veikia šiuose tinkluose? Kiek “elektroninė visuomenė” skiriasi nuo įprastinės?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ieškodami atsakymų į šiuos klausimus, nagrinėsime vieną iš tūkstančių elektroninių tinklų - mėgėjišką Fido tinklą (FidoNet). Pirmoje darbo dalyje, per daug nesigilindami į technines detales ir tinklo topologiją, trumpai apžvelgsime FidoNet veikimo principus ir struktūrą. Tada pereisime prie mus dominančių klausimų ir pažvelgsime į FidoNet kaip į mikrovisuomenę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-02 08:28:46',62,'','2010-08-02 08:38:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-02 08:28:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,134,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1150,'Šifravimas','ifravimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">TIKSLAS. Išmokti įeiti į Turbo Paskalio aplinką iš WINDOWS\'95. Įsisąvinti integruotos Paskalio aplinkos: 1) Redaktorių; 2) Kompiliatorių; 3) Komponuotoją. Susipažinti su Paskalio algoritminės kalbos sintakse, programos forma, struktūra.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-02 08:40:16',62,'','2010-08-02 08:42:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-02 08:40:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,133,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1151,'Microsoft Access duomenų bazių namų darbo aprašymas','microsoft-access-duomen-bazi-nam-darbo-apraymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vadovų yra visokių – išmanančių verslą ir pradėjusių nuo nulio, bet tikinčių, kad pasiseks, vertinančių savo darbuotojus ir laikančių juos vos ne tarnais, mandagių bei malonių ir arogantiškų bei nesirenkančių žodžių. Tačiau visi jie moka įdarbintiems žmonėms atlyginimą, kurio dydis, beje, taip pat parodo vadovo požiūrį į žmones. Tačiau atlyginimai ir darbuotojų skatinimas įmonėje, pasirodo, yra ta tema, kuria verslininkai mažiausiai nori kalbėti. Susidaro įspūdis, kad vadovas- labiau rūpi firma nei joje dirbantys žmonės. Tai suprantama: jei firma klestės, darbuotojai turės darbo, o ir atlyginimą gaus didesnį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kai   kurie  žmonės   dirba  tai  tarsi  tikėtųsi  gyventi  amžinai.   Norėdami išgyventi, visi  žmonės   privalo dirbti;  egzistavimas  šioje žemėje priklauso nuo mūsų sugebėjimo   pasigaminti  maistą,  įsirengti  pastogę  ir  pasisiūti  drabužius,  nuo  mūsų  sugebėjimo  valdyti pasaulį.   Sugebėjimas   ką nors  sukurti visiškai priklauso nuo mūsų valios ir noro dirbti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiekviena visuomenė, nepaisant jos ekonominės organizacijos, - kapitalistinės ar socialinės  - turi išspręsti gamybos problemas, kad nuolat patenkintų  gyvybinius žmonių poreikius.   Tą  galima  padaryti  naudojant savanorišką  ar  privalomą  darbą. Kapitalistinėje  sistemoje  jokia  politinė valdžia   prievarta   neverčia   žmonių   dirbti, negrasina areštu ar  bausme, jei  kas nedirba. Kitaip buvo socialistinėje visuomenėje, tokioje kaip  Tarybų   Sąjunga, kur   kiekvienas   turėjo  dirbti  pagal  ūkio liaudies  centro   vystymo planą. Atsisakiusiems dirbti buvo taikomos bausmės arba net įkalindavo darbo stovyklose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-02 08:43:11',62,'','2010-08-02 08:45:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-02 08:43:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,132,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1152,'Informacija','informacija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacija – objektyviai egzistuojantis pasaulio reiškinys. Galime įvardyti, kad tai žinios, kurias žmogus gauna, įsimena, perduoda; galime suprasti ir abstrakčiau: tai žmogaus suvoktas objekto turinys. Informacija daro įtaką žmonių santykiams, ji pasireiškia žmonių bendravime – komunikacijoje. Informacijos gauname paprasčiausiai kalbėdamiesi su draugais, žiūrėdami televizorių, skaitydami, ją teikiame kitiems išsakydami savo samprotavimus, aptardami įvykius, rašydami laiškus ar žinutes. Net žvilgsnis pro langą mums suteikia tam tikros informacijos. Apibrėžti informacijos sąvoką nėra lengva. Pirmiausia todėl, kad ji abstrakti, pirminė, vartojama daugėliui kitų savokų apibūdinti. Antra, informacijos turinys daugiareikšmis, įgyjantis įvairiausių prasmių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">INFORMACIJA – tai žinios, perduodamos vienų asmenų kitiems žodžių arba žiniasklaidos priemonėmis: perspaudą, radiją, televiziją, kiną, kompiuterių tinklus. Ji kilusi iš lotynų kalbos žodžio informatio , reiškiančio “išaiškinimas, pranešimas, pavaizdavimas”. Šitaip informacija nusakoma daugėlyje populiarių knygų, enciklopedijų. Tai konkretesnė apibrėžtis, ji pabrėžia žmogaus atliekamą intelektinį darbą – žinių skleidimą. Informacija apibrėžiama per žinias, tačiau informacija nėra visiškai tas pats, kas ir žinios.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompiuteriuose saugomą ir apdorojamą informaciją vadiname duomenimis. Svarbi sąvoka – informacijos vertė. Ji priklauso nuo žmogaus požiūrio, t.y. esti subjektyvi: kas vienam atrodo labai svarbu, kitam tai gali būti nereikšminga. Žmogus informacijos vertę sieja su įgyjamu naujų žinių kiekiu. Vertiname tokią informaciją, kuri sako ką nors nauja, dar mums nežinoma, kai ji pradeda spręsti iškilusius klausimus, problemas. Informacija – sudėtingas pasaulio reiškinys. Labiausiai mums rūpi klausimas, iš kur gauti informacijos, kaip ją atrinkti, pertvarkyti, panaudoti, kaip perteikti, paskleisti kitiems. Taigi, mus domina atkyvi informacija, -tokia, kuri atsiranda bendraujant ir kuri reikalinga žmonių ryšiams palaikyti. Informacija ir komunikacija – du neatsiejami dalykai, glūdintys pačioje gyvenimo ir viso pasaulio egzistencijos esmėje. Kiekvienas individas sąveikauja su aplinka, o kiekviena sąveika tam tikru požiūriu yra individų ryšys bei keitimasis informacija. Ryšiai tarp žmonių turi ypatingą prasmę ir nusakomi komunikacijos sąvoka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-02 08:45:51',62,'','2010-08-02 08:49:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-02 08:45:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,131,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1153,'MS Excel užduotys','ms-excel-uduotys','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-02 08:57:03',62,'','2010-08-02 08:58:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-02 08:57:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,130,'','',0,86,'robots=\nauthor='),(1154,'Klausimai iš kompiuterių techninės įrangos','klausimai-i-kompiuteri-technins-rangos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. PK struktūrinė schema. 2. Kas apsprendžia PK galingumą? 3. Kokius procesorius žinote ir kokie mūsų klasėje esančių PK procesoriai? 4. Kuo matuojamas procesoriaus greitis? Koks procesoriaus greitis mūsų klasės kompiuteriuose? 5. Ar gali PK veikti be sisteminio bloko?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-02 08:58:48',62,'','2010-08-02 09:03:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-02 08:58:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,129,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1155,'Kompiuterių architektūra','kompiuteri-architektra','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">KOMANDOS REALIZAVIMO MIKROPROGRAMA</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Programuotojo požiūriu komanda - elementarus tam tikru momentu atliekamas veiksmas. Realiai kompiuterio komanda - pakankamai sudėtinga nuosekliais laiko momentais išdėstyta elementari veiksmų seka. Projektuojant skaičiavimo įrenginį, atliekama kiekvienos komandos dekompozicija į elementarius veiksmus. Elementarių veiksmų sutvarkyta seka sudaro komandos mikro-programą. Egzistuoja skirtingo aprašymo lygio mikroprogramavimo kalbos. Konkrečioje kalboje mikroprograma - operatorių seka. Konstrukcijas aprašo kalbos sintaksė, kurią užduoda gramatika G, o jų naudojimo prasmę kalbos semantika L(G).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">\r\n','\r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">KOMPIUTERIŲ ARCHITEKTŪRA</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompiuterio architektūra (KA) vadinama kompiuterio savybiū ir charakteristikø, svarbiø vartotojo poþiûriu ir pilnai iliustruojanèiø konkretaus kompiuterio galimybes, visuma. KA - tai ið aparatiniø komponenèiø sudaryta struktûra bei aparatûros funkcionavimo principai (FP). FP apraðo architektûros veikimà, apibrëþiant informacijos struktûrà ir valdymo struktûrà. KA struktûra uþduodama nurodant jos aparatiniø komponenèiø tipà ir kieká, ryðio ir bendravimo taisykles<br /><br /></p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-02 09:04:13',62,'','0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,62,'2010-08-02 09:15:01','2010-08-02 09:04:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',1,0,128,'','',0,7,'robots=\nauthor='),(1156,'Kruskalo algoritmas','kruskalo-algoritmas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduotis: reikia realizuoti Kruskalo algoritmą, kai duomenų struktūra masyvas. Atlikti tyrimus fiksuojant laikus ir operacijų skaičių. Tam paimti penkis taškus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-05 07:51:46',62,'','2010-08-05 07:55:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-05 07:51:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,127,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1157,'Skaičių formatai teorija','skaii-formatai-teorija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mikrosoft Excel turi didelį skaičių, datų ir laiko formatų rinkinį. Formatai ne tik supaprastina duomenų apipavidalinimą, bet turi daug kitų privalumų. Skaičių, datų ir laiko formatai yra sudaromi ir keičiami trimis būdais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    Skaičių formatų tvarkymo mygtukais greitai suteikiami dažniausiai vartojami formatai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    Dažniau įstaigose vartojamus skaičių ir datų formatus galima suteikti naudojantis Format<br />Cells komandos Number kortele.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    Tarp kompiuterio vartotojų yra vadinamųjų “skaičių maniakų” grupė, kurie savo reikmėms nuolat kuria individualius vartotojo (custom) formatus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Kaip gretai kopijuoti celių formatus<br />1.    Darbo lape raskite ir pažymėkite celę ar bloką, kurio formatus norite kopijuoti.<br />2.    Jei norite nukopijuoti formatą tik į vieną celę ar bloką, bakstelėkite pele standartinės įrankių juostos formatų kopijavimo mygtuką.<br />3.    Jei norite nukopijuoti formatą į kelias negretimas celes ar blokus, dukart bakstelėkite pele standartinės įrankių juostos formatų kopijavimo mygtuką.<br />4.    Vilkite pele formatų kopijavimo žymeklį celėmis, kurioms norite suteikti kopijuojamąjį formatą.<br />5.    Jei kopijavote dukart bakstelėję kopijavimo mygtuką pele, tai atsisakykite jo paslaugų dar kartą bakstelėdami jį arba paspausdami ESC klavišą.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-05 08:01:10',62,'','2010-08-05 08:06:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-05 08:01:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,126,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1158,'Microsoft Word pradmenys 2 dalis','microsoft-word-pradmenys-2-dalis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorija: kaip jau buvo rašyta pirmoje paskaitoje, be teksto įvedimo ir redagavimo, kai kurios programos (tekstiniai procesoriai) suteikia galimybę ir formatuoti tekstą. Teksto formatavimas – lapo, pastraipos, eilutės, simbolio apiforminimo procesas. Tekstiniame procesoriuje MS Word galimi du teksto formatavimo metodai: tiesioginis formatavimas, pažymint tekstą bei formatavimas stilių pagalba.  Kol kas mes nagrinėsime pirmąjį metodą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinis ir mažiausias teksto elementas – tai simbolis. Simbolių seka sudaro tekstą. Simbolis turi šiuos parametrus: 1. šrifto tipą, 2. dydį, 3. spalvą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-05 08:57:54',62,'','2010-08-05 09:12:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-05 08:57:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,125,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1159,'Informatika ir informacija 2','informatika-ir-informacija-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacija. Informacija – tai mokslinės, visuomeninės, politinės, techninės žinios, perduodamos vienų asmenų kitiems žodžiu, raštu arba masinės informacijos priemonėmis. Informacijos įvairovė: tai ir žmonijos sukauptos žinios apie techniką, technologiją; tai ir genetikos specialistų nagrinėjama biologinė informacija; tai ir gamtoje išliekanti istorinė informacija. Žmonės, turėdami išskirtinę savybę suvokti informaciją ir mąstymu sukurti naujas žinias, sąmoningai gausina informaciją, ja naudojasi, kaupia, perduoda vieni kitiems. Informacija yra vertingiausia iš visko, kas yra sukurta žemėje. Visuomenė vystosi spartėjančiai: vis greičiau atnaujinama technika ir technologija, keičiasi sukuriamos ir suvartojamos energijos proporcijos, naudojamos vis tobulesnės ryšio, susisiekimo priemonės ir kt. Dėl to ne mažesniu tempu gausėja informacijos. Jos susikaupė tiek, kad žmonės didelę dalį gyvenimo turi paskirti vien jos priėmimui ir įsisavinimui. Mokyklos, universitetai, radijas, televizija, spauda – tai tūkstančiai galingų informacijos “fabrikų”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dvidešimtojo amžiaus viduryje naujos techninės priemonės informacijai apdoroti tapo būtinybe. 1954 metais Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose buvo sukurta pirmoji elektroninė skaičiavimo mašina ENIAC. Per kelis dešimtmečius skaičiavimo mašinos buvo tiek patobulintos, kad dabar paplitusiu terminu kompiuteris (kuris reiškia tą patį, ką ir skaičiavimo mašina) lyg stengiamasi pabrėžti, kad mašinos paskirtis - ne tik skaičiuoti. Iš tiesų šiuolaikinis kompiuteris labai pakeitė keturis svarbiausius - informacijos surinkimo, kaupimo, apdorojimo ir perdavimo – procesus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacijos surinkimas. Iš pradžių žmogus intuityviai tik savo jutimo organais įvertindavo atstumą, svorį, greitį, temperatūrą ir kt. Vėliau pradėjo naudoti paprastus prietaisus: liniuotę, svarstykles, termometrą ir pan. Mūsų amžiuje daugybė prietaisų įgalina labai tiksliai viską išmatuoti, įvertinti, gauti tokią informaciją, kuri žmogaus jutimais nepasiekiama. Žmogus priima prietaisų teikiamą informaciją, suvokia ją, nusprendžia, ką daryti, bet ne visose sistemose jis reikalingas. Sistema – tai reiškinių, daiktų, gyvūnų arba ir vienų, ir kitų sąsaja, išskirianti juos iš aplinkos kaip sąlyginai savarankišką darinį. Kompiuteris dažnai yra informacinių, techninių, ryšio sistemų dalis. Vis daugėja automatinių arba automatizuotų sistemų. Pagrindinis automatizacijos principas: daviklių gaunama informacija paverčiama signalais, kurie be žmogaus įsikišimo keičia įtaisų būklę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-05 09:16:54',62,'','2010-08-05 09:19:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-05 09:16:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,124,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1160,'Operacinės sistemos Lauruška','operacins-sistemos-lauruka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Operacinės sistemos apibrėžimas. Vartotojams suteikia patogią darbo priemonę darbui su kompiuteriu. Padidina kompiuterio panaudojimo efektyvumą racionaliai valdant jo resursus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">OS kaip kompiuterio išplėtimas. Paslepia nuo programuotojo visas aparatūros realijas ir suteikia galimybes paprastai ir patogiai dirbti su failais ir kitais įrenginiais. Atlieka pertraukimų apdorojimo, taimerių ir operatyvinės atminties valdymo operacijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\"> </p>\r\n','\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiuo požiūriu OS suteikia vartotojui tam tikro išplėsto arba virtualaus kompiuterio įvaizdį, kurį lengviau programuoti ir su kuriuo lengviau dirbti nei betarpiškai su aparatūra, sudarančia realų kompiuterį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">OS kaip resursų valdymo sistema. Pagal antrąjį požiūrį OS funkcijos yra procesorių, atminčių, įrenginių ir duo-menų paskirstymas tarp procesų, kon-kuruojančių dėl šių resursų. OS turi valdyti visus kompiuterinės sis-temos resursus taip, kad užtikrintų mak-simalų jos funkcionavimo efektyvumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-05 09:19:47',62,'','2010-08-05 09:36:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-05 09:19:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',2,0,123,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1161,'2 paskaita','2-paskaita','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorija: pradedant darbą Word 9x programoje atsidaromas naujas dokumento langas, komandos File/New arba standartinės formatavimo juostos (prisiminkite praėjusią paskaitą) pirmojo mygtuko pagalba. Tačiau prieš suvedant tekstą, patogiau būtų nustatyti lapo parametrus. Ruošiant dokumentą nereikia užmiršti apie galimybę jį atspausdinti ant popieriaus. Lietuvoje yra priimtas A4 formato popieriaus lapo standartas, kur horizontalus lapo kraštas užima 297 mm., o vertikalus – 210 mm. (JAV – Letter formatas (297, 4x215,9mm)). Lapo išmatavimams nustatyti reikia pasinaudoti meniu komanda File/Page setup.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visų paraščių parametrus taip pat galima nustatyti dokumento šone ir viršuje esančios liniuotės pagalba (prisiminkite paskaitą1). Čia neryškūs liniuotės plotai kraštuose nurodo paraščių dydį, o ryškus – tekstui skirto ploto parametrus. Kad pakeisti, pavyzdžiui, kairiosios paraštės matmenis, reikia pelės žymeklį pritraukti prie šviesiąją ir tamsiąją liniuotės dalis skiriančios linijos, kol pelės žymeklis netaps juoda, į abu kraštus nueinančia rodykle. Tuomet belieka paspausti kairįjį pelės klavišą ir stumdant pelytę keisti paraštės dydį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vienpusis spausdinimas dažnai atliekamas apiforminant pranešimus, referatus, disertacijas ir t.t. Dvipusis spausdinimas gi vykdomas ruošiant leidybai žurnalus ar knygas. Norint nustatyti dvipusi spausdinimą reikia, pasinaudojus komanda File/Page Setup/Margins, pažymėti punktą Mirror Margins. Kartais patogiau, kad lapas būtų ne vertikalioje, bet horizontalioje padėtyje. Tam reikia pažymėti punktą Landscape dialogo lange File/ Page Setup/Paper Size.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-05 09:37:38',62,'','2010-08-05 09:40:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-05 09:37:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,122,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1162,'Duomenų struktūros ir algoritmai','duomen-struktros-ir-algoritmai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mokomosios priemonės tikslas - supažindinti su duomenų struktūrų ir algoritmų teorija ir praktika. Duomenų struktūros ir algoritmai - tai sritis, formalizuojanti platų spektrą svarbių ir vis labiau plintančių procedūrų, kompiuteriu sprendžiant simbolinių skaičiavimų, inžinerijos, kompiuterinės grafikos, duomenų bazių, telekomunikacijų ir kitų sričių uždavinius. Ji jungia įvairius matematinės logikos, kombinatorikos, diskrečiosios matematikos, programavimo, kompiuterinės technikos konstravimo, geometrijos ir algebros metodus. Sukauptų rezultatų gausa ir kokybė jau apie 20 metų išskiria ją kaip atskirą mokslo tyrimų discipliną ir trumpai apibrėžia kaip duomenų dėstymo kompiuterio atmintyje metodų visumą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Taikymuose algoritmai remiasi sudėtingais duomenų organizavimo ir manipuliavimo metodais. Šie metodai kartu su duomenų aibėmis vadinami duomenų struktūromis ir yra vieni iš pagrindinių informatikos objektų. Jie neatskiriami nuo algoritmų (kaip veiksmų). Tačiau ryšis tarp jų nevienareikšmis. Kartais paprasti algoritmai gali naudoti sudėtingas duomenų struktūras, o sudėtingi - paprastas. Vienas iš pagrindinių ypatumų, apibrėžiančių algoritmų veiksmingumą, yra juose naudojamos duomenų struktūros. Šioje mokomojoje priemonėje pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas duomenų struktūroms (kaip veiksmų sudėtinei daliai) ir nagrinėjami su tuo susiję algoritmai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Algoritmai ir duomenų struktūros yra neatsiejami nuo taikymų. Duomenys taikymuose įgyja turinį ir formą (t.y. sintaksę ir semantiką). Tai daro įtaką operacijoms su duomenimis ir kaip pasekmei - jų kompiuterinei realizacijai. Tas pats algoritmas skirtingiems duomenims gali būti visiškai skirtingai realizuotas. Kokia realizacija kokiems duomenims yra efektyvi - tai irgi vienas iš pagrindinių duomenų struktūrų tyrimo objektų. Papildomas darbo su duomenų struktūromis aspektas, galima sakyti \"visuomeninis\" - nors ir paprastas algoritmas, bet turintis sudėtingą programinę realizaciją, gali būti daugelio klaidų šaltinis. Todėl reikia nagrinėti ir patikimus duomenų struktūrų programavimo būdus. Visi šie aspektai tik pabrėžia duomenų struktūrų teorijos ir praktikos svarbą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-05 09:41:01',62,'','2010-08-05 09:46:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-05 09:41:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,121,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1163,'Duomenų bazės ir informacinės sistemos S. Gudas','duomen-bazs-ir-informacins-sistemos-s-gudas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ORGANIZACIJŲ INFORMACIJOS SISTEMOS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Organizacijos informacijos sistema surenka, apdoroja, saugo, analizuoja ir paskirsto informaciją, turinčią konkrečią paskirtį organizacijos veikloje. Informacijos sistemos veikia tam tikroje aplinkoje: organizacinėje aplinkoje ir technologinėje aplinkoje. Paprastai organizacijos informacijos sistema (darbų su informacija ir priemonių visuma) yra dalinai kompiuterizuota (1 pav.), skirstoma į nekompiuterizuotą dalį ir kompiuterizuotą dalį. Glaustumo dėlei sąvoką “kompiuterizuota informacijos sistema” toliau pakeisime terminu “informacijos sistema”, kadangi nekompiuterizuotų darbų su informacija nenagrinėsime. Informacijos sistemos apdoroja įeigą (duomenis) ir suformuoja išeigą (ataskaitas, suvestines), kuria naudojasi vartotojas arba kita informacijos sistema...</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">INFORMACIJOS SISTEMŲ SĄSAJOS SU MOKSLO SRITIMIS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacijos sistemų kūrimas ir funkcionavimas siejasi su kitomis mokslo sritimis: techniniais mokslais ir mokslais, tiriančiais sistemų elgseną. Informacijos sistemoms turi įtakos šie techniniai mokslai: informatika, operacijų tyrimas, vadybos mokslas. Informatika – tai skaičiavimo metodai ir priemonės, duomenų saugojimo ir paieškos metodai ir priemonės. Vadybos mokslas teikia sprendimų priėmimo metodus ir praktinę vadybos patirtį. Operacijų tyrimas nagrinėja matematinius organizacijos veiklos procesų optimizavimo metodus, skirtus atsargų valdymui, gamybos planavimui, gaminių ir žaliavų transportavimui ir kitoms veiklos funkcijoms kompiuterizuoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sistemų elgseną tiriantys mokslai (ekonomika, sociologija, psichologija) įtakoja IS kūrimo metodus ir IS eksploatavimo (palaikymo) procesus. Šių veiklos sričių (elgsenos) modelių kompiuterizavimas grindžiamas techninio požiūrio modeliais, metodais ir priemonėmis. Svarbiausi veiklos kompiuterizavimo siekiai yra integruoti organizacijų veiklą, kompiuterizuoti strateginių problemų sprendimą, vadybos procesus ir gamybos valdymo procesus, naudojant kompiuterizuotas IS inžinerijos priemones.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-05 10:16:30',62,'','2010-08-05 10:21:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-05 10:16:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,120,'','',0,36,'robots=\nauthor='),(1164,'Unix OS','unix-os','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Trumpa UNIX istorija</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1965 – Bell Laboratories, MIT ir General Electric susitaria kurti naują operacinę sistemą, Multics, turinčią šias savybes: daugia-vartotojiškumą, daugia-procesoriškumą, hierarchinę failų sistemą ir kitas savybes. 1969 – AТ&amp;T netenkina kūrimo progresas ir ji palieka projektą. Keli Bell Labs programuotojai – Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Rudd Canaday ir Doug McIlroy suprojektuoja ir sukuria pirmąją UNIX failų sistemos versiją PDP-7 mašinai. Brian Kernighan ją pavadina UNIX. 1970, Sausio 1 – UNIX pradžia (time zero). 1971 – Sistema dirba PDP-11 mašinoje, kur 16K užėmė sistema, 8K skirti vartotojo programoms; disko dydis – 512K, o maksimalus failo dydis galėjo siekti 64K.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1973 – UNIX sistema perrašoma C kalba. Tai tuo metu nauja kalba, kurią sukūrė Dennis Ritchie. Ji evoliucionavo iš Tomson sukurtos B kalbos, kuri, savo ruožtu, buvo FORTRAN kompiliatoriaus tobulinimo paseka. C kalba žymiai palengvino sistemos adaptavimą naujoms mašinoms. 1974 – Ritchie ir Thompson parašo straipsnį “Communications of the ACM” žurnale, kuriame aprašo naują OS – UNIX. Tai sukelia akademinės visuomenės entuziazmą, kuri mato UNIX esant gera mokymosi priemone. AT&amp;T buvo supančiotas sutartimis ir negalėjo pardavinėti naujo produkto, todėl universitetams, mokymosi tikslams, suteikė nemokamas licenzijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sistemos redakcijos</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1970-ųjų pabaigoje AT&amp;T sukūrė UNIX Support Group (USG, vėliau UNIX System Laboratories, USL), kuri turėjo paruošti UNIX komercijai. Bell Labs ir USG toliau vystė sistemą, tačiau jų nuomonės išsiskyrė. USL išleido labai populiarias System III ir System V UNIX versijas. Kiekvienai sistemos versijai buvo rašomi programuotojo vadovai, jų vis naujos redakcijos (edition) ir nuo to prie UNIX prikibo redakcijos pavadinimas. Viso yra išleista 10 redakcijų, pirmoji 1970, o paskutinioji – 1989 metais. Pirmosios 7 sukurtos Bell Labs CRG (Computer Research Group) ir buvo skirtos PDP, o vėliau VAX kompiuteriams. System 1 (1971) – parašyta asemblerio kalba PDP-11 mašinai. Turėjo B kompiliatorių ir įvairių pagalbinių komandų, tokių kaip cat, chdir, chmod, cp ir pan. System 2 (1973) – atsirado komanda cc(1), kuri paleido C kompilatorių. System 3 (1973) – C kalba perrašytas branduolys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-05 10:21:49',62,'','2010-08-05 10:25:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-05 10:21:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,119,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1165,'Diagnostiniai eksperimentai dviems būsenoms špera','diagnostiniai-eksperimentai-dviems-bsenoms-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tegu automatas M turi n būsenų. Galimų pradinių būsenų aibė A(M) turi dvi būsenas S<sub>i0</sub> ir S<sub>j0</sub>, t.y. A(M)={S<sub>i0</sub>,S<sub>j0</sub>}. Kadangi automatas minimalus, tai būsenos S<sub>i0</sub> ir S<sub>j0</sub> yra atskiriamos. Šios būsenos yra (n-1) atskiriamos. Todėl egzistuoja (n-1) ilgio arba trumpesnė įėjimo seka, kurią padavus į automatą M/S<sub>i0</sub> ir M/S<sub>j0</sub> gausime skirtingas išėjimo sekas. Tokia seka vadinama diagnostine seka būsenoms S<sub>i0</sub> ir S<sub>j0</sub>.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmas diagnostinis sekos simbolis bus įėjimo simbolis P<sub>l-1</sub> lentelėje, kurioje eilutės S<sub>i0</sub> ir S<sub>j0</sub> turi skirtingus indeksus. Antras diagnostinės sekos simbolis bus tas ėįjimo simbolis P<sub>l-2</sub> lentelėje, kurioje būsenos S’<sub>i0</sub> ir S’<sub>j0</sub> turi skirtingus indeksus. Būsenos S’<sub>i0</sub> ir S’<sub>j0</sub> yra būsenos, į kurias P<sub>l-1</sub> lentelėje pereina S<sub>i0</sub> ir S<sub>j0</sub>, veikiant šias būsenas atskiriamuoju įėjimo simboliu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-05 10:26:16',62,'','2010-08-05 10:37:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-05 10:26:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,118,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1166,'Informacinių sistemų laboratorinis darbas 2','informacini-sistem-laboratorinis-darbas-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Probleminė sritis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ruošiamas Lietuvos 1 : 10 000 žemėlapis. Jis bus sudarytas iš lapų, kurių kraštinės 50 cm. Kiekviename lape matoma 5 km<sup>2</sup>.  Daromos aerofotonuotraukos. Jos tarpusavyje persidengia. Aerofotonuotraukos skanuojamos ir nuskanuoti vaizdai surašomi į magnetines juostas saugojimui. Reikalinga duomenų bazė saugoti šiems duomenims. Turi būti paruošta forma ataskaitai (Raport), kurioje būtų norimo lapo lapo padengimo schema ir aeronuotraukų sąrašas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-05 10:37:41',62,'','2010-08-05 10:41:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-05 10:37:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,117,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1167,'Linux. Kas tai?','linux-kas-tai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prieš aštuonerius su puse metų Helsinkio universiteto studentas Linusas Torvaldsas pradėjo rašyti operacinę sistemą, dabar plačiai žinomą \"Linux\" vardu. Tuo metu tarp studentų buvo gana plačiai paplitusi viena iš UNIX OS atšakų - \"Minix\". Ši OS buvo platinama kartu su jos išeities tekstais už studentui prieinamą kainą. Tačiau \"Minix\" OS progreso beveik nebuvo, nes pagal licenciją pašaliniai asmenys galėjo modifikuoti \"Minix\" išeities tekstus, tačiau publikuoti tuos pakeitimus buvo draudžiama. Patys \"Minix\" autoriai retai tobulino savo OS. Tai buvo viena pagrindinių priežasčių, kodėl Linusas Torvaldsas nusprendė rašyti laisvai platinamą operacinę sistemą. Operacinės sistemos rašymas Linusui turėjo padėti pramokti mikroprocesorius bei jų valdymą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasirodžius pačioms pirmosioms \"Linux\" branduolio versijoms, ši UNIX pakraipos OS iš karto pritraukė daugybę žmonių. Linusas sulaukė įvairios pagalbos: ir kritikos, ir įvairių branduolio pataisymų, ir pasiūlymų į branduolį įtraukti naujas technologijas. Tokia gausi ir aktyvi pagalba greitai iškėlė ir prigretino \"Linux\" prie \"Solaris\", AIX, \"HP-UX\", \"Windows\" ir kitų OS. Net ir dabar, jau senokai baigęs universitetą, Linusas Torvaldsas yra atsakingas už \"Linux\" branduolį. Jis tikrina beveik visus atsiunčiamus pakeitimus, juos įtraukia arba atmeta, konsultuoja norinčiuosius prisijungti prie \"Linux\" branduolio tobulinimo. Dabar \"Linux\" yra moderni OS, kurią galima įdiegti ne tik \"Intel i386\" architektūros kompiuterius, bet ir į \"PowerPC\", \"Apple Macintosh\", \"Alpha\", \"Sparc64\", \"Merced\" ir kitus. Šis sąrašas dar tikrai plėsis - kompiuterių pasaulis plečiasi, nestovi vietoje ir \"Linux\".</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kas yra paketas (distribution)?<br />Verta pastebėti, kad \"Linux\" iš tiesų yra tik operacinės sistemos branduolys, atliekantis svarbiausias OS funkcijas: kompiuterio resursų paskirstymas, aparatūrinės įrangos valdymas, saugumo užtikrinimas ir pan. Egzistuoja \"Linux\" (OS branduolio) ir įvairios programinės įrangos rinkiniai, kurie vadinami paketais. Tačiau paprastai žmonės, sakydami žodį \"Linux\", turi galvoje ne OS branduolį, o kurį nors paketą. Šių \"Linux\" branduolio ir programinės įrangos rinkinių yra tikrai nemažai, todėl daugeliui gali kilti klausimas: \"Kam reikia tiek daug paketų?\". Atsakymas paprastas: kompiuterių pasaulis yra įvairialypis ir jame egzistuoja tokia gausybė uždavinių bei problemų, kad vieno universalaus paketo, tinkamo visiems gyvenimo atvejams, sudaryti beveik neįmanoma.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Juk kompiuteriams, kurie skirti įvairiems moksliniams skaičiavimams, paprastai nereikia programinės įrangos, skirtos muzikai kurti, o prie tarnybinės stoties paprastai nesėdi sekretorė ir netvarko dokumentų. Paketai skiriasi ir programinės įrangos įdiegimo bei priežiūros metodais. Vieni paketai yra paprasti vartoti (userfriendly), juose stengiamasi kuo labiau supaprastinti OS bei programinės įrangos įdiegimą ar priežiūrą. Kituose paketuose šie veiksmai yra sudėtingesni, tačiau vartotojas turi daugiau laisvės ir galimybių prižiūrėti OS.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-05 10:42:17',62,'','2010-08-05 10:44:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-05 10:42:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,116,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1168,'Tekstinis redaktorius. Teksto tvarkymas','tekstinis-redaktorius-teksto-tvarkymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šriftai. (Komanda Format,Font) Edas. a) Įvesti 2 skirtingo šrifto teksto fragmentus. Kiekvienoje teksto eilutėje keisti sekančius šrifto parametrus: Font, Font Style, Size, Color.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pastraipos. (Komanda Format,Paragraph). a) Įvesti 4 skirtingai sutvarkytas pastraipas. Komanda Format, Paragraph, Indents and Spacing. Režimai: Alignment (Left, Rigth, Centered, Justified, Spacing(Before, After, Line Spacing). Šrifto aukštis Size: 8 pt.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-05 10:44:54',62,'','2010-08-05 10:47:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-05 10:44:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,115,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1169,'Programavimas Unix OS','programavimas-unix-os','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Apie šį kursą</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šis kursas skirtas kompiuterių mokslo trečio – ketvirto kursų studentams. Reikalingas programavimo principų supratimas bei C programavimo kalbos bei standartinės bibliotekos žinojimas. Pageidautina pažintis su Unix vartotojo aplinka. Išklausęs šį kursą, studentas turėtų mokėti naudotis Unix programuotojo aplinkos įrankiais bei sugebėti rašyti programas panaudojančias Unix sistemų procesų valdymo, gijų, tinklo bei tarpprocesinio bendravimo paslaugas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Istorija</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Parengiant šį skyrių buvo remtasi [HHU], [BSD], bei [TAOUP]. Unix raida prasid˙ejo 1969 metais AT&amp;T Bell Labs, kai Ken Thompson ant jau atgyvenusios PDP-7 mašinos asembleriu pradėjo kurti operacinę sistemą, besiremdamas Multics projekto patirtimi ir bandydamas apjungti sėkmingus sprendimus iš kitų operacinių sistemų. 1972–1974 metais Thompson kartu su Dennis Ritchie perrašė Unix’a˛ C kalba. Nuo to laiko prasidėjo šito garsaus dueto (t.y Unix ir C, o ne Thompsono ir Ritchie) pasaulio<br />užkariavimas. Unix perrašymas C kalba buvo revoliucinis žingsnis. Unix buvo kaipmat perkelta į keletą kitų architektūrų, o tai atvėrė naujas galimybes: vienoda aplinka besikeičiant aparatūrai. Iki tol praktiškai su kiekvienu aparatūros atnaujinimu vartotojai gaudavo ir visiškai naują aplinką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-05 10:49:34',62,'','2010-08-05 10:59:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-05 10:49:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,114,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1170,'Sudėtinių skaičių radimas intervale Pascal programa','sudtini-skaii-radimas-intervale-pascal-programa','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-05 11:00:23',62,'','2010-08-05 11:02:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-05 11:00:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,113,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1171,'Kas yra internetas?','kas-yra-internetas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Internetas –„tinklų tinklas“</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Internetas paprastai apibrėžiamas kaip tarptautinis (visuotinis arba pasaulinis) kompiuterių tinklas. Stambios organizacijos (aukštosios mokyklos, finansų institucijos, verslo bendrovės, vyriausybinės institucijos) turi tokius vietinius kompiuterių tinklus, t. y., kompiuterių sistemas, paprastai sudarytas iš dešimčių ar šimtų kompiuterių, sujungtų specialiais kabeliais taip, kad jie galėtų naudotis vienas kito ar bendrais ištekliais, pavyzdžiui: bylomis, spausdintuvais ir pan.  Į tokius vietinius [lokaliuosius] tinklus, jungiami kompiuteriai, esantys nuo kelių metrų iki kelių kilometrų atstumu vienas nuo kito. Vienas tų kompiuterių, atliekantis tarnybinės stoties (angl. server) funkcijas, paprastai yra didesnės talpos, spartos, galios ir kt. Jos (o per ją kitų kompiuterių) ištekliais, pagal tinklo administratoriaus nustatytas taisykles naudojasi visi kiti tinklo vartotojai. Tokia tarnybinė stotis telefono linijomis, optiniais kabeliais ar per palydovinį ryšį jungiama su kitų tinklo tarnybinių stočių, šių tarnybinių stočių tinklo tarnybinė stotis su kitų tarnybinių stočių tinklų tarnybinėmis stotimis ir t. t. – taip kuriamas tarptautinis kompiuterių tinklas, angliškai – internet (rašomas mažąja raide).  Internetas (rašomas didžiąja raide) – tai pats didžiausias pasaulinis (angl. global) tinklas, jungiantis keliasdešimt tūkstančių kompiuterių tinklų visame pasaulyje. Internetas – tai milžiniška informacijos saugykla; milijonai prie jo prijungtų kompiuterių kimšte prikimšti programų, dokumentų, knygų, piešinių ir kitokios informacijos, kuri specialių technologijų dėka yra lengvai pasiekiama bet kuriam vartotojui. Pastaruoju metu literatūroje šios dvi interneto sąvokos dažniausiai nebeskiriamos ir vartojamos sinonimiškai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Interneto vartotojai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Internetas buvo sukurtas Amerikos karo pramonės – siekta kabeliu duomenis perduoti iš karto į keletą kompiuterių. Vėliau prie šio pirmojo karinio tinklo jungėsi pirmiausia akademinės institucijos. Tada internetas buvo naudojamas daugiausia mokslo ir švietimo sferoje. Šiandien internetu naudotis gali visi. Kadangi eiliniam vartotojui organizacijų tinklai paprastai nepasiekiami, jam tenka bendrauti su vadinamaisiais interneto paslaugų teikėjais – tarpininkais, kurie patys turėdami ryšį su internetu, už tam tikrą mokestį suteikia jį kitiems. Sėdėdamas prie kompiuterio savo namuose, vartotojas per specialų įtaisą (modemą) susiskambina (jei tik turi telefoną) su interneto paslaugas teikiančia firma, kuri jį ir sujungia su internetu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Duomenų kodavimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bet kokie duomenys tiek pačiame kompiuteryje, tiek siunčiant juos iš vieno kompiuterio į kitą kompiuterių tinkle, paverčiami dvejetainiais skaičiais. Tam naudojami įvairūs kodavimo standartai. Ilgą laiką buvo naudojamas vadinamasis ASCII kodavimo standartas, kuriame vienam simboliui koduoti skiriamas vienas baitas, susidedantis iš 8 bitų (dvejetainių skilčių). Kiekvienas simbolis (lotyniškos abėcėlės raidė, skyrybos ženklas ir kt.) ASCII kodavimo lentelėje turi savo eilės numerį. Pvz., A (didžioji) yra Nr. 65, o dvejetaine forma 01000010, kur vienas dvejetainis skaitmuo – vienetas ar nulis – yra mažiausias informacijos vienetas, bitas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vienu baitu galima užkoduoti tik 256 simbolius. Tokio skaičiaus užtenka tik kelių kalbų raidynams koduoti. Todėl kitų kalbų (tarp jų ir lietuvių) kodavimui naudojamos skirtingos lentelės. Tai sukelia simbolių interpretavimo problemų, kai informacijos gavėjas ir siuntėjas remiasi skirtingomis kodų lentelėmis (plg. 2.6.8. skirsnį). Šią problemą išsprendė dviejų baitų kodo, vadinamo Unicode, atsiradimas. Dviem baitais galima užkoduoti 65 536 skirtingų simbolių, o to užtenka daugelio internete naudojamų kalbų simboliams koduoti. Informacija perduodama elektriniais signalais, t. y., kiekvienam bitui skirtas tam tikras laiko tarpas, per kurį signalas yra (vienetas) arba jo nėra (nulis). Tokiu būdu perduodama ne tik tekstinė informacija (kaip buvo interneto susikūrimo pradžioje) bet ir grafinė, muzikinė ir kt.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-05 11:02:32',62,'','2010-08-05 11:06:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-05 11:02:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,112,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1172,'Kompiuterio sandara','kompiuterio-sandara','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogus ir kompiuteris</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogus, kūręs kompiuterį, padarė jį panašų į save. Kompiuterį galima suskaidyti į tris atskiras dalis, pagal paskirtį primenančias žmogų: 1. įvesties - išvesties įrenginius (panašius į žmogaus akis, ausis, nosį, burną, rankas, kojas...); 2. sisteminį bloką (panašų į smegenis); 3. išorinę atmintį (panašią į žmogaus dienoraštį, užrašus, knygas...). Įvesties įrenginiais, dažniausiai klaviatūra ir pele, informacija perduodama sisteminiam blokui, o išvesties įrenginiais - displėjumi, spausdintuvu - ji išvedama. Sisteminį bloką sudaro vidinė atmintis ir centrinis procesorius. Centrinis procesorius apdoroja informaciją, saugomą vidinėje atmintyje. Išorinės atminties įrenginiai, dažniausiai diskeliai naudojami informacijai saugoti ilgą laiką. Struktūrinė kompiuterių schema nepriklauso nuo jų tipo, dydžio, kainos ar modernumo ir visų kompiuterių yra panaši. Kiekvienas kompiuteris turi bent po vieną įvesties - išvesties įrenginį bei, žinoma, sisteminį bloką. Juk ir žmonės, kad ir kokie skirtingi būtų, turi tokius pačius organus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvesties įrenginiai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prie įvesties įrenginių priskiriami šie: klaviatūra, pelė, valdymo rutulys, skaitlys, valdymo sritis, vertiklis, šviesos pieštukas, sensorinis ekranas, balso atpažinimo įrenginys ir t. t. Klaviatūra yra pagrindinis informacijos įvesties įrenginys. Pagal klavišų skaičių ji skirstoma į du tipus:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    standartinę, turinčią 92 klavišus;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    išplėstąją, turinčią 101 -102 klavišus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagal paskirtį klavišai grupuojami į: teksto rašymo; valdymo; funkcinius; papildomus skaitmeninius. Teksto rašymo klavišais rašomos raidės, skaičiai, kiti simboliai. Kadangi skiriasi įvairių šalių abėcėlės ir tradicijos, teksto rašymo klavišai klaviatūroje išdėstomi nevienodai. Angliška klaviatūra ”QWERTY”, pavadinta pagal viršutinės eilutės pirmas raides. Prancūziška klaviatūra vadinasi “AZERTY”. Lietuvoje naudojama angliška klaviatūra, o lietuviškos raidės išdėstomos skaičių klavišuose. Kiti lietuviškas raides išdėsto nenaudojamų lietuviškoje abėcėlėje raidžių klavišuose. Valdymo klavišai dažniausiai būna pilkesni negu teksto rašymo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-05 11:06:23',62,'','2010-08-05 11:21:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-05 11:06:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,111,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1173,'Servijaus Tulijaus reformos ir jų reikšmė Romai','servijaus-tulijaus-reformos-ir-j-reikm-romai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Servijus Tulijus – legendinis šeštasis Romos karalius, kilęs iš Etruskų. Jis pakeitė iš kaimyninės Etrurijos kilusį, penktąjį Romos karalių, Tarkvinijų Senajį (Priską). Pagal antikinės istoriografijos tradiciją, Tulijus valdė 576 – 532 m. pr. Kr. Jis apjuosė Romą aukšta mūro siena, kuri tesėsi nuo Kapitolijaus iki Palatino kalvos ir buvo pavadinta “Servijaus siena” (archeologų teigimu ji pastayta apie 530 - 500 m. pr .Kr.), įvedė gyventojų turto surašymo paprotį, pagal   turtą suskirstė juos į klases ir nurodė, kaip apsiginklavę turi dalyvauti kare. Darė reformas, kurios užbaigė perėjimą į valstybę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Svarbiausia buvo centurijų reforma, pakeitusi gentines tribas teritorinėmis, įtraukusi plebėjus į Romos bendruomenę, sulyginusi patricijų ir plebėjų teises.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Patricijais buvo vadinami kilmingesnieji Romos piliečiai. Jie laikomi pirmaisiais Romos gyventojais, susiskirsčiusiais į tris dideles grupes, vadinamas tribomis. Triba jungė 10 kurijų. Kurijų atstovai sudarė tautos susirinkimą, dar vadinamą kuriatinėmis komicijomis. Jos veikė šalia karaliaus ir senato, rinko iš savo narių valdininkus, nustatinėjo mokesčius ir t.t.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Plebėjais irgi laikomi laisvi piliečiai, tik jie ir jų protėviai nebuvę pirmaisiais Romos gyventojais. Tai kitų italikų bendruomenių žmonės, jėga perkelti ar savanoriškai persikėlę į Romą. Plebėjai kuriatinėse komisijose nedalyvavo, taigi neturėjo visų politinių teisių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Servijus Tulijus žinodamas apie Solono pertvarkymus Atėnuose, suskirstė Romos piliečius pagal turtą – įvedė cenzą. Centurijų reforma piliečiai (plebėjai ir patricijai) pagal turto cenzą buvo suskirstyti į 5 klases. Pirmoji klasė – turtingiausiųjų, penktoji – vargingiausiųjų. Piliečiai, neturintys turto cenzo ir nepriklausantys nė vienai šių grupių, buvo pavadinti proletarais. Karalius pertvarkė ir kariuomenę, įvedė naują valdžios instituciją. Kiekviena klasė sudarydavo tam tikrą centurijų (šimtinių) skaičių kariuomenėje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">O naujajame tautos susirinkime – centurinėse komisijose – klasė turėdavo tiek balsų, kiek sudarydavo centurijų. Pirmoji, visų turtingiausiųjų, klasė turėjo daugiau balsų nei visos kitos drauge.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors tradicinis dalijimas į plebėjus ir patricijus dar išliko, tačiau didesnę reikšmę įgijo Romos piliečių turtas. Dabar turtingi žmonės, o tarp jų galėjo būti ir plebėjų, sprendė svarbiausius valstybės klausimus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kuriatinės komisijos buvo nustumtos į antrą vietą.Po Servijaus Tulijaus reformos didžiausią valstybės valdymo galią įgijo turtingieji.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visiškai plebėjų ir patricijų Servijus Tulijus nesulygino, bet jo sukurta valstybės organizacija nuvertus karalius gyvavo ilgus šimtmečius. Su juo baigėsi ir “gerų” karalių laikai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-08 15:41:05',62,'','2010-08-08 15:49:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-08 15:41:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,178,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(1174,'Lietuvos tarptautinis pripažinimas','lietuvos-tarptautinis-pripainimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1990 m. kovo 11 d. parlamentas paskelbė Lietuvos nepriklausomybę. Tačiau vien akto neužtenka tam, kad valstybė taptų suvereni. Ją turi pripažinti kitos valstybės. Teisinis besikuriančios valstybės pripažinimas - tai pirmiausia valstybių - tarptautinės bendrijos senbuvių patvirtinimas, kad pripažįstamos valstybės valdžia yra realiai nepriklausoma nuo jokios kitos valdžios tiek tvarkydama vidaus, tiek ir užsienio reikalus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos padėtis Sovietinės imperijos žlugimo išvakarėse buvo nepaprastai komplikuota.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasiskelbusi savo nepriklausomybę prieš Kremliaus valią, Lietuva netapo nei suverenia, nei nepriklausoma. Tačiau Lietuvos vyriausybė iš pat pradžių siekė perimti visišką šalies valdymą. Vakarų valstybės, nors ir tvirtai laikėsi Lietuvos aneksijos nepripažinimo politikos, tačiau kartu jos skaitėsi ir su ta realija, kad nuo 1940 m. Lietuvą valdė SSRS valdžia. Pastaroji iki paskutinių SSRS dienų siekė išlaikyti respublikas savo pavaldume. Nors Lietuva aktyviai siekė visiško atsiskyrimo nuo SSRS ir pripažinimo jos nepriklausoma valstybe, tačiau beveik visos užsienio valstybės, nenorėdamos konfliktuoti su SSRS, aiškiai vengė tai daryti. Vienintelės mažos Islandijos drąsus žingsnis šia linkme didelės politinės reikšmės neturėjo. Jos pasekėjų Lietuva ilgai nesulaukė. Nestokojo tik iš užsienio gaunamų pranešimų apie įvairių šalių vyriausybių ketinimus, linkėjimų sėkmės nepriklausomybės siekiuose. Būta ir pranešimų, kad toms valstybėms, kurios nepripažįsta Baltijos šalių aneksijos, tebegalioja ankstesni Lietuvos pripažinimo aktai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau šios valstybės neparėmė savo žodinių pripažinimų konkrečiais veiksmais: nesteigė Vilniuje savo diplomatinių atstovybių, neakreditavo Lietuvoje ambasadorių. O kai kurių valstybių atstovai atvirai reiškė savo nenorą oficialiai pripažinti Baltijos šalis tol, kol nebus diplomatiniams ryšiams užmegzti reikiamų sąlygų. Pavyzdžiui, Danijos UR ministras pareiškė: “Galėtume su Baltijos valstybėmis pasikeisti ambasadoriais, bet šiuo metu SSRS vis dar dislokavusi savo karines pajėgas, ir tai būtų tik tuščiaviduris demonstratyvus aktas: tarkime, Maskva neleidžia atvykti ambasadoriui…” JAV sakė: “Mes negalime pripažinti Lietuvos, nes jos teritoriją vis dar kontroliuoja SSRS armija ir milicija.”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kardinolas V.Sladkevičius kreipėsi į Šventąjį Tėvą, prašydamas Vatikano ir Lietuvos diplomatinių santykių atkūrimo. Bet, deja, šis prašymas liko tik šauksmu tyruose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi Lietuvos padėtis vis labiau komplikavosi. Užsienio valstybės aiškiai rodė savo nenorą spręsti Lietuvos pripažinimo tol, kol nebus Maskvos pritarimo. Tuo tarpu SSRS valdžia ir toliau demonstravo savo galią - terorizavo bei žudė Lietuvos gyventojus, neteisėtai užiminėjo įvairios paskirties pastatus, grobstė turtą, gaudė ir prievarta siuntė kareivius tarnauti sovietinėje kariuomenėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rugpjūčio 19 - 21 d. pučo Maskvoje žlugimas iš esmės pakeitė politinę padėtį Sovietų Sąjungoje, Europoje ir net visame pasaulyje. Pučistų kėslai ir susidariusios naujos aplinkybės privertė pernelyg atsargius ir pragmatiškus Vakarų politikus skubiai keisti ankstesnes nuostatas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Demokratinių jėgų pergalė atvėrė visoms trims Baltijos šalims naujas perspektyvas kelyje į nepriklausomybę. SSRS valdžia neteko savo galios. Ji perėjo į B. Jelcino vadovaujamos vyriausybės rankas. O šis savo sutartimis, sudarytomis dar iki pučo, pripažino ir įsipareigojo gerbti Baltijos šalių suverenitetą. Taigi palankiai susiklosčiusių aplinkybių dėka visos trys Baltijos šalys tapo realiai suvereniomis valstybėmis. Šio fakto tarptautinio konstatavimo eiga jau priklausė ne nuo kieno nors gerų norų, o nuo gyvenimo tikrovės. Taigi pasaulio valstybių bendrijai neliko nieko kito, kaip pripažinti Lietuvą. Moralinė priedermė vertė jas padaryti tai neatidėliojant. Todėl pasipylė pripažinimo aktai su pageidavimais greičiau užmegzti diplomatinius santykius. Per dieną kartais ateidavo iki 10 pripažinimų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Faktiškai per mėnesį Lietuvą pripažino 88 valstybės, tame tarpe Latvija, Danija, Norvegija, Vengrija, Prancūzija, Argentina, Kanada, Austrija, Bulgarija, Lenkija, JAV, SSRS ir daug kitų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuva, kaip ir Latvija bei Estija buvo pripažinta kelių tarptautinių organizacijų: Europos Ekonominės bendrijos, Šiaurės Tarybos, JTO, UNESCO ir kitų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1991 m. rugsėjo 17 d. Lietuva buvo priimta į JTO.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Su Lietuva buvo užmegzti diplomatiniai satykiai, pradėtos steigti ambasados. Pirmosios diplomatinius santykius užmezgė šios valstybės: Islandija, VFR, Norvegija, Švedija, Suomija, Italija, Airija, Vengrija, Jungtinė Karalystė.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-08 15:51:06',62,'','2010-08-08 15:57:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-08 15:51:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,177,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1175,'Moters padėtis senovės Graikijoje','moters-padtis-senovs-graikijoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Senovės Graikijos kultūroje ir filosofijoje galima įžvelgti daugelį  šiuolaikinės lyčių skirtumo bei tarpusavio ryšių sampratos šaltinių. Nors senovės graikų mene, mitologijoje ir literatūroje akivaizdi simbolinė moteriškumo galia, graikų polis buvo vienas iš reikšmingiausių moterų socialinio pavergimo precedentų. Moteris negalėjo tapti polio piliete. Mitologija bei filosofija puikiai atspindi patriarchalinių vertybių dominavimą senovės graikų kultūroje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lyties prasmės klausimas senas kaip ir pati filosofija, o gal net dar senesnis. Jeigu grįžtume prie mitologinių sistemų bei religijų, egzistavusių iki Vakarų filosofijos, pamatytume, kad lytis buvo visų jų pagrindinis organizuojantysis principas. Visose senovės mitologijose – ar tai būtų Graikijos, senosios Europos ar Azijos – patys svarbiausi žmogaus egzistencijos klausimai formuluojami per lyčių skirtumus ir per juos išreiškiančius simbolius. Gyvenimas ir mirtis, šventumas, bendruomenė ir civilizacija suprantama kaip akivaizdžiai sulygintos kategorijos. Senovinėse matricinėse mitologijose motina simbolizuoja gyvenimo galią; kuriantis hierarchiškai organizuotoms visuomenėms, dievai vis labiau remia patriarchalinę valdžią, o patriarchališkumas padeda atstovauti tamsai, nepažinimui ir grėsmei. Pradžios mitą, kurį pasakoja Herodotas, iš dalies galima interpretuoti ir kaip moteriškumo pažeminimo ir pavergimo mitą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip ir daugelyje kitų mitologijų, graikų mituose visatos atsiradimas siejamas su moteriška dievybe – Gaja (Žeme). Pasaulis ir dievai atsiranda iš chaoso, o valdovo valdžia atitenka Gajos anūkui Dzeusui, vyriausiajam Olimpo dievui. M. Gimbutienės žodžiais tariant, pereinant iš matricinės į patriarchato kultūrą, pirmiausia pasikeičia valdžia – ima dominuoti vyriška dievybė. Šią mintį galima pagrįsti taip pat ir tuo, jog Dzeusas kietai paima į nagą savo žmoną Herą, kuri jam prieštaravo ir ginčijosi su juo dievų taryboje: „Ji atsimena, kaip ją sukaustė auksinėmis grandinėmis, pakabino tarp žemės ir dangaus, pririšęs prie jos kojų du sunkius priekalus, ir išplakė rykštėmis“. Pirmųjų žmonių sukūrimas taip pat pasakojimas apie vyro pranašumą prieš moterį, nes pirmoji moteris Pandora buvo dievų sukurta nubausti Prometėjui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Būtent šioje antikos kultūroje galima rasti daugelį vyriškumo bei moteriškumo archetipų, kuriais remdamiesi lytį suprantame šiandien. Dzeusas simbolizuoja galingą autoritarinį valdovą, o deivės Atėnė ir Artemidė bei amazonės įkūnija tiek pat įtikinamą moterų išminties ir jėgos modelį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Moteris buvo įsivaizduojama kaip netobulas vyras; moteris neegzistavo kaip savarankiška būtybė, o vien kaip žmogiškosios būtybės, kurios modelis buvo vyras, variantas. Ir Aristotelis, kurdamas savo biologines teorijas, ir II a. pr. Kr. gyvenęs anatomas Galenas išpažino šį vienos lyties modelį, pasak kurio „moteris yra tuščia kategorija“. Tik atrodo, kad žmogus turi „lytį“, kadangi pačią kategoriją apibrėžia toks socialinių santykių aspektas, kuris nurodo lyčių skirtumą, o matas visada buvo vyras. Remiantis šiuo lyčių skirtumo modeliu, į moters lyties organus buvo žiūrima tik kaip į vyriškųjų priešingybes ir buvo visiškai neigiamas visoks įmanomas jų savitumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Geriausiai tai, jog senovės Graikijoje susiformavusi žemesnė moterų padėtis buvo institucionalizuota, įrodo jų padėtis polyje. Formuojantis ankstyvosioms politinėms visuomenėms, moterims niekur nebuvo suteiktos  pilietinės teisės ir apskritai jos teisių turėjo ne ką daugiau nei vergai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Moterų nuosavybės teisės įvairiuose Graikijos miestuose – valstybėse buvo skirtingos. Antai Kretoje moteris pati viena galėjo valdyti savo nuosavybę, o Atėnuose nuosavybė priklausė tik vyrams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bet niekur ji neturėjo tiesės apsispręsti savo santuokos klausimu – sprendimą priimdavo jos tėvas. Ištekėjusios moters gyvenimas buvo griežtai įspraustas į privačią namų sritį. Pasak Allen, Sokrato „Oecomenicus“ dialoge filosofas Ischomachas pirmąsyk teoriškai gynė vyrų ir moterų veiklos skyrimą į viešąją ir privačiąją sritis. Sokratas plėtojo teoriją, jog abi lytys turi viena kitą papildyti tvarkydamos savo bendrą turtą. Kita vertus, Ischomachas pradeda brėžti griežtą ribą tarp privačiosios ir viešosios veiklos sričių: moterų ir vyrų veiklų atskyrimas esąs nustatytas dievų ir pagrįstas skirtingomis jų kūno galiomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi jis įrodinėja, kad tai, ką dabar vadiname „darbo pasidalijimu tarp lyčių“, buvo nustatyta dievų ir todėl nuosekliai įtraukta į įstatymus. Mat vyro dorybė yra valdyti, o moters dorybė – paklusti.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-08 16:09:15',62,'','2010-08-08 16:15:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-08 16:09:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,176,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(1176,'Blaivybės sąjūdis','blaivybs-sjdis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XIX amžiaus vidurio pokyčiai Lietuvos visuomenės gyvenime dažnai vadinami atgimimu. Lietuvių atgimimo pradinio etapo kūrėjai daugiausia buvo kilę iš neturtingų Vakarų Lietuvos, – Žemaitijos bajorų ir pasiturinčių valstiečių, kurie ir sudarė šio proceso branduolį. Svarbiausiu atgimimo herojumi tapo asmenybė, o jos esminis gyvenimo orientyras buvo savo tautinių šaknų paieška, bandymas civilizuoti “paprastus kaimo gyventojus, kad jie suprastų savo vertę ir tai, jog yra lietuvių tautos dalis. Nors atgimimo procese nesusiformavo ėjimo į liaudį” programa, tačiau Žemaitijoje iškilusio vyskupo Motiejaus Valančiaus dėka su Katalikų Bažnyčia susijusi inteligencija atliko nepaprastai svarbų šviečiamąjį vaidmenį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Motiejus Valančius – buvo veiklus vyskupas. Garsėjo ne tik tuo, kad gynė Katalikų Bažnyčios teises, platino visuotinę blaivybę, bet taip pat steigė parapijose ir skatino žmones mokytis skaityti lietuviškai, leido lietuviškus laikraščius, įsteigė mokytojų seminariją. Jis pats daug rašė ir savo kunigus ragino rašyti knygas, jas platinti. Vyskupas rėmė jaunus kunigus, kurie prisidėjo prie lietuviškų knygų rašymo ir leidybos.Taip pat vyskupas propogavo krikščioniškąsias ir humanistines vertybes, stiprinančias žmogaus moralę, blaivybę, viltį ir patriotizmą. Daugiau skyrė dėmesio organizaciniams reikalams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1862 metais raporte popiežiui Valančius gyrė lietuvius tikinčiuosius, račydamas, kad jų papročiai dori, savo pamaldumu, vaišingumu, žmogiškumu liaudis jokiai tautai pirmenybės neužleidžianti, stengiasi šviestis.Vyskupo Valančiaus veiklos naudingumą patvirtino jaunimo veržimasis į mokslus, taip pat blaivybės judėjimas, kuris susilaukė didelio žmonių pritarimo ir gerokai nustebino net caro rūmus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Blaivybės sąjūdis buvo vienas įspūdingiausių Valančiaus laimėjimų. Jis ir jo bendražygiai išugdė tokią kultūrinę tradiciją ir tokią literatūrą, kuri pakankamai įrodė girtavimo žalą. 1858 metų rudenį įsikūrė pirmosios žemaitiškos blaivybės brolijos. 1860 metais laiške generalgubernatoriui Nazimovui Valančius rašė, kad iš 820 754 Kauno gubernijos katalikų blaivybės įžadus buvo davę 692000 asmenų. Masinis valstiečių dalyvavimas blaivybės akcijoje caro valdžiai parodė, kad jie esą didelė ir drausminga jėga, kurios nuotaikų reikia paisyti. Ši akcija taip pat parodė, kad Bažnyčios autoritetas tarp valstiečių yra labai didelis ir nuolat stiprėja.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tamsiausiu ir tragiškiausiu Lietuvai metu, kai caro valdžia engė žmones, juos trėmė į Sibirą už lietuvišką žodį ir raštą, griovė bažnyčias, persekiojo tikinčiuosius, bruko slavizmą ir stačiatikybę, jis stojo į darbą Bažnyčiai ir žmogui. Valančius ir jam veikiant išauklėti jauni kunigai mokė žmones krikščioniškųjų vertybių ne valdžios (rusų) ar ponų (lenkų), o kaimo valstiečių (lietuvių) kalba. Tuo jis parodė pagarbą paprastam žmogui, jo kilmei ir kultūrai, kalbėjo iš širdies į širdį, kėlė dvasią, gydė širdies žaizdas, šalino pragaištingus įpročius. Nenuostabu, kad M. Valančius susilaukė daugybės pasekėjų. Pastebėjęs, kad didžiausia nelaimė žmogaus gyvenime yra alkoholizmas, jis prie bažnyčių steigė Blaivystės brolijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sutapatinęs blaivybę su krikščioniškomis dorybėmis pritraukė daugiau kaip keturis penktadalius katalikiškosios krašto gyventojų dalies ir didelį skaičių kitatikių. Valančius tapo švyturiu, kuris rodė kelią iš degradacijos ir alkoholio liūno į prasmingesnį, vertingesnį ir laimingesnį gyvenimą. Žmonės atgavo savigarbą, pasitikėjimą, viltį. O kai akys pamato geresnį rytojų, kojos randa kelią, rankos pakelia naštą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pakilusi žmonių dvasia, kultūros lygis ir tautinis susipratimas atvedė tautą į savarankišką, nepriklausomą gyvenimą, tapo akstinu Lietuvos valstybingumo atkūrimui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Girtaujantis žmogus žudo save kaip asmenybę, griauna kūdikių ir netgi dar negimusių vaikų sveikatą. Alkoholizmas skatina blogus įpročius, dėl jo padaroma daugiau kaip pusė visų nusikaltimų ir susergama sunkiomis ligomis, plinta seksualinis palaidumas, veneros ligos ir t. t. Apskritai nėra kito tokio demoralizuojančio, kultūrą žudančio veiksnio, kaip nesaikingas alkoholinio narkotiko vartojimas. “Pajamos iš degtinės, iki blaivybės sąjūdžio sudariusios apie 40 % Rusijos imperijos pajamų, labai sumažėjo (vien Kauno gub. 1860 m. jos buvo beveik 9 kartus mažesnės negu 1858 m.). Blaivybės draugijos caro valdžios buvo laikomos nelegaliomis organizacijomis“.Nepriklausomoje Lietuvoje taip pat nuolat veikė Blaivybės draugija. Tautos blaivybės reikalams buvo leidžiamas žurnalas „Blaivybė ir sveikata.    Negana to, neleidžiama atgaivinti Blaivybės draugijos veiklą ir kartu veiksmingai kovoti su alkoholizmu, nors trukdyti tokios draugijos veiklai nedrįso net hitleriniai okupantai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-08 17:08:16',62,'','2010-08-08 17:14:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-08 17:08:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,175,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1177,'Graikų Dievai','graik-dievai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Erotas (Erosas). Graikų meilės dievas. Homeras jo nemini, jam meilė yra Afroditė. Tuo tarpu Hesiodo \"Theogonijoje\" tai vienas keturių pirmapradžių dievų (su Chaosu, Gaja ir Tartaru). Klasikinėje poezijoje Erotas yra Dzeuso (Euripido \"Ipolite\") arba Afroditės ir Arėjo (Simonidas) sūnus. Platonas Sokrato lūpomis ją laiko skurdo (Penijos) ir turto (Poroso) vaiku, gimusiu tą pačią dieną kaip ir Afroditė - paveldėjus iš tėvo aistrą turtui ir ryžtingumą.Ciceronas \"De nature diarom\" (Apie dievų prigimtį) mini, kad Erotas laikomas Artemidės ir Hermio, Afroditės ir Arėjo ir t.t. sūnumi. Vėliau Graikijoje imta skirti senąjį Erotą, kosminės meilės ir vaisingumo jėgos simbolį, nuo Afroditės pagimdyto jauno meilės dievo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Su Erotu dažnai tapatintas Potas (aistra), šalia jo charitės, mūzos ir pan. Pas romėnus Erotą atitinka Amoras ir Kupidonas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Helenizmo eroje Erotas yra gudrus ir žiaurus berniukas, įsakinėjantis savo motinai, dažnai vaizduojamas su sparnais, lanku ir strėline bei šaudantis į žmones ir dievus (Apolonijus iš Rodo. Argonautika). Jam nepavaldžios tik Artemidė, Atėnė ir Hestija. Taip atsirado sakmė apie Eroto ir Psichijos meilę, kai Erotą kamuoja žmogaus sielos personifikacija - Psichija, žmones vedanti į gėrį, o per Erotą ir į palaimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinė šventykla Erotui buvo Bojotijoje, kur stovėjo archaiška Eroto formos neapdirbtas akmuo. Ten buvo ir Praksitelio bei Lisipo sukurtos statulos, kuriose Erotas yra žavus jaunikaitis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kronas (Kronus), - jauniausias iš titanų, Gajos ir Urano sūnus, motinos paprašytas pjautuvu iškastravo tėvą, kad šis daugiau neturėtų vaikų. Kronas vedė seserį Rają ir su ja turėjo vaikus: Hestiją, Demetrą, Herą, Hadą, Poseidoną ir Dzeusą, o su nimfa Filira - kentaurą Cheironą. Gaja išpranašavo, kad Kronas bus nuverstas savo sūnų, todėl ką tik gimusius vaikus bematant prarydavo. Nepavyko jam to padaryti tik su Dzeusu. Raja padavė suvystyti akmenį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Užaugęs Dzeusas, patartas žmonos Metidės, davė Kronui išgerti stebuklingo gėrimo, ir šis visus vaikus atrijo atgal. Dzeusas pakvietė visus Krono vaikus į kovą su titanais. Per dešimt metų titanai buvo nugalėti ir sumesti į Tartarą, kur juos saugojo šimtarankiai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vėliau Kronas, susitikęs su Dzeusu, valdė Palaimintojo salose. Krono valdymo laikas vadintas Aukso [pagal Ovidijaus \"Fastus\"]. Kronas laikytas nepermaldaujamo laiko simboliu. Kretos saloje jis tapatinamas su Molochu, o Romoje - su Saturnu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Afroditė, meilės ir grožio deivė. Ankstesniajame mite ji kildinama iš kraujo, nutekėjusio Kroniui iškastravus Uraną, kuris nutiško ant jūros vandens ir suputojo. Tai aiškina ne tik jos vardą , \"kilusioji iš putų\" (afros - puta) , bet ir vieną epitetą, Andiomeną, \"atsiradusi jūros paviršiuje\". O dar senesnis mitas ją laiko archaiška chtoniška būtybe. Hesiodas irgi mini, kad iš Urano kraujo radosi erinijos ir titanai, kurie vyresni už Dzeusą - tad vyresnį už ją turi būti ir Afroditė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Deivės archaiškumą paliudija ir juosta, atiduota Herai, kad ši sugundytų Dzeusą. Joje buvo išausti gundantys žodžiai, meilė, aistra, - tai, kas apsvaigina net išminčius. (Homeras, Iliada). Vėliau archajiškoji Afroditė, duodanti seksualumą ir vaisingumą, virsta žaisminga ir koketiška Olimpo deive. Visi paklūsta jai ir net nori vesti. \"Odisėjoje\" ji Hefaisto žmona. Šlubas Hefaistas, nagingiausias, bet ir negražiausias dievas, dirba kalvėje, o nuolat jam neištikima Afroditė guli savo miegamajame, šukuojasi auksinėmis šukomis ir priima viešnias - Herą ir Atėnę. Afroditė rūpinasi trojanais, todėl Pariui pažada Helenės meilę, ją išgelbsti iš Menelajo. Ji myli trojėnų Anchilą. Ji myli ir karo dievą Arėją. Apie tai rašo ir Hesiodas, kur jiedu turėjo 5 vaikus: Erotą, Anterotą, Fobą, Deimą ir Harmoniją. Tad Hefaistas padaro nematomus tinklus, į kuriuos pagauna Afroditę su Arėjumi meilės glėbyje. Juos pamatę dievai juokėsi, o kai Poseidono paprašytas Hefaistas juos išlaisvina, šiedu iškart išsiskiria - Arėjas nulekia į Trakiją, o Afroditė į Kretą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Afroditės kultas sietas su jūra yra kildinamas iš Azijos (Sirijoje, apie tai Lukianas parašė traktatą \"Apie Sirijos deivę\"). Žmonės ją įsivaizdavo kaip derlingumo, amžino pavasario ir gyvybės deivę tai išreikšdami epitetais: sodų Afroditė, laukų Afroditė ir pan. Visur ją lydi horos ir charitės (Homeras, Iliada, Odisėjas), ninfos; ją supa anemonės, narcizai, rožėss, mirtos, lelijos...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Afroditė laikyta ir santuokos deive (simbolis - vėžlys). Ji padeda mylintiems ir baudžia meilės nepripažįstančius (Ipolitas, Narcizas). Ji įkvėpė nedorą meilę Pasifajai ir Mirai, o Hipsipilei ir lemnietėms davė bjaurų kvapą. Vėliau dangiškoji Afroditė (Uranija) buvo priešpastatoma liaudiškajai (Pandemos), kurią Platonas \"Puotoje\" laiko vulgaria ir visiems prieinama (simbolis - ožys). Tokia ji nėra siejama su dangumi - tai tik Dionės ir Dzeuso dukra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinė Afroditės garbinimo vieta buvo Kipras, kur jungėsi graikiškieji ir azijietiškieji papročiai. Afroditės šventyklos stovėjo graikų uostuose, salose. Daugybė jų buvo Korinte, Bojonijoje, Mesenijoje, Kretos Pafe, Kiteroje. Finikiečiai atnešė Afroditės kultą į Siciliją, kur nuo Eriko kalno ji gavo epitetą Erikinė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Romėnai Afroditę tapatino su Venera, iki tol buvusia sodų, pavasario, žydinčios gamtos deive. Valdant Cezariui ir Augustui Venerą paskelbė romėnų tautos ir Julijų giminės pamote (mat Julijai kilo iš Enėjo, Lukrecijus). Balandžio mėnesį moterys švęsdavo Veneros šventę.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-08 17:16:30',62,'','2010-08-08 17:22:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-08 17:16:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',2,0,174,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1178,'Sovietų sąjungos kariuomenės įvedimas į Lietuvą 1939 m.','soviet-sjungos-kariuomens-vedimas-lietuv-1939-m','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1939 m. spalio 10 d. J. Urbšys ir V.Molotovas savo vyriausybių vardu  pasirašė Lietuvos-Sovietų sąjungos savitarpio pagalbos ir Vilniaus ir Vilniaus srities perdavimo Lietuvai sutartis. Abi susitariančios šalys įsipareigojo teikti viena kitai visokeriopą pagalbą, nesudaryti viena prieš kitą jokių sąjungų, nedalyvauti jokiose koalicijose prieš kurią nors jų. Be to, Sovietų sąjunga įvedė į Lietuva 20 tūkstančių Raudonosios armijos karių. Sovietų sąjunga, prieš atiduodama Vilnių Lietuvai, miestą visiškai suniokojo.Buvo išvežti visi vertingesni daiktai, plėšiami gyventojų butai. 1939 m. spalio 27 d. 9 val. Lietuvos kariuomenė įžengė į Vilniaus kraštą.Tačiau Sovietų sąjunga grąžino tik ketvirtadalį tos teritorijos, kuri priklausė Lietuvai 1920 m. liepos 12 d. taikos sutartimi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">20 tūkst. į Lietuvą įžengusių raudonarmiečių buvo dislokuoti Naujoje Vilnioje, Alytuje, Prienuose bei Gaižiūnų poligone (netoli Kauno). Čia jie susidūrė su nauja, jiems neįprasta aplinka.  Lietuvoje tuo metu buvo aukštesnis ekonomikos lygis nei Sovietų sąjungoje.Bolševikai ir jų šeimos čia rado daug geresnes gyvenimo  sąlygas. Karininkų žmonos tiesiog siaubė parduotuves, pirko viską iš eilės, nes kainos jiems čia atrodė juokingai žemos, o prekių kokybė nepalyginti geresnė. Dar dabar tuos laikus matę žmonės šypsosi, prisimindami, kaip kareivių žmonos vaikščiojo po miestą apsivilkusios apatiniais marškiniais, galvodamos jog tai suknelės. Atvykus tokiai gausybei žmonių, reikėjo juos apgyvendinti, suteikti kitas būtinas gyvenimui paslaugas. Matydami geresnes gyvenimo sąlygas kariai ėmė bėgti iš savo dalinių, dezertyruoti. Iš pradžių buvo stengiamas nuslėpti šiuos faktus, bet vėliau Kremlius apkaltino Lietuvos vyriausybę, kad ji blogai elgiasi su kariais, juos grobia,  žudo. Lietuvos vyriausybė nepriėmė šių kaltinimų, bet prižadėjo reikalą ištiri.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1940 m. birželio 14 d. iš Maskvos buvo gauta telegrama, kurioje rašoma, kad Lietuva pažeidžia Savitarpio pagalbos sutartį, nes neva pagrobė ir kankino Sovietų karius Pisarevą ir Šmavgoneckį, nužudė Butajevą (kuris iš tikrųjų pats nusišovė, užkluptas saugumo policijos seklių), suiminėjo ir siuntė į koncentracios stovyklas piliečius, kurie aptarnavo sovietų kariuomenės dalinius. Tai buvo visiškai nepagrįsti kaltinimai. Taip pat Lietuva buvo kaltinama ir tuo, kad sudarė karinę santarvę su Latvija ir Estija. Sovietų sąjungos vyriausybė laikė, kad ši santarvė yra nukreipta prieš Sovietų sajungą. Ji kaltino Lietuvą, kad ši šiurkšių būdu sulaužė sutartį, kuria abiems šalims draudžiama “sudaryti bet kokią santarvės sutartį ar dalyvauti koalicijose, nukreiptose prieš vieną iš susitarusiųjų šalių (sutarties 6 str.)”.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-08 17:24:04',62,'','2010-08-08 17:31:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-08 17:24:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,173,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1179,'Lietuvos istorija','lietuvos-istorija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos istorija plačiame kontekste.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',0,5,0,53,'2010-08-08 17:34:50',62,'','2010-08-08 17:40:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-08 17:34:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,172,'','',0,4,'robots=\nauthor=');
INSERT INTO `jos_content` VALUES (1180,'Žemaitija','emaitija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Charles’o L. T. Pichel’io knyga „Žemaitija” yra tarytum koncentruotas istorijos vadovėlis, pasakojantis žemaičių tautos ir apskritai Rytų Europos kelią laiku nuo seniausiųjų laikų iki mūsų dienų. Daugelis idėjų, iškeltų šiame veikale, skamba kiek fantastiškai ir neįtikinamai, į keletą dalykų, kuriais lietuvis didžiuojasi, parodomas priešingas požiūris. Tačiau, rodos, autorius fantastas tiki tuo, ką pats rašo, – tai galima suprasti ir iš įvado, epitafijos, netgi knygos gale esančios paties autoriaus rašytos kūrinio santraukos. Lyg šiandieninės laikraščių antraštės skamba autoriaus žodžiai: „Atskleista nutrūkusi grandis Europos istorijoje. Pirmoji ataskaita apie tai, kas vyko „tamsiaisiais amžiais”. […] Ši istorijos spraga sąmoningai ir klastingai padaryta, norint suklaidinti Europos ir Amerikos mokyklas ir joms pakenkti.”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pats šios knygos autorius žydas Charles L. T. Pichel berods neturėjo jokių giminystės ryšių su žemaičiais, tad jo pasišventimas tyrinėti niekam nežinomą ir neaišku ar išvis egzistavusią kultūrą, yra kiek keistokas. Kaip teigiama, knygos skyriuje „Apie autorių” (daugiau žinių apie jį kitur, deja, surasti nepavyko) Ch. L. T. Pichel 50 metų vykdė geneologijos tyrimus. Rašydamas kiek populistinius ir, neaišku, ar tiesą atspindinčius darbus, jis išsikovojo nemažą populiarumą – 1960 m. vasario 24 d. jam buvo įteiktas apdovanojimas „Už nuopelnus Prancūzijos atgimimui”, kiek anksčiau jis gavo Prancūzijos Respublikos didįjį karinį visuotinį gėrio tarptautinį apdovanojimą. Ch. L. T. daugiau kaip 50 metų dirbo Jeruzalės Šv. Jono ordino didžiuoju kancleriu (rektoriumi).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Knygą sudaro keliolika skyrių, atspindinčių Žemaitijos padėtį skirtinguose istoriniuose laikotarpiuose. Bene pusė knygos yra kitų autorių citatos. Pats bibliografijos sąrašas (115 pavardžių ir veikalų) taip pat atrodo gana įspūdingai. Tai, mano nuomone, yra labai svarbus dalykas – nes skaitant ir matant prieš akis vis naują cituojamą pavardę, nejučiomis pradedi tikėti tuo, kas rašoma šitoje knygoje. Tai labai įtikina.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinė knygoje vystoma tema yra Žemaitijos nepriklausomybės siekiai, autorius bando įrodyti, kad ji yra atskira tauta, turinti turėti savo atskirą valstybę. Nors, tiesą pasakius, jis priduria, kad „savo nepriklausomybės ji niekada ir nebuvo praradusi” – knygoje nepripažįstama suvienyta Mindaugo Lietuva. Kita vertus, krivių krivaitis išpranašavo, kad Žemaitija atgims ir taps viena svarbiausių pasaulio valstybių 2243 metais. Tai autorius knygoje labai dažnai kartoja.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Keistą požiūrį į baltų istoriją autorius parodo pačioje knygos pradžioje, tuo lyg supriešindamas savo nuomonę su skaitytojo. Tai yra teiginiai, kad lietuviai, latviai, jotvingiai, prūsai, keltai ir saksai kilę nuo Ararato kalno ir jie davę vardus bene visoms didesnėms Rytų Europos upėms bei tautoms, – pavyzdžiui, Dunojus – duonos upė, Eufratas – „jo protas” arba proto ir dvasios upė, gi anglų tautos pavadinimas kilo nuo aistiško žodžio unglis, reiškusio anglį. Nors ir galima šiuose teiginiuose rasti dalelę tiesos (pavadinimai kilę iš indoeuropiečių prokalbės, kuri šiek tiek primena baltų kalbas) ar suprasti juos kaip tiesą, bet autorius pirmą, bet ne paskutinį kartą pasirodo tiesmukiškas ir savo idėjų beveik neįrodinėja, tik susieja su citatomis, lyg rašytas kito žodis jau savaime būtų tiesa. Aš manau, kad jeigu Ch. L. T. Pichel tikrai buvo įsitikinęs savo požiūrio į Žemaitijos istoriją tiesa ir norėjo tą tiesą visiems perduoti, žinodamas, kad didžioji dauguma nepriims šito kūrinio, jis galėjo daugiau laiko ir pastangų skirti įrodinėjant atskirus ginčytinus klausimus. Abejotinai skamba ir, tarkim, žodžiai, kad vokiečių „vadai mėgžiojo [Kęstučio] manieras, ypač garsujį Kęstučio šalmą su smaigu viršugalvyje, – jį kaip garbingo vadovavimo simbolį kopijavo dar visus 600 metų” ar teiginys, kad artilerija buvo išrasta Žemaitijoje, tik Vakarų Europoje klaidingai žemaičius vadinant saracėnais buvo supainiota ir išradimo garbė priskirta mongolams. Panašių labai ginčytinų teiginių veikale yra labai daug, tas rodo, kad autorius norėjo labiau šokiruoti savo idėjomis, jų nepagrindžiant istoriniais įrodymais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Be abejo, LR Švietimo ir Mokslo ministerijos patvirtinti vadovėliai ir Ch. L. T. Pichel’io knyga daugeliu atveju pateikia skirtingas nuomones ar net faktus. Kaip vieną pavyzdžių, galima pateikti patį požiūrį į lietuvių tautą – „Žemaitijoje” ji dažnai niekinama, Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės valdovų (Mindaugas ir Vytautas vaizduojami itin negatyviai) tikslai lyginami su Kryžiuočių ordino magistrų grobuoniškais ir egoistiškais kėslais. Nieko vadovėliai nemini ir apie Žemaitijos karalių dinastiją (autorius ją vadina seniausia pasaulyje), kurios atstovai yra gyvi ligi šiol ir ligi šiol žino, kur yra paslėpti didieji Žemaitijos lobiai, iškovoti iš nukariautų mongolų genčių. Bene labiausiai šioje knygoje yra giriami žemaičių kariniai sugebėjimai – kaip tarybiniais laikais Žalgirio mūšio baigtį nulėmė Smolensko pulkai, taip šioje knygoje teigiama, kad svarbiausia (bet toli gražu ne gausiausia) karinė jėga šiame mūšyje buvo žemaičiai. Aprašoma ir žemaičių karinė taktika, jų sugebėjimai laimėti (neaprašomas nė vienas pralaimėjimo atvejis) net žemaičių esant trimis kartais mažiau nei priešų. Knygoje pateikiama informacija yra labai tendencinga ir per daug nacionalistinė, kiekvienam Rytų Europos įvykiui ieškoma ryšių su žemaičiais. Ir randama. Visada.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-08 17:40:32',62,'','2010-08-08 17:46:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-08 17:40:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,171,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1181,'Istorijos asmenybės','istorijos-asmenybs','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Periklis 490 - 429 m. pr. kr. Tai senovės graikų politikas. Atėnų strategas (vyriausias kariuomenės vadas. Perkilis labai sustiprino karines Atėnų pozicijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Herodotas 490 - 425 m. pr. kr. – tai graikų istorikas. Herodotas parašė veikalą apie graikų - persų karus (500 - 449).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Sokratas 469 - 399 m. pr. kr. – graikų filosofas, gyvenęs Atėnuose, rašęs filosofinius veikalus, bet jokių jo raštų nėra išlikę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Platonas 427 - 347 m. pr. kr. – senovės graikų filosofas yra Vakarų politinės filosofijos pradininkas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Aristotelis 384 - 322 m. pr. kr. – tai didžiausias Antikos filosofas ir mokslininkas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-08 17:54:46',62,'','2010-08-08 18:04:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-08 17:54:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,170,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1182,'Kelionė į Sibirą','kelion-sibir','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pažįstame daug žmonių , kurie buvo ištremti toli nuo tėvynės, į Sibiro gilumą, iš kurių dauguma ir nesugrįžo į gimtąją žemę. Vienas iš mums artimų žmonių - dėdė Kazimieras Miliauskas. Jis gimė 1939 metų kovo antrą dieną, tuo metu, kai prasidėjo neramumai Lietuvoje. 1940 metų birželio viduryje į mūsų Lietuvą įžengė SSRS kariuomenė. Ginkluoti Sovietų kariai važiavo per Lietuvą tankais ir sunkvežimiais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tuo metu dėdei Kazimierui buvo devyneri metai. 1948 metų gegužės dvidešimt antrą dieną, trečią valandą ryto į jų namus įsibrovė rusų kariai. Jis net nepagalvojo, kad paskutinį kartą sėdi ant savo lovos. Nežinojo, kad namų daugiau nepamatys, o bus tiktai vagonai. Išėjo visi vienmarškiniai, tik mama suspėjo pasiimti vos kelis būtiniausius daiktus. Nepraėjus nė pusvalandžiui, jie buvo sulaipinti į gyvulių vagoną, kuris buvo pilnas žmonių. Vagonuose buvo gan tvanku, visi langai ir plyšiai buvo užkalti. Jie net nenutuokė, į kurį pasaulio kraštą buvo vežami. Tad prasidėjo ilga ir varginanti kelionė. Jų kelionė, trukusi apie mėnesį, baigėsi tiktai birželio mėnesio pabaigoje. Juos apgyvendino Irtkutsko srityje - barake. Jame  gyveno šeimos, su kuriomis teko dalytis tuo pačiu stogu. Kazimiero dėdę įdarbino daryti statines. Algos užtekdavo, kad pamaitintų savo šeimą. Turėjo pasisodinę, daržovių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ilgais, nykiais ir šaltais žiemos vakarais prie balanos šviesos jie žaisdavo įvairius žaidimus, o mama lopydavo drabužius. Žiemą šaltis siekdavo - 50 C laipsnių  šalčio, tad reikėjo šilto apavo, kad nenušaltų kojos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jie gyveno netoli miško, todėl barake visada būdavo šilta, nors už lango stūgavo baisi pūga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1953 metais, kai numirė Stalinas, gyvenimas pradėjo gėrėti. Išnyko siena tarp laisvųjų ir tremtinių, pasijuto esantys ne vergai, o žmonės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiek paaugęs, Kazimieras dirbo medkirčiu miškuose. Taip pat lankė septynmetę mokyklą, kur gavo šiokį tokį išsilavinimą. Tačiau ten gyvenimas jam, kaip prisimena pats, buvo ne toks nuostabus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip juokaudamas pasakė, mėgdavo lankyti paneles, kurdavo joms eiles, dainuodavo dainas. Bet šeimos nesukūrė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po dešimt metų, 1957 metų rudenį, jis su tėvais sugrįžo į tėvynę - Lietuvą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taip mes atvėrėme dabar jau žilagalvio dėdės, Kazimiero Miliausko, vieną gyvenimo puslapį. Jam nusišypsojo laimė antrą kartą pajusti saulės šilumą savo Gimtinėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėka Kazimiero ir kitų tremtinių, kurie buvo nublokšti toli nuo Tėvynės, atsiminimų, mes galime paminėti svarbias Lietuvai datas. Tokias kaip, kovo vienuoliktoji - Lietuvos Nepriklausomos valstybės atkūrimo  diena, sausio tryliktoji - Aukų diena.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po šių sunkių, kartu ilgesingų metų, praleistų Sibiro glūdumose, dauguma Lietuvos poetų ir rašytojų parašė savo atsiminimus, kupinus vilties, kada nors išvysti gimtąjį kraštą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau ne visiems taip pasisekė, kaip dėdei Kazimierui. Ne visi gali pasidalinti savo prisiminimais apie kančias, išgyvenimus, ilgesį. Ilgesį, kurį numalšindavo bent trumpa džiaugsmo akimirka, prisiminus gimtąją žemę. Poetai, praradę viltį išvysti gimtinę, kūrė eilėraščius, rašė dienoraščius. Tik juose atsispindi tikras ilgesys tėvynei, kurios galbūt niekad neišvys...</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-08 18:06:43',62,'','2010-08-08 18:13:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-08 18:06:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,169,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1183,'Romos pasaulis','romos-pasaulis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Romos atsiradims: Archelogai mano, jog Romos pradžia – kelios apvalios medinės trobelės, apie 1600 a. pr. Kr. pastatytos ant septynių kalvų centrinėje Italijoje, netoli Tiberio. Legenda, byloje Ia, pr Kr užrašyta istoriko Tito Livijaus pasakoja, kad Romą 753 m. pr. Kr įkųręs piemuo karys Romulas. Romulą ir jo brolį dvynį Remą išmatinusi vilkė – tokia rūsti, bet romantiška Romos prdžia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Graikų kultūra padarė didelę įtaką romėnų literatūrai, architektūrai, ir religijai. Romą valdė csenatas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Romėnų kariuomenė; visą tūkstantmetį, nuo V a. pr. Kr. iki V a. pr. Kr. romėnai nuolatos kariavo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jų kariuomenė tapo galingiausia pasaulyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaimas, prietarai; Dauguma žmonių gyveno kaimuose ir dirbo žemę. Romėnų rašytojai aukštino kaimo dorybes. Romėnų religija išsirituliojo iš senovinio kaimiško dvasių garbinimo. Romėnai labai prietaringi. Romėnai gerbino dievus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prekyba; visoje Romos valstybėje galiojo romėnų teisė, o dauguma žmonių kalbėjo lotynų kalba. Dėl to klestėjo prekyba. Prekė paprastai buvo vežamos jūra. Daug į Romos miestąč atvežtų prekių buvo provincijos duoklės bei mokesčiai. Iš Ispanijos atsiveždavo vyno, alyvų aliejaus, medaus, žuvų, vaško, juodų vilnų, gerų drobių; Prancūzijos gaudavo vynų; Sirijos stiklo dirbinių ir audinių; Graikijos apavo; Arabijos smilkalų; Afrikos ir Azijos – marmuro.Romėnai atsigabendavo Baltijos gintaro, babiloniškų drabužių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Forumas; kiekviename romėniškame mieste buvo forumas – aikštė, kurioje susitikinėdavo žmonės. Forumas nuolat ūžė ir bruzdėjo. Čia buvo turgavietė. Forume stovėjo saulės laikrodis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vergai; vienas apie kitą romėnai sprędavo pagal vergų skaičių. Vergais tapdavo dauguma nusikaltėlių ar karo belaisvių. Vergai turėdavo išdeginta žymę arba nešiodavo antkaklį su užrašu: ”aš esu bėglys, grąžink mane šeiminikui”. Vergų darbu rėmėsi romėnų ekonomika. Dažnai vergus bausdavo už mažas klaidas. Juos mesdavo į tvenkinį arba pasmerkiami mirti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Romos imperatoriai: Tiberijus Klaudijus Neronas.(14 - 37) Neronas nusižudė pats, durklu persiverdamas gerklę. Jis nužudė savo žmoną, ir motiną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gajus (37 - 41). Klaudijus (41 - 54). Imperijos klestėjomas; po trumpo imperatoriaus Nervos valdymo (96 - 98) į valdžią atėjo Trajanas. Jo valdymo metais (98 - 117) Romos imperija buvo labiausiai išsiplėtusi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Provincijų valdymas; kiekvieną provinciją valdė Romos vietininkas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-08 19:09:09',62,'','2010-08-08 19:18:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-08 19:09:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,168,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1184,'Operacinė sistema MS - DOS 2','operacin-sistema-ms-dos-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">TRUPUTĖLIS APIE PROGRAMINĘ ĮRANGĄ</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sisteminėje programinėje įrangoje galima išskirti kelias klases: operacinės sistemos (operating systems), aptarnaujančios programos (utilities), aplinkos arba terpės (shell), tinklų programinė įranga, programavimo sistemos. Pagrindinė operacinių sistemų paskirtis - koordinuoti ir valdyti kompiuterio resursus. Operacinė sistema užtikrina visų kitų programų darbą. Tai labai sudėtingi uždaviniai, nes pavyzdžiui vienam klavišo paspaudimui apdoroti reikia įvykdyti daugiau kaip 1000 mašininių komandų. Pagrindinė operacinė sistema dirbant su IBM PC genties kompiuteriais yra MS - DOS (sukurta firmos Microsoft). Su šiais kompiuteriais taip pat naudojamos DR - DOS (sukurta firmos Digital Research), OS/2, UNIX. Operacinė sistema MS - DOS faktiškai tapo standartu dirbant su IBM  PC genties kompiuteriais. Šiai operacinei sistemai sukurta daug taikomosios programinės įrangos ir ji labai plačiai naudojama.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aptarnaujančios programos atlieka dalį operacinės sistemos funkcijų ir paprastai suteikia papildomų galimybių ir patogumų. Dažniausiai jomis naudotis yra patogiau nei operacinės sistemos komandomis. Populiariausios aptarnaujančios programos yra Norton Commander, Norton Utilities, PC Tools, Advanced Disk Manager (ADM) bei daugybė kitų programų. Vartotojo aplinka arba terpė atlieka tuos pačius veiksmus kaip ir operacinės sistemos komandos. Ji naudoja vartotojui draugišką interfeisą (bendravimo būdą). Tai tarpininkas tarp vartotojo ir operacinės sistemos, padedantis greitai rasti duomenis, programas, redaguoti, kopijuoti, pašalinti failus, vykdyti programas. Paprastesnės terpės yra DOS Shell, PC Shell, Xtree Pro, sudėtingesnės grafinės - Windows, DESQview. Kompiuterių tinklų programinė įranga valdo duomenų srautus tinkluose, valdo atitinkamą aparatūrą. Šios programinės įrangos darbas analogiškas operacinių sistemų darbui. Dažniausiai dirbama su tinklais Novell NetWare, Token Ring, IBM  PC Network, OS2/LAN. Programavimo sistemos yra priemonės programinei įrangai kurti. Kiekviena programavimo kalba turi savo privalumų ir trūkumų. Negalima sakyti, kad yra viena pati geriausia programavimo kalba. Vienos labiau tinka moksliniams - techniniams uždaviniams spręsti, kitos - ekonominei informacijai apdoroti, trečios  orientuotos į aparatūros valdymą. Populiariausios programavimo kalbos yra Macro Assembler, C, C++, Pascal, Basic, Modula -2, Prolog, COBOL, FORTRAN.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-09 08:56:23',62,'','2010-08-09 09:07:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-09 08:56:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,110,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1185,'Interneto vystymosi istorija','interneto-vystymosi-istorija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Internetas gali būti apibrėžtas kaip plačios aprėpties kompiuterių tinklas, aprėpiantis visą pasaulį. Tačiau, tarp paprasto plačios aprėpties kompiuterių tinklo ir Interneto yra didžiulis skirtumas. Įprastas plačios aprėpties kompiuterių tinklas yra vieningas kompiuterių tinklas, tuo tarpu kai Internetas yra dešimčių tūkstančių atskirų kompiuterių tinklų rinkinys. Visus šiuos tinklus valdo atskiros administratorių grupės, ir visi jie yra tvarkomi nepriklausomai vienas nuo kito. Žinoma, tam kad galima būtų užtikrinti bendravimą pasauliniu mastu, visi šie tinklai yra tarpusavyje sujungti, panaudojant telefono linijas, palydovinius arba optinius ryšio kanalus. Be to, visi šie tinklai paklūsta tam tikroms techninėms taisyklėms, taip vadinamam tinklo protokolui, ir tam tikroms rekomendacijoms, kurias formuluoja Interneto koordinacinės tarnybos. Internete naudojamas techninis protokolas, arba, tiksliau, protokolų rinkinys, yra vadinamas TCP/IP protokolu (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Interneto istorija prasidėjo nuo ARPAnet kompiuterių tinklo, įkurto ARPA agentūros (US Defense Department’s Advanced Research Projects Agency) 1969 metais. Pastebėję, kad ši technologija gali būti sėkmingai panaudota platesnėje aplinkoje, ARPA kūrėjai paskatino ARPAnet idėjos panaudojima universitetuose ir kitose organizacijose, o JAV Nacionalinis Mokslo Fondas (NSF) koordinavo šį procesą. Būtent šiame etape tinklas ir įgavo šiandieninį pavadinimą – Internetas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žingsnis po žingsnio, Internetas tapo populiariausiu, nors ir ne vieninteliu, pasauliniu kompiuterių tinklu. Šiandien Internetas yra atviras komputerių tinklas, turintis daugiau kaip 100 000 naudotojų (yra labai sunku nustatyuti tikrąjį jų skaičių). Internete galima pasinaudoti dešimtimis įvairių paslaugų. Tai ir įvairiausi bendravimo būdai, didžiuliai informacijos resursai ir t.t. Internetas kompiuterių naudotojams šiandien tapo ypač galingu įrankiu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-09 09:08:10',62,'','2010-08-09 09:10:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-09 09:08:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,109,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1186,'MS Word 97 2000 ','ms-word-97-2000-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šis konspektas skiriamas visiems studentams, besimokantiems informacinių technologijų dalyko temą - teksto redaktorių Microsoft Word\' (toliau tiesiog Word). Word\'as yra įtrauktas visų mūsų mokyklos specialybių mokymo planuose. Konspekte nerasite absoliučiai visų galimybių, kurias turi Word\'as. Čia išdėstytos pačios svarbiausios temos, kurių reikia, kad galėtumėte sėkmingai parašyti tekstą, jį išsaugoti ir atspausdinti, taip pat keisti teksto formatus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Čia taip pat sužinosite, kaip galima formuoti ir redaguoti lenteles, tvarkyti įvairius puslapio atributus, sujungti keletą dokumentų į vieną ir kitų svarbių dalykų. Reikia paminėti, kad nagrinėjamos temos nėra pateiktos itin smulkiai, todėl norint sužinoti visus temos niuansus, reikės nagrinėti papildomą literatūrą, lankyti paskaitas ar konsultuotis su dėstytoju. Konspekte yra tik teoriniai dalykai, o praktiniai įgūdžiai ateina tik po kažkiek laiko, todėl bus ir praktinės užduotys. Kompiuterių mokslas vystosi labai sparčiai. Tai supranta kiekvienas. Todėl dauguma čia nagrinėjamų dalykų tiks ir naujesnėms teksto redaktoriaus Microsoft Word versijoms, taip kaip tinka ir senesnėms.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-09 09:11:07',62,'','2010-08-09 09:24:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-09 09:11:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,108,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1187,'Kompiuterių elementai Mažukna','kompiuteri-elementai-maukna','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Terminai ir elementarios žinios</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinė visų skaičiavimo įtaisų sudėtinė dalis yra loginiai ventiliai ir atminties elementai. Abi šios grupės įrenginių yra sudarytos iš perjungiančių puslaidininkinių raktų arba tranzistorių. Fizinis informacijos atvaizdavimas yra technologiškai apspręstas – tai įtampos ir srovės reikšmės.Dauguma elektroninių schemų projektuojama ir gaminama puslaidininkinių integrinių schemų pavidalo (IS)pavidalo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagal silicio kristalo sudėtingumą IS klasifikuojamos: SSI – (Small-Scale Integration) –mažos integracijos, sudarytos iš 1-11 ventilių  pvz. Baziniai loginiai elementai, trigeriai; MSI (Medium Scale Integration) –vidutinio integracijos laipsnio, sudarytos iš 12-99 ventilių. Pvz.: šifratoriai, dešifratoriai, skaitliukai, registrai ir pan.; LSI (Large-Scale Integration) didelio integracjos laipsnio , sudarytos iš 100-9999 ventilių, kaip atmintys ir paprasčiausi mikroprocesoriai; VLSI  (Very Large-Scale Integration)  Labai didelės integracijos turinčios 10,000-99,999  ventilių, kaip pvz. Mikroprocesoriai; ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration)  100,000 ventilių ir daugiau, kaip grafinių 3d plokščių mikrokontroleriai, mikroprocesoriai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tranzistoriai, iš kurių susideda IS gali būti: bipoliariniai metal oksido (MOS-metal-oxide semiconductor). Bipoliarinius tranzistorius naudoja:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagal TTL (transistor-transistor logic) pagamintos IS;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagal ECL (emitter-coupled logic) technologiją pagamintos IS.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš šių dviejų technologijų daugiau yra naudojamos TTL mikroschemos: nėra tokios greitos kaip ECL naudoja mažiau energijos. Trys IS tipai  kuriose naudojama MOS technologija yra: CMOS (complementary MOS); n-kanalinės MOS (NMOS); p-kanalinės MOS (PMOS).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-09 09:25:17',62,'','2010-08-09 09:31:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-09 09:25:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,107,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1188,'Žurnalas \"Kompiuterija\" vasario mėn.','urnalas-qkompiuterijaq-vasario-mn','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-09 09:32:21',62,'','2010-08-09 09:35:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-09 09:32:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,106,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1189,'Patikimų programų sudarymo metodai','patikim-program-sudarymo-metodai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Čia pateikiamas alfabetas, kuris yra naudojamas formaliose kalbose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    Realių skaičių vaizdavimo kalba. Pvz.: “210.356” {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, .}</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    Muzikinių natų vaizdavimo kalba. Pvz.:  “Bb” {A, B, C, D, E, F, G, #, b}</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    Žaidimo kortų vaizdavimo kalba. Pvz.: “♣10” {♣, ♦, ♥, A, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K}</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    Knygos dalių numerių vaizdavimo kalba. Pvz.: “3.4.3” {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, .}</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-09 09:36:17',62,'','2010-08-09 09:42:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-09 09:36:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,105,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1190,'PGP integravimas į PINE','pgp-integravimas-pine','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Reikalavimai: Pine 3.92 arba naujesnė versija; Suinstaliuota PGP programinė įranga. Šiame dokumente laikoma, kad asmeniniai PGP raktų failai, konfiguraciniai failai yra kataloge ~/.pgp; programos pgp kelias: /usr/local/bin/pgp.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naudojimas: Jei norėsite peržiūrėti su PGP užkoduotą ar pasirašytą laišką, bus leidžiama programa display.sh. Jei laiškas tik pasirašytas, bus patikrinti visi jums žinomi raktai, ir pranešta, kas pasirašė šį laišką. Jei laiškas užkoduotas, Jūs būsite paklaustas Jūsų šifravimo frazės, ir tada bus pateiktas atkoduotas laiškas. Siunčiant laišką Jūs būsite paklausti, kaip siųsti laišką: be PGP(unfiltered), užkoduotą(encrypted) ar pasirašytą(pgpsigned). Išsirinkti galima klavišais ctrl-p(^P) ar ctrl-n(^N). Jei pasirinksite siuntimą su PGP (encoded arba pgpsigned), prieš siunčiant būsite paklaustas Jūsų šifravimo frazės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-09 09:42:38',62,'','2010-08-09 09:44:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-09 09:42:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,104,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1191,'Pradinė pažintis su Turbo Paskaliu','pradin-paintis-su-turbo-paskaliu','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Anotacija</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Metodinė priemonė sudaro įvadinės teorinės ir praktinės žinios apie programavimo kalbą ir programavimo techniką. Kalbos elementai, algoritmavimo ir programavimo klausimai aprašomi nuosekliai po truputį įvedant sudėtingesnius elementus. Medžiaga suskirstyta į 12 temų. Tai nebūtinai vieno užsiėmimo medžiaga. Kiekvienas pagal savo sugebėjimus ir galimybes skyrelio medžiagą gali įsisavinti per jam tinkamą laikotarpį. Kiekvienos temos tikslas yra paaiškinti tam tikrą kalbos elementų grupė, naują algoritmą. Temos apima bazinius duomenų tipus. Supažindinama su viena paprasčiausių struktūrinių duomenų forma masyvais. Duomenų ir skaičiavimo rezultatų išsaugojimui naudojami tekstiniai failai. Analizuojamos Turbo Paskalio kalbos priemonės, skirtos ekrano valdymui (biblioteka Crt), klaviatūros apklausai, garsams. Supažindinama su pagrindinėmis Turbo Paskalio aplinkos paprogramėmis, programų sudarymo pagrindiniu elementu - procedūra.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teoriniai elementai iliustruojami programomis, kuriose siūloma besimokančiajam nedideliais pakeitimais bei papildymais patobulinti programą ir padaryti ją patrauklesnė. Kiekvienos temos pabaigoje pateikiama: analizuojamos medžiagos santrauka, klausimai, kontrolinės užduotys. Smalsesniam ir darbštesniam mokiniui yra pasiūloma savarankiško darbo užduotis. Atskirai pateikiama algoritmų išraiškos priemonių santrauka bei samprata apie programavimo kultūrą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-09 09:45:02',62,'','2010-08-09 09:50:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-09 09:45:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,103,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1192,'Informacinių sistemų laboratorinis darbas ','informacini-sistem-laboratorinis-darbas-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Probleminė sritis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Turime komisariatų sąrašą su jų pavadinimais; skyrių sąrašą su jų pavadinimais ir komisariato, kuriame tie skyriai yra pavadinimais; komisariatuose dirbančių darbuotojų sąrašą su jų vardais ir pavardėm, tarnybiniais laipsniais, stažu, skyrių, kuriuose jie dirba, pavadinimu; nusikaltėlius teisiančių teisėjų sąrašą su vardais, pavardėm ir teismo rūmų, kuriuose jie dirba pavadinimais; nusikaltėlių sąrašą su jų vardais , pavardėm, gimimo metais, nusikaltimo pavadinimu, nusikaltimo vieta, nusikaltimo data, skirta bausme ir jos paskyrimo data (jei ji buvo paskirta), darbuotojo, tyrusio šį nusikaltimą vardu pavarde, teisėjo (jeigu jau buvo paskirta bausmė), nuteisusio nusikaltėlį, vardu ir pavarde. Kiekvienas nusikaltimas gali būti išaiškintas, tačiau dar nesvarstytas teisme. Bus sudaromas nusikaltėlių padariusių nusikaltimą tam tikrą dieną sąrašas, kur įrašai bus sugrupuoti pagal nusikaltimo įvykdymo datą, skaičiuojamas tą dieną įvykdytų nusikaltimų skaičius (daroma prielaida, jog vieną nusikaltimą įvykdė vienas žmogus).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-09 09:51:25',62,'','2010-08-09 09:54:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-09 09:51:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,102,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1193,'Kompiuterių tinklų architektūra Sakalauskaitė','kompiuteri-tinkl-architektra-sakalauskait','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompiuterių tinklas – tarpusavyje sujungtų savarankiškų kompiuterių aibė. Kompiuteriai tarpusavyje sujungti, jei jie gali keistis informacija. Sujungimo būdas (laidas, lazeris, mikrobangos) nėra svarbu. Nepriklausomi – jei nėra susiję master/slave sąryšiu, jei nė vienas sistemos kompiuteris negali priverstinai valdyti kito. Mainframe su terminalais nėra kompiuterių tinklas. Kompiuterių tinklas nėra paskirstyta sistema. Paskirstyta sistema yra programinė įranga, veikianti naudodama kompiuterių tinklų galimybes.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tinklų programinė įranga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tinklai yra organizuoti kaip lygmenų (sluoksnių) serijos. Lygmenų skaičius, pavadinimai, realizacija, funkcijos skirtinguose tinkluose gali skirtis. Tačiau visur kiekvieno lygmens paskirtis yra pateikti tam tikrus servisus aukštesniam lygmeniui, apsaugant į nuo detalių kaip tie servisai iš tiesų realizuoti. Lygmuo n vienoje mašinoje komunikuoja su lygmeniu n kitoje. Komunikavimui yra naudojamas n lygio protokolas. Protokolas – susitarimų ir taisyklių rinkinys, naudojamas komunikacijai. To paties lygio bendraujančios esybės skirtingose mašinose yra vadinamos peers. Protokolas yra serviso realizacija. Kiekvienas aukštesnis lygmuo naudojasi žemesnio lygmens pateiktu interfeisu, kad pasiekti servisą. Projektuojant komoiuterių tinklus, vienas svarbiausių dalykų yra aiškiai apibrėžti kiekvieno lygio interfeisai. Kompiuterių tinklų architektūra – lygių ir protokolų rinkinys. Protokolų rinkinys konkrečioje sistemoje vadinamas protokolų steku (protocol stack), pvz. TCP/IP protokolų stekas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-09 09:55:33',62,'','2010-08-09 10:00:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-09 09:55:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,101,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1194,'Unix pradmenys','unix-pradmenys','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kas yra failas?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Failo supratimas Unix\'e yra žymiai platesnis: failas yra bet kuris šaltinis iš kurio duomenys gali būti skaitomi, arba bet kuris \"gavėjas\", galintis priimti duomenis. Tokiu būdu, terminas failas nurodo ne tik duomenų saugyklą diskinio failo pavidale, bet kartu reiškia ir bet kurį fizinį įtaisą. Failas yra ir klaviatūra (įvedimo šaltinis), ir displėjus (atvaizdavimo įtaisas), ir kiekvienas spausdintuvas. Unix\'e yra trys pagrindiniai failų tipai: paprastieji failai, katalogai ir specialūs failai. PAPRASTIEJI failai yra tai, ką mes suprantame failu siaurąja prasme. Paprastąjį failą sudaro diske (rečiau juostoje) saugomi duomenys. Tai failai, su kuriais dažniausiai tenka dirbti. Pvz., kai jūs teksto redaktoriumi tvarkote dokumentą, tai jūs naudojate du paprastuosius failus: dokumento ir redaktoriaus programos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kitas failo tipas – KATALOGAS. Katalogas tai failas, kuriame saugoma kitų failų pasiekimui reikalinga informacija. Tik konceptualiai į katalogą įeina kiti failai. Vartotojas nekuria katalogų ir netalpina juose failų. Jis tik naudoja komandas, kurios paveda tuos darbus Unix\'ui. Jeigu jūs pažiūrėsite į katalogo \'vidų\', tai pamatysite \'miglotą\' informaciją. Geriausias būdas suprasti katalogo sąvoką - įsivaizduoti, kad tai yra rodyklių į kitus failus visuma. Katalogas gali turėti rodykles į kitus katalogus. Tai leidžia organizuoti failus į hierarchinę sistemą. Kaip matysime vėliau, Unix failų sistema yra organizuota kaip didžiulė failų ir katalogų hierarchija. Paskutinis failų tipas - tai SPECIALŪS, arba PRIETAISŲ failai, kurie yra vidinė fizinių prietaisų reprezentacija. Pvz., klaviatūra, displėjus, spausdintuvas, disko tvarkyklė - visi jūsų sistemos prietaisai gali būti pasiekiami kaip failai. Pasiusti duomenis į ekraną, ar į kitą terminalą, galima paprasčiausiai juos rašant į failą, kuris reprezentuoja atitinkamą prietaisą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-09 11:03:29',62,'','2010-08-09 11:06:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-09 11:03:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,100,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1195,'Žinomo kartojimų skaičiaus ciklas','inomo-kartojim-skaiiaus-ciklas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ciklas - tai sakinių, kuriais suprogramuotas veiksmų kartojimas, grupė. Ciklo sakinys nurodo, kad jame esantis sakinys turi būti atliekamas keletą kartų. Jei kartojimų skaičius žinomas iš anksto ( iki kartojimų pradžios ), tai patogu vartoti ciklą FOR. Ciklo FOR antraštė prasideda FOR. Po jo rašomas kintamojo vardas, šis Kintamasis vadinamas ciklo kintamuoju. Toliau nurodoma, su kuriomis kintamojo reikšmėmis turi būti atliekamas ciklas - užrašoma pradinė ir galutinė ciklo kintamojo reikšmė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-09 11:06:57',62,'','2010-08-09 11:11:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-09 11:06:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,99,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1196,'Duomenų bazės','duomen-bazs','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas - įgyti pirmuosius darbo su duomenų bazėmis (DB) įgūdžius, susipažinti su duomenų bazių valdymo sistema (DBVS) Microsoft Access ir jos galimybėmis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A. Microsoft Access aplinka ir darbo principai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Microsoft Access (toliau MS Access) yra viena populiariausių vidutinės apimties DBVS. Jos angliško pavadinimo “Access” lietuviškas atitikmuo yra “Kreiptis” (į duomenis). Ji tinka kurti DB, kurias sudaro dešimtys ar šimtai tūkstančių įrašų ir kuriomis naudojasi nedidelis vartotojų skaičius. MS Access dažniausiai naudojama saugoti ir apdoroti informaciją vidutinėse ir mažose įmonėse bei organizacijose. MS Access yra reliacinė DBVS /1/: duomenys pateikiami kaip normalizuotų dvimačių lentelių rinkinys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-09 11:12:30',62,'','2010-08-09 11:14:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-09 11:12:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,98,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1197,'Formulių sudarymas ir kopijavimas','formuli-sudarymas-ir-kopijavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Formulė sudaroma, kai reikia atlikti skaičiavimo veiksmus  su Excel darbo lapo duomenimis. Nurodžius celių koordinates, vardus, funkcijas bei operacijas, pagal formulę ir nurodytas reikšmes apskaičiuojama nauja reikšmė. Kiekviena formulė būtinai prasideda lygybės (“=”) ženklu. Reikšmėmis gali būti konstantos, įrašytos pačioje formulėje, arba reikšmės, įrašytos celėse, kurių koordinatės ar vardai nurodyti formulėje. Operacijomis ir funkcijomis, įrašytomis formulėje, apibrėžiama, kokius veiksmus Excel turi atlikti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Formulė gali būti įvedama rankiniu būdu arba pasitelkus į pagalbą formulių rašymo žynį (Function Wizard). Celėje galima matyti arba pagal formulę apskaičiuotą rezultatą, arba pačią formulę. Ką norima matyti, nurodoma Tools meniu Options komandos View skyrelyje (jungiklį Formulas įjungti, jei norima matyti formules).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-09 11:15:13',62,'','2010-08-09 11:20:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-09 11:15:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,97,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1198,'Išskleidžiamų lentelių (skaičiuoklių) technologija ','iskleidiam-lenteli-skaiiuokli-technologija-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išskleidžiamos lentelės (skaičiuoklės) - tai labai paprasta ir populiari dokumentų su skaičiuojamais elementais projektavimo ir tvarkymo technologija. Tuo pačiu vardu yra vadinama ir šios technologijos organizavimo programa. Dokumentai yra projektuojami ekrane iš standartinių duomenų elementų:  tekstų, skaičių ir skaičiavimus aprašančių formulių. Taip yra parengiami šablonai, kurie gali būti saugomi kompiuterio atmintyje ir daugelį kartų vartojami rengiant standartinės struktūros dokumentus. Paprastas ir vaizdus interfeisas leidžia vartotojui lengvai pačiam projektuoti ne tiktai atskirus dokumentus, bet ir ištisas tarpusavyje susijusių dokumentų sistemas.  Todėl išskleidžiamos lentelės yra patogi nedidelių įstaigų finansinių ir apskaitos dokumentų, įvairių ataskaitų rengimo priemonė. Šiame skyriuje yra glaustai supažindinama su išskleidžiamų lentelių technologijos pagrindais ir jos taikymu tvarkant įvairius masinės paskirties dokumentus: sąskaitas, finansines ataskaitas ir kitus panašios paskirties dokumentus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išskleidžiamų lentelių (skaičiuoklių) paskirtis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiekviena įstaiga kaupia ir tvarko didelius jos kasdieninio darbo organizavimui ir klientų aptarnavimui skirtų duomenų kiekius. Neatskiriama jų veiklos dalis yra įvairių sąskaitų, sąrašų, apskaitos registrų ir žiniaraščių tvarkymas. Daugumai šių dokumentų būdinga tai, kad jie yra ne tiktai duomenų registravimo, bet ir jų apdorojimo organizavimo priemonė. Sprendžiant įstaigos valdymo uždavinius, tenka ieškoti dokumentuose saugomų duomenų, juos grupuoti, atlikti įvairius skaičiavimus. Todėl vartotojams yra reikalingos tokios dokumentų tvarkymo programos, kurios padėtų ne tiktai parengti gražios formos dokumentus, bet ir palengvintų dokumentuose saugomų duomenų analizę, jų panaudojimą skaičiavimams, įvairioms ataskaitoms sudaryti. Paprastos tokios paskirties priemonės yra  jau tekstų procesoriuose, tačiau sudėtingesniems duomenų tvarkymo uždaviniams, pavyzdžiui apskaitos dokumentų tvarkymui, jų nepakanka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nedidelėse įstaigose ir įmonėse kompiuteriniam sąskaitų, žiniaraščių ir kitokių dokumentų tvarkymui labai efektyviai naudojama populiari taikomųjų programų rūšis, kuri vadinama išskleidžiamomis lentelėmis (spreadsheets) arba skaičiuoklėmis. Šios programos taip pat gerai tinka kompiuterinėms dokumentų sistemoms su sudėtingais informaciniais ryšiais sudaryti. Tokios dokumentų sistemos yra būdingos buhalterinei apskaitai, finansiniams skaičiavimams. Išskleidžiamos lentelės taip pat yra nepakeičiama statistinės analizės, prognozavimo, grafinio duomenų atvaizdavimo priemonė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Norint išspręsti uždavinį išskleidžiamos lentelės pagalba, reikia sudaryti lentelės formos informacinį modelį, kurio struktūrą iliustruoja 9.1.1 pav. Kiekviename modelio lentelės langelyje gali būti įrašytas skaičius, tekstas arba formulė. Lentelių stulpeliai ir eilutės numeruojami, todėl kiekvieną langelį atitinka adresas,  sudaromas iš stulpelio ir eilutės žymių (pavyzdžiui, B1, C4).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-09 11:21:17',62,'','2010-08-09 11:24:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-09 11:21:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,96,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1199,'Skaičių formatai','skaii-formatai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaičių formatų paskirtis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Microsoft Excel turi didelį skaičių, datų ir laiko formatų rinkinį. Formatą galima suprasti, kaip celėje esančio duomens pavidalą.  Formatai ne tik supaprastina duomenų apipavidalinimą, bet turi daug kitų privalumų. Bet kuriai celei gali būti suteiktas tam tikras formatas. Surinkus kokį nors skaičių arba datą ir paspaudus [ENTER] klavišą, šis skaičius rodomas celėje suteiktuoju formatu. Pvz., surinkus skaičių 36782 celėje gali būti rodomas arba tas pats skaičius, arba data 2000m. Rugsėjo 13d. arba pinigų suma 36.782,00 Lt.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Štai keletas įdomesnių formatų savybių:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaičiai ekrane pateikiami nurodytu tikslumu, juos reikiamai suapvalinus, o veiksmai atliekami su tiksliais neapvalintais skaičiais. Lentelės celėje gali būti įrašytas skaičius, turintis iki 15 skaitmenų. Ši saugoma skaičiaus reikšmė vadinama tikrąja reikšme (actual value). Pavyzdžiui, surinkus didelį skaičių 123.456.789.012.345.678 (18 reikšminių skaitmenų), Microsoft Excel į celę įrašys 123.456.789.012.345.000 (tik 15 reikšminių skaitmenų), o likusius skaitmenis pakeis nuliais).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jeigu jūsų kompiuteryje nustatyta lietuviškų rašmenų sistema, tai pinigų sumos (litais) gali būti vaizduojamos taip: po sumos, praleidus vieną tarpą, rodomas valiutos žymuo (Lt.); milijonai ir tūkstančiai skiriami taškais, šimtosios dalys (centai) - kableliu. Neigiamos pinigų sumos ekrane pateikiamos raudona spalva, o spausdinant apskliaudžiamos. Pvz. 1.234.567,89 Lt.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jeigu naudojate amerikietiškus skaičių ir valiutos formatus, tai pinigų sumos (doleriais) gali būti vaizduojamos taip: prieš pirmąjį reikšminį skaičių rašomas valiutos ženklas ($); milijonai ir tūkstančiai skiriami kableliais, šimtosios dalys - tašku. Pvz. $ 1,234,567.89.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-09 11:25:04',62,'','2010-08-09 11:27:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-09 11:25:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,95,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(1200,'Interneto kriminalistika','interneto-kriminalistika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Hakerių judėjimo istorija. Intelektualinės hakerių šaknys</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Hakerių kultūra išaugo kartu su pirmosiomis universitetų ir mokslinių skaičiavimo centrų ESM, didelės kūrybinės laisvės atmosferoje. Tada dar mažai kas suvokė, ką daro programuotojai, niekas nestovėjo už nugarų ir nevertė greičiau rašyti programų, nes 70-aisiais kompiuteris nebuvo panašus į veiksmingą pinigų uždirbimo priemonę. Pirmieji, tikrieji hakeriai užsiėmė tuo, kad tobulino savo kuriamas ESM ir joms kūrė ne tik reikalingas, bet ir įdomias programas. Šios buvo rašomos mašininiais kodais, kuriuos suprato tik patys programuotojai ir pačios ESM. Visiška laisvė leido programuotojams žiūrėti į savo užsiėmimą daug dėmesingiau, nei į paprastą darbą, prilyginant jį kūrybai. Prasidėjo naujo kultūrinio sluoksnio formavimasis. Specifinis jumoras, meilė Merfio dėsniams, šmaikštūs plakatai, klasiški meno kūriniai, atvaizduoti mašininiais kodais ir atspausdinti simboliais, padėjo šios kultūros formavimuisi. Atsirado net atskira kalba – techninis žargonas. Jo geriausi pavyzdžiai buvo surinkti plačiai žinomų hakerių kultūros propaguotojų Eriko Reimondo ir Roberto Grehemo pastangomis. Šie pirmieji programuotojai neturėjo vadovėlių, bet buvo labai aukšto lygio specialistais. Jei nėra geros operacinės sistemos – ją galima parašyti pačiam, kaip ir asemblerio transliatorių, programavimo kalbas, matematinius paketus, nenaudojant visokių naujoviškų DirectX, OpenGL, COM, JAVA. Žmonių nesustabdydavo sunkumai – jie patys jų ieškojo, tuo malšindami savo aštrių pojūčių ieškantį intelektualinį alkį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">60-ųjų metų pradžia</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmieji kompiuterių hakeriai atsirado Masačiūsetso technologiniame institute kartu su pirmųjų mokymo klasių pasirodymu. Žodis „hack“ turėjo daugybę reikšmių, tarp jų ir „kapoti, krimsnoti, daužyti į gabalus“. Tiems Amerikos paaugliams, kurie rimtai buvo įnikę į geležinkelių ir traukinių modeliavimą, „hack“ reiškė miklų manipuliavimą ir traukinių, kelių ir rodyklių perdarymą taip, kad žaislinio geležinkelio traukiniai judėtų greičiau ir įvairesniais maršrutais, balansuodami ties geležinkelio katastrofos riba. Institute tokiu naujuoju žaisliuku, kurį buvo galima išrinkti ir išbandyti, tapo asmeninis kompiuteris. Tuo metu tai buvo geriausių „moksliukų“ užsiėmimas, užimdavęs jų pažinimo trokštančius protus ir neteikęs jokios materialinės naudos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.2. 70-ųjų metų pradžia</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmaisiais „moksliukais“, kenkėjiškais tikslais panaudojusiais savo eksperimentiniais būdais apie sistemų sandarą įgytas žinias, buvo „frikeriai“, lauždavę vietinius ir tarptautinius telefonų tinklus, kad galėtų paskambinti nemokamai. Idėjinis frikerių judėjimo vadas ir pagrindinis frikerių „visrakčio“ atradėjas yra Vietnamo karo dalyvis Džonas Dreiperis (žinomas Cap’n Crunch pravarde), kuris aptiko, kad suvenyriniu švilpuku, kurį jis rado avižinių „Cap’n Crunch“ dribsnių dežutėje, galima atkurti 2600 hercų dažnio garsą, sutampantį su elektrinio signalo, naudojamo AT&amp;T kompanijos tarpmiestinių ryšių sistemoje, dažniu. Vėliau šis dažnis tapo paties populiariausio ir įtakingiausio hakerių žurnalo „2600 Magazine“, skaitomo visame pasaulyje, pavadinimu. Džonas sukūrė pirmąją „mėlynąją dėžę“ - Blue Box – su viduje įtaisytu švilpuku, kuriuo švilpteldavo į telefono mikrofoną, gaudamas galimybę skambinti nemokamai. Kai Esquire žurnalas paskelbė straipsnį „Mažos mėlynos dėžutės paslaptys“ ir išspausdino jos naudojimo instrukciją, per JAV nusirito didelė sukčiavimo telefonų tinkluose banga. Nedideliu „mėlynųjų dėžučių“ gamybos verslu namų sąlygomis užsiėmė ir koledžo draugai Styvas Vozniakas ir Stivenas Džobsas, už gautus pinigus vėliau įkūrę garsiąją kompiuterių gamybos firmą „Apple Computer“.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-09 11:27:56',62,'','2010-08-09 11:30:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-09 11:27:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,94,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1201,'Paslaugos pasauliniame Internet tinkle','paslaugos-pasauliniame-internet-tinkle','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">XX amžiuje žodis “informacija” įgijo magišką prasmę. Informacija - tai naujienos iš karštų planetos taškų ar vietinio kaimo, valgių receptai, dainų žodžiai ir artistų fotografijos, valiutų kursų suvestinės, technologinių procesų aprašymai, parlamento posėdžių audioįrašai. Kiekvieną akimirką savo jutimo organų pagalba žmogus gauna nenutrūkstamą informacijos srautą. Galima būtų net pasakyti, kad visas pasaulis - viena informacija. Todėl šiek tiek stebėtina, kad iki mūsų laikų  verslininkai informacijai skyrė tiek nedaug dėmesio - buvo prekiaujama materialiomis apčiuopiamomis prekėmis, kiek rečiau - taip pat beveik apčiuopiamomis paslaugomis, o apie prekybą informacija pagalvodavo nedaug kas. Tačiau mūsų amžiuje tiems laikams atėjo galas, ir galime drąsiai sakyti, kad XX amžius - informacijos amžius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Turbūt pirmieji masiškai pardavinėti informaciją pradėjo laikraščiai ir žurnalai. Pradžioje jie tiesiog teikė skaitytojams daugiau ar mažiau objektyvias žinias apie politiką, ekonomiką ar kultūrą; tokias žinias, už kurias pirkėjas buvo nusiteikęs mokėti pinigus. Po to spaudoje buvo pritaikytas nepaprastai galingas ginklas - reklama. Taigi laikraščiai jau ne tik pardavinėjo skaitytojams jų norimas žinias, bet kartu teikė jiems informaciją, kurios patys skaitytojai dažnai visai nenorėjo, tačiau už kurią sutiko mokėti tos informacijos šaltiniai. Paprasčiau tariant, spauda pardavinėjo vartotojams informaciją, o gamintojams - potencialius vartotojus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Daug naujo į informacijos verslą įnešė radijas ir televizija. Šioms masinės informacijos priemonėms įsitvirtinus vartotojų gyvenime, informacijos pateikimo galimybės labai išsiplėtė - tai jau nebebuvo vien juodos raidės ant balto fono ar spalvotos fotografijos; radijas leido pateikti informaciją panaudojant gyvą kalbą ir muziką, o televizija - dar ir judantį vaizdą. Reklamos reikšmė nepaprastai išaugo - juk jei laikraščiai iš bėdos gali išsilaikyti vien pardavinėdami savo teikiamą informaciją, tai radijas ir TV, nerinkdami abonementinio mokesčio iš savo auditorijos, dažniausiai gauna pelną tik iš reklamos. (Tiesa, yra įvairios mokamos kabelinės televizijos atmainos, tačiau ir jų tik maža dalelė išsilaiko be reklamos užsakovų.) Tačiau nors radijas ir TV išplėtė informacijos pateikimo galimybes, jie susiaurino galimybes informaciją pasirinkti. Klausytojas negali kontroliuoti to, ką transliuoja radijo ar TV stotis. Jis gali išsirinkti stotį, kurios profilis jam atrodo labiausiai tinkamas - kaip ir spauda, RTV stotys dažnai specializuojasi tam tikrose informacijos rūšyse -, tačiau tokiu būdu gaunamos informacijos pobūdį jis gali kontroliuoti tik dalinai. Taigi informacijos gavimo radijo ir TV būdą galima būtų pavadinti pasyviu, ir tai yra didžiulis jo trūkumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-09 11:31:12',62,'','2010-08-09 11:38:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-09 11:31:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,93,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1202,'Excel \"Kambariai\"','excel-qkambariaiq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įsivaizduokite, kad jūs išmatavote tam tikro kambario ilgį, plotį, aukštį ir dabar norite apskaičiuoti to kambario tūrį bei kitus rodiklius. Pabandysime sukurti Excel lentelę, atliekančią šiuos skaičiavimus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Lentelės pavadinimas “Butas”. Tuo tikslu išskirkite celę A1 - pastatykite šioje celėje pelės rodyklę (baltą kryžių) ir spragtelkite kairįjį pelės klavišą. Išskirta celė matoma apibrėžta stačiakampiu rėmeliu. Išskirtoje celėje galima rašyti duomenis arba su ja atlikti kitus įvairius veiksmus. Šiuo atveju celėje áraðykite þodá \"Butas\".</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. 3-ioje eilutėje, \"A\" stulpelyje, įrašykite žodį \"Koks\".  Stulpeliuose B, C, D, E įrašykite žodžius \"Ilgis\", \"Plotis\", \"Aukštis\", \"Tūris\".  Specifinės lietuviškos raidės \"š\", \"ū\" ir kitos įvedamos taip pat, kaip ir kitomis Windows programomis, pvz., Word’u.  Gali būti, kad įvesties metu lietuviškos raidės rodomos neteisingai. Šriftas visai lentelei keičiamas šiuo būdu: pažymime visą lentelę (išskiriame juodai), spusteldami kairį pelės klavišą ties pilku stačiakampiu, esančiu toje vietoje, kur susikerta stulpelių viršuje esančių raidžių juosta ir eilučių kairėje esanti numerių juosta. Šrifto langelyje, esančiame formavimo mygtukų juostoje, surandame išplėstiniame sąraše reikalingą šriftą ir pasirenkame jį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. 4-oje eilutėje, “A” stulpelyje, įrašykite, koks tai kambarys.  Pvz., \"svečių\".  \"B\", “C”, \"D\" stulpeliuose, atitinkamai įrašykite skaičius, reiškiančius kambario ilgį, plotį ir aukštį.  Sakykim, kad matuojama metrais.  Jei reikia, galite įrašyti skaičius su trupmenine dalimi,  sveikoji dalis nuo trupmeninės paprastai atskiriama tašku.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-09 11:38:38',62,'','2010-08-09 11:46:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-09 11:38:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,92,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1203,'Elektroninės leidybos vadyba ir komercializacija','elektronins-leidybos-vadyba-ir-komercializacija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektroninėje leidyboje yra taip pat kaip ir kitose srityse. Jums neužtenka tik sukurti savo produktą, po to reikia jį tobulinti, atnaujinti bei teisingai jį reklamuoti ir skleisti apie jį informaciją. Internete tai reiškia ne tik sukurti svetainę, bet ir korektiškai pateikti ją paieškos sistemoms bei priversti kitas, į jūsų svetainę panašias, svetaines įdėti nuorodą į jūsų svetainę savo puslapyje. Taip pat svarbu kryptingai panaudoti tokias tarnybas kaip nuorodų mainai (link exchange), skelbimų lentos (bulletin boards), naujienų grupės (newsgroups) ir be abejo elektroninis paštas (e-mail). Šių tarnybų pagalba jūs lengviau pasieksite jūsų produktu ar paslauga besidominčius asmenis. Taip pat svarbu nepamiršti ir tradicinių reklamos būdų, t.y. televizija, radijas, žiniasklaida ir pan. Šios reklamos rūšys ypač svarbios, jeigu jūsų produktas yra ne interneto svetainė, o kitas multimedijos produktas, pavyzdžiui kompaktinė plokštelė. Šis paskaitų kursas kaip tik ir supažindins jus su elektronine leidyba. Daugiausiai su elektronine leidyba internete, kadangi šiuo metu tai pagrindinė elektroninės leidybos sritis ir, vystantis informaciniai visuomenei Lietuvoje, ji neišvengiamai plėsis, todėl siūlome jums atkreipti išskirtinį dėmesį į šį paskaitų kursą ir pabandyti jį įsisavinti kuo geriau.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiame kurse jūs būsite supažindinti su tuo, kaip efektyviai organizuoti interneto svetainės veiklą. Jūs sužinosite kam reikalingos paieškos sistemos ir kaip geriausiai  išnaudoti jų teikiamas paslaugas. Jūs sužinosite apie svetainės lankomumo statistiką ir analizę bei jo didinimą. Taip pat mes jus supažindinsime ir su reklamos internete būdais, t.y. nuorodų mainai (link exchange, banners), skelbimų lentos (bulletin boards), naujienų grupės (newsgroups, usenet), elektroninis paštas (e-mail). Papildomai mes pakalbėsime apie interneto žemėlapius ir paieškos sistemų dydžius bei jų augimą, nes šiai dienai tai yra labai svarbūs klausimai ir kuo toliau tuo jie taps vis svarbesni, nes internetas ir elektroninė komercija bei leidyba auga greitai ir nesustabdomai.  Be to jūs būsite supažindinti ir su kompaktinių plokštelių leidyba ir reklama bei su tradiciniais reklamos būdais: televizija, radijas, žiniasklaida ir pan. Jūs sužinosite apie būdus pinigams projekto tąsai pritraukti. Mes manome, kad visa šiame kurse pateikiama medžiaga yra naudinga ne tik kaip pagrindinės informacijos šaltinis, bet ir kaip tolimesnių, gilesnių studijų vadovas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-09 11:47:13',62,'','2010-08-09 11:48:52',62,62,'2010-08-09 13:41:37','2010-08-09 11:47:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,91,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1204,'Daugiaprogramių struktūrų kūrimas ir vystymas šiais laikais','daugiaprogrami-struktr-krimas-ir-vystymas-iais-laikais','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mūsų žiniomis, pasaulyje yra per 6 000 000 000 įvairių programinių struktūrų. Kiekviena jų – vienintelė, ir tik sąlyginai jas galima skirstyti pagal tam tikrus kriterijus. Stebina didelė jų įvairovė. Juk kiekviena struktūra prasideda nuo elementaraus dvejetainio kodo, sudaryto iš 0 ir 1. Kiekviena nauja struktūra yra kuriama iš dviejų jau susiformavusių daugiaprogramių struktūrų. Būtinai viena struktūra turi būti motininė, o kita – tėviškoji.  Tėviškoji struktūra sukuria dvejetainį kodą motininėje struktūroje, kurį motininė papildo ir vysto. Po devynių mėnesių tokio papildymo pirmykštį dvejetainį kodą jau galima vadinti programine struktūra. Kol kas ši struktūra negali nei transliuoti, nei kurti programinį kodą, be to, ji yra vienprogramė ir beveik visą laiką praleidžia miego režimu. Šiuo metu ją galima lyginti su MS-DOS pirmosiomis versijomis. Dvejetainiam kodui tapus struktūra, ją pradeda aptarnauti abi ją kūrusios tėvinės struktūros, papildydamos savo kūrinį naujomis funkcijomis, procedūromis, prijungdamos naujus modulius bei įterpdamos vis sudėtingesnius objektų aprašymus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bėgant laikui, ši naujai sukurta struktūra darosi savarankiškesnė,  nors vis dar yra vienprogramė – t.y. vienu metu sugeba atlikti tik vieną veiksmą. Tačiau dabar ji gali pati prisijunginėti jai naudingus ar patinkančius modulius, nors vis dar reikalauja labai griežtos techninės priežiūros iš savo tėvinių struktūrų. Daugiaprograme naujoji struktūra tampa apytiksliai po penkerių metų. Dabar ją galima lyginti su Windows 3.1 – struktūra pradeda bendrauti su panašaus lygio kitomis struktūromis, sugeba vienu metu vykdyti keletą nesudėtingų programų, neviršijančių jos kol kas labai riboto atminties kiekio. Nors techinė priežiūra, atliekama tėvinių struktūrų, vis dar yra gana griežta, mūsų struktūra jau gauna naują informaciją iš tinklo, į kurį sujungta daug jos ir aukštesnio lygio strukūrų. Panaši situacija išsilaiko dar apytiksliai 10 metų. Šiuo laikotarpiu mūsų struktūra vis labiau intergruojasi į ją supantį informacinį tinklą ir vis mažiau reikalauja techninės priežiūros iš savo tėvinių struktūrų. Struktūra šiuo metu yra maždaug Windows 95 – Windows 98 lygio, jos saugoma informacija užima daug daugiau vietos, užduočių sudėtingumas ir atlikimo kokybė yra gana aukšti. Dabar mūsų struktūra gali pati rinktis – ar pasilikti esamame lygyje, ar tobulinti savo programinį kodą iki OS, Windows NT ar net Linux.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-11 09:17:08',62,'','2010-08-11 09:20:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-11 09:17:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,90,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1205,'Kodavimo teorija V. Stakėnas','kodavimo-teorija-v-staknas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacija perduodama kanalais, kurie kartais iškraipo informaciją. Tarsime, kad tie iškraipymai yra atsitiktiniai, t. y. nėra nei sistemingi, nei sąmoningi. Koduoti informaciją reiškia taip ją paruošti prieš perduodant į kanalą, kad būtų galima ištaisyti įvykusius iškraipymus, jeigu jų nėra itin daug. Kodavimo teorija pasiūlo konstruktyvius tokio paruošimo (kodavimo) ir iškraipymų ištaisymo (dekodavimo) algoritmus. Šie algoritmai taikomi daugelyje moderniosios komunikacijos sričių. Klaidas taisantį kodą apie 1948 metus sukonstravo R. W. Hamming. Kiekvieną ketvertą perduodamų bitų jis papildė trimis papildomais. Paaiškinsime jo idėją naudodami brėžinį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Srityse 1, 2, 3, 4 užrašykime keturis bitus (simbolius 0 arba 1), kuriuos reikia perduoti. Likusiose srityse užrašykime simbolius taip, kad kiekviename iš trijų skritulių užrašytus simbolius sumuodami gautume lyginį skaičių. Dabar \"pasiųskime į kanalą\" šį septynių bitų rinkinį. Kitame kanalo gale gavėją pasieks galbūt kitas rinkinys, kai kurie simboliui gali būti kitokie. Gavėjas gali patikrinti, ar sumos pagal visus tris skritulius yra lyginės. Jeigu nors viena nelyginė, tai įvyko iškraipymų. Nesunku įsitikinti, kad jeigu iškreiptas tik vienas simbolis, tai gavėjas gali atkurti jį nesuklysdamas. Jeigu iškraipymų daugiau, atkurdami simbolius galime ir suklysti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-11 09:20:36',62,'','2010-08-11 09:51:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-11 09:20:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,89,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1206,'Duomenų suspaudimas','duomen-suspaudimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacija gali būti bet kas, jos pilna visur. Ji, kaip ir bet kas kitas, turi savo matavimo vienetus. Saugoma ji bet kur: žmogaus atmintyje, popieriuje, diskuose ir taip toliau. Suvokti dokumentų aplanko informacijos kiekį nesunku: tereikia pažvelgti į jo storį ir aplinkui besimėtančius lapus (kuo daugiau lapų - tuo daugiau informacijos), su kompiuteriais kiek sudėtingiau - kompiuterio atmintis neapčiuopiama. Taigi galime spręsti, kad \"popierinė\" informacija matuojama lapais, o kompiuterio informacija matuojama specialiais vienetais - baitais. Tačiau net ir šiuolaikinės informacijos saugojimo priemonės nėra begalinio dydžio, o duomenų kiekiai gali būti tiesiog milžiniški. Taip atsiranda poreikis turimus duomenis kokiu nors būdų suspausti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-11 09:58:04',62,'','2010-08-11 10:00:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-11 09:58:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,88,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1207,'Programuojamo lygiagretaus interfeiso  adapterio tyrimas','programuojamo-lygiagretaus-interfeiso-adapterio-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Susipažinti su programuojamo lygiagretaus interfeiso adapterio (PLIA) mikroschemos KP580BB55 struktūra, funkcionavimu, darbo režimais ir jų programavimu, programuojamo ir pagal pertraukimo reikalavimą ir išvedimo organizavimu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bendros žinios. Šiam laboratoriniam darbui atlikti naudojamas IBM PC kompiuteris, interfeisinis blokas, specialus stendas ir oscilografas. Mikroschemas KP058BB55 turi 24 įvedimo-išvedimo išvadus, apjungtus į 3 portus. Procesoriaus ir PLIA ryšys parodytas ataskaitos gale.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-12 09:36:52',62,'','2010-08-12 09:49:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-12 09:36:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,87,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1208,'Grafinės informacijos apdorojimo principai ir priemonės','grafins-informacijos-apdorojimo-principai-ir-priemons','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas – įgyti grafinės informacijos kūrimo, įterpimo ir redagavimo įgūdžius. Teorinė dalis. MS Office paketo programose (Word, Excel, PowerPoint) grafinės informacijos apdorojimo priemonių vartojimas praktiškai nesiskiria. Aprašyme konkrečių iliustracijų panaudojimas pateiktas Word teksto redaktoriaus pavyzdžiais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-12 09:50:23',62,'','2010-08-12 09:52:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-12 09:50:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,86,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1209,' Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 tinklo administravimas','-microsoft-windows-nt-40-tinklo-administravimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tikslas:   Išsiaiškinti Windows NT tinklo vartotojų ir grupių koncepcijas, taikant administratoriaus priemones sukurti pateiktos organizacijos vartotojus ir grupes.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Apie Windows NT:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Norint  prijungti vartotoją prie Windows NT Workstation tinklo  būtinai reikalingas NWLINK protokolas. NWLINK  reikalingas tam kad realizuotų protokolą  IPX/SPX. Visi tinklai turi utilitus , kurie padeda administratoriams papildyti duomenų bazę naujais duomenimis. Su utilitų pagalba administratorius sukuria vartotojo modelį, atskirus parametrus ir charakteristikas  , kurios gali praversti kitiems vartotojams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Organizacijos Scenarijus:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įmone gerai kompiuterizuota, tad kompiuterinėmis darbo vietomis yra aprūpinti visi darbuotojai. Iš viso įmonėje yra iki 70 kompiuterinių darbo vietų. Visi įmonės kompiuteriai sujungti į tinklą ir naudoja įvairias Microsoft Windows OS. Mano  viena iš pareigų - kompiuterinio tinklo diegimas, vartotojų kūrimas ir administravimas, tinklo servisų priežiūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-12 09:53:04',62,'','2010-08-12 09:55:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-12 09:53:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,85,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1210,'Praktinis darbas \"Kalendorius\"','praktinis-darbas-qkalendoriusq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išsikvieskite skaičiuoklę Ms Excel ir atlikite kalendoriaus formavimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-12 09:56:27',62,'','2010-08-12 09:58:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-12 09:56:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,84,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1211,'Excel 2000 atmintinė','excel-2000-atmintin','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-12 09:59:01',62,'','2010-08-12 10:00:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-12 09:59:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,83,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1212,'Žurnalas \"Kompiuterija\" balandžio mėn.','urnalas-qkompiuterijaq-balandio-mn','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-12 10:00:24',62,'','2010-08-12 10:02:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-12 10:00:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',2,0,82,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1213,'Objektiškai orientuotas programavimas su C++','objektikai-orientuotas-programavimas-su-c','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš skaitytojo tikimasi praktinės darbo patirties su programavimo kalba C. Pastarosios išplėtimas C++ bus pristatytas nesistengiant pateikti visų programavimo kalbos<br />detalių. Pasitikslinti detales galima žemiau pateiktame literatūros sąraše. Nebūtina visko suprasti iškarto: pradžiai pasibandykite ir pripraskite. Kurso tikslas - supažindinti klausytojus su OOP ir C++ pagrindais, pakankamais programų kūrimui ir tolimesniam savarankiškam tobulinimuisi. Šiuose konspektuose mes dažnai vartosime terminą objektinis programavimas turėdami omenyje objektiškai orientuotą programavimą. Niekam ne paslaptis, jog programavimo kalba C++ yra kildinama iš programavimo kalbos C. Skaitytojas dar turėtų prisiminti, jog C buvo kuriama lygiagrečiai su operacine sistema Unix maždaug 1969-1973 metais PDP-11 kompiuteriams kompanijoje Bell Labs. Jos tėvu laikomas Dennis Ritchie. 90% UNIX kodo buvo parašyta C kalboje. C kalbos pirmtakais laikomos dvi programavimo kalbos: Algol68 ir B.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Toje pačioje kompanijoje Bell Labs, tik gerais dešimčia metų vėliau, Bjarne Stroustrup sukūrė patobulintą programavimo kalbą: “C su klasėmis”. Neilgai trukus buvo nutarta, jog C kalbos išplėtimas Objektiškai Orientuoto Programavimo (OOP) priemonėmis nusipelno atskiro pavadinimo. Taip 1983 metais pirmtą kartą paminėtas<br />C++ vardas. Jos atsiradimą stipriai įtakojo pirmoji objektiškai orientuota programavimo kalba Simula67 (1962-1967). Prireikė penkiolikos metų kol 1998-ųjų rugpjūtį buvo vienbalsiai patvirtintas C++ standartas ISO/IEC 14882 (Standard for the C++ Programming Language). Standarto rengimo eigoje buvo įnešta šiokių tokių pakeitimų į pačią programavimo kalbą. Gerokai išsiplėtė standartinė biblioteka: peržvelgti įvedimo/išvedimo srautai, atsirado klasė string, konteinerių šablonai, lokalizacija ir t.t.. Kompiliatorių kūrėjams prireikė dar dviejų-keturių metų kol jų produktai pradėjo daugiau ar mažiau realizuoti C++ standartą. Todėl nereikalaukite per daug iš C++ kompiliatorių, pagamintų prieš 2002 - uosius metus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-12 10:03:26',62,'','2010-08-12 10:08:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-12 10:03:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,81,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1214,'Apie interneto tinklalapių kūrimą','apie-interneto-tinklalapi-krim','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Interneto tinklalapio paskirtis<br />•    Kontaktų informacija<br />•    Pristatymas<br />•    Reklama<br />•    Grafika, audioinformacija<br />•    Sąveika (forumai, pokalbiai).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Koks muziejaus interneto tinklalapis tinkamas tarptautinei erdvei<br />•    Pritaikytas vartoti tarptautinėje erdvėje (internacionalus)<br />o    Išverstas į reikiamas kalbas<br />o    Su pateiktomis aiškiomis kontaktų nuorodomis<br />o    Prieinamas neaukštos kokybės kompiuteriams<br />o    Su paskirtį atitinkančiais puslapiais<br />•    Pritraukiantis reikalingus žmones<br />o    Iškviečiamas su tinkamais raktiniais žodžiais<br />o    Įrašytas žinomuose nuorodų sąrašuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-12 10:14:14',62,'','2010-08-12 10:17:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-12 10:14:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,80,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1215,'Rūšiavimo algoritmas','riavimo-algoritmas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduotis. Palyginti du rūšiavimo algoritmus: vienodo ilgio kotedžų rūšiavimas; sujungimu. Paimti : 100, 300, 600, 1000, 1200 elementų masyvus; Apskaičiuoti: laikų vidurkį, dispersiją, intervalinį įvertį; Palyginti rezultatus – nubraižyti grafikus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-12 10:18:17',62,'','2010-08-12 10:21:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-12 10:18:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,79,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1216,'Informatikos 4 testai ','informatikos-4-testai-','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-12 10:22:29',62,'','2010-08-12 10:23:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-12 10:22:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,78,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(1217,'D. Lukšaitė C++','d-lukait-c','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dauguma programavimo knygų, kurias randame mūsų knygynuose parašytos angliškai arba rusiškai. Programuotojams skirtose knygose taip pat gana dažnai apsiribojama formalia programavimo kalbos konstrukcijų analize ir rečiau nagrinėjami praktiniai programų taikymo klausimai. Autorės nuomone, mokantis programavimo kalbos, labai svarbu ugdyti praktinius programų sudarymo įgūdžius. Šioje mokomojoje knygoje C++ kalba pasirinkta todėl, kad tai viena populiariausių šiuolaikinių programavimo kalbų, nors kol kas dar labai mažai leidžiama lietuviškų C++ kalbos vadovėlių. Šioje mokymosi knygoje nagrinėjami algoritmų sudarymo principai, pagrindinės C++ kalbos struktūros, programų projektavimo priemonės, bei paprasčiausios ryšio su naudotojais struktūros. Pagrindinis dėmesys koncentruojamas nuosekliam pagrindinių C++ kalbos struktūrų įsisavinimui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mokomoji knyga parengta Kauno kolegijoje skaitomų programavimo paskaitų pagrindu. Kiekvieno skyriaus pradžioje pateikiami mokymosi tikslai, o pabaigoje mokymosi rezultatų apžvalga. Be to, knygoje pateikiami programų pavyzdžiai, kartojimo klausimai ir užduotys, kurie skatina skaitytoją aktyviai studijuoti pateiktą medžiagą. Kartojimo klausimai ir užduotys diferencijuojami pagal lygius. Knygos pabaigoje pateikiami atsakymai į kartojimo klausimus ir dalykinė rodyklė. Todėl ši mokomoji knyga sukuria prielaidas savarankiškoms studijoms. Mokomoji knyga skiriama kompiuterių tinklų administravimo, automatizuoto valdymo specialybių dieninio ir neakivaizdinio skyrių studentams. Tačiau ja gali naudotis ir kitų specialybių studentai, besidomintys programavimu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-12 11:13:41',62,'','2010-08-12 11:38:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-12 11:13:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,77,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1218,'Elektroninis parašas ','elektroninis-paraas-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sertifikato įsigijimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sertifikatas įrašomas Internet naršyklės sistemoje ir naudojamas naršyklės ir elektroninio pašto programoje. Pagrindinių Internet naršyklių gamintojai yra numatę savo naršyklių ir pašto programų darbą su X.509 formato skaitmeniniais sertifikatais. Prieš pasiimant asmeninį sertifikatą, reikia gauti šios paslaugos tiekėjo sertifikatą. Savo asmeniniam sertifikatui įsigyti reikia užpildyti paraišką sertifikatui gauti ir laukti elektroninio laiško iš paslaugos tiekėjo. Paraiška sertifikatų centre peržiūrima ir patenkinama arba atmetama. Jei paraiška patenkinama, tai sertifikatų centras išleidžia sertifikatą su Jūsų duomenimis, pasirašytą savo privačiuoju raktu. Jums išsiunčiamas elektroninis laiškas su nuoroda į sertifikato eksponavimo vietą, iš kurios reikia tą sertifikatą įsidiegti savo naršyklėje. Perinstaliavus naršyklę, naudotis sertifikatu nebegalima (bent jau Elpase), nes pildant paraišką sertifikatui, kartu su pildančiojo duomenimis paimamas ir naršyklės identifikatorius (unikalus skaičius identifikuojantis konkretų naršyklės egzempliorių ), diegiant sertifikatą tas identifikatorius lyginamas su dabartinės naršyklės identifikatoriumi, jei nesutampa, sertifikatas neįdiegiamas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaitmeninio parašo naudojimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaitmeninių parašų pagalba galima įrodyti duomenų autentiškumą (tikrumą) ir vientisumą (integralumą). Skaitmeninio parašo sistemą sudaro du metodai: dokumento pasirašymo nesuklastojamu būdu metodas, įsitikinimo, kad dokumentą pasirašė žinomas asmuo, metodas. Skaitmeninis parašas yra duomenų seka, sudaryta naudojant privatųjį raktą. Viešasis raktas naudojamas įsitikinant, kad parašas yra sugeneruotas šifruojant atitinkamu privačiu raktu. Skaitmeninis parašas yra taip generuojamas, kad būtų neįmanoma sudaryti teisingą skaitmeninį parašą nežinant privataus rakto. Duomenys yra autentiški, kai bet kuris asmuo gali įsitikinti tų duomenų siuntėjo tapatybe. Skaitmeninio parašo duomenų sekoje taip pat gali būti vardai ar pavadinimai, naudojami siuntėjui identifikuoti. Papildomai dar gali būti laiko žyma, nurodanti kokiu laiku buvo pasirašytas pranešimas ar dokumentas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-12 11:38:51',62,'','2010-08-12 11:44:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-12 11:38:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,76,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1219,'Bangelių konstravimo metodai ir programinė įranga','bangeli-konstravimo-metodai-ir-programin-ranga','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tikslas. Išsinagrinėti bangeles nusakančias motininės mastelinės φ(x) (mother scaling) ir motininės bangelės ψ(x) (mother wavelet) funkcijas. Taip pat išsiaiškinti jų konstravimo iteracinį ir diadinės interpoliacijos metodus bei algoritmus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-12 11:45:31',62,'','2010-08-12 11:49:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-12 11:45:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,75,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1220,'Žurnalas \"Kompiuterija\" kovo mėn.','urnalas-qkompiuterijaq-kovo-mn','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-12 11:52:52',62,'','2010-08-12 11:54:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-12 11:52:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,74,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1221,'Reklamos maketavimas','reklamos-maketavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Reklamos samprata</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuo seniausių laikų žmonėms reikėjo įvairiausių dalykų. Norint juos įsigyti, tekdavo  mainytis su kaimynais, vėliau pirkti ir pardavinėti. Kol žmonės buvo neraštingi, pirkėjus viliodavo šaukliai, rėkaudami apie šeimininkų prekes gatvių kampuose. Apie 1440 metus, išradus spausdintinį šriftą, atsirado daugiau raštingų žmonių, ir reklama tapo masine produkcija. Pirmoji spausdinta reklama buvo afišos, reklaminiai lapeliai, skelbimai laikraščiuose. Šių “komercinių” pranešimų pagrindinis tikslas buvo informacija, o ne įtikinimas.Žodis reklama (advertisement) atsirado apie 1655 metus. Jį naudojo Biblija ir jis reiškė perspėjimą ar pranešimą. Knygų leidėjai šiuo terminu pavadindavo daugumą pranešimų apie būsimus leidinius, o 1660 metais šį žodį parduotuvių savininkai pripažino kaip komercinės informacijos pavadinimą [1]. Vėliau atsirado žurnalai, kinas, radijas, televizija. Visi jie tarnavo ir tarnauja reklamai. Šiandien reklama rengiama kompiuteriu, atsirado nauja reklamos forma – reklama pasauliniame Interneto tinkle, turinti masiškiausią auditoriją ir neturinti valstybinių sienų. JAV firmos, besireklamuojančios bei prekiaujančios Internete, per pastaruosius du metus padvigubino šitokios savo prekybos apimtis. Reklama tapo paslaptinga meno, matematinių skaičiavimų ir marketingo dalimi.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rinkos sąlygomis sunkiausia yra ne pagaminti prekę, o ją realizuoti. Kai prekių gamyba didėja ar gali didėti sparčiau negu gyventojų perkamoji galia, reklama tampa viena svarbiausių priemonių pritraukti kuo daugiau pirkėjų ir paveikti juos taip, kad jie taptų nuolatiniais įmonės produkcijos vartotojais, t.y. reklama tampa viena veiksmingiausių konkurencijos priemonių. Vakarų šalyse, kuriose labai išvystyti rinkos santykiai, reklamai skiriama iki 10% bendrųjų prekių gamybos ir cirkuliacijos kaštų. Naujo produkto įsisavinimo etape išlaidos reklamai gali net viršyti jo gamybos kaštus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Reklamos etika <br />Reklama, tai vieta, kurioje susitinka biznio ir kūrybos interesai, vartotojų poreikiai ir valstybinis teisinis reguliavimas. Reklamos vaizdumas daro ją  lengvai pažeidžiamą kritikos. Nepasitenkinimą reklama pareiškia įvairūs gyventojų sluoksniai. Amerikoje apie jų pažiūrą į reklamą buvo apklausti pirkėjai ir marketingo vadovai. Paaiškėjo, kad daugelis atsakingų už reklamą vadovų mano, jog reklama, kuriama jų padaliniuose, yra prasta. Tačiau labiausiai juos jaudino betvarkė reklamos biznyje: reklama nebejaudina pirkėjų, nes jos yra per daug - žmonės tiesiog užversti ja ir todėl nusiteikia priešiškai. Nuostabiausia buvo tai, kad 42,55% apklaustųjų dirbančių reklamos srityje nebegalėjo prisiminti reklamos, kurią matė prieš keletą parų. Tik 17% visų pirkėjų galėjo įvardinti kokios nors prekės ženklą. Abejotina, kad neigiama pažiūra į reklamą išnyks pati, todėl būtina nagrinėti ginčytinus klausimus, su kuriais susiduria visuomenė ir reklamos teikėjai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-12 11:54:52',62,'','2010-08-12 11:57:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-12 11:54:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,73,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1222,'Žurnalas \"Kompiuterija\" sausio mėn.','urnalas-qkompiuterijaq-sausio-mn','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-12 11:57:47',62,'','2010-08-12 11:59:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-12 11:57:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,72,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1223,'Kompiuterių elementai','kompiuteri-elementai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Terminai ir elementarios žinios</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Elektroninės schemos, arba elektroniniai grandynai - tai elektros grandinės su elektroniniais prietaisais. Schemų technikos objektas - elektroninės schemos. Schemų technikos uždavinys - reikiamas funkcijas vykdančių elektroninių schemų sudarymas, jų analizė ir optimizavimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiandien dauguma elektroninių schemų projektuojama ir gaminama puslaidininkinių mikroschemų pavidalo. Šių mikroschemų elektroninės schemos struktūrą visų pirma lemia tinkamumas gamybai, arba technologiškumas, ir tik po to - mikroschemos vykdomos funkcijos. Todėl neįmanoma sėkmingai projektuoti schemų, neišmanant jų gamybos. Ši mintis akcentuojama apibrėžiant mikroschemų technikos terminą: mikroschemų technikos uždavinys - sudaryti elektronines schemas, perspektyvias technologiniu požiūriu ir geriausiai realizuojančias reikiamas projektuojamo įtaiso charakteristikas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-12 11:59:57',62,'','2010-08-12 12:10:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-12 11:59:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,71,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1224,'OP sistemos','op-sistemos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiame kurse supažindinama su kompiuterių struktūra ir funkcionavimu. Kuo aiškiau ir išsamiau išdėstyti modernių kompiuterių sistemų esmę, būdingus bruožus siekiama dėl kelių priežasčių. Pirma, pasaulyje plačiausia skaičiavimo technikos įvairovė: nuo vienalusčių dviem pirštais apčiuopiamų mikrokompiuterių iki superkompiuterių, kuriems būtinos patalpos. Visi jie vadinami kompiuteriais, nors skiriasi ne tik matmenimis, bet ir pajėgumu, skirtingos jų taikymo sritys ir kainos. Antra, nemažėja kompiuterių technologijų tobulinimo tempas. Plėtra aprėpia visus kompiuterių technologijų aspektus – nuo kompiuteriuose taikomų integrinių schemų projektavimo iki jų jungimo į sudėtingiausias struktūras.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nepaisant įvairovės ir sparčių pokyčių, kompiuterijoje yra tam tikrų fundamentinių koncepcijų, kurios laikui bėgant nesikeičia ir yra nuolat diegiamos. Natūralu, kad šių koncepcijų pritaikymui įtakos turi gamybos technologijų lygis ir siekiamas kompiuterio pajėgumo bei kainos santykis. Istoriškai susiklostė, kad kompiuterijos mokslas kūrėsi ir sparčiausiai plėtojosi JAV bei Vakarų šalyse, ypač Didžiojoje Britanijoje. Natūralu, kad literatūroje yra aibė specifiškų terminų anglų kalba. Sklandžiai ir tiksliai išversti juos ne visada pavyksta, anglų kalboje žodžiai daugiareikšmiai, neįsigilinus į konkretų kontekstą beveik kiekvieną galima iškreipti. Todėl, kur tik įmanoma, taikysime nusistovėjusius lietuviškus terminus, o kai kada tuo atveju, jei vykusio atitikmens nėra, greta vartosime originalų anglišką terminą jį išskirdami arial šriftu ir atitinkamose vietose apskliausdami figūriniais skliaustais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompiuterio sandaros ir architektūros sąvokos</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nagrinėjant kompiuterizuotas sistemas dažnai akcentuojamas skirtumas tarp kompiuterio architektūros ir kompiuterio sandaros {organization}. Nors kiekvieną iš šių terminų apibūdinti atskirai labai sunku, egzistuoja tam tikras neoficialus susitarimas, kokias konkrečias sritis aprėpia kiekvienas iš jų. Kompiuterių architektūra apima programuotojui labai aktualius sistemos atributus, arba, kitaip tariant, tuos aspektus, kurie turi tiesioginės įtakos logiškajam programos vykdymui. Kompiuterio sandara – tai sistemos funkciniai blokai ir jų tarpusavio sąveika, kuriais realizuojami tam tikros architektūros specifiniai bruožai. Architektūros atributų pavyzdžiais gali būti:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• instrukcijų (komandų) sistema,</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• bitų skaičius įvairiems duomenų tipams (pvz., skaičiams, simboliams) pateikti,</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• įvesties/išvesties mechanizmas,</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• atminties adresavimo būdai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-16 07:46:32',62,'','2010-08-16 07:52:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-16 07:46:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,70,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1225,'Informatikos konspektai','informatikos-konspektai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacija- tai žinios, kurias galima perduoti, priimti, įsiminti. Informaciją nuolat gauname iš aplinkos. Žmogus turi penkis pojūčius (regėjimo, klausos, lytėjimo, skonio, uoslės), kurių dėka jis gauna informaciją. Pvz. su infomacija dažniausiai susiduriama bendraujant, keičiantis patyrimu, orientuojantis aplinkoje. Informacijos apykaita vyksta ne tik tarp žmonių, bet ir visoje gyvojoje gamtoje. Gyvieji organizmai- komunikuoja tarpusavyje jutimo organų dėka. Gamta davė žmogui atmintį informacijai saugoti, protą mąstyti, balsą, gestus, mimiką informacijai perduoti. Tačiau žmogus įsimena, perduoda, apdoroja informaciją ne tik jutimo organų dėka, bet ir dirbtinėmis priemonėmis. Gilioje senovėje tai buvo ženklai akmenyse, piešiniai olose, užrašai molinėse plytelėse.  Laikui bėgant rašto reikmenys tobulėjo: atsirado papirusas, popierius.<br />Didžiulį perversmą saugant informaciją padarė spausdintas žodis. Išradus spausdinimo mašiną, buvo galima pigiai  ir greitai dauginti knygas. Raštas tinka ne tik informacijai kaupti, bet ir jai perduoti. Rašytinę informaciją perduoda knygynai, bibliotekos, skaityklos. Tai - paprasčiausias informacijos perdavimo būdas. Tačiau jis lėtas. Informacijos perdavimą labai pagreitino elektrinės bei elektroninės ryšio priemonės - telegrafas, telefonas, radijas, televizija.Informacija pradėta pradėta perduoti didžiausiu iki šiol gamtoje žinomu greičiu - šviesos greičiu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogus stengiasi automatizuoti ne tik fizinį, bet ir protinį darbą- informacijos apdorojimą. Šiam tikslui buvo sukurtos elektroninės skaičiavimo mašinos (ESM). Pirmosios ESM tik skaičiavo, tačiau jų taikymo sritis nuolat plėtėsi. Dabartinės skaičiavimo mašinos gali įvairiausiai apdoroti informaciją: versti iš vienos kalbos į kitą, užsakyti bilietus ir t.t. Todėl jos pradėtos vadinti ne ESM, o informacijos apdorojimo mašinomis. Pastaruoju metu vis dažniau jos vadinamos kompiuteriais. Žmogui visada rūpėdavo, kaip geriau, patogiau atlikti veiksmus su informacija, nes dažnai iškildavo šie klausimai: kaip sužinoti; kaip neužmiršti; kaip pranešti; kaip nuspręsti. Į šiuos klausimus padeda atsakyti informatika, tik iš pradžių niekas jos informatika nevadino. Šis terminas atsirado šio amžiaus  viduryje, kai buvo sukurtos pirmos ESM (1945 m.). Informatika - tai mokslas apie informaciją, jos perdavimą, kaupimą, saugojimą, o svarbiausia apdorojimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pranešimai ir signalai. Diskretieji ir tolydieji dydžiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pranešimas- konkreti informacijos išraiška. Pranešimai gali būti perduodami įvairiais signalais: šviesa, garsu, temperatūra, radijo bangomis, elektros srove ir t.t. Asmuo, siunčiantis pranešimą, vadinamas siuntėju, o asmuo, priimantis pranešimą - priėmėju. Tas pats pranešimas gali būti perduodamas įvairiais signalais, pvz.: žinias galima sužinoti per radiją, televiziją, skaitant laikraščius. Tuo pačiu signalu galima perduoti įvairius pranešimus. Tai priklauso nuo išankstinio susitarimo t.y. pranešėjas ir priėmėjas turi būti iš anksto susitarę kokiu signalu bus perduodamas pranešimas. Vienas siuntėjas gali perduoti informaciją daugeliui priėmėjų, pvz.: šviesoforas, mokytojas pamokoje. Pranešimus nešantys signali pakeliui nuo siuntėjo iki priėmėjo gali būti keičiami kitos rūšies signalais, pvz.: telefoninis pokalbis: mikrofonas garso bangas paverčia elektriniais virpesiais. Jie perduodami telefono linija, kitame linijos gale jie vėl paverčiami garso bangomis. Signalą galima išmatuoti ir nustatyti jį apibūdinančius dydžius, pvz., stiprumą, trukmę, dažnį ir t.t. Pagal informacijos išraiškos būdą dydžiai skirstomi į tolydžiuosius ir diskrečiuosius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-16 07:53:21',62,'','2010-08-16 08:30:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-16 07:53:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,69,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1226,'Word mokymas','word-mokymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">IŠNAŠOS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išnašos aiškina atskiras dokumento vietas. Išnašos vadinamos bendru footnotes vardu, rašomos puslapio, kuriame esantį tekstą jos komentuoja, gale, kitos išnašos - endnotes - skyriaus ar dokumento gale. Viename dokumente gali būti ir footnote, ir endnote. Footnote tipo išnaša gali būti detalūs paaiškinimai, endnote - literatūros šaltinių sąrašas. Išnašą sudaro dvi dalys: 1) išnašos nuoroda (dažniausiai - skaičius, užrašytas kaip viršutinis indeksas ) dokumento tekste; 2) pats išnašos - paaiškinimo tekstas. WinWord pats tvarko išnašas: išmetus kurią nors išnašą, likusios automatiškai pernumeruojamos. Nors išnašos paprastai rašomos puslapio ar dokumento gale, jų vieta gali būti pakeista. Pagal nutylėjimą WinWord footnote tipo išnašų nuorodas užrašo kaip skaičius 1, 2, 3,..., o endnote tipo išnašas - romėniškai: I, II, III,... Ir vienu, ir kitu atveju nuo pagrindinio teksto jos atskiriamos horizontalia 2 colių ilgio linija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">VEIKSMAI SU LAPAIS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lapų žymėjimas. Naujai atidaryta Exel darbo knyga turi 16 lapų. Kiekviename lape gali būti saugoma įvairi informacija. Darbo eigoje reikia atlikti tam tikrus veiksmus su lapais:  įterpti, naikinti, kopijuoti ir pan. Norint pereiti nuo vieno lapo prie kito (išskirti lapą), reikia spragtelti pele ties reikiamo lapo vardu lapų sąrašo eilutėje. Norint išskirti kelis lapus, reikia, laikant nuspaust &lt;Ctrl&gt; klavišą, spragtelėti pele ties reikiamų lapų sąrašo  eilutėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-16 08:31:42',62,'','2010-08-16 08:40:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-16 08:31:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,68,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(1227,'Kompiuterio virusai','kompiuterio-virusai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacinis virusas yra programa, savaime įsiskverbenti į kitas programas ir sugebanti daugintis. Jis greitai plinta, nes kaskart paleidus “užkrėstą” programą, jis susiranda kaupiklyje ( diske ar diskelyje ) dar “neužkrėstą” programą ir į ją įsiskverbia. Ne visi virusai gadina programas ar duomenis, tačiau jie visi vienaip ar kitaip trukdo dirbti su AK. Kai kurie virusai gali būti labai pavojingi ir nepataisomai sugadinti AK esančią informaciją, kuri gali kainuoti daug brangiau negu AK. Terminą “kompiuterio virusas” pirmą kartą pavartojo amerikiečių mokslininkas Fred Cohen 1984 metais. Praėjo nemažai laiko, bet virusų problema nė kiek nesumažėjo. Jeigu kompiuterį palygintume su gyvuoju organizmu, o atskiras kompiuterines programas - su ląstelėmis, gautume analogišką vaizdą. Analogijos tarp biologijos, medicinos ir kompiuterijos šaknys daug gilesnės, nei atrodo iš pirmo žvilgsnio. Kompiuterio virusai rūpi tiek pat, kiek ir AIDS. Kompiuterinio viruso blogoji savybė, kad jis plinta. Kol nebuvo kompiuterių tinklų, virusinės programos pridarydavo nedaug žalos. Kas kita kai kompiuteriai susijungė į tinklą. Virusai juo plinta be galo dideliu greičiu, todėl ir jų daroma žala didėja daug kartų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ši problema turi dar vieną aspektą. Išsivysčiusiose šalyse daugelis firmų, kuriančių programinę įrangą, rūpinasi ir priešvirusinėmis programomis. Taip pat yra nemažai literatūros šiuo klausimu. Taigi daugelis kompiuterių savininkų žino, kas yra kompiuterio virusas, kokios jo “vizito” pasekmės, ir yra pasirengę su juo kovoti. Silpnai išsivysčiusiose šalyse (taip pat ir mūsų ) labai paplitęs nekontroliuojamas įvairių programų kopijavimas, paprasčiau, vogimas. Tai ypač gera dirva kompiuterio virusams. Todėl mokyklose, įstaigose užsikrėtimo faktas yra įprastas reiškinys, panašus kaip sloga. Toks “pripratimas” prie virusų gali baigtis liūdnai, jei pasitaikys labai pavojingas “egzempliorius”. Yra žinoma keletas programų, diskų ar diskelių užkrėtimo požymių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-16 08:40:33',62,'','2010-08-16 08:50:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-16 08:40:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,67,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1228,'Informacijos saugojimo, perdavimo ir apdorojimo priemonės','informacijos-saugojimo-perdavimo-ir-apdorojimo-priemons','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacijos Kaupimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Piešiniai ir įrašai olų sienose, molinėse plokštelėse, papiruse - tai primityviausi būdai informacijai saugoti. Nuo senų laikų svarbiausiu žinių šaltiniu buvo ir tebėra knyga. Jos privalumai: telpa daug lengvai perskaitomos informacijos; ji yra ilgaamžė; naudojama daug kartų; patogi saugoti ir nešioti. Knygos trūkumai: negalima pakeisti informacijos, sunkoka rasti reikiamą informaciją, užima nemažai vietos. Dabar yra daug kitokių informacijos kaupimo priemonių, bet jos yra specifinės ir daugelių požymių knygai neprilygsta. Šiuo metu yra labai populiarūs kompiuteriai. Juose galima išsaugoti 100 kartų daugiau informacijos negu knygose. Jie turi labai daug privalumų lyginant su knyga ir dėl to greitai kompiuteriuose bus įrašyta didžioji dalis žmonijos turimos informacijos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacijos Perdavimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuo senų senovės informacija buvo perduodama įvairiais būdais. Dabar atsirado  telegrafas, telefonui, faksui, teletaipas, radio ryšys, teleksas, kompiuterinis ryšys. kompiuteris kaip terminalas informacijos sistemoje yra žymiai patogesnis už, pvz. : teletaipo aparatą, nes kaip ir minėjau gerai tinka informacijai įvesti ir apdoroti. Itin svarbu kad dėka kompiuterio informacijos pateikimo būdo ryšio linijomis perduodamos žinios neiškraipomos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Apibendrinant galima tvirtinti, kad kaip garo mašina padarė perversmą technikoje, taip kompiuteriai pradėjo informacinę revoliuciją. Labai greitai paplito garo, vidaus degimo, elektros varikliai, nepaprastai sparčiai daugėja ir kompiuterių: gaminami kompiuterizuoti žaislai ir buitinės mašinos, kompiuterizuoti muzikos instrumentai ir biletų kasos, kompiuteriai įmontojami automobiliuose ir lėktuvuose. Kuriami robotai, kurių galvose be abejo yra kompiuterinės smegenys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-16 08:52:09',62,'','2010-08-16 09:00:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-16 08:52:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,66,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1229,'Informatika. Informacijos technologija','informatika-informacijos-technologija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ŽINIATINKLIS IR ELEKTRONINIS PAŠTAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">INTERNETO SAMPRATA. Kompiuterių tinklų sąvokas jau žinote iš pagrindinės mokyklos informatikos pradmenų kurso. Tikriausiai galite paaiškinti, kuo skiriasi vietinis ir visuotinis tinklai, kas yra internetas, kokias paslaugas galima iš jo gauti, daugmaž žinote, kaip naršyti po žiniatinklį. Šis skyrelis skirtas jūsų turimiems įgūdžiams bei žinioms apie internetą apibendrinti. Jei daug kas jums jau žinoma, tai galėsite greitosiomis perskaityti ir keliauti toliau. Internetas – tai tarptautinis kompiuterių tinklas, apimantis milijonus kompiuterių tinklų visame pasaulyje. Įsivaizduokime – įstaigos ar įmonės (o gal ir jūsų mokyklos) kompiuteriai sujungiami draugėn (vietinis tinklas), paskui tie vietiniai tinklai sujungiami į srities tinklą (regioninis tinklas). Regioniniai tinklai savo ruožtu taip pat sujungiami tarpusavyje (visuotinis tinklas) – taip palaipsniui išsiraizgos pasaulinis kompiuterių tinklas. Vietiniai tinklai dažniausiai kuriami naudojant vieną iš tinklo kompiuterių (paprastai, talpesnį, spartesnį, papildytą specialiomis apsaugos priemonėmis ir pan.), kuris skirsto bendruosius vietinio tinklo išteklius (laikmenas, priėjimą prie interneto, tinklo vartotojų teises ir pan.). Šis kompiuteris vadinamas tarnybine stotimi. Visiškai nesuklysime, jei pavadinsime internetą didžiausia informacijos saugykla. Juk jį sudaro milijonai sujungtų kompiuterių, kuriuose laikoma daugybė tekstų, dokumentų, elektroninių knygų, piešinių, muzikos įrašų, filmuotos medžiagos... Ir visu tuo gana lengvai gali pasinaudoti kiekvienas vartotojas, kurio kompiuteris prijungtas prie šio tinklo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Interneto adresai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Interneto „ūkyje“ yra daugybė kompiuterių. Kaip valdyti informacijos srautus tarp jų, kaip susigaudyti, kuriam kompiuteriui ką persiųsti, kur ir kas yra laikoma? Suprantama, reikia kiekvieną kompiuterį įvardyti. Taip ir padaryta. Bet kuris į tinklą įjungtas kompiuteris turi savo skaitmeninį vardą, vadinamą IP (Internet Protocol) adresu. IP adresą sudaro iš keturių grupių sudaryti ir 1 baitu užkoduojami skaičiai (t. y. iš intervalo [0; 2<sup>8</sup>]). Pavyzdžiui, 193.219.76.39 arba 212.59.0.22. Pirmosios grupės skaičius reiškia šalį, antrosios – sritį ar regioną, trečiosios – tos srities tinklo kompiuterio numerį ir ketvirtosios – konkretaus vartotojo kompiuterio numerį. Šitokia adresų sistema leidžia sujungti daugiau nei 4 milijardus kompiuterių (tiksliau – 2<sup>32</sup> kompiuterių). Nors tai tikrai didelis skaičius, vis dėlto jau numatoma perspektyva, kai 32 bitais koduojamų IP adresų pritrūks. Naujosios kartos IP adresams koduoti jau vartojami 128 bitai – kiekvienas adresas suskirstytas į aštuonias 16 bitų grupes, atskirtus dvitaškiais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-16 09:18:29',62,'','2010-08-16 09:26:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-16 09:18:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,65,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1230,'Žurnalas \"Kompiuteris\" birželio mėn.','urnalas-qkompiuterisq-birelio-mn','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-16 09:26:23',62,'','2010-08-16 09:28:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-16 09:26:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,64,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1231,'Celės abėcėlė','cels-abcl','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinės sąvokos</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo lapo bazinis elementas yra celė. Microsoft Excel programos celės pasižymi visomis įvairiausių skaičiuoklių celių savybėmis. Kiekviena Microsoft Excel darbo lentelės celė turi savo koordinates, pavyzdžiui, A1 ar C6. Raide žymimas stulpelis, o skaičiumi - eilutė. Norint įrašyti į celę tekstą, reikia ją pažymėti. Bet kuriuo metu yra pažymėta bent viena celė. Pažymėtoji celė ekrane yra apvesta ryškiu rėmeliu. Ji vadinama veikiamąja. Kelios gretimų eilučių ir stulpelių celės sudaro celių bloką. Pažymėtasis blokas ekrane rodomas invertuotas (juodame fone šviesus tekstas). Šis blokas turi tik vieną veikiamąją celę, kuri ekrane rodoma įprastu būdu - su rėmeliu ir neinvertuota. Bloko koordinatės nurodomos šio bloko viršutiniojo kairiojo kampo ir apatinio dešinio kampo celių koordinatėmis, sujungtomis dvitaškiu, pavyzdžiui, B9:C11. Sudėtinį bloką (multiple - area - range) sudaro kelios pažymėtos negretimos celės arba jų blokai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teksto įrašymas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Celėje tekstas renkamas pagal iš anksto nustatytas taisykles. Surinktą tekstą galima redaguoti, pakeisti jo išdėstymą, formatą, šriftą, spalvą. Į Microsoft Excel skaičiuoklės lentelės celę galima įrašyti dviejų pagrindinių tipų duomenis: konstantas (constants) ir formules (formulas). Konstantas galima skirstyti į tris grupes: skaitinės reikšmės (numeric values), tekstas (text values) ir datos ir laiko reikšmės (data and time values). Be jų Microsoft Excel  atpažįsta  dar dviejų specialių tipų konstantas: logines reikšmes (logical values) ir klaidų reikšmes (error values). Tekstą arba skaičių įrašyti į celę labai paprasta - pažymėkite celę ir klaviatūra rinkite tekstą ar skaičių. Kai renkate tekstą, renkami simboliai rodomi ir veikiamojoje celėje, ir formulės eilutėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-16 09:29:32',62,'','2010-08-16 09:33:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-16 09:29:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,63,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1232,'Kompiuteris ir žmogus','kompiuteris-ir-mogus','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">XX amžiaus antrosios pusės technikos stebuklas – kompiuteris. Jis pateikia glaustą informaciją, daug žinių, aprėpia viso pasaulio erdvę… Be abejo, tai žmoguas proto kūrinys. 1946 metais JAV sukurta pirmoji elektroninė skaitmeninė mašina. 1975 metais pagamintas pirmasis asmeninis kompiuteris “Altair 8000”. Asmeninių kompiuterių paplitimą galima laikyti kompiuterijos revoliucija. Įdomu pastebėti, kad revoliucijų metais, atrodo, praėjo ir kitose spartaus vystymosi srityse. Prieš trišdešimt metų pirmą kartą žmogus pasivaikščiojo Mėnulyje, bet šiandien mūsų piliečių kolonijų Mėnulyje nėra, dangaus kūno sidabras nevežamas į Žemę, turistai neskraido kosminiais laivais. Prieš keletą dešimtmečių dainavome, kad “ir Marse obelys žydės”. Ir šiandien galime dainuoti, bet obelys ten nežydi. Kompiuteris tiesiog verčia mus gyventi sparčiau. Kompiuteris diktuoja tokį gyvenimo tempą, kad fundamentaliosios tiesos praranda funbdamentalumą, primityvus aiškinimas kelia nuobodulį spėjantiems su technologijos pažanga, o konkretūs pavyzdžiai pasensta greičiau nei parašoma knyga. Metų kaita revoliucijų nesukelia, tik dar labiau padidina gyvenimo tempą. Kompiuteriai vis “draugiškesni” mums, bet patys dirba vis sparčiau ir mums tinginiauti neleis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompiuterį sukūręs žmogus dabar sėdi prie jo ir labai dažnai užsimiršta, kur esąs. Kompiuterio pagalba gali užsisakyti prekių, įsikyti būtiniausių daiktų, susirasti draugų, žaisti, o pagaliau – net šeimą sukurti. Patogu ir greita. Sėdi taip žmogus prie šio stebuklo ir nebejaučia, kad katė prie kojų glaustosi, alkanas šuo ima staugti, o ir valgyti jau laikas. Mokslininkai apskaičiavo, kad taip bendraudamas su kompiuteriu per pusmetį žmogus gali prarasti ryšius su jį supančiu gyvuoju pasaulio. Pastebėta, kad jaunesnio amžiaus vaikai, ilgai žaidžiantys su kompiuteriu, atpranta nuo mylimų gyvūnėlių, žaislų, nebenori būti gryname ore, tampa irzlūs. Vienamu mokslininko straipsnyje teigiama, jog vaikas, prieš tai itin rūpinęsis žuvytėmis akvariume, po užsiėmimų prie kompiuterio įnirtingai ima daužyti stiklo indą. Kodėl ? Atsakymas vienas – nuovargis, išsekimas, susvetimėjimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pateikti pavyzdžiai iš tų atvejų, kai prie šio stebuklo sėdima per ilgai, nederinant poilsio ir darbo. Taip dažniausiai nutinka vaikams. Vyresnio amžiaus žmogus jau sąmoningesnis: jis apskaičiuoja savo jėgas, įvertina galimybęs, išdėsto darbą per keletą valandų arba dienų. Žinia, kompiuteris – nepakeičiama priemonė žurnalistams, rašytojams, mokslininkams ir daugeliui kitų profesijų žmonių. Neseniai teko dalyvauti paskaitoje tema – “Kompiuterinė grafika”. Pasirodo, kompiuterio dėka atliekami įvairūs projektai, sudėtingi archtektūriniai brėžiniai. Stebėjau susikaupusių studentų veidus ir supratau, kiek daug galimybių jiems teikia šiuoliakinė technika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Taigi kompiuteris yra žmogiško tobulėjimo priemonė. Be jo žmogus neišsivers naujajame tūkstantmetyje. Kišeniniai telefonai sukėlė asmeninių ryšių revoliuciją. Dabar žmogus nebeturi sakyti: “Rytoj  sėdėsiu prie telefono, paskambink”. Labai norėtusi, kad kompiuteris ir visuotinis ryšys būtų su tavimi. Sunku pasakyti, kuri idėja sukels naują kompiuterijos griūtį. Vienoje paradoje teigiama, kad jau šiuo metu elektronikos pramonė gali realizuoti bet ką, ko reikia visuomenei. Aiškiau pasakyk, ko tau reikia, visuomene. Bijai revoliucijos ? Bet juk tai ne politinė agitacija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-16 09:33:36',62,'','2010-08-16 09:36:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-16 09:33:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,62,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(1233,'Žurnalas \"Kompiuterija\" gegužės mėn.','urnalas-qkompiuterijaq-gegus-mn','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-16 09:36:29',62,'','2010-08-16 09:38:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-16 09:36:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,61,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1234,'Autorinių teisių įstatymas','autorini-teisi-statymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Autorių  teisės ir gretutinės teisės elektroninėje leidyboje</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiame skaitmeniniame amžiuje vis didesnę reikšmę įgyja informacinės technologijos, kurių pagalba mes galime komunikuoti, elektronine forma pateikti literatūros ir meno kūrinius išreikštus įvairia forma (tekstas, grafika, fotografijos, muzikos kūrinių įrašai ir kt.) bei gretutinių teisių objektus (atlikimus, fonogramas, radijos ar televizijos laidas ir kt.) internete, taip pat visa tai įrašyti CD-ROM-uose, kurie dažnai vadinasi elektroninėmis knygomis. Naujosios technologijos sudaro galimybes panaudoti kūrinius, atlikimus ar kitus gretutinių teisių objektus, taip pat kitus intelektinės nuosavybės objektus tokiais būdais, apie kuriuos dar prieš kokius penkerius metus net nebuvo galima svajoti. Pavyzdžiui, Eugenijaus Jovaišos elektroninėje knygoje “Žvilgsnis į “AUKSO AMŽIŲ”” mes galime pamatyti daug tekstinės medžiagos, paveikslėlių, girdime muziką, atliekamą dainą ir kt.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Intelektinės nuosavybės sąvoką apibrėžia 1968 m. Pasaulinės intelektinės nuosavybės organizacijos konvencija. Šios konvencijos 2 str. nustato, kad intelektinė nuosavybė apima: autorių teises į literatūros, meno ir mokslo kūrinius, gretutines teises į atlikėjų atlikimus, fonogramas, transliacijas, ir teises į pramoninę nuosavybę - išradimus, mokslinius atradimus, pramoninį dizainą, prekių ir paslaugų ženklus, firmų vardus, apsaugą nuo nesąžiningos konkurencijos ir kitas teises, atsirandančias iš intelektinės veiklos mokslo, literatūros, meno ar pramonės srityse. Iš esmės, intelektinė nuosavybė – tai yra teisės į kokį nors kūrybinį veiklos rezultatą.<br /><br />Tačiau reikia žinoti, kad norint panaudoti kitų autorių kūrinius ar gretutinių teisių objektus, ar kitus intelektinės nuosavybės objektus jūsų multimedijos produkte reikalingas jų teisių turėtojų leidimas. Jeigu išleisit ar viešai paskelbsit savo multimedijos produktą neturint teisių į intelektinės nuosavybės objektą, jūs galite būti patrauktas atsakomybėn už šių teisių pažeidinėjimą.<br /><br />Svarbu suprasti, kad elektroninei leidybai taikomi visi įstatymai kaip ir įprastai leidybai: autorių teises ir gretutines teises reguliuojantys įstatymai, pramoninę nuosavybę reguliuojantys įstatymai, sąžiningą konkurenciją reguliuojantys įstatymai, taip pat atsakomybę (civilinę, administracinę, baudžiamąją) numatantys ir kiti įstatymai (žr. į 8. Autorių teisių ir gretutinių teisių apsaugą reglamentuojančius įstatymų ir tarptautinių sutarčių sąrašą).<br /><br />Pagrindinius autorių teisių ir gretutinių teisių reglamentavimo principus nustato Lietuvos Respublikos konstitucija ir Berno konvencija dėl autorių teisių į literatūros ir meno kūrinius apsaugos. Lietuvos Respublikos konstitucijos 42 str. numato, kad dvasinius ir materialinius autoriaus interesus, susijusius su mokslo, technikos, kultūros ir meno kūryba, saugo ir gina įstatymas. LR autorių teisių ir gretutinių teisių įstatymas (toliau – įstatymas), priimtas 1999 m. gegužės 18 d. ir įsigaliojęs tų pačių metų birželio 9 d. ir reglamentuoja autorių teisių ir gretutinių teisių apsaugą.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-16 10:25:44',62,'','2010-08-16 10:29:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-16 10:25:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,60,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(1235,'Informacijos ir informatikos šperos','informacijos-ir-informatikos-peros','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">INFORMACIJOS IR INFORMATIKOS SAMPRATA. Informacija - tai žinios kurias galime perduoti, priimti, įsiminti. Ją gauname iš aplinkos ir pasiekiame jutimo organais. Pvz. : Suskamba durų skambutis - žinau, jog kažkas atėjo; perskaitę laikraštį sužinom, kas naujo pasaulyje ir t.t. Informacija padeda pašalinti nemoksliškumą. Ankstesniais amžiais buvo universalūs žiniuoniai. Dabar mokslininkas negali sutalpinti į galvą visų savo srities žinių. Kaip susidoroti su tokiu informacijos srautu? Reikalingi kompiuteriai, nes žmogus jau nebepajėgus sukišti tokį didelį informacijos kiekį. Gyvenime mes nuolat susiduriam su informacija, tai yra, įvairiomis žiniomis, kurias gauname iš mus supančio pasaulio. Pvz. : Durų skambutis, laikraštis, termometras. Informacijos neįprastos savybės : 1. Savotiškas apsikeitimas informacija (jei apsikeisime obuoliais turėsime po obuolį, jei apsikeisime idėjomis turėsime dvigubai daugiau). 2. Informacija savotiškai perduodama bet kokiu atstumu (laužai, būgnai, telefonas).  3. Informacija sensta kitaip negu kitas: žmogų sendina laikas, o informaciją sendina nauja informacija. 4. Informaciją galima tobulinti laike arba sunaikinti (informacija savotiškai keičiasi). 5. Informacija iš pasyvios formos gali pereiti į aktyviąją ( knyga guli ant stalo - pasyvi, skaitoma knyga - aktyvi forma).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-16 10:30:06',62,'','2010-08-16 10:36:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-16 10:30:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,59,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1236,'Excel 3','excel-3','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbas su ląstelėmis ir blokais</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiame skirsnyje išmoksime dirbti su ląstelėmis, jas pažymėti, kopijuoti, perkelti. Kaip pastebėjote atsidarius MS Excel programą, ląstelė A1 būna ryškiau apibraukta. Tai reiškia, kad ji yra pažymėta. Pažymėti kitą ląstelę labai paprasta, tiesiog užvedate ant jos pelės žymeklį ir paspaudžiate kairę peles mygtuką, arba su klaviatūros rodyklėmis aukštyn, žemyn, į kairę ir į dešinę nueinate iki norimos ląstelės. Ta ląstelė arba blokas kuris yra apvestas ryškiau yra pažymėtas (toliau vadinsime aktyvus). Aktyvią ląstelę galima kopijuoti perkelti, formatuoti ir t.t. Viskas kas bus daroma, bus priskiriama būtent aktyviai ląstelei arba jų blokui. Jei jūs užvesite pelės žymeklį ant aktyvios ląstelės, paspausite kairę pelės mygtuką ir vesite pelę norima kryptimi, tada žymėsis ląstelių blokas. Dažnai reikia, kad norimą pažymėti bloką sudaro didelis stulpelis, ilga eilutė ar net visas Excel lapas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Macro komandos</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">MS Excel\'is - turi tikrai puikią funkciją, tai yra Macro komandų įrašinėjimą. Macro komanda - tai tam tikram objektui priskirtas poprogramis Visual Basic kalba. Jei mokate programuoti šia programavimo kalba, galite rankomis parašyti ar tik paredaguoti kodą. Na o jei nemokate arba programavimas jums yra visai svetimas dalykas, tada teks tenkintis tuo ką galėsite padaryti automatizuotai. O galima tikrai nemažai. Pereikime prie to, kaip pasidaryti macro komanda ir kokia mums iš to nauda. Nauda yra tame, kad jei mums dažnai tenka kartoti kokius nors veiksmus, mes galime padaryti taip, kad vienu paspaudimu MS Excel\'is tai atliktų pats. Na pvz.: dažnai pildome lentelę, kurią atsispausdiname ištriname iš juos duomenis ir vėl pildome naujais. Kad nereikėtų visada trinti patiems, pasidarykime tokią macro komandą, kuri trina jūsų lentelės duomenis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-16 10:43:39',62,'','2010-08-16 10:48:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-16 10:43:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,58,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1237,'Duomenų saugojimas kompiuteryje','duomen-saugojimas-kompiuteryje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmiausiai apibrėžkime tris sąvokas: duomenų laikmena, katalogas, failas. Duomenų laikmena (disk) - tai įrenginys, kuriame saugoma (laikoma) informacija net ir tuomet, kai kompiuteris išjungtas. Jūs puikiai žinote tokių laikmenų pavyzdžius: diskelis, kietas diskas (dar vadinamas vinčesteriu), kompaktinis diskas CD, magnetoptiniai diskeliai MO, magnetinės juostos ir kt. Kompiuterio programos laikmenas vadina abėcėlės raidėmis A, B, C, D ir t.t., jei reikia. Raidės A, B skirtos diskelių įrenginiams vadinti, C - kietam diskui, toliau kitos abėcėlės raidės paskirstomos pagal konkrečioje darbo vietoje įmontuotus duomenų apdorojimo įrengimus ir galimybes dirbti kompiuterių tinkle.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-16 10:49:16',62,'','2010-08-16 10:51:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-16 10:49:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,57,'','',0,54,'robots=\nauthor='),(1238,'Programos struktūra','programos-struktra','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paskalis - tai gana nauja algoritminė programavimo kalba. Ją 1969-1970 metais sukūrė šveicarų profesorius Niklausas Virtas kaip priemonę struktûūiniam programavimui mokyti. Naują kalbą N.Virtas  pavadino matematiko bei filosofo Blezo Paskalio (1623-1662 m.), kuris sukonstravo pirmąją mechaninę sumavimo mašiną, vardu. Paskalio programavimo kalba buvo sukurta kaip mokymo priemonė, todėl šia kalba parašytas programas lengva skaityti, suprasti bei su jomis dirbti. Be to, paskalio kalbos sintaksė yra labai paprasta. Dėl šių savybių Paskalio kalba greitai išpopulerėjo ir buvo visuotinai pripažinta.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-16 10:52:31',62,'','2010-08-16 10:55:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-16 10:52:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,56,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1239,'Algoritmų analizė ir sudarymas špera','algoritm-analiz-ir-sudarymas-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PAIEŠKA PAPRASTAME SĄRAŠE</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuosekli paieška. Tegu įrašai išdėstyti atsitiktinai kaip buvo įrašyti. Reikia surasti duotą įrašą pagal raktą. Nuosekliai ieškant reikia peržiūrėti visus įrašus nuosekliai. Vid. peržiūrėtų įrašų sk. ieškant yra L<sub>ap</sub> =L/2. Jei įrašo nėra teks peržiūrėti visus įrašus L. Tarkim ieškomo įrašo su tikimybe p<sub>0</sub> nėra sąraše, tada vid. peržiūrėtų įrašų sk. L<sub>ap</sub>=L*p<sub>0</sub>+Σ<sub>i=1<sup>L</sup></sub> (i*p<sub>i</sub> ); p<sub>i</sub>=1-p<sub>0</sub>/L. Ieškant įrašo sutvarkytame faile(įrašai išdėstyti pagal raktą) reikia peržiūrėti iš eilės, todėl vid. peržiūrėtų įrašų sk. tas pats: L<sub>sp</sub>=L/2. Jei ieškomo įrašo nėra, tai paieška nutraukiama kai eilinis raktas bus didesnis už užduotą. Atliekant k įrašų paiešką nesutvarkytame faile vid. peržiūrėtų įrašų sk. L<sub>kap</sub>= k * L / 2.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-16 11:19:58',62,'','2010-08-16 11:29:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-16 11:19:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,55,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1240,'MS Excel 2000 F. Melninkienė','ms-excel-2000-f-melninkien','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Microsoft Excel skaičiuoklė (elektroninė lentelė)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Excel yra suskirstytas į ląsteles (Cells), kuriose įvedami duomenys ir formulės. Ląstelėse su formulėmis rodomas formulių rezultatas.Keičiant duomenis, automatiškai keičiasi formulių rezultatai. Dauguma įrankių juostos mygtukų tokie pat kaip Microsoft Word programos lange.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Excel dokumentas gali turėti kelis darbo lapus (Sheets). Darbo lapai suskirstyti į ląsteles. Ląstelės padėtį darbo lape nusako jos adresas. Ląstelė, pažymėta storesniais rėmais, yra aktyvi ląstelė. Jos adresas rodomas vardo dėžutėje. Aktyvią ląstelę perkelti į kitą darbo lapo vietą galima pele arba klaviatūra. Darbo lapo suskirstymą į mažus (A4, A5 ir t.t.), tinkančius spausdinimui lapus, galima išvysti įėjus į Preview langą (paspaudus mygtuką Print Preview) ir vėl jį uždarius (Close). Atsiradę punktyrinės linijos ir rodo lapų ribas. Darbo lape paraštės nerodomos. Todėl lentelės pildomos nuo krašto iki krašto.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-16 11:29:40',62,'','2010-08-16 11:46:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-16 11:29:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,54,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(1241,'Kompiuteris ir informacinė visuomenė','kompiuteris-ir-informacin-visuomen','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacinė visuomenė yra tai, ką turi pasaulis,prie ko einame ir mes Lietuvoje. Tai ne tik naudojimasis telefonu, televizoriumi, radijo aparatu, taip pat mikrokompiuteriu.Informacinėje visuomenėje milijonai žmonių dirba kaip informacijos apdorojimo profesionalai: programuotojai, vadybininkai, maketuotojai. Pramonėje ir prekyboje kompiuteriai naudojami jau keletą dešimtmečių. Nauja tai, kad mikrokompiuteriai informacijos apdorojimą ir paiešką padarė priklausomą ne vien nuo kompiuterių specialistų.Duomenis ir informaciją dabar dažniausiai apdoroja specialiai tam parengti darbuotojai. Šiuolaikinėse verslo įmonėse šie žmonės atsako ir už gamybą, ir už kiekvieną produktą. Jie lemia svarbiausius strateginius sprendimus firmoje, gamykloje, įstaigoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šie darbuotojai gali papildyti darbe turimą informaciją, kompiuterių tinklais prisijungdami prie išorinių duomenų bazių:gauti papildomos informacijos apie rinką, kainas, jų pokyčius per mėnesį, ar net per kelias paskutines valandas. Kompiuteriniu paštu jie gali susisiekti su įvairiais reikiamais žmonėmis, dirbančiais labai toli, pasitarti, kartu spręsti. Telekonferencijose galima diskutuoti negaištant laiko ir neeikvojant lėšų tolimoms kelionėms. Čia visur neapsieinama be kompiuterių. Jau įprasta darbo vietoje matyti kompiuterį. Jo naudingumas priklauso nuo darbuotojo sugebėjimo juo naudotis. O naudotis kompiuteriu gali išmokti kiekvienas, jei tik nori. Dabar kompiuteriai plačiai paplito ir kasdieniniame gyvenime, buityje, mokykloje. Daugelis turi kompiuterius ir namuose. Jie lengvai jungiami į kompiuterių tinklą, todėl paprasti vartotojai gali naudotis tais pačiais informacijos šaltiniais, kaip tyrinėtojai, mokslininkai, kiti profesionalai.Jau pagamintas įtaisas, kuris paprastą televizorių paverčia kompiuteriu, veikiančiu “Internet” tinkle. Šis išradimas, matyt, dar paspartins visuomenės kompiuterizavimą. Informacijos technologijų skverbimasis į namus sukelia daug naujų pokyčių visuomenėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-16 11:47:44',62,'','2010-08-16 11:51:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-16 11:47:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,53,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1242,'Fortranas','fortranas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">FORTRANas visada buvo ir yra dominuojanti programavimo kalba moksliniams ir inžineriniams uždaviniams programuoti. Tai - viena pirmųjų algoritminių kalbų, savo istoriją skaičiuojanti nuo 1957 m. Visi skaičiuotojai, inžinieriai programavo, programuoja ir dar ilgai programuos FORTRANu. Nepaisant to, lietuvių kalba apie FORTRANą literatūros beveik nėra. Šią spragą ir bando užpildyti šis vadovėlis. Knygelės pirmame skyriuje glaustai paaiškinama veiksmų seka, kurią turime atlikti, norėdami parašyti tvarkingą programą. Čia kartu trumpai apibrėžiami kai kurie terminai. Antras skyrius paaiškina algoritmo sąvoką. Kiti du skyriai skirti FORTRANo elementams ir operatoriams. Penktame skyriuje gana plačiai aprašoma įvesties/išvesties sistema. Šeštame skyriuje pateikiami nesudėtingų programų pavyzdžiai, iliustruojantys ankstesnių skyrių medžiagą. Septintas skyrius skirtas paprogramių naudojimui aptarti. Aštuntas skyrius sudomins skaitytojus, norinčius plačiau susipažinti su FORTRAN 90 standarto naujovėmis. Devintame skyriuje pateikiami FORTRANo grafikos elementai, o paskutiniame, dešimtame, supažindinama su FORTRANo programavimo aplinkomis. Knygelės prieduose galima rasti standartinių funkcijų sąrašą, kitos naudingos informacijos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaitytojau! Rankose laikote knygelę, skirtą nepelnytai lietuviškoje literatūroje pamirštai programavimo kalbai FORTRAN. Mūsų vidurinė mokykla pramoko<br />programuoti moderniomis Pascalio, kai kuriuos mokinius ir C kalbomis, todėl studentai stebisi: kodėl, atseit, jie mokysis tokios pasenusios kalbos. Skaitytojau! Visi skaičiuotojai, inžinieriai programavo, programuoja ir dar ilgai programuos tik FORTRANu. Pagaliau ir pats kalbos pavadinimas (FORmula TRANslation - formulių vertimas) rodo, kad kalba tiesiogiai skirta moksliniams techniniams skaičiavimams. Jokia kita kalba programuojant šios srities uždavinius neprilygsta FORTRANui nei patogumu, nei greičiu. Todėl mes paprasčiausiai neturime pasirinkimo, kokia kalba mokyti programuoti būsimuosius inžinierius. Lietuvių kalba FORTRANo mokomosios literatūros, išskyrus mūsų universitete 1988 m. išleistą FORTRANui 77 skirtą knygelę, nėra. Bandysim šią spragą užpildyti šia knygele. Norėjome knygelę padaryti suprantamą ir pradedančiajam programuotojui, dar neparašiusiam nė vienos programos, ir kartu aprašyti paskutinįjį standartizuotą FORTRANo dialektą - FORTRANą 90. Tačiau darbo metu paaiškėjo, kad šių dviejų tikslų vienoje knygelėje suderinti nepavyks. Vis dėlto FORTRANas 90 yra pernelyg sudėtinga pradedančiajam programuotojui, per daug įvairių galimybių turinti kalba. Ko gero, pradedančiajam lengviau būtų pradėti nuo paprastesnių FORTRANo 77 konstrukcijų ir palaipsniui perprasti visas FORTRANo 90 galimybes. Tam pagaliau padeda ir FORTRANo kalbos ideologija: visados vėlesnis kalbos dialektas, tapdamas sudėtingesniu, apima visas ankstesnių dialektų galimybes ir konstrukcijas (išimtis čia numatoma tik būsimame kalbos dialekte, kuriame jau nebebus aiškiai pasenusių konstrukcijų). Tuo tarpu vėlesnio dialekto papildomos konstrukcijos ankstesniam yra nesuprantamos. Todėl šios knygelės objektas galėtų būti apibrėžtas taip: FORTRANo 77 kalbos standartas plius FORTRANo 90 standarto naujos esminės galimybės inžineriniams uždaviniams spręsti. Dėl šių priežasčių ir knygelės pavadinimas yra “FORTRANas”. Autoriai pasieks savo tikslą, jei atidus skaitytojas, perskaitęs šią knygelę, ims ir skaitys bei supras FORTRANui 90 skirtą literatūrą ir kalbos techninę dokumentaciją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-16 11:51:51',62,'','2010-08-16 11:57:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-16 11:51:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,52,'','',0,35,'robots=\nauthor='),(1243,'Mikroprocesorinė pramoninio manipuliatoriaus valdymo sistema','mikroprocesorin-pramoninio-manipuliatoriaus-valdymo-sistema','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Susipažinti su realaus objekto mikroprocesorinio valdymo principais, sudaryti realaus laiko objekto valdymo programą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Konkreti užduotis. Sudaryti programą, kuri valdytų manipuliatorių ir pagal kurią manipuliatorius atliktų tam tikrą veiksmų seką. Aparatūra. Laboratoriniam darbui atlikti reikalingas IBM PC kompiuteris, įstatoma į kompiuterį universalaus interfeiso bloko plokštė, specializuotas stendas ir pramoninis manipuliatorius.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-16 11:57:42',62,'','2010-08-16 12:01:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-16 11:57:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,51,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1244,'LTSR konstitucija','ltsr-konstitucija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nugalėjus Didžiajai Spalio socialistinei revoliucijai ir įkūrus Tarybų valdžią, mūsų šalies darbo žmonės, Komunistų partijos vadovaujami, įvykdė esminius socialinius - ekonominius pertvarkymus, apgynė socializmo iškovojimus ir sukūrė išsivysčiusią socialistinę visuomenę tikrosios laisvės darbo žmonėms visuomenę, kurioje sukurtos galingos gamybinės jėgos, nepaliaujamai kyla liaudies gerovė ir kultūra, tvirtėja neišardoma darbininkų klasės, kolūkinės valstietijos ir liaudies inteligentijos sąjunga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiojo Spalio pergalės įkvėpti, Lietuvos darbininkai ir valstiečiai 1918 metų gruodžio mėnesį paskelbė Lietuvos Tarybų Socialstinę Respubliką. Tačiau tuo metu, spaudžiant tarptautiniam imperalizmui ir nacionalistinei buržuazijai, revoliucinių iškovojimų apginti nepavyko. Lietuvos darbo žmonės, Komunistų partijos vadovaujami, atkakliai kovojo prieš buržuazijos diktatūrą ir 1940 metais atkūrė Tarybų valdžią. Lietuvos Tarybų  Socialistinė Respublika jos liaudies laisvo apsisprendimo pagrindu savanoriškai įstojo į TSR Sąjungą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos Tarybų Socialistinė Respublika - lygiateisė respublika Tarybų Socialistinių Respublikų Sąjungoje, kuri įkūnija valstybinę tarybinės liaudies vienybę, telkia visas nacijas ir tautybes bendram komunizmo kūrimui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos Tarybų Socialistinės Respublikos liaudis, vadovaudamasi mokslinio komunizmo idėjomis, suvogdama, kad ji yra neatskiriama visos tarybinės liaudies dalis, vystydama respublikos konstitucinius įstatymus ir perimdama 1940 metų Lietuvos TSR Konstitucijos idėjas bei principus, sutinkamai su TSR Sąjungos Konstitucija (Pagrindiniu Įstatymu), įtvirtinusia TSRS visuomeninės santvarkos ir politkos pagrindus, nustačiusia piliečių teises laisves ir pareigas, socialistinės visaliaudinės valstybės organizavimo principus bei tikslus, priima ir skelbia šią Konstituciją.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-17 15:35:58',62,'','2010-08-17 15:44:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-17 15:35:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,167,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1245,'Graikų mitologijos žodynėlis','graik-mitologijos-odynlis','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-17 16:43:01',62,'','2010-08-17 16:46:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-17 16:43:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,166,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1246,'Santrauka apie Radvilas','santrauka-apie-radvilas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kas nėra girdėjęs apie Radvilas. Per keletą šimtmečių jie tapo galingiausia ir garsiausia šeima. Savo titulais bei giminystės ryšiais, tarp kitų ir su Jogailaičių, ir Hohencolernų dinastijomis, užėmė reikšmingą vietą tarp Europos aristokratų. Ši pavardė simbolizuoja, be abejo, oligarchijos ir feodalizmo pasaulį, kurio nekentė ir su kuriuo kovojo ištisos lenkų demokratų kartos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tarp Radvilų būta mecenatų ir menininkų, jie neatskiriami nuo mūsų kultūros istorijos. Šios giminės nariai tarnavo imperatorei Jakaterinai II, 1773 m. Seime per Lenkijos ir Lietuvos valstybės padalijimą prekiavo kraštu ir garbe, prisidėjo skelbiant liūdnai pagarsėjusį Targovicos konfederacijos aktą. Kaupė meno kūrinių rinkinius ir kūrė meno židinius, kuriuos laikome įžymiais tautinės kultūros laimėjimais. Dalyvavo liaudies sukilimuose, kai kurie jų žuvo hitlerininkų koncentracijos stovyklose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XVI a. pirmoje pusėje Radvilos dar tik krovė turtus, tik kopė karjeros laiptais, siekė aukštos padėties. Radvilos iškilo iš dalies per protekcijas ir malones, kuriomis naudojosi Barbora Radvilaitė, tapusi Žygimanto Augusto žmona, Lenkijos karaliene. Radvilos titulus, antspaudus ir valdžią įgijo tik XVI a. Heraldikos žinovai nustatė, kad Radvilų protėvis buvo (Kristupas) Astikas, 1419 m. - 1442 m. Vilniaus kaštelionas, kuriam Horoldės suvažiavime suteiktas Rago herbas. Jis turėjo sūnų, vardu Radvila, kurio palikuonys šį vardą pavertė pavarde, o kito sūnaus Stanislavo (Stankaus) palikuonys liko Astikais. Mikalojus Radvila, tuomet  dar neturėjo jokio titulo, po to buvo Trakų vaivada, žemės maršalka ir pagaliau Vilniaus kaštelionas. Jis turėjo sūnų Mikalojų Trakų  kaštelioną,  vėliau - tapusį  Vilniaus  vaivada  ir  Lietuvos  kancleriu,  kuris  mirė  1509 m.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Radvilos stiprino savo padėtį, sumaniai dalyvaudami LDK vykstančiuose politiniuose procesuose. Drauge su kitomis galingomis šeimomis pajungė sau gausią, bet ekonomiškai silpną bajoriją., įsitvirtino ankštame valdžios elite. Turtėjo iš viešųjų tarnybų, lobo ne tik iš valdinių ir belaisvių darbo, bet ir iš dovanų ir kyšių, kuriuos gaudavo arba išsireikalaudavo iš gyventojų. Vytauto laikais visas nekilnojamas Radvilų turtas buvo dvidešimt baudžiaunininkų. 1528 m. jie jau buvo tarp negausių pirmaujančių Lietuvos didikų, ir tiekė krašto gynybai 786 žygius. Vėlesniais metais Radvilų padėtis dar labiau sustiprėjo. Priešinosi Lietuvos susijungimui su Lenkija, nepalaikė daugumos bajorų siekių demokratizuoti politinį gyvenimą, rėmė Lietuvos oligarchų separatizmą ir diktatūrą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-17 17:33:59',62,'','2010-08-17 18:21:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-17 17:33:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,165,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1247,'Bilas Klintonas','bilas-klintonas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bilas Klintonas gimė 1946 m. rugpjūčio 19 dieną Hope (Vilties) miestelyje, Arkanzase. Jis buvo pavadintas William Jefferson Blythe III pagal tėvo vardą (William Jefferson II), kuris žuvo autoavarijoje. B. Klintonas gimė praėjus trims mėnesiams po katastrofos. Norėdama išlaikyti šeimą B. Clintono motina Virginia Cassidy Blythe persikėlė į Neworleans (Naująjį Orleaną), Luizjanos valstiją, studijuoti slaugės darbą. B. Clintonas liko Hope miestelyje pas mamos tėvus. Seneliai Eldridge ir Edith Cassid’ai išmokė jį, kad visi žmonės yra lygūs ir negalima skirstyti žmonių pagal jų odos spalvą. 1950 m. grįžo Bilo mama turėdama seselės laipsnį (sūnus tuomet buvo 4 m.). Tais pačiais metais ji ištekėjo už automobilių prekybos agento Roger’io Klintono. Kai Bilas Klintonas buvo 7 metų, šeima persikėlė į Hot Springs’ą (Karšti Šaltiniai), Arkanzaso valstijoje. Hot Springs’as buvo didesnis nei Hope miestelis ir čia buvo daug didesnės galimybės gauti darbą. Roger’is užėmė labiau apmokamas serviso menedžerio pareigas, o Virginia gavo seselės – anesteziologės darbą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1956 m. gimė B. Klintono brolis Roger’is Klintonas. Kai jo brolis pradėjo lankyti mokyklą, Bilo pavardė buvo pakeista iš Blythe į Klinton.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1960 m. JAV prezidentu buvo išrinktas John F. Kennedy. Po 2 metų, kai Bilas Klintonas buvo aukštosios mokyklos absolventas, jis buvo išrinktas vykti į Washington’ą dalyvauti specialioje vadovų konferencijoje (jis atstovavo organizaciją “Boys Nation”). Boys Nation ir Girls Nation buvo pakviesti į Baltuosius Rūmus susitikti su prezidentu Kenedžiu. Bilui susitikimas su Kenedžiu liko viena iš labiausia įstrigusių praeities akimirkų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bilas Klintonas mėgo skaityti knygas, bet labiausiai - groti saksofonu. Jis mėgo muziką, grojo kiekvieną dieną. Grojo jazz’o ansambliuose. Kiekvieną vasarą su grupe važiuodavo į stovyklą Oraklo kalnuose. Atlygį už sunkų darbą Klintonas gauta tada, kai tampa geriausiu saksofonistu mokykloje ir laimi pirmąją vietą valstijos grupių konkurse. B. Klintonas suprato, kad nors mokslas koledže yra brangus, jis jam duotų išsilavinimą, kurio reikėjo norint pasiekti aukštumas. Už jo atkaklų bei stropų darbą mokykloje derintą su muzikiniais gabumais jis gavo nemažai akademinių bei muzikinių stipendijų. Padedamas valdžios bei stipendijų jis įstoja į Georgetown universitetą Vašingtone. Ten studijuoja užsienio serviso programą. Kol gavo bakalauro laipsnį, jis dirbo kompanijoje International Affairs. Senatoriaus J. William Fulbright ofise. Ten jis suprato kaip dirba valdžia ir ką reiškia būti politiku.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai 1968 m. Bilas Klintonas baigė koledžą, jis laimėjo Rhodes’o stipendiją, kuri suteikė teisę studentams studijuoti Oxford’e, Anglijoje. Būdamas Oxford’e jis studijavo politiką ir žaidė rugby (futbolą). Prieš grįždamas į Ameriką jis įstojo į teisės mokyklą Yale’yje. Jis vėl tęsė savo sunkų darbą. Jis bolotiravosi kaip kandidatas Connecticut’o senatoriaus pareigoms užimti. Bilas Klintonas sutiko Hillary Rodham, kurią vėliau vedė. Kai 1973 m. jis baigė teisės mokyklą, jis grįžo į Arkanzasą dėstyti teisę Fayetteville’io universitete. Hillary 1974 m. pradėjo dėstyti Arkanzaso universitete. 1975 m. spalio 11 d. jie susituokė. 1976 m. Bilas Klintonas buvo išrinktas Arkanzaso teisingumo ministru (generaliniu prokuroru). Po 2 metų būdamas 32 metų, jis tapo jauniausiu gubernatoriumi JAV. Kaip Arkanzaso gubernatorius jis stengėsi pagerinti valstijos švietimo sistemą ir pakloti geresnius kelius. 1980 m. spalio 27 dieną gimė Klintonų duktė Chelsea Victoria. Vėliau, tais patčiais metais uždaruose rinkimuose gubernatorius Klintonas pralaimėjo rinkimus antrajai kadencijai prieš respublikoną Frank White. Jausdamas, kad padarė ne viską ko siekė, jis balotiravosi kaip demokratų kandidatas sekančiuose gubernatoriaus rinkimuose. Vykdydamas agitaciją jis važinėjo po valstiją ir užtikrino balsuojančiuosius, kad jis atsižvelgs į rinkėjų norus ir reikmes, ir 1982 m. lapkritį jis buvo perrinktas. Vėl, jo svarbiausias uždavinys buvo kelti švietimo sistemos lygį. Klintonas padidino algas mokytojams ir pradėjo programą, pagal kurią mokiniai yra testuojami po 3, 6, 8 klasių. Jis taip pat paragino tėvus dalyvauti vaikų švietime. Jo nauja švietimo sistema užtikrino, kad kiekvienas vaikas Arkanzase, nepaisant šeimos pajamų ar vaiko sveikatos gautų kvalifikuotą išsilavinimą. Nuo 1986 m. rugpjūčio iki 1987 m. rugpjūčio gubernatorius Klintonas tarnavo kaip Nacionalinės Gubernatorių Asociacijos pirmininkas. Per tą laiką jis stengėsi įvesti naująją švietimo sistemą visose valstijose. 1991 m. pabaigoje tikėjo, kad šaliai reikia kažko, kas turėtų naujas vizijas ir planus todėl nusprendė dalyvauti prezidento rinkimuose. Jis jautė, kad turi pakankamai patirties ir gerų idėjų pakeisti šalį į gerąją pusę. Jis norėjo sustiprinti sveikatos sitemą, patobulinti mokyklos sistemą, pakelti ekonominį lygį ir sukurti naujas darbo vietas. Jis pasirinko senatorių Al Gore’ą iš Tennessee’io valstijos būti jo viceprezidentu. 1992 m. lapkričio 3 dieną jis buvo išrinktas 42 prezidentu, o Al Gore’as 45 viceprezidentu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-17 18:26:18',62,'','2010-08-17 18:41:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-17 18:26:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,164,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1248,'Sąjūdis','sjdis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1987 metais  -  pasirengimo tarpsnis. Visuose kuluaruose buvo diskutuojama apie Lietuvos valstybingumo atkūrimą. Galvota, kaip pasinaudoti imperijoje prasidėjusiu demokratėjimo procesu. Bijota, kad vėl neatsitiktų taip, kaip 1964 m. rugsėjį (L. Brėžniavo – M. Suslovo perversmas Maskvoje). Iki 1987 metų pabaigos vengta viešų kontaktų su  žinomais disidentais. Priežastys? Nenorėta prieš laiką atkreipti į save dėmesį ir būti apkaltintais antitarybine veikla. Rūpėjo pats nepriklausomybės atkūrimo faktas, netrokšta veltui aukotis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1988 m. gegužės pradžioje Estijoje įsisteigė Liaudies frontas (M. Tarmakas tapo vienu iš jo vadovų). Jo surengtame masiniame mitinge dalyvavo ir A. Juozaitis, kuris sveikino Estijos Liaudies Frontą mūsų kalbų vardu. Pastarajam sugrįžus iš Talino, visi susitiko R. Ozolo bute ir sutarė, kad panašiam judėjimui jau visiškai subrendo sąlygos Lietuvoje, ir negalima palikti estų vienišų, nes, mūsų supratimu Latvijoje buvo sudėtingesnės sąlygos negu pas mus, todėl Lietuvoje turi atsirasti ankščiau negu Latvijoje analogiška Liadies Frontui organizacija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Labai daug dirbo tuometinis jaunimas (A. Juozaitis, S. Lapienas, Z. Vaišvila, G. Songaila, A. Skučas, V. Radžvilas, P. Vaitiekūnas, N. Puteikis). Rimtai rengtasi. Tarp rengėjų prisijungė ir jaunas ekonomistas A. Medalinskas. Aptarinėti būsimos Sąjūdžio vadovybės klausimai. Mąstyta, kad joje turėtų dominuoti aiškūs Lietuvos valstybingumo atkūrimo, šalininkai bei asmenys, turintys visuomenės pasitikėjimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1988 m. birželio 2 d. Verkiuose, Mokslininkų rūmuose, įvyko įprastinė diskusija apie padėtį šalyje, biurokratizmo įveikimo būdus, kurioje dalyvavo visų aukščiau įvardinti judėjimo žmonės. Tada ir nuspręsta įvykstačios birželio 3 d. Lietuvos Mokslų Akademijos Prezidiumo salėje diskusiją apie Respublikos ekonomikos raidą paversti Sąjūdžio steigiamuoju susirinkimu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sąjūdis įsijungė į diskusijas dėl naujo TSRS rinkimų istatymo konstitucijų pataisų, pagal kurį buvo padidintas 1/3 deputatų skaičius ir kuriuos skirtų įvairios sąjunginės organizacijos, vien TSKP  turėjo 100 deputatų limitą, o likusių 2/3 deputatų rinktų gyventojai. Šis įstatymas akivaizdžiai įteisintų žmonių nelygybę, kadangi deputatus skirtų TSKP, jos kontroliuojamos profsąjungos, rašytojų, kinematografininkų sąjungos, mokslų akademija, pedagogikos akademija ir t.t.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1988 metais gruodžio 26 dieną prasidėjo oficialus kandidatų kėlimas į TSRS liaudies deputatų suvažiavimą. Sąjūdis tam buvo pasiruošęs. Pagal to meto įstatymus kandidatus galėjo kelti gamybiniai susirinkimai. Sąjūdžio seimo  taryba sudarė rinkiminį štabą, kurio faktiškąja vadove tapo A. Rupšytė. Siekta, kad nebūtų nei vienos apygardos, kurioje nebūtų sąjūdžio kandidato. Kanditatus registravo rinkiminės komisijos, kurios buvo sudarytos prieš rinkimus iš tų pačių darbo kolektyvų ir įvairių organizacijų atstovų, dėl to reikėjo rūpintis, kad ir jose būtų sąžiningi žmonės. Tuo pat metu dera prisiminti, kad greta sąjųdžio imperininkai kūrė savo organizacijas, pavyzdžiui, “Jedinstvo”, kurios taip pat kėlė savus kandidatus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sąjūdžio pagrindinis ir vienintelis tikslas-siekti nepriklausomybės atkūrimo, bet tai mėginta daryti pasinaudojant tuo metu galiojančiais įstatymais. Apie valstybės akūrimą kalbėta vis su didėjančiu pagreičiu. Sąjūdžio vadovybė niekur niekada nesmerkė LLL už okupacinio režimo kritimą. Nepriklausomybės atkūrimui ruošta visuomeninė nuomonė. Apie tai kalbėta mitinguose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prieš pat rinkimus tiesiai prabilta, kad Sąjūdis yra judėjimas, siekiantis Lietuvos valstybės atkūrimo. 1989 m. vasario 16 d. pirmą katrą viešai Valstybiniame dramos teatre paminėtas vasario 16 - osios aktas. Jame dalyvavo oficialūs pareigūnai, ir jų akivaizdoje pareiškė, kad mūsų tikslas – Nepriklausomos Lietuvos valstybės atkūrimas. 1989 m. vasario 15 d. Kaune įvykusiame Sąjūdžio seimo posėdyje buvo priimta deklaracija, kuri faktiškai įgaliojo būsimus savo deputatus siekti Lietuvos valstybingumo  atkūrimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sąjūdžio deputatai privalėjo turėti tautos mandatą, kuris suteiktų juridinę galią kalbėti tautos vardu ir reikalauti valstybės atkūrimo. Įregistravus kandidatus be viešo pasaulinio skandalo jų išbraukti nebuvo galima (tada M. Gorbačiovas turėtų pripažinti, kad jo “Perestroika” patiria krachą). Be to,   M. Gorbačiovo aplinka netikėjo, kad tauta išrinks sąjūdininkus. Sąjudžiui pralaimėjus rikimus, tektų atsisakyti legalių nepriklausomybės kelių, o tai vestų į krauo praliejimą. To vsais būdais siekta išvengti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rinkimų išvakarėse vyko vadinamasis “Juodasis” LKP CK plenumas, kuriame buvo pasmerktas Sąjūdis.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-17 18:49:16',62,'','2010-08-17 18:56:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-17 18:49:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,163,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1249,'Lietuvių pasipriešinimo judėjimas 1960 – 1980 metais','lietuvi-pasiprieinimo-judjimas-1960-1980-metais','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po Stalino mirties atėjęs Chruščiovas leido sugrįžti Rusijos gilumose \"viešintiems\" lietuviams atgal į savo tėvynę. Jis tai argumentavo tuo, kad jie jau atliko savo bausmę. Gali susidaryti klaidinga nuomonė, kad grįžus šiems žmonėms jie vėl atsistojo ant kojų. Užtenka paklausyti savo senelių, paskaityti keletą knygų ir sužinosime, jog daugelio grįžusiųjų laukė buvusieji jų namai, tačiau nusiaubti, kuriuose nebėra nė vieno vertingo daikto. Kiti rado savo namus jau užimtus. O pasirodo buvo net tokių, kurie pabandę įsikurti gavo iškeliauti iš Lietuvos, taigi, grįžus, laukė taip pat gana sunkus gyvenimas. Daugelis šių žmonių neturėjo ko prarasti, dėl to dalis jų stojo į visokiausias pasipriešinimo organizacijas. Todėl 1956 metais buvo įkurta \"Lietuvos Laisvės gynėjų sąjunga\", kurią įsteigė Petras Paulaitis. Kad geriau įsivaizduotume to meto pasipriešinimą, galime pasiremti statistika: 1956 - 1957 metais Lietuvoje įvyko 229 antitarybinės veiklos pasireiškimai. Iš jų, 2 teroristiniai aktai, 5 bandymai suorganizuoti tokį aktą, 22 tarpukario Lietuvos nacionalinės vėliavos iškabinimo viešose vietose atvejai. Iki 1958 metų bausmę atlikę grįžo virš 400 buvusiųjų ginkluotų gaujų narių, apie tūkstantis nacionalistinių organizacijų vadovų ir aktyvių dalyvių, apie 300 kunigų. Vienu žodžiu, Lietuvos potencialas pasipriešinimui buvo didelis, ir gana smarkiai padidėjo po \"kalinių\" sugrįžimo, deja, daugelis žmonių matyt jau buvo pamatę \"gerą\" gyvenimą tiek Rusijos pakraščiuose, tiek ir pačioje Lietuvoje, todėl pasipriešinimas nebebuvo toks didelis, nes jau 1949 metais kovotojų jėgos ėmė sekti, o Vakarai nesiėmė jokių priemonių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apie 1970 metus, kaip teigia iš TSRS emigravęs lietuvis Valdas Anelauskas, Katalikų bažnyčia vaidino bene svarbiausią vaidmenį visame rezistenciniame judėjime. Ji ir vadovavo šiam rezistenciniam paradui, ir jį rėmė. Nieko nuostabaus, juk 90% lietuvių laiko save katalikais. Jis sako, kad Katalikų Bažnyčiai, tuo metu kovojusiai prieš TSRS, kitų tikėjimų žmonės buvo ne mažiau engiami už pačius komunistus, dėl šios priežasties, disidentinis judėjimas nebuvo vieningas, ypač jaunimo tarpe. Anelauskas pirmą kartą buvo pripažintas disidentu, kai jam buvo 14 metų - jis nunešė gėlių ant Romo Kalantos kapo...</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Disidentas – skirtingai galvojantis ir veikiantis žmogus, negu valdantieji reikalauja. Disidentinis judėjimas sustiprėjo atėjus Chruščiovui į valdžią. Maskvoje žmonės dalyvaujantys šiame judėjime dar buvo vadinami refiuzninkais. Disidentai daugiausia buvo inteligentai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bažnyčiai religinė laisvė buvo daug svarbesnė už politinę. Valdas nors ir nebuvo katalikas, tačiau vis tiek bandė tartis su Bažnyčia, kol galiausiai ji pati pradėjo į Valdą žiūrėti kaip į atskalūną. Jis keliavo po TSRS ir sutiko daug disidentų kitose tautose, važiavo su jais į stovyklas, kūrė planus. Tai daugiausia buvo jaunimas, rašytojai, pogrindinių roko grupių muzikantai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1978 metais Leningrade turėjo vykti roko koncertas, tačiau jis buvo atšauktas prieš kelias valandas nuo pradžios: komunistai bijojo, kad šis koncertas gali virsti į politinę akciją. Jaunimas pradėjo protestuoti ir į darbą buvo pakviesta miliciją. Šimtai žmonių buvo areštuota, tačiau daugelis turėjo būti paleisti, nes paprasčiausiai kalėjime nebuvo vietos...</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-17 18:58:34',62,'','2010-08-17 19:02:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-17 18:58:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,162,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1250,'Svarbiausių senovės istorijos įvykių suvestinė','svarbiausi-senovs-istorijos-vyki-suvestin','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-17 19:04:16',62,'','2010-08-17 19:06:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-17 19:04:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,161,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(1251,'Lietuvos Respublikos kūrimasis','lietuvos-respublikos-krimasis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1918 metų rudenį paskutinysis senosios Vokietijos kancleris leido sudaryti Lietuvos vyriausybę. 1918 m. lapkričio 5 d. Taryba pavedė Voldemarui sudaryti pirmą nepriklausomos Lietuvos kabinetą, kuris pradėjo veikti lapkričio 11 d. Vyriausybė pradėjo veikti, vadovaudamasi vadinamaisiais laikinos konstitucijos pamatiniais dėsniais, kuriuos išleido Valstybės Taryba savo sesijoj spalio mėnesio pabaigoje. Aukščiausiojo valdžios organo kompetencija buvo atiduota Tarybos prezidiumui, kurį sudarė pirmininkas (Smetona) ir du vicepirmininkai (Staigaitis ir Šilingas). Jie trise ėjo prezidento pareigas. Prezidiumas savo valdžią turėjo vykdyti per ministrų kabinetą, atsakingą prieš Valstybės Tarybą. Pastaroji turėjo leisti įstatymus ir daryti sutartis su kitomis valstybėmis. Jai priklausė interpeliacijų ir paklausimų teisė.  Tie pamainiai dėsniai pavedė laikinajai valdžiai išleisti steigiamojo seimo rinkimų įstatymą, pagrįstą visuotinio, lygaus, tiesioginio ir slapto balsavimo pagrindais. Kiek vėliau prezidiumą pakeitė prezidentas, kuris Tarybos sesijų protarpiais arba sesijų pertraukomis gavo teisę leisti įstatymus, ministerio kabineto priimtus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmasis ministerių kabinetas buvo sudarytas ne partijų koalicijos, bet darbo pamatais. Jo programa buvo viešai išdėstyta Valstybės Tarybos posėdyje lapkričio 14 d. Vilniuje. Tada okupacinę valdžią buvo paėmusios į savo rankas vokiečių kareivių tarybos. Krašte pairo tvarka; pačiame Vilniuje ėmė organizuotis Rusijos pavyzdžiu komunistai; be to, vietiniai lenkai kvietė Lenkijos Regentų Tarybą užimti Lietuvą. Tuo tarpu naujoji vyriausybė   neturėjo net savo saugumui organizuotos ginkluotos jėgos. Norėdamas pirmučiausia apsaugoti valstybę nuo netvarkos, kabinetas ėmė kurti miliciją ir policiją, kurių ligi tol neleido organizuoti okupacinė valdžia. Tiek administracijos aparatą, tiek savivaldybių organus reikėjo naujai įkurti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ministerių pirmininkas Voldemaras, manydamas, kad taikingos ir demokratinės Lietuvos niekas negalės pulti, pats  tuojau išvyko į užsienius išvystyti diplomatinės akcijos. Tuo tarpu pakrikusi Vokietija nepaisė ją nugalėjusių santarvininkių reikalavimo, kad ji neatitrauktų savo kariuomenės iš okupuotų kraštų, ligi ją pakeis vietinės, nepriklausomybę paskelbusių kraštų, kariuomenės. Atsitraukiančios Vokiečių kariuomenės įkandin brovėsi Rusijos komunistų kariuomenė. Lietuvos  vyriausybei neturint dar savo kariuomenės, tas pavojus 1918 m. pabaigoje pasidarė toks didelis, kad reikėjo staiga pakeisti visą programą ir pirmiausia pradėti organizuoti kariuomenę  ginti kraštą nuo naujos invazijos. Žūtbūt reikėjo suorganizuoti savo kariuomenę. Tą reikalą karščiausiai rėmė į Lietuvą grįžę buvę Rusų kariuomenės karininkai lietuviai. Jie stojo organizuoti kariuomenės pulkų; be to, pasklidę po kraštą, jie organizavo vietos partizanų būrius. Kariuomenės organizavimo pradžia laikoma 1918 m. lapkričio 23 d., nes  tą dieną išleistas I - asis tuo reikalu įstatymas. Tada vokiečių kariuomenė jau traukėsi iš Rusijos. Atsitraukiančių vokiečių įkandin slenką bolševikai gruodžio mėn. gale jau įsiveržė į Lietuvą. Tuo tarpu ministerių pirmininkas buvo išvažiavęs į užsienį diplomatiniais reikalais. Jam nesant namie, buvo perorganizuotas kabinetas: į jį buvo įtraukta žmonių iš visų partijų. Šio II - ojo kabineto pirmininku buvo Sleževičius. Kabinetas tuojau paskelbė visų piliečių šaukimą į savanorių pulkus ginti nepriklausomybės.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-17 19:09:30',62,'','2010-08-17 19:14:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-17 19:09:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,160,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1252,'Lietuvos visuomeninė kultūra, kalba','lietuvos-visuomenin-kultra-kalba','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Giminė bendruomenė palaikė ryšius su aplinkinėmis bendruomenėmis, mat to meto visuomenė laikėsi egzogamijos papročio, draudžiančio santuoką tarp tos pačios giminės narių. Taigi seniausieji mūsų krašto gyventojai jau nebuvo klajokliai, bastęsi bandomis. Darbas bendruomenėje būdavo pasidalijimas pagal amžių ir lutį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Narvos ir Nemuno archeloginės kultūros torėjo didžiausią įtaką formuojantis baltiškajai kultūrai, o šių kultūrų žmonęs galima laikyti tiesioginiais baltų protėviais. III - tūkst. pr. Kr. sąvartoje atsikėlė virvelinės keramikos kultūros žmonės. Pirmieji atsikraustė kultūros žmonės; 1 Madleno, 2 Svidrų, 3 Kundos ir Nemuno, 4 Narvos ir neolitinė Nemuno, 5 virvelinės keramikos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Baltų priešistorė prasidėjo prieš 13 - tūkst. metų. To meto gyventojai medžiojo, žvejojo, ir rankinėjo gamtoje randamą maistą. Svarbiausias neolito laikotarpio žmonių išradimas buvo keramika. Atsiradus gyvulininkystei ir žemdirbystei žmonės pradėjo statyti ilgus namus. Ankstyvajame geležies amžiuje į Lietuvos teritoriją atvežami pirmieji geležies dirbiniai. Senajame geležies amžiuje pagyvėja prekyba su Romos imperojos provincijomis. Viduriniajame geležies amžiuje susiformuoja visos dabar žinomos baltų gentys. Vėlyvajame geležies amžiuje išryškėja lietuvių sąjungos įtaka kitoms baltų gentims.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-17 19:16:36',62,'','2010-08-17 19:23:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-17 19:16:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,159,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1253,'Karo archyvas XVI a.','karo-archyvas-xvi-a','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-17 20:00:19',62,'','2010-08-17 20:03:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-17 20:00:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,158,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1254,'Pilietinis karas JAV','pilietinis-karas-jav','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nei mirties bausmės, nei karo padėties įvedimas kai kuriose Pietų valstijose jau nebegalėjo sustabdyti bręstančios revoliucinės krizės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Džono Brauno sukilimas buvo tik vienas iš revoliucinės krizės augimo rodiklių. 1859 m. lapkričio mėn. Fermeriai ir vergai plantacijose sudegino daug sandėlių ir kitų pastatų. Kanzase sukilo fermeria ir pabėgėliai vergai, kuriems vadovavo Brauno draugas kapitonas Montogomeris. Kruvini negrų ir vergvaldžių susirėmimai įvyko Tenesyje, Alabamoje, Floridoje ir kitose valstijose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Susidariusioms sąlygoms ypatingai didelę reikšmę įgavo kova dėl prezidento valdžios. Vergvaldiškoje “demokratų” partijoje nebuvo vienybės rinkimų platformos klausimu. Nuo šios partijos, kurios pagrindinė jėga buvo Pietų vergvaldžiai, įvairiomis priemonėmis siekę paskleisti vergiją visoje šalyje, atskilo Šiaurės demokratų partija. Pastaroji atstovavo reakcinėms stambioms buržuazijos grupėms, susijusioms su verdvaldžiais, bet nelinkusiomis pritarti prievartiniam vergijos skleidimui Šiaurėje ir Vakaruose. Atskilo taip pat pasienio ir iš dalies Pietų valstijų vergvaldžių grupė, kuri gynė kiek nuosaikesnę vergijos skleidimo  programą. Skilimas demokratų partijoje susilpnino jos pozicijas prezidento rinkimų metu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Respublikonų partija, nepaisant nesutarimų tarp jos nuosaikiojo ir radikalaus demokratinio sparnų, suvienijusi  fermerių, darbininkų, smulkiosios miesto buržuazijos ir pažangiosios Šiaurės balsus, gavo galimybę laimėti pergalę. Partijos suvažiavime buvo paruošta, apskritai paėmus, nuosaiki programa apriboti vergiją jos užimtąja teritorija. Tačiau į šią programą  buvo įtraukti ir radikalūs demokratiniai reikalavimai išleisti įstatymą dėl homstedų, neleisti įvesti vergijos Kanzase ir pasmerkti agresinę užsienio politiką. Kilęs iš fermerio šeimos, Vakarų valstijų atstovas Abraomas Linkolnas, įžymus pažangus veikėjas, žinomas savo siekimu apriboti ir palaipsniui panaikinti vergiją, suvažiavime buvo pasiūlytas kandidatu į respublikos prezidentus. 1860 m. lapkričio 6 d. jis buvo išrinktas prezidentu. Išrinkus Linkolną prezidentu, vergvaldžiai nutarė atsiskirti nuo Šiaurės. “Secesijos” arba pietinių valstijų atsiskyrimo nuo JAV planas buvo sudarytas dar iki Linkolno išrinkimo, o lapkričio 7 d. vergvaldžių  suvažiavimas Čarlstone priėmė nutarimą atsiskirti. Gruodžio 20 d. Pietų Karolina pareiškė, kad ji išeina iš JAV sudėties, ja pasekė 10 kitų vergvaldžių valstijų. 1861 m. vasario mėn. Konvente Montagomeryje maištininkai paskelbė sudarą vergvaldinę valstybę-Amerikos valstijų konfederaciją - ir savo prezidentu išrinko stambų vergijos šalininką D. Devisą. Priimtoje konstitucijoje vergvaldystė buvo paskelbta naujos valstybės  pagrindu, o Vergija - “natūralia” negrų padėtimi. Be to jie stengėsi užkariauti visą šalį ir visų pirma vakarines teritorijas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Karo veiksmai prasidėjo netrukus po to, kai į valdžią atėjo Linkolnas. 1861 m. balandžio 12 d. maištininkai pradėjo Pilietinį karą, užgrobę ir subombardavę Semterio fortą Pietų Karolinoje. Jie pasitikėjo savo pranašumu ir Šiaurės nepasiruošimu karui. Karo pradžioje Šiaurė faktiškai neturėjo armijos, tuo tarpu maištininkai buvo gerai ginkluoti ir galėjo remtis paruoštais iš vergvaldžių tarpo karininkų kadrais. Pietiečiai tikėjosi, kad tarp Šiaurės generolų ir valdininkų pasitaikys išdavysčių, tikėjosi sudaryti suokalbį su stambiąja buržuazija. Dėl Linkolno vyriausybės svyravimų jie buvo įsitikinę, kad karas bus trumpalaikis ir jie lengvai laimės pergalę. Plantatoriai tikėjosi, kad juos parems Anglija ir Prancūzija, kurios buvo suinteresuotos, kad JAV suskiltų į dvi silpnas valstybes, ojos toliau galėtų importuoti medvilnę iš Pietų valstijų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Maištininkai plantatoriai neatsižvelgė į darbo žmonių masių jėgas. Kada Linkolnas paskelbė šaukimą 75 tūkst. Savanorių šaliai ginti, į jį atsiliepė 300 tūkst. Žmonių. Įžymūs darbininkų judėjimo veikėjai Silvisas, Veidemejeris, Vilichas ir kt. Sudarinėjo darbininkų-fermerių pulkus. Darbo žmonių masės ir visų pirma darbininkų klasė kare suvaidino lemiamą vaidmenį. Iš kiekvieno tūkstančio Šiaurės kareivių buvo 421 darbininkas ir 487 fermeriai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-17 20:04:41',62,'','2010-08-17 20:13:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-17 20:04:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,157,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1255,'Ant trijų senovės kalvų','ant-trij-senovs-kalv','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame laikraštyje jūs susipažinsite su senovės Graikija,Egiptu,Roma.“Ant trijų senovės kalvų” praplės žinias apie neatmenamus laikus.Mes išrinkome informaciją kuri šiek tiek supažindins su senovės pasauliu.Taigi pirmyn skaityti!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apie 95 proc. gyventojų yra graikai. Dar yra albanų, makedonų, bulgarų, žydų, čigonų; rytuose- turkų. Valstybinė religija- stačiatikybė, dalis graikų- katalikai,o turkai - musulmonai. Gyventojų vid. tankumas 96 žm./km². Tankiausiai gyvenama pajūrio lygumuose ir upių slėniuose (120 žm./km.²), rečiausiai kalnų (ypač Pindo) rajonuose (~10 žm./km.²). Miestuose gyvena 52,9 % visų gyventojų, miesteliuose 11,7%, kaimuose 35,1%.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kalnuose yra šakalų, lapių, vilpišių. Endeminės rūšys: akmeninis ožys, pilkasis žiurkėnas, pakrančių vandenyse- ruonis vienuolis. Daug gyvačių, vėžlių, driežų.  Nacionaliniai  parkai:  Olimpas,  Parnasas  (Vid. Graikija)  ir  Samarija  (Kretos  s.).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Senovės graikai turėjo daug dievų.Tačiau apie juos papasakot ir visus išvardint gana sunku.Taigi mes išrinkome istorijas ir pasakojimus kurie atskleistų paslapties skraistę ir supažindintų jus su senovės Graikijos dievais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš pradžių buvo vien amžinas, beribis, tamsus Chaosas - gyvybės šaltinis.Viskas atsirado iš beribio Chaoso - visas pasaulis ir nemirtingieji dievai.Iš Chaoso atsirado ir deivė Žemė - Gaja.Plačiai nusidriekė ji, galinga, duodanti gyvybę viskam, kas gyvena ir auga joje.Po jos atsirado ir baisusis Tartaras - siaubinga bedugnė, kupina amžinos tamsos.Iš Chaoso gimė ir galingoji, viską atgaivinanti Meilė - Erotas. Beribis Chaosas pagimdė amžinąją Tamsą - Erebą ir tamsiąją Naktį - Niuktę.O iš Nakties ir Tamsos atsirado amžinoji Šviesa - Eteris ir džiaugsminga šviesi Diena - Hemera. Šviesa pasklido po pasaulį, naktis ir diena ėmė keisti viena kitą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Galinga, palaimos kupina Žemė pagimdė bekraštį mėlyną Dangų - Uraną, ir nusidriekė Dangus virš Žemės. Išdidžiai iškilo į jį Žemės pagimdyti aukštieji Kalnai, ir plačiai išsiliejo amžinai šniokščianti Jūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Uranas - Dangus - įsiviešpatavo pasaulyje. Jis vedė palaimingąją Žemę. Šešeto sūnų ir šešeto dukterų - galingų, rūsčių titanų - susilaukė Uranas ir Gaja. Jų sūnus, titanas Okeanas, juosiantis žemę, ir deivė Tetidė pagimdė visas upes, kurios gena savo vandenis jūros link, ir jūrų deives - okeanides. O titanas Hiperionas ir Tėja pagimdė Saulę - Heliją, Mėnulį - Selenę ir rausvaskruostę Aušrą - rožiapirštę Eos (Aušrinę). Astrėjas ir Eos pagimdė žvaigždes, kurios žiba tamsiame nakties danguje, ir vėjus: audringąjį šiaurį Borėją, rytį Eurą, drėgnajį pietį Notą ir švelnųjį vakarį Zefyrą, genantį lietaus debesis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Galingoji Žemė pagimdė ne tik titanus, bet ir tris milžinus-kiklopus su viena akimi kaktoje - ir tris didžiulius tartum kalnai penkiasdešimtgalvius šimtarankius milžinus (hekatoncheirus). Prieš jų baisią jėgą niekas negalėjo atsilaikyti, jų stichiška galia buvo beribė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pradėjo nekęsti Uranas vaikų milžinų, nutrenkė juos į gilias ir tamsias Žemės gelmes ir uždraudė grįžti į pasaulį.Kankinosi motina Žemė. Ją slėgė baisi našta, glūdėjusi jos gelmėse. Pasišaukė ji vaikus titanus ir ėmė kurstyti prieš tėvą Uraną, bet tie neišdrįso pakelti prieš tėvą rankos. Tiktai jauniausias jų, klastingasis Kronas, gudrumu įveikė Uraną ir atėmė iš jo valdžią.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Deivė Naktis, bausdama Kroną, pagimdė daugybę siaubingų dievų: mirties dievą Tanatą, nesantaikos deivę Eridę, apgaulės deivę Apatę, naikinimo deives-Kėres, miego dievą Hipną, lydimą spiečiaus niūrių, sunkių vizijų, negailestingąją keršto deivę Nemesidę ir daugelį kitų. Siaubą, nesantaiką, apgaulę, karus ir nelaimes atnešė tie dievai į pasaulį, kur tėvo soste įsiviešpatavo Kronas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-17 20:18:15',62,'','2010-08-17 20:25:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-17 20:18:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,156,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1256,'Referatas apie reformaciją','referatas-apie-reformacij','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vėliausiai Europoje priėmusios krikštą Lietuvos,kur XV a. – XVI a. pradžioje nebuvo bent kiek stipresnių eretinių judėjimų, visuomenė į Reformacijos sąjūdį įsįtraukė beveik tuo pat metu, kaip jį subrandinę kraštai (1517 m. Vitenberge buvo paskelbtos Martyno Liuterio tezės, XVI a. trečiajame dešimtmetyje protestantizmas įsiviešpatavo kaiminystėje Prūsijoje ir pradėjo plisti tarp ten gyvenusių lietuvių, to amžiaus trečiajame - ketvirtajame dešimtmetyje liuteronai pradėjo savo veiklą Lietuvoje, o 1542 – 1547 m. žymiausieji iš jų aktyviai patraukė į kultūrinį Prūsijos kunigaikštystės gyvenimą, prisidėjo prie protestantiško Karaliaučiaus universiteto sukūrimo). Tai rodo, kad Lietuvos valstybėje jau egzistavo pakankamai pajėgus intelektualinio elito sluoksnis, galėjęs ne tik akumuliuoti, bet ir skleisti protestanizmo idėjas visuomenėje, o ji buvo subrendusi jas priimti ir pritaikyti savo poreikiams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Feodalinio gamybos būdo gelmėse bręstantys nauji kapitalistiniai ekonominiai santykiai buvo beveik visose Europos valstybėse. Visuose sluoksniuose –  kunigaikščių rūmuose, mokslingų šviesuolių kambarėliuose, vienuolių celėse, pirklių mūruose, amatininkų gatvelėse ir net valstiečių trobose bei lūšnelėse – mintis, kad gyvenime būtinos permainos. Gyvenusieji XVI amžiuje nesuvokė tų materialinių istorinių galių, kurios įsuko juos į milžinišką visuomeninio judėjimo sūkurį, apėmusį visą Europą. Tikėta, kad reikia surasti “teisingą” tikėjimą, moralės principus, kurie kaip galingi svertai pakeistų santykius tarp žmonių ir valstybių. Nyktų karai ir skurdas.Atrodė, kad tatai galima esą pasiekti reformuojant įsigalėjusią katalikų bažnyšią, nustačius naują tikėjimui palaikyti ir skleisti organizaciją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XVI a. pradžioje Lietuvoje, kaip ir visoje Europoje, išplito reformacijos sąjūdis. Tam pasitarnavo Renesanso kultūros plitimas, humanistų veikla.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvoje buvo bandoma užkirsti kelią reformacijai plisti. 1520 m. įsaku Žygimantas  Senasis uždraudė įvežti į Lenkijos  karalystę ir savo domeną M. Liuterio knygas, o 1535 m., būdamas Vilniuje, patvirtino šių įsakų galią Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje. 1543 m. tai buvo pakartotinai uždrausta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1542 m. gegužės 19 dieną Žygimantas Senanis išleido LDK vyriausybės dekretą. Šį dokumentą inspiravo Vilniaus vyskupas Povilas Alšeiniškis, padavęs į bažnyčios teismą Abraomą  Kulvietį bei uždraudęs jo mokyklą, remdamasis 1542 m. Žygimanto Senojo raštu, kuriame suteikiama galia visiems vyskupams įtariamuosius erezija patraukti į dvasinį teismą, pasitelkiant pasaulietinės valdžios galia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Abraomas Kulvietis (1510 – 1545) buvo pirmas labai išsilavinęs lietuvis, pasisėmęs kultūros svetur ir ėmęs ja skleisti savo tėvinėje. Jis studijavo Krokuvos, Liuneno, Vitenbergo, Leipcigo, Sienos universitetuose. Baigęs mokslus jis gavo teisės daktaro laipsnį.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-17 20:37:40',62,'','2010-08-17 20:50:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-17 20:37:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,155,'','',0,44,'robots=\nauthor='),(1257,'“Aušra”','auraq','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Aušra” (“Auszra”), pirmasis mėnesinis visuomeninis politinis ir literatūrinis lietuviškas žurnalas lotynišku šriftu. Ėjo 1883 - 1886 metais Ragainėje ir Tilžėje, buvo nelegaliai platinamas Lietuvoje. Buvo išleista 40 numerių. Tiražas apie 1000 egzempliorių. “Aušroje” savo kūrybinę veiklą pradėjo Maironis, V. Kudirka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mažojoje Lietuvoje tuo metu jau ėjo keletas lietuviškų laikraščių. Visi jie buvo informacinio pobūdžio, ir tautiškosios sąmonės ugdymu nesirūpino. Tik vienas Šernas savo “Lietuviškoje Ceitungoje” buvo pradėjęs spausdinti patriotiškus straipsnius - apie garbingą lietuvių praeitį ir apie sunkų dabartinį svetimųjų jungą. Šitam laikraščiui straipsnius rašė ir būsimasis “Aušros” redaktorius Dr. J. Basanavičius. Laikraštis buvo spausdinamas gotiškomis raidėmis, todėl negalėjo paplisti Didžiojoje Lietuvoje, kur liaudis nemokėjo skaityti gotiškų raidžių. Iš kitos pusės, Mažosios Lietuvos lietuviams Didžiosios Lietuvos problemos nelabai rūpėjo. Todėl laikraštis po kurio laiko nustojo eiti, o Dr. J. Basanavičius nutarė leisti atskirą laikraštį Didžiajai Lietuvai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1882 metais J. Basanavičius bandė įkurti lietuvių mokslo draugiją, kuri leistų savo laikraštį. Tačiau tebuvo įsteigtas tik laikraštis “Aušra”. Jos sumanytojas, pirmasis redaktorius ir siela buvo J. Basanavičius. Bet kadangi jis tuo metu gyveno užsieny, daugiausia Bulgarijoje (1884 - 1905 m.), tai laikraštį tvarkė kiti, Mikšas,    dr. J. Šliūpas, o kai šį ištrėmė vokiečiai vėl Mikšas. “Aušra” iš pradžių buvo spausdinama Ragainėje,o paskui Tilžėje paties Mikšo įsteigtoje spaustuvėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Aušros” programa buvo parodyti lietuviams, kas jie buvo praeity, kaip yra spaudžiami dabarty ir kokią turi susikurti sau ateitį. “Aušros” leidėjų idealas buvo, kad “Lietuva būtų tautiškai susipratusi, lietuviškai kalbanti, mananti, jaučianti ir laisvai dirbanti kultūros dirvoje”. Daug dėmesio kreipdama į praeitį “Aušra” norėjo sužadinti tautišką lietuvių savigarbą ir savo krašto meilę. Taip pat ji kėlė savo kalbos meilę, rodė, kad ji ne tik ne menkesnė už kitas kalbas, bet daug kuo net panašesnė. Kalbėdama apie dabarties laikus “Aušra” kėlė lietuviams ir jų kalbai daromas skriaudas mokyklose ir administracijos įstaigose, peikė lenkinimą per bažnyčias, paliesdavo taip pat visuomeninius ir ekonominius lietuvių reikalus, įdėdavo liaudžiai skiriamų mokslo žinių apie žemės ūkį, sveikatos reikalus ir t.t.\r\n','\r\n</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Aušra” neturėjo aiškios ateities programos, politinių klausimų nesvarstė;     ji tenkinosi tik stiprindama lietuvius tautiškai ir kultūriškai. Didžiausias jos tikslas buvo taip išauklėti lietuvius, kad galėtų laisvai dirbti, gautų spaudos laisvę, kad lietuvių kalba būtų įsileista į mokyklas, į valdžios įstaigas ir kad ji nebūtų išstumiama iš bažnyčios. “Aušros” meto lietuviškasis sąjūdis daugiau rūpinosi švietimu ir kultūros sritimi, o politinių klausimų mažiau telietė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apskritai ji stengėsi nepulti labai nei rusų valdžios, nei sulenkėjusių kunigų nei dvarininkų, tikėdamasi, kad lengviau pasieks savo teisėtus reikalavimus, jei visų tų pajėgų nenustatys prieš save. Bet tuo būdu “Aušra” nepalenkė į savo pusę nei vienų, nei kitų: rusai tiek į ją, tiek    į visą slaptąją spaudą žiūrėjo, kaip vokiečių darbą prieš rusus, o sulenkėjusi bajorija, svajodama apie kultūrinę lenkų hegemoniją Lietuvoje, visą lietuvių sąjūdį laikė nusikaltimu “broliškų” tautų vienybei.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pradžioje “Aušros” gadynės žymieji tautinio sąjūdžio veikėjai, J. Basanavičius ir J.Šliūpas, mėgino išgauti iš rusų valdžios palankumo šiam sąjūdžiui, būtent, kad būtų leidžiama “Aušrą” spausdinti Lietuvoje. Bet, rusų valdžios pritarimo negavę, ypač Šliūpas, pasuko antirusiška linkme, skelbdamas, kad rusai atnešė lietuviams dvasios vergiją, spaudos draudimą, religinę diskriminaciją ir rusfikaciją. O ir baudžiavos panaikinimą jis nelaikė nei caro malone, nei rusų valdžios nuopelnu, teigdamas, kad tik istorijos vyksmas privertęs caro vyriausybę įvykdyti baudžiavos panaikinimo reformą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-17 21:07:57',62,'','0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,62,'2010-08-17 21:13:34','2010-08-17 21:07:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',1,0,154,'','',0,7,'robots=\nauthor='),(1258,'Individualus dalykinis žaidimas','individualus-dalykinis-aidimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šis žaidimas suskirstytas į keturis etapus:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">I dalis    Darbuotojų duomenų bazės formavimas<br />II dalis    Algalapio formavimas iš darbuotojų bazės<br />III dalis    Darbo užmokeščio pervedimo į banką pranešimo formavimas iš darbuotojų bazės<br />IV dalis    Darbuotojų bazės formulės ir jų aiškinimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pradedant darbą jau reikia mokėti atlikti visas pagrindines duomenų įrašymo ir redagavimo operacijas. Taip pat formuoti lentelėje gražius užrašus ir rėmelius. Svarbiausiai suvokti formules ir tiksliai jas įrašyti ir kopijuoti. Darbo eigoje susipažinsite su duomenų atrankos būdais. Dažniausiai kartosis sudėtingas filtravimas Advanced Filter, kurio prireiks II ir III etapuose. Ketvirtasis etapas skirtas darbo paruošimui ir pasiruošimui jį ginti. Formulių kopijavimas iš Excel programos lapo į Word dokumentą  vykdomas Edit Copy ir Paste komandomis. Taip vyksta duomenų mainai tarp daugelio Windows aplinkos programų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">I dalis.  Darbuotojų duomenų bazės formavimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Darbo užmokesčio apskaitos lentelė ruošiama programa Excel. Lentelės pavyzdį gausite kartu su užduotimi. Pavyzdžio pirmoje pusėje matysite baigtos lentelės galutinį variantą, o kitoje pusėje pasufleruotos formulės reikalingos skaičiavimams atlikti. Daugumą formulių reikia kopijuoti. 2. Formulės jums tiks tik tuo atveju, jei duomenis į lentelę rašysite tuose langeliuose, kurie parodyti pavyzdyje. Priešingu atveju, būkite atidesni ir pasitikslinkite formulėse naudojamų duomenų adresus. 3. Daugelyje pavyzdžio langelių matote skaičius su Lietuvos valiutos simboliais Lt. Jų rašyti klaviatūra negalima ir nereikia. Tiems langeliams yra suteiktas specialus formatas. Jei to atlikti dar nemokate, tai bus galima atlikti vėliau su mokytojo pagalba. 4. Kadangi darbas ilgas ir kruopštus, nepamirškite jo saugoti savo kataloge (ir atsargai jei turite diskelyje). Saugokite dažnai, nesvarbu, kad darbas nebaigtas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 07:48:39',62,'','2010-08-18 07:54:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 07:48:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,50,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1259,'Skaitmeninė logika špera','skaitmenin-logika-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaičiavimo sistemos. Skaičiavimo sistema - tai simbolių ir jų užrašymo taisyklių visuma, naudojama skaičių vaizdavimui. Nepozicinėje skaičiavimo sistemoje skaičiai išreiškiami įvairių skaitmenų kombinacija, kurioje skaitmenų reikšmė nustatoma pagal simbolių konfigūraciją. Pozicinėje skaičiavimo sistemoje kiekvieno skaitmens reikšmę apsprendžia ne tik jo simbolio konfigūracija, bet ir vieta, kurią jis užima. Skaitmenų, naudojamų skaičių užrašymui, kiekis q vadinamas skaičiavimo sistemos pagrindu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Plačiausiai naudojama dvejetainė sistema, nes: 1) dauguma elementų, naudojamų kompiuteriuose turi dvi stabilias būsenas; 2) ji suteikia galimybę paprastai atlikti aritmetines ir logines operacijas; 3) lyginant su kitomis skaičiavimo sistemomis, jai realizuoti reikia nedaug aparatūros; 4) dvejetainės daugybos ir dalybos operacijos atliekamos greičiau, lyginant su kitomis skaičiavimo sistemomis; 5) gerai ištobulintas matematinės logikos aparatas palengvina kompiuterinių sistemų projektavimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 07:54:39',62,'','2010-08-18 08:31:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 07:54:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,49,'','',0,59,'robots=\nauthor='),(1260,'Dinaminis html','dinaminis-html','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kas tai yra dinaminis HTML?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dinaminis HTML yra technologija, apjungianti savyje HTML, stilių sąrašus ir skriptus, bei leidžianti Web puslapiams keistis ir realizuojanti animaciją. Be to, kai puslapis buvo užkrautas iš serverio, nebereikalingas ryšys su serveriu - viskas vyksta vartotojo kompiuteryje. Dinaminiuose HTML vartotojui spaudžiant klavišus, važinėjant su pele ar spaudžiant jos klavišus, keičiasi Web puslapio teksto dydis, spalva, padėtis ir t.t. Galima animacija, puslapio elementai gali judėti aplinkui, atskiri elementai gali dingti ir vėl pasimatyti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kai kurie DHTML privalumai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">DHTML leidžia elgtis su visu Web puslapiu, kaip programuojamu objektu.Tai leidžia Web puslapiams geriau reaguoti į įvedamus duomenis ir komandas, pateikiamas vartotojo. Papildomos multimedijos panaudojimo, maketų kūrimo galimybės. Pranešimo laukų judėjimas, šrifto spalvos keitimas, specialūs filtrai (pvz. šešėlių kūrimas) ir daugelis kitų priemonių leidžia sukurti interaktyvesnius dokumentus. Serverio apkrovimo sumažinimas. Žiūrint vartotojui DHTML visi duomenys iš pat pradžių paimami iš serverio ir perkeliami į vartotojo kompiuterį. Po to darbas vyksta tik pastarojo kompiuteryje. Taip mažiau apkraunamas ir tinklas, ir serveris. Interaktyvumo lygio padidėjimas. Dinaminio Web puslapio turinys gali būti pakeistas priklausomai nuo vartotojo veiksmų (pvz. vartotojas su pele gali tampyti atskirus objektus, matomus ekrane). Duomenų bazių palaikymas. Leidžia pateikti duomenis puslapyje be pakartotino kreipimosi į serverį, kad šis prileistų prie informacijos. Duomenų išvedimo (patalpinimo) supaprastėjimas.Duomenys gali būti išvedami iš karto, kai jie yra gaunami. Anksčiau reikėdavo gauti visus duomenis, ir tik po to juos buvo galima išvesti į ekraną. Sąrašų stilių pagerinimas.Čia galima patalpinti papildomos informacijos, kuri leidžia sutrumpinti puslapio formatavimo atributų aprašymą. Kelių platformų palaikymas. Palaiko Windows, Macintosh, UNIX ir kt. Dinaminiame HTML galimas ne tik paprastas Web puslapio elementų atributų keitimas, bet ir galima transformuoti patį tekstą. Visi taisymai vykdomi realiame laike.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 08:31:58',62,'','2010-08-18 08:34:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 08:31:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,48,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1261,'Kompiuterių programinė įranga','kompiuteri-programin-ranga','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Programų, naudojamų asmeninio kompiuterio informacijai tvarkyti ir kurti, visuma bei įvairių tipų dokumentai sudaro programinę įrangą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Programinės įrangos  FeUrCaK klasifikavimas: 1. sisteminė programinė įranga (operacinės sistemos). 2. taikomoji programinė įranga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 08:35:17',62,'','2010-08-18 08:38:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 08:35:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,47,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1262,'Legalus ir nelegalus CD','legalus-ir-nelegalus-cd','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompiuterių industrijai jau daugiau kaip 20 metų. Per tą laiką programų kokybė ir kiekybė smarkiai išaugo. Paskaičiuota, kad vienai legaliai programos kopijai pasaulyje tenka viena nelegali. Prisipažinsiu, mano namų kompiuterį sudaro apie 96% nelegalios produkcijos, juk aš esu paprastas moksleivis ir neįstengiu įsigyti legalaus softo… prieš metus nusprendžiau, kad reikia nusipirkti nors vieną licenzinį kompaktą… susitaupiau pinigų ir nusipirkau licenzinę Windows 95 versiją! Ir iki šios esu nustebęs šio kompaktinio disko patvarumu: nekartą jis yra man kritęs nuo stalo, panaudotas kaip lėkštutė pasidėti kavos puodeliui. Bet jis vis dar man tarnauja… ir aš šiuo savo CD labai didžiuojuosi. Nei vienas nelegalus CD nėra tiek atlaikęs, kaip šis mano CD.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Taigi kuo skiriasi legalių kompaktinių diskų įrašinėjimas nuo nelegalių? Jis skiriasi tuo, kad legalūs kompaktiniai diskai yra įrašomi panaudojant aukštos kokybės tuščius diskus, tuo užtikrinant produkcijos kokybe ir ilgaamžiškumą. Nelegalūs kompaktai yra taip pat įrašinėjami, bet jiems naudojami kompaktai yra labai prastos kokybės ir neilgaamžiški. Tušti diskai, nelegaliems CD daryti yra perpus pigesni už tuos kuriuos naudoja legalūs CD gamintojai. Skiriasi ir tuo, kad legalių kompaktinių diskų įrašinėjimas yra legalus, o už nelegalių kompaktų įrašinėjimą yra baudžiama. Šiuo metu Estijoje vyksta pirmasis teisminis procesas  dėl nelegalaus kompiuterinių programų naudojimo - dėl intelektualiosios nuosavybės teisių pažeidimo. Taigi nelegalių kompaktinių diskų įrašinėjimas ir platinimas yra labai rizikingas biznis. Nelegalūs CD dažniausiai yra įrašinėjami (tiksliau būtų pasakyti \"ŠTAMPUOJAMI\") Rusijoje, o legalūs Europoje ar Amerikoje. Vieno nelegalaus kompakto, nepriklausomai nuo programos jame savikaina yra apie 5-8 litus, o tokia pat legali kopija gali kainuoti nuo 500 iki 4000 ir daugiau litų( priklausomai nuo programos). Apie nelegalių ir legalių kompaktinių diskų panašumus ir skirtumus galima šnekėti be galo ilgai, juk piratai vis tobulėja, ir greitu metu, jei mes neužkirsime nelegalių CD plitimo, bus galima nusipirkti  puikiai sufabrikuotą \"legalų\" soft\'ą  su visomis licenzijomis už 16 litų…!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 08:39:14',62,'','2010-08-18 08:43:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 08:39:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,46,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1263,'\"Jargon\" Kas tai?','qjargonq-kas-tai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvių kalbos vystymąsi, jos ateitį lems mokslo ir technologijos kalba. Dabar kompiuterininkų kalboje ir knygose daug žargono. Vertiklės Jargon’as panaudojimas padėtų atsikratyti mūsų kompiuterijos žargono. Lietuvoje turi būti bent jau bendrojo vartojimo lietuviškos programos. Tačiau negaminami nei lietuviški “Windowsai”, nei lietuviškos jų programų versijos. Operacinės sistemos ar kitokios programos lietuviškos versijos darymas nemažai kainuoja. Lietuviškos versijos parengimui reikia vienų ar dvejų metų. Todėl programa pasensta. Yra kitas, pigesnis programų pritaikymo savo kraštui kelias. Tai specialios, vartotojo sąsajos vertimo, programos panaudojimas. Sąsajos vertiklė veikia programos įkelties metu. Jinai išverčia valdymo komandas, dialogo langus, būsenos pranešimus, mygtukų pavadinimus. Ji neverčia pagalbos žinynų. Todėl ji neprilygsta lietuviškoms programų versijoms. Tačiau vertiklė nenustoja veikti, pasikeitus programos versijai. Reikia tik pakoreguoti jos žodynus naujai versijai. Todėl vertiklės panaudojimas yra pigesnis už lietuviškos programos versijos parengimą. Vertiklė nekeičia programos, o tik verčia. Išjungus vertiklę, programos vėl ima veikti savo pirminiu pavidalu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Internete galima rasti KT International firmos reklamuojamą japonišką vertiklės “Superlinguist Manager” variantą. Įvairių kalbų žodynus teikia MDR Telemanagement Limited firmos vertiklė “Jargon”. Ši vertiklė veikia “Windows 3”, “Windows 95” ir “Windows 98” operacinėse sistemose. Yra šios vertiklės pagrindinės sisteminės “Windows” dalies žodynai danų, olandų, vokiečių, prancūzų, italų, japonų, norvegų, portugalų, ispanų, švedų, lenkų, suomių ir čekų kalbomis. Kuriami žodynai arabų ir kinų kalboms. “Jargon” padėtų atsikratyti mūsų kompiuterijos žargono. Atsiradus lietuviškoms programų sąsajoms lietuviškose knygose būtų aptariamos lietuviškos sąvokos, komandos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vertikalės “Jargon” programų pasiūlos lange vartotojas sudaro reikiamų versti programų sąrašą ir nustato vertimo parinktis. Kalbos parinkties rėmelyje kiekvienai programai parenkama kalba. Paspaudęs mygtuką “Įrengti”, vartotojas gali papildyti vertiklę kitų kalbų žodynais. Mygtukas “Redakcija” iškviečia frazių žodyno redaktorių, kuris leidžia papildyti ir pakeisti žodyno frazes. Atlikus nustatymus belieka paspausti mygtuką “Užverti”. Vertiklė pasilieka veikti darbo programų fone. Visų sąraše esančių programų sąsajos verčiamos jų įkelties metu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 08:47:16',62,'','2010-08-18 08:50:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 08:47:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,45,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1264,'Kompiuterių struktūrų ir programų kūrimas','kompiuteri-struktr-ir-program-krimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduotis. Tekstiniuose duomenų failuose P1 ir P2 turime dviejų parduotuvių prekių sąrašus “ Prekė – spalva – kiekis – kaina “. Vienos parduotuvės sąraše prekes nesikartoja.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduoties analizė. Suprojektuoti programos struktūrą, sudaryti menių algoritmus, kurių menių punktų vykdymą pakeistų imitatoriai. Programa rašoma Turbo Paskalio kalba.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 08:50:48',62,'','2010-08-18 08:53:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 08:50:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,44,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1265,'Accessories','accessories','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Windows 95” lange Accessories yra analogiško “Windows 3.1x” lango taikomosios programos, taip pat papildomos taikomosios programos ir jų rinkiniai. Dauguma “Windows 3.1x” programų yra patobulintos, o kai kurių pakeisti pavadinimai ir ženklai. Patobulinta piešimo programa pavadinta “Paint”. Teksto redaktorius – “WordPad”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Programėlės “Character Map”, “Clipboard Viewer” ir “Notepad” yra tokios pat kaip “Windows 3.x”. Lange Accessories esančias programas bei jų rinkinius galite pamatyti ir sužadinti per mygtuku Start iškviečiamas meniu korteles. Nurodę programų rinkinį, pamatysite kortelę su rinkinio programų sąrašu. Rinkinyje “Games” yra žaidimai. Rinkinyje “Internet Tools” yra programa “Explorer”, skirta darbui INTERNET tinkle, ir programa “Internet Setup Wizard” skirta INTERNET tinklui instaliuoti.  Rinkinyje “System Tools” yra programos diskui tvarkyti ir sistemai kontroliuoti. Reikalingiausios lango System Tools programos yra “Scan Disk” ir “Disk Defragmenter”. Periodiškai paleisdami programą “Scan Disk”, būsite tikri, kad dėl galimų disko paviršiaus defektų neprarasite informacijos, o paleisdami programą “Disk Defragmenter”, sutvarkysite informacijos išdėstymą diske taip, kad PK ją ras sugaišdamas mažiausiai laiko.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 08:53:54',62,'','2010-08-18 08:57:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 08:53:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,43,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1266,'Informacija špera','informacija-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Enciklopedijoje apibrėžiama, kad informacija - tai žinios, perduodamos vienų asmenų kitiems. Mokykliniame vadovėlyje priimtas toks informacijos apibrėžimas: Informacija - tai žinios, kurias galima perduoti, priimti, įsiminti. Raštas tinka ne tik informacijai saugoti, bet ir jai perduoti. Vieno žmogaus parašytą tekstą perskaito kitas. Tai jau informacijos perdavimas. Tai – paprasčiausias informacijos perdavimo būdas. Bet jis lėtas, nes reikia gabenti patį informacijos užrašą. Informacijos perdavimą labai pagreitino elektrinės bei elektroninės ryšio priemonės - telegrafas, telefonas, radijas, televizija. Informacija pradėta perduoti didžiausiu iki šiol gamtoje žinomu greičiu - šviesos greičiu. Tačiau elektrinis ryšys turi ir trūkumų - brangiai kainuoja, neišvengiama informacijos iškraipymų, klaidų. Dėl šios priežasties imta ieškoti ekonomiškesnių ir patikimesnių būdų. Taip šio šimtmečio viduryje atsirado naujas mokslas, vadi-namas informacijos teorija. Jo pradininkas – amerikiečių mokslininkas Klaudijus Šenonas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aplinka mums teikia labai daug informacijos, ir ją visą įsiminti praktiškai nebeįmanoma, todėl iškilo būtinybė ją apdoroti. Naudingų žinių išskyrimas iš viso mus pasiekiančio informacijos srauto ir yra jos apdorojimo pradžia. Gauta ir įsiminta informacija nuolat lyginama, gretinama, iš turimų žinių daromos išvados, kuriamos hipotezės, o joms patvirtinti arba paneigti ieškoma naujos informacijos. Žmogus šiuos procesus stengiasi automatizuoti. Šiam tikslui ir buvo sukurtos elektroninės skaičiavimo mašinos. Pirmosios skaičiavimo mašinos bu-vo skirtos tik skaičiavimams vėliau jos buvo labai stipriai patobulintos ir jų galimybės nepaprastai išsiplėtė. Dabartinės skaičiavimo mašinos gali ne tik skaičiuoti, bet ir saugoti didžiulius informacijos kiekius juos iš anksto apdorojus, t.y. jų pagalba kuriami duomenų bankai. Dabartinės skaičiavimo mašinos vadinamos kompiuteriais. Pastaraisiais metais labai ištobulėjo elektronika, dėl to labai atpigo kompiuteriai ir jie tapo prieinami daugeliui vartotojų ne tik pagal kainą, bet ir pagal savo darbo paprastumą. Kompiuteris išvaduoja žmogų iš nuobodaus protinio darbo. Tuomet daugiau laiko lieka kūrybai. Ir kiekvienam verta susipažinti su kompiuteriu bei mokslo šaką analizuojančia informacija - informatika. Žodis informatika išvestinis iš žodžio informacija, kuris kilęs i lotyniškojo informatio, reiškiančio pranešimą. Informacijos reikšmė visuomenės gyvenime labai išaugo, ir informatikos mokslas atsirado vieno iš didžiausių šio amžiaus išradimų - kompiuterio - dėka. Kompiuterių paplitimas sudarė sąlygas informacijai kaupti ir apdoroti kokybiškai nauju masiškumo lygiu bei daryti poveikį visai visuomenei.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 08:58:13',62,'','2010-08-18 09:04:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 08:58:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,42,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1267,'Java technologijos','java-technologijos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Java, šiuo metu, matyt, pati populiariausia programavimo kalba. Ja galima kurti tiek savarankiškas autonomiškas programas, tiek tinklu persiunčiamas ir interneto naršyklių vykdomas programas - klientines programas (angl. applets). Pagrindinis Java pranašumas, palyginti su kitomis programavimo kalbomis, yra jos nepriklausomumas nuo kompiuterių tipo. Nepriklausomumas pasiekiamas apdorojant Java programą dviem etapais: pirmiausia ją kompiliuojant į nuo kompiuterio tipo nepriklausomą vadinamąjį baitinį kodą virtualiai Java mašinai, o paskui šį kodą interpretuojant. Tai lemia ir Java trūkumus - šios programos našumas pasiekia tik kelis procentus analogiškos C++ programos našumo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Java laikoma revoliuciniu programavimo žingsniu, pirmiausia dėl Java programavimo galimybių internete, kalbant tiek apie klientinį, tiek apie serverinį programavimą. Pagrindinė klientinių - serverinių sistemų idėja - centralizuotas informacijos bankas yra serveryje, į kurį gali kreiptis grupė klientinių kompiuterių. Serveryje saugomos informacijos pokyčiai greitai prieinami klientiniams kompiuteriams. Programinę įrangą kompiuteryje - serveryje, leidžiančią prie jo prisijungti kompiuteriams - klientams, vadinsime serveriu, o analogišką programinę įrangą nutolusiuose kompiuteriuose - klientu. Serverio realizacija labai kebli, nes jis turi apdoroti daugelį vienu metu ateinančių klientų užklausų, taip pat leisti klientams įrašyti informaciją į serverio saugyklą, apsaugoti informaciją užrašymo metu. Be to, kompiuteriai sistemoje gali būti skirtingų architektūrų ir valdomi skirtingų operacinių sistemų (OS). Interneto dalį - tinklą  www taip galima laikyti klientine - serverine sistema, tik dar sudėtingesne, nes čia visi kompiuteriai gali atlikti tiek kliento, tiek serverio funkcijas (pavyzdžiui, užsakant naršykle prekes internetinėje parduotuvėje).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 09:05:18',62,'','2010-08-18 09:28:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 09:05:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,41,'','',0,35,'robots=\nauthor='),(1268,'Laboratorinis darbas \"Vėliavėlė\"','laboratorinis-darbas-qvliavlq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">TIKSLAS. Išmokti įeiti į Turbo Paskalio aplinką iš WINDOWS\'95. Įsisąvinti integruotos Paskalio aplinkos: 1)Redaktorių; 2)Kompiliatorių; 3)Komponuotoją. Susipažinti su Paskalio algoritminės kalbos sintakse, programos forma, struktūra.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 11:13:34',62,'','2010-08-18 11:16:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 11:13:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,40,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1269,'Tinklapių rengimo pagrindai','tinklapi-rengimo-pagrindai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">UŽDUOTIS NR.1: Surasti internetinius tinklapius be perėjimų į kitus tinklapius. Išanalizuoti: tinklapių apipavidalinimą, pateikimo formą, struktūrą, dizainą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 11:17:56',62,'','2010-08-18 11:20:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 11:17:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,39,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(1270,'MS Excel darbo pradžia','ms-excel-darbo-pradia','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">MS Excel 5.0 programa startuojama kaip bet kuri kita Windows aplinkos programa, tai yra spragtelėjus pelės kairiuoju klavišu ant programos piktogramos (icon).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinės sąvokos ir MS Excel lango struktūra</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaičiuoklėje MS Excel informacija įrašoma ir įsimenama darbo knygose (Workbook) - Microsoft Excel bylose (failuose) - kuriuose gali būti 1 ar keli lapai (standartinis skaičius - 16). Lapas - tai arba lentelė (Worksheet), arba diagrama (Chart sheet), arba makrokomanda (Macro sheet). Nuo vieno lapo prie kito pereinama spragtelint pele ties lapo vardu lapų sąrašo eilutėje (lango apačioje).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 11:21:08',62,'','2010-08-18 11:25:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 11:21:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,38,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1271,'MD 5 algoritmas duomenų apsaugos laboratoriniai darbai','md-5-algoritmas-duomen-apsaugos-laboratoriniai-darbai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduotis. Realizuoti MD5 santraukos generavimo algoritmą. Realizuoti paprastą XOR santraukos generavimo algoritmą ir pademonstruoti kaip galima pakeisti žinutę, taip kad santrauka nepakistų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo eiga. MD5 šifravimo algoritmas gerai žinomas ir aiškiai specifikuotas, todėl jo čia neaptarinėsime. Tik pateiksime programą, realizuojančią MD5 santraukos generavimo algoritmą. Taip pat pateikiame XOR santraukos generavimo algiritmą ir programą, padirbinėjančią parašus, t.y. jei turime kažkokios žinutės XOR parašą, tai ši programa prie pateikktos skirtingos žinutės prideda tius simbolius, kad žinutė turėtų identišką parašą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 11:25:41',62,'','2010-08-18 11:28:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 11:25:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,37,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1272,'Duomenų apsaugos laboratorinis darbas. Programa \"Shifras\"','duomen-apsaugos-laboratorinis-darbas-programa-qshifrasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Programa “Shifras”. Programa sudaryta iš dviejų dalių interfeiso ir šifruotojo (ActiveX elemento). Šifruotoją galima naudoti ir kitose programose, pvz.: MS Word.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Programos “Shifras” interfeisas. Programa galima atidaryti failą (File/Open),  redaguoti, išsaugoti pakeitimus ( File/Save), užkoduoti (File/Encode), atkoduoti užkoduotą(File/Decode).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 11:28:57',62,'','2010-08-18 11:32:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 11:28:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,36,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1273,'Kreditinių kortelių paslaugų apsauga','kreditini-korteli-paslaug-apsauga','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kreditinių kortelių kilmė</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kreditinės kortelės pirmą kartą buvo panaudotos JAV. Jau 1914 metais, kai kurios parduotuvės pradėjo išdavinėti savo pastoviems ir turtingiems klientams specialias korteles, kad “pririšti” juos prie savęs. Dauguma specialistų mano, kad banko kreditinių kortelių įdiegimo pradininkas buvo John S. Biggins dirbęs Flettbush nacionaliniame banke, Niujorko Bruklino rajone.  1946 m. jis organizavo darbą pagal kreditinę schemą “charge it”. Pagal ją klientai vietinėse parduotuvėse už smulkius pirkinius atsiskaitydavo kreditiniais rašteliais, kuriuos parduotuvė pateikdavo bankui, o pastarasis apmokėdavo juos iš pirkėjų sąskaitų. Tai pirmoji klasikinė kreditinų kortelių veikimo sistema, kurios principai išliko iki šių dienų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mokėjimo kortelės - sukčiavimo įrankiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Galima netekti visų santaupų   Visame pasaulyje populiarios įvairios mokėjimo kortelės Lietuvoje vis dažniau tampa nusikaltimų įrankiu. Neapdairiai savo kortelę naudojęs žmogus gali prarasti visas joje laikytas santaupas.   Klastodami mokėjimo korteles, sukčiai iš Lietuvos bankų jau pasisavino apie milijoną litų.   Patys bankai nuostolių neskelbia ir vengia apie tai kalbėti. Labiausiai nukentėjęs yra Vilniaus bankas.   Grobstoma visame pasaulyje   \"Visa\" tarptautinės organizacijos duomenimis, dėl įvairių apgavysčių ir kortelių klastočių nuostoliai visame pasaulyje pernai neviršijo 0,1 procento metinės apyvartos. Tai sudarytų maždaug 100 milijonų JAV dolerių.   Daugiausia klastočių pasitaiko Rytų ir Vidurio Europoje, Artimuosiuose Rytuose, Afrikoje - tuose kraštuose, kur mokėjimo kortelės atsirado gana neseniai. Ypač daug sukčiavimo atvejų nustatoma Čekijoje ir Vengrijoje. Tai siejama su tuo, kad šiose šalyse mokėjimo kortelės pastaruoju metu ypač populiarėja.   Klastotės buvo primityvios   Užpernai Vilniuje buvo sulaikyta kortelių klastotojų grupė, kurioje buvo du latviai ir estas.    Lietuvoje jie veikė kelis mėnesius, per kuriuos iš Vilniaus banko pasisavino apie 323 tūkstančius litų.   Sukčiai naudojosi primityviai padirbtomis kortelėmis, o pinigus ėmė iš įvairių pašto skyrių.   Nuo aferistų pateiktų kortelių, ant kurių buvo paprasčiausiai užklijuoti svetimų sąskaitų numeriai, aparatas pinigų nuskaičiuoti negalėjo. Tada sukčiai pasakydavo, kad išsimagnetino kortelės juostelė.   Tokia versija patikėjusios paštininkės pinigus iš \"Visa\" ir \"Visa Electron\" kortelių nuskaičiuodavo rankiniu būdu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 11:35:55',62,'','2010-08-18 11:42:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 11:35:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,35,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1274,'Komandų sistema','komand-sistema','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Intel architektūrai būdinga savybė - naudojama vienoda mnemonika visiškai skirtingoms komandoms.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 11:44:33',62,'','2010-08-18 11:48:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 11:44:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,34,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1275,'Uždaviniai algoritmų analizės egzaminui','udaviniai-algoritm-analizs-egzaminui','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">1. Surūšiuoti duotą masyvą sąlajos būdu.<br />2. Naudojant dinaminį programavimą, rasti optimalią matricų daugybos tvarką.<br />3. Naudojant dinaminį programavimą, rasti optimalų kuprinės užpildymą sveikaskaitiniu atveju.<br />4. Išspręsti 4 valdovių uždavinį, naudojant paiešką su grįžimu.<br />5. Išspręsti KPU šakų ir rėžių metodu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">6. Rasti optimalų darbų paskirstymą, naudojant šakų ir rėžių metodą.<br />7. Rasti minimalų aibės denginį, naudojant godų algoritmą ir pilną perrinkimą.<br />8. Išspręsti KPU, naudojant euristinius algoritmus.<br />9. Rasti minimalų grafo karkasą, naudojant Kraskalo ir Primo algoritmus.<br />10. Rasti dvigubai susietas grafo komponentes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 11:49:03',62,'','2010-08-18 11:53:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 11:49:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,33,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1276,'Laboratorinis darbas \"Ciklinė daugyba\"','laboratorinis-darbas-qciklin-daugybaq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">TIKSLAS. Išmokti įeiti į Turbo Paskalio aplinką iš WINDOWS\'95. Įsisąvinti integruotos Paskalio aplinkos:1) Redaktorių; 2) Kompiliatorių; 3) Komponuotoją. Susipažinti su Paskalio algoritminės kalbos sintakse, programos forma, struktūra.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 11:54:03',62,'','2010-08-18 11:56:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 11:54:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,32,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1277,'Atsitiktinių signalų identifikavimas naudojant dirbtinius neuroninius tinklus','atsitiktini-signal-identifikavimas-naudojant-dirbtinius-neuroninius-tinklus','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmonės ir kiti gyvūnai informaciją apdoroja neuroninių tinklų (toliau NT) pagalba. NT yra suformuoti iš milijardų neuronų (nervinių ląstelių), kurie apsikeitinėja elektriniais impulsais, vadinamais aktyvacijos potencialais. Kompiuteriniai algoritmai, kopijuojantys šias biologines struktūras, vadinami dirbtiniais neuroniniais tinklais, tam kad juos atskirti nuo natūralių neuroninių tinklų. Tačiau daugelis mokslininkų ir inžinierių nėra tokie formalūs ir naudoja terminą “neuroninis tinklas” apibūdindami ir biologines, ir nebiologines struktūras.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Neuroninis tinklas – skaičiavimo modelis, kurio pagalba sprendžiami klasifikavimo, prognozavimo, klasterizavimo, duomenų savybių radimo ir kiti uždaviniai. Pagrindinė problema, apsunkinanti sėkmingą neuroninio tinklo darbą, yra ta, kad pateikiama neuroniniam tinklui apdoroti informacija (duomenys) dažniausiai yra triukšminga (pavyzdžiui, jei turime žmogaus kalbos garso įrašą, tai jame papildomai gali būti aplinkinių žmonių kalba, fone grojanti muzika ir panašiai). Nors teoriškai įmanoma, kad NT tuo pačiu metu ignoruotų triukšmą ir apdorotų informaciją, žymiai praktiškiau būtų suskaidyti uždavinį į du loginius etapus: pirmame etape neuroninis tinklas pašalina kiek įmanoma daugiau triukšmo, sekančiame etape atlieka tai, kam jis yra numatytas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tradiciškai triukšmo šalinimo ir signalo išvalymo problematiką nagrinėja mokslo sritis vadinama skaitmeninių signalų apdorojimu (toliau SSA). Šio darbo tikslas yra išnagrinėti kaip SSA metodus galima susieti ir pritaikyti neuroniniams tinklams, kurie šalina trukdžius iš triukšmingo informacinio kanalo ir atstato originalų signalą, ir sukurti tam skirtus algoritmus bei parodyti, kad idėjos paimtos iš SSA ir NT gali būti apjungtos ir rezultate duoti efektyvius algoritmus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 11:56:38',62,'','2010-08-18 12:04:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 11:56:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,31,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1278,'Dažniausiai naudojami klavišų deriniai 2','daniausiai-naudojami-klavi-deriniai-2','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 12:16:44',62,'','2010-08-18 12:18:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 12:16:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,30,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(1279,'Interneto kriminalistika 2','interneto-kriminalistika-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Internetas prijungia mūsų kompiuterius prie pasaulinių informacijos lobynų bei sujungia mus vienus su kitais. Iš pirmo žvilgsnio Internete viskas atrodo labai saugu, patikima, informatyvu ir t.t. Tačiau kiekvienas žmogus, bent kažkiek giliau domėjęsis ar dažnai besinaudojantis Internetu žino ir kitą dalyką – tai pavojų. Ypač paskutiniais metais padidėjo rizika užsikrėsti kokiu nors pavojingu virusu ar leisti pilnai išnaudoti savo kompiuterį pačiam visai to nežinant.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kadangi Interneto “gerųjų” galimybių yra tiek daug, kad jų neina apibūdinti, nei vienu sakiniu, tai “blogųjų” galimybių yra lygiai taip pat daug. Kas svarbiausia, galimybės keičiasi kasdien. Jei dar prieš kelis metus kompiuterio BIOS’o sugadinimas atrodė kaip kažkokia nesąmonė ar utopija, tai dabar nuo \"Černobylio\" jau yra nukentėję milijonai kompiuterių. Net šiandien kai kuriems “kietiems” kompiuteristams atrodo, kad užsikrėsti virusu tik perskaičius elektroninio pašto žinutę ar peržiūrėjus Interneto puslapį neįmanoma, tačiau praktika sako kai ką kita. Žmonės, pirmieji išsiuntę elektroninę žinutę, buvo labai patenkinti, ilgai tai atrodė stebuklas, labai geras dalykas, tačiau net ir mažai Internetu besinaudojantis žmogus gali pasakyti, kad kartais ateina “neprašytų žinučių”, iš niekur. O kartais jų būna labai daug. JAV jau seniai žmonės perka įvairiausias prekes Internetu, atsiskaitydami kreditine kortele, juk tai labai patogu. O Lietuvoje (be abejo, ir kitose valstybėse) \"Internautai\" moka ne tik tai, jie tai pat moka nusipirkti prekių kreditine kortele, tik jiems tai beveik nekainuoja. Bet tai - tik smulkiųjų darbas, yra kietų hakerių, kurie Internetą ir kompiuterį moka nuo A iki Z, kurie sugeba įsilaužti į tokias sistemas, kur apsauga maksimali, jie sugeba ištraukti iš ten duomenis ar net juos pakeisti. O ką kalbėti, kad pasaulyje yra milijonai vargšų “Internautų”, po kurių kompiuterius knaisiojasi vos metus ar du praktikos turintys \"hakeriukai\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Absoliuti dauguma \"įsilaužimų\" į kompiuterius iš pasaulinio tinklo lieka nepastebėti. Pasak JAV federalinio tyrimų biuro (FBI), šiuo metu užregistruojami tik maždaug penki procentai nelegalaus landžiojimo po svetimus kompiuterius atvejų. Niekieno netrukdomi hakeriai patenka į bankų duomenų apdorojimo sistemas ir naudojasi kitų indėlininkų santaupomis, elektroninio pramoninio špionažo profesionalai ir šiaip mėgėjai per \"Internetą\" vagia slaptus naujausios produkcijos planus. Viskas šioje situacijoje būtų pakenčiama, jei būtų įstatymai, kurie šitai draustų, tačiau, deja, pasaulyje apie 200 valstybių, ir įstatymai kiekvienoje skirtingi. JAV pavojų jau suuodė ir yra jau nemažai nuveikta, tuo tarpu Europoje ir ypač rytų bei centrinėje, įskaitant Rusiją, atsirado labai daug panašius dalykėlius pamėgusių žmonių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 12:18:34',62,'','2010-08-18 12:20:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 12:18:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,29,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1280,'Baigtiniai automatai špera','baigtiniai-automatai-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinės sąvokos ir savybės. Analizės tikslas – nustatyti sistemos (objekto) funkcionavimo dėsnius. Sintezės tikslas – suprojektuoti sistemą pagal duotus funkcionavimo dėsnius. Tiek sintezės tiek analizės požiūriu sistema charakterizuojančius kintamuosius galima suskirstyti tokiu būdu: 1. įėjimo kintamieji – tai poveikiai generuojami kitos sistemos ir veikiantys tiriamąją sistemą. 2. išėjimo kintamieji – tai sistemos reakcija, charakterizuojanti sistemos poelgį ir kurie domina sistemos tyrėją. 3.  tarpiniai kintamieji – tai dydžiai , kurie nėra nei įėjimo nei išėjimo kintamieji. Schematiškai sistemą galima pavaizduoti kaip juodą dėžę, turinčią baigtinį išvadų skaičių, prieinamų tos sistemos tyrėjui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Priimta, kad sistema valdoma sinchrosignalais paduodamais iš sinchrosignalų šaltinio. Visi sistemos kintamieji matuojami netolydžiai, o tam tikrais laiko momentais, kurių metu paduodami sinchrosignalai. Šie laiko momentai vadinami taktiniais momentais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 12:21:13',62,'','2010-08-18 12:29:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 12:21:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,28,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1281,'Kompiuterinių tinklų pradmenys','kompiuterini-tinkl-pradmenys','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompiuterinius tinklus (KT) sudaro kompiuteriai, sujungti į vieningą sistemą ir galintys keistis informacija tarpusavyje. Reikėtų atkreipti dėmesį, kad griežto pavaldumo sistemos, pvz., didelė skaičiavimo mašina su daugybe prijungtų prie jos terminalų, kurie gali būti nutolę vienas nuo kito per dešimtis kilometrų, nėra kompiuterinis tinklas. Daugelį kompiuterinių centrų pakeitė tarpusavyje sujungti kompiuteriai, galintys dirbti daug efektyviau, nei dideli centrai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tinklai skirstomi į vietinius ir globaliuosius. Vietiniai tinklai (VT, angl. Local Area Network, LAN) jungia netoliese, vienoje patalpoje, organizacijoje ir pan. esančius kompiuterius (kartais jie gali būti nutolę vienas nuo kito per dešimtis kilometrų). Kompiuteriai ar vietiniai tinklai, sujungti į globaliuosius tinklus (GT, angl. Wide Area Network, WAN), gali būti išdėstyti skirtinguose miestuose ar netgi valstybėse. Visgi, skirstant kompiuterinius tinklus į vietinius ir globaliuosius – svarbiausias faktorius yra ne atstumas tarp kompiuterių, bet ryšio pobūdis: vietiniai tinklai naudoja tik jiems vieniems sukurtą ryšio linijų sistemą; globalieji tinklai kaip taisyklė naudoja bendro naudojimo ryšio linijas. Vietiniai tinklai dažniausiai yra transliacinio tipo tinklai, t. y. jie naudoja bendrą visam tinklui ryšio kanalą, todėl bet koks pranešimas perduodamas visiems tinklo kompiuteriams (kompiuteris adresatas priima jam siųstą informaciją, o visi kiti tinklo kompiuteriai ją ignoruoja). GT paprastai yra organizuoti porų (peer-to-peer) principu, o maršrutizavimas ir adresavimas juose yra kryptingas, nors pastaruoju metu, atsirandant naujoms technologijoms, transliacinis pobūdis įsigali ir globaliuose tinkluose (dažniau specializuotuose telekomunikaciniuose tinkluose). Konstruojant globaliuosius tinklus ir norint sujungti juos į vieną visumą, naudojama visa eilė specialių įrenginių, tokių kaip kartotuvai, tiltai, maršrutizatoriai, šliuzai ir kt. Globaliųjų tinklų, kaip tarptinklinės struktūros, tai yra kompiuterių ir kompiuterinių tinklų sujungtų tarpusavyje visumos, negalima suformuoti naudojant vieną technologiją ir topologiją: t. y. į GT sujungiami įvairaus tipo tinklai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kalbant apie kompiuterinius tinklus, dabar vis dažniau minimi Intranetas ir Ekstranetas. Intranetas – uždaras korporacinis tinklas, naudojantis TCP/IP (žr. §2.2) technologijų protokolus ir bendras ryšio linijas. Jis naudojamas tada, kai nebetenkina vietinio tinklo galimybės ir jame naudojamos kolektyvinio darbo programos, tokios kaip MSMail ar panašios. Kolektyvinis darbas intranete organizuojamas padalintų duomenų bazių (SQL) ir Web tinklalapių pagalba. Tai ypač patogu organizacijoms, nenorinčioms apsunkinti kompiuterių tinklo kūrimo naudojant specifines technologijas bei įrangą. Viskas, ką reikia įdiegti Intranetui, tai TCP/IP protokolas ir standartinės programos darbui Internete. Be to, pasitelkus standartines priemones – WWW naršyklę ar elektroninį paštą yra daug paprasčiau naudotis vidine firmos duomenų baze ar keistis dokumentais. Intranetai dažniausiai būna prijungti prie Interneto, tačiau specialios programos, vadinamos “uždangos” (firewalls), saugo, kad duomenys nepasklistų už Intraneto ribų – į Internetą, kur juos kontroliuoti ar apsaugoti būtų labai sunku. Taigi Intraneto serveriuose esanti informacija yra skirta tik vidinėms firmos ar organizacijos reikmėms.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 12:34:02',62,'','2010-08-18 12:37:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 12:34:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,27,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1282,'Pilni informatikos bilietų atsakymai 2000 m. egzaminui','pilni-informatikos-biliet-atsakymai-2000-m-egzaminui','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Algoritamavimo bei programavimo kultūros elementai. 2. Algoritmo sąvoka ir savybės. 3. Informacijos ir informatikos samprata. 4. Informacijos kaupimo, saugojimo, perdavimo ir apdorojimo priemonės. 5. Informacijos kodavimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">6. Informacijos matavimas, matavimo vienetai. Informacijos kiekis. 7. Informacinės technologijos priemonių raida. 8. Informacinio modeliavimo samprata. 9. Kompiuterio atmintinė, jos talpa ir matavimo vienetai. 10. Kompiuterio programinė įranga. Jos paskirtis, klasifikacija. 11. Kompiuterio sandara ir pagrindiniai įrenginiai. 12. Kompiuteris ir informacinė visuomenė. 13. Loginės schemos. Loginiai kompiuterio veikimo pagrindai. 14. Operacinės sistemos ir jų paskirtis. 15. Pranešimai ir signalai. Diskretieji ir tolydieji dydžiai. 16. Taikomoji programinė įranga. 17. Uždavinių sprendimo kompiuteriu etapai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 12:37:30',62,'','2010-08-18 12:44:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 12:37:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,26,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1283,'MS Outlook 2000 F. Melninkienė','ms-outlook-2000-f-melninkien','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ši mokomoji medžiaga skirta asmenims, siekiantiems išmokti naudotis Microsoft Outlook 2000 programa. Ji skirta nedidelės apimties programos kursui: iki 10 akademinių valandų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">MS Outlook padės rašyti, skaityti, siųsti elektroninius laiškus, juos išsaugoti, spausdinti ir kt. Ši programa skirta verslininkams, kurių darbų apimtys yra didelės, reikia nuolat derinti užduotis, susitikimus su kolegomis ar verslo partneriais. Tuomet, MS Outlook ir nešiojamas kompiuteris taps nepakeičiamais jo talkininkais. Paskaitų konspektas padės išmokti organizuoti savo darbo grafiką ir apsikeisti informacija su kitais vartotojais Microsoft Outlook programos pagalba. Konspekte medžiaga pateikta metodiškai: nuo paprastų aplankų pildymo iki naudojimo Internet tinkle. Šios programos mokymasis glaudžiai siejasi su praktiniu darbu, t.y. išbandant šios programos galimybes, vykdoma praktinė veikla kompiuteriu. Todėl papildomos užduotys šiame aprašyme nepateikiamos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 12:44:39',62,'','2010-08-18 12:56:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 12:44:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,25,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1284,'MS Access','ms-access','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Temos tikslai: 1. Turėti supratimą apie duomenų bazes bei informacines sistemas. 2. Sugebėti gauti reikalingą informaciją duomenų bazėje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kas yra duomenų bazė?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paprasčiausia duomenų bazė - tai duomenimis užpildyta lentelė. Jeigu paprastą lentelę, parašytą popieriaus lape, įvesite į kompiuterį, turėsite kompiuterizuotą lentelę, arba paprasčiausią kompiuterizuotą duomenų bazę. Iš vienos lentelės kompiuteris galės pateikti kitokios formos, su kitaip išdėstytais duomenimis kitas lenteles arba tos pačios lentelės ne visas lenteles arba ne visus stulpelius. Be to, jei norėsite, galės įvairiai surūšiuoti duomenis, apskaičiuoti rezultatus arba nubraižyti diagramas. Jei reikės, sukeis eilutes ir stulpelius vietomis, atnaujins arba papildys duomenis ir t.t. Dažniausiai duomenų bazę sudaro kelios lentelės. Jos duomenų bazėje gali būti įvairiai jungiamos ir pertvarkomos. Iš pradinių lentelių sukuriamos kitos lentelės ir t.t. Kompiuteris galės surasti ir išrinkti reikalingus duomenis, pateikti juos ekrane arba atspausdinti popieriuje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 12:56:36',62,'','2010-08-18 13:07:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 12:56:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,24,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1285,'Kompiuteris ar gera knyga?','kompiuteris-ar-gera-knyga','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacija-tai žinios, kurias galima perduoti, priimti, įsiminti. Pastaruoju metu jos kiekiai smarkiai išaugo, tad nebeužtenka įprastų priemonių jai išsaugoti. Anksčiau ir dabar naudojamos knygos jau prarado dominuojantį vaidmenį duomenų kaupimo technologijose. Jos tapo nebe vienintelis informacijos šaltinis, o laisvalaikio praleidimo būdas. Taip įvyko dėl dviejų priežasčių-knygos turi blogą ypatybę, senti ir informacija jose pateikta nesuklasifikuotai, sunku atsirinkti būtent tai, ko reikia. Nieko panašaus nesutiksite kompiuteryje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai yra universalus prietaisas, kaupiantis žinias, atliekantis skaičiavimus ir t.t. visos jo galimybės toli gražu neatskleistos. Šio įrenginio pagalba mums atsiveria didžiulis, iš viso pasaulio surinktų, pastoviai atnaujinamų, duomenų šaltinis. Tačiau čia nerasit romanų, detektyvų ar kitokios literatūros, čia taipogi nėra bereikalingų sakinių, frazių ar netgi žodžių-viskas yra suspausta iki minimumo. Taip daroma tam, kad asmenys norintys surasti tai, kas juos domina, tai galėtų atlikti kuo greičiau. Internetas yra skubančių žmonių pasaulis, kuriame nėra vertinami jausmai ar emocijos, tai pasaulis, kuriame informacija stovi pirmoje vietoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kai buvo išrasta televizija skeptikai pranašavo galą knygoms, bet taip neįvyko, dabar, kai potencialus priešininkas yra kompiuteris išsigąsti tikrai nėra ko. Žmonės, ėję į bibliotekas, ir toliau tai darys, tie, kuriems skaitymas būdavo nemaloni būtinybė, ir ateity sėkmingai dirbs savo darbą. Tačiau vaikai, kurie tik pradės skaityti, yra tikrai dideliame pavojuje, nes televizijos pagalba jiems yra peršamas jau “sukramtytas” produktas. Taip jie atpratinami  nuo galvojimo, ir perskaičius literatūros kūrinį jiems jis gali pasirodyti nesuprantamas niekalas. Jo reitingai ir nuo jų dydžio priklausantys pinigai-svarbus dalykas, bet jeigu ir toliau bus rodomos apgailėtinos publicistinės laidos, pigios Lotynų Amerikos muilo operos ir morališkai pasenę amerikiečių filmai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 13:09:26',62,'','2010-08-18 13:11:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 13:09:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,23,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1286,'Tekstinės paieškos išraiškos','tekstins-paiekos-iraikos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tekstinės paieškos išraiška apibrėžia dokumentų paieškos kriterijus. Išraiška susideda iš paieškos objektų (žodžių ir frazių) bei kitų komponentų, tokių kaip operatoriai ir specialūs simboliai, kurie leidžia vartotojui tiksliai nurodyti, kokių dokumentų reikia ieškoti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paieškos objektai. Paieškos objektai gali būti žodžiai ir frazės. Žodžiai ir frazės. Paieškos išraiškoje žodžius gali jungti operatoriai, atliekantys su žodžiais veiksmus. Jei išraiška susideda iš kelių žodžių, atskirtų tik tarpais (be operatorių), tai tokia žodžių eilutė laikoma fraze ir užklausos vykdymo metu ieškoma jos visos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 13:12:12',62,'','2010-08-18 13:14:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 13:12:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,22,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1287,'Duomenų įvedimo ir išvedimo pagal pertraukimo reikalavimą tyrimas','duomen-vedimo-ir-ivedimo-pagal-pertraukimo-reikalavim-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Susipažinti su pertraukimų sistema, aparatiniais pertraukimais, duomenų įvedimu ir išvedimu panaudojant aparatinius pertraukimus bei pertraukimų perėmimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bendros žinios. Šiam laboratoriniam darbui atlikti naudojamas IBM PC kompiuteris, interfeisinis blokas, specialus stendas. Šiam laboratoriniam darbui atlikti naudojamas tik pirmas režimas, t.y. režimas 1. Režimai nustatomi programiškai įrašant režimų valdantįjį žodį iš mikroprocesoriaus į PLIA valdančiojo žodžio registrą. Yra dvi valdančiojo žodžio struktūros:  a) režimų valdantysis žodis (požymis D7=1) nurodo portų darbo režimus ir perdavimų kryptis. b) bitų valdantysis žodis (požymis D7=0) valdo porto PC bitus dirbant režimais 1 ir 2.a) režimų valdančiojo žodžio struktūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-18 13:15:01',62,'','2010-08-18 13:17:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-18 13:15:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,21,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1288,'Aušra','aura','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Aušra” (“Auszra”), pirmasis mėnesinis visuomeninis politinis ir literatūrinis lietuviškas žurnalas lotynišku šriftu. Ėjo 1883 - 1886 metais Ragainėje ir Tilžėje, buvo nelegaliai platinamas Lietuvoje. Buvo išleista 40 numerių. Tiražas apie 1000 egzempliorių. “Aušroje” savo kūrybinę veiklą pradėjo Maironis, V. Kudirka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mažojoje Lietuvoje tuo metu jau ėjo keletas lietuviškų laikraščių. Visi jie buvo informacinio pobūdžio, ir tautiškosios sąmonės ugdymu nesirūpino. Tik vienas Šernas savo “Lietuviškoje Ceitungoje” buvo pradėjęs spausdinti patriotiškus straipsnius - apie garbingą lietuvių praeitį ir apie sunkų dabartinį svetimųjų jungą. Šitam laikraščiui straipsnius rašė ir būsimasis “Aušros” redaktorius Dr. J. Basanavičius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Laikraštis buvo spausdinamas gotiškomis raidėmis, todėl negalėjo paplisti Didžiojoje Lietuvoje, kur liaudis nemokėjo skaityti gotiškų raidžių. Iš kitos pusės, Mažosios Lietuvos lietuviams Didžiosios Lietuvos problemos nelabai rūpėjo. Todėl laikraštis po kurio laiko nustojo eiti, o Dr. J. Basanavičius nutarė leisti atskirą laikraštį Didžiajai Lietuvai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1882 metais J. Basanavičius bandė įkurti lietuvių mokslo draugiją, kuri leistų savo laikraštį. Tačiau tebuvo įsteigtas tik laikraštis “Aušra”. Jos sumanytojas, pirmasis redaktorius ir siela buvo J. Basanavičius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bet kadangi jis tuo metu gyveno užsieny, daugiausia Bulgarijoje (1884 - 1905 m. ), tai laikraštį tvarkė kiti, Mikšas,    dr. J. Šliūpas, o kai šį ištrėmė vokiečiai vėl Mikšas. “Aušra” iš pradžių buvo spausdinama Ragainėje,o paskui Tilžėje paties Mikšo įsteigtoje spaustuvėje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Aušros” programa buvo parodyti lietuviams, kas jie buvo praeity, kaip yra spaudžiami dabarty ir kokią turi susikurti sau ateitį. “Aušros” leidėjų idealas buvo, kad “Lietuva būtų tautiškai susipratusi, lietuviškai kalbanti, mananti, jaučianti ir laisvai dirbanti kultūros dirvoje”. Daug dėmesio kreipdama į praeitį “Aušra” norėjo sužadinti tautišką lietuvių savigarbą ir savo krašto meilę. Taip pat ji kėlė savo kalbos meilę, rodė, kad ji ne tik ne menkesnė už kitas kalbas, bet daug kuo net panašesnė. Kalbėdama apie dabarties laikus “Aušra” kėlė lietuviams ir jų kalbai daromas skriaudas mokyklose ir administracijos įstaigose, peikė lenkinimą per bažnyčias, paliesdavo taip pat visuomeninius ir ekonominius lietuvių reikalus, įdėdavo liaudžiai skiriamų mokslo žinių apie žemės ūkį, sveikatos reikalus ir t.t.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Aušra” neturėjo aiškios ateities programos, politinių klausimų nesvarstė;     ji tenkinosi tik stiprindama lietuvius tautiškai ir kultūriškai. Didžiausias jos tikslas buvo taip išauklėti lietuvius, kad galėtų laisvai dirbti, gautų spaudos laisvę, kad lietuvių kalba būtų įsileista į mokyklas, į valdžios įstaigas ir kad ji nebūtų išstumiama iš bažnyčios. “Aušros” meto lietuviškasis sąjūdis daugiau rūpinosi švietimu ir kultūros sritimi, o politinių klausimų mažiau telietė. Apskritai ji stengėsi nepulti labai nei rusų valdžios, nei sulenkėjusių kunigų nei dvarininkų, tikėdamasi, kad lengviau pasieks savo teisėtus reikalavimus, jei visų tų pajėgų nenustatys prieš save. Bet tuo būdu “Aušra” nepalenkė į savo pusę nei vienų, nei kitų: rusai tiek į ją, tiek    į visą slaptąją spaudą žiūrėjo, kaip vokiečių darbą prieš rusus, o sulenkėjusi bajorija, svajodama apie kultūrinę lenkų hegemoniją Lietuvoje, visą lietuvių sąjūdį laikė nusikaltimu “broliškų” tautų vienybei.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pradžioje “Aušros” gadynės žymieji tautinio sąjūdžio veikėjai, J. Basanavičius ir J.Šliūpas, mėgino išgauti iš rusų valdžios palankumo šiam sąjūdžiui, būtent, kad būtų leidžiama “Aušrą” spausdinti Lietuvoje. Bet, rusų valdžios pritarimo negavę, ypač Šliūpas, pasuko antirusiška linkme, skelbdamas, kad rusai atnešė lietuviams dvasios vergiją, spaudos draudimą, religinę diskriminaciją ir rusfikaciją. O ir baudžiavos panaikinimą jis nelaikė nei caro malone, nei rusų valdžios nuopelnu, teigdamas, kad tik istorijos vyksmas privertęs caro vyriausybę įvykdyti baudžiavos panaikinimo reformą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 15:58:20',62,'','2010-08-19 16:02:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 15:58:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,153,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1289,'6 - 7 klasės istorijos datos','6-7-klass-istorijos-datos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 16:02:21',62,'','2010-08-19 16:05:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 16:02:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,152,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1290,'Lietuvos dvarai','lietuvos-dvarai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bilevičių dvaras. Bilevičių dvaras yra neogotinio stiliaus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rietavo dvaras. Rietavo dvaras yra Plungės rajone. Dvaras priklausė Bogdanui Oginskiui (Lietuvos didikas ir kunigaikštis). Aplink dvarą yra parkas, įkurtas XIX a. Oginskių iniciatyva.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Plungės dvaras. Dvaras pastatytas XIX a. yra Plungės šiaurinėje dalyje. Šalia rūmų yra ūkiniai trobesiai bei parkas. Stilius yra neorenesansinis. Dvaras yra puošnaus interjero, papuoštas skulptūromis. Šalia rūmų yra arklidės. Parkas (virš 40 ha) yra Babrungo upelio slėnyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Renavo dvaras. Dvaras yra Mažeikių rajone (XIX a. statinys). Jis pradėtas statyti apie 1815 m., 1880 m. – rekonstruoti. Rūmai neoklasicistiniai, su nežymiais neorenesanso elementais. Interjeruose išliko dekoratyvines tapybos, lipdinių, ornamentuotų koklinių židinių bei krosnių. Rūmus juosia parkas (apie 18 ha). Priešais rūmus yra 2 tvenkiniai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šateikių dvaras. Dvaras yra Plungės rajone. Dvaro stilius yra neogotinis. Aplinkui yra parkas (apie 8 ha). Rūmai statyti XVIII a. yra kuklūs ir seniausi. Šalia rūmų yra nedidelis tvenkinys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Plikšių dvaras. Dvaro sodyba (XVIII – XIX a.) yra Mažeikų rajone. Šalia yra parkas. Rūmai yra mūriniai, dviaukščiai. Turi neorenesansinių, neoklasicistinių bruožų. Turi balkonus paremtus stulpais ir kolonomis. Interjere gausu lipdinių, drožyba puoštų durų, ornamentais dekoruotų koklių. Esantis parkas yra apie 7 ha. Aplink parką yra pailgi, tarpusavyje sujungti tvenkiniai ir vienas ovalo. Rūmus pastatė Konstantinas Pliateris XIX a. 9 - tame dešimtmetyje.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 16:07:10',62,'','2010-08-19 16:11:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 16:07:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,151,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(1291,'Senovės civilizacijų istorija','senovs-civilizacij-istorija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Istoriją neretai įprasta laikyti datų ir įvykių, ypač karų, nesibaigiančia virtine. Tokia ji dažnam tik kvaršina galvą ir palieka blogus prisiminimus. Prasmingesnė yra istorija kaip sintezė, kuri tiria bendrą žmonijos gyvenimo vyksmą, jo evoliuciją ir pagal tai vertina įvairius įvykius. Yra nemaža visuotinės istorijos vyksmo schemų. Viena jų - formacinis pasaulio supratimas ir aiškinimas. Tai marksistinė, istorinio materializmo pažiūrom grįsta teorija, visuomenės raidos pagrindu laikanti ekonomiką (bazę), o raidos varikliu - klasių (socialine) kovą, kuri atmeta praeitį, o pirmenybę teikia ateičiai. Tačiau istorijos raida nėra nuosekli, tolygi. Atvirkščiai, joje netikėtai atsiradusios civilizacijos greitai suklestėdavo ir netrukus žlugdavo. Kuo daugiau mokslininkai sužino apie įvairių civilizacijų, tautų praeitį, tuo labiau įsitikina nuoseklios, nuolat kylančios istorijos raidos schemos ydingumu. Tik didžiausi užsispyrėliai visus visuotinės istorijos reiškinius stengiasi sutalpinti į vieną schemą, aiškinti objektyviais rutuliojimosi dėsniais bei dėsningumais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mokslininkai jau seniai diskutuoja apie skirtingus Rytų ir Vakarų raidos kelius, ardo penkianarę visuomenės ekonominių formacijų schemą. Devinto dešimtmečio pabaigos ir paskutiniojo dešimtmečio pradžios pasaulio įvykiai sukėlė nemaža abejonių ir aukščiausia formacija - komunizmu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Darnios pasaulio raidos teorija, atrodo, griūva kaip kortų namelis. Darosi vis patrauklesnė civilizacijų teorija, kuri remiasi kiek kitais kriterijais: vertina visuomenių kilmę, jų augimo sąlygas, žlugimo priežastis. Jokios tautos gyvenimas negali būti nagrinėjamas izoliuotai. Daugelio jų praeitis painiai susiraizgiusi. Tų ryšių nebūtinai būta tiesioginių ir nėra reikalo jų ieškoti. Svarbu išryškinti sąlygas, iš kurių vienos formuoja bendrą tautų gyvenimą - dvasinį, ekonominį, politinį, o kitos lemia bendruomenių skirtumus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daiktavardis civilitas lotynų kalba reiškia piliečio teigiamų bruožų - išsiauklėjimo, išsimokslinimo ir pan. - visumą. Civilizacinį požiūrį į istorijos procesą formavo N. Danilevskis, O. Špengleris, M. Vėberis, A. Toinbis, P. Sorokinas, M. Zingeris, L. Diumonas ir daugelis kitų mąstytojų. Ne visi jie vienodai suprato pačią „civilizacijos” sąvoką. Ji skirtingai aiškinama ir šiais laikais. Pirmieji ją įvedė prancūzai - švietėjas Mirabo ir istorikas Gizo. Beje, Gizo civilizacijos idėją taikė tik Europai, todėl žodžiai „civilizuotas”ir „europinis” ilgą laiką buvo iš esmės tapatūs.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šios knygos objektu bus ribota ir todėl prieinama žmogaus protui tarpusavy susijusių visuomenės reiškinių sistema, kurią ir vadinsime civilizacija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienas žymiausių civilizacijų ir kultūrų tyrėjų buvo anglų istorikas Arnoldas Toinbis (1889 - 1975 m.). Už nuopelnus istorijos mokslui jam suteiktas Oksfordo, Birmingemo, Prinstono universitetų garbės daktaro vardas. Jis buvo Londono Karališkosios draugijos narys. A. Toinbis ne „kabinetinis” mokslininkas. Jis daug keliavo, 1928 m. lankėsi ir Lietuvoje. Tuo metu mokslininkas vadovavo Didžiosios Britanijos Tarptautinių santykių institutui ir domėjosi demokratijos raida jaunose Europos valstybėse. A. Toinbis buvo vienas iš nedaugelio istorikų, kurie savo darbuose stengėsi aprėpti viso pasaulio istoriją. Jo idėjos yra labai originalios ir aktualios mūsų dienų gyvenimui. Jo manymu, ne valstybė yra istorijos objektas. Ji, anot A. Toinbio, tesanti civilizacijos parapija. Istorijos, ypač senovės istorijos, tema turėtų būti valstybių bendruomenė, kurią jungia viena civilizacija. Anglų istorikui nerūpėjo ir tautos raida. Tauta, pasak jo, dažnai serganti civilizacijai pražūtinga „nacionalizmo” liga.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 16:12:49',62,'','2010-08-19 16:19:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 16:12:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,150,'','',0,38,'robots=\nauthor='),(1292,'1938 m. Lietuvos konstitucija','1938-m-lietuvos-konstitucija','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 16:20:41',62,'','2010-08-19 16:22:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 16:20:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,149,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1293,'Įsimintinos 2 - ojo pasaulinio karo datos','simintinos-2-ojo-pasaulinio-karo-datos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 16:23:32',62,'','2010-08-19 16:26:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 16:23:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,148,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1294,'Žymesni Lietuvos valstybės gyvenimo įvykiai','ymesni-lietuvos-valstybs-gyvenimo-vykiai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 16:27:36',62,'','2010-08-19 16:29:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 16:27:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,147,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1295,'Mažoji Lietuva Prūsijos kunigaikštystėje (1525 - 1701 m.)','maoji-lietuva-prsijos-kunigaiktystje-1525-1701-m','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po lietuvių bei žemaičių krikšto ir Žalgirio mūšio Kryžiuočių ordinas pasidarė nereikalingas. Palengva kilo nepasitenkinimas Ordino valdžia net pačioje jo valstybėje, ir 1454 m. sukilę miestai, bajorija ir vyskupai pasidavė Lenkijos karaliui Kazimierui. Norėdamas išgelbėti savo valstybę Ordinas dar kariavo su lenkais net 13 metų, bet pagaliau turėjo padaryti labai negarbingą tvarką: 1466 m. Torno taika jis atidavė Lenkijai visą Pavyslį ir savo sostinę Marijenburgą, o magistras persikėlė į Karaliaučių. Tuo pat metu galingiausias Ordino žemių vyskupas (Varmijos) taip pat pasidavė Lenkijai. Tuo būdu Ordino žemės labai sumažėjo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taip susilpnėjęs, Ordinas išgyvavo dar 60 metų. Tačiau jo valstybė nykte nyko. Teokratinė kryžiuočių valstybė virto pasaulietine. Ją supasaulietino didysis magistras Albrechtas Branderburgietis. XVI amžiaus pradžioje Vokietijoje kilus reformacijos judėjimui, didysis magistras Albrechtas Branderburgietis (Albrecht von Brandenburg, 1490 - 1568 m.) su dauguma Ordino brolių perėjo iš katalikybės į liuterionybę ir paskelbė teokratinę kryžiuočių valstybę pasaulietine - Prūsijos kunigaikštyste. (Taip baltiškas Prūsijos vardas atiteko jos pavergėjų vokiečių valstybei.) Albrechtas Branderburgietis, Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio Kazimiero dukters sūnus, Žygimanto Augusto pusbrolis, tapo pasaulietiniu kunigaikščiu. 1525 metais Krokuvoje jis davė vasalo priesaiką Lenkijos karaliui Žygimantui Senajam. Taigi Kryžiuočių ordinas Prūsijoje buvo likviduotas, jo turtai sekuliarizuoti - perduoti valstybei bei pasauliečiams. Tačiau jis dar tebegyvavo Vokietijoje ir Livonijoje, tiktai atskirai, ir su Prūsija niekas jo nebesiejo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valstybinė santvarka pasikeitė, tačiau baudžiava Mažojoje Lietuvoje nepalengvėjo. 1525 m. visi Ordino žemių valstiečiai sukilo, bet laisvės jie vis dėlto neatgavo: Albrechto kariuomenė numalšino sukilimą. Kunigaikštis Albrechtas, tiesa, ketino pagerinti valstiečių būklę ir net panaikinti baudžiavą, bet jam tatai nepasisekė, ir valstiečių būklė kaskart ėjo vis sunkyn. Šituo metu teisiniai skirtumai tarp vokiečių ir lietuvių valstiečių ėmė nykti: visi buvo lygiai spaudžiami.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Praėjus beveik šimtui metų po Prūsijos kunigaikštystės paskelbimo, Brandenburgo kurfiurstai (vokiečių žemių feodalai, turėję teisę rinkti imperatorių) paveldėjo Prūsijos kunigaikštystės sostą, nes baigėsi Prūsijos kunigaikščių vyriškoji linija. 1618 m. Prūsijos kunigaikštystė susijungė su Brandenburgo kurfiurstyste. Šis susijungimas iš pradžių prūsų socialinio gyvenimo nepaveikė, tačiau tuo laikotarpiu prasidėjo varginantis Trisdešimties metų karas. 1629 m. švedai užėmė Klaipėdą ir visą pajūrį iki Dancigo. Jie čia išbuvo iki 1635 m. Vėliau Mažąją Lietuvą labai nusiaubė totoriai (1656 - 1657 m.).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1660 m. Prūsijos kunigaikštystė nutraukė vasalinius ryšius su Lenkija, ir Brandenburgo kurfiurstas tapo visišku jungtinės valstybės - Prūsijos karalystės - valdovu. Sostinė iš Karaliaučiaus buvo perkelta į Berlyną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kurfiurstas, siekdamas didesnių pajamų, leido miškuose kurtis žemdirbiams, kurie sklypus gaudavo be baudžiavinių prievolių, sumokėję už juos sutartą mokestį. Tokios žemės savininku tapo ir K. Donelaičio senelis, kuris su dviem kaimynais 1683 m. pirmieji įsikūrė Lazdynėlių kaime (prie Gumbinės).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 16:30:37',62,'','2010-08-19 16:34:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 16:30:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,146,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(1296,'Tautų pavasaris XIX a. Europoje','taut-pavasaris-xix-a-europoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po Vienos kongreso daugumoje Europos valstybių vėl įsiviešpatavo absoliutizmas. Imperatorių, karalių ar kunigaikščių valdžios nevaržė konstitucijos ir tautos atstovų susirinkimai. Daugelio šalių tautos tokią tvarką mėgino pakeisti sukilimais bei revoliucijomis. Didžiausios revoliucijos vyko 1848 - 1849 m. Kai kuriose šalyse jos buvo nukreiptos ne tik prieš absoliutizmą ir feodalizmą. Italijos ir Vokietijos sukilėliai kovojo ir dėl savo šalių suvienijimo, Vengrijos – dėl atsiskyrimo nuo Austrijos ir nepriklausomos valstybės atkūrimo. Bruzdėjo Austrijos imperijos slavai, Prūsijos karalystės lenkai. Todėl 1848 - 1849 m. revoliucijos dar vadinamos “Tautų pavasariu”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po 1863 - 1864 m. sukilimo caro vyriausybė sustiprino tautinę priespaudą Lietuvoje. 1864 m. M. Muravjovas lietuviškiems raštams vietoj tradicinio lotyniško raidyno įvedė kirilicą. 1865 m. spalio 5 d. Rusijos vidaus reikalų ministerija uždraudė spausdinti ir įsivežti lietuviškus leidinius senuoju raidynu. 1872 m. buvo uždrausta leisti lietuvišką spaudą gotiškuoju raidynu. Visą mūsų tautos spaudą į savo rankas perėmė caro administracija. Tautinė priespauda Lietuvoje buvo dvejopa. Pirma, lietuvių tauta buvo polonizuojama, antra - prievarta rusinama. Caro administracija kėlė į Lietuvą rusų kolonistus, stengėsi, kad katalikų žemės atitektų stačiatikiams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Caro valdžia ėmė labiau persekioti Katalikų bažnyčią. Panaudodama visą savo galią, ji siekė Lietuvą sustačiatikinti bei surusinti. Taip Žemaičių vyskupijoje 1832-1893m. buvo uždaryti 46 vienuolynai. Jų pastatus carinė administracija pavertė kareivinėmis, karo ligoninėmis, rusų mokyklomis. Iki Pirmojo pasaulinio karo trijose Lietuvos vyskupijose teliko 6 vienuolynai. Matydamas, jog bažnyčios yra lietuvių religinio bei tautinio atsparumo centrai, caras pradėjo jas uždarinėti. 1863 - 1866 m. generalgubernatorius M.Muravjovas uždarė 32 bažnyčias ir 52 koplyčias. Buvo uždrausta statyti naujus bei taisyti senus kulto pastatus. Policija nuolat kontroliavo kunigų veiklą. Be karinio apskrities viršininko leidimo kunigas negalėjo išvykti iš savo parapijos. Šis draudimas galiojo net vyskupams. Caro valdžia ėmė kontroliuoti ir varžyti jaunų kunigų rengimą, kišosi į kunigų seminarijos darbą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Griežtais cenzūros įstatymais buvo suvaržytas ir Dievo žodžio skelbimas. Parapinėse bažnyčiose sekmadieniais tegalėjo būti vienas pamokslas. Policija klausydavosi pamokslų bei bausdavo kunigus už taisyklių nesilaikymą. Varžydama tikėjimo laisvę Lietuvoje, caro valdžia uždraudė rengti viešas bažnytines procesijas, iškilmingai laidoti mirusiuosius, statyti kryžius pakelėse, pardavinėti religinius ženklus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 16:35:37',62,'','2010-08-19 16:39:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 16:35:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,145,'','',0,269,'robots=\nauthor='),(1297,'Viduramžių datos','vidurami-datos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 16:40:11',62,'','2010-08-19 16:41:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 16:40:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,144,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(1298,'1918 12 16 d. Kapsuko manifestas','1918-12-16-d-kapsuko-manifestas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sukilusių Lietuvos darbininkų ir vargingųjų valstiečių vardu, Lietuvos raudonarmiečių vardu, skelbiame karinės Vokietijos okupacijos, Lietuvos Tarybos ir visų kitų buržuazinių tautinių tarybų ir komitetų valdžią nuversta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visa valdžia pereina į Lietuvos Darbininkų, bežemių ir mažažemių atstovų tarybų rankas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Išmušo pasiliuosavimo valanda iš nepakeliamo Vokietijos okupantų jungo, nužeminimo ir skurdo. Išmušo jūsų pasiliuosavimo valanda iš amžino jungo dvarininkų, didžiųjų ūkininkų ir kapitalistų, kurie iš žmonių vargo susidėjo per praėjusią baisiąją skerdynę didžiausius turtus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prasidėjo tai, kas turėjo įvykti pasaulinio imperialistinio karo rezultatu: prasidėjo pasaulinė proletarų revoliuciją, kuri griauna vieną sostą paskui kitą ir savo geležiniu kūju daužo retežius, veržiančius viso pasaulio proletariatą. Po rusų caro sugriautas Austrijos - Vengrijos sostas, o paskui ir Vokietijos. Traška ir griūva pasaulio kapitalo tvirtovės. Arti žuvimo valanda anglų - prancūzų - amerikonų imperializmo, kuris dabar laiko save viso pasaulio pergalėtoju, kaip dar neseniai tuomi didžiavosi pergalėtojas Vokietijos imperializmas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Galingai žengia pirmyn Pasaulinė proletarų revoliucija. Viso pasaulio buržuazija mato, kad artinasi jos galas. Savo mirtinojo priešo akivaizdoje ji organizuojasi šventon pasaulinės kontrrevoliucijos sąjungon ir įtempia visas savo pastangas, kad pirmiausia nuslopinus socialistinės revoliucijos sukurą Rusijoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Užsidegus revoliucijai Vokietijoje dar labiau padidėjo pavojus pasauliniui kapitalui. Jis pasirengęs imtis visų priemonių, kad tik neleidus susijungti Rusijos revoliucijai su Vokietijos; dėlei to jisai ypatingą domę atkreipė į kraštus, skiriančius Rusijos respubliką nuo Vokietijos. Geležiniu lanku jisai nutarė suveržti Rusiją ne tik iš rytų ir šiaurės, bet ir iš pietų ir vakarų, ir būtinai pasmaugti Rusijos revoliuciją, o paskui ir Vokietijos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Parsidavėlė Baltijos, Lietuvos ir Lenkijos buržuazija, nesitikėdama savo spėkomis pergalėti kylančią pas mus proletarų revoliuciją, daro visa, kad greičiau atvyktų anglų-prancūzų-amerikonų kareivija, ir kad padėtų jai kraujo upėse paskandinti darbininkų klasę. Mes žinome, ką neša šitie naujieji “liuosuotojai” Lietuvos proletarams ir pusiau proletarams: jie neša tą patį jungą ir nužeminimą, kuriuos trys metai atgal atnešė Vokietijos “liuosuotojai”, tą patį darbininkų klasės ir sodžiaus biednuomenės grobimą, pavergimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš Rusijos patyrimo mes matome, kad sąjungininkų imperialistų “okupacija” niekuomi nesiskiria nuo vokiečių imperialistų okupacijos: tas pats dvarininkų ir kapitalistų valdžios grąžinimas, tas pats darbininkų ir sodžiaus biednuomenės pavergimas, ta pati juodoji reakcija, tie patys šaudymai ir pasityčiojimai iš mūsų brolių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai privertė Lietuvos ir Baltarusijos Komunistų partijos - vienintelės masinės Lietuvos proletarų Partijos - Centro komitetą imtis pačių griežtųjų priemonių, kad nukreipus slenkamąjį ant Lietuvos proletariato ir vargingųjų valstiečių mirtinąjį pavojų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Remdamies valia Lietuvos darbininkų, sodžiaus biednuomenės ir raudonarmiečių, sukilusių prieš okupacines valdžias ir jų agentą kontrrevoliucinę Lietuvos tarybą ir atmetančiųjų bent kokius kontrrevoliucinius mėginimus iš anglų-prancūzų-amerikonų kapitalistų pusės įsimaišyt Lietuvos darbo minių likiman, Lietuvos ir Baltarusijos Komunistų partijos Centro komitetas paskelbė Laikinąją revoliucinę Lietuvos darbininkų ir vargingųjų valstiečių valdžią.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 16:44:19',62,'','2010-08-19 16:58:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 16:44:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,143,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1299,'11 klasės istorijos datos','11-klass-istorijos-datos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 17:06:05',62,'','2010-08-19 17:07:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 17:06:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,142,'','',0,43,'robots=\nauthor='),(1300,'Ankstyvieji viduramžiai','ankstyvieji-viduramiai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Krikščionybė: katalikų popiežius Grigalius VII 1073 - 1085 m. Įtvirtino Kliuni reformas. Inocentas III 1198 - 1216 m. toliau tęsė teokratinę programą. Privertė paklusti galingiausius europos valdovus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Katalikai kovai su eretikais įsteigė spec. teismą - inkviziciją. Kryžiaus žygiai vyko nuo 1096 iki 1270 m. Kryžiaus žygiai kilo dėl tų laikų religinio entuziazmo, katalikų įsitikinimo, kad reikia ginti krikščionių šventąsias vietas nuo musulmonų [Kristaus karstą Jeruzaleje], be to juos sukėlė ir socialiniai, ekonominiai, politiniai pokyčiai. Jais taip pat siekta sustabdyti normanų įsiveržimus. Pirmasis Žygis: prasidėjo 1096 rudenį ir baigėsi pergale 1099 liepą Urbonas II. Atsiranda trys riterių ordinai: tamplierių [pran], joanitų [ital] ir teutonų [vok]. Trečiąjį (1189 - 1192 m.) žygius atliko praradę Edesą ir Jeruzalę. Ketvirtas Žygis: 1202 - 1204 m. Inocentas III. Šis žygis ypatingas tuo kad planavo užimti Egiptą bet užemė ir nukariavo  Konstantinopolį sugriovė Bizantiją ir įkūrė Lotynų imperiją, visus planus pakeitė Venecija kuri nebuvo suinteresuota Egipto nukariavimu bei kiti faktoriai kaip popiežiaus nesutarimai su patriarchu, šis žygis buvo daug kam naudingas. Po šio žygio įvyko dar keturi [paskutinis 1270 m. į Tunisą] tačiau jie nebuvo įspūdingi. Po visų šių žygių prarado visas žemes ir pradėjo puldinėti Baltijos kraštą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Arabai: Pirmieji kalifai [padėjėjai įpėdiniai po Muchamedo mirties 634 m.] Abu Bekras (632 - 634 m.) ir Omaras (634 - 644 m.) ne tik įtvirtino islamą bet ir pradėjo užkariavimus kuriuos tęsė Osmanas (644 - 656 m.). 633 m. Arabai puolė Bizantiją ir nuo jos atplėšė Siriją, Palestiną. 651 m. užima Iraną. Tuo metu užkar. Egiptą, Armėniją ir Gruziją. Gerai kovojo dėl fanatizmo ir finasinių sumet. 732 m. nors ir sustabdė frankai arabų plitimą į europą jie užkar: Užkaukazę, Afganist, Indiją. Kalifas buvo imperatorius - popiežius viename asmenyje! VII a. Musulmonai suskyla į: sunitus ir šiitus. Skyrėsi tuo kad šiitai nepripažino sunų [šventųjų kn.]. Valdant Chišanui (724 - 743 m.) padėtis buvo stabili bet po jo mirties vėl buvo suirutė. Žymūs arabai: filosofas Averojus (1126 - 1198 m.), astronomas Ali Birunijus (973 - 1048 m.).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kijevo Rusia: IX a. Rytų slavų gentis suvienijo variagai. 882 m. variagų būriai priešaky Olego užėmė Kijevą, Olegas pasiskelbė didžiuoju kunigu (882 - 912 m.). Po jo buvo Igoris (912 - 945 m.). Čia sukūrę valstybę variagai greitai asimiliavo su slavais. Vladimiras Sviatoslavičius (980 - 1015 m.) oficialiai priėmė krikštą 988 m. Valdant Jaroslavui  Vladimirovičiui Išmintingajam (1019 - 1054 m.) suklestėjo visas kraštas buvo pastatyta naujų cerkvių, steigiamos mokyklos. Po jo mirties buvo suirutė, Vladimiras Monomachas (1113 - 1125 m.) trumpam ją sustapdė. Mirus Vladimiro sūnui Mstislovui (1125 - 1132 m.) Kijevo Rusia suskilo į daug kunigaikštysčių: [ekonomiškai ir politiškai stipriausios: Vladimiro - Suzdalės; Novgorodo - Pskovo ir Haličo - Valuinės. Vladimiro - Suzdalės kun: atsiskyrė kai valdė Jurijus Vladim.[monomacho sūnus] (1125 - 1157 m.) dėl didelių žygių buvo pramintas ilgarankiu. Valdant Andrejuj Bogoliubskiui 1169 m. buvo užimtas Kijevas, o jo brolis Vsevolodas Didysis Lizdas (1177 - 1212 m.) pasisavino didž. kunigaikš. titulą ir paėmė valdžią Novogorode bei Riazanei. Haličo - Valuinės kun: buvo labai patogioje geo. padėt. XII a. pab. Romanas Mstislavičius (1199 - 1205 m.) suvienijo Haličo ir Voluinės žemes. Po jo mirties buvo užvaldžiusi Vengrija ir Lenkija,  bet Danijilo Romanivičius (1221 - 1264 m.) vėl suvienijo ir dar prijungė Kijevą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 17:08:25',62,'','2010-08-19 17:27:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 17:08:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,141,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(1301,'Vytauto Merkio darbai','vytauto-merkio-darbai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 17:28:42',62,'','2010-08-19 17:29:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 17:28:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,140,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1302,'Modernizacija','modernizacija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Modernizacija yra procesas, kurio metu tradicinė, kaimo, agrarinė visuomenė virsta pasaulietine, industrine, miestų visuomene.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Moderni visuomenė dažniau visa ko pagrindu laiko individą, negu agrarinės, valstietiškos visuomenės, grupės ar bendruomenės. Modernioje visuomenėje stengiamasi specializuotis vienoje srityje, vystant darbų pasidalinimą. Moderni visuomenė nesiremia teisėmis ir privilegijomis, kurias gauna atskiros individų grupės ar individai, nesivadovauja tradicijomis ir papročiais. Jos stengiasi vadovautis logiškais ir moksliškais metodais ar būdais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Socialinės transformacijos sąlygos, kurios vedė į modernizaciją išaugo iš europos socialinių, ekonominių sąlygų. Didžioji šių sąlygų dalis išsivystė iš komercinio kapitalizmo viduramžių europoje. Pirmą karta ekonomika pakeitė savo tikslus nuo vartojimo į produkciją. Atsirado nauja rinkų rūšis, kuri rėmėsi paklausos - pasiūlos mechanizmu. Pagausėjo kapitalo investicijos, kurios buvo reikalingos ateities produkcijai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmą kartą kaimo agrokultūriniai reitingai buvo už miestų ir prekybos centrų. Žemės turėjimas nebebuvo socialinė vertybė, kaip tai būdavo ankstesniais laikais; išskirtinė žemvaldžio vieta buvo užvaldyta pirklių ir amatininkų. Ankstesnis skirtumas tarp žemvaldžio ir bežemio dabar leido atsirasti skirtumui tarp darbdavio ir darbininko. Kariuomenės reikšmė nyko.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuo pat pradžių modernizacija turėjo du pagrindinius bruožus. Vienas iš jų buvo siejamas su dinamišku vystymusi, žiūrėjimu į ateitį ir progresyvumą, teikiantį vilčių perteklių, laisvė ir etc.kita vertus modernizacija įnešė susvetimėjimo, skurdo, nusikalstamumo, aplinkos taršos didesnes problemas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai kurie modernizmo bruožai, po jų sustiprėjimo iki tam tikro lygio , sukėlė atgalinė reakciją. Žmonės iš užgrūstų miestų, ėmė grįžti į kaimus ar priemiesčius. Kai juos ,,užkniso\" masiškai ,,ištampuoti\" produktai, iškilo susidomėjimas natūraliais produktais ir rankų darbu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 17:30:37',62,'','2010-08-19 17:35:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 17:30:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,139,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1303,'1992 m. Lietuvos konstitucija','1992-m-lietuvos-konstitucija','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 17:36:23',62,'','2010-08-19 17:37:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 17:36:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,138,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1304,'Renesansas (referatas)','renesansas-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Architektūra. Kuriantis Lietuvos valstybei įvyko kokybinis šuolis nuo primityvios statybos iki architektūros meno. Jį skatino gynybinės valstybės reikmės. Statomi įtvirtinimai, medinės, mišrios konstrukcijos ir mūrinės pilys. Šio pobūdžio architektūra Europos architektūrinių stilių bruožų turėjo mažai. Lietuva pasiekė pavieniai romaninio stiliaus (pusapskritės arkos, skliautinis mūras, baltiškas plytų rišimas) ir gotikos (smailėjančios arkos, gotiškas plytų rišimas) elementai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Renesanso architektūros stilius 15 a. ypač suklestėjo Florencijoje, 16 a. - Venecijoje ir Romoje. Architektūroje atsirado nauji statiniai: miestų rūmai, užmiesčio vilos, mokyklos ir kt. Naudojami antikiniai orderiai ir konstrukcinės sistemos. Vietoje bokštų statomi kupolai, kolonos, piliastrai. Pastatų kompozicijos būdinga simetrija, horizontalumas, saikingos dekoratyvinės formos, taisyklinga, šviesi vidaus erdvė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pradžioje Renesansas Lietuvoje plito veikiamas meistrų iš Italijos. Pirmieji Renesanso architektai, kūrę Lietuvoje, buvo italai - Bernardas Zanobis da Džanotis (Da Gianoti, 16 a I pusė), Džiovinis Činis (Cini). Vėliau įtaką darė Nyderlandų architektūra, subrendo vietos meistrai. Lietuvoje renesanso stiliumi buvo statomi reprezentaciniai rūmai, rezidentinės ir bastioninės pilys, mokyklų (universiteto, kolegijų), vienuolynų pastatai, bažnyčios, rotušės. Kadangi šis stilius pradėjo plisti tebevyraujant gotikai, kai kuriuose persipynė abu stiliai (gotikos ir renesanso).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vieni gražiausių renesansinių reprezentacinių rūmų buvo Vilniaus Žemutinės pilies rūmai (16 a. II ketvirtis), kurių vaizdas išlikęs ikonografinėje medžiagoje ir aprašymuose. Jie buvo statomi Žygimanto Senojo laikais, karalienės Bonos užsakymu, italų meistrų ir buvo didžiojo kunigaikščio Žygimanto Augusto rezidencija iki jo išvykimo į Krokuvą. Renesanso bruožų yra gynybiniuose statiniuose, miestų įtvirtinimuose. Išlikę Vilniaus gynybinės sienosMedininkų arba Aušros vartai. Pastatytos bastioninės renesansinės pilys Klaipėdoje (16 a. vid.), Biržuose (16 a. pab.). Prie Nemuno išaugo rezidentinės Panemunės (17 a. pr.), Raudonės  (16 a. pab.) pilys. Renesanso stiliumi statyti universiteto rūmai. Iki šių dienų išliko renesansinių bažnyčių. Seniausia jų Simno (16 a. I pusė), kitos - Kėdainių (17 a. vid.) Kelmės evangelikų reformatų (17 a. II pusė), Siesikų (16 a. vid.), Šiaulių Šv. Petro ir Povilo (17 a. per.) ir kt. 16 a. buvo pastatyta nemažai rotušių. Išliko daug kartų rekonstruota Kėdainių rotušė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai kuriuose statiniuose, kaip minėta, gotikos ir renesanso stiliai persipynė (Šv. Mykolo bažnyčia Vilniuje, Skarulių bažnyčia Jonavos raj.) Gotikiniai gyvenamieji namai buvo puošiami renesansiniu dekoru. Vilniaus, Kauno, Kėdainių senamiesčiuose yra išlikę tokių pastatų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 17:39:39',62,'','2010-08-19 17:46:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 17:39:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,137,'','',0,46,'robots=\nauthor='),(1305,'1917 m. gruodžio 11 d. aktas','1917-m-gruodio-11-d-aktas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 17:47:12',62,'','2010-08-19 17:48:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 17:47:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,136,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(1306,'Kauno architektūra','kauno-architektra','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Laisvės alėja jau 1847 metų Kauno naujosios dalies suplanavimo projekte buvo numatyta kaip pagrindinė miesto gatvė. Ji buvo apstatyta XIX a. antroje pusėje - XX a. pradžioje, tačiau tai vienur, tai kitur statyta ir vėliau. Dabar abipus susiglaudę dviejų - trijų aukštų gyvenamieji namai ir pavieniai aukštesni visuomeninės paskirties pastatai, turintys daugiausia istorizmo epochos arba tarpukario meto modernizmo bruožų. Laisvės alėja buvo skirta transportui ir pėstiesiems: per vidurį pasodintos dvi medžių eilės sudarė pasivaikščiojimų ir  poilsio vietą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gausėjant transporto priemonių, iškilo reikalas sutvarkyti judėjimą miesto centre. 1970 metų miesto generaliniame plane buvo nuspręsta transportą nukreipti į šonines gatves, o Laisvės alėją paversti pėsčiųjų zona. Rekonstrukcija įvykdyta 1982 metais pagal architektų A. Paulausko ir V. Paleckienės projektą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rekonstrukcijos kompoziciją sąlygojo alėjos ilgumas - 1621 metras. Tikslas buvo suteikti Laisvės alėjai ne tik naują funkciją, bet ir architektūros išraišką, kuri atitiktų jos urbanistinę reikšmę viso miesto atžvilgiu ir pėsčiųjų zonos reikmes. Alėja sudalinta į atkarpas; taip akcentuotos kai kurios visuomeniniu, kultūriniu požiūriu svarbios centro vietos - Miesto sodas su Muzikiniu teatru, Miesto Savivaldybės rūmai, Vytauto Didžiojo paminklas, Centrinis paštas, Vitražo galerija ir išlaikytas tradicinis vientisumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gerokai patvarkyti aplinkos elementai: mažosios architektūros formos, želdiniai, apšvietimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Išsaugotos buvusios medžių eilės, bet želdinių plotas paplatintas, padaryti nauji masyvūs mediniai suoleliai, kurie darniai sujungti su želdinių plotų betoniniais bortais. Sudaryta galimybė vasaros metu išplėsti kavinių plotą - išnešti staliukus ir kėdes į alėją, apsaugoti nuo lietaus ir saulės dekoratyviniais skėčiais. Dangai panaudotas optimalus pasikartojančių elementų kiekis - penkių tipų betono plytelės, todėl dangos piešinio ir želdinių kompozicija nemonotoniška. Keturių tipų šviestuvai apdailinti figūriniu aliuminiu ir bronza.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visi Laisvės alėjos pastatai buvo perdažyti. Koloristika nebuvo kompleksiškai kuriama, kiekvienas pastatas turi savo spalvinį sprendimą, pagrįstą daugiausia kontrasto principu, stengiamasi prisitaikyti prie individualios pastatų struktūros.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 17:50:04',62,'','2010-08-19 17:56:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 17:50:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,135,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1307,'XVII a. karo archyvas','xvii-a-karo-archyvas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 17:57:17',62,'','2010-08-19 17:58:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 17:57:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,134,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1308,'Dvylikos lentelių įstatymai','dvylikos-lenteli-statymai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dvylikos lentelių įstatymai - originalus ankstyvosios Romos respublikos ekonominių santykių, socialinės struktūros, teisinių normų nagrinėjimo šaltinis. Įstatymai buvo leidžiami aštrios patricijų ir plebėjų kovos laikotarpiu; pastarieji stengėsi įgyti teisę naudotis visuomeninėmis žemėmis, siekė, kad būtų panaikinta skolinė vergovė, norėjo politinės lygybės su patricijais. Pagal tradiciją plebėjų reikalavimu 451 m. pr. m. e. buvo sudaryta 10 decemvirų 9 komisija, kuri turėjo surašyti teisės normas. Darbą 450 m. pr. m. e. baigė kita komisija, į kurią įėjo 5 decemvirai iš patricijų ir 5 iš plebėjų. 449 m. pr. m. e. bendri patricijų ir plebėjų įstatymai buvo iškalti dvylikoje varinių plokščių ir iškabinti forume . Teksto originalo neišliko, ir įstatymai buvo atkurti pagal Respublikos pabaigos bei Imperijos laikų autorių citatas ir atpasakojimus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įstatymais buvo įteisinta ir ginama neribota privatinė „kviritinė\" (t.y. Romos piliečių) žemės, gyvulių, produktų nuosavybė, kuri galėjo būti paveldima pagal testamentą. Tačiau dar nebuvo atsisakyta ir kai kurių gimininės nuosavybės apraiškų, bendruomeninio žemės naudojimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dvylikos lentelių įstatymuose nustatyta patricijų ir plebėjų, patronų ir klientų, laisvųjų ir vergų teisinė padėtis ir konstatuojamas žiaurios skolinės teisės galiojimas. Aiškiai matyti pagrindinė teisinių normų raidos tendencija: juridiškai įteisinti vergų beteisiškumą, išstumti juos iš pilietinio ir politinio gyvenimo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip matyti iš toliau pateikiamų įstatymų, Romoje galiojo griežta skolinė teisė, pasižymėjusi dideliu archaiškumu (II - III lentelė). Kreditorius turėdavo teisę parduoti savo skolininką, galbūt bendruomenės narį, visam laikui į svetimą šalį „už Tiberio\" (III, 5 lentelė). III lentelės nurodymo (5 ir 6 str.), jog skolininkas galėjo būti baudžiamas mirtimi, nepatvirtina kitų šaltinių duomenys. II m. e. m. rašytojas Aulas Gelijus rašo - „neskaičiau ir negirdėjau, kad senovėje kas nors („Antikos naktys, XX, I, 48) būtų sukapotas\". Matyt, skolinės teisės teikiama galimybė panaudoti skolininko darbą kreditoriui būdavo naudingiausia.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 18:11:10',62,'','2010-08-19 18:16:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 18:11:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,133,'','',0,116,'robots=\nauthor='),(1309,'SSRS taikos sutartis su Suomija','ssrs-taikos-sutartis-su-suomija','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 18:17:24',62,'','2010-08-19 18:19:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 18:17:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,132,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1310,'Renesanso idėjos ir papročiai ','renesanso-idjos-ir-paproiai-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Renesanso idėjos ir papročiai lietuvoje ima plisti XVI amžiaus pradžioje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Galima išskirti tris Renesanso kultūros raidos laikotarpius: 1520 - 1550 m., 1550 - 1570 m., 1570 m. - XVI a. pabaiga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmasis žymi galbūt patį renesansiškiausią reiškinį - spaudos atsiradimą Lietuvoje. Baltarusių kilmės humanistas P. Skorina, studijavęs įvairiuose unversitetuoseapie 1522 m. atvyko į Vilnių, įkūrė spaustuvę ir išspausdino dvi knygas: „Mažąją kelionių knygą” (1522) ir „Apaštalą” (1525). Nors P. Skorinos spaustuvė veikė vos keletą metų, jos reikšmė didžiulė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kartu su knygų spausdinimu Lietuvoje įsitvirtina visai kitas kultūros tipas: pasidarė įmanoma greitai keistis žiniomis, moksliniais atradimais, susipažinti su ankstesnių epochų palikimu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antrasis laikotarpis (1550 - 1570 m.) siejasi su karaliaus Žygimanto Augusto asmenybe, jo rūmų aplinka, gyvenimo stiliumi. Motinos italės Bonos Sforcos, turėjusios puikų pasaulietinį išsilavinimą, rūpesčiu Žygimantą Augustą nuo pat vaikystės supo italai mokytojai, muzikai, poetai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trečiasis laikotarpis (1570 m. - XVI a. pabaiga) žymi universitetinės kultūros pradžią Lietuvoje. Vyskupo V. Protasevičiaus pakviesti ir visokeriopai remiami 1570 m. jėzuitai įkūrė Vilniuje katalikišką kolegiją, 1579 m. reorganizuotą į universitetą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 18:20:45',62,'','2010-08-19 18:25:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 18:20:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,131,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1311,'Istorijos testas 10 klasei','istorijos-testas-10-klasei','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 18:26:52',62,'','2010-08-19 18:28:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 18:26:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,130,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1312,'Taikinys Nr. 1','taikinys-nr-1','','<p>Tai autobiografinė, dokumentinė apybraiža (knyga) apie 2003 metų pabaigoje ir 2004 metų pradžioje vykusį, taip vadinamą ,,prezidentinį skandalą\".</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 18:32:51',62,'','2010-08-19 18:38:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 18:32:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,129,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1313,'Senovės graikų dievai (santrauka)','senovs-graik-dievai-santrauka','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 18:38:45',62,'','2010-08-19 18:40:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 18:38:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,128,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1314,'Tarpukario demokratijos ir diktatūros testas','tarpukario-demokratijos-ir-diktatros-testas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 18:41:44',62,'','2010-08-19 18:43:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 18:41:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,127,'','',0,57,'robots=\nauthor='),(1315,'Dzeuso statula Olimpijoje','dzeuso-statula-olimpijoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai statula Dievo, kurio garbei buvo rengiamos olimpinės žaidynės. Ji stovėjo žemėse, kurios vadinosi Olimpija. Olimpiadų metu būdavo nutraukiami karai tarp graikų miestų, sudaromos paliaubos, į jas atvykdavo atletai iš Mažosios Azijos, Sirijos, Egipto, Sicilijos, Italijos, iš įvairių graikų kolonijų. Jie atvykdavo varžytis bei nusilenkti Dzeusui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vieta: senovinis Olimpijos miestas, vakarinis dabartinės Graikijos pakraštys, apie 150 km į vakarus nuo Atėnų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Senasis graikų kalendorius prasidėjo 776 m. pr. Kr. Manoma, kad tais metais prasidėjo olimpinės žaidynės. Nuostabią Dzeuso šventyklą sukūrė architektas Libonas, ji pastatyta apie 450 m. pr. Kr. Augant Graikijos kultūrai, paprastas dorėninis stilius atrodė per daug pilkai, todėl reikėjo pokyčių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sprendimas - didinga statula. Atėnų skulptorius Fidijas buvo paskirtas įvykdyti šią šventą užduotį. Fidijas pradėjo darbą apie 440 m. Po kelių metų jis sugalvojo, kaip pastatyti didžiulę aukso ir dramblio kaulo statulą. Jos figūra buvo drožiama iš medžio, o paviršius dengiamas dramblio kaulo plokštelėmis, nes juk neegzistavo tokių didžiulių dramblio ilčių...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dievų karalius sėdėjo soste. Viršutinė jo kūno dalis buvo nuoga, apatinė apsiausta brangiu apsiaustu. Vienoje rankoje Dzeusas laikė deivės Nikės statulą, kitoje - lazdą, papuoštą dievo šventojo paukščio - aro - atvaizdu. Dievo galvą puošė alyvmedžio šakų vainikas. Raiščio galai krito ant jo pečių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dramblio kaulu buvo dengtas Dzeuso liemuo, galva bei deivės Nikės statula. Drabužiai, karūna, Dzeuso galvą juosiantis raištis, Nikės drabužiai, pergalės vainikas - iškalti iš aukso. Dramblio kaulas - trapi ir įnoringa medžiaga. Jam kenkė ir labai sausas oras, ir drėgmė, jis sutrūkinėdavo, plokštės susiriesdavo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Todėl Dzeuso statula būdavo nuolat tepama alyvų aliejum. Kai statula buvo baigta, ji vos tilpo į šventyklą. Strabo rašė: \"...nors pati šventykla yra labai didelė, skulptorius kritikuojamas už tai, kad neišlaikė tinkamų proporcijų. Jis pavaizdavo Dzeusą sėdintį, tačiau jo galva beveik lietė lubas, ir tai darė įspūdį, kad jei Dzeusas atsistotų, tai jis nukeltų šventyklos stogą\". Strabo buvo teisus, išskyrus tai, kad skulptorius buvo ne kritikuojamas, o giriamas už dydį. Tai dydis teikė statulai didingumo. Ta mintis, kad atsistojęs dievas nukeltų pastato stogą. įkvėpė poetus ir istorikus. Pačios statulos pagrindas buvo apie 6.5 m pločio ir 1m aukščio. Statulos aukštis - 13 metrų, tai prilygsta šiuolaikinio 4 aukštų namo aukščiui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Statula buvo tokia aukšta, kad lankytojai aprašinėjo sostą dažniau nei patį dievą. Sosto kojos buvo papuoštos sfinksais bei sparnuotomis pergalės figūromis. Jį puošė ir graikų dievai (Apolonas, Artemidė) bei mistinės būtybės; sosto skersinius puošė olimpinių varžybų skulptūriniai vaizdai. Daugelį metų statula traukė lankytojus bei garbintojus iš viso pasaulio. Antrame amžiuje prieš Kristų senstanti statula buvo restauruota. Pirmame m. e. amžiuje Romos imperatorius Kaligula ketino pervežti statulą į Romą. Tačiau šis bandymas nepavyko, kai Kaligulos darbininkų statyti pastoliai griuvo. Po to, kai 391 m. e. metais imperatorius Teodozijus I uždraudė olimpines žaidynes, Dzeuso šventykla buvo uždaryta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vėliau ją apgadino žemės drebėjimai, potvyniai. Pasiturintys graikai ją pervežė į Konstantinopolį. Ten ji gyvavo, kol 462 m. po Kr. buvo sunaikinta gaisro. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 18:44:29',62,'','2010-08-19 18:48:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 18:44:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,126,'','',0,53,'robots=\nauthor='),(1316,'Lietuvos mokyklai 600 metų (testas)','lietuvos-mokyklai-600-met-testas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 18:49:15',62,'','2010-08-19 18:50:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 18:49:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,125,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1317,'Partizaninis karas','partizaninis-karas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Raudonoji armija vėl okupuoja Lietuvą.Atkuriami sovietiniai represiniai organai (NKVD,NKGB…), formuojamas valdžios aparatas. Lietuvoje dislokuoti NKVD kariuomenės daliniai.pradėta prievartinė mobilizacija į Raudonąją armiją, vykdomos baudžiamosios akcijos…Tai nežadėjo nieko gero, todėl okupacijos pradžioje daug vyrų slapstėsi pavieniui. Jie nakvodavo artimiausiame miške, o pasibaigus NKVD kariuomenės siautimams bei kratoms, sugrįždavo į namus ir dirbdavo ūkio darbus. Dauguma buvo tvirtai apsisprendę neiti į okupacinę kariuomenę, o jei gaudys-priešintis ginklu, be to, stengtis išvaduoti sulaikytuosius. Tam reikėjo telktis į organizuotus būrius, kurių vadais būdavo išrenkami nepriklausomybės kovų kariškiai, mokytojai,policininkai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jau 1944 - ųjų rugpjūtį Zarasų, Trakų, Ukmergės, Panevėžio, Alytaus apskrityse spontaniškai būrėsi stambesni ginkluotų partizanų junginiai.Vieną pirmųjų kovinių akcijų įvykdė Zarasų partizanai, vadovaujami apskrities vanagų vado kapitono Afanaso Kazano ir nepriklausomybės kovų savanorio Antano Streikaus. Rugpjūčio 15 - osios naktį jie puolė Zarasų kalėjimą ir išvadavo suimtuosius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1944 - 1945 metais partizanai miškuose įsirengdavo gerai įtvirtintas stovyklas. Jų ieškodama okupacinė kariuomenė pasitelkdavo net lėktuvus. Aptikę partizanus, lakūnai nurodydavo taikinius minosvaidžiams. Vyko tikri mūšiai. Štai Pietų Žemaitijos miške buvusioje stovykloje buvo įrengti bunkeriai, į kuriuos įvažiuodavo net vežimai. 1944 - ųjų gruodį, aviacijai išžvalgius stovyklą, NKVD kariuomenei ją apsupus, verždamiesi žuvo 16 partizanų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tuo pat metu partizanų vadai ruošia Lietuvos išlaisvinimo planus. Susiklosčius palankiai tarptautinei situacijai (kilus Vakarų - Rytų ginkluotam konfliktui ar tarptautinei bendrijai pareikalavus, kad Sovietų Sąjunga išvestų savo kariuomenę iš okupuotų teritorijų), reikėjo greitai mobilizuoti Lietuvos gyventojus ir perimti į savo rankas valstybės sienų apsaugą, sutrukdyti galimą gyventojų deportaciją ir represijas, neutralizuoti okupacinės valdžios institucijas, o esant reikalui-ir organizuoti ginkluotą pasipriešinimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuo 1944 metų būdavo užpuldinėjami miesteliai. Užėmę miestelį, gausūs (po šimtą ir daugiau kovotojų) partizanų daliniai sunaikindavo valsčiaus dokumentus, mobilizacijos sąrašus, pyliavų žiniaraščius,  išlaisvindavo suimtuosius, nušaudavo ypač uolius okupacinės valdžios statytinius, kitus perspėdavo netarnauti priešui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1945 metų pavasarį, miškuose susitelkė apie 30000 vyrų. Dideli partizanų būriai praktiškai kontroliavo visa Lietuvos teritoriją, išskyrus miestus. Jie nesislapstydami judėjo keliais, dažnai apsistodavo kaimuose, užblokuodavo kelius, pastatydavo sargybos postus, o pasirodžius NKVD kariuomenei, stodavo į mūšį.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 18:51:25',62,'','2010-08-19 18:55:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 18:51:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,124,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1318,'Europos ekonominė bendrija (Europos Sąjunga)','europos-ekonomin-bendrija-europos-sjunga','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dvylika jos narių valstybių ir 340 milijonų sprendė, kad jie, dirbdami kartu, geriau apgins savo interesus! efektyvesne jėga, užtikrinančia taiką, demokratiją ir teisinį šame pasaulyje. Tai reiškia, kad, panaudojant suvienytas tinęs institucijas, kolektyviai priimami nutarimai narėms valstybėms neprarandant individualizmo bei kultūrinės savasties. Bendrijos narės valstybės remia demokratiją ir teisingumą, gerbia teises.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Europos bendrijos vystymasis iki šiol Visa tai prasidėjo 1952 metais, kai Prancūzija, Belgija, Italija, Liuksemburgas ir Nyderlandai įkūrė Europos anglies  bendriją. Šie šeši nariai pradininkai 1957 metais pasirašė žinomą Romos sutartį, sukurdami Europos ekonominę benndriją 1958 m. Europos branduolinės energijos bendriją. Šiandien šie bendrijos tiesiog vadinamos Europos Bendrijos vardu (Ei Community) arba EB.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bendrijos nariais 1973 m. tapo Danija, Airija ir Didžioji Britanija  1981 m. - Graikija, 1986 m. - Ispanija ir Portugalija. Tuo h\'du EB išsiplėtė iki dvylikos narių (nuo 1995 m. sausio 1 d. EB narėmis tapo Austrija, Suomija ir Švedija).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Savo tikslams siekti Europos Bendrija turi tam tikrą skaičių specifinių institucijų (tarnybų), Europos Komisija yra vykdomasis padalinys, sudarytas iš 17 narių, iš kurių kiekvienas yra prisiekęs būti nepriklausomu nuo savo vyriausybės, kurios jie yra paskirti. Kaip ir vyriausybės kabineto ministrai, kiekvienas komisijos narys yra atsakingas už tam tikrą veiklos sritį ir jam padeda tam tikras aparatas, sukomplektuotas iš Europos valstybinių įstaigų tarnautojų. Komisijos prezidentas Žakas Deloras yra už viską atsakingas. Komisijos darbas - tai priemonių siūlymas EB tikslams pasiekti. Kai šios priemonės patvirtinamos, Komisija užtikrina jų įgyvendinimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ministrų Taryba priima nutarimus, remdamasi Komisijos pasiūlymais. Ją sudaro po vieną ministrą iš kiekvienos valstybės. Kai kuriose veiklos srityse sprendimai yra priimami, pritaikius specialią balsavimo procedūrą; tuo būdu nė viena iš valstybių negali blokuoti tam tikrų sprendimų. Kitose veiklos kryptyse priimant nutarimus reikalaujama, kad būtų balsuojama vienbalsiai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Europos parlamentas, kurį sudaro 518 narių, renkamas visos bendrijos balsuotojų. Jis patvirtina bendrijos biudžetą, peržiūri ir patvirtina įstatymus, prieš juos priimant Ministrų Tarybai, turi teise išformuoti Europos Komisiją; jis tvirtina naujų šalių prašymus priimti į EB narius, taip pat ir susitarimus su kitomis valstybėmis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teismas traktuoja EB įstatymus ir faktiškai yra bendrijos Aukščiausiasis teismas.<br />Europos Taryba yra posėdžiaujantis 12 valstybių ir vyriausybių vadovų organas. Šie „viršūnių susitikimai\" neišleidžia įstatymų, bet nurodo bendrą politinę orientaciją, kurios turi laikytis EB institucijos.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 19:03:51',62,'','2010-08-19 19:14:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 19:03:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,123,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1319,'JAV prezidento V. Vilsono \"14 punktų\" taikos programa','jav-prezidento-v-vilsono-q14-punktq-taikos-programa','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 19:15:43',62,'','2010-08-19 19:18:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 19:15:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,122,'','',0,147,'robots=\nauthor='),(1320,'Istorijos datos','istorijos-datos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 19:19:15',62,'','2010-08-19 19:20:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 19:19:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,121,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1321,'Alfredas Nobelis','alfredas-nobelis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Alfredas Nobelis gimė 1833 metų spalio 21 d. Stokholme. Jo tėvas, Imanuelis Nobelis buvo inžinierius ir išradėjas, pastatęs daug pastatų ir tiltų Stokholme. Ryšium su tuo, kad jo darbas buvo susijęs su statyba, jis eksperimentavo, bandė įvairias statybos technikas. Alfredo motina, Andrieta Ahlsel buvo kilusi iš turtingos šeimos. Kartą atsitikus nelaimei statybose, kurios pagrindas buvo kelios paskendusios baržos su statybinėm medžiagom, Imanuelis buvo įstumtas į bankrotą  ir tais pačiais metais gimė Alfredas Nobelis. 1837 metais Imanuelis Nobelis paliko savo šeimą ir išvyko kurti naujos karjeros į Rusiją ir Suomiją. Kad išlaikytų šeimą Andrieta Nobel pradėjo dirbti bakalėjinių prekių parduotuvėje kur gaudavo menką atlyginimą. Tuo metu Imanuelis Nobelis sėkmingai įsteigė savo įmonę Sankt Peterburge, Rusijoje, kuri gamino įrangą rusų kariuomenei. Nobelis įtikino rusų carą, kad jo gaminamos jūrų minos gali apsaugoti nuo priešų. Jis buvo pradininkas ginklų gamyboje ir projektuojant garo variklius. 1842 metais Imanuelis jau turėjo pakankamai pinigų savo šeimai apgyvendinti Sankt Peterburge. Čia jo sūnūs mokėsi pas geriausius mokytojus ir gavo geriausią išsimokslinimą. Būdamas 17 metų Alfredas Nobelis gerai kalbėjo rusų, švedų, prancūzų, anglų ir vokiečių kalbomis. Jo susidomėjimas anglų literatūra ir poezija buvo toks pats kaip chemija ir fizika. Alfredo tėvui nepatiko toks jo susidomėjimas literatūra, nes jis norėjo, kad Alfredas dirbtų pas jį įmonėje inžinieriumi. Tam, kad Alfredas praplėstų savo žinias chemijos srityje, tėvas jį išsiuntė mokytis į užsienį. Per du metus jis aplankė Švediją, Vokietiją, Prancūziją ir JAV. Paryžiuje jam patiko labiausiai ir jis pradėjo dirbti privačioje laboratorijoje pas žymų profesorių T. J. Pelouzą. Čia jis sutiko jauną italų chemiką A. Sobrerą, kuris prieš tris metus išrado nitrogliceriną. Nitroglicerinas buvo pagamintas sumaišius gliceriną su sieros ir azoto rūgštimis. Jis buvo per pavojingas naudoti praktikoje. Be to, nitroglicerino sprogstamoji galia buvo didesnė negu parako.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Alfredas Nobelis susidomėjo nitroglicerinu ir jo praktiniu panaudojimu statybose. Jo iniciatyva, visos problemos susijusios su nitroglicerino saugumu buvo išspręstos ir šis metodas turėjo padėti kontroliuoti nitroglicerino detonaciją. Amerikoje Alfredas aplankė Švedijos - Amerikos inžinierių Džoną Eriksoną (John Ericsson), kuris išrado laivams sraigtinį propelerį. 1852 m. Nobelis buvo pakviestas grįžti atgal ir dirbti šeimos įmononėje, kurioje buvo prekybos pagyvėjimas, nes ji pradėjo tiekti medžiagas Rusijos armijai. Kartu su savo tėvu Nobelis įvykdė eksperimentus, kurie padėjo nirtoglicerinui tapti naudingu techniniams ir komerciniams sprogdinimams. Kai karas baigėsi ir esamos aplinkybės pasikeitė, Imanuelis Nobelis pateko į bankrotą. Imanuelis ir du jo sūnūs, Alfredas ir Emilis (Emil), paliko Sant Peterburgą ir grįžo į Stokholmą. O Robertas (Robert) ir Ludvigas (Ludvig) pasiliko Sant Peterburge. Įdėję daug vargo jie sukūrė šeimyninį verslą ir pradėjo vystyti aliejaus pramonę pietinėje Rusijos imperijos dalyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jiems labai pasisekė ir jie tapo vieni iš turtingiausių to laikmečio žmonių. 1863 m. po jo sugrįžimo į Švediją, Nobelis eksperimentavo su nitroglicerinu kaip su sprogmenimis.    Keletas sprogimų, įskaitant tą per kurį žuvo jo brolis ir keli darbininkai, įtikino autoritetingus asmenis, kad nitroglicerino gamyba yra labai pavojinga. Jie uždraudė eksperimentus su nitroglicerinu Stokholmo mieste, todėl Nobelis buvo priverstas persikelti ir eksperimentuoti į laivą Mėlareno ežere. Nobelio tai neprislėgė ir 1864  m. jis galėjo pradėti masinę nitroglicerino gamybą. Norėdamas užtikrinti nitroglicerino naudojimo saugumą, Alfredas darė eksperimentus su įvairiom pagalbinėm medžiagom. Jis netrukus pastebėjo, kad sumaišius nitrogliceriną su siliciu, skystis virsta pasta, kurią galima įdėti į nedidelius tarpus. 1867 m. Nobelis užpatentavo šią medžiagą, davęs jai dinamito pavadinimą. Kad dinamitą būtų galima sprogdinti, jis išrado detonatorių(„sprogstantį puoduką“), kuris uždegtų sprogdinimo virvutę. Šie išradimai buvo atrasti tuo pat metu kaip ir deimantų apdorojimo technologija, kurioje pneumatinė drėlė tapo pagrindiniu įrankiu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kartu šie išradimai žymiai sumažino uolų sprogdinimo, tunelių kasimo, kanalų statybos ir kitų įvairių statybos darbų sąnaudas. Dinamito ir detonatorių rinka labai greitai išaugo, ir Nobelis tapo labai žymiu ir turtingu verslininku. Nuo 1865 m. jo gamykla Kriumelyje(Krummel) netoli Hamburgo, Vokietijoje, eksportavo nitroglicerino sprogmenis į Europą, Ameriką ir Australiją. Metų bėgyje jis įkūrė apie 90 gamyklų ir laboratorijų daugiau kaip dvidešimtyje pasaulio šalių. Nors Nobelis gyveno Paryžiuje, didesnę gyvenimo dalį jis praleido keliaudamas. Viktoras Hugo pavadino jį „turtingiausiu Europos bastūnu“. Tuo metu kai Alfredas Nobelis nekeliaudavo verslo reikalais, jis pats intensyviai dirbdavo savo laboratorijose, pradžioje Stokholme (Švedija), vėliau Hamburge (Vokietija), Arderyje (Škotija), Paryžiuje ir Sevrane (Prancūzija), taip pat Karlskoge (Švedija) ir San Reme (Italija). Jis sujungė sprogdinimo technologijas su kitais cheminiais išradimais, įskaitant sintetinį kaučiuką, dirbtinę odą, sintetinį šilką ir kitas medžiagas. Per visą savo gyvenimą (mirė 1896 m.) jis užpatentavo 355 išradimus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 19:21:51',62,'','2010-08-19 19:26:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 19:21:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,120,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1322,'Baudžiavos panaikinimas','baudiavos-panaikinimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paskelbus nurodytus naujus nuostatus, baudžiauninkai gaus nustatytu laiku visas laisvų kaimo gyventojų teises.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dvarininkai išsaugodami visų jiems priklausančių žemių nuosavybės teisę, suteikia valstiečiams - už nustatytas prievoles - nuolatiniam naudojimuisi sodybą ir, be to, kad būtų užtikrinta valstiečių buitis ir kad jie galėtų vykdyti savo pareigas vyriausybei, - nustatytą nuostatuose laukų ir kitų naudmenų dydį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Naudodamiesi tąja skirtine žeme, valstiečiai už tai turi atlikti dvarininkams nuostatuose nurodytas prievoles. Būdami šioje padėtyje, kuri yra pereinamojo pobūdžio, valstiečiai vadinami laikinaisiais prievolininkais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kartu jiems suteikiama teisė išsipirkti sodybą, o dvarininkams sutinkant, jie gali įsigyti nuosavybėn laukus bei kitas naudmenas, išskirtas jiems nuolatiniam naudojimuisi. Taip įsigiję nuosavybėn tam tikrą žemės kiekį, valstiečiai bus laisvi nuo prievolių dvarininkams už išpirktą žemę ir galutinai pereis į laisvų valstiečių - savininkų luomą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Specialiais nuostatais apie dvariškius jiems nustatoma pereinamoji padėtis, atitinkanti jų užsiėmimą ir poreikius: praslinkus dvejiems metams nuo šių nuostatų paskelbimo dienos, jie gaus visišką laisvę ir terminuotas lengvatas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi naujas sutvarkymas dėl neišvengiamo reikalingų permainų sudėtingumo negali būti įvykdytas iš karto, nes tam prireiks nemažiau beveik kaip dvejų metų, tai per šį laikotarpį, siekiant užkirsti kelią sumišimui ir prisilaikyti visuomeninės ir privatinės naudos, esanti iki šiol dvaruose tvarka turi išlikti iki to  laiko,  kol,  atlikus  reikalingą paruošiamąjį darbą, bus įvesta nauja tvarka.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atsižvelgdami į neišvengiamus vykdomo pertvarkymo sunkumus, mes pirmoje eilėje dedame viltis į visa matančią Dievo apvaizdą, kuri globoja Rusiją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po to pasitikime dideliu kilniojo \'bajorų luomo rūpinimusi visuotine gerove ir negalime neišreikšti šiam luomui savo ir visos tėvynės vardu pelnytos padėkos už nesavanaudišką veiklą vykdant mūsų nurodymus. Rusija neužmirš, jog jis savo noru, skatinamas tik pagarbos jausmo žmogaus orumui ir krikščioniškos meilės artimiesiems, atsisakė likviduojamos dabar baudžiavos ir padėjo pamatus naujai valstiečių ūkinei ateičiai. Be abejonės, tikimės, kad jis taip pat kilniai ir toliau stengsis reikiama tvarka įgyvendinti naujus nuostatus taikiai ir geru noru, kad kiekvienas savininkas užbaigs savo dvaro ribose didįjį pilietinį viso luomo žygdarbį - sutvarkys jo žemėje apgyvendintų valstiečių ir savo dvariškių buitį naudingomis abiem pusėm sąlygomis ir tuo parodys kaimo gyventojams gerą pavyzdį bei paskatins juos tiksliai ir sąžiningai vykdyti valstybės nutarimus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didelio dvarininkų rūpinimosi valstiečių gerove ir valstiečių dėkingumo už palankų dvarininkų rūpinimąsi pavyzdžiai stiprina mūsų viltį, kad laisvanoriškais savitarpio susitarimais bus išspręsta didelė dalis sunkumų, neišvengiamų kai kuriais atvejais, taikant bendrąsias taisykles, skirtingoms atskirų dvarų sąlygoms, ir kad tuo būdu bus palengvintas perėjimas nuo senosios tvarkos prie naujosios ir ateityje įsiviešpataus savitarpio pasitikėjimas, sutarimas ir vieningas bendros naudos siekimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kad būtų patogiau įgyvendinti tarp dvarininkų ir valstiečių tuos susitarimus, pagal kuriuos pastarieji įsigys nuosavybėn kartu su sodybomis ir žemės ūkio naudmenas, vyriausybė teiks paramą, išduodama, remiantis atskiromis taisyklėmis, paskolas ir perskaičiuodama dvarų skolas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 19:28:36',62,'','2010-08-19 19:33:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 19:28:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,119,'','',0,38,'robots=\nauthor='),(1323,'Visuomeninis - politinis gyvenimas Šiauliuose 1863 m. sukilimo metu (referatas)','visuomeninis-politinis-gyvenimas-iauliuose-1863-m-sukilimo-metu-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ryški feodalinės baudžiavinės santvarkos krizė XIX a. viduryje privertė caro vyriausybę panaikinti baudžiavą. 1861 m. vasario 19 d. “Nuostatai dėl valstiečių išeinančių iš baudžiavinės priklausomybės ”suteikė valstiečiams piliečių teises, bet paliko juos laikinaisiais prievolininkais. Žemės savininkais jie galėjo tapti tik ją išpirkę.Valstiečių reakcija, nepasiteisinus viltims gauti žemės be išpirkos, pasireiškė sustiprėjusiais bruzdėjimais. Juos aštrino prasidėjęs miestiečių ir bajorų judėjimas, politinės manifestacijos. Pastarosios Lietuvoje buvo įgavusios religinę patriotinę formą ir vykdavo dažnai bažnyčiose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prasidėjus sukilimui Lenkijoje, po poros mėnesių ir Lietuvoje susidarė revoliucinis komitetas, pasivadinęs Lietuvos Provincijos Valdymo Skyrium. Norėdamas įtraukti į sukilimą valstiečius jis skleidė lenkiškus ir lietuviškus atsišaukimus, kuriuose buvo skelbiama, kad nuo sukilimo dienos nebebus jokių luominių skirtumų, kad valstiečiai esą lygūs su bajorais, kad jų valdomoji žemė be jokio atlyginimo liksianti jų nuosavybė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taip pat buvo žadama duoti po tris margus žemės visiems trobelininkams ir darbininkams (žinoma, visa tai buvo žadama tik prisidėjusiems prie sukilimo). Iš tikrųjų tie atsišaukimai kai kur paveikė. Greta bajorų ir kunigų, prie sukilimo prisidėjo nemaža amatininkų ir dvarų darbininkų.Kiek šalčiau laikėsi valstiečiai, nes du pereinamieji baudžiavos naikinimo metai jiems pakirto pasitikėjimą dvarininkais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip rodo Šiaulių miesto policijos ir karinio viršininkų pranešimai Kauno gubernatoriui, panašaus pobūdžio akcijos vyko ir Šiauliuose. 1861 m. gruodžio 3 d. bažnyčioje gimnazijos moksleiviai giedojo uždraustą himną, 1862 m. kovo 4 d. per Velykas ten pat buvo išplatintas “piktinančio turinio” atsišaukimas.Panašūs atsišaukimai bažnyčioje, korespondencijos dėžutėse, ant grafo Zubovo kiemo vartų buvo platinami kovo, liepos, rugsėjo mėnesiais.Stiprėjant politinei įtampai krašte, vietos administracija,</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">gubernijos valdžia ėmėsi ypatingų priemonių, sutvirtinančių jos pozicijas mieste ir apskrityse.<br />1864 m. sausio 30 d. miesto karinis viršininkas prašė gubernatoriaus uždaryti “visų neramumų židinį” - gimnaziją.Tačiau leista buvo tik išsiūsti iš miesto pas tėvus laisvai besimokantį jaunimą.Tai ir buvo padaryta.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 19:35:35',62,'','2010-08-19 19:40:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 19:35:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,118,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1324,'Mykolas Lietuvis ,,Apie totorių, lietuvių ir maskvėnų papročius”','mykolas-lietuvis-apie-totori-lietuvi-ir-maskvn-paproius','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mykolo Lietuvio memuarai, parašyti XVI amžiaus viduryje, labai retas ir vertingas kultūros istorijos paminklas. Juos 1615 metais Bazely išspausdino Šveicarijos profesorius J.Graseris.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvių raštija nuo XIV amžiaus iki pat Liublino unijos daugiausia yra anoniminė. Tad ir traktato ,,Apie totorių, lietuvių ir maskvėnų papročius” autorius nuslėpė tikrąjį savo vardą ir mums yra žinomas kaip Mykolas Lietuvis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ilgą laiką istorikai manė, kad tikrasis autoriaus vardas buvo Mykolas Tiškevičius. Pirmas šią hipotezę 1929 metais iškėlė žymus Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės vidaus politikos tyrinėtojas Matvejus Liubavskis. Straipsnyje ,,Kas buvo Mykolas Lietuvis” Liubavskis pateikia tokius savo hipotezės įrodymus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mykolas Lietuvis savo veikale užsimina apie tai, kad chano Sahib - Girėjaus laikais (tai yra 1533 - 51 metais) buvęs Kryme. Tad Liubavskis remiantis šia informacija sutapatina Mykolą Lietuvį su ponu Mykolu Tiškevičiumi, kuris buvo Lietuvos pasiuntinys Kryme 1538 - 1539 metais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Liubavskis manė, kad lotyniškas žodis Michalo reiškė vardą, tačiau filologinė šio žodžio analizė verčia mąstyti kitaip, nes XVI amžiuje tokia žodžio forma nebuvo vartojama vardo rašyme. Tai buvo esminė Liubavskio klaida: vietoj to, kad remiantis pačiu veikalu, nustatyti akivaizdžius autoriaus bruožus, jis pasirinko tik vieną nuorodą - Mykolo vardą - ir tvirtino, kad tai yra tikrasis anoniminio autoriaus vardas. Dėl šių priežasčių jo išvadas reikia pripažinti nepakankamomis, o Mykolo Tiškevičiaus autorystę - neįrodytą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kitu keliu nuėjo lenkų istorikas Ježis Ochmanskis. Jis pirmiausia stengėsi nustatyti autoriaus bruožus ir tik paskui pagal detales sukurti pilną portretą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visu pirma Mykolas Lietuvis 5 - tame veikalo fragmente prisipažįsta esąs lietuvis. Dar jis užsimena, kad yra katalikas, o Mykolas Tiškevičius nebuvo nei lietuvis, nei tuo labiau katalikas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 19:41:47',62,'','2010-08-19 19:48:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 19:41:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,117,'','',0,200,'robots=\nauthor='),(1325,'Senasis egiptiečių kalendorius','senasis-egiptiei-kalendorius','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Egiptiečiai metus nustatynėjo ne pagal saulės sukimąsi, bet pagal laikotarpį reikiamą derliui nuimti. Jie piešė žodį \"metai\" (\"renpet\") kaip jauną daigą su pumpuru. Tas pats ženklas sutinkamas giminingų žodžių hieroglifose: \"renpi\" - \"esu jaunas, stiprus\", \"renput\" - \"metų vaisiai\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau Egipte derlius priklausė nuo Nilo išsiliejimo. Kasmet birželio pradžioje šalije prasidėdavo sausra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai turėdavo prasidėti išsiliejimas, daugelyje šventyklų dieviškajam Nilui buvo aukojamos aukos. \"Hapio knygas\" mesdavo į Ra - Horahčio šventyklos ežerą Ono mieste; tas ežeras vadinosi Kebehu - taip pat kaip ir Nilas prie savo slenksčių. Tikriausia, į tą patį ežerą mesdavo ir deivės statulėles. Po dvėjų mėnesių, išsiliejimo piko metu, buvo atliekamos tos pačios apeigos. Ir nuolankus Nilas, uždengiantis visą slėnį tarp dviejų dykumų, kur miestai ir kaimai pavirsdavo salomis, o keliai tapdavo panašūs į pylimus, pamažu nuslugdavo. Praėjus keturiems mėnesiams po išsiliejimo upė galutinai grįždavo į savo krantus. Šis keturių mėnesių laikotarpis buvo pirmas metų laikas ir vadinosi \"achet\" (\"potvynis\", \"išsiliejimas\").</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po to keturių ar penkių mėnesių bėgyje jiems belikdavo tik laistyti laukus. O paskui ateidavo pjūties, kūlimo, grūdų sudėjimo į aruodus ir kitų darbų metas. Tokiu būdu po išsiliejimo sezono prasidėdavo sėjimo \"peret\" (\"žemės pasirodymas iš po vandens\" arba \"dygimas\") metas, o po jo - derliaus surinkimas, \"šemu\" (\"sausra, sausuma\"). Viso buvo trys metų laikai vietoj hebrajų ir graikų keturių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau kai Nilo vandenys pradėdavo keltis buvo pastebimas dar vienas gamtos reiškinys, kuris padėdavo kalendoriaus sudarytojams: prieš pat saulei tekant rytuose akimirksniui pasirodydavo Sirijaus žvaigždė, egiptietiškai Sopdet (helenistinė \"Sotis\"). Egiptiečiai nuo seno pastebėjo šių dviejų reiškinių sutapimą. Jie manė, kad išsiliejimas yra Izidos ašaros. Ir Sirijaus žvaigždė (Sopdet) buvo tapatinama su deive, kuri tapo metų globėja. Diena, kai pasirodydavo Sirijus, buvo pripažinta Naujųjų metų diena.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 19:49:12',62,'','2010-08-19 19:55:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 19:49:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,116,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1326,'Lietuvos žurnalo istorija','lietuvos-urnalo-istorija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sparčiai formuojantis kapitalistiniams santykiams, plečiantis tarptautinei prekybai, gausėjant geografinių atradimų, XVI - XVII a. Labai pagyvėjo įvairių šalių žmonių tarpusavio bendravimas. Atsirado poreikis dalintis informacija, skleisti dvasines vertybes, propaguoti kūrybą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tokius uždavinius ėmėsi spręsti besiformuojanti periodinė spauda. Tuomet leidžiami laikraščiai buvo labiau panašūs į brošiūras ar žurnalus. XVII a. ėmė atsirasti žurnalai. Pirmasis - Vokietijoje, nuo 1654 m. leidžiamas “Mercurius Jacosus” (“Sąmoningasis Merkurijus”).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėl nepalankių istorinių ir politinių sąlygų periodinė spauda gimtąja kalba Baltijos valstybėse, o ypač Lietuvoje, pradėjo eiti gerokai vėliau nei Vakarų Europos šalyse. <br />Pirmasis Baltijos krašto leidinys gimtąja kalba pasirodė Estijoje 1766 m. Tai buvo laikraštis (“Luhnike oppetus” - “Trumpas pamokymas”)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmuoju lietuvišku žurnaliniu leidiniu laikytinas 1823 - 1825 m. Tilžėje leistas žurnalo pobūdžio spaudinys “Nusidavimai Dievo karalystėje”, Karaliaučiuje 1832 - 1921 m. ėjęs jo tęsinys “Nusidavimai apie evangelijos praplatinimą tarp žydų ir pagonių” buvo 16 psl. apimties, nedidelio formato, leidžiamas iki 400 - 500 egz. tiražu. Jis buvo spausdinamas gotišku šriftu, kurio didžiąją dalį sudarė vertimai iš vokiečių kalbos, buvo skirtas protestantų misijų reikalams, religinei propagandai ir Prūsijos valdžios interesams Mažojoje Lietuvoje. Pamažu gerėjo jo apipavidalinimas (tvarkingos antraštės, tamsesnis šriftas), kito kalba (10 redaktorių). Atsirado komentarų, žinučių. Tokio žurnalo pasirodymas paskatino ir kitus lietuvius leisti įvairius periodinius leidinius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XIX a. pab. periodinių  leidinių lietuvių kalba pasirodė ir JAV. 1879 - 1880 m. Niujorke spausdinamas pirmasis Amerikos lietuvių laikraštis “Gazieta lietuwizka”, vėliau “Unija”, “Lietuviškasis balsas”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiausios reikšmės to meto Lietuvos gyvenime turėjo visuotinis, politinis ir literatūrinis žurnalas “Aušra” -  pirmas lietuviškas periodinis leidinys lotyniškomis raidėmis, skirtas Didžiąjai Lietuvai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Spausdinamas Ragainėje, vėliau Tilžėje, nelegaliai gabenamas per sieną. Pirmas numeris 1883 m. Kovą, paskutinis - 1886 m. viduryje. Viso išleista 40 numerių, sujungtų į 29 sąsiuvinius. Tiražas - 1000 egz. patys leidėjai jį vadino laikraščiu, nors jis turėjo būti vadinamas žurnalu. Tai buvo žurnalas ir savo turiniu: skirtas ne operatyviai informacijai, bet to meto problemoms svarstyti, dvasinei kultūrai ugdyti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žurnalinė buvo ir apimtis, formatas bei išvaizda. Jame diskutuojama tautinio sąjūdžio programos klausimais, nemažai dėmesio skiriama etikos, moralės dalykams, propaguojama blaivybė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1886 m. nustojus eiti “Aušrai”, Maskvos lietuvių studentų grupė pradėjo rūpintis nauju leidiniu. Jų siekiai sutapo su jaunų kunigų siekiu turėti savo laikraštį. Bendromis jėgomis studentai bei katalikų bažnyčios atstovai parengė ir 1887 m. vid. ėmė leisti mėnesinį žurnalą “Šviesa”, skirtą lietuviams ir žemaičiams. Leidinys ėjo 1000 egz. tiražu ir nelegaliai buvo platinamas Lietuvoje. Tikslas - sutelkti pradėjusias skaidytis Lietuvos tautinio sąjūdžio jėgas ir kartu propaguoti religines tiesas. Aiškindamas religines tiesas, leidinys dar pasakojo apie vaikų auklėjimą ir t. t.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 20:03:49',62,'','2010-08-19 20:13:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 20:03:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,115,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1327,'Babilonas','babilonas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Babilonas - buvęs miestas Mesopotamijoje, netoli dabartinės Chilos, į pietus nuo Bagdado. <br />Babilono vietoje, matyt, gyventa ir priešistoriniais laikais. Čia prie didžiųjų Eufrato ir Tigro upių apsigyveno, galimas daiktas, iš rytų atkeliavę šumerai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Senovėje Tigro ir Eufrato žemupys atrodė kitaip, nei dabar. Persų įlanka tęsėsi daug toliau į šiaurę, o Tigras ir Eufratas nebuvo susilieję į vieną vagą ir tekėjo lagūnom atskiromis žiotimis. Tarp jų beveik ištisai telkšojo pelkynai, ežerai. Krūmokšniuose gyveno liūtai ir leopardai, galimas daiktas, kad veisėsi ir drambliai. Smulkias žmonių bendruomenes skyrė vienas nuo kitų beveik neįveikiamos kliūtys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šumerai daug kur pasinaudojo jau esančiomis gyvenvietėmis, bet įkūrė nemažai ir naujų. Nausėdijos gyveno miesto valstybės principu. Jų valdovai kartu buvo ir vyriausieji žyniai. Jie rūpinosi tiek religiniais, tiek politiniais ir ūkiniais valstybės reikalais. Kadangi nuolatos grėsė kylantys upių potvyniai arba sausra, pamažėle žmonės sutramdė upę. Tikriausiai jie ėmė pilti pylimus ir kasti kanalus. Ilgainiui Tarpupio gyventojai sukūrė kanalų ir pylimų  sistemą, kuri padėjo apsirūpinti vandeniu, nuleisti jį kada reikia ir kur reikia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gerai organizuota drėkinamoji žemdirbystė ir produktyvi gyvulininkystė padėjo šiems miestams valstybėms greitai sustiprėti ir įsigalėti. Ekonomiškai klestinčiuose šumerų miestuose labai išaugo kultūra, todėl daugeliu atžvilgiu jie yra ” žmonijos lopšys ”. Į trečiojo tūkstanmečio pabaigą kai kuriuose miestuose atsirado monumentalių pastatų, kuriuose buvo garbinami šumerų dievai. Ūkiniame gyvenime svarbų vaidmenį turėjo šumerų dantiraštis, pirmasis žmonijos raštas. Šumerai davė pasauliui besisukantį puodžiaus ratą, cilindrinį antspaudą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Situacija pietiniame Tarpupyje iš esmės pasikeitė, kada čia įsiveržė dideli vakarų semitų pulkai. Šumerų miestų valstybių laikai dabar jau negrįžtamai praėjo, ir šumerai išnyko iš istorijos arenos. Šalies istoriją ėmė lemti nauji valdovai ir nauji miestai. Valdžios centrais tapo Maris, Ašūras ir Babilonas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nesibaigiančiose tarpusavio kovose jie sprendė, kuriam viešpatauti Pietų Mesopotamijoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmą kartą Babilono vardas minimas XXIV a. prieš mūsų erą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai Sumuabumas, vienos klajoklių genties šeichas, įsikūrė iki tol nežymiame mieste Babilone, matyt, šis turėjo senąjį vardą Babila, kurį nauji atvykėliai į savo kalbą išsivertė kaip” Bab ilim ” – “ Dievo vartai”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sumuabumas įkūrė dinastiją, kuriai buvo lemta iškelti Babiloną į galybės viršūnę ir paversti vienu žymiausių Artimųjų Rytų miestu. Karalius pirmiausiai ėmėsi miesto gynybinių įtvirtinimų. Tačiau tikrasis Babilono iškilimas prasidėjo valdant Hamurabiui. Hamurabio dinastija Babiloną ir jo provincijas valdė tris šimtmečius. 1894 – 1595 metais pr. m. e. Babilonas  tapo Senosios Babilonijos karalystės sostine. Tais laikais Babilonas tapo ekonominiu, kultūriniu ir politiniu Vakarų Azijos centru.  Hamurabis tapo vienvaldžiu valdovu visame krašte nuo Persų įlankos iki Asirijos kalnų. Po daugelio karo žygių stojo taikos ir gerovės laikotarpis, per kurį Hamurabis vienijo ir stiprino savo karalystę.  Tokiame krašte kaip Babilonija, kur stigo bet kokių žaliavų, kur pagrindinės medžiagos buvo švendrai ir molis, žemės ūkiui teko lemiamas vaidmuo. Todėl nėra ko stebėtis, kad patys karaliai rūpinosi kanalų priežiūra ir savo įrašuose gyrėsi esą kanalų sistemos saugotojai. Įstatymų kodekso įvade Hamurabis pabrėžė, kad jis “ iki soties parūpino vandens savo žmonėms ”. Hamurabio Įstatymų studijavimas dar neužbaigtas, bet jau dabar galima pasakyti, jog jie liudija ypatingai aukštą juridinės minties lygį. Teisinės normos apima visus iš esmės  įmanomus gyvenimo atvejus, kada gali kilti teisiniai ginčai. Dėmesį patraukia “ pasaulietiškas ” Hamurabio Įstatymų pobūdis.” Dievo teismas “ taikomas tik tais atvejais, kai nėra “ žemiškųjų ” tiesos nustatymo būdų ( dokumentų, liudininkų).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi Babilonija neturėjo jokių žemės turtų, jie nuo seniausių laikų varė gyvą mainų prekybą su kitomis tautomis ir sritimis. Hamurabio valdymo metais Babilonas tapo prekybos centru, ir tai nulėmė miesto gerovę. Babiloniečiai prekiavo ne vien savo bei įvežtiniais gaminiais, bet ir sėkmingai vertėsi kaip tarpininkai, neblogai pelnėsi iš perpardavimo. Pagrindinės žaliavos, kurias babiloniečiai įsiveždavo, buvo mediena, metalai ir akmenys. Parvežti brangios medienos dažnai buvo siunčiamos specialios ekspedicijos, o kartais rengiami karo žygiai. Pirkliai parveždavo įvairių brangakmenių. Babiloniečiai mėgo ir vertino lazuritą, nes tikėjo, kad jo mėlyna spalva turi magišką galią apsaugoti nuo piktų jėgų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-19 20:14:57',62,'','2010-08-19 20:19:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-19 20:14:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,114,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1328,'Algoritmai špera 2','algoritmai-pera-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuosekli paieška</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tegu įrašai išdėstyti atsitiktinai kaip buvo įrašyti. Reikia surasti duotą įrašą pagal raktą. Nuosekliai ieškant reikia peržiūrėti visus įrašus nuosekliai. Vidutinis peržiūrėtų įrašų skaičius ieškant yra L<sub>ap</sub> =L/2. Jei įrašo nėra teks peržiūrėti visus įrašus L. Tarkim ieškomo įrašo su tikimybe p<sub>0</sub> nėra sąraše, tada vidutinis peržiūrėtų įrašų skaičius L<sub>ap</sub>=L*p<sub>0</sub>+Σ<sub>i=1<sup>L</sup></sub> (i*p<sub>i</sub> ); p<sub>i</sub>=1-p<sub>0</sub>/L.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ieškant įrašo sutvarkytame faile (įrašai išdėstyti pagal raktą) reikia peržiūrėti iš eilės, todėl vidutinis peržiūrėtų įrašų skaičius tas pats: L<sub>sp</sub>=L/2. Jei ieškomo įrašo nėra, tai paieška nutraukiama kai eilinis raktas bus didesnis už užduotą. Atliekant k įrašų paiešką nesutvarkytame faile vidutinis peržiūrėtų įrašų skaičius L<sub>kap</sub> = k * L / 2.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-20 09:25:22',62,'','2010-08-20 09:38:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 09:25:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,20,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1329,'RSA algoritmas. Duomenų apsaugos laboratorinis darbas','rsa-algoritmas-duomen-apsaugos-laboratorinis-darbas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Principas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">RSA kodavimo principas yra kodavimo metodo ir tokių kodavimo raktų generavimas, kad su vienu –viešu - raktu užkodavus, atkoduoti galima būtų tik su kitu – slaptu raktu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Algoritmas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Taigi kodavimas ir atkodavimas susideda iš šių etapų: 1. Kodavimo raktų generavimas; 2. Viešo rakto paskelbimas; 3. Informacijos kodavimas; 4. Informacijos perdavimas; 5. Informacijos atkodavimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-20 09:39:16',62,'','2010-08-20 09:43:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 09:39:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,19,'','',0,37,'robots=\nauthor='),(1330,'Winword 97 tyrimas','winword-97-tyrimas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-20 09:43:59',62,'','2010-08-20 09:46:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 09:43:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,18,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1331,'Microsoft Excel programos langas','microsoft-excel-programos-langas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo lapo struktūra</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Microsoft Excel programos langas (1 pav.) - stačiakampė ekrano sritis, kurioje atliekami įvairūs veiksmai su vartotojo dokumentais. Šis langas turi pavadinimų juostą, meniu juostą, dvi ar kelias įrankių juostas, specialią formulės eilutę. Microsoft Excel programos lango centrinėje dalyje pateikiamas svarbiausias elementas – dokumento langas, vadinamas darbo knyga. Kai iškviečiama Microsoft Excel programa, jos lange pateikiama pirmoji tuščia darbo knyga, pavadinta Book1. Jei po to atidarysime dar vieną naują knygą, Microsoft Excel ją pavadins Book2 ir t.t.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo lapas (worksheet), dar vadinamas skaičiuoklės lentele, (spreadsheet arba sutrumpintai  sheet)  - tai Excel darbo knygos lapas, kuriame rašomi, saugomi bei apdorojami duomenys. Kiekvienas darbo lapas yra stačiakampė lentelė, turinti 256 stulpelius (columns) ir 65536 eilutes (rows). Kiekviena stulpelio ir eilutės sankirta yra celė (cell), kuriame rašomi duomenys. Kiekvieno stulpelio viršuje yra  stulpelio antraštė (column heading). Stulpelio antraštės žymimos nuo A iki IV (A, B, …, Z; AA, AB, …, AZ; …,IA, IB, …,IV). Kiekvienos eilutės kairėje pusėje yra eilutės antraštė (row heading). Eilutės antraštės žymimos skaičiais nuo 1 iki 65536. Tada kiekviena celė turi koordinates, pvz. A13, H5. Celes galima pažymėti (tada celė apsiveda ryškiu rėmeliu) rodyklėmis arba pele. Vertikaliosios ir horizontaliosios juostos  padeda pamatyti ekrane nurodytas lentelės dalis. Pamatyti paskutinę lentelės eilutę arba stulpelį galima taip: iš pradžių reikia nuspausti [Shift] klavišą ir vilkti šliaužtę (scroll box).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-20 09:46:31',62,'','2010-08-20 09:48:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 09:46:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,17,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1332,'Garso apdorojimo sistemų programinės įrangos analizė. Takas/yahooligans paieškos sistemos','garso-apdorojimo-sistem-programins-rangos-analiz-takasyahooligans-paiekos-sistemos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teorinėje darbo dalyje trumpai yra apžvelgti ir palyginti nacionaliniai bei tarptautiniai serveriai, on-line bei of-line serveriai. Aptarta jų privalumai ir trūkumai, galimybės. Toliau pagrįstos pasirinktos priemonės paieškoms atlikti. Sekančioje dalyje yra smulkiau aprašytos dvi paieškos sistemos – tarptautinė “yahooligans” ir nacionalinė “Takas”. Čia yra išnagrinėtos jų visos galimybės, veikimo principai, jų trūkumai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Analitinėje dalyje yra pateiktos garso apdorojimo sistemų programinės įrangos analizė. Taip pat šioje dalyje yra pateiktas temos pagrindimas, kodėl pasirinkta, aktualumas, kokie yra tikslai, uždaviniai, paaiškinta, kaip buvo atliktos konkrečios paieškos. Sekanti dalis yra išvados. Jos yra parašytos tik pagal temą. Jose aptarta, kaip man pavyko atsakyti į keliamus darbo tikslus, uždavinius. Minima tai, ką aš naujai pastebėjau, ar šios temos rašymas man buvo naudingas ar ne. Toliau yra pateiktas literatūros sąrašas ir priedai. Priedai yra sudaryti iš sąrašo šaltinių, kuriais aš daugiausia rėmiausi rašydamas savo darbą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tarptautinės, nacionalinės paieškų sistemos</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tarptautinėse ir nacionalinėse paieškos sistemose paieška vykdoma parašius raktinius žodžius. Kai kuriose nacionalinėse galima pasirinkti anglų kalbą. Daugumoje nacionalinių ir tarptautinių paieškos sistemų būna nuorodos į tam tikrus informacijos šaltinius, svarbius dokumentus, t. y. pateikta lankomiausių TOP. Taip pat nacionalinėse paieškos sistemose galima pasirinkti ir tarptautines paieškos sistemas. Tarptautinėse paieškos sistemose kartais tik būna nuoroda į kokią kitą paieškos sistemą. Ir tai yra nacionalinių paieškos sistemų privalumas. Tačiau jos turi ir trūkumą. Ne visos nacionalinės paieškos sistemos turi pagerintą paiešką. Tai yra žymiai patogiau jei sunku rasti norima dokumentą ar jį sunku išsirinkti iš gausybės pateiktų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">On-line, Off-line</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">On-line paieškos sistema naudotis yra labai patogu. Tik pateikus užklausą – tuojau pat gaunama ieškoma informacija. Naudojantis of-line paieškos sistema, pateikus užklausą, reikia palaukti ilgiau kol bus gaunami atsakymai. On-line paieškos sistemą galima išsaugoti paspaudus “File” meniu mygtuką “Save as”. Tuomet išsaugotą failą galima atidaryti kompiuteryje, kuriame nėra interneto tinklo. Taip tampa labai patogu naršyti po išsaudotą puslapį. Tik čia deja nepavyks ieškoti dokumentų su pagal užklausą naudojantis “Search” mygtuku.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-20 09:49:30',62,'','2010-08-20 09:55:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 09:49:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,16,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1333,'Kompiuterinių tinklų laboratorinių darbų ataskaitos','kompiuterini-tinkl-laboratorini-darb-ataskaitos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompiuterinės stoties konfigūravimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas: išmokti prijungti personalinį kompiuterį prie kompiuterinio tinklo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduotis. Sukonfigūruoti tinklo plokštę, atsižvelgiant į tai, kokie yra laisvi pertraukimai,įvedimo-išvedimo portų adresai, atminties adresai. Įmontuoti tinklo plokštę į kompiuterį. Suinstaliuoti reikalingą programinę įrangą. Parodyti tinklo veikimą - prisijungti prie vietinio tinklo serverio ir prie Internet\'o serverių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-20 09:56:22',62,'','2010-08-20 09:59:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 09:56:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,15,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1334,'Paskalio trikampio dėliojimas iš turimų n degtukų','paskalio-trikampio-dliojimas-i-turim-n-degtuk','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-20 10:00:23',62,'','2010-08-20 10:02:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 10:00:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1335,'Abstrakčios klasės ir metodai','abstrakios-klass-ir-metodai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tikslas – paskelbti (deklaruoti, aprašyti, …) dar nerealizuotus metodus. Abstrakti klasė – tai klasė, kurioje numatyta busimųjų metodų struktūra, bet jų realizacijos dar nėra. Dažniausiai tai būna tėvo klasė, o metodai realizuojami ją paveldinčioje klasėje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Keletas pastabų:<br />1. Klasė, turinti nors vieną abstraktų metodą privalo būti paskelbta kaip abstract.<br />2. Abstract klasė gali turėti ir ne abstrakčių metodų.<br />3. Negalima sukurti abstrakčios klasės objecto su funkcija new. Tokio tipo kintamasis būti gali.<br />4. Konstruktoriai ir statiniai metodai negai būti abstraktūs.<br />5. Klasė, paveldinti abstrakčią klasę arba privalo realizuoti visus jos abstract metodus, arba pati turi būti paskelbta kaip abstract (taip galima patikrinti ar visi metodai turi \"realias\" realizacijas).<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-20 10:36:10',62,'','2010-08-20 10:42:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 10:36:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,13,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1336,'Funkcijų vartojimo pagrindai','funkcij-vartojimo-pagrindai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Funkcijų grupės</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Funkcija (function) yra speciali koduota komanda, skirta formulėms sudaryti. Ji iš esmės palengvina tipinių veiksmų užrašymą, nes nereikia nurodinėti ilgų instrukcijų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Microsft Excel turi daugiau kaip 300 funkcijų. Jos sąlygiškai suskirstytos į grupes: datų (date) ir laiko (time) funkcijos; dinaminių duomenų mainų (DDE - dynamic data exchange) ir išorinės (external) funkcijos; duomenų bazių (database) ir sąrašų analizės (list management) funkcijos; finansinės (financial) funkcijos; informacinės (information) funkcijos; inžinerinės (engineering) funkcijos; loginės (logical) funkcijos; paieškos (lookup) ir koordinačių (reference) funkcijos; matematikos (math) ir trigonometrijos (trigonometry) funkcijos; statistinės (statistical) funkcijos; teksto (text) funkcijos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Funkcijos sintaksė</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Funkcijos užrašymo tvarka yra vadinama funkcijos sintakse. Visoms funkcijos būdinga ta pati sintaksė: 1. pirmiausia rašomas funkcijos vardas - nesvarbu didžiosiomis ar mažosiomis raidėmis; 2. jei reikia, po vardo skliaustuose pateikiami argumentai; 3. jei yra daugiau kaip vienas argumentas, jie skiriami kabliataškiais; 4. argumentai turi būti pateikti griežtai nustatyta tvarka; 5. tarp lygybės ženklo ir funkcijos vardo negali būti tarpų (tarpai gali būti tarp argumentų ir kairiojo skliausto ar kabliataškio, bet jie nebūtini).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-20 10:42:56',62,'','2010-08-20 10:47:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 10:42:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,12,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(1337,'Tobulų skaičių radimas Pascal programa','tobul-skaii-radimas-pascal-programa','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-20 10:47:40',62,'','2010-08-20 10:48:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 10:47:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,11,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1338,'Linux. Jo instaliavimas, katalogų struktūra ir pagrindinės komandos','linux-jo-instaliavimas-katalog-struktra-ir-pagrindins-komandos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Linux’o instaliavimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Linux’ui reikia mažiausiai vieno GB vietos. Paliekame kietame diske laisvos vietos Linux failų įrašymui (naudoti komandą fdisk). Jei reikia vietos archyvams laikyti galima sukurti papildomą lentelę (extended, fat16, įvardintas kaip vienas iš loginių kompiuterio dikų), kurioje bus galima pasidėti Linux šaltinius. Perkrauname kompiuterį MS -Mode pavidalu..</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">LINUX komandos</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">LINUX kaip ir kitos operacinės sistemos turi daugelį komandų, kurios naudojamos norint atlikti vienokius ar kitokius veiksmus. Apžvelgsiu keletą komandų, kurios naudojamos būtent šioje operacinėje sistemoje. Komanda unzipsfx, panašiai kaip ir komanda unzip, išskleidžia archyvą, tačiau ši komanda savo ruožtu sukuria iš archyvo savaime išskleidžiantį archyvą. Komanda zcat naudojama tada, kai norima išskleisti archyvą. Komanda zcat laikinai išskleidžia failą ir išveda jo turinį standartiniame pavidale.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-20 10:49:14',62,'','2010-08-20 10:52:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 10:49:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1339,'Duomenų bazės MS Access 2000','duomen-bazs-ms-access-2000','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Duomenų bazė - tai informacijos rinkinys, pavyzdžiui: darbuotojų sąrašas, sandėlio atsargos, tyrimų rezultatai ir t.t. Šios informacijos valdymui, t.y. duomenų kaupimui, rūšiavimui, pateikimui įvairia forma, skirtos programos vadinamos duomenų bazių valdymo sistemos (DBVS) (DBMS - Database Management System). Viena populiariausių ir paprasčiausių tokių sistemų yra Microsoft Access.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiame konspekte pateiktos teorinės žinios apie MS Access 2000 programos struktūrą ir valdymą. Aprašytas pavyzdys, kaip šia programa valdoma duomenų bazė \"Saldainiai\", siekiant išanalizuoti asortimento įvairovę, gamybą, realizaciją. Suformuluotos užduotys savarankiškam darbui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-20 10:53:08',62,'','2010-08-20 11:02:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 10:53:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,39,'robots=\nauthor='),(1340,'Kompiuterių struktūros raida','kompiuteri-struktros-raida','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naujos technikos kūrimas - tai sudėtingas fantazijos  , teorijos ir praktikos persipinimas. Jis susijęs ne tik su kompiuteriais, bet ir su genų inžinerija ar kosmonautika. Hefestas sukūrė ”protingas, auksines, mechanines tarnaites” - šiuolaikinių pramoninių robotų prototipą. Tačiau nežinoma, ar Homeras nors nutuokė apie šiuolaikinių robotų kūrimo teorinius principus. Tuo tarpu Aristotelis jau prieš 2300 metų sukūrė matematinę logiką – teorinį šiuolaikinių kompiuterių  schemų pagrindą. Pirmuosius mechaninius skaičiavimo įrenginius dar antikos laikais naudojo matematikai, inžinieriai bei prekeiviai. Kinijoje ir Japonijoje prieš keletą metų iki Kristaus gimimo jau buvo naudojami skaičiuotuvai, padaryti iš karoliukų, pritvirtintų prie specialaus rėmo (karoliukai vadinosi kalkulėmis). Ant siūlo suvertų kalkulių pozicijaatitkdavo tam tikrą skaičių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vienas iš tobulesnių mechaninių kalkuliatorių 1642 metais sukūrė prancūzų mokslininkas Blezas Paskalis. Šį įrenginį, pavadintą” Paskalina”, sudarė ratukai, ant kurių buvo užrašyti skaičiai nuo 0 iki 9. Apsisukęs vieną kartą, ratukas užkabindavo gretimą ratuką ir pasukdavo jį per vieną skaičių. Paskalio taikytas surištųjų ratukų metodas tapo beveik visų mechaninių skaičiuotuvų, sukurtų per vėlesnius 3 šimtmečius pagrindu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinė “Paskalinos” yda – labai sudėtingas įvairių operacijų, išskyrus sudėti, atlikimas. Pirmąją mašiną, kuria lengvai atliekami visi keturi aritmetikos veiksmai, 1673 metais sukūrė vokietis G.V.Leibnicas. Šis mechaninis kalkuliatorius  sudėtį atlikdavo kaip ir “Paskalina”, tačiau jo konstrukcijoje  Leibnicas pirmą kartą pritaikė judančią dalį (karunėlę). Vis dėlto jį išgarsino ne jo sukurtas kalkuliatorius, o diferencialinis ir integralinis skaičiavimas. Leibnicas taip pat ištyrė dvejetainę skaičiavimo sistemą, plačiai taikomą ir šiuolaikiniuose  kompiuteriuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Anglų matematikas Č.Babidžas, sugalvojęs 2 reikšmingiausias mechanines skaičiavimo mašinas. Pirmąją mašiną, skirtą matematinių lentelių sudarimui ir tikrinimui (skaičiuojant skaičių skirtumą), sukūrė 1822m. Ji vadinosi skirtumine mašina. 1830m. pradžioje Babidžas atskleidė didžiulį šios mašinos trūkumą: mašina atlikdavo tik vieną užduotį. Jei reikėdavo atlikti kitokią skaičiavimo operaciją, tekdavo keisti visą mechanizmą. Todėl 1833 m. jis nutarė sukurti universalią skaičiavimo mašiną ir pavadino ją “analizine mašina”. Tai būtų buvusi pirmoji programuojama skaičiavimo mašina. Ją turėjo  sudaryti aritmetinis įrenginys  ir atmintis. Tačiau realizuoti analizinę mašiną buvo labai problematiška – galiausiai ji būtų buvusi ne mažesnė už garvežį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-20 11:02:31',62,'','2010-08-20 11:10:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 11:02:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1341,'Išorinė ir vidinė atmintis','iorin-ir-vidin-atmintis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kompiuterio atmintis – tai įrenginys, kuriame laikinai arba pastoviai saugomi duomenys jų apdorojimo metu. Atmintis yra būtinas bet kurio kompiuterio komponentas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Atmintis yra:<br />•    Pastovioji<br />•    Darbinė (operatyvioji)<br />•    Video atmintis<br />•    Išorinė atmintis<br />•    Atmintis  ilgalaikiam informacijos saugojimui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Kietasis (standusis) diskas<br /><br />•    Tai pagrindinis asmeninio kompiuterio atminties įtaisas. Jame saugoma kompiuteriui valdyti ir skaičiavimams atlikti reikalinga programinė įranga bei įvairūs duomenys.<br />•    Magnetinių diskų veikimo principas daugeliu atvejų yra tas pats: hermetiškame korpuse patalpintos viena ar kelios magnetine medžiaga padengtos plokštelės, pritvirtintos ant veleno, kurį reikiamu greičiu suka varikliai, kartu stumdantys informacijai įrašyti ir skaityti skirtas specialias magnetines galvutes. Įrenginys dydžiu prilygsta pusei nestoros knygos, o kietas diskas, skirtas nešiojamiems kompiuteriams – užrašų knygutei. Dėžutėje taip pat yra valdymo mikroschema ir operatyvioji buferinė atmintinė (mikroschema).<br />•    Šiuolaikinių kietųjų diskų atmintis siekia keliasdešimt gigabaitų. Labai svarbus šių diskų parametras – informacijos išrinkimo greitis, siekiantis 7-10 ms ir daugiau. Diskuose esanti informacija į pagrindinę kompiuterio atmintinę (ir priešinga kryptimi) perkeliama kelių ar keliolikos MB/s sparta, o labai dideliu greičiu besisukančių diskų (7200 aps./min. ir net 10800 aps./min.) – apie 60 MB/s.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-20 11:10:55',62,'','2010-08-20 11:14:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 11:10:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,7,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1342,'Logikos formulės 2','logikos-formuls-2','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-20 11:14:59',62,'','2010-08-20 11:15:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 11:14:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1343,'Langas Accessories','langas-accessories','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Windows 95” lange Accessories yra analogiško “Windows 3.1x” lango taikomosios programos, taip pat papildomos taikomosios programos ir jų rinkiniai. Dauguma “Windows 3.1x” programų yra patobulintos, o kai kurių pakeisti pavadinimai ir ženklai. Patobulinta piešimo programa pavadinta “Paint”. Teksto redaktorius – “WordPad”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Programėlės “Character Map”, “Clipboard Viewer” ir “Notepad” yra tokios pat kaip “Windows 3.x”. Lange Accessories esančias programas bei jų rinkinius galite pamatyti ir sužadinti per mygtuku Start iškviečiamas meniu korteles. Nurodę programų rinkinį, pamatysite kortelę su rinkinio programų sąrašu. Rinkinyje “Games” yra žaidimai. Rinkinyje “Internet Tools” yra programa “Explorer”, skirta darbui INTERNET tinkle, ir programa “Internet Setup Wizard” skirta INTERNET tinklui instaliuoti. Rinkinyje “System Tools” yra programos diskui tvarkyti ir sistemai kontroliuoti. Reikalingiausios lango System Tools programos yra “Scan Disk” ir “Disk Defragmenter”. Periodiškai paleisdami programą “Scan Disk”, būsite tikri, kad dėl galimų disko paviršiaus defektų neprarasite informacijos, o paleisdami programą “Disk Defragmenter”, sutvarkysite informacijos išdėstymą diske taip, kad PK ją ras sugaišdamas mažiausiai laiko.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-20 11:22:47',62,'','2010-08-20 11:27:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 11:22:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,5,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1344,'Reklama internete','reklama-internete','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-20 11:31:22',62,'','2010-08-20 11:32:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 11:31:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1345,'Kompiuterinė geležinkelio mazgo  valdymo sistema','kompiuterin-geleinkelio-mazgo-valdymo-sistema','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo tikslas. Susipažinti su realaus objekto programinio valdymo principais, sudaryti realaus laiko valdymo programas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Valdymo sistemos struktūrinė schema</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Geležinkelio mazgo maketas interfeiso pagalba, dededant magistralės buferius sujungas su IBM PC tipo kompiuteriu. Kontroleriu be personalinio kopiuterio gali būti ir valdymo pultas, prijungtas prie interfeiso.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-20 11:33:33',62,'','2010-08-20 11:35:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 11:33:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1346,'Informacinių technologijų raida','informacini-technologij-raida','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacija – tai žinios, kurias galima perduoti, priimti ir įsiminti. Jutimo organai (regos, klausos, lytėjimo ir kiti) informaciją iš aplinkos perduoda į smegenis , o šios ją apdoroja ir kontroliuoja tolesnius mūsų veiksmus. Taip mes suvokiame aplinką, kurioje gyvename, įgyjame įgūdžių ir patirties. Netgi paprasčiausi vienaląsčiai gyvūnai geba justi aplinkos veiksnius (pavyzdžiui, šviesą, maistą) ir į juos reaguoti. Tobulesnės sandaros būtybės gali ne tik instinktyviai reaguoti į aplinką, bet ir apdoroti ar įsiminti informaciją. Štai paukščiai, pastebėję vanago šešėlį, tuojau sprunka į krūmus, voverės rudenį paslepia maistą ir žiemą, bado metu, jį atsikasa. Tai padeda išgyventi gamtoje. Kai kuriuos gyvūnus įmanoma išmokyti apdoroti ir dar sudėtingesnę informaciją: išdresiravus šunį jis gali lengvai atlikti įvairias komandas, beždžionės išmoksta naudotis įvairiais įrankiais ir t.t.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">O žmogus, kitaip negu kitos būtybės, dar ir sąmoningai mąsto. Tačiau ir jis netapo toks i karto. Per ilgą evoliucijos raidą ištobulėjo jo smegenys, todėl  apdorojo daugiau informacijos. Taip žmogus pradėjo vartoti primityviausius įrankius, palaipsniui perėjo prie sudėtingesnių ir sudėtingesnių ir pagaliau tapo tokiu, kokį mes dabar visi matome. Pirmykštės bendruomenės nariai dar neturėjo savo kalbos. Jie buvo tarsi izoliuoti vieni nuo kitų. Savo nuotaiką, idėjas perduodavo sutartiniais judesiais ir riksmais. Tačiau, vis dėlto, tai buvo jau protaujanti asmenybė. Eidami į medžioklę jie suplanuodavo kaip greičiau ir saugiau pagauti žvėrį, nepasiklysti miškuose. Ilgainiui žmonės pradėjo tarti vis ilgesnius skiemenis ir taip atsirado kalba. Tai labai pakeitė jų gyvenimą. Žodžiais buvo galima išreikšti viską: savo būseną, jausmus, mintis ir t.t. Žmonės turimą informaciją perduodavo draugams, vaikams, anūkams. Taip žinios keliavo iš vieno pasaulio krašto į kitą, iš kartos į kartą, tačiau kada nors vis tiek užsimiršdavo. Todėl pirmykščiai žmonės pradėjo informaciją užrašinėti molinėse plytelėse, iškalti akmenyse. Tada raštas dar nebuvo toks tobulas kaip dabar. Buvo piešiami įvairūs simboliai ir gyvūnai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vėliau  simboliai  tapo vis įvairesni ir sudėtingesni – taip atsirado raštas.  Sparčiausiai jis tobulėjo išsivysčiusiose civilizacijose. Maždaug prieš 4000m. egiptiečiai tekstus pradėjo rašyti ant papiruso.  Tačiau tuo metu juos galėjo įsigyti tik turtingiausi žmonės, nors ir patys dar nelabai mokėjo skaityti. Atsiradus vis daugiau raštingų žmonių, knygų skaičius ėmė didėti. Maždaug  III a. pr. Kr. Aleksandrijoje (Egipte) buvo įkurta viena pirmųjų pasaulio bibliotekų. Pasiuntiniai keliaudavo po pasaulio kraštus ir supirkinėdavo pergamento ritinius ir rankraščius.  Prasidėjo didelių informacijos kiekių kaupimas ir saugojimas. Vėliau įvairiose šalyse buvo išrastas būdas popieriui gaminti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,54,'2010-08-20 11:36:11',62,'','2010-08-20 11:39:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 11:36:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(1347,'Pilietiškumo samprata ir piliečių ugdymas demokratinėje visuomenėje','pilietikumo-samprata-ir-piliei-ugdymas-demokratinje-visuomenje','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-20 15:52:03',62,'','2010-08-20 15:55:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 15:52:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,113,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1348,' Antanas Smetona ','-antanas-smetona-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antanas Smetona gimė 1874 m. rugpjūčio 10 d. Taujėnų valsčiaus Užulėnio kaimo neturtingo valstiečio šeimoje. Protėviai buvo kunigaikščių Radvilų baudžiauninkai. Smetona pasižymėjo savo lėtu būdu ir ramiu galvojimu, palinkimu į atitrauktinį bendrų klausimų nagrinėjimą, drąsa reikšti nuomones, kad ir priešingas daugelio, sugebėjimu apie save spiesti žmones, svarbiose savo ar tautos valandose ne kartą pasireiškė nelauktu tvirtumu ir ryžtingumu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antanas buvo šeštasis vaikas, po jo gimė dar dukra Julija. Vaikai dirbo namuose, mat tėvas nusistatė niekur neleisti jų tarnauti. Antanukas išmoko skaityti, kai tėvai mokė vyresniuosius. Dešimtus metus einantį tėvas jį nuvežė į Taujėnų valsčiaus pradinę mokyklą.Mokyklą baigė 14 metų. Šeima nutarė Antaną leisti mokytis toliau, todėl reikėjo pasirengti stoti į gimnaziją. Rengėsi Ukmergėje, čia gerai išmoko lenkų k. ir išlaikė egzaminus į Palangos progimnazijos trečiąją klasę. Mokėsi labai gerai, tad buvo atleistas nuo mokesčio už mokslą. Baigia progimnaziją ir, šeimos patariamas, išlaiko egzaminus į Žemaičių kunigų seminariją. Tačiau kunigo luomui Smetona pašaukimo nejautė. Pergalvojęs savo sprendimą, tęsia mokslą Mintaujos gimnazijoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dar Palangoje jis pradeda skaityti slaptą lietuvišką spaudą, Maironį ir Adomą Mickevičių. To meto romantinė raštija ir nulemia Smetonos galutinį tautinį apsisprendimą. Jis dalyvavo slaptoje “Kūdikio” draugijos veikloje, domėjosi Lietuvos istorijos tyrinėjimais, ypač gilino lietuvių k. rašybos ir gramatikos žinias, buvo gabus lotynų ir graikų kalboms.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mintaujos gimnzijoje Smetona sueina į pirmą konfliktą su caro administraciją, o dar tiksliau - su biurokratine ir rusifikacine carizmo švietimo sistema. Gimnazijos vadovybė versdavo mokinius katalikus prieš pamokas kalbėti maldą rusiškai.Šiems tai daryti atsisakius, Smetona ir dar keliolika mokinių iš gimnazijos pašalinami. Jie vyksta į Peterburgą, pas Rusijos švietimo ministrą, ir prašo leidimo baigti mokslą. Prašymas buvo patenkintas, ir Smetona baigia Peterburgo IX gimnaziją. Smetoną labiau traukė istorija ar filologija, bet žinodamas, jog su šia specialybe darbo Lietuvoje negaus, pasirenka studijuoti teisę Peterburgo universitete. Čia tarp lietuvių studentų jau veikė nemaža lietuviškų draugijų, tad Smetona tampa veikliu jų nariu, dainuoja Č. Sasnausko chore, su V. Sirutavičiumi slaptai išspausdina P. Avižonio parengtą lietuvių k. gramatiką.Universitete, matyt, įvyko ir Smetonos idėjinis apsisprendimas. Jis buvo priešiškas socialistinei ideologijai, pasisakė prieš marksizmą, nors nuo bendrų studentų reikalų neatsiribojo. Dalyvavo protestuose dėl studentų teisių varžymų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1902 m. baigia studijas ir, kaip vienas iš nedaugelio to meto lietuvių inteligentų, turinčių aukštojo mokslo diplomą, grįžta į Lietuvą. Vilniuje Smetona susiranda ramią tarnybą Žemės banke ir įsitraukia į lietuvių visuomeninę veiklą; verčia knygeles į lietuvių k., dalyvauja Lietuvių demokratų partijos (LDP) renginiuose ir keliuose jos suvažiavimuose, kartu su žmona pamėgsta meno saviveiklą. Griežtai atsisakęs dalyvauti socialistiniame judėjime, priešiškai nusiteikęs jo internacionalistinėms idėjoms, Smetona ir Vilniaus lietuvių visuomeniniame judėjime propaguoja “ramią” kultūrinio gyvenimo plėtrą, net Demokratų partijoje užima dešiniąją poziciją. Jis iškyla šalia P. Višinskio, J. Vileišio, K. Griniaus kaip vienas žymesniųjų LDP veikėjų, nors iki tol jo pavardė buvo mažiau Lietuvoje žinoma. Didžiojo Vilniaus lietuvių seimo organizacinio komiteto sudėtyje Smetonos nebuvo, tačiau Seimo parengiamuosiuose posėdžiuose jis dalyvavo. Seimui Smetona nebuvo priešingas. Jo pastangomis nuo Demokratų partijos į komitetą vietoj P. Višinskio buvo įtrauktas J. Vileišis. Išaugusį Smetonos autoritetą LDP ir apskritai lietuvių visuomeniniame gyvenime rodo ir jo išrinkimas nuo LDP į suvažiavimo prezidiumą. Jį beveik visi siūlė Seimo pirmininku. Po Vilniaus seimo Smetona aktyviai dalyvavo Tautiškosios lietuvių demokratų partijos (TLDP) organizuotoje Kauno gubernijos rinkiminėje kampanijoje į I Valstybės dūmą (1906. 04.), kvietė lietuvius vienytis visose kultūrinėse ir politinėse akcijose. Jis pamažu tampa tautininku, suvokia, jog LDP gretose nepavyks sutelkti visas intelektualines tautos jėgas, ir iš DP pasitraukia.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-20 15:55:51',62,'','2010-08-20 16:00:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 15:55:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,112,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1349,'SSRS nesėkmė','ssrs-neskm','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mėgindamas suprasti kuo gyveno SSRS pus pusšimtį metų po karo pastebėjau, kad visa SSRS istorija, beveik iki 1989 - ųjų metų yra vien tik užsienio politika, kuri buvo pakankamai dinamiška aktyvi ir įžūli. Tuo tarpu viduje visas gyvenimas tarsi ir sustojo, bent tai nedaro nieko įdomaus, kas galėtų dominti šiuolaikinį vidutinį pilietį. Dar daugiau rinkdamas medžiagą šiam darbui, pastebėjau, jog pačių SSRS žlugimo priežasčių reikia ieškoti ne viduje, bet išorėje ir pirmosios priežastys, kurios trukdė SSRS dominavimui pasaulyje (ačiū Dievui), buvo jos nesėkmingoje užsienio politikoje. Gal tiksliau pasakius nesėkmingai susiklosčius aplinkybėms. Todėl nutariau pavadinti savo darbą SSRS nesėkmės, bei akcentuoti tuos įvykius ir faktus, kurie trukdė SSRS įtakos kilimui ir turėjo įtakos jos pačios žlugimui</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nagrinėdamas minėtą temą ir ilgai (dar iki šio darbo) svarstydamas SSRS suirimo priežastis priėjau išvados, jog nagrinėti vien tik laikotarpį po 1945 - ųjų negalima, nes reikia grįžti dar į tuos laikus kai bolševikai, užgrobę valdžią įsitikino, jog revoliucija turi būti pasaulinė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paėmę valdžią į savo rankas RKP (b) atstovai visapusiškai siekė, kad revoliucija išplistų visoje Europoje, o perspektyvoje ir visame pasaulyje. Tuo tikslu 1922 m. buvo sukurtas naujas valstybinis darinys savyje neturėjęs jokių nacionalinių ar geografinių apribojimų: Sovietų Socialistinių Respublikų Sąjunga. Kaip teigia publicistas ir karo istorikas V.Suvorovas: \"Deklaracijoje dėl SSRS įkūrimo skelbiama, kad SSRS - tai pirmas žingsnis kuriant Pasaulinę Sovietų Socialistinę Respubliką: buvo numatyta didinti respublikų skaičių tol, kol visas pasaulis priklausys SSRS\". Šalių, kurios nepanorės gyventi taip kaip liepia Markso ir bolševikų mokslai, laukė Raudonosios armijos ir NKVD dalinių \"pagalba\". Kaip teigia rusų istorikas M.Semiriaga: \"Tarptautinėje politikoje buvo nutarta veikti puolamosiomis karinėmis priemonėmis. Taip gimė koncepcija apie pasaulinės revoliucijos tęsimą. Tokiomis teorijomis buvo užsikrėtę visi sovietų kariniai ir politiniai veikėjai. Net kai SSRS suėjo į sąlytį su Vokietija niekas nemanė atsisakyti puolamosios doktrinos\". Tačiau iki laukiamo karo pradžios SSRS diktatorius J. Stalinas įvykdė du šiurpiausiu žmonijos nusikaltimus: savo piliečių genocidą (didįjį valymą) bei didžiulę šalies industrializaciją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip teigia vakarų istorikai:\" 1929 Sovietų. Sąjungoje vis dar vyravo  smulki gamyba ir žemės ūkis. Po 10 metų paveikslas visiškai pasikeitė. Komunistai negrįžtamai pakeitė Sovietų žemės ūkį bei sukūrė tokią infrastruktūra kuri karinėje srityje lengvai galėjo konkuruoti su Vakarų valstybėmis. Visa tai buvo atlikta naudojant siaubingą terorą, kurį Stalinas pavadino revoliucija iš viršaus\". Tad Stalinas pasirašė Molotovo- Ribentrropo paktą, tuo sudarydamas galimybes A. Hitleriui nukariauti visą Europą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tada Sovietų.Sąjungoje prasidėjo slapta mobilizacija, bei armijų koncentracija SSRS - Vokietijos pasienyje. Šį kariuomenės sutraukimą detaliai aprašė buvęs SSRS karo žvalgas iš leistoje trilogijoje \"Ledlaužis\", \"Diena M\" ir \"Paskutinė Respublika\". Knygoje išdėstytos mintys yra labai originalios, parašytos publicistiniu stiliumi, ten beveik necituojami jokie dokumentai, kas sukelia tam tikrus sunkumus nustatant tiesą. Tačiau knygoje pareikšti argumentai, nurodant daugybę šalutinių požymių, juos sujungiant į vieną visumą( kaip tai daro žvalgybos specialistai) atrodo labai pagrįsti ir logiški. Taigi anot V.Suvorovo: generalinis štabas sutelkė pasienyje 16 armijų( visos savo sudėtyje turėjo daugiau nei po 1000 tankų- K. G.) ir visos šešiolika armijų t. y. 170 divizijų buvo skirtos kaip tik į įsiveržimui vykdyti. Negana to , kaip jau minėjau, buvo pasirūpinta, tinkama politine situacija. Europoje beveik nebebuvo jokių suverenių valstybių, Vokietijos kariuomenė buvo išsklaidyta nuo Afrikos iki Norvegijos, ir net didžiausias tuometinis komunizmo priešas V.Čerčilis buvo pasiruošęs visokeriopai talkinti.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-20 16:01:56',62,'','2010-08-20 16:08:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 16:01:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,111,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1350,'Istorijos (referatas)','istorijos-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Senasis Testamentas aukštutinįjį Tarpupį vadina ,,Aram Nacharaimu” - ,,Sirija tarp upių”. Tos šalies miestus ištikusi Dievo rūstybė. Ten, Ninevijoje, ir toliau į pietus, didžiajame Babilone, viešpatavę baisūs karaliai, kurie garbinę ne tik jį, bet ir kitus dievus, todėl buvę nušluoti nuo žemės paviršiaus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mums tas kraštas yra žinomas Mesopotamijos vardu. Šiandien jį vadiname Iraku, o jo sostinę - Bagdadu. Jo ribos šiaurėje siekia Turkiją, vakaruose Siriją ir Jordaniją, pietuose Saudo Arabiją ir rytuose Persiją - šiandieninį Iraną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Abi upės, Eufratas ir Tigras, kurių ištakos yra Turkijoje, šią šalį pavertė kultūros lopšiu (kaip Nilas Egiptą). Jos teka iš šiaurės vakarų į pietryčius, susilieja netoli šiandieninės Basros į bendrą vagą (senovėje taip nebuvo) ir įteka į Persų įlanką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiaurėje, audringai šniokščiančio Tigro pakrante, driekėsi Asirija - senovės Ašūras, o pietinė Tarpupio dalis iki pat žaliųjų Persų įlankos vandenų priklausė Babilonijai, senovės Šumerui ir Akadui. Viename 1867 metais išleistame leksikone straipsnis apie Mesopotamiją baigiamas tokia pastaba: ,,Šalis labiausiai klestėjo asirų ir babiloniečių viešpatavimo laikais. Arabų valdžios metais, kada čia buvo kalifų rezidencija, Mesopotamija dar kartą susilaukė klestėjimo laikų. Smukimas prasidėjo įsiveržus seldžiukams - turkams ir totoriams. Kai kuriuose šalies rajonuose ir dabar tebėra dykuma”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai kur šitoje dykumoje kūpso keistos kalvos su plokščiomis viršūnėmis ir stačiais šlaitais, sueižėjusios lyg džiovintas beduinų sūris. Jos taip paveikė mokslininkų fantaziją, jog kaip tik čia, Tarpupyje, archeologai kasinėdami padarė pirmuosius garsius atradimus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Polis Emilis Bota dar jaunystėje apkeliavo žemės rutulį. 1830 metais jį priėmė dirbti gydytoju Muchamedas Alis. Bota dalyvavo ekspedicijoje Senare, kur uoliai rinko vabzdžius. 1833metais prancūzų valdžia jį paskyrė konsulu Aleksandrijoje. Apkeliavęs arabų kraštus, jis savo kelionių įspūdžius aprašė storoje knygoje. Nuo 1840metų ėjo konsulo pareigas Mosule, Tigro aukštupyje. Kartą, nusileidus saulei, norėdamas atsigaivinti tyrame ore, pasuko iš tvankių turgaviečių ir išjojo toli už miesto. Čia išvydo keistąsias kalvas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Anksčiau jomis domėjosi keliautojai Kineiras, Ričas ir Einsvortas spėjo, kad po kalvomis esama griuvėsių. Mokslui ir menui buvo, matyt, lemta pasaulinių įžymybių daug dažniau susilaukti iš Anglijos ir Prancūzijos, negu, pavysdžiui iš Rusijos, Vokietijos ir Italijos. Tie vyrai puikiai atstovavo savo šalims užsienyje, nevengė nuotykių, o savo mokslinius ir meninius siekimus, taip pat visapusišką dėmesį didingiems žmogaus dvasios pasireiškimams labai subtiliai derino su politika. Prie tokių asmenybių priskirtas ir Bota. Jis buvo gydytojas, domėjosi gamtos mokslais, buvo diplomatas, mokėjo naudotis savo pažintimis. Nebuvo tik archeologas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasikliaudamas šiais privalumais, jis griebėsi darbo. Jo veiklos pagrindas buvo tik neaiškus spėliojimas ir smalsumas. Vėliau patirta sėkmė apstulbino jį patį ne mažiau už kitus. Vakarais, uždaręs savo biurą, jis atkakliai tyrinėjo Mosulo apylinkes, vaikščiojo po namus ir visur klausinėjo: ,,Gal kartais turite senovinių daiktų: puodų, vazų? Iš kur ėmėte plytų tvartų statybai? Kur gavote šitų molinių šukių, išmargintų keistu dantiraščiu?”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Supratęs, kad klausinėti beprasmiška, Bota nutarė griebtis kastuvo ir ištirti pirmą Kujundžiko apylinkėse aptiktą kalvą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau pasirinkimas nedavė laukiamų rezultatų. Bota daug kartų suklaidintas čiabuvių buvo jau bevejąs šalin dar vieną plepų arabą, vėl ketinantį papasakoti apie kalvą, pilną tokių daiktų, kurių ,,frankas” ieškąs? Arabas vis įkyriau įtikinėjo, kad gyvenąs nuošaliame kaimelyje, kad girdėjęs ,,franko” pageidavimus ir norįs padėti, nes ,,frankai” jam patinką. Jei reikia įrašais išmargintų plytų, tai jų Chorsabade, jo gimtajame kaime, yra daugybė. Jis tai gerai žinąs, nes pats pasimūrijęs krosnį kaip tik iš tokių plytų, ir taip nuo seno darą visi kiti kaimo žmonės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nebegalėdamas atsiginti nuo įkyraus arabo, Bota pagaliau pasiuntė su juo kelis savo padejėjus į kaimelį už šešiolikos kilometrų. Išleisdamas saviškius perspėjo, kaip turėtų elgtis, jei ištiktų kokia bėda, nes ką gali žinoti, o atsarga gėdos nedaro…<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-20 16:50:02',62,'','2010-08-20 16:54:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 16:50:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,110,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1351,'Vyriausiojo Lietuvos Išlaisvinimo Komiteto programinė deklaracija','vyriausiojo-lietuvos-ilaisvinimo-komiteto-programin-deklaracija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvių Tauta, siekdama išlaisvinti Lietuvą iš okupacijos ir atstatyti Lietuvos valstybės suverenių organų svetimos jėgos laikinai sutrukdytą veikimą, yra reikalinga vieningos politinės vadovybės. Tam tikslui politinės lietuvių grupės, kaip tautos politinės minties relškėjos ir vykdytojos, nutarė sujungti visas savo jėgas bendram darbui ir sudaryti Vyriausįjį Lietuvos Išlaisvinimo Komitetą - VLIK1.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vyriausiasis Lietuvos Išlaisvinimo Komitetas,  pradėdamas savo darbą, skelbia:</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-20 16:55:53',62,'','2010-08-20 17:01:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 16:55:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,109,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(1352,'Senovės Romos istorijos testas','senovs-romos-istorijos-testas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-20 17:03:37',62,'','2010-08-20 17:05:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 17:03:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,108,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1353,'Lietuvos dvasinės kultūros raida','lietuvos-dvasins-kultros-raida','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žinoma, pirmykščio menininko kūriniai pirmiausia buvo susiję su tikėjimais, laidojimu ir kitomis dvasinio gyvenimo sritimis. Dažnas papuošalas - tai žvėrių dantys ir iltys kurie pergręžiami suveriami ir kabinami ant kaklo. Mažesnės žmonių figūrėlės dažniau aptinkamos kapuose o didesnės apeigų atlikimo vietose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ankstyvajame geležies amžiuje pasirodo įvairiausių formų smeigtukai, antsmilkiniai, antkaklės. Senajame geležies amžiuje dėvėtos puošnios kepurėlės, siūtos iš storo vilnonio audinio ir puoštos žalvarinėmis pakabėlėmis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Remiantis archieloginiais duomenimis galima teigti, kad akmens amžiuje vyko maginės apeigos Kadangi medžioklė buvo pagrindinis maisto šaltinis - prieš ją būdavo atliekami ritualai. Gamtos dvasių garbinimas pasireiškia įvairiais kultais; medžių, vandens, žalčio, ugnies, žvėrių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Seniausi kapai baltų žemėse žinomi iš mezolito laikotarpio. Akmens amžiuje mirusieji laidoti pačioje gyvenvietėje, prie namų ar net pačiame pastate. Vėlyvojo neolito pabaigoje ir senojo žalvario amžiaus pradžioje susiklostė naujas paprotys; negiliuose duobėse laidotas tik žmonių galvos, o šalia jų užkasamos likusių kūno dalys.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mirusieji per vise akmens amžių buvo laidojami nedeginti. Apie IV - V amžių pasirodė degintiniai kapai - tik pirmiausia  rytų baltų teritorijoje. Vėliau žmonės laidojami būdavo plokštiniuose kapinynuose ir dar vėliau pilkapiuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kultų vietose ir šventyklose buvo garbinamos dvasios ir dievai, čia rinkosi bendruomenės nariai atlikti apeigų. Istoriniais laikais šventyklos apibūdintos rašytiniuose šaltiniuose. XVI amžiaus metraštininkai rašė,  kad pagrindinė šventykla buvusi prūsų žemėje vadinama Romove.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-20 17:06:37',62,'','2010-08-20 17:12:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 17:06:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,107,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1354,'Manu įstatymai','manu-statymai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">„Manu įstatymai\" parašyti sanskrito kalba. Jų sudarymas priskiriamas Manu, kuris pagal bramanų tradiciją laikomas žmonių ir viso, kas tik žemėje yra gyva, protėviu. Iš tikrųjų juos sukūrė viena iš bramanų mokslinių mokyklų. Šis įstatymų rinkinys buvo sudaromas keletą šimtmečių. Mūsų laikus pasiekusi rinkinio redakcija parengta maždaug mūsų eros pradžioje (II a. pr. m. e.- I m. e. a.). „Manu įstatymai\" - ne juridinių įstatymų kodeksas. Tai nurodymų (kartais prieštaringų) rinkinys dievobaimingam žmogui, atliekančiam savo dharmas - visuomenines, religines ir moralines pareigas. Toliau pateikiami „Manu įstatymų\" straipsniai parinkti pagal tematiką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bramanų padėtis buvo išskirtinė. Nė vienoje senovės Rytų šalyje žyniai nebuvo pasiekę tokios privilegijuotos padėties, kaip Indijoje. Žyniai nemokėjo jokių duoklių, mokesčių, nebuvo baudžiami kūno bausmėmis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šudros nebuvo bendruomenės nariai. Jie neteko ryšių su bendruomene arba dėl turtinės ir socialinės nelygybės, arba per karus. Šudrų varną papildydavo nuo savo giminės ir genties nuklydę persikėlėliai. Šudros neturėjo žemės ir todėl buvo priversti tarnauti pas bramanus, kšatrijus, vaišijus. Už savo paslaugas jie galėdavo gauti žemės ir turėti nedidelį ūkelį, kuris būdavo jų egzistencijos šaltinis. Žemę ir šudros sukauptą mantą galėdavo atimti šeimininkas, pas kurį jis tarnavo. Šudros gyvenimą menkai tesaugojo įstatymai. Už jo nužudymą reikėdavo sumokėti tokią baudą, kaip, pavyzdžiui, už katės nugalabijimą. O nusikaltęs šudra būdavo baudžiamas griežtai. Šudroms nebuvo leidžiama dalyvauti valstybės valdyme ir įšventinimo - „antrojo gimimo\" apeigose, kuriose dalyvaudavo pirmųjų trijų varnų nariai, sulaukę atitinkamo amžiaus (bramanai 8 - 16 metų, kšatrijai -  11 - 22 metų, vaišijai -  12 - 24 metų). Tos apeigos kilo iš iniciacijos (lot. initiatio - įšventinimas) - pirmykštės visuomeninės santvarkos įšventinimo apeigų, kurios būdavo atliekamos, vaikinams ir merginoms pereinant į suaugusiųjų grupę.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-20 17:12:50',62,'','2010-08-20 17:18:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 17:12:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,106,'','',0,55,'robots=\nauthor='),(1355,'A. Sniečkus ','a-sniekus-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">A. Sniečkus gimė 1903 m. sausio 10 d. pasiturinčių valstiečių šeimoje. Tėvas, kaip labiau išsilavinęs, buvo renkamas valsčiaus viršaičių. Šie keli faktai A. Sniečkui tapo baisiausia dėme ir gėda ir, kaip matome iš autobiografijos, sukėlė nemažų rūpesčių: “Iš tėviškės išėjau, nes nusprendžiau nutraukti su ja ryšius, ir nuo 1919 metų su tėviške jokių materialinių ryšių neturiu. Nuo 1921 metų apskritai nesu buvojęs tėviškėje”. Taip rašė Sniečkus gruodžio 15 d.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gal todėl ši gyvenimo aplinkybė (“tikrosios” klasinės kilmės trūkumas) vertė jį būti smarkiai radikalesniam, negu buvo jo kolegos ar to reikalvo sąlygos. Dėl idėjinių sumetimų atsižadėjęs tėvų, o dėl politinių - nepriklausomos Lietuvos, A. Sniečkus nuo 1920 m. tapo ištikimu komunistu bei Rusijos komunistų partijos (vėliau VKP (b) - TSKP) imperinės politikos įrankiu Lietuvoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1921 m. dėl komunistinės veiklos jis buvo suimta, tačiau trūkstant įkalčių po poros mėnesių paleistas. LKP CK rekomendavus, 1921 m. liepos mėnesį nelegaliai emigravo į Rusiją ir iki 1925 m. gyveno Smolenske. A.Sniečkaus gyvenime šis miestas paliko ženklų pėdsaką. Čia jis baigė universiteto darbininkų fakultetą, LKP CK spaustuvėje dirbo įvairių leidinių redaktoriumi, dalyvavo ČON’o (časti osobovo naznačenija) - ypatingos paskirties dalinių - operacijose prieš maištingai nusiteikusius valstiečius ir kitus “antitarybinius elementus”. Kaip prisimena jo žmona M. Bordonaitė, A. Sniečkus, pats tiesiogiai paragavęs “kovotojų” duonos, pokario metais Lietuvoje “gerai suprasdavo sunkų, labai pavojingą liaudies gynėjų darbą”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau čia, Tarybų Sąjungoje, A. Sniečkus buvo ne tik politinis emigrantas, bet ir potencialus TSRS partinis agentas “kovai prieš buržuazinę Lietuvą”. Jis net neturėjo teisės vadintis savo tikruoju vardu ir pavarde. Smolenske jį pažinojo kaip Ivaną Aleksandrovičių Bogomolovą. Darbas spaustuvėje buvo taip pat susietas su konspiracija. Kartą laikraščio “Komunistas” paskutiniame puslapyje buvo išspauzdintas Smolensko miesto ir spaustuvės pavadinimas. Atvykęs iš Maskvos leidyklos vadovas Z. Angarietis perpyko: “Kur tavo protas užpoulė jis A.Sniečkų - dėti spaustuvės ir miesto pvadinimus į laikraštį, kuris nelegaliai siunčiamas į Lietuvą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1924 m. A.Sniečkus tapo Z. Angariečio pavaduotoju. Tai buvo partijoje pirmos atsakingos pareigos, pravėrusios jam politinės karjeros duris. 1925 m. įstojo į Maskvos Plechanovo liaudies ūkio institutą, tuo pačiu metu dirbdamas LKP atstovybėje prie Kominterno vykdomojo komiteto. Įvikiai, kardinaliai pakeitę A. Sniečkaus gyvenimą, prasidėjo 1926 m. gruody Lietuvoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po keturių LKP vadovų sušaudymo, siekdama sustiprinti Lietuvos komunistų organizacinį  branduolį, Maskva nelegaliam darbui į Lietuvą pasiuntė keletą ištikimų žmonių tarp jų ir A. Sniečkų. Nelegaliai perėjęs sieną, 1927 m. sausio 6 d. jis buvo kooptuotas į LKP CK narius ir išrinktas LKP CK sekretoriato nariu, atsakingu už agitacinį - propogandinį ir organizacinį darbą. Praktiškai tai buvo pirmojo sekretoriaus funkcijos, nors iki 1936 m. visi partiniai reikalai buvo tvarkomi kolegialiai. 1936 m. jis buvo išrinktas LKP CK pirmuoju sekretorumi ir su maža pertrauka išbuvo juo iki 1974 m.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prasidėjo ypač neramus ir sunkus gyvenimo laikotarpis. Lietuvos komunstų partija, smerkianti Lietuvos neprikalusomybę ir nepripažįstanti Konstitucijos, dirbanti svetimos valstybės naudai, buvo paskelbta už įstatymo ribų ir nuolat persekiojama. To neišvengė ir A. Sniečkus, - jam teko kalėti 1930 - 1933 m. (nuteistas 15 metų, bet iškeistas į Lietuvos politinius kalinius Tarybų Sąjungoje), 1939. XII - 1940. VI (nuteistas 8 metams, išlaisvintas Raudonosio armijos). Spėjama, kad paskutinį kalinimą A. Sniečkus pasirinko pats.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau ne mažesnis pvojus LKP 4 - to dešimtmečio pabaigoje ėmė grėsti iš TSRS. Kylanti masinių komunistų represijų banga atsirado iki suverenių valstybių komunistų partijų. 1937 m. gegužės 21 d. A. Sniečkus su sovo kolegomis buvo iškviestas į Maskvą. Kominterno vykdomajame komitete buvo priimta rezoliucija “Organizaciniu klausimu “, numatanti visų LKP CK grandžių , LKP rajonų bei Kauno mieto komiteto “patikrinimą” ir “apvalimą”. Terminas - 6 mėnesiai. Konfidencialiame pakalbyje su vienu iš Kominterno sekretorių M. Triliseriu A. Sniečkui buvo “pasiūlyta” nutraukti visusu ryšius su daugeliu Lietuvos komunistų. Tarp jų buvo ir LKP CK II sekretoriaus I. Meskupas. A. Sniečkus bandė prieštarauti, tačiau tai nepadėjo. “Per daug savimi pasitiki”, - pasakęs M. Triliseris.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Taip mes ir išsiskyrėme, - vėliau prisiminęs A. Sniečkus. - Grįžęs į Lietuvą , turėjau pagal visas partinės drausmės ir konspiracijos taisykles pradėti vykdyti Triliserio pasiūlymą. Bet patinė sažinė neleido man šito daryti. Pasikamavęs pora savaičių, nutariau niekam nieko nesakyti ir toliau jais dirbau”.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-20 17:19:45',62,'','2010-08-20 17:27:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 17:19:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,105,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1356,'Knygnešiai','knygneiai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tuojau po 1863 m. sukilimo numalšinimo caro valdžia uždraudė lietuvišką spaudą, ir šis draudimas truko ligi 1904 m. Vilniaus generalgubernatorius M. Muravjovas, pasižymėjęs nepaprastu žiaurumu malšinant sukilimą, 1864 m. birželio 5 d. įsakė Vilniaus cenzūros komitetui neleisti spausdinti lietuviškų knygų lotyniškais rašmenimis, kurie lietuvių raštijoje buvo vartojami jau kelis šimtmečius. Kitas Vilniaus generalgubernatorius, K. Kaufmanas, 1865 m. rugsėjo 6 d. įsakė Vilniaus cenzūros komitetui sekti, kad visos lietuviškos knygos būtų spausdinamos tik rusišku raidynu. Taip pat buvo draudžiama lietuviškus leidinius įvežti į Lietuvą iš užsienio ir platinti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tuojau po spaudos draudimo lietuviški leidiniai lotyniškais rašmenimis pradėti spausdinti Rytų Prūsijoje ir slapta gabenami į Lietuvą. Atsirado knygnešių profesija, steigėsi slaptos knygų platinimo ir leidimo draugijos, kuopelės. Viena tokia draugija, įkurta visoje Lietuvoje išgarsėjusio knygnešio Jurgio Bielinio (1846 – 1918).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Knygnešio” sąvoka dabartiniu metu mums reiškia ne tik kovotoją dėl lietuviškos spaudos laisvės XIX a. antrojoje pusėje, - ji yra įgijusi ir platesnę prasmę. Spaudos draudimui priešinosi daug žmonių ir jų kovos formos buvo ryškiausios, todėl ilgainiui knygnešys tautai ėmė simbolizuoti atkaklumą, ryžtą, pasiaukojimą Tėvynei.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visus knygnešius pirmiausia bene tiktų skirstyti į profesionalus ir mėgėjus. Profesionalais vadintume tuos, kurie knygnešyste vertėsi nuolat ir iš to gyveno, papildydami savo pajamas dar iš kokio nors verslo. Mėgėjais laikytini tie asmenys, kurie knygnešyste užsiėmė epizodiškai, kiti net atsitiktinai arba knygas gabeno per sieną kartu su kita kontrabanda.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Profesionalus knygnešys visas tris funkcijas atlikdavo pats arba bent dvi pirmąsias. Buvo profesionalų, dirbančių vienoje kurioje srityje. Trečią profesionalų grupę sudarė įvairūs kromelninkai, škaplierninkai ir kiti asmenys, turintys leidimus smulkiajai prekybai; daugeliui jų draudžiama knyga buvo spekuliacijos ir pasipelnymo objektas. Jie labai dažnai įskųsdavo caro žandarams asmenis, platinančius knygas dėl patriotinių motyvų ir pardavinėjančius jas mažesne kaina.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Norint konkrečiau knygnešius įvardyti, būtų galima vartoti tris sąvokas: knygnešys, knygų platintojas ir knygos bičiulis. Knygnešius dar būtų galima skirstyti ir pagal kitus kriterijus. Pavyzdžiui, vieni platino tik religinę literatūrą, antri – vadinamąją komercinę, treti – tautinio Atgimimo, tautinio sąjūdžio leidinius, ketvirti nevengė ir revoliucinių, socialdemokratinių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasienio gyventojams kontrabanda buvo tiesiog gyvenimo būdas. Pasienio vietovių bernai, samdydamiesi ūkininkui, susiderėdavo tam tikrą laisvų dienų skaičių, kad galėtų “nueiti į Prūsus”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jauniems vyrukams žygis į Prūsus parsinešant kokį nors daiktelį ar gražiai įrištą maldaknygę savo merginai buvo gal net vyriškumo šaunumo reikalas. Taigi konkretizuojant knygnešio veiklos motyvus, tuojau susiduriame su dviem galingomis jėgomis – tradicija ir komercija.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-20 17:28:34',62,'','2010-08-20 17:32:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 17:28:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,104,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1357,'Istorijos špera egzaminui','istorijos-pera-egzaminui','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-20 17:38:16',62,'','2010-08-20 17:40:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 17:38:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,103,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1358,'Napoleono valdymas','napoleono-valdymas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Napoleonas Bonapartas (1769 - 1821) - generolas, I konsulas, Imperatorius (1804), Italijos karalius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuo 1785 m. tarnavo Prancūzijos kariuomenėje. Už nuopelnus N. buvo suteiktas generolo 1794 m. laipsnis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1795 m. spalio mėn. Kilus monachistų maištui Konventas pasiūlė Bonapartui jį numalšinti. Napoleonas turėdamas kelis kartus mažesnę kariuomenę susitvarkė su užduotimi. Vėliau paskirtas Paryžiaus įgulos vadu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1795 paskelbta nauja konstitucija, išrinktas naujas, įstatymų leidžiamasis susirinkimas, Vykdomoji valdžia perduota į asmenų Direktorijai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1796 Napoleonui buvo patikėta armija, turėjusi kautis su austrais Š. Italijoje. Jo vadovaujama armija sutriuškino austrų pajėgas. Gegužės mėn. Pergalė ties Lodi, Prancūzijos kariuomenė užėmė Milaną, vėliau įsiveržė į Austriją. Prancūzija virto galingiausia Europos kontinento valstybe.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1798 07 - Bonapartas išsilaipina Aleksandrijoje. Nelsonas sutriuškina Prancūzijos laivus.  Prancūzijai paskelbia karą Turkija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1798 - II antiprancūziška koalicija. Dž. Britanija, Austrija, Rusija, Turkija ir Neapolio kar.  Prancūzų kariuomenė išstumta iš Reino sr. Taip pat rusai sumuša prancūzus Š. Italijoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1799 11 09 - Napoleonas perima valdžią Prancūzijoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1800 - valstybės bankas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-20 17:41:18',62,'','2010-08-20 17:46:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 17:41:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,102,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1359,'Religijos raida','religijos-raida','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-20 17:47:18',62,'','2010-08-20 17:48:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 17:47:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,101,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1360,'Versalio taikos  sutartis 1919 06 28','versalio-taikos-sutartis-1919-06-28','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visos valstybės, dominijos arba kolonijos  gali tapti Sąjungos nariais, jeigu už jų priėmimą pasisakys du trečdaliai Asamblėjos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sąjungos veiklą, kaip ji nustatyta šiame Statute, įgyvendina asamblėja ir Taryba, prie kurių yra nuolatinis Sekretoriatas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Asamblėją sudaro Sąjungos narių atstovai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Asamblėja renkasi nustatytu laiku ir, jeigu to reikalauja aplinkybės, bet kuriuo kitu metu</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sąjungos būstinėje arba kitoje paskirtoje vietoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Asamblėja svarsto visus klausimus, kurie įeina į Sąjungos veikimo sfera arba liečia visuotinę taiką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienas Sąjungos narys gali turėti asamblėjoje ne daugiau kaip tris atstovus ir turi tik vieną balsą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tarybą sudaro Svarbiausiųjų Sąjunginių ir Susivienijusių valstybių (JAV, Didžioji Britanija, Prancūzija, Italija, Japonija)   atstovai, taip pat kitų keturių Sąjungos narių atstovai. Tuos keturis Sąjungos narius skiria Asamblėja savo nuožiūra ir tada, kai ji panorės. Iki pirmo asamblėjos paskyrimo, Belgijos, Brazilijos, Ispanijos ir Graikijos atstovai yra tarybos nariai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Asamblėjos daugumai pritarus, taryba gali paskirti kitus Sąjungos narius, kurių atstovavimas Taryboje bus nuo to laiko nuolatinis.Ji gali, esant tokiam pritarimui, padidinti skaičių sąjungos narių, kuriuos išrinks asamblėja, kad jie būtų atstovaujami Tarybai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taryba renkasi, kai to reikalauja aplinkybės, ne rečiau kaip kartą per metus sąjungos būstinėje arba kitoje paskirtoje vietoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taryba svarsto visus klausimus, įeinančius į Sąjungos veikimo sferą arba liečiančius visuotinę taiką.<br />Kiekvienas Sąjungos narys, neatstovaujamas Taryboje, kviečiamas atsiųsti dalyvauti joje atstovą, kai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taryboje svarstomas klausimas, ypač liečiantis jų interesus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienas Sąjungos narys, atstovaujamas Taryboje, turi tik vieną balsą ir tik vieną atstovą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiek tai nėra aiškiai priešinga šio Statuto nutarimams arba šios Sutarties nuostatams, Asamblėjos arba Tarybos nutarimus vienbalsiai priima sąjungos nariai, atstovaujami Asamblėjoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sąjungos buveinės vieta nustatoma Ženeva.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sąjungos nariai supranta, kad, norint išsaugoti taiką, reikia apriboti nacionalinį ginklavimąsi iki minimumo, suderinamo su nacionaliniu saugumu ir įvykdymu tarptautinių įsipareigojimų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taryba atsižvelgdama į kiekvienos valstybės geografinę padėtį ir ypatingas sąlygas, rengia tokio apribojimo skirtingoms vyriausybėms planus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sąjungos nariai įsipareigoja keistis atvirai ir išsamiai visomis informacijomis, kurios liečia jų apsiginklavimo lygius, jų karines jūrų ir oro programas ir tų pramonės šakų, kurios gali būti panaudotos karui, padėtį.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-20 17:49:28',62,'','2010-08-20 17:55:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 17:49:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,100,'','',0,61,'robots=\nauthor='),(1361,'1387 m. vasario 1 d. Jogailos privilegija Vilniaus vyskupui','1387-m-vasario-1-d-jogailos-privilegija-vilniaus-vyskupui','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vilniaus vyskupystės sostą nutarėme įkurti, apdovanojome žemiau pažymėtais turtais ir valdomis. Taigi duodame, teikiame, įjungiame ir dovanojame amžinu ir neatšaukiamu dovanojimu tai bažnyčiai ir jos vyskupui, kuris tik bus, mūsų Tauragnų pilį su prie jos prieinančia sritimi ir Labanoro ir Molėtų kaimais, o taip pat Dambrovno sritį, taip visiškai ir pilnai ir tokia teise ir tokiu būdu, kuriuo seniau tą sritį laikė ir valdė mūsų ištikimas Vaidila, ir Verkių bei Bokšto sritis, esančias mūsų Lietuvos ir Rusios žemėse, ir sodą prie mūsų Vilniaus miesto, kuris yra prie Goštauto sodo, tarp vieno kalno į pietų pusę ir kelio, einančio apie Vilnių ir upę vakaruose, -mes duodame su visais atskirais kaimais, mokesčiais, nauda, pajamomis, vaisiais, pelnais, teisėmis, valdomis, laukais, pievomis, lygumomis, ganyklomis, giriomis, miškais, ąžuolynais, krūmais, šilais, krūmokšniais, miškeliais, pušynais, bitynais, žvėrių ir paukščių medžioklėmis, ežerais ir tvenkiniais, žuvynais, pelkėmis, malūnais, vandenimis ir jų srovėmis, perkalais, kurie žmonių kalba vadinami „jazi”, žūklavimais ir visu tuo, kas su jais susieta, nuomos pajamomis, visokiais pelnais ir priklausomybėmis, kurios tuo ar kitu būdu priklauso pačiai Tauragnu piliai Labanoro ir Molėtų kaimams ir minėtoms sritims, kokiais vardais besivadintu, be jokių išimčių, kaip jos aprėžtos ir atskirtos savo ribomis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visa tai duodame ta pučia teise ir valdymu, kuriomis tą Tauragnų pilį ir Labanoro ir Molėtų kaimus, taip pat minėtąsias sritis mes ir mūsų protėviai laikėme, iki šiol turėjome ir dabar valdome, nepasilikdami jokios teisės, jokio valdymo, jokios nuosavybės į visa tai, būtent į pilį, kaimus ir sritis, nei sau, nei savo įpėdiniams. Be to, minėtajai bažnyčiai ir jos vyskupui, kurie tik bus, priskiriame ir nuosavybėn atiduodame dalį mūsų Vilniaus miesto su sklypais ir namais, ir namų gyventojais, ir visomis priklausomybėmis. Atiduodamą miesto dalį skiria iš vienos pusės takas, einąs nuo Vilniaus pilies tiesiog į kalną pro dešinę pusę Vilniaus miestiečio Češkaus namų, paliesdamas mažųjų brolių [pranciškonų] namus, ir kelias, kuris eina iš kitos pusės to paties Češkaus namų, esančių ties pylimu ir šv. Mikalojaus bažnyčios šventoriumi ir tęsiasi ir apima iš kairės pusės iki kelio, einančio į Trakų pilį ir nuo kitų miesto dalių atskiria minėtojo Češkaus namus su priklausančiais jiems sklypais ir sodu, kurie įeina į tą [vyskupo] miesto dalį... Be to, davėme ir paskyrėme iš pilnumo savo karališkos didenybės tam pačiam vyskupui mūsų mūrinius namus, esančius Vilniaus pilies sienų ribose, su kitais 4 mediniais namais ir 2 sklypais, esančiais prie pačios pilies mūsų, kurių vienas yra į tvarto pusę, kitas į šaltinio pusę, dalydamas tą šaltinį pusiau; abu [sklypai] per vidurį nusitęsia. Taip pat duodame ir suteikiame tam pačiam vyskupui pilną ir visokeriopą teisę ant aukščiau minėtų sklypų namams statyti, talpinti, įtaisyti didesnei naudai ir naudojimui, kaip jam patogiau pagal laisvą jo valią. Be to, norime ir nutariame, kad dažnai minėtasis tos bažnyčios vyskupas, kuris tik bus, savo stalo reikalams imtų ir gautų būsimais amžinais laikais iš mūsų perkalo, esančio Nemuno upėje, žmonių kalba vadinamo „jaz”, dešimtinę žuvų kiekvienos veislės ir rūšies. Tam, kad tai, kas aukščiau buvo pasakyta, įgautų amžino tvirtumo galią, šiuos žodžius įsakome padaryti sustiprintus mūsų antspaudo patvirtinimu. Sudaryta Vilniuje, artimiausią sekmadienį prieš gavėnią 1387 viešpaties metais.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-20 20:19:36',62,'','2010-08-20 20:24:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 20:19:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,99,'','',0,47,'robots=\nauthor='),(1362,'Renesanso asmenybės: Renesanso epocha Lietuvoje','renesanso-asmenybs-renesanso-epocha-lietuvoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">,,Nuomonės dėl Renesanso sąvokos mažiau skiriasi, kaip dėl humanizmo. Ir tai kai kurie tarybiniai autoriai mano Renesansą prasidėjus Kinijoje VIII - XII amžiais, o Rytų šalyse - Gruzijoje ir Armėnijoje XII - XIII amžiais. Tai reikia laikyti nesusipratimu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Italijoje Renesanso epocha buvo XIV - XVI a., kitose šalyse - XV - XVI a., Lietuvoje XVI a. - XVII a. pirmojoje pusėje. Pirmasis Renesanso (rinascila - atgimimo) terminą pavartojo italų tapytojas ir meno istorikas Dž. Vazaris (1511 - 1574 m.). Vėliau jį perėmė prancūzų literatūros ir meno istorikai ir įvesdino į visuotinę istoriją. Renesansas nevirto abstrakčiu terminu, taikomu bet kur ir bet kada. Tokiu su epocha nesusijusiu terminu pasidarė humanizmas.”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">,,Humanizmu vadiname istoriškai susiklosčiusią visuomeninės minties kryptį, kuri aukština ir žadina kūrybinius žmogaus privalumus, gina asmens laisvę, skatina visuomeniniuose santykiuose kovą dėl bendražmogiškų dorovės principų. Ir štai koks paradoksas: už humanizmą kaip didelę žmonių bendravimo vertybę stoja ne tik išnaudojamieji ir engiamieji, bet ir jų valdovai. Viešpataujančiosios klasės arba jų viršūnės, esančios kapitalistinių valstybių valdžioje, savo biurokratines, despotiškas, fiziniu ir dvasiniu smurtu pagrįstas priemones skelbia humaniškomis, nes jos tarnaujančios ne individų užgaidoms ir jų aistroms, o tautų kultūrai ir liaudies gerovei. Atrodo, kad humanizmą drauge su laisve ir demokratija gina visi, neišskiriant nė vergvaldžių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Individo santykius su visuomene didžiąja dalimi lemia viešpataujančios socialinės jėgos. Jos formuoja visuomeninę sąmonę, slopina ir tvarko žmogaus instinktus, prigimties potraukius, transformuoja dorovę, o tas jėgas atitinkanti valdžios politika stengiasi piliečius auklėti propaguodama vienokį ar kitokį gyvenimo būdą, grindžiamą ideologija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Humanizmas - Renesanso laikų pasaulėžiūra. Tai vaisius epochos, turinčios savo pradžią ir pabaigą, tačiau jis drauge su epocha neišnyko. Jį paveldi arba bent stengiasi paveldėti kitų epochų žmonės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Renesansas Europos kultūros istorijoje buvo nauja epocha, pakeitusi senąją viduramžių kultūrą. Šis pokytis buvo audringas, jis palietė visas sudedamąsias kultūros dalis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Renesanso sąvoką sukūrė gimstančios buržuazinės visuomenės ideologai. Jie teigė, kad visas istorijos laikotarpis, prasidėjęs po Romos imperijos žlugimo, yra aukštos antikinės kultūros smukimas ir kad jų veikla reiškia tos kultūros atgimimą.”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">,,Humanistai - Renesanso epochos ideologai, kurie buvo suinteresuoti įtaka svetimiems kraštams ir kartu savosios šalies gerove. Jie iš klasikinės senovės paėmė nepriklausomą nuo religijos filosofiją, mokslą, apimantį visas pažinimo sritis. Humanistai buvo individualistai. Politinių programų jie nesudarinėjo ir griauti valstybės valdžios savo šalininkų neragino. Betgi pati jų pasaulėžiūra, žmonių santykius grindžianti laisvo sandėrio principu, buvo miestietiška, atitinkanti ankstyvuosius buržuazijos siekimus, ir griovė feodalinę ideologiją. Humanistai neniekino dvasininkų, į jų veiklą žiūrėjo kaip į visuomeninę tarnybą, kaip į pilietines pareigas, atliekamas pagal išmanymą, o ne pagal bažnyčios dogmas ir kanonus. Veikdami pagal savo protą ir sąžinę, humanistai darėsi eretikais, pragyvenimo ieškančiais didikų dvaruose. Nemažai humanistų, turinčių dvasininko įšventinimus, eidavo į didikų dvarus mokytojais ar sekretoriais.”</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-20 20:26:21',62,'','2010-08-20 20:32:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 20:26:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,98,'','',0,166,'robots=\nauthor='),(1363,'Liublino unija','liublino-unija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai Livonija Pasvaly padarė su Lietuva sutartį, Jonas IV tuojau paskelbė Livonijai karą.1559 m. Livonijai pasidavus Zigmantui Augustui, Lietuva stojo jos ginti. 1560 m. prasidėjęs karas dėl Livonijos nesisekė ir užtraukė didelių nelaimių visai Lietuvai.1562 m. pasibaigė anksčiau su Maskva padarytos paliaubos ,ir milžiniška jos kariuomenė įsiveržė į pačią Lietuvą ir užgrobė Polocką.Tuo būdu Makva jau prisiartino prie etnografinių Lietuvos žemių.Bet toliau eiti jau nebesisekė: hetmonas Mikalojus Radvila smarkiai sumušė caro kariuomenę ties Ula.Tačiau lietuviai nebepajėgė nei Polocko atsiimti, nei išvaryti caro kariuomenės iš rytinės Livonijos dalies.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuolatinis pavojus karo su Maskva vertė lietuvius nesišalinti per daug nuo Lenkijos ir sudaryti su ja naują sąjungos sutarys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Svarbiausia aplinkybė,  kuri neleido Lietuvai nutolti nuo Lenkijos,buvo Maskvos pavojus ir Lenkų paramos viltis.Be to, glaudžiam susiartinimui su Lenki- ja ir unijos susidarymui jau buvo ir padedamųjų aplinkybių: to meto Lietuvos didikai, bendraudami su lenkais, jau buvo aplenkėję, su jais susigiminiavę, todėl jiems nebuvo lengva nutraukti ryšius su lenkais.Apie savos tautiškosios kultūros kėlimą retai kas tegalvojo.Vidutinioji bajorija taip pat jau buvo gana aplenkėjusi.O be to, mūsų bajoriją visuomet viliote viliojo didelės lenkų bajorų laisvės.Tuo tarpu lenkai žūt būt troško įgyti teisių įsikurti Lietuvoje: juos ypač viliojo turtingoji Ukraina priklausanti LDK.Be to, lenkams kėlė nerimą Žygimanto Augusto senatvė, sosto įpėdinio klausimas, nes karalius buvo bevaikis.Lenkijai grėsė ir pavojus iš Turkijos. Tad, kai Lietuva prašydavo lenkus paramos prieš Maskvą, jie visuomet buvo unijos klausimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1562 m. rugsėjo 13 d. Karo stovykloje prie Vitebsko LDK bajorai surašė aktą, reikalaujantį unijos, ir įteikė jį Žygimantui Augustui. Akte bajorai prašė sušaukti bendrą seimą unijos klausimui spręsti. Bajorai pareiškė, kad jie nori seimuose kartu su lenkų bajorais spręsti valstybinius reikalus, bendrai rinkti valdovą naudotis vienodomis teisėmis ir laisvėmis, bendrai gintis nuo priešų. Kitaip negu bajorai, Lietuvos didikai nenorėjo tokios glaudžios unijos: jie siekė sudaryti tokią sąjungą, kuri užtikrintų Lietuvai karinę Lenkijos paramą, bet paliktų Lietuvai savarankiškumą. Lenkų ponai LDK norėjo prisijungti privincijos teisėmis. Pats Žygimantas Augustas buvo glaudžios abiejų valstybių unijos šalininkas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-20 20:33:56',62,'','2010-08-20 20:40:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-20 20:33:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,97,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1364,'Pasaulinė informacinė infrastruktūra','pasaulin-informacin-infrastruktra','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiuo metu visuomenėje vykstantys informaciniai procesai įgyja vis didesnį mastą. Informacija tapo preke, turinčia savo vertę ir kainą. Ji ne tik perkama ir parduodama, bet ir kuriama. Nors vakarų šalyse šie procesai vyksta jau ne be pirmą dešimtmetį, tačiau Rytų Europoje jie tik dabar įgauna “antrąjį kvėpavimą”. Pokario metais sukurta centralizuoto informacinio aprūpinimo sistema, devintojo dešimtmečio pabaigoje, žlugus planinei ekonomikai, prarado savo aktualumą. Visa informacinė infrastruktūra buvo orientuota į industrinius procesus vykstančius visuomenėje, tačiau pakitus jų vystymosi krypčiai, sukurtoji informacinio aprūpinimo sistema atsidūrė aklavietėje. Ši sistema turėjo arba regeneruoti, arba išvis nustoti egzistavusi. Daugeliu atvejų susikūrė naujos informacinės tarnybos, o buvę informacijos centrai tapo verslo informacijos centrais, t.y. ėmė orientuotis į tą sritį, kurios specialistai gali ne tik tinkamai įvertinti informaciją, bet ir ją nupirkti. Šis pavyzdys rodo, kad šalyse, kuriose socialiniai, ekonominiai, istoriniai bei kiti procesai vyko labai skirtingai, informaciniai procesai vis dėl to vystėsi beveik adekvačiai. Skiriasi laikotarpiai, problemos bei jų sprendimo būdai, tačiau patys informacinės raidos principai, idėjos išlieka tapatūs.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Plečiantis informacijos srautui, tapo būtina jį apdoroti ir padaryti priimtiną kiekvienam vartotojui. Jei su rašytinių informacijos laikmenų srautu, pasitelkdami įvairias technologijas, šiuo metu dar susidoroja tam paruošti specialistai - bibliotekininkai, tai naujo tipo informacijos laikmenų srautams apdoroti reikalingi kitokio pobūdžio specialistai. Šiems specialistams - informacijos menedžeriams - keliami paqkankamai aukšti reikalavimai. Pagrindinę vietą turi užimti ne techniniai, bet valdymo - organizaciniai įgūdžiai. Informacijos menedžeris yra tarsi tarpinė grandis tarp informacijos vartotojų ir programinės įrangos specialistų - programuotojų. Jis ne tik turi sugebėti išspręti tiek technines, tiek vartotojiškas problemas, bet ir visuomet stengtis jas aplenkti. Informacijos resursų valdymo menas - informacijos menedžmentas - įgalina jį išspręsti ir šį uždavinį. Informacijos menedžeris ne tik renka, saugo analizuoja, vartoja informaciją, organizuoja informacinius resursus, bet, - ir svarbiausia - priima sprendimus, pagrįstus informacija. Vienas iš svarbiausių informacijos menedžerio uždavinių yra ne tik naudotis jau esama informacija, bet ir kurti naują, užtikrinant jos panaudojimą. Tatai parodo, jog informacijos mendžmentas yra socialinio pobūdžio reiškinys. Jis yra orientuotas į visuomenę, jos poreikių tenkinimą. Informacijos laisvė yra viena iš būtiniausių demokratijos sąlygų, jos garantas, o tikslingai orientuota informacijos mendžerių veikla, kuriant Pasaulinę Informacinę Infrastruktūrą, yra vienas iš šiandienos uždavinių. Šis referatas yra skirtas apžvelgti informacijos mendžmentą, kaip būtiną Pasaulinės Informacinės Infrastruktūros kūrimo sąlygą, bei detalizuoti pačią Pasaulinės Informacinės Infrastruktūros sampratą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,55,'2010-08-24 07:48:17',62,'','2010-08-24 07:52:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 07:48:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1365,'Komunikavimo pagrindai','komunikavimo-pagrindai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Komunikacijos procesas ir jo elementai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">KOMUNIKACIJA yra procesas, kurio metu keičiamasi informacija bendros simbolių, ženklų ir elgesio sistemos pagalba. Sėkmingos komunikacijos šerdis – informacijos pateikimo tikslumas bei jos interpretavimo adekvatumas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinės bendravimo funkcijos:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Komunikacinė (informacijos perdavimas, pasikeitimas žiniomis, patirtimi, taip pat informacijos priėmimas ir suvokimas); Reguliacinė (manipuliacinė)(įtaka kitiems, daroma jų elgesiui, aktyvumui, požiūriams, nuostatoms); Kontaktinė (santykių palaikymo, savitarpio supratimo, pasikeitimo nuomonėmis).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Komunikacijos proceso elementai: pranešimas, gavėjas, siuntėjas, grįžtamasis ryšys, filtras. Komunikaciniai įgūdžiai yra svarbūs karjerai, nes: 1. Padeda gauti norimą darbą; 2. Padidina galimybes būti paaukštintam; 3. Padeda suburti efektyvią komandą; 4. Padeda įgyvendinti sprendimus; 5. Pagerina asmeninį ir profesinį gyvenimą; 6. Padeda tobulėti; Sėkmingos komunikacijos šerdis – informacijos pateikimo tikslumas bei jos interpretavimo adekvatumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,55,'2010-08-24 07:53:27',62,'','2010-08-24 07:57:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 07:53:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,48,'robots=\nauthor='),(1366,'A. Augustinaitis “Informacijos menedžmentas: aksiomos ir teoremos” Straipsnio informatyvusis ir indikacinis referatai','a-augustinaitis-informacijos-menedmentas-aksiomos-ir-teoremos-straipsnio-informatyvusis-ir-indikacinis-referatai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informatyvusis referatas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiuo metu jau galima kalbėti apie konceptualų IM pamatą, diskutuoti apie IM plėtotės kryptis ar bent aspektus. IM žymiai aktualesnis ten, kur labai išvystyta ekonomika, karinis kompleksas, ryškūs geopolitiniai interesai ir jų reprezentavimo formos. IM samprata ten orientuota į visų informacijos išteklių ir komunikacijos ryšių visumą ir jų organizavimą skirtingose srityse. IM tampa priemone, leidžiančia integruoti materialius, žmogiškuosius, technologinius, organizacinius, kultūrinius veiksnius, kūrybinius procesus, inovacijas ir kt. bei panaudoti jų visumą organizavimo efektyvumui didinti ir tuo įtvirtinti strategines pozicijas. IM suprantamas kaip universali vadybos priemonė. Galimi IM modeliai, skirti visuomenės valdymui, verslui, gamybai, komercijai, politikai, kultūrai, mokslui ir pan., net pačiai informacinei veiklai. IM tiesiogiai sietinas su v visuomenės informacinės infrastruktūros plėtote ir vadinamosios informacinės visuomenės kūrimo tendencijomis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">\"Aksiomos\"</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">IM kaip organizavimo sociologija. IM aspektu bet koks socialinis organizavimas pirmiausiai reiškia vienokius ar kitokius žmonių ryšius. IM visada atskleidžia žmonių, daiktų ir laikmenų ryšius organizavimo procese. Jis apima ne tik formaliųjų pozicijų valdymą, kaip įprasta klasikiniame menedžmente, bet ir milžinišką sluoksnį po jomis slypinčių neformalių ryšių, kurių organizavimas lemia formaliosios vadybos turinį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">IM ir informacijos komunikacijos technologijų (IKT) lygiagretumas. IM neatsiejamas nuo IKT plėtotės ir vystomas jų pamatu. IM orientuotas į pačią informaciją ir jos valdymą. IM lygmenys. IM modeliuojamas vertikaliu ir horizontaliu lygmenimis, kurie žymi IM kompetencijos hierarchiją ir ribas. Vertikaliu lygmeniu IM skirstomas į aukščiausios, vidurinės ir žemesniosios grandies menedžmentą, o horizontaliu - į mažų, vidutinių ir didelių organizacijų, teritorinių junginių, regioninių darinių, valstybės. Galima būtų dar išskirti profilius – vidinius (organizacinį, technologinį, ekonominį, finansų, personalo ir kt.) ir išorinius (viešųjų ryšių, marketingo, reklamos, įvaizdžio kūrimo ir kt.).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,55,'2010-08-24 07:58:22',62,'','2010-08-24 08:01:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 07:58:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1367,'Komunikacijos procesas','komunikacijos-procesas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Komunikacija įvyksta bendraujant siuntėjui ir gavėjui. Komunikacija gali vykti viena kryptimi, ten ir baigtis. Arba pranešimu iš gavėjo galima išgauti atsakymą formaliai vadinamą grįžtamuoju ryšiu. Siuntėjas, arba pranešimo šaltinis (komunikacijos iniciatorius) pradeda komunikacijos procesą. Tai tas asmuo, kuris turi informacijos, poreikių ar norų ir siekia juos perduoti vienam ar daugiau žmonių. Gavėjas yra asmuo, kuris suvokia siuntėjo pranešimą. Gali būti daug gavėjų pvz. kai pranešimas adresuojamas visiems organizacijos ar kolektyvo nariams; gali būti ir vienintelis gavėjas,kai kas nors aptarinėjama su kolega asmeniškai. Užkodavimas įvyksta tuomet, kai informacija kurią reikia perduoti, siuntėjas paverčia simbolių seka. Kadangi komunikacijos procesas neapsieina be kodavimo, tai siuntėjas siekia nustatyti abiems pusėms suprantamą reikšmių sistemą ir parinkti tokius simbolius (gestus ir žodžius), kurie jo manymu ir gavėjui turi tokią pat reikšmę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">4 komunikacijos proceso aspektai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skirtingas suvokimas - tai vienas iš labiausiai įprastų barjerų, trukdančių efektingai komunikacijai. Žmonės, kurių skirtingas išsilavinimas ar žinių lygis gažnai tuos pačius reiškinius suvokia nevienodai. Kalbiniai skirtumai dažnai yra glaudžiai susiję su individualas suvokimo skirtumais. Kad būtų galima efektingai perduoti pranešimą, vartojami žodžiai turi turėti tą pačią reikšmę ir siuntėjui ir gavėjui. Siekiama išvengti skirtingo tų pačių dalykų supratimo, pranešimas turi būti pateikiamas taip, kad jį galėtų suprasti skirtingo patyrimo ir pažiūrų žmonės. Siekiant įveikti kalbinius skirtumus, labai naudinga paprašyti gavėją, kad jis patvirtintų ar savaip suformuluotų pagrindinius pranešimo motyvus. Reikia skatinti informacijos gavėjus pateikti klausimus ir taip išsiaiškinti neaiškius momentus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Emocinės reakcijos – pyktis, meilė, savigyna, neapykanta, pavydas, baimė, varžymasis turi įtakos mūsų supratimui, t.y, kaip mes suprantame kitų žinias ir kokį poveikį mes darome kitiems perduodami savo pranešimus. Geriausias požiūris į emocijas būtų laikyti jas komunikacijos proceso dalimi ir stengtis suprasti, kai dėl jų kyla problemų. Prieštaringa žodinė ir nežodinė komunikacija – dažniausiai apie šnekamąją ar rašytinę kalbą galvojame kaip apie tiesioginės komunikacijos priemonę, tačiau mūsų siunčiamas žinias stipriai veikia tokie nežodiniai veiksniai, kaip kūno kalba, drabužiai, atstumas nuo žmogaus su kuriuo kalbame, mūsų poza, veido išraiška, akių judesiai bei kūno sąlytis. Pagrindinė priemonė komunikacijos prieštaravimams įveikti - žinoti apie juos ir rūpestingai saugotis, kad nebūtų siunčiami klaidingi pranešimai. Nepasitikėjimas - gavėjo pasitikėjimas ar nepasitikėjimas pranešimu - tai daugiausia siuntėjo patikimumo gavėjo mintyse atspindys. Siuntėjo patikimumą veikia aplinkybės, kuriomis jis ar ji siunčia žinią.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,55,'2010-08-24 08:01:28',62,'','2010-08-24 08:05:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 08:01:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,5,'','',0,89,'robots=\nauthor='),(1368,'Informacijos sistemos špera','informacijos-sistemos-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacijos sistemos samprata, paskirtis, pavyzdžiai, tipai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">IS tikslas - užtikrinti efektyvų inf-jos panaudojimą organizacijoje, aprūpinti ją tikslia ir pilna informacija, užtikrinančia įmonės reikmes priimant valdymo sprendimus. Galima išskirti kelis IS tipus, priklausomai nuo jų įtakos (teikiamos pagalbos), įmonės funkcionavimo: 1. Duomenų apdorojimo sistema (DAS). DAS-tai informacijos sistema, apdorojanti didelius informacijos kiekius, atspindinčius elementarius organizacijoje vykstančius procesus. 2. Informacinė valdymo sistema (IVS). IVS - išplėsta DAS. Jos tikslas ne tik registruoti ir kaupti informaciją, bet ir aprūpinti reikiama informacija vadybininkus bei kitus tam tikrų procesų valdymą užtikrinančius asmenis. Ši informacija dažniausiai būna labiau struktūrizuota, apibendrinta, pateikiama abstraktesnėje formoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacijos sistema, kaip tam tikros organizacijos (darbinės sistemos) dalis: 1. Žmonės registruojantys, apdorojantys ir naudojantys informaciją. 2. Informacija apie darbą, kurį vykdo žmonės ir tam tikra technologija. 3. Formatuoti duomenys, tekstai, vaizdai, garsai. 4. Informacinė įranga, algoritminė įranga. Tikslai, veiksmai ir objektai: trys probleminės srities tyrimo aspektai. Reikalavimai veiksmų, tikslų ir objektų modeliavimo priemonės. Tiriant probleminę sritį tikslų aspektu tenka atsakyti į klausimus: kokie organizacijos egzistavimo tikslai? Ko siekia organizacijos žmonės? Kokios organizacijos veiksmų vykdymo garantijos (perspektyvos)? Analizuodami organizaciją tikslų aspektu, nustatome probleminės srities gyvavimo tikslus, atskleidžiame konfliktus tarp jų bei aplinkybes, galinčias sutrukdyti pasiekti tikslus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,55,'2010-08-24 08:06:33',62,'','2010-08-24 08:14:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 08:06:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,4,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1369,'Informacinės visuomenės vadyba (strukūros)','informacins-visuomens-vadyba-strukros','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,55,'2010-08-24 08:15:02',62,'','2010-08-24 08:17:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 08:15:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1370,'Informacijos problemos (struktūros)','informacijos-problemos-struktros','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,55,'2010-08-24 08:18:36',62,'','2010-08-24 08:19:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 08:18:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1371,'Strateginė informacijos vadyba (struktūros)','strategin-informacijos-vadyba-struktros','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,55,'2010-08-24 08:20:16',62,'','2010-08-24 08:21:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 08:20:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1372,'Lietuvių kalbos kultūra (konspektas)','lietuvi-kalbos-kultra-konspektas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kalba ir visuomenė. Kalbos funkcijos</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kas yra kalba? Paprasčiausias apibrėžimas toks: ženklų sistema, atliekanti pažintinę, ekspresinę ir komunikacinę funkciją. Pažintinė - informacijos gavimo, perdirbimo, išlaikymo. Ekspresinė - norų, tikslų, jausmų reiškimo. Komunikacinė - informacijos perdavimo dvasinio bendravimo funkcija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kalba yra vienas iš didžiausių žmogaus proto kūrinių. Nėra žmonių bendruomenės, nėra nė vienos žmonių veiklos sričių, kur nebūtų vartojama kalba. Yra dvi kalbos formos: pirminė - šnekamoji ir iš jos kylanti, t.y. išvestinė - rašomoji. Galima teigti, kad šnekamoji kalba, kaip ir buvo, dar vis lieka svarbiausioji bendravimo priemonė; daugiau informacijos mes gauname garsu, nei raštu. Rašomoji kalba išlieka svarbiausioji informacijos išsaugojimo bei perteikimo per nuotolį priemonė. Kalba - ne tik ženklų sistema. Pirmiausia, tai yra mąstymo įrankis. Žmogus, norintis ką nors pasakyti, pirmiausia sukuria galvoje sakinį ir jį išsako arba parašo raštu. Ir tai būtų pirmoji kalbos funkcija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,56,'2010-08-24 10:02:13',62,'','2010-08-24 10:15:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 10:02:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(1373,'Kalbos kultūra aukštojoje mokykloje','kalbos-kultra-auktojoje-mokykloje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Trumpalaikis tikslas - Universitete dėstančių dėstytojų kalbos tobulinimas. Rūpinimasis jų individualios šnekos turtinimu, tobulinimu, tikslingesnių raiškos priemonių atrinkimu ir panaudojimu dėstant paskaitas, bendraujant su studentais. Ilgalaikis tikslas – taisyklingai kalbantys dėstytojai skatins studentus kalbėti taisyklingai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmuosius kalbos kultūros pagrindus mums davė tėvai, darželio auklėtojos, mokytojai. Dabar daugiausia bendraujame su dėstytojais. Todėl norėtume, kad patys dėstytojai geriau kalbėtų. Jie pirmiausia turėtų iš savo kalbos išmesti visokiu žodelius biškį, nu ir t.t. Taisyklingai kalbančių dėstytojų turime mažai, o studentų – dar mažiau. Turbūt didžiausia bėda, kad nemokame rišliai, nuosekliai reikšti minčių, ilginame balsius, vartojame daugybę nelietuviškų žodžių (davai, karočė, diorginti). Iš tiesų, dėstytojas – autoritetas studentui. Ir daug ko, net nesąmoningai, specialiai nemokomas, studentas išmoksta kaip tik iš jo. Kultūringos (ar nekultūringos) kalbos – taip pat.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,56,'2010-08-24 10:15:26',62,'','2010-08-24 10:20:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 10:15:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1374,'Kalbos kultūros užduotis','kalbos-kultros-uduotis','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,56,'2010-08-24 10:20:33',62,'','2010-08-24 10:21:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 10:20:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1375,'Kalbos kultūros rašinėlis','kalbos-kultros-rainlis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nelaimingi atsitikimai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nesilaikant gamyboje nustatyto darbo režimo, pažeidus saugumo technikos ar vidaus tvarkos taisykles, sutrikus technologiniams procesams, mechanizmams gali įvykti įvairių nelaimingų atsitikimų: dirbantieji gali būti sužalojami arba patys susižaloti, susirgti profesinėmis ligomis, o materialinės vertybės gali būti sugadintos arba sunaikintos. Nelaimingi atsitikimai gamyboje tiriami trimis pagrindiniais metodais: statistiniu, monografiniu ir topografiniu. Šalyje įstatymų nustatyta vieninga nelaimingų atsitikimų tyrimo ir registravimo tvarka bei aktų surašymo forma. Tiriant statistiniu metodu, nelaimingus atsitikimus galima grupuoti pagal gamybos šakas, profesijas, darbo pobūdį, sužeidimų aplinkybes ir priežastis, dirbančiųjų amžių, lytį, stažą, nedarbingumo trukmę ir kt. Taikant šį metodą, galima apskaičiuoti traumatizmo dažnio, sunkumo ir gamybos pavojingumo rodiklius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,56,'2010-08-24 10:21:50',62,'','2010-08-24 10:23:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 10:21:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(1376,'Kalbos kultūros kontrolinis darbas','kalbos-kultros-kontrolinis-darbas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Taisyklingai sukirčiuokite specialybės terminus ir jų formas: Parlamentas, su parlamentu, parlamente, aktas aktu, akte, aktus, naudotis konstitucine teise, puiki idėja, bufetas, su bufetu, bufete, bufetus, su komisaru, komisarus, šaudo automatu, tautinė vėliava, normali kalba, deputatas, su deputatu, deputatus, sprogimas troleibuse, jaustis saugiai, administracinė nuobauda, eiti prospektu, medžiaga, avarinė situacija, automobilis, su automobiliu, automobilius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasirinkite taisyklingas formas: Komisaras (skaitė, manė, laikė), kad svarbiausia - įvesti tvarką. Dalis policijos valdymo funkcijų (matomai, matyt, tikriausiai) bus apskrities lygmens. Sulaikytosios rankinėje rasta (daugiau, virš, daugiau kaip) 3000 litų. Jo (kaltinanti, kaltinamoji) kalba buvo labai išsami. (Kažkas, kas tai, kažkas tai) padėjo bombą po įmonės direktoriaus automobiliu. Konfiskuoti pinigai bus skirti (ginklams pirkti, ginklų pirkimui). Protokolą pasirašė Senato ( sekretorius, sekretorė) Ona Jonaitienė. Teismas paskyrė jam bausmę - (septynerius, septynis) metus laisvės atėmimo. Toks sprendimas atrodė (labiausiai realus, realiausias). (Baigiant, baigus, baigdami) diskusiją pabandykime įsivaizduoti siūlomo nutarimo padarinius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,56,'2010-08-24 10:24:12',62,'','2010-08-24 10:27:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 10:24:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(1377,'Kalbos stilius. Stilių sąveika','kalbos-stilius-stili-sveika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tos pačios kalbos stiliai nėra uždari ir veikia vienas kitą. Uždariausia, griežčiausia sistema – kanceliarinis stilius. Kitus stilius jis veikia, o pats svetimų raiškos priemonių neįsileidžia. Ypač tai būdinga įstatymams, dokumentams. Didesnę stiliaus laisvę gali turėti skelbimas – tai priklauso nuo jo turinio, adresato, vietos. Ataskaita gali būti perdėm sausa, dalykiška, tinkama tik į bylą segti – tokios būna administracinės ir mokslinės ataskaitos. Tačiau esama ir kitokių ataskaitų – ataskaitinių pranešimų, skirtų skaityti susirinkime, suvažiavime. Informacija tuose pranešimuose pinasi su poveikiu, kanceliarinis ar mokslinis stilius – su publicistiniu. Tai pereinamas, tarpinis žanras. Stilių sąveika yra ryškiausia tokiuose žanruose, jie tarytum grandys, jungiančios skirtingus stilius į visumą – bendrinę kalbą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mokslinio stiliaus teksto laisvė didesnė, bet čia irgi paprastai vengiama kitų stilių (publicistinio, šnekamojo) priemaišų. Tik tada, kai mokslinis pranešimas skaitomas žodžiu, sakytine forma, dažniau pasirodo ir gyvesnių, vaizdingesnių žodžių – mat pranešimo funkcija nebetenka grynumo, gyvi klausytojai prieš akis žadina ir bendravimo bei poveikio funkcijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mokslinį stilių su publicistiniu sieja mokslinė publicistika. Būdingi jos pavyzdžiai yra visuomenei skirtos grožinių kūrinių, spektaklių, kino filmų recenzijos. Tarpinę padėtį tarp mokslo ir publicistikos užima populiarinamoji literatūra. Ypatingas yra šnekamasis stilius, Jis veikia kitus stilius, daugiausia meninį, taip pat publicistinį, mokslinio stiliaus sakytinę formą, o savo ruožtu – pats patiria stiprų dalykinių (knyginių) stilių poveikį. Dalykinėje kalboje, publicistiniame rašinyje šnekamosios kalbos žodžio ar pasakymo pasigriebiama tada, kai norima prabilti neoficialiai, gyviau, vaizdingiau. Pvz.: Dabartiniai kalbininkai į tokią vartoseną taip pat kreivai žiūri. Visi įsiskolinimai turi būti išlaikyti iki vasario 25 d., tačiau pageidautina apsivalyti šią savaitę, t.y. iki vasario 18 d. Būdingas ir priešingas stiliaus reiškinys – į buitinius pokalbius veržiasi dalykinių stilių raiškos priemonės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,56,'2010-08-24 10:27:38',62,'','2010-08-24 10:29:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 10:27:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(1378,'Valstybinė kultūros politika Lietuvos Respublikoje 1920-1940 m.','valstybin-kultros-politika-lietuvos-respublikoje-1920-1940-m','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jau pats terminas \"kultūra\" byloja apie tai, kas sukurta žmogaus.  Plačiąja prasme, jis reiškia visuomeninės sukurtą tikrovę, turint omenyje būtent žmogų, o ne gamtą.  Vienok, ši sąvoka pernelyg plati ir paini, todėl būtina ją patikslinti.  Ganėtinai sunku yra tai padaryti, kadangi mokslinėje literatūroje šiuo metu aptinkama virš 250 kultūros apibūdinimų.  Kai kur tvirtinama, jog kultūra - tai visų rūšių veiklos, tikėjimo ir papročių suma; ji tarytum visko, kas sukurta žmogaus rankomis, lobynas, t.y. knygos ir paveikslai, žinios apie prisitaikymą prie socialinės ir gamtinės aplinkos, kalbos, papročiai, etiketo sistemos, etika, religijos, - visa, kas klostėsi per amžius.  Anot kitų šaltinių, kultūra yra istorinio vystymosi rezultatas, apimantis visa, kas sukuriama ir perduodama iš kartos į kartą: įrankiai, simboliai, organizacijos, visuomeninė veikla, požiūriai, tikėjimai.  Dar laikoma, kad kultūra yra individo gyvenimo būdas, kurį apsprendžia socialinė aplinka, arba tai yra veikla, kurios žmogus išmoko, o ne biologiškai paveldėjo iš tėvų.  Apibendrinant šiuos apibrėžimus, galima pasakyti, kad kultūra traktuotina, kaip visų rūšių žmogaus ir visuomenės kūrybinės veiklos tarpusavio derinys, taip pat šios veiklos rezultatai, virtę materialinėmis ir dvasinėmis vertybėmis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prieš pradėdami nagrinėti valstybinę Lietuvos Respublikos kultūros politiką 1920 - 1940 metais, pabandykime išsiaiškinti sąryšį tarp valstybės ir kultūros.  Kaip žinia, kultūros kūrėjas yra asmuo.  Bet kiekvienas asmuo yra konkretus žmogus, gimęs tam tikroje šalyje, gyvenąs tam tikrame amžiuje ir kalbąs tam tikra kalba.  Kultūra yra padaras konkretaus žmogaus, kurį apsprendė tauta ir toji visuomenė, kurioje jis gyvena.  Tautiniai kultūros bruožai iš esmės yra suaugę su kultūrine kūryba.  Kiekviena konkreti kultūra yra tautinė.  Bet kadangi valstybė yra ne kas kita, kaip tautos susiorganizavimas, todėl savaime kultūra turi išvidinių santykių ir su valstybe.  Kultūra nėra kuriama šalia valstybės, bet valstybėje.  Vis dėlto valstybė kutūrinei kūrybai turi mažiau reikšmės, negu tauta.  Tauta duoda kultūrai konkretini lyčių.  Valstybė šitas lytis saugo ir globoja.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,57,'2010-08-24 10:30:26',62,'','2010-08-24 11:14:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 10:30:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,9,'','',0,73,'robots=\nauthor='),(1379,'Velykos ir Jurginės','velykos-ir-jurgins','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šv. Velykos - Kristaus prisikėlimo šventė. Senovės Lietuvoje jos buvo švenčiamos kaip gamtos atbudimo šventė. Prieš Velykas buvo laikomasi pasnininko. Paskutinė savaitė prieš Velykas buvo vadinama didžiąja. Ji buvo laikoma vėlių savaite,arba vėlių Velykomis. Priešvelykinės apeigos prasidėdavo Verbų sekmadieniu. Tuomet eglių, blindžių, žilvičių, beržo šakeles rinkdavo į verbas ir nešdavo į bažnyčią. Verbas laikydavo visus metus, rūkydavo jomis audros debesis, gyvulius, trobas, kaldavo prie avilio. Savaite prieš Velykas Kristus įžengė į Jeruzalę, ir žmonės klojo jam po kojų palmių šakeles. Tam prisiminti  bažnyčia įvedė Verbų šventimą. Bet šis paprotys turi ir gilesnes šaknis - pagonišką medžių kultą. Anksčiau jau minėtiems medžiams buvo teikiamos magiškos savybės gydyti, saugoti ir pan., todėl Lietuvoje įvedus krikščionybę, žmonės neatsisakė apeigų su šiais augalais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Laikas nuo Verbų sekmadienio iki Atvelykio(pirmo sekmadienio po Velykų) buvo laikomas labai paslaptingu. Egzistavo daugybė būrimų, prietarų, draudimų. Didžiojo trečiadienio naktį prasidėdavo prausimasis, kuris didįjį, arba švarųjį, ketvirtadienį peraugdavo į visų namų tvarkymą. Apskritai, tomis dienomis vandeniui būdavo suteikiama magiška gydimo galia. Didįjį penktadienį žmonės burdavo. Buvo tikima, kad tądien vyksta raganų susibūrimas. Priešvelykinį šeštadienį žmonės rimtai nusiteikdavo, laikydavosi visokiausių draudimų, pvz. nieko neskolindavo ir nesiskolindavo. Velykos prasideda, kada pro Golgotoje esančios šventyklos langą “išeina” šventa ugnis, nes kai Kristus prisikėlė iš to urvo pirmiausia  suliepsnojo ugnis. Lietuvoje egzistavo paprotys šventinti ugnį, kūrenti laužus ir pan. didžiąją  savaitę. Šį paprotį tai pat galima susieti su senoviniu ugnies kultu, kurį nesugebėjo sunaikinti katalikų bažnyčia. Pašventintai ugniai buvo teikiama ypatinga reikšmė. Kiekvienas stengėsi atnešti  ją į savo namus, neužgesinti ją kuo ilgiau. Ugnis simbolizavo šviesą, šilumą, buvo priemonė prieš visokias blogybes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,57,'2010-08-24 11:14:42',62,'','2010-08-24 11:21:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 11:14:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1380,'Romėnų namas ir baldai','romn-namas-ir-baldai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Romoje,  dauguma  namu  yra – vilos. Daugelis  namų  išliko sveiki  po  pelenų  sluoksniu, todėl  mes  galime  smulkiai  įsivaizduoti  gyvenimą  šiuose  namuose. Iš  namo į gatvę  išeinančios  durys  nedaug  tesiskiria  nuo  dabartiniu. Durų  spyna  atrakinama  raktu. Iš  vidaus  duris  galima  užsklęsti  sklende. Į duris  beldžiama  tvoklele, durų  grandimi. Prie  kai  kurių  namų  galima  timptelėti  grandinėle ir  tada  suskamba  varpelis. Ant  namo  slenksčio  yra  mozaikinis  užrašas - salve, kuris  reiškia  sveiki.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kartais  duris  saugo  šuo. Netgi  turtuolių  namų  išplanavime  atsispindi  senų senovė, kai  romėnų  būstas  buvo  paprastas  medinis  ritinys  su  anga  lubose, pro  kurią  išeidavo  vidury  kambario  kūrenamo  židinio  dūmai. Galima  įsivaizduoti  kokia  aprūkusi  buvo ši patalpa, kurioje  kūrendavosi  dūmtraukio neturintis  židinys. Ilgainiui  prie  šios  patalpos  romėnai  pradėjo  pristatinėti  nedidelius   gyvenamuosius  kambarius,  patalpas  tarnams. Vidury  kambario  stovėjo  baseinas. Tai – tradicija. Lubose  padaryta  anga  rinko  lietaus  vandenį. Tam  reikalui  atrijuje (namo  centre) išmūrydavo baseiną į kurį  ir  sutekėdavo  vanduo. Šis  baseinas  impliuvijus  buvo  papildomas  vandens  tiekimo  rezervatas. Iš  jo  semdavo  ūkiniams  reikalams. Vėliau  anga  lubose  buvo  daroma  tik  apšvietimui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atrijuje  renkasi  visa  šeima,  todėl  jis  yra  labiausiai  išpuoštas. Pasiturinčių  žmonių  atrijus  išpuoštas  labiau  ir  apdaila  geresnė. Už  atrijaus  yra  vidinis  kiemelis, juosiamas  kolonados  ir  atskirtas  nuo  gatvės  atskira  siena. Tai – perstilis. Ten  yra  baseinas  su  nedideliu  fontanu  ir  akmeniniais  suolais. Turtingųjų  žmonių Perstilis  buvo  pilnas  retų  augalų  ir  įmantriai  apkarpytų  medžių. Atriju  su  perspiliu Jungiadu  šoniniai  koridoriai, kuriais  vaikščioja  tarnai, kad  netrukdytų  šeimininkui. Atvirai  pasakius  visas  romėnų  vidus  mums  atrodytų  labai  neįprastas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,57,'2010-08-24 11:22:24',62,'','2010-08-24 11:36:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 11:22:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,7,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(1381,'Senoviniai Kalėdų papročiai','senoviniai-kald-paproiai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kalėdos – kūdikėlio Jėzaus gimimo šventė. Tikinčio žmogaus sąmonėje tai yra sunkiai suvokiama paslaptis – Dievas, Visatos Kūrėjas, gimsta iš moters, kad paskelbtų žmonėms atpirkimo mokslą, kad padėtų jiems po žemės vargų vėl grįžti į dangaus rojų, iš kurio po pirmųjų tėvų nuopuolio jie buvo ištremti. Pasaulis iki šiol nuo Jėzaus gimimo skaičiuoja metus. Baigiasi jau antrasis tūkstantmetis, kai kalėdinio džiaugsmo paslaptį skelbia viso pasaulio bažnyčių varpai, kviesdami Kalėdų ryto Piemenėlių mišioms.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tą magišką Kūčių vakarą</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gruodžio 22 d. šiaurės ašigalis esti labiausiai nukrypęs nuo saulės. Pas mus tuo metu būna trumpiausias šviesusis paros metas. Nuo gruodžio 25-osios saulė, tarsi trumpam stabtelėjusi pailsėti, vėl ima kopti aukštyn į dangaus skliautą. Tas saulės virsmo taškas vadinamas saulės grąža arba saulėgrąža. Kaip tik tuo metu švenčiame vieną didžiausių metų švenčių – šv. Kalėdas. Kalėdų išvakarės – Kūčios – šventė, kurios metu išsivaduojama iš tamsiojo meto. Ši šventė tapatinama ir su krikščioniškąja – kūdikėlio Jėzaus gimimo išvakarėmis. Kūčių ritualiniam valgymui nuo seno skirta ypač didelė reikšmė. Nemažiau svarbus būdavo ir ritualinės ugnies deginimas, kaimynų lankymas su susitaikymo viltimi, linkint jiems gero ateinančiais metais. Kalėdų papročiuose vienodai reikšmingos ir šventės išvakarės, vadinamoji Kūčių naktis, ir dvi dienas trunkanti pati Kalėdų šventė, ir visi šventvakariai (jaunimo vakarėliai) iki pat Trijų karalių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,57,'2010-08-24 11:36:31',62,'','2010-08-24 11:38:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 11:36:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,44,'robots=\nauthor='),(1382,'Vėlinės','vlins','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vėlinės ir mirusiųjų gerbimo papročiai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vėlinės – mirusiųjų šventė. Gyvieji eina į kapines mirusiųjų aplankyti, o prietaringi žmonės tiki, jog mirusieji ateina pas gyvuosius. Žmonėse ir šiandien galime išgirsti šiurpiausių pasakojimų apie numirėlių apsilankymą pas gyvuosius. Gal nieko kito žmonės taip nebijo kaip numirėlių. Taip jau yra nuo seniausių laikų. Turbūt dėl to toks stiprus mirusiųjų garbinimo kultas. Vėlinių kilmė siejama su lietuvių tikėjimu, kad mirštant žmogui nuo kūno atsiskiria vėlė, kuri paskui bendrauja su gyvaisiais, juos lanko. Vėlių garbei rengiamos šventės tradicija siekia pagonybės laikus. Ji būna rudenį, nuėmus nuo laikų derlių. Etnografai teigia, jog mirusiųjų ir protėvių kultas būdingiausias žemdirbių tautoms. Per Vėlines ruošia vaišes kapinėse arba namuose. Vaišėmis norėdavo pasigerinti vėlėms, kad jos nekenktų. Paprotys valgyti prie kapų, palikti ant jų duonos, košės, kiaušinių, laistyti kapus pienu, medumi, vynu labiausiai buvo paplitęs slavų, graikų, rumunų tautose. Toks paprotys buvo ir Lietuvoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vėlinės ir dabar švenčiamos visoje Lietuvoje. Šią dieną suvažiuoja visi šeimos nariai, kartu lanko artimųjų kapus. Kapai puošiami gėlėmis ir žalumynais, dedami vainikai, uždegamos žvakės. Bažnyčiose vyksta gedulingos pamaldos už mirusiuosius. Vienas iš pagrindinių šios dienos papročių yra bendros šeimos vaišės, kurių metu prisimenami mirusieji. Šiuolaikinį mirusiųjų pagerbimą sunku sieti tiek su protėvių kultu, tiek su religiniu mirusiųjų pagerbimu. Ne tik tikintys, bet ir netikintys savo pareiga laiko šią dieną nueiti i kapines, pagerbti artimųjų atminimą, išreikšti pagarbą tautai ir Tėvynei nusipelniusiems žmonėms. Tai yra visų vienybės, susitelkimo, rimties, ir susikaupimo diena, vykdant šventus tėvų ir protėvių priesaikus saugoti mirusiųjų atminimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Liaudies įsitikinimu, šią dieną buvo pavojinga vykti į kelionę arba net  eiti naktį iš namų, ginti gyvulius ir naktį juos palikti lauke, nes numirusieji gali pakenkti. Vakare susirinkusi prie stalo šeimyna melsdavosi, valgydavo tylėdama, netyčia nukritęs maistas buvo paliekamas toms vėlėms, kurių nebuvo kam pakviesti. Ant stalo nakčiai palikdavo bendrų vaišių, nes mirusieji ir toliau buvo laikomi šeimos kolektyvo nariai, per bendrą maistą jie prisijungdavo prie bendrų rūpesčių. Kita dieną maistą išdalindavo elgetoms. Buvo tikima, kad elgetos turi paslaptingą ryšį su mirusiaisiais, yra lyg mirusiųjų ar gyvųjų tarpininkai. Todėl elgetas lietuviai gerbė, maitino, davė išmaldą. Išsilaikė paprotys per Vėlines elgetoms dalinti maistą, už kuriuos prašo melstis. Lietuviai visada gerbė mirusiųjų atminimą, kapines laikė šventomis ramybės vietomis, šimtmečiais išsaugojo ir iš kartos į kartą perdavė pagarbos mirusiesiems ir jų atminimo papročius. Vėlų rudenį miršta medžiai, gėlės. Gamta pasirengia, kad ją pergyvenusi, vėl atgimtų. Žmonės panašūs į gamtą: gimsta užauga, pasensta ir miršta, todėl prasminga, kad Vėlinės švenčiamos vėlų rudenį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,57,'2010-08-24 11:39:07',62,'','2010-08-24 11:41:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 11:39:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,35,'robots=\nauthor='),(1383,'Rezistencinis lietuvių kultūros pobūdis','rezistencinis-lietuvi-kultros-pobdis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naują savo raidos laikotarpį lietuvių kultūra pradėjo pasikeitusiomis istorinėmis aplinkybėmis. Permainos ištiko tiek politinį bei visuomeninį, tiek dvasinį gyvenimą. Rusijos, Austrijos ir Prūsijos koalicijai 1795 m. likvidavus Lietuvos-Lenkijos valstybę, didžioji Lietuvos dalis buvo įjungta į Rusijos imperiją. Lietuvos visuomenė, ypač XIX a. pradžioje brendusi karta, gyveno kovos prieš tironiją ir nacionalinę priespaudą dvasia. Šviesuomenės protai persisėmė Šviečiamojo amžiaus idėjomis, kurios pro carinės priespaudos tamsą kibirkščiavo per visą laikotarpį. Europoje vykęs nacijų formavimosi procesas XIX a. pradžioje išugdė pirmuosius lietuviškus savivokos daigus, kurie ypatingai sustiprėjo amžiaus viduryje, parsidėjus rastis buržuazijai. Klostėsi lietuvių nacijos pagrindai, ryškėjo dvasinio, kultūrinio, kalbos bendrumo siekimai. Keičiantis gyvenimo atmosferai, keitėsi idėjiniai ir estetiniai visuomenės poreikiai, savo ruoštu reikalavę naujos, rezistencinės pasaulietiškos kultūros.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">XIX a. pirmos pusės periodo visuomeninį bei kultūrinį Lietuvos gyvenimą veikė ir jam kryptį davė Šviečiamojo amžiaus ideologija. Sustiprėjusi idėjinė bei politinė reakcija, inspiruota “Šventosios sąjungos”, nebeįstengė užgniaužti antifeodalinų nusiteikimų, kuriais Lietuvos-Lenkijos visuomenė gyveno jau XVIII a. pabaigoje. Visuomeniniai procesai, brandinę baudžiavinės sistemos krizę, vyko ir toliau. Visą pirmąjį XIX a. ketvirtį tebebuvo jaučiamas švietimo įsibėgėjimas, gavęs impulsą XVIII a., kai buvo įvykdyta švietimo reforma - įsteigta Edukacinė komisija, sekuliarizuotos mokyklos ir jų programos. Švietimo, kultūros ir visuomeninės minties centras buvo Vilniaus universitetas, kuris šiuo metu, ypač XIX a. trečiajame dešimtmetyje, pasiekė apogėjų, pasidarydamas viena geriausiu Rytų Europos aukštųjų mokyklų. Vilniaus universitetas turėjo daug žymių mokslininkų ir anam metui gausią studentiją, jame telkėsi žmonės, stoję į kovą prieš feodalizmą ir nacionalinį pavergimą, jo studentai būrėsi į slaptąsias anticarines organizacijas. Labiausiai lietuvių rezistencinę kultūrą puoselėjo literatūros veikėjai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvių literatams XIX a. pradžioje iškilo teorinis ir kartu patriotinis uždavinys padėti ideologinius literatūrinius pamatus, pagrįsti pilietines jos teises. Lietuvių tautą reikėjo įvesti į Europos tautų šeimą, kaip lygiavertį jos narį, turintį ne tik savo istoriją, bet ir ateitį, suvokiantį savo nacionalumą, įrodyti šios tautos dvasinės kultūros bei kalbos savitumą. Tokį uždavinį vykdė kai kurie istoriniai, filologiniai bei folkloriniai darbai. Šiuo periodu parašyta pirmoji Lietuvos istorija lietuvių kalba (S.Daukanto “Drabai senųjų lietuvių ir žemaičių), imta rinkti, publikuoti ir tyrinėti liaudies dainas (L.Rėzos “Dainos”, S.Stanevičiaus “Dainos Žemaičių”), pradėtas naujas literatūros istoriografijos bei filologijos studijų baras (J.Plioteris, S.Stanevičius).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,57,'2010-08-24 11:41:47',62,'','2010-08-24 11:44:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 11:41:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1384,'Lietuvių tautodailės sritis','lietuvi-tautodails-sritis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tradicinis Lietuvių liaudies menas atsirado ir rutuliojosi kartu su darbine veikla. Jame daug simbolių vaizduojančių dangaus kūnus, gyvulius, įvairius augalus ir kt. Simboliais puošiami memorialiniai paminklai: stogastulpiai, koplytstulpiai, kryžiai, taip pat trobos, baldai darbo įrankiai, apyvokos daiktai. Lietuvių meno kūriniai ilgus šimtmečius buvo daromi iš medžio, dėl to jų mažai teišliko. Apie liaudies meno kūrinius sužinome iš rašytini šaltinių, akmens, žalvario, geležies amžių archeologiniu radiniu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Seniausi meno kūriniai baltų teritorijoje siekia paleolito - mezolito laikus. Tai buvo kaulo ir rago dirbiniai, ypač daug ietigalių ir durklų, puošiamų kvadratais, susidedančių iš taškučių. Neolito laikais išryškėja keramikos pirmykštis menas, daugiausia pasireiškiantis buitiniais dirbiniais. Puodai puošiami kelių rūšių ornamentais: kombinuotais taškučiais, brūkšneliais, langeliais ir eglutėmis arba stulpeliais, kombinuotais su vingeliais. Be to paplito ir šukinė keramika, kur puodai buvo puošiami šukų formos štampu. Pačių puodų formos buvo įvairios: rutulio su stačiu kakliuku ir apačioje nežymiu dugnu, plačiu kaklu ir per vidurį išpūstais šonais, dubens, vazono, pieštos. Apie X a. Lietuvoje paplito žiedžiamoji keramika, puošyboje plito horizontalios linijos, banguotos arba išspaustų duobučių ornamentas. Geometriniais raštais, paukščių figūromis, žalčiais ar jų ženklais taip pat buvo puošiami moliniai dubenys, keptuves, puodukai, verpsteliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,57,'2010-08-24 11:44:45',62,'','2010-08-24 11:57:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 11:44:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1385,'Užgavėnės','ugavns','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paskutinė diena prieš gavėnios pradžią vadinama Užgavėnėmis. Jos paprastai būna antradienį, o trečiadienį jau Pelenų diena, prasideda ilgas, rimtas ir liesas gavėnios metas. Senais laikais pasninkas buvo labai griežtas: mėsos valgyti iš viso nebuvo galima septynias savaites, o pieną vartoti tik retkarčiais. Suagusieji tegalėjo valgyti tris kartus per dieną - vos vieną kartą sočiai. Pasilinksminimai, šokiai, dainos, vaišės buvo draudžiamos ne tiek bažnyčios, kiek tradicijų. Todėl žmonės stengėsi Užgavėnes praleisti linksmai, valgyti kiek galima daugiau ir riebiau, \"kad užtektų visai žiemai\". Atsižvelgiant į visą tai, aš pateikiu savo įsivaizduojamų Užgavėnių scenarijų. Darbo tikslas populiarinti vieną lietuvių kultūros elementų - Užgavėnes, mūsų, pamažu nutautėjančioje ir į vakarų kultūrą stačia galva neriančioje šalyje, kurioje kurioje pamažu iš žmogaus sąmonės išblanksta žodžiai: tautiškumas, etnografija, patriotizmas, o kosmopolizmas laikomas savaime suprantamu dalyku.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užgavėnių scenarijus</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš pat ankstyvo ryto moterys verda, kepa. Sunkesnių darbų jau nedirbama, nes yra manoma, jeigu per Užgavėnes sunkiai dirbsi, tai \"per visus metus nebus poilsio\".  Daroma šaltiena - tai tradicinis Užgavėnių valgis. Ją verda iš kiaulės ausų, kojų, šiam reikalui paliktų nuo kalėdinių skerstuvių. Šiupinys - tai pats senoviškiausias Užgavėnių patiekalas. Pats svarbiausias Užgavėnių valgis - blynai(sklindžiai), dažniausiai kepami iš miltų, su obuoliais, su mielėm arba ir paprastai. Svarbiausias Užgavėnių elementas - persirenginėjimas. Svarbiausia - persirengti kitoms dienoms neįprastais drabužiais, veidą, paslėpti po kauke. Seniau, ne vienas kaukėmis pradėdavo rūpintis dar vasarą. Pagrindiniai persirengėlių veikėjai - kanapinis, lašininis. Kanapinis - liesas, išdžiūvęs, sunykęs, virve susijuosęs - kviečia Lašininį į dvikovą. Lašininis - riebus, dešromis apsikarstęs, taukais nusiblizginęs storulis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,57,'2010-08-24 11:57:39',62,'','2010-08-24 12:00:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 11:57:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,58,'robots=\nauthor='),(1386,'Referatas \"Užgavėnės\"','referatas-qugavnsq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Papročiai yra įprasti žmonių poelgiai, kurie ilgainiui tampa visuomenės ar jos didesnės dalies gyvenimo norma. Žmogus auga tam tikroje aplinkoje, todėl perima jos papročius ir nedaug tegali juos pakeisti. Papročiai, kurie perduodami iš kartos į kartą, virsta tradicijomis. Tradicijų niekas specialiai nekuria, jos gimsta ir rutuliojasi per ilgus dešimtmečius ar net šimtmečius. Tradicijos pasireiškia tam tikromis apeigomis, atliekamomis įvairių švenčių proga. Lietuvių papročiai, tradicijos ir su jomis susijusios apeigos susiformavo labai seniai, dar pagonybės laikais. Ilgainiui kito jų prasmė ir forma, tačiau tauta iki šių dienų išsaugojo tas tradicijas ir apeigas, kurios sudaro prasmingiausią jos gyvenimo dalį. Vienos iš tokių yra Užgavėnės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paskutinė diena prieš gavėnios pradžią vadinama Užgavėnėmis. Jos paprastai būna antradienį, o trečiadienį jau Pelenų diena, prasideda ilgas, rimtas ir liesas gavėnios metas. Senais laikais pasninkas buvo labai griežtas: mėsos valgyti iš viso nebuvo galima septynias savaites, o pieno vartoti tik retkarčiais; suaugusieji tegalėjo valgyti tris kartus per dieną - vos vieną kartą sočiai. Pasilinksminimai, šokiai, dainos, vaišės buvo draudžiamos ne tiek Bažnyčios, kiek tradicijų. Todėl žmonės stengėsi užgavėnes praleisti linksmai, triukšmingai, valgyti kiek galima daugiau ir riebiau, ,,kad užtektų per visą gavėnią\". Buvo valgoma bent 9 kartus (kai kur 12 kartų) su mėsa, riebiai. Prieš 12 val. nakties visos vaišės ir linksmybės turėjo pasibaigti, nes nuo to laiko prasideda gavėnios pasninkas. Kad nebūtų užtęstos vaišės, kai kuriose Lietuvos vietose apie vienuoliktą valandą nakties skambindavo bažnyčios varpai: visi tuomet žinojo, kad laikas baigti užsigavėjimą ir skirstytis namo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinis Užgavėnių valgis - blynai (lietuviškesnis pavadini¬mas: sklindžiai), dažniausiai kepami iš miltų, su obuoliais, su mielėmis arba ir paprasti. Kai kur buvo verdamos spurgos (,,pončkos\"), bet jas taip pat reikėdavo suvalgyti prieš gavėnios pradžią, nes spurgos verdamos kiauliniuose taukuose. Žemaitijoje buvo mada užsigavėti šiupiniu (šis valgis gerai žinomas ir Mažojoje Lietuvoje). Šiupinys verdamas iš kruopų, žirnių, miltų, lašinukų su įvairiais prieskoniais. Kartu verdama kiaulės uodega, kurią įsmeigia į šiupinio dubens vidurį (šiupinys yra kaip tiršta košė) Ir taip paduoda į stalą. Kai kur kiaulės uodega būdavo paslepiama šiupinio dubenyje: kam, šiupinį semiant, į lėkštę įdėdavo tą uodegą, tas bus labai laimingas visus likusius metus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,57,'2010-08-24 12:00:58',62,'','2010-08-24 12:04:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 12:00:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,37,'robots=\nauthor='),(1387,'Kūno kultūros teorinė paskirtis','kno-kultros-teorin-paskirtis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PAGRINDINIAI SVEIKOS GYVENSENOS KOMPONENTAI IR FIZINIO AKTYVUMO NORMOS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Judėjimas yra pagrindinis sveikatos principas. 3 faktoriai:  prigimtis 20% ekologija 30% gyvensena 50-60%. Pagrindiniai sveikos gyvensenos komponentai: gyvenimas be žalingų įpročių (rūkymas, alkoholis); racionali dienotvarkė, mityba, higiena, fizinis aktyvumas. 3 aktyvumo normos: mažo fizinio aktyvumo norma moterims 5 km/d vyrams 8 km/d.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">TRENIRUOTĖ, JOS APIMTIS IR INTENSYVUMAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Treniruotės pagrindinis uždavinys stiprinti sveikatą, didinti fizinį ir protinį aktyvumą, funkcinį pajėgumą. Treniruotę lemia 2 faktoriai: treniruotės apimtis (pratimai, krūvis);  atstojamosios priemonės vitaminai mineralinės druskos, masažai. Treniruotės intensyvumas – pratimų atlikimo kiekis per laiko vienetą.  5 intensyvumo laipsniai: l mažo – 110tv/min; mazo – 130; vidutinio 150; didelio 170; l didelio 190. Intensyvumas nustatomas ir reguliuojamas pulso dažniu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,58,'2010-08-24 12:04:46',62,'','2010-08-24 12:14:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 12:04:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1388,'Įvairaus amžiaus žmonių kūno kultūra','vairaus-amiaus-moni-kno-kultra','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Priešmokyklinio amžiaus vaikų kūno kultūra</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Kūno kultūra - pramoga,  aktyvus poilsis, šventė. Vaikų darželis - pirmoji vaiko kūno kultūros mokykla. Čia mažylis susipažįsta su sporto abėcėle, įpranta sistemingai mankštinti kūną, patiria fizinių pratimų emocinį džiaugsmą. Čia vaikas susipažįsta su higienos reikalavimais, įgyja elementarius higie¬nos įgūdžius, išmoksta saugoti sveikatą. Vaizdžiai kalbant, vai¬ku darželis tai durys į sveiką, kūrybingą gyvenimą. Auklėtojai iškyla svarbus uždavinys- įskiepyti vaikams meilę kūno kultūrai. Tai nėra taip sunku, jeigu auklėtoja pati mėgsta sportą, supranta fizinių pratimų reikšmę vaiko sveikatai ir, žinoma, yra gera pedagogė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Labai svarbu, kad pirmieji vaiko pojūčiai ir emocijos mankštinantis būtų teigiami. Siekdamas teigiamų išgyvenimų, žmogus veiklą kartoja, tobulina. Neigiamo pobūdžio emocijų įtaka žalinga, kartasi net pragaištinga. Fizinės veiklos vienodumas,. monotoniškumas, taigi ir emocinės patirties skurdumas tiesiog atgraso vaiką nuo domėjimosi šia veikla. Pirmasis vaiko susitikimas kūno kultūra turi tapti švente, kuri tęstųsi visą gyvenimą. To pasiekti gali tik puikus pedagogas, gerai žinantis vaikų ypatumus psichologiją. Pedagogo gebėjimas uždegti vaikus, sužadinti norą aktyviai judėti nulemia vaiko tolesnės veiklos pobūdį. Vaikas turi iš mažumės pajusti fizinių pratimų, varžybų emocinį žavesį, patirti raumenų fizinį nuovargį, įprasti sistemingai mankštintis, įgyti kūno kultūros žinių. Fiziniai pratimai yra vienas iš būtinų dienos režimo komponentų. Aktyvus vaikų poilsis, judri ir įdomi veikla: mažina psichinį nuovargį, didina ir palaiko darbingumą, gerina vaiko fizinę būklę. Aktyvus pasivaikščiojimas yra daug efektyvesnis už pasyvų, kurio metu vaikai mažai juda - stovi, sėdi, vaikštinėja. Judria veikla siekiama suaktyvinti vaikus, pakreipti tinkama linkme jų darbo ir poilsio režimą užtikrinti protinės veiklos pusiausvyrą, stiprinti sveikatą, fizinį pajėgumą ir darbingumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,58,'2010-08-24 12:14:25',62,'','2010-08-24 12:18:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 12:14:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1389,'Raumenų masės ir jėgos didinimui skirtų produktų klasifikacija','raumen-mass-ir-jgos-didinimui-skirt-produkt-klasifikacija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Produktų klasifikacija padės greičiau išsirinkti norimą produktą.Klasifikacija yra sąlyginė, nes kai kurie produktai gali būti naudojami kaip raumenų masės ir jėgos didinimui, taip ir antsvorio problemoms spręsti.Tai pasakytina apie Prostar Whey Protein, Amino 2000 ir BCAA.Šie trys produktai dažnai vartojami didinant raumenų masę ir jėgą, tačiau jie vis dažniau sėkmingai vartojami antsvoriui mažinti, tuomet, kada yra laikomasi griežtos dietos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Priedas vartotinas visiems, norintiems padidinti kūno raumenų masę ir jėgą.Asmenys, turintys antsvorį, šį priedą turėtų vartoti atsargiai dėl nemažo angliavandenių kiekio jame. Raumenų masės ir jėgos didinimui skirtų priedų rinkoje yra didelė pasiūla.Priedai vienas nuo kito skiriasi angliavandenių kiekiu, baltymų koncentracija, baltymų kokybe, vitaminų kiekiu.Pirkėjas, rinkdamasis priedą, turėtų atkreipti dėmesį į du veiksnius:baltymų koncentraciją ir jų kokybę.Tai ir lemia šių priedų kokybę ir kainą.<br />Massive Whey Gainer turi išskirtinai aukštą baltymų koncentraciją -38 % (daugumoje priedų koncentracija sudaro 20-25 %).Baltymų šaltinis šiame priede yra aukščiausios biologinės vertės Whey (pieno išrūgų) baltymai.Angliavandenių, esančių priede, didžiąją dalį sudaro lėtai įsisavinami gliukozės polimerai, kurie aprūpina organizmą energiją ilgą laiką.Kita angliavandenių dalis yra fruktozė, kuri įsisavinama labai greitai, tačiau turi mažiausiais galimybes iš visų greitai įsisavinamų angliavandenių virsti riebalais organizme. Vienoje priedo porcijoje yra visų pagrindinių vitaminų dienos norma.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,58,'2010-08-24 12:19:20',62,'','2010-08-24 12:21:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 12:19:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1390,'Asmeninės programos tikslai bei pagrindai','asmenins-programos-tikslai-bei-pagrindai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Treniravimo principai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Siekiant lavinti organizmas turi būti, iki tam tikro lygio,\"perkraunamas\":</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">* Fizinis apkrovimas turi sukelti stresą organizmui (paprastai naudojama apie du trečdalius pajėgumo nuo maksimalaus)<br /> * Organizmas prisitaiko prie krūvio, todėl reikia laipsniškai didinti apkrovimus<br /> * Apkrovimas priklauso nuo intensyvumo (raumenų įtampos), trukmės (kartojimų skaičiaus), treniruočių pasikartojimo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Fiziniai \"perkrovimai\" užtikrina pakitimus organizme tiek kiekybinėje tiek kokybinėje plotmėje. Tačiau tie pakitimai priklauso nuo fizinių pratimų pobūdžio. Lavinant jėgą padidėja raumeninių skaidulų dydis ir kontraktilinių baltymu (aktino-miozino) kiekis. Tai užtikrina galingesnį raumenų susitraukimą Lavinant raumenų ištvermę padaugėja aerobinių fermentų, mitochondrijų, pagerėja raumens kapiliarizacija. Šie pakitimai sąlygoja geresnį deguonies pristatymą į dirbančius raumenis, o tuo pačiu ir ištvermę. Raumens nuovargis stimuliuoja raumenyje aerobinių fermentų aktyvumo didėjimą, kas sąlygoja adezintriforfororūgšties (ATF) sintezę. Atlikdami daugiau kartojimų jūs galėsite geriau naudoti riebalus kaip energetinę medžiagą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,58,'2010-08-24 12:22:13',62,'','2010-08-24 12:26:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 12:22:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,3,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1391,'Kūno kultūros paskirtis','kno-kultros-paskirtis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kūno kultūra - svarbi bendrosios asmens ir visuomenės kultūros dalis, glaudžiai susijusi su kitomis kultūros sritimis, ypač su sveikatos stiprinimu ir sportu. Ji padeda siekti fizinės, psichinės ir dvasinės asmens darnos, t.y. stiprina įvairaus amžiaus žmonių sveikatą. Kūno kultūra atveria galimybę patirti išlavinto, stipraus ir sveiko organizmo, kūno ir judesių grožio keliamą džiaugsmą, kuria prielaidas asmens saviraiškai ir savirealizacijai. Apimdama įvairias asmens fizinio aktyvumo raiškos formas, kūno kultūra sudaro sąlygas asmeniui pažinti save ir ugdyti fizinę bei dvasinę ištvermę reikalingą kritinėse situacijose, individualumą, tikėjimą sėkme siekiant fizinės bei dvasinės sveikatos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kūno kultūros pamokos teikia daug progų ugdytis doro, sąžiningo rungtyniavimo bei varžymosi, savitvardos, bendravimo ir bendradarbiavimo įgūdžius. Sykiu sergstima, kad pamokos neslopintų asmens individualumo ir jo raiškos, bet sąmoningai stiprinant sveikatą, puoselėjant fizines galias, padėtų remtis savo prigimtimi ir pasirinkimo teise.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sėkminga šiuolaikinės kultūros sklaida neįmanoma be žinių apie sveiką gyvenseną, žmogaus organizmą ir veiksnius, laiduojančius darnų jo funkcionavimą, taip pat jo veiklą pažeidžiančius veiksnius bei būdus ir priemones, padedančias grąžinti organizmo darną. Kūno kultūros programa sudaro galimybę suvokti fizinio ugdymo psichologijos pradmenis, tautines kūno kultūros tradicijas, įgyti žinių apie asmens higieną, ugdo platų, kritišką ir blaivų požiūrį į šiuolaikinį sporto pasaulį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,58,'2010-08-24 12:27:08',62,'','2010-08-24 12:51:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 12:27:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,2,'','',0,38,'robots=\nauthor='),(1392,'Kineziterapija','kineziterapija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kineziterapija - gydymas judesiu (lot.kinezis _ judesys, terapia _ gydymas) - yra viena pagrindinių reabilitacijos priemonių. Tinkamas judesys padeda pagerinti ir išlaikyti kaulų ir raumenų, širdies kraujagyslių ir kitų sistemų funkcinę būklę. Sudarant ligoniams kineziterapijos priemonių planą, būtina įvertinti ne tik bendrą ligonių būklę,  biosocialinių funkcijų sutrikimus, bet ir pakenktų organų ar sistemų būklę. Terminas “reabilitacija” medicinoje pirmą kartą pavartotas 1946m., tada pradėtos kurti ir pirmosios reabilitacijos tarnybos. Jų atsiradimui turėjo įtakos pačių neįgaliųjų judėjimas už savo teises. Invalidumo priežastys nevienodos: besivystančiose šalyse invalidumo augimą skatina prasta mityba, infekcinės ligos, o išsivysčiusiose šalyse vyrauja nelaimingi atsitikimai, lėtinės somatinės ligos, alkoholizmas ir narkomanija.</p>\r\n<p> </p>\r\n','\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Fizinės medicinos ir reabilitacijos priemonės reikalingos kuo ankstesnėje ligos stadijoje, todėl galima kalbėti apie etapiškumą: stacionaras, ambulatorija, poliklinika, sanatorija ir namai. Kiekvienam etapui keliami skirtingi uždaviniai, nes yra skirtingas reabilitacinių priemonių panaudojimo galimybes. Gydant neįgaliuosius, reabilitaciją vykdo reabilitacijos specialistų grupė, kurią sudaro įvairių medicinos profesijų specialistai bei socialiniai darbuotojai. Reabilituojant naudojamos įvairios priemonės: vaistai, fiziniai veiksniai, psichoterapija, mankšta, masažas, darbo terapija, kompensacinė technika, protezavimas. Kineziterapija - viena iš pagrindinių reabilitacijos ir sveikatos grąžinimo priemonių. Judesys fizinių veiksnių visumos dalis, natūrali biologinė organizmo funkcija. Judėjimas _ fiziologinis organizmo augimo, vystymosi ir formavimosi stimuliatorius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,58,'2010-08-24 12:41:47',62,'','2010-08-24 12:44:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 12:41:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,1,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1393,'1926 m. Lietuvos ir SSRS sutartis','1926-m-lietuvos-ir-ssrs-sutartis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos Respublikos prezidentas, iš vienos pusės, ir Socialistinių Tarybų Respublikų Sąjungos Centralinis Vykdomasis Komitetas, iš antros pusės, įsitikinę, kad Lietuvos ir Socialistinių Tarybų Respublikos Sąjungos tautų interesai reikalauja nuolatinio bendradarbiavimo, pagrįsto pasitikėjimu, ir norėdami padėtim kiek leidžia jų išgalės, palaikyti visuotinę taiką, susitarė sudaryti sutartį esantiems tarp jų draugingiems santykiams išplėsti ir tam tikslui paskyrė savo įgaliotiniais:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidentas:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mykolą Sleževičių, Lietuvos Respublikos Ministerį Pirmininką, Teisingumo Ministerį ir einantį Užsienio Reikalų Ministerio pareigas, ir Jurgį Baltrušaitį, Lietuvos Respublikos Nepaprastąjį Pasiuntinį ir Įgaliotąjį Ministerį Socialistinių Tarybų Respublikos Sąjungai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Socialistinių Tarybų Respublikų Sąjungos Centralinis Vykdomasis Komitetas:</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Georgijų Čičeriną, Socialistinių Tarybų Respublikų Sąjungos Centralinio Vykdomojo Komiteto Narį Užsienio Reikalų Liaudies Komisarą, ir Sergejų Aleksandrovskį, Socialistinių Tarybų Respublikų Sąjungos Nepaprastąjį Pasiuntinį ir Įgaliotąjį Ministerį Lietuvai, kurie susitiko Maskvoje ir , peržiūrėję savo įgaliojimus, kuriuos rado sudarytus tinkama forma, teisėta tvarka, padarė nutarimus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 16:07:26',62,'','2010-08-24 16:13:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 16:07:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,96,'','',0,35,'robots=\nauthor='),(1394,'Krėvos sutartis','krvos-sutartis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Krėvos sutarties dokumentu Lietuvos didysis kunigaikštis Jogaila, tapdamas Lenkijos karaliumi , įsipareigojo apsikrikštyti kartu su visais savo valstybės gyventojais pagonims, atlyginti Jadvygos sužadėtiniui Austrijos princui Vilhelmui  už vedybų sutarties netesėjimą, savo jėgomis ir lėšomis atgauti ir sugražinti Lenkijai priklausančias žemes, paleisti visus lenkų belaisvius, LDK prijunkti prie Lenkijos karalystės. Būtent paskutinis Jogailos pažadas, lotyniško akto tekste išreikštas žodžiu applicare, ir sukėlė didžiausią diskusiją istografijoje dėl menamo LDK inkorporavimo į Lenkijos karalystę 1385 metais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jogailai tapus Lenkijos karaliumi, iškilo LDK valdymo problema, kurią mėginta spręsti Skirgailą paskyrus Jogailos vietininku. Viso krašto suverenu liko pats Jogaila.Skirgaila neturėjo LDK monarcho teisių, jam priklausė tik Jogailos sutekta vykdomoji valdžia. Visuose išlikusiuose raštuose ištikimybė žadama Jogailai apie Skirgaila nėra jokių žinių. Skirgaila nesugebėjo vykdyti Jogailos jam patikėtos LDK valdytojo pareigos. Skirgailos valdymas greitai užsitraukė ne tik kitų Gediminaičių, bet ir bajorų bei platesniųjų gyventojų sluoksnių nepasitenkinimą. Jogaila mėgino stabilizuoti padėtį 1389 m. atsiųsdamas į Vilnių seniūną iš Lenkijos Klemensą Moskoževskį. Tačiau lenkų karinės įgulos įkurdinimas LDK sostinėje tik padidino įtampą ir vietos gyventojų nepasitenkinimą. Klostėsi Vytautui palanki situacija. Mat jis puoselėjo viltį užimti Skirgailos vietą.Reziduodamas Gardine, Vytautas telkė aplink save nepatenkintuosius Jogailos politika LDK.1389 m. jis pradėjo atvirą politiką mėgindamas jėga užimti Vilnių. Akcijai nepavykus, Vytautas ryžosi antrą kartą prašyti Ordino prieglobsčio bei karinės paramos ir už tai 1390 m. sausio 19 d. aktu įsipareigojo vykdyti visus 1384 m. susitarimus su Ordinu.Prasidėjo smarkus Gediminaičių karas. Vytautas su Ordino kariuomene ne kartą puolė Lietuvą iki pat Vilniaus ir niokojo taip trokštamą valdyti kraštą. Norėdamas dar labiau sustiprinti savo politinę įtaką LDK, ypač slavų žemėse, bei tarptautines pozicijas, Vytautas atnaujino kontaktą su Maskva. 1391 m. jis ištekino savo dukterį Sofija už Maskvos didžiojo kunigaikščio Vasilijaus 1 ir vedė derybas dėl sąjungos sudarymo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Stiprėjanti Jogailos ir Vytauto konfrontacija vis labiau kėlė nerimą ir Lenkijos ponams, nepatenkintiems, kad naujasis karalius rūpinasi LDK reikalais. Norėdamas išsaugoti Lenkijos sostą ir nutraukti jo tėvonines žemes alinantį karą, nežadėjusi greitos pergalės nei vienai pusei, Jogaila dar kartą ryžosi kompromisui. 1392 m. jis pasiūlė Vytautui taiką ir LDK vietininko pareigas. Vytautas priėmė pasiūlymą ir 1392 m. antrą kartą palikęs Ordiną, grįžo į Lietuvą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 16:15:40',62,'','2010-08-24 16:19:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 16:15:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,95,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1395,'Didžiojo Vilniaus seimo nutarimai 1905 m.','didiojo-vilniaus-seimo-nutarimai-1905-m','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">I. Dabartinis padėjimas Rusijoje ir Lietuvoje. Pripažindami, jog dabartinė caro vyriausybė yra pikčiausiu mūsų priešu, jog dabar prieš tą vyriausybę pasikėlė visi Rusų valstijos kraštai, jog geresnį gyvenimą galima įgyti, tik laimėjus kovą su senąja tvarka, susirinkime dalyvavusieji lietuviai nutarė:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šviestis, rištis ir stoti kovon drauge su sukilusia visų Rusijos tautų liaudimi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">II. Lietuvių autonomija. Kadangi Lietuvos gyventojų reikalai pilnai gali būti užganėdinti  tiktai prie tikros mūsų krašto autonomijos (savivaldos) ir kadangi norima, idant kitos Lietuvoje begyvenančios tautos galėtų pilna laisve naudotis, Lietuvių suvažiavimas nusprendė:<br />Reikalauti Lietuvai autonomijos su Seimu Vilniuje, išrinktu visuotinu, lygiu, tiesiu ir slaptu balsavimu, neskiriant lyties, tautos ir tikėjimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Toji autonomiškoji Lietuva turi būti sudėta iš: dabartinės etnografiškosios Lietuvos, kaipo branduolio, ir tų pakraščių, kurie dėlei ekonomiškų, kultūriškų, tautiškų arba kitų priežasčių traukia prie to branduolio ir kurių gyventojai priklausyti prie jo panorės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi susirinkę Vilniuje ant Lietuvių suvažiavimo Suvalkų gubernijos lietuviai vienbalsiai pripažino reikalingu drauge su kitų gubernijų lietuviais kovoti už autonomiškąją Lietuvą, tai suvažiavimas nutarė, kad Suvalkų gubernijos lietuviai turi būti priskirti prie autonomiškosios Lietuvos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Santykiai su kaimyniškomis Rusijos šalimis turi būti paremti ant federacijos pamatų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">III. Kokiu būdu iškovoti autonomiją. Kad įgyti autonomiją, pirmučiausiai reikalinga yra galutinai sugriauti dabartinę prispaudimo tvarką. Tam tikslui reikia vienyti visas Lietuvos politiškųjų partijų ir pavienių ypatų 2 pajėgas. Susivienijus namie, pridera mums jungtis su visomis kitomis Rusijos tautomis kurios padeda griauti tą tvarką, o kol kas reikia: nemokėti jokių mokesčių, uždarinėti monopolius, neleisti vaikų į rusiškas pradedamąsias mokyklas, neiti Kauno, Vilniaus ir Gadino gubernijose į valsčiaus teismus ir visas kitas dabartinės valdžios įstaigas, neleisti savo brolių į kariuomenę, reikalui prasidėjus, streikuoti visiems darbo žmonėms miestuose ir sodžiuose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">IV. Valsčiai, mokyklos ir bažnyčios. Visuose Lietuvos valsčiuose turi būti vartojama prigimta žmonių kalba, visus reikalus vedant.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi dabartinė mokykla yra tik ištautinimo ir ištvirkimo įrankiu, tai reikia visas tokias mokyklas paversti grynai tautiškomis, kur mokslas būtų išguldomas prigimta kalba, ir kad patys to krašto žmonės rinktų sau mokytojus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi Vilniaus vyskupystėje lietuvių bažnyčiose yra vartojama pamaldose lenkiška kalba su politišku tikslu, tai Lietuvių susirinkimas nutarė vienbalsiai išreikšti Vilniaus vyskupystėje gyvenantiems ir kovojantiems lietuviams geriausį linkėjimą pasisekimo kovoje su lenkomanų kunigija už tiesas lietuviškos kalbos Lietuvos bažnyčiose ir papeikti šiandieninės bažnyčios tvarką Vilniaus vyskupystėje.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 17:17:22',62,'','2010-08-24 17:25:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 17:17:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,94,'','',0,70,'robots=\nauthor='),(1396,'1990 03 11 d. aktas','1990-03-11-d-aktas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos Respublikos Aukščiausioji Taryba, reikšdama tautos valią, nutaria ir iškilmingai skelbia,kad yra atstatomas 1940 metais svetimos jėgos panaikintas Lietuvos Valstybės suverenių galių vykdymas, ir nuo šiol Lietuva vėl yra nepriklausoma valstybė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos Tarybos 1918 m. vasario 16 d. Nepriklausomybės aktas ir 1920 m. gegužės 15 d. Steigiamojo seimo rezoliucija dėl atstatytos Lietuvos demokratinės valstybės niekada nebuvo nustoję teisinės galios ir yra Lietuvos Valstybės konstitucinis pamatas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos Valstybės teritorija yra vientisa ir nedaloma, joje neveikia jokios kitos valstybės konstitucija.<br />Lietuvos Valstybė pabrėžia savo ištikimybę visuotinai pripažintiems tarptautinės teisės principams, pripažįsta sienų neliečiamumą, kaip jis suformuluotas 1975 metų Europos saugumo ir bendradarbiavimo pasitarimo Helsinkyje Baigiamajame akte, garantuoja žmogaus, piliečio ir tautinių bendrijų teises.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos Respublikos Aukščiausioji Taryba, kaip suverenių galių reiškėja, šiuo aktu pradeda realizuoti visą Valstybės suverenitetą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 17:27:06',62,'','2010-08-24 17:32:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 17:27:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,93,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1397,'Knygnešių laikai','knygnei-laikai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1864 – 1904 metų laikotarpis apibūdinamas kaip spaudos draudimo metai. Tai buvo metai, kai lietuvių tauta drąsiai ir pasiaukojančiai kovojo dėl savo gimtosios kalbos, lietuviško rašto apsaugojimo ir išsaugojimo. Lietuviškos spaudos ir lietuviškos mokyklos uždraudimas, buvo tęsinys III Lietuvos ir Lenkijos padalijimo. Tai buvo tąsa Vienos kongreso, vykusio 1815 m., nutarimų, kuriais buvo įteisintas Rytų Europos tautų nelygiateisiškumas. Vienoms iš jų buvo leista viešpatauti, kitoms - būti viešpataujančių pavaldiniais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1864 - 1904 metais spauda nebuvo visiškai uždrausta. Muravjovas išleido įsakymą draudžiantį mokyklose vartoti vadovėlius parašytus lietuviškomis raidėmis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1865 m. naujas Vilniaus generolgubernatorius Kaufmanas, Muravjovo įsakymą patvirtino ir pranešė Vidaus reikalų ministeriui Valujevui, prašydamas visiškai uždrausti lietuviškų knygų spausdinimą ir pardavinėjimą. Valujevas šį įsakymą išklausęs ir 1865 metų, rugsėjo 13 dieną išleido įsakymą draudžiantį spausdinti ir pardavinėti lietuviškas knygas lietuviškomis raidėmis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1866 metų, sausio 30 dieną, visą draudimą žodžiu patvirtino pats caras. Tačiau spaudos draudimo ir persekiojimo pradžia reikia laikyti 1864 metus, nes Muravjovo įsakymas dalinai jau uždraudė lietuvių spaudą ir, be to, padarė pradžią visiškam jos uždraudimui (1).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš Vilniaus išguita lietuvių spauda tuomet buvo pradėta leisti Mažojoje Lietuvoje  - Ragainėje, Tilžėje, Klaipėdoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvių spaudos draudimui imta priešintis įvairiai, tačiau ryžtingiausia kova - tai knygų, knygelių ir periodinių leidinių spausdinimas Mažojoje Lietuvoje, jų nelegalus gabenimas į Lietuvą ir išplatinimas. Tai darė knygnešiai. Knygnešys tapo visos kovos dėl lietuviškos spaudos draudimo simboliu (3).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuviškos spaudos gabenimui svarbiausia kliūtis buvo pasienio apsauga. Sulaikytus asmenis bei prekes, pasienio sargybiniai ir akcizo sargai pristatydavo muitinėms. Inteligentai ir valstiečiai pasinaudodavo legaliomis sienos perėjimo galimybėmis. Grįždami iš Mažosios Lietuvos, nusipirkdavo reikalingos spaudos ir ją, paslėpę drabužiuose, vežimuose, parsiveždavo ar parsinešdavo per perėjimo punktus, muitines. Neretai šitaip ir įkliūdavo. Pasienio karčemoje arba retesniais atvejais pas kurį nors valstietį tekdavo laukti patogaus laiko sienai pereiti. Knygnešiams padėdavo tamsios ir lietingos naktys, pūga. Nešikai ypač vengdavo šviežio sniego. Kartais vadovas bandydavo susitarti su pasienio sargybiniais, juos papirkti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Perėjus sieną ryšulius reikėdavo nunešti iki numatytos slėptuvės-tarpinio punkto. Tarpiniame punkte spaudos ilgai nelaikydavo, nes nebuvo pakankamai saugu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 17:33:17',62,'','2010-08-24 17:36:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 17:33:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,92,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(1398,'Suvalkų sutartis','suvalk-sutartis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos Vyriausybės Delegacija,- Gen. Leit. Maksimas Katche ir majoras Aleksandras Šumskis, Lietuvos Vyriausybės Vadovybės atstovai, ir Bronius Balutis, Valdemaras Čarneckis ir Mykolas Biržiška, Užsienio Reikalų Ministerijos atstovai,- ir Lenkų Vyriausybės Delegacija,- pulkininkas Mieczyslaw Mackiewicz, Lenkų Vyriausios Vadovybės atstovas, ir Juljusz Lukasiewicz, Užsienio Reikalų Ministerijos atstovas, suėjusios Suvalkų konferencijon 30 d. Rugsėjo – 7 spalio mėn. 1920 metais ir apsimainiusios įgaliojimais, kurie vienos ir kitos pusės pripažinti pakankamai ir tinkamoje formoje sustatyti, padarė šitokią sutartį:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Straipsnis 1</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėl demarkacijos linijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">a) Nustatoma šitokia demarkacijos linija tarp Lietuvos ir Lenkijos kariuomenių, kuri betgi neikiek dar nesprendžia vienos ar kitos pusės teritorinių teisių;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuo Rytų Prūsų sienos ligi Juodosios Ančios ir Nemuno upių santakos – liniją, kurią yra nustačiusi Aukščiausioji Taryba 1919 m. gruodžio 8 d. Nutarimu; toliau Nemuno tėkme ligi įtekant jin Gravės upeliui; toliau Gravės upeliu ligi perkertant Merkinės - Ratnyčios plentą; toliau tiesia linija ligi Skroblio upelio įtakos Merkio upėn; toliau Merkio upe ligi Derežincos upelio įtakos į ją, paliekant Salavarčių kaimą lietuvių pusėj, o Maledubno – lenkų pusėj; toliau Derežnicos upeliu perkertant Vilniaus-Varėnos geležinkelį maždaug du kilometru į šiaurės rytus nuo Varėnos stoties; toliau keliu per Bartelius, Kiučius, Naujadvarį, Eišiškę, Paditvę, Gorodenką ir Bastūnų stotį, paliekant visą tą kelią ir Bastūnų stotį lenkų vyriausybės rankose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">b) Aukščiau pažymėta linija visu ilgumu, karo veiksmams tarp Lietuvos ir Lenkų kariuomenių sustojant kaip kad numato šios sutarties Antrasis Straipsnis, jokiu pretekstu niekur negali būt pereinama nei vienos, nei kitos susitarusių pusių kariuomenių. Toji linija betgi neturi būt kliūtis vietos gyventojams, apdirbant savo, tos linijos perkertamus laukus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">c) Demarkacijos linijos nuskyrimas vietoje, buv. Suvalkų Gubernijoj, tose jos dalyse, kur tatai numatoma Aukščiausiosios Tarybos 1919 m. gruodžio 8 d. Nutarimu, pavedama Aukščiausiosios Tarybos Kontrolės komisijai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Straipsnis 2</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėl karo veiksmų sustabdymo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">a) Patvirtindamos ir papildydamos dalinius ir laikinus karo veiksmų sustabdymus tarp Lietuvos ir Lenkų kariuomenių, kurie jau buvo priimti šios konferencijos bėgyje, abi susitariančios pusės prisiima sustabdyti visus karo žygius visu šios sutarties Pirmojo Straipsnio (a) punktu nutartos demarkacijos linijos ilgumu nuo Rytų Prūsų sienos ligi meridiano, kuris eina per Paturčių kaimą, maždaug devyni kilometrai į šiaurių vakarus nuo Eišiškės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">b) Demarkacijos linijos ruože nuo Paturčių kaimo meridiano ligi Bastūnų stoties imtinai, karo veiksmai tarp Lietuvos ir Lenkų kariuomenių sustabdoma Sovietų kariuomenei pasišalinus į rytus nuo Vilniaus-Lydos geležinkelio linijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">c) Dėl klausimų apie karo veiksmų sustabdymą ir demarkacijos linijos nustatymą tarp Lietuvos ir Lenkų kariuomenių apylinkėse į rytus nuo Bastūnų stoties meridiano, tai šitie klausimai bus išspręsti tam tikra sutartimi, pasišalinus iš tenai Sovietų kariuomenei. Jeigu šitokios sutarties nepavyktų padaryti, tai abi pusės pasilieka sau teisę kreiptis Tautų Sąjungon tiems klausimams išspręsti.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 17:37:57',62,'','2010-08-24 17:43:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 17:37:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,91,'','',0,39,'robots=\nauthor='),(1399,'Lietuvos savanorių šaukimas į krašto apsaugą','lietuvos-savanori-aukimas-krato-apsaug','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vyrai! Nekartą Lietuvos priešai norėjo uždėti ant mūsų amžiną nepakeliamą jungą, bet mūsų Tėvynė nenugalėta. Ji gyva.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiandien visi išvydome Laisvės rytojų švintantį. Lietuvos nepriklausomybė neša visiems laisvę ir laimę; tai ginkime Nepriklausomą Lietuvos Valstybę! Vienybėje, kaip broliai, pasidavę kits kitam rankas, eikime drąsiai į kovą, visi, kaip vienas, stokim už Tėvynę!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuva pavojuje!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vokiečių kariuomenei atsitraukiant, jau įsibrovė Lietuvon svetimoji Rusijos kariuomenė. Ji eina, atimdama iš mūs gyventojų duoną, gyvulius ir mantą. Jos palydovai – badas, gaisrų pašvaistės, kraujo ir ašarų upeliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai ginkim Lietuvą! Parodykim, jog esame verti amžiaus kovotos laisvės; šiandieną Lietuvos likimas mūsų pačių rankose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nelaukdami toliau nei valandos, kas myli Lietuvą, kas trokšta laisvės, kas pajėgia valdyti ginklą, stokime visi į Lietuvos Krašto apsaugą. Būrių būriais eikime iš kaimų, viensėdijų, miestų ir miestelių, eikime iš visų Lietuvos kraštų laisvės ir Tėvynės ginti. Stokime drąsiai pirmi į kovą!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Drąsiai, be baimės, kaip mūs tėvai ir sentėviai užstokim priešams kelią, pakelkim žygį už mūsų Motiną Tėvynę, už Lietuvos Valstybę!</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 17:45:26',62,'','2010-08-24 17:48:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 17:45:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,90,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1400,'Oktavianas Augustas – principato įkūrėjas','oktavianas-augustas-principato-krjas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gajus Oktavijus Augustas kilęs iš Volskų krašto plebėjų Oktvijų giminės, iki to laiko dar mažai pasižymėjusios ir išlaikiusios senąsias romėnų tradicijas. Uždaro būdo jaunuoliui sumaniai pavyko įveikti senatą ir Antonijų, kuris iš pradžių atsisakė pripažinti Augusto paveldėjimo teisę. Suorganizavęs žygį į Romą, Augustas privertė senatą priimti jo sąlygas, susitarė, su Antonijumi ir Lepidu ir sudarė su jais (II) triumviratą (43 m. pr. Kr.).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Siaubingomis proskripcijomis buvo sunaikinti visi priešininkai, 130 senatorių (tarp jų ir Ciceronas) ir 2000 raitelių. Po pergalės prieš Cezario žudikus Brutą ir Kasijų ties Filipais 42 m. pr. Kr. rudenį Augustas ir Antonijus pasidalijo provincijas (Augustui atiteko lotyniškieji Vakarai, Antonijui – graikiškieji Rytai), Lepidui liko pasitenkinti Afrika. Kovodamas prieš Pompėjų įvedė tvarka Ispanijoje, Afrikoje ir Italijoje. 33 m. pr. Kr. kilo karas tarp Augusto ir Antonijaus. Po Akcijaus mūšio 31 m. pr. Kr rugsėjo 2 d. Antonijus prarado imperiją ir gyvybę, Augustas tapo Romos imperijos valdovu. Jis iš naujo sutvarkė valstybę, tačiau nesiėmė įgyvendinti helenistinių Cezario planų viešpatauti, o rėmėsi Romos respublikos tradicijomis. Augustas sukūrė imperiją, kuri iš tikrųjų buvo monarchija, bet kiek įmanoma išlaikė respublikos formas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Seniausioji Romos imperatoriaus valdžia vadinama principatu todėl, kad Augustas aukščiausiąją valstybės valdžią 27 m. pr. Kr. sausio 13 d. perėmė kaip princeps civium – pirmasis pilietis. Principatui ši nuostata, duota Augusto, buvo esminė. Augustas, priešingai negu Cezaris, visai sąmoningai atsisakė helenistinio absoliučios monarchijos modelio ir savo valdžią kūrė, remdamasis Romos respublikos tradicijomis ir palikdamas respublikoje buvusias tarnybas. Tačiau respublikoje vienas žmogus galėjo eiti tik vienas pareigas ir tik vienerius metus, o Augustas tuo pačiu metu užėmė keletą svarbių postų – vienus gana ilgai, kitus ir visą laiką. Augustas tapo absoliučiu milžiniškos imperijos valdovu, imperijos, kurioje romėnų miestų pasaulis susitiko su barbarų genčių pasauliu. Šią imperiją kontroliuoja ir tvarko didžiulis, efektyviai veikiantis administracinis personalas, kaskart vis labiau specializuojamas. Biurokratiją remia ir saugo nuolatinė kariuomenė, išvystyta karinė infrastruktūra, turinti 300000 žmonių, suskirstytų legionais ir išdėstytų stovyklose ar uostuose. 300000 km. kuo puikiausių kelių leidžia kariuomenei bet kur įsikišti.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 17:48:58',62,'','2010-08-24 17:53:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 17:48:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,89,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1401,'Lietuvos istorijos 2 dalys','lietuvos-istorijos-2-dalys','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiaurės Europą dengęs ledynas iš Lietuvos teritorijos ėmė trauktis apie XVIII – XVI tūkstantmetį pr. Kr. Ledynui tirpstant, atsirado didžiuliai ežerai, formavosi upių slėniai. Daugėjant sausumos plotų, plito tundros augmenija, iš pietų traukė prie šalto klimato prisitaikę žvėrys, vasarą atskrisdavo daug paukščių. Iš gretimų anksčiau apgyvendintų pietinių ir vakarinių sričių užklysdavo Šiaurės elnius medžioję žmonių būreliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Seniausieji žmonių pėdsakai Lietuvos teritorijoje – jų gyvenimo vietos, vadinamos stovyklomis,– aptiktos pietryčių Lietuvos aukštuose upių krantuose, kur gausu titnago. Stovyklų vietose išliko buvusių židinių pėdsakai duobutėse, titnago nuoskalų, skelčių, medžioklės įrankių bei įnagių grobiui apdoroti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Svarbiausi medžioklės įrankiai buvo medinis lankas ir strėlė bei ietis titnaginiu antgaliu. Iš titnago skelčių žmonės pasidarydavo strėlių ir iečių antgalių, peilių, grandukų mėsos gramdymui nuo kaulų, gremžtukų (jais valydavo kailius), rėžtukų kaulų raižymui. Šiais titnaginiais įrankiais dirbosi kaulinius durklus, žeberklus, ylas, adatas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Medžioklė teikė žmonėms ne tik maistą, bet ir kaulų įvairiems reikmenims gamintis, kailių drabužiams bei būstams dengti. Maistą papildydavo žuvis, kuri buvo badoma žeberklais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Seniausiose stovyklose rasti titnaginiai dirbiniai priklauso X – IX tūkst. pr. Kr. – paleolito pabaigai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmonės į Lietuvos teritoriją atėjo iš įvairių sričių: tą rodo dirbinių skirtumai. Pvz., Eiguliuose prie Kauno, Puvočiuose prie Marcinkonių ir kitur rasta Svidrų kultūrai būdingų titnaginių strėlių antgalių ir kitų dirbinių, rodančių, kad čia gyveno gana didelės gimininės bendruomenės, atėjusios iš pietų – dabartinės Lenkijos teritorijos. Tuo tarpu Maksimonyse prie Merkinės, Vilkpėdėje (Vilniuje), Kalniškiuose (Klaipėdoje) aptikti titnago ir kaulo dirbiniai liudija, kad tuo metu Baltijos pietine pakrante iš pietvakarių atėjo būreliai žmonių, vartojusių Bromės kultūrai būdingus titnaginius ir kaulinius įrankius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Greičiausiai dalis ateivių patraukė toliau į rytus ar šiaurę, o kiti liko Lietuvos teritorijoje ir, pamažu susimaišę tarpusavyje, sudarė vietines Rytų Pabaltijo kultūras.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apie 5 500 – 5 000 m. pr. Kr. Anciliaus ežero (susidariusio pietinėje Baltijos jūros dalyje tirpstant ledynams) vanduo per Skandinaviją prasiveržė į Atlantą, susidarė Litorinos jūra. Klimatas palengva atšilo, nors nebuvo pastovus – šiltesnius laikotarpius keitė drėgnesni ir vėsesni, bet ilgainiui nusistovėjo šiltesnis ir sausesnis klimatas nei dabar. Suaugo didžiuliai miškai, radosi vis daugiau žvėrių ir paukščių, tuo pat metu gausėjo gyventojų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 17:55:23',62,'','2010-08-24 17:59:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 17:55:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,88,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1402,'Chosė San Martinas ir Simonas Bolivaras ','chos-san-martinas-ir-simonas-bolivaras-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Chosė San Martinas ir Simonas Bolivaras buvo Ispanijos kolonijų Amerikoje karo vadai kovoje už nepriklausomybę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">S. Bolivaras (kreolas) gimė 1783 07 24 Karakase, Venesueloje. Labai anksti (3 metų) liko be tėvo. Greitai mirė ir mama,  ir jis liko vienas. Dėdės reikalavimu buvo išsiųstas į Ispaniją. Bolivaras daug keliavo po Meksiką, Europą, bendravo su daugeliu žymių žmonių. Jis  mokėsi Ispanijoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Grįžęs į Venesuelą, įsitraukė į kovą prieš Ispanijos valdžią. Bolivaras prisijungė prie patriotų, kurie užgrobė Karakasą ir 1810 m.  paskelbė nepriklausomą vyriausybę. Jis nukeliavo į Britaniją prašyti pagalbos, bet gavo tik neutralumo pažadą. Tada jis grįžo į tėvynę ir ėmė vadovauti patriotų armijai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1811 ir 1813 metais Bolivaras skelbė Venesuelos respubliką, bet ją užkariavo Ispanija. 1816 metų pabaigoje Bolivaro būrys Haičio prezidento padedamas, išsilaipino Venesueloje, panaikino vergovę ir dekretu paskelbė, kad žemė (1817 m.) bus dalijama išsivadavimo kariuomenės kariams. Savo pažadais jis sutelkė dar didesnę karuomenę ir plačiųjų liaudies masių pritarimą. 1819 m. Bolivaras su savo kariuomene išlaisvino N. Granadą (dab. Kolumbiją) ir pats buvo išrinktas Didžiosios Kolumbijos (Venesuelos ir N. Granados) prezidentu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jo vadovaujama kariuomenė 1821m. išvadavo Panamą, 1822m. - Ekvadorą. Šios šalys vėliau prisijungė prie Didžiosios Kolumbijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kitas Ispanijos kolonijų (Argentinos) nacionalinis herojus Chosė San Martinas gimė 1778 02 25 Japėju (Korjento provincija), Argentinoje, ispanų armijos kapitono šeimoje. Mokėsi Buenos Aires. Šešių metų Chosė tėvai išvežė į Ispaniją. 1789 m., neturėdamas nė dvylikos metų, pradėjo karinę tarnybą.</p>\r\n<p>Karinį išsilavinimą įgijo Madride. Jis dalyvavo 1808 - 1812 metų ispanų tautos kare prieš prancūzus. 1812 m. Chosė grįžo į tėvynę. 1814m. Argentinos patriotai, kovojantys su Ispanijos kolonizatoriais, San Martiną paskyrė Šiaurės Armijos vadu. Nuo 1816 m. jis buvo Andų armijos vyriausiasis vadas ir vadovavo sunkiausiam žygiui per Andų kalnus į Čilę. Jis laimėjo mūšius prie Čakabuko (1817 02 12) ir Maipu (1818 04 05). Tie laimėjimai padėjo Čilei gauti nepriklausomybę. Jo vadovaujamu žygiu (1820 - 1821) buvo išvaduota ir gavo nepriklausomybę Peru. Kaip protektorius  1821 - 1822 metais vadovavo pirmajai Peru vyriausybei, kuri įvykdė šalies ekonominę ir karinę padėtį stiprinančias reformas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 18:21:28',62,'','2010-08-24 18:26:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 18:21:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,87,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1403,'Amžiai','amiai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Priešistorė - tai  istorijos  laikotarpis, kai  dar nebuvo  rašto, todėl  beveik  viską  apie  tų  laikų  žmonių  gyvenima  sužinome iš  archeologinių radinių. Priešistorė truko labai  ilgai - ji apima akmens amžių, žalvario  amžių  ir geležies amžių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Akmens amžiuje daugumą įrankių, ginklų - kirvius, kaplius, peilius, iečių ir  strėlių  antgalius, Įvairius rėžtukus, gremžtukus - žmonės gaminosi iš akmens, nes metalo dar  nežinojo. Vėzdams, lazdoms  naudotas  medis. Kapliai, žeberklai, ylos, adatos  buvo  daromi  iš  kaulo, rago. Akmens  amžius - tai  pats  ilgiausias  priešistorės laikotarpis. Lietuvoje jis truko daugiau kaip 8000 metų - nuo 10 tūkstantmečio pr. Kr. Iki 2 tūkstantmečio pr. Kr. Vidurio. Seniausių Lietuvoje gyvenusių žmonių pėdsakų yra iš akmens amžiaus pradžios. Tie žmonės buvo klajokliai medžiotojai ir augalinio maisto rankiotojai. Gyveno laikinose stovyklose prie upių ir ežerų, sausesnėse vietose, užuovėjose, iš suremtų karčių, šakų pastytuose, medžių žieve, žvėrių kailiais apdengtose palapinėse. Tie žmonės turėjo dėti labai daug pastangų, kad susirastų ką valgyti, apsisaugotų nuo darganų, ypač žiemos šalčių. Per tūkstančius metų daug kas pasikeitė ir gamtoje, ir žmonių gyvenime. Akmens amžiui baigiantis, mūsų krašte ošė didžiulės girios, jose radosi daugybė žvėrių - briedžių, stirnų, taurų, šernų, rudujų meškų, vilkų; kalinių žvėrelių - sabalų, kiaunių, lapių, bebrų.Vasarą miškai skambėjo nuo paukščių balsų, ežeruose sidabro šonais švytravo būrių būriai žuvų. Norėdami sumedžioti daugiau žvėrių, sugauti žuvų, žmogus turėjo tobulinti savo ginklus, įrankius. Iš pradžių žmonės vartojo rastas aštresnes, smailesnes akmens skeveldras, vėliau pamažu patys išmoko akmenis skaldyti, apdaužyti, dar vėliau-tašyti, gludinti, gręžti. Vėlyvojo akmens amžiaus įrankiai, ypač akmens kirviai, jau daug tobulesni - aštresni, tvirtesni, patogesni. Su jais jau galėjai, nors ir nelengvai, nusikirsti gan storą medį, išskobti jo vidų, pasidaryti žūklei luotą. Žuvims gaudyti, be kaulinių kabliukų ir žeberklų, pradėta vartoti iš karnų numegztus tinklus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Geresniais įrankiais žmonės galėjo vietoj varganų klajoklių palapinių pasistatyti geresnius būstus. Jų sienas neretai darydavo iš dviejų eilių į žemę įkastų stačių stulpų, stogą dengdavo medžių žieve, nendrėmis, velėnomis. Tokie būstai buvo žymiai šiltesni, erdvesni, viduje įrengtame ugniakure galėjai nuolat kūrenti ugnį. Juos statę žmonės jau buvo sėslūs, juk tokio būsto negalėjai perkelti į kitą vietą. Tuo laiku jau atsirado ir didesnių, geriau apsaugotų gyvenviečių. Jas pasistatyti galėjo tik gausesnės, geriau sutvarkytos ir sėslios žmonių bendruomenės. Tokios buvo iš pirmykščių giminių susijungusios gentys. Akmens amžiui baigiantis žmonės jau išmoko lazdomis, kapliais, kirviais išpurenti vieną kitą lengvesnės žemės sklypelį, pasisėti sorų, kanapių. Tai buvo žemdirbystės pradžia.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 18:35:43',62,'','2010-08-24 18:45:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 18:35:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,86,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1404,'Trečiojo pasaulio šalys (Testas)','treiojo-pasaulio-alys-testas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 18:47:21',62,'','2010-08-24 18:48:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 18:47:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,85,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1405,'Lietuvių spaudos draudimas. Knygnešiai (Referatas)','lietuvi-spaudos-draudimas-knygneiai-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvių, kaip ir kitų tautų, spaudos raidą daugiausia lėmė socialinės ir politinės sąlygos, bendrasis krašto kultūros lygis. Formuojantis lietuvių nacijai, nacionalinė spauda darėsi vis svarbesnė idėjinio bendravimo priemonė ir idėjinės diferenciacijos, kylančios iš nacijos klasinio susiskaldymo, išraiška.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Caro valdžia imperijoje siekė kontroliuoti visą spaudą visomis kalbomis. Dalinį lietuvių spaudos draudimą ėmė vykdyti Vilniaus ir Varšuvos administracija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">M. Muravjovas įvedė kirilicą. ,,Michailas Nikolajevičius [Muravjovas] pirmasis pabandė pritaikyti rusišką raidyną lietuviškai knygai, - vėliau rašė I. Kornilovas,- ir liepė išspausdinti elementorių bei išsiuntinėti jį į Kauno ir Vilniaus gubernijas.” Anot I. Kornilovo, M. Muravjovas ,,visiškai nedraudė spausdinti lietuviškų - lenkiškų knygų”, t. y. lietuviškų knygų lotynišku raidynu. Jau vien 1864 . VI. 5 Muravjovo įsakymas rodo, kad apie lietuviškų elementorių, spausdintų skirtingais raidynais, laisvą konkurenciją negalėjo būti nė kalbos. Pradėtasis spaudos draudimas buvo tolydžio stiprinamas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš pradžių tradicinio raidyno pakeitimo kirilica idėja nesukėlė lietuvių inteligentų pasipriešinimo, bet, keliems mėnesiams praėjus, jau matome ryškų jų nepasitenkinimą šia caro valdžios priemone.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">M. Valančius, matyt, iš tikrųjų pamatė ir viešai buvo pareiškęs, kad tradicinio raidyno uždraudimas tomis priemonėmis, kurias ėmė taikyti caro administracija, liaudies buvo sutiktas priešiškai. M.Valančius buvo visiškai teisus, kad kirilica liko nepritaikyta lietuvių kalbos fonetinėms ypatybėms. M. Valančiaus nepasitenkinimas valdiniais leidiniais turėjo dar ir kitą - religinį - turinį. Jis, būdamas katalikų vyskupas, bendravo su caro valdžia ir iš esmės skelbė, kad ,,kiekviena valdžia iš dievo” ir nekeistina be dievo valios.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vis dėlto viešpataujanti caro Rusijoje buvo provoslavų bažnyčia. Carizmo apologetai ėmė įrodinėti, ypač nuo 1863 m. sukilimo, kad Šiaurės vakarų krašte, Lietuvoje, pirmučiausia paplito provoslavų religija, o tik vėliau Lietuva buvusi neteisėtai sukatalikinta. Šie teiginiai buvo lyg teorinis pagrindas caro vyriausybės politikai, siekimui grąžinti kraštą į ,,teisėtąją religiją”. Pasipriešinimą lietuvių  spaudos draudimui caro administracijos pareigūnai, kaip jiems tai buvo būdinga, laikė ,,lenkų intriga”, t.y. veiksmais tų jėgų, kurios dalyvavo 1863 m. sukilime.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 18:50:10',62,'','2010-08-24 18:53:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 18:50:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,84,'','',0,34,'robots=\nauthor='),(1406,'Kristupas Kolumbas (referatas)','kristupas-kolumbas-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiuliai Šiaurės Amerikos plotai prieš Kolumbui atrandant Ameriką buvo labai retai gyvenami. Ten gyveno tik dvidešimtadalis indėnų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Spalio 12 - oji Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose yra nacionalinė šventė. Tą diena 1492 metais Kolumbas išvydo Naująjį Pasaulį. Manydamas, kad atplaukė į Indiją, vietos gyventojus praminė indios – indėnais. Pavadinimą “Amerika” naujasis kontinentas gavo gerokai vėliau – nuo keliautojo Amerigo Vespučio vardo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kristupas Kolumbas (1451 – 1506). Jaunystėje plaukiojo su piratais ir įgijo patyrimo. Kolumbas išstudijavo daugybę žemėlapių, planų, kelionių aprašymų ir priėjo išvadą, kad, jei Žemė apvali, plaukiant į vakarus galima pasiekti Indiją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kolumbo vardu pavadinta daugelis JAV miestų, kalnas, upė ir universitetas, be to, nesuskaičiuojama daugybė gatvių, kinų ir vaistinių. Kolumbo diena – tai paradų ir linksmybių diena. Tačiau nė per vieną sukaktį nebuvo tokių didžiulių demonstracijų kaip 1965 metais. Gatves užtvindė daugiausia italų kilmės amerikiečiai; jie protestavo prieš teoriją, kuri buvo žinoma jau seniai, bet netikėtai gavo naujų ir labai rimtų patvirtinimų. Kaip tik porą dienų prieš Kolumdo dieną “New York Times” pasirodė straipsnis, kuris suaudrino italų kilmės amerikiečius, nė nemanančius kam nors užleisti savojo genujiečio Kolumbo prioriteto. Mat straipsnis, datuotas “Niu Heivenas, spalio 10”, pačioje pradžioje skelbė tokią sensacingą žinią:</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Jeilio universitetas šiandien pranešė apie nuostabiausią mūsų amžiaus kartografijos atradimą – apie išlikusį vienintelį ikikolumbinių laikų žemėlapį tų Naujojo Pasaulio kraštų, kurious XI amžiuje atrado Leifas Eiriksonas”. Prie straipsnio buvo pridėtas ir žemėlapis. Taip, tikra teisybė: kairėje, viršutiniame kampe, buvo pažymėta – “Vinlandas” (dabar jau galutinai nustatyta, kadšitaip vadinta Šiaurės Amerikos dalis). Jeilio universiteto mokslininkai teigė, kad žemėlapis padarytas “apie 1440 metus”, vadinasi, daugiau kaip penkiasdešimt metų prieš Kolumbo kelionę. O tai, kad jie žemėlapį išspausdino “New York Times” dienraštyje ir pirmą kartą parodė visuomenei būtent antradienį, spalio 12, per Kolumbo dieną, Italų istorijos draugija Amerikoje suprato ne tik kaip atvirą šūkį, bet kaip ir netaktą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 18:55:40',62,'','2010-08-24 18:59:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 18:55:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,83,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1407,'Napoleonas Bonapartas','napoleonas-bonapartas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Napoleonas Bonapartas ( 1789 - 1821 m.), prancūzų generolas, pirmasis konsulas, o vėliau ir imperatorius, paliko ryškų pėdsaką Prancūzijos ir visos Europos istorijoje. 1795 m spalio mėn. kilus monarchistu maištui, Konventas pasiūlė Bonapartui jį numalšinti. Bonapartas, turėdamas kelis kartus mažesnę kariuomenę, greitai numalšino sukilimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Netrukus jis buvo paskirtas Paryžiaus įgulos vadu. 1796 m. kovo mėn., Bonapartui buvo patikėta armija, turėjusi kautis su austrais Šiaurės Italijoje. Jo vadovaujama armija , ryžtingai verždamasi, sutriuškino austrų pajėgas. Gegužės mėn. pasiekė pergalę ties Lodi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1797 m. balandžio mėn. austrai buvo priversti pasirašyti taikos sutartį. Prancūzija iš besiginančios šalies virto galingiausia Europos kontinento valstybė. Tačiau svarbiausia Prancūzijos priešininkė -  Didžioji Britanija, turėdama stipriausią laivyną, tęsė karą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1798 m. liepos mėn. Prancūzijos kariuomenė, vadovaujama Bonaparto išsilaipino Aleksandrijoje . Sutriuškinę vietinius dalinius, prancūzai įžengė į Kairą. 1798 m. pabaigoje Didžiosios Britanijos iniciatyva susiformavo II antiprancūziška koalicija , kurią sudarė Didžioji Britanija, Austrija, Rusija, Turkija ir Neapolio karalystė.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 18:59:44',62,'','2010-08-24 19:17:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 18:59:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,82,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(1408,'Lietuvos istorijos datos','lietuvos-istorijos-datos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 19:18:02',62,'','2010-08-24 19:19:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 19:18:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,81,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1409,'Ponų ir bajorijos viešpatavimo laikotarpis','pon-ir-bajorijos-viepatavimo-laikotarpis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Goštautų šeimos reikšmė nesumažėjo nė po Jono Goštauto mirties. Tačiau Zigmanto II laikais Goštautų šeima pasibaigė – išmirė. Tada iškilo greta jų stovėjusios, taip pat senos, giminiškos didikų Radvilų  ir Astikų šeimos. Aukščiausiai iškilo Radvilos. Astikai nepajėgė jų nukonkuruoti (XVI a. gale jie išmirė), ir Zigmanto Augusto laikais vadovaujamoji rolė priklausė Radviloms. Su jais, jau tada ir kiek vėliau, bandė konkuruoti gudų kilimo Chodkevičiai, kurie betgi, negalėdami prilygti Radviloms turtingumu, nepaveržė iš jų įtakos. Be vadovaujančiosio didžiūnų šeimos Lietuva niekad neapsiėjo. Tatai visai suprantama: gyvenant savarankiškoje valstybėje, visuomenės dėmesys juk turėjo kur nors krypti; jis negalėjo krypti į Lenkijoje gyvenantį ir dar iš svetur atėjusį valdovą, kuriam abi valstybės buvo lygios, todėl krypo į galingiausiąją Lietuvos šeimą. Tuo būdu tokios šeimos galvos darėsi tarsi Lietuvos nevainikuotais kunigaikščiais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1577 m. vyriausiu vadu buvo paskirtas Vilniaus vaivada Mikalojus Radvila Rudasis, kuriam  padėjo sūnus, lauko hetmondas Kristupas, pramintas Perkūnu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kristupas I Radvila Perkūnas, Mikalojaus Radvilos Rudojo sūnus, - nuo 1572 m. kiemo hetmondas (jis pirmasis – nuo 1579 m. – pradėjo vadinti lauko hetmondu), nuo 1579 m. Trakų kaštelionas ir vicekancleris. Nuo 1584 m. Vilniaus vaivada, o nuo 1589 m. didysis hetmonas; didelis kalvinų globėjas (1603 m.).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Stepono Batoro laikais (1576 – 1586 m.) Lietuvos didikai, jėzuitams atvykstant į Vilnių, beveik visi buvo protestantai, bet netrukus didelė jų dalis vėl sugrįžo į katalikybę. Į katalikybę sugrįžo net dižiausiojo protestantų veikėjo, Mikalojaus Radvilos Juodojo, šeima.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 19:20:33',62,'','2010-08-24 19:23:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 19:20:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,80,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1410,'Renesansas','renesansas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XIV – XVI a. pirmiausia Italijoje, o vėliau ir kitose V. Europos šalyse ėmė plisti savitas ekonominis, kultūrinis ir politinis atgimimas – renesansas. Po kurio laiko F. Engelsas pavadins jį vienu pažangiausiu žmonijos perversmu, kokius ji tik kada nors išgyveno. Renesanso epochoje vėl atsigręžta į antiką, imta naujai vertinti jos palikimą, o visa renesanso kultūra grindžiama humanizmo idėjomis. Pirmiausia renesansas įsigalėjo literatūroje, vėliau – dailėje, o galiausiai ir architektūroje. Architektai ieškojo naujų fasado ir interjero sprendimų, tobulino statybos techniką. Fasaduose stengtasi pabrėžti horizontalias, statiškas linijas, įsigalėjo elementų pusiausvyra. Pastatams būdinga harmonija, dominuoja aiški erdvės struktūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvoje nauja architektūros kryptis pasirodė daug vėliau negu Italijoje, bet nedaug atsiliko nuo Š. ir V. Europos, kadangi su kaikuriomis Europos šalimis buvo palaikomi intensyvūs ekonominiai bei politiniai ryšiai. Be to, XVI a. Lietuva dar buvo savarankiška valstybė, jos ekonomika bei kultūra buvo tolygi pietinių šalių ekonomikai ir kultūrai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmiausia renesansas Lietuvoje ėmė plisti per turtingąjį sluoksnį: didikus, kurie savo vaikus mokė Prahos, Bolonijos, Sienos, Leipcigo, Vitenbergo universitetuose, kur šie susipažindavo su humanizmu ir renesanso kultūra. Kai kurie didikai (Goštautai, Radvilos, Sapiegos), vyskupai, vienas kitas turtingesnis miestietis kolekcionavo dailės kūrinius, meniškus ginklus, komplektavo bibliotekas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Renesanso stiliaus pamoka Lietuvoje buvo italų renesansas, įgijęs manierizmo tendenciją, tačiau Lietuvos renesansas turėjo ir daug unikalių, savitų bruožų, jam būdinga savo krašto tikrovės matymas ir perteikimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dažniausiai didikų pilis, rezidentinius rūmus projektuodavo vietiniai arba iš kitur atvykę architektai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš užsienio didikai kviesdavosi architektus dar ir tam, kad pademonstruotų savo pranašumą prieš lenkų feodalus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iki XVI a. vidurio renesansas reiškėsi greta gotikos. Abiejų stilių elementai derinami tarpusavyje, tik vėliau pereinama prie renesansinių konstrukcijų, formų, proporcijų. Didžioji dalis Lietuvoje išlikusių renesansinių pastatų yra dviejų epochų kūriniai, o kartais net ir trijų – gotikos, renesanso ir baroko.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugiausiai išlikę renesanso laikotarpiu statytų bažnyčių, gynybinių rezidentinių pilių, mažiau – gyvenamųjų namų.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 19:25:20',62,'','2010-08-24 19:28:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 19:25:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,79,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1411,'Rytų modernizacija ir Japonijos fenomenas (referatas)','ryt-modernizacija-ir-japonijos-fenomenas-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiandien dauguma Rytų šalių, netgi tos, kurios ilgai puoselėjo uždarumo tradicijas, suprato, kad prekyba su užsieniu yra ekonomikos pagrindas. Kinija, Indija prekiauja su pasauliu, bet jos taip ir neatsikratė nepilnavertiškumo komplekso, nors turi milžinišką potencialą, galimybės neišnaudojamos, ekonominės problemos akivaizdžios. Tuo tarpu jų kaimynė Japonija tapo viena iš naujojo, modernaus pasaulio lyderių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pokario laikotarpyje tekančiosios saulės šalis tapo viena iš  pirmaujančių pasaulio valstybių. Japonija - tai pasaulinė valstybė ir pasaulyje su elektroninėmis ir viršgarsinėmis perdavimų sistemomis būtų psichologinė ir politinė klaida laikyti ją tiktai azijietiška šalimi. Pastaraisiais metais Japonija tapo, iš esmės, pagrindiniu JAV ekonominiu konkurentu. Šis “pakilimas” pavyko tik išnaudojus Japonijos vystymosi specifines istorines - ekonomines ir socialines - politines ypatybes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mokslinės - techninės revoliucijos išdavoje ir globojant valstybei išaugo ir sustiprėjo chemija, elektronika, optika, automobilių gamyba. Iš naujo suklestėjo tokios senos šakos, kaip tekstilė, plieno liejimas, laivų statyba. Anksčiau vyravusią lengvąją ir maisto pramonę pakeitė sunkiosios pramonės viešpatavimas, be to, bendroje pramoninės gamybos apimtyje pagrindinę vietą užėmė mašinų gamybos, metalo apdirbimo ir chemijos produkcija, tai yra tų šakų, kurios glaudžiausiai susijusios su moksline technine pažanga. Sukurtos pačios šiuolaikiškiausios pasaulyje transporto ir ryšių sistemos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tokiu būdu Japonija iš kadaise agrarinės - pramoninės šalies pavirto į vieną iš labiausiai išsivysčiusių industrinių valstybių. Būtent Japonija jau seniai išleidžia didesnę pusę visos laivų statybos produkcijos, o devintajame dešimtmetyje  ji ėmė gaminti palyginti didžiąją dalį plieno liejimo pramonės produkcijos, automobilių gamybos (28% visos gamybos), staklių ir robotų gamybos, kai kurių kitų pagrindinių ir pačių perspektyviausių gamybos šakų. Nuo 60 – tųjų metų jos ekonominė galia dvigubėjo kas septyneri metai. Japonija atsidūrė viso pasaulio dėmesio centre, mėgavosi jo nuostaba.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 19:30:00',62,'','2010-08-24 19:32:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 19:30:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,78,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1412,'Lietuvos istorijos iliustracijos','lietuvos-istorijos-iliustracijos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 19:33:49',62,'','2010-08-24 19:36:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 19:33:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,77,'','',0,38,'robots=\nauthor='),(1413,'Europos žmogaus teisių ir laisvių konvencija','europos-mogaus-teisi-ir-laisvi-konvencija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vyriausybės, šios Konvencijos signatarės, Europos Tarybos narės, atsižvelgdamos į Jungtinių Tautų Generalinės Asamblėjos 1948 metų gruodžio 10 dieną paskelbtą Visuotine žmogaus teisiu deklaraciją;<br />atsižvelgdamos į tai, jog ši Deklaracija siekia, kad joje - skelbiamos teisės būtų visuotinai ir veiksmingai pripažįstamos ir jų būtų laikomasi; atsižvelgdamos į Europos Tarybos tikslą siekti didesnės savo narių vienybės ir kad vienas iš būdų siekti šio tikslo - ginti ir toliau įgyvendinti žmogaus teises ir pagrindines laisves; tvirtai tikėdamos šiomis pagrindinėmis laisvėmis, kurios yra teisingumo bei taikos pasaulyje pagrindas ir kurias geriausiai apsaugo, viena vertus, veiksminga politinė demokratija, ir, kita vertus, jas apsprendžiantis žmogaus teisių bendras supratimas ir jų laikymasis; būdamos Europos šalių vyriausybės, kurios yra tikros, jog laikydamosi vienodos nuomonės ir turėdamos politinių tradicijų, idealų, laisvių ir teisės normų bendrą palikimą, yra pasiryžusios žengti pirmą žingsnį siekdamos kolektyviai įgyvendinti tam tikras Visuotinėje deklaracijoje paskelbtas teises...</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 19:37:17',62,'','2010-08-24 19:42:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 19:37:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,76,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1414,'Knyga “Istoriniai asmenys ir jų epocha”','knyga-istoriniai-asmenys-ir-j-epocha','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Knyga “Istoriniai asmenys ir jų epocha” parašyta istoriko Juozo Skiriaus, kuriam atrodo, kad palyginti su Lietuvos istorija, visuotinės istorijos kursams knygų skirta kur kas mažiau. Iš dalies būtent tai ir paskatino jį pateikti Lietuvos mokyklai ir visiems, kurie domisi istorija, šią skaitinių knygą – apybraižas apie žymiuosius naujausių laikų istorijos veikėjus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Knygą “Istoriniai asmenys ir jų epocha” išleido Kauno “Šviesos” leidykla 1997 metais 3000 egzempliorių tiražu. Ją atspausdino SPAB spaustuvė “Aušra”. Ši knyga pasakoja apie dvidešimt penkis įvairių šalių tarpukario laikotarpio lyderius. Pasakojimas apie kiekvieną veikėją pavadintas skambiu pavadinimu, pvz. “Hailė Selasijė I – nepriklausomybės, reformų ir monarchijos simbolis Afrikoje”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kairiajame šone yra to veikėjo nuotrauka, o šalia būdingas jo pasakymas. Apačioje pateikiamos svarbiausios jo biografijos detalės, paskui viskas išplėtojama chronologine tvarka laikraščių, žurnalų, Lietuvos užsienio atstovų pranešimų žodžiais. Pasakojimo pabaigoje pateikta kitų įžymių žmonių, biografų, istorikų minčių, kurios atskleidžia aprašomos asmenybės sudėtingumą ir įvairialypiškumą. Po to pateikta literatūra lietuvių ir užsienio kalba.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Biografiniai istorinių asmenų, valstybės veikėjų duomenys padeda geriau įgyvendinti programos reikalavimus, išplečia vadovėlio medžiagą. Juozas Skirius pasakodamas apie Eduardą Benešą – Čekoslovakijos valstybingumo stiprintoją, Leoną Bliumą – Prancūzijos socialistų lyderį ir premjerą, Vinstoną Čerčilį – karingąjį Didžiosios Britanijos premjerą, Eduardą Daladjė – Prancūzijos politinių jėgų vienytoją, Fransiską Franką – Ispanijos diktatorius ir patriotą, Mahatmą Gandį – Indijos tautinio sąjūdžio vadą, Hailę Selasiję I – nepriklausomybės, reformų ir monarchijos simbolį Afrikoje, Paulį Hindenburgą – Vokietijos dešiniųjų jėgų vilties prezidentą, Adolfą Hitlerį – Vokiečių nacionalsocialistų partijos įkūrėją ir idėjinį vadą, Miklošą Hortį – Vengrijos regentą ir karinį diktatorių, Herbertą Klarką Hūverį – krizės parklupdytą JAV prezidentą, Vladimirą Leniną – bolševikinės sistemos kūrėją, Džeimsą Ramsį Makdonaldą – britų tautinės vyriausybės vadovą, Karlį Gustavą Manerheimą – trijų suomių tautos neprklausomybės karų vadą, Benitą Musolinį - itališkojo fašizmo kūrėją, Konstantiną Petsą – pirmąjį Estijos prezidentą, Pijų XI – taikos gynėją ir tikėjimo stiprintoją, Juzefą Pilsudskį – naujosios Lenkijos maršalą ir diktatorių, Joachimą fon Ribentropą – Trečiojo reicho diplomatą, Frankliną Delaną Ruzveltą – didžiosios ekonominės krizės nugalėtoją, Josifą Staliną – bolševikinio režimo diktatorių, Sun Jatseną – kinų revoliucinierių ir demokratą, Levą Trockį – bolševikinės sistemos opozicijos lyderį, Karlį Ulmanį – Latvijos prezidentą ir tautos autoritetą bei Tomą Vudrą Vilsoną – amžinosios taikos ir JAV dominavimo pasaulyje šalininką norėjo sugrąžinti šių laikų visuomenei po truputį į užmarštį nueinančius istorinius asmenis. Autorius kiekvieno veikėjo gyvenimą bando susieti su Lietuva, ką šis ar anas herojus jai davė, kaip nuskriaudė.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 19:44:17',62,'','2010-08-24 19:47:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 19:44:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,75,'','',0,79,'robots=\nauthor='),(1415,'JAV prezidentai ir viceprezidentai','jav-prezidentai-ir-viceprezidentai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 19:49:25',62,'','2010-08-24 19:50:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 19:49:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,74,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1416,'Lietuvos konvencija su Anglija, Prancūzija, Italija ir Japonija','lietuvos-konvencija-su-anglija-pranczija-italija-ir-japonija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Britų imperija, Prancūzija, Italija ir Japonija, kurios drauge su Amerikos Jungtinėmis valstybėmis, kaipo svarbiausios Santarvės ir su jomis susidėjusios valstybės, pasirašė Versalės traktatą, perduodama Lietuvai šioje konvencijoje numatytomis sąlygomis visas teises ir titulus, kuriuos jos turi paėmusios nuo Vokietijos eidamos Varsalės traktato straipsniui 99, teritorijoje tarp Baltijos jūros, Rytų Prūsijos vasaros rytų sienos ir buvusios sienos tarp Vokietijos ir Rusijos. Ta teritorija šioje konvencijoje bus vadinama \"Klaipėdos teritorija\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Klaipėdos teritorija sudarys Lietuvos suvereniteto vienetą, kuris naudosis įstatymų leidimo, teismų, administracijos ir finansų autonomija ribose statuto, kuris yra išdėstytas priedėlyje I.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Turtai Klaipėdos teritorijoje, kurie 1920 m. sausio 10 d. priklausė Vokietijos imperijai arba kuriai Vokietijos valstybių, kaip tat yra apibrėžta Versalės 1919 m. birželio 28 d, traktato straipsnyje 256, perduodami Lietuvos Respublikai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 19:52:22',62,'','2010-08-24 19:58:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 19:52:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,73,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1417,'Švietėjai ir jų idėjos','vietjai-ir-j-idjos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 19:59:31',62,'','2010-08-24 20:01:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 19:59:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,72,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1418,'LDK dvaro ir didikų kultūra. Jos ypatumai','ldk-dvaro-ir-didik-kultra-jos-ypatumai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bajorijos reikšmė pradėjo kilti dar Vytauto laikais. Jau tada didysis kunigaikštis svarbesniaisiais klausymais visada atsiklausdavo savo bajorų nuomonės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bajorai buvo aukščiausias luomas, turėjęs daugiausia teisių ir mažiausiai pareigų. Iš visų pareigų likusi tik vienintelė karo prievolė. Kai pagaliau išnyko ir ši, bajorai beturėjo tik teises, o pareigų jokių. Mokesčius jie mokėdavo tik tada, kai juos patys seime užsidėdavo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kalba ir kilmė. Ekonominiai feodalų klasės reikalai, vis besiplečianti valstybės aparato administracinė – teisinė veikla, sudėtinga raštiškų potvarkių sistema kėlė Lietuvos feodalams rašto ir platesnio lavinimosi poreikį. Kadangi Lietuvos valstybė perėmė raštą iš kaimynų šalių, susidarė sudėtingi santykiai tarp kalbų: dauguma XIV – XVI a. raštų buvo kuriama senosiomis rašto kalbomis – LDK kanceliarijoje vartotomis rytų slavų ir lotynų, o kalbama buvo nelygu vieta: Lietuvoje lietuviškai, valstybei plečiantis į rytų slavų žemes – tenai tų žemių šnekamosiomis kalbomis. XV ir XVI a. Lietuvos bajorija jau buvo pasidavusi lenkų įtakai. Lenkino ją artimi politiniai santykiai su Lenkija, didžiojo kunigaikščio dvaras ir lenkai dvasininkai. Bet tuo pat metu Lietuvos bajorija nuolat kovojo su Lenkijos noru pasinaudoti Lietuva savo reikalams ir paversti ją savo provincija. Nenorėdami pasirodyti menkesni už lenkus, Lietuvos bajorai išgalvojo teoriją, lietuviai esą kilę iš senovės romėnų, taigi jie kilnesni už savo kaimynus. Lenkai tada didžiuodamiesi pabrėždavo, kad jie atnešę Lietuvai vakarų Europos kultūrą, o bajorijai davę savo herbus. Tuo tarpu Lietuvos istorikai teigė, kad lenkai herbus pasisavinę iš čekų, o šie – iš romėnų; būtent iš to jie nusprendė, kad lietuviai kilę iš romėnų. Tai romėniškai kilmei paremti buvo sudaryta ištisa teorija. Sakoma, kad istorijoje žinomas romėnų karvedys Publijas Libonas, savo priešų persekiojamas, iš Italijos atbėgęs į Lietuvą ir čia sukūręs valstybę. Jo vardas čia buvęs iškreiptas į Palemoną. Tai atsitiko I – II amžiuje po Kristaus. Užpildę tą didelę spragą (II – XII a.) visus Lietuvos kunigaikščius kildino iš to Palemono.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Švietimas. Raštingumui plisti Lietuvoje didelę reikšmę turėjo pajėgi didžiojo kunigaikščio kanceliarija, taip pat luominių institucijų raštinės. Rašto įsigalėjimas feodalų buityje reikalavo steigti mokyklas, perimti kitose šalyse susidariusią mokslo žinių visumą. Mokyklų steigimu ėmė rūpintis pirmiausia patys bajorai, jie iškėlė šį klausimą seime. Pirmosios mokyklos pradėjo kurtis Lietuvoje XIV a. pabaigoje – XV amžiuje. Dvi katedros mokyklos (1397 m. įkurta Vilniuje, 1469 m. – Varniuose) ir dvi parapinės (1409 m. Naujuosiuose Trakuose, 1473 m. Kaune) mokyklos suteikė galimybę lavintis nedaugeliui moksleivių. Todėl didesnė dalis didikų jaunuomenės ėmė ieškoti mokslo užsienio universitetuose (nuo XVII a. jiems šią teisę laidavo Lietuvos Statutas).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 20:04:02',62,'','2010-08-24 20:08:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 20:04:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,71,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1419,'Šiaurės Atlanto sutarties organizacija (NATO)','iaurs-atlanto-sutarties-organizacija-nato','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiaurės Atlanto sutarties organizacija (NATO) buvo įkurta 1949 m. Šiaurės Atlato sutartimi, kuri plačiai visuomenei geriau žinoma kaip Vašingtono sutartis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Politiniai tikslai ir pagrindiniai uždaviniai. NATO įkurta atsižvelgiant į Jungtinių Tautų chartijos 51 - ą straipsnį, yra gynybinė sąjunga, pagrįsta nepriklausomų valstybių politiniu ir kariniu bendradarbiavimu. Kaip pasakyta NATO priambulėje, Aljanco nariai yra įsipareigoję ginti laisvę, saugoti bendrą palikimą ir civilizaciją, vadovaujantis demokratijos, individo laisvės ir įstatymo viršenybės principais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sutarties 4 - as straipsnis numato sąjungininkų konsultacijas, kai bent vienas iš jų mano, kad kyla grėsmė jo teritoriniam vientisumui, politinei nepriklausomybei arba saugumui. Atitinkamai pagal Šiaurės Atlanto sutarties 5-ą straipsnį NATO priklausančios valstybės yra įsipareigojusios ginti viena kitą. Tai reiškia, kad ginkluotas vienos ar kelių NATO valstybių Europoje arba Šiaurės Amerikoje užpuolimas bus laikomas jų visų užpuolimu. Ši organizacija gali imtis priemonių tik tokiu atveju, jei jam pritaria visos valstybės - narės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasibaigus šaltajam karui, NATO savaime pakito kaip organizacija ir išplėtojo savo politines bei karines struktūras, atsižvelgdama į kitokias Europos saugumo aplinkybes tuo pačiu metu siekdamos užtikrinti saugumą visoje Europoje, NATO valstybės ėmė plačiau bendradarbiauti ir įtraukė naujų partnerių iš Vidurio ir Rytų Europos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">NATO transformacija. 1989 m. Europoje prasidėjo fundamentalūs politiniai pasikeitimai, kurių dėka baigėsi karinis ir ideologinis Europos padalijimas ir iširo Varšuvos paktas.  Sovietų sąjungos žlugimas 1991 m. pratęsė šį procesą. Pažymėtos ir kitos po 1989 m. įvestos svarbios naujovės. Tai naujos strategijos koncepcijos priėmimas Romos aukščiausio lygio susitikime 1991 m., išaugęs bendradarbiavimas ir kordinacija su kitomis tarptautinėmis institucijomis. Koncepcija numatė mažinti priklausomumą nuo branduolinio ginklo. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 20:09:24',62,'','2010-08-24 20:14:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 20:09:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,70,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1420,'Budistinės civilizacijos susiformavimas ir bruožai','budistins-civilizacijos-susiformavimas-ir-bruoai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Budos gyvavimo laikotarpiu Indijoje buvo vertinamas individualus tiesos ieškojimas. Tai skatino sunkiai suvokiamų dalykų suvokimo trokštančius indus neuždaryti savęs tarp esamų minčių, idėjų, tvirtinimų. Buda, stengdamasis atsakyti į visuotinę kentėjimo ir mirties mįslę, sukūrė mokymą, kuris ilgainiui tapo religija ir filosofija, suvaidinusia svarbia rolę dvasiniame, kultūriniame ir socialiniame Rytų pasaulio gyvenime ir 20 a. išplitusia į Vakarus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame darbe trumpai aptariamos Budizmo atsiradimo aplinkybės, istorinis vystymasis, mokymas, Budizmo vienuolių draugijos (sanghos) susiformavimas ir ryšys su visuomene ir valstybe, bei pagrindinės Budizmo sistemos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Budizmas atsirado šiaurės rytų Indijoje tarp 6 a. pr. Kr. pabaigos ir 4 a. pr. Kr pradžios. Tai buvo didelių socialinių permainų ir intensyvios religinės veiklos periodas Indijoje. Mokslininkai nesutaria dėl Budos gimimo ir mirties datų. Daug mokslininkų Europoje, Jungtinėse Valstijose ir Indijoje tiki, kad istorinis Buda gyveno  nuo 563 m. pr. Kr iki 483 m. pr. Kr. Daug kitų, ypatingai Japonijoje, tiki, jog jis gyveno šimtu metų vėliau (nuo 448 m. pr. Kr iki 368 m. pr. Kr).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tuo metu Indija nebebuvo patenkinta Brahmanų aukojimo ir apeigų išoriniais formalumais. Šiaurės rytų Indijoje buvo vienuolių, kurie bandė kitaip aiškinti Vedas. Iš to literatūroje atsirado Upanišados, kuriose galima rasti naują požiūrį į atsižadėjimą ir transcendentinį žinojimą. Šiaurės rytų Indija, kuri buvo mažiau įtakojama arijų, išvysčiusių pagrindines Vedų Indų tikėjimo dogmas ir praktikas, tapo lopšiu daugeliui heterodoksinių sektų. Visuomenė tuo metu buvo sunerimus dėl genčių vienybės suirimo ir keleto menkų karalysčių ekspansijos. Religine prasme, tai buvo abejonės, sumišimo ir eksperimentavimo metas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 20:15:44',62,'','2010-08-24 20:21:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 20:15:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,69,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1421,'NATO','nato','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 20:23:05',62,'','2010-08-24 20:24:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 20:23:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,68,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1422,'Fidelis Kastro','fidelis-kastro','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Alina (F.Kastro nesantuokinė duktė) “Echo planety” korespondentui Meksikoje papasakojo :<br />Formaliai esu tikrai nesantuokinė Kastro duktė. Bet mažai kas žino, kad ir jis – pavainikis sūnus. Ši istorija nenusileidžia tėvo draugo – rašytojo Gabrielio Garsijos Markeso – kūrinių siužetams. Spręskite patys: nelabai vykęs turkas Franciskas Rusas, kilęs iš surusėjusios žydų šeimos , ieškodamas laimės, iš Stambulo persikrausto į kitą pusę vandenyno ir Kuboje suranda draugę Domingą – keistą moterį (tai teigė jos amžininkai), apie kurią taip pat buvo kalbama, jog ji susijusi su šėtonu. Franciskas ir Dominga susilaukė trijų dukterų. Jauniausioji Lina buvo gražiausia, bet savotiško būdo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Skurdas vijo šeimą į salos rytus, kur ji susidūrė su dideliu žemvaldžiu, išeiviu iš Ispanijos Galisijos provincijos Ancheliu Kastro.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dominga - nereikia jos smerkti, už tai; laikai ir papročiai buvo kitokie – iš nevilties mainais už prieglobstį pasiūlė žemvaldžiui pasirinkti į suguloves (slapta nuo žmonos) bet kurią dukterį. Anchelis Kastro pasirinko Liną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nesantuokiniai pono Anchelio ir Linos vaikai pasipylė kaip iš gausybės rago. Trečias iš eilės po Liūto žvaigždynu gimė Fidelis. “Burtininkė” Dominga, gimus anūkui, pasak jos amžininkų, ilgai tyrinėjo žvaigždžių padėtį, tris kartus pabučiavo žemę ir paskelbė, kad naujagimis bus vienintelis iš sūnų, kuriam labai pasiseks gyvenime – išgarsės pasaulyje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tiesa, iš pradžių Fidelis, kaip ir kiti nesantuokiniai broliai bei seserys, gyveno su motina vargingoje lūšnelėje plačių tėvo valdų pakraštyje. Fideliui į pradžios mokyklą tekdavo eiti kelis kilometrus. Bėgo laikas…</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tik po kelerių metų donas Anchelis nusprendė išsiskirti su žmona Lidija. Lina, pakerėjusi širdį  tapo jo žmona. Jis pripažino savais visus jos vaikus , kurių gyvenimas staigiai pasikeitė: jiems atsivėrė geriausių Kubos mokyklų ir koledžų durys. Fidelį pasiuntė mokytis į prestižinį jėzuitų koledžą kuris suformavo būsimojo Kubos lyderio charakterį ir pasaulėžiūrą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bėgo metai, ir Fidelis atėjęs į valdžią, atsidūrė tokioje pikantiškoje situacijoje, kaip ir jo tėvas. Tai atsitiko tuomet kai pasauly išvydo Alina. Alina Revuelta pasakoja, jog nebaigęs teisės mokslų tėvas iš pradžių pabandė jėgas komercijoje. Ant namo stogo augino viščiukus, prekiavo kioskelyje. Nieko iš to neišėjo. Bet vedė sekmingai. Savo likimą susiejo su tuometinio Kubos vidaus reikalų ministro dukterečia – Mirta Dias Balart. Netrukus gimė Fidelitas – vienintelis iš aštuonių Fidelio Kastro vaikų, kurį diktatorius pripažino oficialiai. Jis užima gan aukštą padėtį Kubos hierarchijoje – atsakingas už atominės energetikos sukūrimą.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 20:25:46',62,'','2010-08-24 20:32:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 20:25:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,67,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1423,'Karalių šeimos istorija','karali-eimos-istorija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiojo šiaurės karo metu  Didžiojoje Lietuvoje ir Lenkijoje siautęs maras 1709 - 1710 m. pasiekė ir Mažąją Lietuvą. Po maro kraštas ištuštėjo, jame liko net 11 000 tuščių sodybų, išmirė 1/3 visų gyventojų. Todėl Frydrichas pirmasis, nuo 1701 m. karūnavęsis Prūsijos karaliumi, paskleidė atsišaukimą į Vokietijos gyventojus, kviesdamas juos gyventi į savo valstybę, žadėdamas jiems paramos ir visokių lengvatų. Kadangi tuo metu Vokietijoj ir Šveicarijoj  buvo persiakiojami protestantai, daugelis jų kraustėsi į Prūsiją. Tuo būdu į Mažąją Lietuvą atsikėlė daugiau nei 20 000 pietų vokiečių. Stengiantis apsaugoti juos nuo sulietuvėjimo, buvo išleistas įsakymas kolonistų nemaišyti su lietuviais. Vokiečiai turėjo gyventi atskirais kaimais. Be to, pastariesiems buvo uždrausta mokytis lietuviškai kalbėti ir lietuviškai rengtis.Valdžia rūpinosi , jog kolonistai išliktų  tvirta vokietybės atrama. Iš visur sugraibstyti kolonistai nepasižymėjo nei geru ūkininkavimu nei doru gyvenimu. Kaip teigiama, į Mažąją Lietuvą jie atnešė girtavimą, tinginiavimą, muštynes ir daugelį kitų lietuviams svetimų papročių.Tuo būdu viso krašto gerovės pagrindas liko lietuviai.Kilus reakcijai prieš vokietinimą, susirūpinta lietuvių kalbos mokyklose išlaikymu, buvo pradėta leisti naujų  katekizmų, giesmynų ir kitokių lietuviškų knygų. Tuo metu Mažojoje Lietuvoje rašė K. Donelaitis (1714 - 1780). 18 a. vadinamas Mažosios Lietuvos rašliavos klestėjimo laikais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tikrasis Mažosio Lietuvos vokietinimas prasidėjo tik 19 a. Tuo metu lietuvių kalba buvo visiškai išstumta iš gyvenimo : pašalinta iš mokyklų, iš teismų, iš visų valdžios įstaigų ir net iš bažnyčių.Be to lietuviai pradėti sąmoningai vokietinti per kariuomenę : vyrai buvo išvežami į tolimus Vokietijos kraštus, kur buvo priversti išmokti kalbėti vokiškai. 1876 m. buvo išleistas įsakymas, kuriuo vienintele valstybine kalba buvo paskelbta vokiečių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš šio krašto kilusios Ievos Simonaitytės romane “Vilius Karalius“ atskleistas lietuvininkų gyvenimas apima 20 a. pradžią - laikotarpį nuo 1903 m. iki Antrojo Pasaulinio karo pabaigos. Šį kūrinį  I. Simonaitytė rašė 20 m. Jo idėjiniu pagrindu tampa genčių, kaimynų, atskirų personažų šeimos istorijos. Atskiri likimai, gyvenimai čia tarsi susipina į vieną bendrą istoriją.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-24 20:40:52',62,'','2010-08-24 20:45:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-24 20:40:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,66,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1424,'Diktantas apie A. Vienuolį Žukauską','diktantas-apie-a-vienuol-ukausk','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ten, įkalnyje, ilsisi kitas didis mūsų dainius – nemirtingosios “paskenduolės”, puikiųjų “Kaukazo legendų”, “išdukterė” autorius A. Vienuolis-Žukauskas. Ilsisi savo paties rankų sodintų obelų pavėsyje, apsuptas, kuplių liepų, dar tebelaikančių savo šakose jo dirbtus inkilus. Tebestovi ir žalsvas dviaukštis namas su pravirom durim į balkoną, kuriame, rodos, tik vakar stovėjo jis pats, pasirėmęs gumbuota lazda, stebėdamas giedrą vasaros saulėtekį. Ši lazda dabar stovi jo darbo kambary, kur jis pastatė ją,paskutinį kartą parėjęs nuo Šventosios krantų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Stovi čia, jo kambaryje ir stalas, prie kurio jis prarymojo ne vieną naktį, štai kėdės, į kurias jis svetingai sodindavo kiekvieną, peržengusį jo namų slenkstį. Kabo jo nuotrauka Kaukazo kalniečių drabužiais, kabo dailininkų piešti jo portretai, prakeiktųjų vienuolių vaizdai. Ir knygos, knygos, knygos… Ir čia pat, ant atskiro staliuko, stovi uždengtas magnetofonas. Atidenk, paspausk mygtuką, ir pasigirs jo balsas – gyvas, žvalus, jautrus. Kairiau, tolyn nuo A.Vienuolio-Žukausko sodybos, lūžta antroji Šventosios rankovė. O dar kairiau, beveik priešingoj Liudiškių pusėj, sustojo smalingi pušynai, kvapiais medsakiais nukaišę šimtus nežinomų kapų. Tokia ji visa – gimtoji mūsų žemelė! Kiekvienas jos kampelis persunktas žmonių kančia, kiekvienas grumstas pašventintas krauju ir ašaromis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 10:00:18',62,'','2010-08-25 10:03:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 10:00:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,90,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1425,'Vienintelė vertybė žemėje žmogaus ryšys su žmogumi','vienintel-vertyb-emje-mogaus-ryys-su-mogumi','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bendravimas yra žmonių sąveika, kai apsikeičiama mintimis, emicijomis, susipažįstama ir pasiekiama socialinio bendrumo. Antuanas de Sent – Egziuperi teigė: “Vienintelė vertybė žemėje žmogaus ryšys su žmogumi”, šį teiginį rašytojas išplėtojo knygoje “Mažasis princas’. Šioje pasakoje veikėjai yra simboliniai, kiekvienas jų įprasmina kažkokia žmonių grupę. Kiekvienas žmogus su kažkuo bendrauja. Bendrauja su pinigais, žvaigždėmis, knygomis, bet tokios bendravimo rūšys yra nepilnavertės, tada žmogus negyvena tikrojo gyvenimo, jis paprasčiausiai egzistuoja. Raįytojas aprašo daugybe egzistuojančių žmonių. Tai karalius, kuris norėjo kažkam vadovauti, įsakinėti, bet nebuvo aplinkui žmonių, nebuvo kam klausyti įsakymų. Tuščiagarbis troško sulaukti plojimų, bet taip pogi nebuvo kam ploti. Girtuoklis gėrė iš neturėjimo ką veikti. Jis neturėjo su kuo bendrauti, išsakyti savo džiaugsmus ir nuoskaudas. Biznierius nematydamas aplinkui žmonių bendravo su skaičiais, bet, deja, jie jam nieko negalėjo atsakyti. Žibintininkas buvo darboholikas ir dirbo visą parą. Tyrinėtojas viską užrašynėjo į savo storą knygą, daugiau jam niekas nebuvo svarbu. Tarp suaugusių žmonių Mažasis princas nerado su kuo bendrauti, nerado žmogaus kuris jį suprastų. Tik žemėje jis suprato bendravimo, prisirišimo, meilės esmę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmonės kartai būna kaip rožės iš “Mažojo princo”, įsakynėja, varinėja mylimus žmones ir nesuvokia, kad tai žeidžia artimą. Mažasis princas įsižeidęs išėjo iš savo planetos, o svetur suvokė, kaip svarbu yra “prisijaukinti”, tai yra “užmegzti ryšius”. Šioje pasakoje lapė – gudrumo, protingumo simbolis. Ji atskleidė Mažajam princui gyvenimo tiesas. Prisijaukinti – tai reiškia praturtėti, pažinti tai, kas kitam lieka nepažinta, prisijaukinti – tai mylėti ir būti mylimam, pažinti gyvenimo pilnatvę. Surasti draugą ir sukurti ryšį – tai reiškia atlikti gyvenime svarbiausią dalyką: “Tu man dar esi berniukas, panašus į šimtą tūkstančių kitų berniukų. Ir tu man nereikalingas. Ir aš tau nereikalinga. Aš tau esu lapė, panaši į šimtą tūkstančių lapių. Bet jei tu mane prisijaukinsi, mudu būsime vienas kitam reikalingi. Tu man tada būsi vienintelis pasaulyje. Aš tau būsiu vienintelė pasaulyje.” Pasak lapės prisijaukinimas yra ilgas procesas, kaip ir draugystė užsimezga ne iškarto, o žmonės laiko neturi, jie nori viską turėti greit bet draugų niekas neparduoda: “kadangi nėra prekybininkų, iš kurių būtų galima nusipirkti draugų, tai draugų žmonės ir neturi.” Žmonės paprasčiausiai visur skuba, nepastebi, kad kažkas minioje šypsosi, kažkas verkia. Kiekvieną yra užslėgia savi reikalai rūpesčiai. Tik vaikai nėra prislėgti rūpesčių, tik jie vieni supranta bendravimo, prisijaukinimo esmę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 10:04:05',62,'','2010-08-25 10:08:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 10:04:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,89,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1426,'Įterptinių sakinių skyryba','terptini-sakini-skyryba','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kai įterptinis sakinys savo reikšme, mintimi nėra labai nutolęs nuo pagrindinio sakinio minties, jis skiriamas kableliais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">•    Reikia tiesą pripažinti, Petrienė pirmutinė atsipeikėjo. <br />•    Šį sodą, man rodos, sodino jo senelis. <br />•    Ne, kaip sau nori, tai buvo netikėta ir labai laiminga žinia.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 10:08:43',62,'','2010-08-25 10:11:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 10:08:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,88,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1427,'Kirčiavimas tvirtaprade','kiriavimas-tvirtaprade','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 10:12:27',62,'','2010-08-25 10:14:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 10:12:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,87,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1428,'Sunkesnių lietuvių kalbos žodžių rašyba','sunkesni-lietuvi-kalbos-odi-rayba','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ąžuolas, ąsa, atsipūtęs, apytuštis, anądien, adjutantas, asimiliacija, abiturientas, amoniakas. Briliantas, barjeras, bjaurus, buljonas, batalionas. Drėksti-ėskia-ė, dukteriai, dvejetas, dailyraštis, drįso, daugianacionalinė, degsite, draskėsi, duslus, dūmai, dylanti, džiūvo, didvyris, diferenciacija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 10:15:17',62,'','2010-08-25 10:19:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 10:15:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,86,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(1429,'Diktantas apie Mackevičių','diktantas-apie-mackevii','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mackevičius paėmė knygelę, įžiebė antrą žvakę, palinkėjo svečiui labos nakties ir išėjo į kitą kambarį. Atsisėdęs ant lovos krašto, atsivertė knygelę ir ėmė skaityti: Jau saulelė vėl atkopdama budino svietą ir, žiemos šaltos triūsus pargriaudama, juokės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbo vaizdai, kuklios šventės, vargas ir neteisybė - viskas atgyja Mackevičiaus sąmonėje. Koks juodas gyvenimas, kaip paniekinti, nuskurdinti žmonės. O vis dėlto kiek juose atsparumo, darbštumo, gyvybinių jėgų ir džiaugsmo. Duok tokiems žmonėms mokslo, šviesos, duok jiems į rankas gerą knygą, ir jų nepalauš jokia vergovė, nesugniuždys joks jungas. Štai kokie Lietuvos žmonės. Nepažįstamasis Donelaitis ištiesė jam pagalbos ranką, išskaitė jo paties sieloje glūdėjusias mintis ir paprastai, vaizdingai ir aiškiai jas išsakė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mackevičius dar sykį pavarto knygelę, padeda prie žvakės ir ima vaikščioti po kambarį. Jis atsimena savo mokslo metus, savo skaitytas knygas: A.Mickevičiaus “Gražiną”, “Konradą Valenrodą”, “Vėlines”, “Poną Tadą”. Šios knygos išmokė jį mylėti Lietuvą, ilgėtis laisvės ir ryžtis už ją kovoti. Ir štai iki šiol nepažintas Donelaitis šviečia tamsiame Lietuvos Žmonių kelyje lyg skaidrus žiburys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 10:21:26',62,'','2010-08-25 10:24:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 10:21:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,85,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1430,'Stilistika špera','stilistika-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Stilistika - kalbotyros šaka. Ji tiria kalbos vartojimo savitumą įvairiose žmonių bendravimo ir veiklos srityse: kasdieninėje, buitinėje situacijoje, mokslinėje literatūroje ir t.t. Viena iš svarbiausių stilistikos mokslo sąvokų yra stilius. Šiuo terminu nusakomas kalbos vartojimo būdas. Yra geras stilius ir prastas stilius. Prastas stilius gero stiliaus priešybė. Funkcinis stilius - bendrinės kalbos atmaina, kurios savitumą lemia vartojimo sritis, funkcijos ir turinys.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Stiliai. Šnekamasis stilius. Seniausias iš visų stilių. Vartijimo sritis. Vartojamas kasdieniniu bendravimo situacijose - namu, gatvės ir pan. Turinys. Kalbama apie nesudėtingus dalykus, aplinkos daiktus. Funkcija. Paprasto bendravimo funkcija. Kasdieninis kalbėjimas ir ne todėl, kad reikia pateikti kažkokią dalykinę informaciją. Ypatybės. Reiškimosi forma - sakytinė. Rašytine forma - privatūs laiškai, dialogai. Sakytinei formai labai svarbu intonacija. Kitas požymis - glaudus ryšys su dialogu. Kitos ypatybės: neoficialumas, trumpinimas, išraiškingumas. Trūkumai. Parazitinių žodžių vartojimas (ta prasme, atseit, vadinasi). Barbarizmų žargonizmo vartojimas, kitų stilių išraiškos priemonių vartojimas. Dalykiniai stiliai  skirti dalykinei informacijai. Administracinė veikla, mokslas, publicistika. Mokslinis stilius. Parašyti mokykliniai vadovėliai. Ypatybės. Kalba sausoka, be emocijų vaizdų. Žanrai.  Monografija - mokslo veikalas, nagrinėjama tema, problema. Straipsnis - nedidelis mokslinis rašinys, skelbiamas žurnale. Studija - nemažas mokslinis darbas, išleistas atskira knyga. Tezės - trumpai suformuluoti pagrindiniai pranešimo, paskaitos teiginiai. Vadovėlis - mokslo srities mokomoji knyga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 10:24:46',62,'','2010-08-25 10:32:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 10:24:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,84,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(1431,'Eilėraščiai','eilraiai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 10:33:06',62,'','2010-08-25 10:34:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 10:33:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,83,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1432,'Trumpųjų skiemenų kirčiavimas','trumpj-skiemen-kiriavimas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 10:34:40',62,'','2010-08-25 10:35:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 10:34:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,82,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(1433,'Aforizmai apie kalbą','aforizmai-apie-kalb','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ne žemės derlumu, ne drabužių skirtingumu, ne šalies gražumu, ne miestų ir pilių tvirtumu gyvuoja tautos, bet daugiausia išlaikydamos ir vartodamos savo kalbą. (M. Daukša). Nieko dvasingesio nei širdingesnio už kalbą tauta neturi. Tad jei tauta nenori prarasti to, per ką egzstuoja, turi nieko kito taip nežiūrėti kaip kad nebūtų darkoma jos kalba. (E. M. Arntas).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tebeturi dar lietuviai ir žemaičiai visų brangiausią palikimą savo bočių probočių t. y. savo kalbą, kurią idant išplėštų iš nasrų visa ryjančio laiko ir pastatytų šalia kalbų mokytą, turi aną šiandien dalinti. (S. Daukantas). Sunaikink ją [kalbą] – sunaikinsi santaiką, vienybę ir gerovę. Sunaikink ją – užtemdysi saulę danguje, sumaišysi pasaulio tvarką, atimsi gyvybę ir garbę. (M. Daukša).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 10:35:51',62,'','2010-08-25 10:40:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 10:35:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,81,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1434,'Aforizmai','aforizmai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 11:30:32',62,'','2010-08-25 11:32:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 11:30:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,80,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1435,'Liūdesys ir vienatvė H. Nagio poezijoje','lidesys-ir-vienatv-h-nagio-poezijoje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">H. Nagys priskiriamas poetų žemininkų kartai. Gimęs 1920 m. , kilęs iš žemaitijos, studijavęs humanitarinius mokslus, architektūrą. Poetas, vertėjas, dėstytojas, mokytojas. Jis pasirinko gyventi Kanadą, nes ta šalis savo gamta panašesnė į Lietuvą - Šiaurietiška. H. Nagys vadintinas 20 a. poetu. Jo poezijoje nerimas, sielvartas kyla iš konkretaus istorinio patyrimo, o ne iš egzistencialios situacijos. Rinktinėje “ Grįžulas “ surinkti eilėraščiai nuo 1938 iki 1977 m. Ir nors rinkinio temos, pavadinimai keičiasi ( būdingas brolio akcentas : “ Kovos broliai “,  “ Devynių brolių veidai “ , “ Broliai balti aitvarai “ ) , tačiau jiems visiems būdinga liūdesio tema. Saulė H. Nagio poezijoje pasirodo gana retai, viešpatauja šaltis ir tamsa.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Henriko Nagio lyrinis subjektas ypač intensyviai rudenį jaučia mieste, pilkame mieste, “ paskendusiam rudens migloj “ , kur “ miesto akys pilkos ir nuobodžios, sklidinos svajonių  negyvų “ , kur “ vystančio sodo medžiai dūsta tarp dūmų ir dulkių “, o “ dūmų ir debesų  kamuoliai suvynioja gyvą saulę į šermenų ašutinę  “ ir “ pikto vėjo genami nuodingi debesys gožia niunkantį dangų “. Mieste net “ ištryškęs pro debesį saulės skurdus spindulys &lt; … &gt; atrodo kruvino, ilgo , sunkaus botago virvė “. ir H. Nagio žmogus liūdi ir ilgisi žemės. Jo ryšys su žeme ypatingas, nes kai jo “ basos kojos pirmąkart palietė žemę, ji buvo šilta ir drėgna, kaip motinos lūpos “. Tačiau dabar jis vaikšto po cemento dulkes, o žemė kažkur po šituo dulkių ūku, po dulkių migla.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 11:32:44',62,'','2010-08-25 11:35:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 11:32:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,79,'','',0,35,'robots=\nauthor='),(1436,'Santrauka apie romanus','santrauka-apie-romanus','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">UŽUOVĖJA - novelių romanas. Visos novelės tarpusavyje yra susijusios ne tik  išorinėmis, bet ir idėjinėmis jungtimis. Čia vaizduojamas tarpukario metų Aukštaitijos kaimas, žmonės, ūkio darbai per keturis metų laikus. Užuovėjos probleminis centras - lietuvis ir žemė.Čia slypi mūsų savitumo, savęs atpažinimo ir išlikimo galimybė M. Katiliškio prozoje paprastumas yra apgaulingas. Katiliškiui svarbiausia parodyti jausmą. Jį išreiškia per daikto ir gamtos apraiškas. Atrodo, kad jausmas ne žmogaus, o gamtos ir jį apibūdinti neįmanoma. Jausmas ateina iš išorės. Atpažinime- gyvenimo prasmės supratimas. Tikslas- nukloti žemę savo šešėliu- visur ir visada. Pagrindinė mintis- Žmogus daug praranda prarasdamas ryšį su žeme, su namais . Vyrauja jausmas, panašus į žinojimą. Veikėjai priima žmones ir pasaulį tokius, kaip jie yra.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">M. Katiliškio kaimas  gyvena bendrais rūpesčiais, kolektyvine išmintimi, gamtos, net kosmoso ritmu. Senieji kaimo žmonės natūraliai priima pastovią amžinybės rato tvarką. Tačiau jaunoji karta jau ardo mitologinio pasaulėvaizdžio ribas ir veržiasi į naują laiko sąmpratą. Su žiema pasibaigęs metų ciklas palieka viltį sulaukti pavasario, tačiau ar pajėgs žmogus įsilieti į gamtos darną taip, kad galėtų pasakyti, kaip pasako rašytojas apie savo vaikystės kaimą:,,Viskas savo vietoje”. Ryšys su žeme. Tik ryšyje su žeme žmogus įsiamžina. Pavasario novelės - šviesios, vasaros - brandžios, ruduo - niūresnė nuotaika. Rašymo stilius primena eilėraštį. Žmonės pavaizduoti idiliški.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Svarbiausia jausmas. Jausmus išreiškia per darbus ir gamtos apraiškas. Jausmas pirmiausia išgyvenamas gamtoje, o paskui žmoguje. Tai, ką jaučia, ne visiškai turi savo pavadinimą. Išgyvenimai išsakomi per gamtą, jausmas ateina ne iš žmogaus, o iš gamtos. Viskas, ką rašo, yra tik prisiminimai. Debesys - priemonė, padedanti nusikelti į prarastą laiką. Atpažinimo momentas yra tik jausmas, laikų susidūrimas. Iš debesų išplaukia praeities kaimas, žmonės. Debesyse yra atsiminimai. Iš to atpažinimo išplaukia gyvenimo prasmė. Viskas, kas vyksta, nepraeina be pėdsakų. Gyvenimo prasmė: dirbti žemę, su ja susigyventi ir ką nors palikti, kad ir šešėlį. Praranda ryšį su savo žeme, namais. Mirtis - dalis gyvenimo prasmės. Vyrauja jausmas, panašus į žinojimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 11:35:23',62,'','2010-08-25 11:38:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 11:35:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,78,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1437,'Lietuvių kalbos tarmės','lietuvi-kalbos-tarms','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvių kalbos gyvybingumą ir savitumą per amžius bene tvirčiausiai palaikė lietuvių kalbos tarmės. Atsiradusios dėl įvairių istorinių, geografinių, socialinių, politinių, administracinių ir kalbos raidos priežasčių, jos garsų, žodžių ir formų įvairove byloja apie lietuvių, gyvenančių gana nedidelėje teritorijoje, aplinką, skirtingas tradicijas ar net savitą būdą. Kadangi kai kurios ypatybės atsispindi jau XVI a. senuosiuose lietuvių raštijos paminkluose, galima susidaryti bent apytikrį vaizdą apie tarmių raidą per paskutiniuosius keturis amžius, kaupti reikšmingus duomenis lietuvių kalbos, ir ne tik jos, istorijai. Lietuvių kalba turi dvi pagrindines tarmes: aukštaičių ir žemaičių. Žemaičių vardu nuo seno buvo vadinama vidurio Lietuvos žemuma. Joje susidariusią tarmę imta vadinti žemaičių tarme, o kaip jos priešingybę kito Lietuvos ploto tarmę — aukštaičių tarme. Aukštaičių ir žemaičių tarmės skiriamos pagal dvibalsių ie, uo tarimą: aukštaičiai juos išlaiko, o žemaičiai keičia kitais garsais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aukštaičių tarmė pagal dvigarsių an, am, en, em ir balsių ą, ę tarimą skyla į vakarų, pietų ir rytų aukštaičius (plg. kaip tariami žodžiai ranka, žąsis). Vakarų aukštaičiai (Kauno, Marijampolės, Vilkaviškio, Šakių, Šiaulių r.) dvigarsius an, am, en, em ir balsius ą, ę išlaiko ir taria kaip bendrinėje kalboje ranka, žąsis. Vakarų aukštaičiai turi dvi patarmes: kauniškių ir šiauliškių. Kauniškių patarmė artimiausia bendrinei kalbai. Jie skiria ilguosius ir trumpuosius balsius ir išlaiko kirčio vietą. Šiauliškiai trumpina nekirčiuotų skiemenų ilguosius balsius, kartais atitraukia nuo galūnės kirtį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pietų aukštaičiai (Alytaus, Druskininkų, Varėnos r.) išlaiko an, am, en, em, bet ą, ę verčia ū, y: jie sako ranka, žūsis. Rytų aukštaičiai (Širvintų, Švenčionių, Ignalinos, Molėtų, Anykščių, Utenos, Zarasų, Rokiškio, Panevėžio r.) minėtus dvigarsius verčia om, on, em, en arba um, un, im, in: ronka, runka, o balsius ą, ę verčia o, e arba ū, y: žosis, žūsis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rytų aukštaičių tarmė dar skirstoma į šnektų grupes. Vienai priklauso šnektos, trumpinančios (redukuojančios) nekirčiuotų skiemenų ilguosius balsius: panevėžiškiai trumpuosius galūnių balsius suplaka į vieną neaiškų balsį: po kieto priebalsio — į užpakalinės eilės, po minkšto — į priešakinės eilės; širvintiškiai šiek tiek mažiau nei panevėžiškiai redukuoja žodžio galo balsius; o anykštėnai vietoj kirčiuotų negalūninių a, e taria o, ė (e), pvz., rotas „ratas\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 11:38:34',62,'','2010-08-25 11:41:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 11:38:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,77,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1438,'Kirčiavimas, ilgieji balsiai','kiriavimas-ilgieji-balsiai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ilgieji balsiai a, e kirčiuotame skiemenyje tariami su tvirtagale priegaide: eglė, namas, geras. 2. Kirčiuotas paskutinis žodžio skiemuo, jeigu jo pagrindą sudaro ilgasis balsis ar dvigarsis, beveik visuomet tariamas su tvirtagale priegaide: gaidys, kariai, karys, ežys. 3. Priesaginės veiksmažodžių bendratys, turinčios kirčiuotą antrąjį nuo galo skiemenį, yra tvirtapradės priegaidės: mylėti, skaityti, nešioti, dainuoti. 4. Žodžių, turinčių dviskiemenes galūnes, kirčio vieta visuomet sutampa su daugiskaitos naudininku: namams, irdims, vaikams. Jei linksniuojamojo žodžio daugiskaitos galininko kirčiuojama galūnė, tai to žodžio antrasis nuo galo skiemuo yra arba trumpas, arba ilgas tvirtagalis: būrius-būrį, tvoras - tvorą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jeigu veiksmažodžio esamojo arba būtojo kartinio laiko vienaskaitos I ir II asmuo turi kirčiuotą antrąjį nuo galo skiemenį, tai jo priegaidė visuomet tvirtapradė: bėgu, bėgi – bėga; galvoju, galvoji – galvoja. Jeigu veiksmažodžio esamojo ar būtojo kartinio laiko vienaskaitos I ir II asmuo turi kirčiuotą galūnę, o III asmuo – antrąjį nuo galo skiemenį, tai to skiemens priegaidė tvirtagalė arba jis yra trumpas: lieku, lieki – lieka; gyvenu, gyveni – gyvena.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 11:41:38',62,'','2010-08-25 11:45:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 11:41:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,76,'','',0,40,'robots=\nauthor='),(1439,'Rašau laišką, kad pasakyčiau ačiū','raau-laik-kad-pasakyiau-ai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visą laiką norėjau Tau tai pasakyti. Bet niekada neturėjau progos. Tada, kai mes lakstydavome pievutėje arba Tu gulėdavai po suolu. Arba kai miegodavai ant krosnies. Tada dar niekas nežino, kad viskas taip baigsis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aš visą laiką norėjau Tau padėkoti už tas prieraišumo ir meilės kupinas akimirkas. Kai tu gulėdavai pasidėjęs galvą man ant kojų. Ar mielai amsėdavai žvaliai lakstydamas paskui kaimynų vištas. Tu buvai nepakartojamai mielas net ir tada, kai sudraskei tą vargšę varną. Po to Tu ėmei nebepažinti mūsų visų. Noriu pabrėžti, kad mylėjau Tave ir tada. Net kai tu iš senatvės nukaršai, kai Tau ėmė kuokštais kristi plaukai. Kai per žilas tavo blakstienas nebesimatė Tavo traiškanotų akių. Kai tu ėmei nebepastebėti, kada tau jau padėtas kaulas pietums. Kai aš užkliuvau už tavęs, tingiai gulinčio viduryje aslos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aš kaip mažas vaikas džiaugiausi tuo. Tu man atrodei toks rimtas ir protingas. Lyg autoritetas. Aš ateidavau klausti Tavo patarimo ar tiesiog ieškodavau užuojautos. Ir visada šią užuojautą rasdavau. Niekada neradau nei minutės laiko išreikšti šiam jausmui. Todėl ir rašau dabar. Rašau laišką, kad pasakyčiau ačiū. Ačiū Tau, Brisiau, už tai, kad Tu buvai. Ir nepyk, kad taip gavosi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 11:46:47',62,'','2010-08-25 11:48:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 11:46:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,75,'','',0,44,'robots=\nauthor='),(1440,'Daiktavardis','daiktavardis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Daiktavardis yra kalbos dalis, kuri pasako daikto vardą ir atsako į klausimą kas tai? Daiktavardis kaitomas linksniais, skaičiais ir yra vyriškosios arba moteriškosios giminės. Semantiniu požiūriu daiktavardis yra labai įvairi kalbos dalis. Jos pagrindą sudaro konkrečių objektyviosios tikrovės daiktų, gyvų būtybių ir įvairių reiškinių pavadinimai (žemė, pušis, akmuo, upė, skruzdėlė, žvirblis, arklys, mergaitė, senelis, gaisras, griaustinis, vakaras). Bet šalia jų kalboje yra daug tokių daiktavardžių, kurie reiškia abstrakčius veiksnius, t.y. tokius veiksmus, kuriuos mes suokiame daiktiškai, kaip dalyką, egzistuojantį atskirai nuo veikėjo ir nuo konkretaus laiko (ėjimas, valgymas, būtis, viltis, gailesys). Yra ir tokių, kurie reiškia abstrakčias, atitrauktai nuo daikto suvokiamas ypatybes (gėris, lygybė, grožis). Atsižvelgiant į tai, kokio pobūdžio dalykas yra pavadinamas daiktavardžiu, visi šios kalbos dalies žodžiai skirstomi į dvi grupes: į konkrečiuosius ir abstrakčiuosius daiktavardžius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Konkrečiaisiais daiktavardžiais vadinami daiktavardžiai, reiškiantys įvairius konkrečius objektyviosios tikrovės daiktus, gyvas būtybes, reiškinius. Reikšmės ir kai kurių gramatinių ypatybių požiūriu konkretieji daiktavardžiai irgi nėra visiškai vienodi. Vieni jų reiškia daiktus, kurie gali būti skaičiuojami (namas, stalas, knyga, pieštukas, brolis, sesuo, lydeka, diena, naktis, pavasaris). Tokių konkrečių daiktavardžių yra dauguma. Jie gali būti vadinami paprastaisiais konkrečiaisiais daiktavardžiais. Gramatiniu požiūriu jiems būdinga tai, kad jie kaitomi skaičiais (namas - namai, kėdė - kėdės, knyga - knygos, sesuo - seserys, pavasaris - pavasariai). Be to, jie gali būti vartojami su kiekiniais skaitvardžiais (dvi knygos, trys knygos, dešimt knygų). Išimtį sudaro tik nedidelė grupė vadinamųjų daugiskaitinių daiktavardžių, reiškiančių konkrečius daiktus ar dalykus (akėčios, akiniai, girnos, kailiniai, žirklės, smegenys, žiotys). Jie skaičiais nekaitomi. Jų daugiskaitos forma reiškia ir vieną tos rūšies daiktą, ir daugiau jų. Apibrėžtam daiktų kiekiui pažymėti su šiais daiktavardžiais vartojami dauginiai skaitvardžiai (dveji kailiniai, trejos žirklės).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 11:49:17',62,'','2010-08-25 11:51:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 11:49:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,74,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1441,'Kalbotyros pradmenys','kalbotyros-pradmenys','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Pirmoji Lietuvių kalbos gramatika (,,Grammatica Litvanika“) buvo išleista 1653m. Karaliaučiuje. Ją parašė lotyniškai Danielius Kleinas. 2. XVII – XVIII a. išėjusios Lietuvių kalbos gramatikos: Kristupo Sapūno 1791m., Povilo Fridriko Ruigio 1747m., Kristijono Gotlibo Milkaus 1800m.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. Augusto Šleicherio pirmoji mokslinė Lietuvių kalbos Gramatika. Ji išleista vokiečių kalba 1856m.(Prahoje); Frydricho Kuršaičio Lietuvių kalbos gramatika išleista vokiečių kalba 1876m. Halėje; Kazimiero Jauniaus išleista 1911m. lietuvių, 1916m. rusų kalba Sant Peterburge; Jono Jablonskio pirmoji norminė Lietuvių kalbos gramatika išleista 1901m. Tilžėje. Petro Kriaušaičio slapyvardžiu. Vėliau Jablonskis išleido dar dvi lietuvių kalbos gramatikas: Vilniuje 1919m. ir Kaune 1922m. pastaroji yra pati svarbiausia mūsų dabartinei gramatikai; Lietuvių mokslo akademijos Lietuvių kalbos ir literatūros instituto mokslinė aprašamoji gramatika išleista 1965-1976m. Trys tomai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 11:51:28',62,'','2010-08-25 11:53:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 11:51:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,73,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1442,'Diktantai ir rašinėliai IX klasei','diktantai-ir-rainliai-ix-klasei','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ant Udruvės ežero stataus skardžio stovėjo Baltaragio vėjinis malūnas. Nuo neatmenamų laikų mosavo jis savo dideliais sparnais, tarytum būtų norėjęs pasikelti ir nuskristi nuo pakriūtės. Baltaragio malūnas buvo ant aukščiausio kranto, ir jo sparnai, šmėkščiodami iš tolo pro mėlynas pušų viršūnes, sukdavosi nuo mažiausio vėjelio, kuris padvelkdavo iš ežero.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Udruvės ežero vandenys nuolatos skalavo malūno kalno apgriuvusį šlaitą, tarytum norėdami jį nugriauti su visu malūnu. Bet pragyveno Baltaragio tėvų tėvai, ežeras visą laiką skalavo pakrantę, o malūnas vis stovėjo kaip stovėjęs ant pakriūtės, jo sparnai sukosi, ir jis nuolatos ūžė. Tas jo ūžimas susiliedavo su ežero murmėjimu į vieną svaiginantį gaudesį, kuris užkerėdavo savo paslaptingumu. Ar ne jis buvo užkerėjęs ir paskutinį Paudruvės malūnininką Baltrų Baltaragį, kuris vienišas gyveno tame malūne su savo vienturte dukra Jurga. Senas našlys taip mylėjo savo vienturtę, kad dieną naktį akių nuo jos nenuleisdavo, kartais visas nušvisdamas tarsi nepaprastos laimės apšviestas, o kartais taip nuliūsdamas ir susirūpindamas, kad net žilų plaukų vainikas apie nuplikusią jo galvą dar labiau išbaldavo. Ką galvodavo ir ką jausdavo senas malūnininkas, niekas nežinojo, nebent nujautė, kad gražuolė dukra visas jo džiaugsmas, rūpestis ir gyvenimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 11:54:06',62,'','2010-08-25 12:04:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 11:54:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,72,'','',0,46,'robots=\nauthor='),(1443,'Lietuvių liaudies jaunojo išleistuvių dainos','lietuvi-liaudies-jaunojo-ileistuvi-dainos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vestuvių šventė jaunojo pusėje prasideda nuo jaunojo išleistuvių. 20 a. jos daug kur nebūdavo labai triukšmingos. Štai Kupiškio apylinkėse, pasak B. Buračo, “jaunikio pusė tą vakarą praleidžia taipgi be triukšmo ir linksmybių. Tik muzikantas kai ką pačirpiną, bet dar niekas nešoka. Pavalgo, pasišneka ir išgeria bent kiek, tik nepasigeria niekas. Kartais piršlys ar pajaunys koks ir sudainuoja kiek”. Panašiai būdavo atsisveikinama su jaunuoju ir Žemaitijoje: “Pintuvės pas jaunąjį nėra tokios sudėtingos, išlaidžios, kaip pas jaunąją. Ir senųjų priežodis sako: “Kiek vaikelio (vaikino) vestuvės, tiek paršelio skerstuvės”. Jeigu jaunasis išeina į jaunosios ūkį, tai visos vestuvių iškilmės jo tėviškėj ir baigias pintuvėmis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jaunojo namuosna vakarą, brėkštant, renkasi griežikai, baigiama puošti kambarius vainikais, įkelia aukštai, aukščiau medžių viršūnių, uždegtą liktarną, aptrauktą spalvotu (raudonu ar žaliu) popierium. Tai ženklas, kad pintuvininkai laukiami tuose namuose. Temstant, baigiant rinktis pintuvininkams (jaunojo giminėms, vedliams, kaimynams ir nekviestajai apylinkės jaunuomenei), jaunasis pirmas pradeda šokius &lt;…&gt;. Jaunuomenei linksminantis, jaunasis rengiasi važiuoti į jaunąją”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dzūkų papročiu pas jaunąjį taip pat būna vakaronė. Ji, pasak V. Krėvės-Mickevičiaus, “be jokių ypatingų apeigų. Susirenka iš pradžios sodžiaus mergos ir, padėdamos svokoms “kaišyti” namus, dainuoja tam tikras dainas apie bernelio ir mergelės meilę, apie norą susituokti &lt;…&gt;. Parėdžius ir išdabinus pirkias, apkaišius pirkių ir priemenės duris gėlėmis ir žaliomis beržo, liepos ir ąžuolo šakomis, mergos eina valgyti, svokų vaišinamos. Bernams didesniame skaičiuje susirinkus, smuikininkas ima griežti šokti  “vyriausias broliukas” svoką. Jaunimas irgi šoka iki vėlyvos nakties – iki antrųjų ar net trečiųjų gaidžių”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Apžvelgėme trijų skirtingų vietų jaunojo išleistuvių papročius. Po visą Lietuvą pasidairius, rastume visokių ceremonijų, išdaigų. Bet visur pastebėtume ir susikaupimą, ruošimąsi svarbiai kelionei, pajustume gildančią širdį atsisveikinimo su jaunyste, draugais, bernišku valiūkavimu nuotaiką ir norą paskutinį kartą dar pasilinksminti. Tai jaučiame ir iš to vakaro dainų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 12:05:04',62,'','2010-08-25 12:07:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 12:05:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,71,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1444,'Saulės įvaizdis Salomėjos Nėries kūryboje  ','sauls-vaizdis-salomjos-nries-kryboje-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Salomėja Nėris – viena įžymiausių poečių lietuvių literatūroje. Ji debiutavo eilėraščių rinkiniu “Anksti rytą”. Tuo metu poetė buvo Kauno Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto studentė, ji džiaugėsi savo jaunyste, meile. S. Nėries jaunatviškos nuotaikos pirmajame rinkinyje labai ryškiai atsispindi. Kadangi saulė – šilumos ir visos gyvybės šaltinis, džiaugsmo, jaunystės, meilės simbolis, tai jos įvaizdžio ėmiau ieškoti šiame S. Nėries rinkinyje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jau patys eilėraščių pavadinimai rodo, kad bus kalbama apie saulę, šviesą. Tačiau ji nėra vaizduojama kaip gamtos reiškinys, šviesos šaltinis, o kaip šviesulys, kuris neša gėrį, yra susijęs su tuo, kas gera ir gražu. Panašios mintys dėstomos ir kituose eilėraščio posmeliuose. Eilėraštį perskaičius pasidaro aišku, kad saulės įvaizdį poetė panaudojo pakiliai, susijusiai su meile nuotaikai išreikšti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-25 12:15:06',62,'','2010-08-25 12:18:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 12:15:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,70,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1445,'1922 m. Lietuvos valstybės konstitucija','1922-m-lietuvos-valstybs-konstitucija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vardan Dievo Visagalio, Lietuvos Tauta, dėkingai minėdama garbingas savo sūnų pastangas ir kilnias aukas, Tėvynei išvaduoti padarytas, atstačius nepriklausomą savo Valstybę, ir norėdama nutiesti tvirtus demokratingus jos nepriklausomam gyvenimui pagrindus, sudaryti sąlygas teisingumui ir teisėtumui tarpti, ir patikrinti visų piliečių lygybę, laisvę ir gerovę, o žmonių darbui ir dorai tinkamą Valstybės globą, per savo įgaliotus atstovus, susirinkusius į Steigiamąjį Seimą, 1922 metų rugpjūčio mėnesio 1 dieną priėmė šią Lietuvos Valstybės Konstituciją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 12:36:04',62,'','2010-08-25 12:39:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 12:36:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,65,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1446,'Adolfas Hitleris','adolfas-hitleris','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aloizas Šiklgruberis gimė 1837 m. birželio 7 d. Štroneso kaime. Kai Aloizui buvo beveik 10 metų numirė jo motina, ir patėvis atsisakė posūnio. (Marija Ana Šiklgruber buvo netekėjusi). Berniukas buvo auklėjamas Chidlerio brolio - Johano Nepomuko - namuose. Būdamas trylikos metų Aloizas pabėgo iš namų į Vieną, ten įsitaisė mokiniu pas batsiuvį, po penkerių metų stojo tarnauti į pasienio apsaugą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Būdamas 24 metų Aloizas tapo inspektoriumi. Jo karjera tuo nesibaigė: Aloizas buvo paskirtas vyriausiuoju muitinės inspektoriumi į Braunan miestelį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Johanas sūnaus neturėjo ir 1876 m. Nepomukas ištaisė šią klaidą, oficialiai isisūnyjąs Aloizą, Hitlerio pavarde.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1885 m. sausio 7 d. Aloizas vedė trečią kartą. Jo žmona tapo Johano Nepomuko Chidlerio anūkė - Klara Pelcl. Klaros santykiai su vyru buvo įtemti. Nuo pat pradžių ji žiūrėjo į Aloizą kaip į aukštesnę būtybę. Trijų vaikų mirtis atsiliepė jos nėštumų dažniui, nes ketvirtas vaikas gimės 1889 m. Balandžio 20 d. Ketvirčiu jis buvo Hitleris, ketvirčiu Šiklgruberis, dar ketvirčiu Pelcilis, o paskutinysis jo kilmės ketvirtis kaip ir liko neišaiškintas. Gimimo įrašų knygoje jis  buvo įtrauktas kaip ADOLFUSAS HITLERIS. Taip, tą dieną Aukštojoj Austrijoj, prie pat Bavarijos sienos, sename bavarų miestelyje, Braunan gimė būsimasis vokiečių tautos fiureris Adolfas Hitleris.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šešemetis Adolfas buvo atskirtas nuo pernelyg rūpestingos motinos - jis pradėjo eiti į pradinę mokyklą Tišlamo miestelyje. Vėliau jis lankė realinę mokyklą Linre. Tuo tarpu Adolfas svajojo tapti dailininku. Net kelis kartus bandė stoti į akademija Vienoje. Tačiau jo darbai egzaminų komisijos nesužavėjo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Būdamas trylikos metų Adolfas neteko tėvo, o po ketverių metų mirė ir motina. Septyniolikmetis Adolfas Hitleris lieka vienas pasaulyje. Būdamas vienui vienas jis ankstyvoj jaunystėj ant savo kailio patiria, ką reiškia, vargas, alkis ir nepriteklius. Nuolat prie statybų arti sueidamas su dailininku, su “proletaru”, jis žinojo, kas šiam rūpestį daro, taigi, jau anksti jis išmoko socialiai jausti. Bet vos tik subrendo, jis jau yra ir užsidegęs nacionalistas. Jam širdį skaudą matant priespaudas ir pažeminimus, kuriais Habsburgų monarchija slepia vokietybę. Ir prieš jo akis iškyla milžiniška problema: pastatyti tilta tarp nacionalizmo ir socializmo ir abu atrodančius nesuderinamus priešingumus sulydyti į harmoningą visumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jis pradeda domėtis - bet dar neiškildamas viešumon politiniais klausimais. Ir staiga jis nepaprastai aiškiai išvysta, “Kad tik pažinus žydiją, galima suvokti vidinius ir tuo būdu galima suvokti kilniuosius socialdemokratijos ketinimus”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po tų naudingų, bet kartu sunkių metų Vienoj Adolfas Hitleris pajuto ilgesį: gyventi vokiečiu vokiečių krašte. 1912 m. balandžio 12 d. jis išvyko į Miuncheną. Su visu uolumu jis pradėjo studijuoti architektūrą, o tuo tarpu kasdieninę duoną užsidirbdavo piešdamas plakatus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tarp artėjo 1914 m. rugpjūčio 2 d, kurią tamsiame politikos horizonte susibūrė audros debesys. Vokiečių jaunimas susibūrė į savanorių ir rezervo batalionus. Adolfas Hitleris taip pat savanoriu įstojo į vieną bavarų pulką. Tai buvo tartum likimo skirta, kad jam - karo metu - teko tarnauti senoj vokiečių kariuomenėj. 1916 m. spalio 6 d. Adolfas sužeidžiamas, vos paleistas iš ligoninės jis 1917 m. kovo mėnesį savanoriu grįžta į frontą. Jis gauna eilę pažymėjimo ženklų už drąsą ir nuopelnus. Už tai jam suteikiama pirmos klasės geležinis kryžius.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 15:22:59',62,'','2010-08-25 15:30:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 15:22:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,64,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1447,'9 klasės vadovėlis','9-klass-vadovlis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Revoliucijos išvakarėse Prancūzijoje gyveno daugiau kaip 25 mln. žmonių. Kaimo gyventojai sudarė 85 % visų prancūzų - tuo Prancūzija nesiskyrė nuo kitų tuometinės Europos šalių. Tačiau miestiečių skaičiumi ji pirmavo Europoje. Prancūzijos sostinėje Paryžiuje gyveno apie 550 tūkst. žmonių. Paryžius buvo didžiausias Europos miestas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žemės ūkis ir toliau liko pagrindinė Prancūzijos ekonomikos šaka. Senjorams priklausė daugiau kaip pusė karalystės žemių. XIV - XV a. daliai valstiečių buvo suteikta asmens laisvė, tačiau žemės šeimininkais jie netapo. Bajorai už žemę, kuria naudojosi valstiečiai, reikalavo duoklės pinigais ir produktais. Valstiečiai turėjo mokėti papildomus mokesčius už naudojimąsi malūnu, vynuogių spaudyklomis, duonos kepyklomis. Jie ypač nekentė \"druskos\" mokesčio, kurį reikėjo mokėti už kiekvieną šeimos narį, sulaukusį aštuonerių metų. Be to, valstiečiai Katalikų bažnyčiai privalėjo mokėti dešimtinę, kuri atitiko dešimtąją derliaus vertės dalį. Valstiečių ūkio derlius buvo skurdus, todėl dažnai grėsdavo badas, ypač nederliaus metais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors Prancūzija buvo agrarinė šalis, tačiau jos ekonomikoje pramonė vaidino svarbų vaidmenį. Manufaktūrose buvo gaminami brangūs įvairių rūšių audiniai, stiklo ir metalo dirbiniai, ginklai bei daugybė prabangos reikmenų. Padidėjo anglių gavyba, geležies lydymas, tačiau lyginamasis šių šakų svoris šalies ekonomikoje tebebuvo menkas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Karalius turėjo neribotą valdžią ir valdė padedant ministrams. Luomų atstovų susirinkimas - Generaliniai luomai - nebuvo susirinkę nuo pat 1614 m. Valdant Liudvikui XIV labai sustiprėjo karaliaus valdžia. Jis, norėdamas pabrėžti savo absoliučią valdžią, kartą pasakė: \"Valstybė - tai aš\". Didelę reikšmę šalies valdyme įgijo dvariškiai, kurie Liudviką XIV praminė \"Karaliumi - Saule\". Tačiau XVIII a. pr. karaliaus valdžia dėl nuolatinių karų, milžiniškų lėšų švaistymo dvaro prabangai, valstiečių sukilimų ėmė silpnėti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atėjus į valdžią Liudvikui XV, valstybės reikalams buvo skiriama mažiausiai dėmesio. Liudviko XV valdymą geriausiai apibūdina jo ištartas posakis: \"Mano amžiui užteks, o po manęs nors ir tvanas\". Karalius laiką leido medžiodamas, iškylaudamas ir puotaudamas su favoritėmis. Garsiausia iš jų - markizė de Pompadūr - kurį laiką faktiškai valdė Prancūziją. Didžiulės išlaidos karaliaus dvarui ir  pramogoms didino valstybės finansų krizę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po Liudviko XV mirties 1774 m. Prancūzijos karaliumi tapo jo anūkas Liudvikas XVI. Kitaip nei jo pirmtakai, naujasis karalius nesižavėjo lengvabūdišku gyvenimu. Vienas mėgstamiausių Liudviko XVI užsiėmimų buvo šaltkalvystė. Didelę įtaką karaliui darė jo žmona - Austrijos imperatoriaus Pranciškaus I duktė Marija Antuanetė. Graži ir aikštinga Marija Antuanetė buvo priešingybė savo vyrui. Ji mėgo pramogas, aktyvų gyvenimą ir siekė dalyvauti valstybės valdyme.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 15:32:22',62,'','2010-08-25 15:50:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 15:32:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,63,'','',0,37,'robots=\nauthor='),(1448,'Gediminas','gediminas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gediminas (apie 1275 – 1341 m.), Lietuvos karalius 1316 – 1341 m. Istorinėje literatūroje jis paprastai tituluojamas didžiuoju Lietuvos kunigaikščiu, tačiau visi to meto užsienio valdovų oficialūs dokumentai, visi metraštininkai ir jis pats save vadino tik  Lietuvos arba Lietuvos ir Rusų karaliumi. Didžiuoju kunigaikščiu jį pirmą kartą pavadino XV a. J. Dlugošas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nei amžininkai kronikininkai, nei oficialūs dokumentai įsakmiai nepažymėjo Gedimino kilmės ir įsiviešpatavimo aplinkybių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tik palyginti neseniai buvo nustatytas Gediminaičių  dinastijos pradininkas - Skalmantas, gyvenęs apie XIII a. vidurį. Jis buvo  veikiausiai Pukuvero – Butvydo tėvas, Gedimino senelis. Manoma, kad po 1295 m. (žuvus Daumantui) Skalmanto sūnus Butigeidis tapo did˛iuoju kunigaikščiu, o apie 1292 m. didžiojo kunigaikščio sostą užėmė kitas Skalmanto sūnus, Gedimino tėvas Pukuveras – Butvydas. Dar ankstyvosios Gedimino jaunystės metais aukščiausia valdžia LDK pateko į jo šeimos rankas. Tai sudarė labai palankias sąlygas Gediminui, kaip to meto politiniam veikėjui, reikštis. Nors teisę būti pirmuoju Lietuvoje jam reikėjo dar išsikovoti. Gediminas turėjo keturis brolius: Vytenį, Vainių, Teodorą ir veikiausiai Margirį. Vyriausiasis iš brolių turbūt buvo Vytenis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dar valdant tėvui jis užėmė submonarcho  vietą (antras po didžiojo kunigaikščio LDK), o maždaug nuo 1294 m. tapo ir  didžiuoju kunigaikščiu. Vainius pagal amžių galėjo būti ketvirtas Pukuvero - Butvydo sūnus. Ilgiausiai iš visų Gedimino brolių gyvenęs Teodoras, 1362 m. dar buvo gyvas, apie 1325 m. Gedimino padedamas, tapo Kijevo kunigaikščiu. Pats sudėtingiausias trečiojo Gedimino brolio – Margirio klausimas. Manoma, kad Margiris buvęs aukštos kilmės kunigaikštis, su kuriuo dvikovon stoti buvo negėda pačiam Čekijos karaliui Jonui Liuksemburgui. Margiris iki 1336 m. po Gedimino buvo antrasis žmogus LDK.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 15:51:34',62,'','2010-08-25 15:56:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 15:51:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,62,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1449,'Duaitas Deividas Eizenhaueris','duaitas-deividas-eizenhaueris','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">D. Eizenhaueris gimė spalio 14 dieną, 1890 metais Denisone, Teksaso valstijoje. Pravardė “Ike”. Profesija – kareivis. Politinės pažiūros – respublikonas. Parašė keturias knygas. Jis buvo trečias iš septynių Davido Jokūbo ir Idos Elizabetos Eizenhauerių sūnų. Sulaukęs 21 metų, 1911 metų birželio 14 dieną jis įstojo į Jungtinių Valstijų Karo akademiją, West Pointe, Niujorko valstijoje ir baigė ją per ketverius metus įgydamas antrojo leitenanto laipsnį. 1916 metais birželio pirmąją vedė Mamie Geneva Doud, kuri jam pagimdė du vaikus – Doudą Duaitą ir Džoną Šeldoną Doudą. Pirmasis jų sulaukęs ketverių metų mirė, antrasis gyvas ligi šiol. 1920 metais jis tapo kapitonu, tais pačiais metais ir majoru.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mėtė jį valdžia po visą Ameriką. Ir kur jis tik nebuvo. Jis tarnavo Teksaso, Džordžijos, Kanzaso, Merilendo, Pensilvanijos, Niu Džersio, Kolorado, Vašingtono valstijose. Pora metų jis tarnavo kaip vyresnysis pareigūnas Panamos kanalo zonoje. 1935 rugsėjį jis buvo išsiūstas į Filipinus, kur keturis metus buvo Generolo Duglaso MacArthuro, Filipinų vyriausybės karinio patarėjo padėjėju. 1936 tapo pulkininku. Antro pasaulinio karo pradžioje Eizenhaueris buvo paskirtas į trečią JAV armiją San Antonijuje, Teksaso valstijoje. Po kelių mėnesių jis buvo paskirtas šios armijos vadu. 1941 metų pabaigoje jis iškeitė tarnybą Teksase į darbą Generaliniame štabe Vašingtone. Eizenhaueris dirbo Karinių planų divizijoje kaip Ramiojo vandenyno zonos karinis ekspertas. 1942 vasarį jis tapo Karinių planų divizijos generolu. 1942 birželį jis buvo paskirtas į Europą  JAV karinių pajėgų Europoje vadu. Apsistojo Londone. Po pusės metų jis tapo sąjungininkų kariuomenės Šiaurės Afrikoje vadu. Po to vėl grįžo į Europą. 1945 vadovavo JAV okupacinei kariuomenei Vokietijoje. Pasibaigus antrajam pasauliniam karui, lapkričio mėnesį 1945 metais jis tapo JAV karinių pajėgų vadu, 1948 Kolumbijos universiteto prezidentu. 1950 – 1952 NATO ginkluotųjų pajėgų vyriausiasis vadas. 1952 lapkričio 4 išrinktas JAV prezidentu. Dvi kadencijas juo išbuvęs pamatė Korėjos karo pabaigą, pamatė kaip Aliaska ir Havajai tampa JAV valstijomis. Būdamas prezidentu, sustiprino ekonomikos militarizavimą, slopino demokratines laisves, vykdė užsienio politiką iš jėgos pozicijas. 1957 metais paskelbė nacionalinio išsivadavimo judėjimo Artimuosiuose ir Vidurio Rytuose slopinimo doktriną, kuri vėliau buvo priimta kaip įstatymas. Ši doktrina bandė išplėsti JAV įtaką šiame rajone, išplėsti atramos puktų prieš TSRS ir kitas socialistines šalis sitemą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagal Eizenhauerio doktriną, JAV prezidentui buvo suteikta teisė panaudoti Artimųjų ir Vidurio Rytų valstybėse kariuomenę. Jam būnant prezidentu, viceprezidentu buvo Ričardas Niksonas. 1952 pasitraukęs iš aktyvios tarnybos, į ją vel sugrįžo 1961 metais. Generolas Duaitas D. Eizenaueris mirė 1969 metų Gegužės 28 dieną Vašingtone, na o palaidotas Kanzase. Kelios Eizenhauerio mintys:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuolankumas visada turi būti dalis to žmogaus, kuris gauna pripažinimą savo pasekėjų krauju ir draugų garbinimu.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 15:57:34',62,'','2010-08-25 16:00:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 15:57:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,61,'','',0,53,'robots=\nauthor='),(1450,'V. Čerčilio kalba','v-erilio-kalba','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Būtų neteisinga ir neapdairu patikėti atominės bombos gamybos slaptus duomenis ar patirtį, kurią šiuo metu turi JAV, Didžioji Britanija ir Kanada, tarptautinei organizacijai, kol ji dar yra kūdikis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aš nemanau, kad mes visi galėtume ramiai miegoti, jei padėtis pasikeistų ir kokia nors komunistinė ar neofašistinė valstybė monopolizuotų šiuo metu tuos baisius duomenis. Vien tik pagąsdinimui jie gali būti lengvai panaudoti primetant totalitarinius režimus laisviems demokratiniams kraštams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aš pereinu prie pagrindinio punkto, t. y. to, ko čia atvykau pasakyti. Jokia tarptautinė organizacija negalės augti nei užkirsti kelio karui be to, ką aš pavadinau broliška tautų, kalbančių angliškai, asociacija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai reiškia ypatingus santykius tarp Didžiosios Britanijos, viena, ir JAV - antra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dabar ne laikas sakyti skambias kalbas. Būsiu tikslus. Britanijos asociacija reikalauja ne tik stiprinti draugystę ir savitarpio supratimą tarp mūsų dviejų giminingų visuomeninių sistemų, bet ir išlaikyti artimus santykius tarp mūsų karinių patarėjų, bendrai studijuojant galimus pavojus, naudojant vienodo tipo ginklus ir mokymo priemones, keičiantis karininkais ir koledžų klausytojais. Taip pat turi būti numatytos sąlygos, atitinkančios abiejų valstybių saugumo interesus, naudojant visas karines jūrų ir aviacijos bazes, priklausančias abiems valstybėms.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šešėlis krito ant laukų, kurie dar visai neseniai buvo apšviesti sąjungininkų pergalės. Niekas nežino, ką Sovietų Sąjunga ir jos tarptautinė komunistinė organizacija ketina daryti artimiausiu metu ar kokios ribos, jei tokios yra, numatytos tolesnei ekspansijai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuo Šteteno prie Baltijos iki Triesto prie Adrijos ant žemyno nusileido geležinė uždanga. Už šios linijos atsidūrė visi senosios Centrinės ir Rytų Europos lobiai. Varšuva, Berlynas, Viena, Budapeštas, Belgradas, Bukareštas, Sofija - visi šie garsūs miestai ir teritorijos aplink juos yra sovietų įtakojami ir vis griežčiau Maskvos kontroliuojami. Tik nemirtingosios praeities Atėnai gali laisvai spręsti savo ateitį per rinkimus, stebimus anglų, amerikiečių ir prancūzų. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 16:01:23',62,'','2010-08-25 16:06:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 16:01:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,60,'','',0,41,'robots=\nauthor='),(1451,'Lietuvos istorija Naujausieji laikai','lietuvos-istorija-naujausieji-laikai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">I str.  Lietuvos ir SSRS draugingumui sustiprinti Vilnius ir Vilniaus sritis Sovietų Sąjungos perduodami Lietuvos respublikai, įjungiant juos į Lietuvos valstybės teritorijos sudėtį ir nustatant sieną tarp Lietuvos Respublikos ir SSRS pagal pridedamą žemėlapį…</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">II str. Lietuvos Respublika ir SSRS prižada teikti viena kitai visokią pagalbą, įskaitant čia ir karinę, Lietuvos užpuolimo ar jos užpuolimo grasymo atveju, o taip pat SSRS užpuolimo ar jos užpuolimo grasymo per Lietuvos teritoriją ir bet kurios Europos valstybės pusės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">IV str. Lietuvos Respublika ir SSRS pasižada drauge ginti Lietuvos sienas,kuriam laikui SSRS suteikiama teisė savo lėšomis laikyti bendru susitarimu nustatytose Lietuvos Respublikos vietose griežtai aprėžtą Sovietų sausumos ir orinių ginkluotų pajėgų kiekį…</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">VI str. Šios sutarties įgyvendinimas jokiu būdu neturi paliesti susitariančių šalių suverenių teisių, ypač jų valstybinės santvarkos, ekonominės ir socialinės sistemos, karinių priemonių ir bendrai nesikišimo į vidaus reikalus dėsnio.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 16:07:52',62,'','2010-08-25 16:10:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 16:07:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,59,'','',0,54,'robots=\nauthor='),(1452,'Napoleonas Bonapartas (1769 - 1821 m.) ir jo epocha Europoje (lentelė)','napoleonas-bonapartas-1769-1821-m-ir-jo-epocha-europoje','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 16:12:29',62,'','2010-08-25 16:13:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 16:12:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,58,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1453,'Istorinės datos','istorins-datos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Čia surinktos 6 - 7 kl. istorijos kurso datos, kurios apima senovės ir viduramžių istoriją. Dėl aiškumo čia įtrauktą ir daugiau, kitų laikotarpių datų (pvz.: Naujausiųjų laikų), nes istorijos kursas gan padrikai šokinėja iš vieno laikotarpio į kitą. Šalia karų, kovų, mūšių ir sukilimų parašytos kovojusios pusės (“ir” skiria priešingas puses. Pvz.: “anglai ir prancūzai” reiškia “anglai – prancūzai”.). Dabar, būdamas 9 kl., pradėjau rinkti Naujausiųjų laikų datas, kurios, kai tik bus surinktos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">2600 m. pr. m. e. – Baigta Cheopso piramidės statyba.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">1792 – 1750 m. pr. m. e. – Hamurabio valdymas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">480 m.  pr. m. e. - Kserkso kariuomenes įsiveržimas į Graikiją. Persai ir graikai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">244 m.  pr. m. e. - Hanibalas išsilaipina Ispanijoje. Kartaginiečiai ir ispanai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">218 m.  pr. m. e. - Hanibalas įsiveržia i Italiją. Kartaginiečiai ir romėnai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">216 m.  pr. m. e. - Kanų mušis.  Kartaginiečiai ir romėnai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 16:15:25',62,'','2010-08-25 16:19:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 16:15:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,57,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1454,'Actekų Civilizacija (referatas)','actek-civilizacija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Meksika išsiskiria lanšafto - įkaitusio smėlio pliažai, snieguotos vulkanų viršūnės, kaktusais apaugusios išdžiūvusios dykumos, drėgnos tropinės džiunglės, sūrios lagūnos - įvairove. Ši šalis - įvairių klimatinių juostų, senųjų civilizacijų griuvėsių, viduramžių ir šiuolaikinės civilizacijos mišinys. Meksika - tai spalvų ir garsų, genčių ir etninių grupių kaleidoskopas. Tai didžiulė mistinė savo praeitimi ir kartu žemiškai gyva šalis, užimanti beveik 2 mln. km2 plotą, kur įsikūrę 92 mln. toltekų, zapotekų, actekų, majų ir daugelio genčių ir tautelių palikuonys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visame dideliame žemyne susiduria tikrai nemažas skaičius kultūrų. Visos jos vertos dėmesio ir patrauklios, bet pačios didžiausios tai - actekai, majai ir inkai. Jų palikimas ir neišdildoma istorija įsirėžė giliausiai į mūsų pasaulio istoriją. Kalbėdami apie didžiąsias mūsų kontinento civilizacijas negalime nepaminėti ir galingų actekų su savo pasiekimais ir laimėjimais, kurie stebina ir dabar.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visa vidurio Amerikos civilizacijos istorija yra skiriama į tris pagrindinius periodus: priešklasikinį, klasikinį ir poklasikinį, kurie apima laikotarpį nuo 2000 m. pr. m. e. Priešklasikiniu laikotarpiu klestėjo olmekų kultūra. Antrasis periodas - Tenotičlano ir majų klestėjimo laikotarpis, o poklasikinis - karų ir nesantaikos, karingų toltekų ir actekų imperijos metas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Į Mechiko slėnį jie atvyko kaip klajokliai. Juos vadino daugeliu vardų. Vienas iš pirmųjų buvo Čičimekai, Šunų sūnūs - taip juos vadino šiaurėje, kur dabar yra Čihuahua. Jie mito žiurkėmis, kiškiais, laukiniais augalais ir šaknimis. Buvo žinomi Mechikos vardu, o tai davė vardą ir tam kraštui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jie atėjo tyliai ir buvo laikomi priklausomais nuo kitų genčių, kurios taip pat gyveno turtingame slėnyje. Šie žmonės buvo samdomi kariai ir kartais dėl šios priežasties vadinami lanko ir strėlių žmonėms. Beveik šimtmetį jie klajojo iš vienos vietos į kitą, nepasilikdami ilgam, bet visą laiką patekdami į vietą, kur nebuvo laukiami. Kartą jie apsistojo ant Čapultepek kalvos, kur dabar yra Mechiko centrinis parkas. Ten jie pasistatė šventyklą, bet turėjo bėdos su savo kaimynais, kurie juos apkaltino žmonų vagystėmis. Jiems buvo duota nederlingos žemės, kurioje veisėsi daugybė gyvačių, su viltimi, kad jie ten išmirs. Bet Actekai išgyveno…</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Actekai tikėjo, kad jie yra išrinktieji ir Saulės vaikai. Jie ieškojo savo pažadėtosios žemės ir žinojo kaip ją surasti. Jų legendos bylojo, kad kai jie ateis į vietą, kur ant kaktuso tupės erelis su gyvate snape, apsigyvens ir pradės kurti savo imperiją. Iki tol jie buvo pasmerkti ieškojimams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jie ieškojo negailestingai - samdėsi kiekvienai konkuruojančių Mechiko slėnio lordų pusei, kuri tik galėjo laimėti. Jie buvo laukiniai ir žiaurūs kovotojai; jiems kraujo liejimas davė gyvybę jų dievui - Saulei.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 16:36:39',62,'','2010-08-25 16:42:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 16:36:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,56,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1455,'Fašizmas Europoje','faizmas-europoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Fašistų veikla buvo grindžiama iš esmės tais pačiais principais bei metodais, jie siekė įvesti - totalitarinį režimą. Fašistinei valdžiai būdinga prievarta, griežta piliečių ir visuomeninio gyvenimo kontrolė. Fašistai remdamiesi viduriniais sluoksniais plačiai naudojo socialinę demagogiją, prievartos priemones, propagavo nacionalizmą, karines ekspansijas, rasinę nelygybę. Fašizmo ideologija buvo grindžiama geopolitika, rasistinėmis prancūzų rašytojo Ž.A de Gobino teorijomis, bei vokiečio filosofo O Špenglerio idėjomis. Fašizmas atsirado jau karo metais , susiformavus galingiems monopolijų susivienijimams, tarp verslininkų ir valstybės atsirado ekonominė trintis. Daug kas tuo metu palaikė fašistus, nes tada jie atrodė, kaip ryžtinga ir patikima jėga, galinti atkurti po karo sugriauta tvarką, pasipriešinti komunistiniam judėjimui ar net jį sutriuškinti, įveikti visuomenės pakrikimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Fašistiniams judėjimams įsigalėti padėjo jų metodai. Jie kūrė sukarintas draugoves, demagogiška propaganda formavo tautų \"skriaudų jausmą\", įvedė griežta organizacinę struktūrą ir discipliną, neginčijąmą vado autoritetą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Fašistų vadas buvo Benitas Musolinis, kuris su savo bendraminčiais kritikavo silpną liberalų vyriausybę, socialistus, vėliau pradėjo kovą dėl valdžios. Fašistai greitai gavo tai, ko siekė, nes nuolat besikeičiančios vyriausybės nesiėmė jokių priemonių prieš fašistus. 1922 10 29 Italijos karalius pavedė Musoliniui sudaryti vyriausybę. Ji buvo koalicinė, o taip savo kalboje Musolinis pasakė \"mums reikia visiškos valdžios ir mes patys prisiimam visą atsakomybę\". Atėjęs į valdžią Musolinis netapo kapitalistų įrankių, nes turėjo savo planų ir tikslų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Užsitikrinęs armijos, bažnyčios, karaliaus bei įvairių partijų pritarimą, Musolinis pradėjo griauti liberaliąją parlamentinę Italijos valstybės santvarką. Musolinis pasiekė, kad vykdomoji valdžia pasidarytų aukštesnė už įstatymų leidžiamąją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ekonominę politiką fašistai grindė \"produktyvizmo\" principu. Valstybė nutraukė subsidijas nerentabilioms įmonėms ir pramonės šakoms, uždėjo pelno mokestį žemdirbystės ūkiams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Musolinio užsienio politiką, pagrįsta gretimu šalių raminimu \"draugystės ir širdingo bendradarbiavimo paktais\", prekybos susitarimu.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 16:44:09',62,'','2010-08-25 16:46:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 16:44:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,55,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1456,'Žemėlapiai','emlapiai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 16:47:22',62,'','2010-08-25 16:49:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 16:47:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,54,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1457,'1797 m. konstitucija','1797-m-konstitucija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Stanislovas Augustas iš Dievo malonės ir tautos valios Lenkijos Karalius, Didysis Lietuvos, Rusijos, Prūsijos, Mazovijos, Žemaičių, Kijevo, Voluinės, Podolės, Palenkės, Livonijos, Smolensko, Severo ir Černigovo Kunigaikštis drauge su dvigubos sudėties konfederuotu seimu, atstovaujančiu lenki tautai,<br />pripažindami, jog mūsų visų likimas priklauso vien tik nuo tautos konstitucijos įvedimo ir ištobulinimo, iš ilgos patirties pažinę įsisenėjusias mūsų valdymo ydas, siekdami pasinaudoti metu, kuriame Europa yra atsidūrusi, bei ta blėstančia akimirka, kuri mus sugražino mums patiems, laisvi nuo žeminančių svetimos prievartos reikalavimų, labiau už gyvybę, už asmeninę laimę brangindami politinę egzistenciją ir tautos, kurios likimas patikėtas mūsų rankoms, išorinę nepriklausomybę bei vidine laisve, taipogi norėdami pelnyti esamų ir būsimų karrų palaiminimą bei dėkingumą, nebodami kliūčių, kurios gali sukelti mumyse aistras, visuotinio gėrio, laisvės įtvirtinimo, mūsų tėvynės ir jos sienų išsaugojimo vardan su didžiausia dvasios tvirtybe priimame šia Konstituciją ir skelbiame ją šventa ir neliečiama, kol tauta įstatymo numatytu laiku savo aiškia valia pripažins būtina pakeisti joje kokį nors straipsnį. Ir šią Konstituciją kuri visa kame atitikti kiti dabartinio Seimo išleisiami įstatymai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 16:50:20',62,'','2010-08-25 16:54:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 16:50:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,53,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1458,'Lietuvių politinių partijų požiūris į karą 1914 metais','lietuvi-politini-partij-poiris-kar-1914-metais','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1914 metais dėl vietos po saule kariauti pradėjo Europos valstybės. Karas vyko tarp dviejų blokų: Trilypės sąjungos vienoje pusėje (Susidedančios iš Vokietijos, Austro - Vengrijos, Turkijos ir kitų smulkesnių valstybėlių, ir Antantės (susidedančios iš Rusijos, Prancūzijos ir Didžiosios Britanijos).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Europos dešiniojo sparno partijos kaip ir dera buvo tikėtis, tuoj pat paskelbė, kad jų tikslas yra savos Vyriausybės pergalė. Svarbiausias klausimas buvo tas kaip pasielgs Europos socialistų partijos, kurios jau tada buvo apsijungusios į II tarptautinį socialistų Internacionalą. Viena iš galingiausių socialistų internacionalo grupuočių Vokietijos reichstago socialistų frakcija balsavo už kreditų suteikimą karui vykdyti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Savo vyriausybes parėmė Belgijos, Prancūzijos, austro - Vengrijos, Anglijos socialistai. Tokias pačias mintis pareiškė Rusijos dūmos deputatai menševikai. Netgi tos partijos, kurios laikėsi nesutaikomos politikos carizmo atžvilgiu iš esmės nedarė, jokių žingsnių, kas susilpnintų Rusijos valstybės tvirtumą ir trukdytų jai laimėti karą. Savo opozicingumą tokios grupuotės nurodinėjo sąvoka \"lojali\" opozicija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tuo tarpu revoliucinei socialdemokratai ypač Rusijoje paragino laikyti visiškai kitokios taktikos Pagrindinis taktinis uždavinys buvo siekti savo šalies vyriausybės pralaimėjimo kare, numatant , kad tokios taktikos turi laikytis visų kariaujančių šalių socialistai bei paversti imperialistinį karą pilietiniu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Panašūs svarstymai, vyko ir Lietuvoje, kur buvo labai svitos politinės- nacionalinės aplinkybės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1914 metų liepos 26 - osios specialiame Dūmos posėdyje lietuvių delegacijos vardu M. Yčas perskaitė deklaraciją, užtikrinusią tautiečių lietuvių lojalumu. Deklaracijoje (vėliau pavadintoje gintarine užsimenam apie autonomiją, ir visus net mažiausiu lietuvių dominuojamus etninius s vienetus sujungti į vieną, autonominę visumą, Rusijos imperijos sudėtyje. Deklaracijos autoriai buvo S. Šilingas, J. Basanavičius, D. Malinauskas. pagrindinės deklaracijos mintys buvo išreikštos meninėmis formulėmis pilna aforizmų poetinių polėkių. Svarbiausi vartojami argumentai buvo tiek, kad lietuviai yra ne slavai, kad jie lojalūs Rusijos vyriausybei, yra išsaugojusi, kultūrinį savitumą ir nori apjungti visas visus etninius vienetus po Rusijos imperijos vėliava.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 16:56:09',62,'','2010-08-25 16:59:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 16:56:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,52,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1459,'I pasaulinio karo padariniai (referatas)','i-pasaulinio-karo-padariniai-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmasis pasaulinis karas prasidėjo 1914 metais. Tai buvo karas tarp dviejų imperialistinių valstybių blokų dėl pasaulio perdalijimo. Šiame kare dalyvavo daugiau kaip 30 valstybių. Iš vienos pusės - tai Vokietija, Austrija - Vengrija, vėliau prisijungusios Turkija, Bulgarija ir kt. valstybės. Iš kitos pusės - Antantės sąjungos, vadovaujamos Anglijos, Prancūzijos ir  Rusijos, šalys: Japonija, Italija, JAV, Graikija, Serbija, Albanija ir kt. valstybės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmasis pasaulinis karas baigėsi 1918 metais lapkričio 11 dieną, kai tarp Vokietijos ir jos priešininkų Kompjeno miške, netoli Paryžiaus, buvo pasirašytos paliaubos. Rusija, sukrėsta Vasario buržuazinės demokratinės revoliucijos ir bolševikų Spalio perversmo, iš  karo  išstojo  dar  1918 m. kovo  3 d., su Vokietija ir jos sąjungininkėmis Brest Litovske pasirašiusi separatinę taikos sutartį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po pirmojo pasaulinio karo pasikeitė politinis pasaulio žemėlapis. Nustatyti pasaulio tvarką po karo turėjo Taikos konferencija, prasidėjusi Paryžiuje 1919 metais sausio 18 dieną. Po kelis mėnesius trukusių derybų, įveikus smarkius nesutarimus, konferencija parengė taikos sutartį su Vokietija. Sutartis pasirašyta 1919 metais birželio 18 dieną Versalio rūmuose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Versalio sutartyje aiškiai buvo pasakyta, kurias teritorijas valstybės turi gauti arba prarasti. Ten rašoma, kad Vokietija neteko vakaruose Elzazo, Lotaringijos ir Saaro krašto. Rytuose ji turėjo atiduoti Lenkijai dalį Aukštosios Silezijos, dalį Rytprūsių, Poznanę ir Dancigo koridorių. Klaipėdos kraštas taip pat buvo atskirtas nuo Vokietijos. Suirus Austrijos - Vengrijos imperijai, Vengrija buvo atskirta nuo Austrijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Galicija buvo prijungta prie Lenkijos. Bochemija, Slovakija ir Moravija sudarė atskirą Čekoslovakijos valstybę. Serbija, Kroatija, Slovėnija ir Juodkalnija buvo sujungta į vieną naują valstybę - Jugoslaviją. Rumunija gavo iš Vengrijos Transilvaniją. Taip pat Rumunija prisijungė Rusijos valdytą Besarabiją (sritį tarp Pruto ir Dniestro upių). Rumunija tapo didžiausia, nors ūkiškai ir kultūriškai labiausiai atsilikusi, Pietryčių Europos valstybė.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 17:01:12',62,'','2010-08-25 17:04:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 17:01:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,51,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1460,'Airijos - Jungtinės Karalystės konfliktas','airijos-jungtins-karalysts-konfliktas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi 1169 m. į Airiją įsiveržė anglų ir normandų feodalai, kurie 1171 m. čia įkūrė savo koloniją (vėliau pavadintą Peiliu). Airių klanai (o taip vadinosi keltų pirmykštinės bendruomenės formos) kartkartėmis sukildavo prieš užkariautojus (1315 - 1318 m., 1394 - 99 m.).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XVI a. anglai prievarta pradėjo naikinti klanų sistemą, konfiskuoti airių žemes (reformacijos platinimo dingstimi), likviduoti anglų - airių diduomenės ir airių klanų vadų valdžią, plėsti valdomą teritoriją. Į tai buvo reaguota dar keliais sukilimais: Šano O’Nylio sukilimu (1559 - 67 m.), Dezmono sukilimu (1569 - 83 m., su pertraukomis). Beje per šį sukilimą airiai prašė katalikiškų valstybių, ypač Ispanijos, paramos, tačiau ir su ispaniškuoju desantu sukilimas buvo pralaimėtas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po to įvyko didžiausias iki to laiko Tirono ir Tirkonelio sukilimas (1594 - 1603 m.). Galima sakyti, kad tuo metu sąlygos Airijoje buvo baisios - klanų vadai kariavo tarpusavyje, o anglai, kaip minėjau, stengėsi įdiegti protestantizmą ir užkariauti naujų žemių. Padėtį blogino ir centralizuotos valdžios Airijoje nebuvimas ir anglų gobšumas. Sukilimas buvo labai žiaurus, na, tiek, kad Karalienė pasakė, kad jei jis užsitęs, „jai nieko neliks, tik kaip valdyti pelenams ir lavonams”. Airiai laimėjo keletą mūšių, bet sukilimas buvo pralaimėtas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Anglijoje vykstant revoliucijai, airiai sukėlė dar vieną sukilimą, kuris taip ir buvo pavadintas Airių sukilimas. Sukilėliai buvo sukūrę savo valstybę - Airijos katalikų konfederaciją. 1643 metais konfederacija ir Anglijos Karalius Karolis I pasirašė paliaubas, o 1646 m. taiką, pagal kurią konfederatai turėjo padėti karaliui kovoti su parlamento armija. Tai buvo pretekstas 1649 m. rugpjūčio mėnesį išlaipinti Airijoje parlamento kariuomenę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žiauriai numalšinęs sukilimą, Kromvelis konfiskavo airių žemes, išdalijo jas savo kariams ir parlamento kreditoriams. Nuo tos dienos pietų Airijoje galima išgirsti tokį keiksmažodį: „Teprakeikia Tave Kromvelis.” Negana to Kromvelis sumanė daugelį airių tiesiog iškeldinti į neturtingą ir apleistą Connaught provinciją šalies vakaruose. Nuo to laiko praėjo amžius, o Airijos istorijos lyg ir nebuvo - despotai anglai spaudė taip, kad rašytojas D. Swiftas pasiūlė airiams tiesiog valgyti savo vaikus ar pardavinėti juos mėsininkams.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 17:05:18',62,'','2010-08-25 17:12:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 17:05:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,50,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1461,'Vincas Kudirka','vincas-kudirka','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vincas Kudirka gimė 1858 metų gruodžio 31 dieną Vilkaviškio apskrityje, Paežerių kaime, pasiturinčių valstiečių šeimoje. Iš tėvo paveldėjo tvirtą būdą, savarankiškumą ir atkaklumą.Iš motinos - meno palinkimą. Jo motina pasak paties V. Kudirkos, gražiai dainavo, labai puikiai margino margučius, labai dailiai sekė pasakas ir prie tų dailių dalykų mane pritraukė”. Iš motinos jis paveldėjo puikų balsą, gerą klausą, stiprų pasakotojo talentą ir iš mažens palinkimą piešti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dešimties metų amžiaus V. Kudirka pradėjo lankyti pradinę mokyklą. Jau tuomet jis pasižymėjo gabumais, gražia rašysena ir muzikiniu talentu. 1871 metais  baigęs pradžios mokyklą įstojo į Marijampolės gimnazijos pirmą klasę. Ir čia gabumais atkreipė visų dėmesį. Mėgo svečiuotis, o draugija, kurioje dalyvaudavo, buvo lenkiška ar sulenkėjus, tad ir jis pats nepajuto, kaip su ja sutapo, kaip pasidavė jos srovės nešamas. Nors ir lankė lietuvių kalbos pamokas, tačiau jos įtakos jam nedarė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Baigęs šešias klases ir tėvo verčiamas, 1877 metais V. Kudirka įstojo į Seinų kunigų seminariją. Tačiau, būdamas linksmo ir gyvo būdo jaunuolis, nelinkęs tapti dvasininku, V. Kudirka negalėjo pakęsti slopaus seminarijos režimo bei tvarkos. 1879 metais jis buvo pašalintas dėl “pašaukimo stokos”. Pašalinimas iš kunigų seminarijos V. Kudirką supykdė su išdidžiu tėvu, ir to pykčio šešėlis visą gyvenimą temdė judviejų santykius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1879 metais V. Kudirka grįžo į Marijampolės gimnaziją, norėdamas ją baigti. Čia jis toliau rašinėjo eilėraščius ir straipsnelius lenkų kalba, buvo nelegalaus gimnazistų laikraštėlio redaktorius ir aktyviausias bendradarbis. Tai buvo pirmieji V. Kudirkos literatūros ir žurnalistikos bandymai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tuo metu Marijampolės gimnazijoje viešpatavo lenkiškumo atmosfera. Baigęs šią mokyklą (1881 m.), V. Kudirka save irgi laikė lenku. Jis išvyko studijuoti ne į Maskvą, kur mokėsi nemažas jo draugų būrys, bet į Varšuvos universitetą, nors ir negalėjo ten gauti stipendijos. Vienerius metus paklausęs filologijos paskaitų ir nusivylęs menku dėstymu, V. Kudirka perėjo į medicinos fakultetą. Netekęs namiškių paramos, jis turėjo verstis privačiomis pamokomis, paskaitų perrašinėjimu, grojimu orkestre ir pan.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Varšuva V. Kudirkai atvėrė platesnius akiračius, ir, Lenkijos sostinėje gyvendamas, jis įsitikino, kad Lietuva - ne Lenkija, o lietuviai ne lenkai, ir kad lenkai daug skiriasi nuo sulenkėjusių lietuvių. Marijampolė V. Kudirką buvo gerokai aplenkinus, bet savo siela jis buvo lietuvis ir mėgo viską, kas lietuviška. Tuo metu Varšuvos studentų tarpe buvo gana stiprios anticarinės nuotaikos, kurioms nebuvo abejingas ir V. Kudirka, dėlto jis gana skaudžiai nukentėjo: dėl perrašymo sutrumpinto K. Markso “Kapitalo”, 1885 metais jis buvo suimtas, kalintas ir pašalintas iš universiteto. Po dviejų metų vėl į universitetą priimtas, ir 1889 metais baigė medicinos mokslus. Kitų metų pradžioje V. Kudirka įsikūrė Šakiuose ir ėmė verstis gydytojo praktika. V. Kudirka iš savo tėvų buvo paveldėjęs palinkimą džiovai. Jam dešimtuosius einant nuo džiovos mirė jo motina, vėliau džiova išskynė ir daugiau šeimos narių. Sunkios studento V. Kudirkos gyvenimo sąlygos pagreitino ir jo ligą. 1889 metų pavasarį jam kraujas prasiveržė iš plaučių, ir juo toliau, tuo labiau jam džiova stiprėjo. 1894 metų pabaigoje išvyko į Jaltą (Krymą) gydytis, bet dėl lėšų stokos ten ilgai būti negalėjo: 1895 metais sugrįžo į Lietuvą ir įsikūrė Naumiestyje, atsidėdamas tik literatūros darbui. Tų pačių metų vasarą V. Kudirka dėl lietuviškos veiklos žandarų buvo suimtas, bet dėl kaltę įrodančios medžiagos stokos buvo paleistas. Paskutiniais gyvenimo metais buvo tiek silpnas, jog tik gulėdamas galėjo rašyti.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 17:13:19',62,'','2010-08-25 17:16:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 17:13:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,49,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1462,'1920 m. Lietuvos sutartis su Rusija','1920-m-lietuvos-sutartis-su-rusija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pažymėtieji įgaliotiniai, viens kitam pateikę įgaliojimus ir pripažinę juos esant sustatytus tinkama forma ir reikiama tvarka, susitarė dėl šių dalykų:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Straipsnis I. Remdamasi Rusijos Federacijos Socialistinės Tarybų Respublikos paskelbtąja visų tautų teise laisvai apsispręsti ligi joms visiškai atsiskiriant nuo valstybės, kurios sudėtyje jos yra, Rusija be atodairių pripažįsta Lietuvos valstybės savarankiškumą ir nepriklausomybę su visomis iš tokio pripažinimo einančiomis juridinėmis sėkmėmis ir gera valia visiems amžiams atsisako nuo visų Rusijos suvereniteto teisių, kurių ji yra turėjusi Lietuvių tautos ir jos teritorijos atžvilgiu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kad Lietuva buvo kuomet priklausiusi Rusijai, tas faktas neuždeda Lietuvių tautai ir jos teritorijai jokių pareigų Rusijos link.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Straipsnis II. Valstybės siena tarp Lietuvos ir Rusijos eina:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prasidėdama nuo tos vietos, kur Gorodniankos upė įteka į Bobro upę, tolumo 2 varstai į rytus nuo Čarnalaso kaimo Gorodniankos upe tarp Chmelnikų - Chmelevkos ir Levkų  - Olšos kaimų; nuo ten sausuma į Veselavo kaimo pietų šoną, nuo ten bevardžiu Kamenos upės intaku iki tos vietos, kurtasis intakas įteka į minėtąją Kamenos upę tolumo apie varstą nuo Veselavo kaimo. Toliau Kamenos upės tėkme aukštyn apie varstą; nuo ten sausuma maždaug valsčiaus valdybos link kaime Nerastnaja ligi pat bevardžio Sidros upės intako versmių; toliau tuo intaku iki jo santako su  Sidra tolumo apie varstą nuo Siderkos kaimo; nuo ten Sidros (Siderkos, Sidriankos)  tėkme tarp Šeštakų ir Siderkos kaimų, pro Sidros miestelį, tarp Jurašių ir Ogorodnikų kaimų pro Beniašių kaimą, pro Litvinkos kaimą, tarp Zveranų ir Timanų, iki Lovčikų kaimo; nuo ten sausuma į Valkušių kaimo pietų šoną; nuo ten į Čupranovo kaimo šiaurės šoną; toliau į aukštumą, kurioj stovi trigonometrinis punktas ( 108,0) tolumu apie varstą į pietus nuo Navodielių kaimo; toliau į Tolčių sodybų šiaurės šoną tolumo maždaug varstas į šiaurę nuo jų; nuo ten į Dubavosios kaimo pietų šoną; toliau Induros upe, pro Lukšių kaimą, pro Induros miestelį, pro Prokapavičių kaimą, pro Bieliavo kaimą; toliau Lašos upe pro Babrauninkų kaimą ir toliau šita upe iki jos santako su Svisločim.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Toliau Svisločies upe iki jos santakos su Nemunu; nuo ten Nemunu ligi Beržūnos (Berezinos) upės žiočių, Beržūnos, Isločies ir Voložinkos upėmis, Voložino miesto vakarų šonu, Brilkų, Burlokų (Burmokų) ir Polikščiauščiznos kaimų šiaurės šonu; nuo ten į šiaurės rytus Mielašių ir Gintauščiznos  (  Menžikauščiznos) kaimų rytų šonu tolumo apie varstą nuo jų; toliau į šiaurės rytus į Cholchlo miesto vakarų šoną tolumo apie varstą nuo jų;toliau į šiaurės rytus į Cholchlo miesto vakarų šoną tolumo apie varstą nuo jo; toliau Sucharanovščiznos kaimo vakarų šonu tolumo apie varstą nuo jo. Nuo ten siena pasuka į šiaurės rytus į Berezovcų kaimo vakarų šoną tolumo nuo jo apie vieną varstą; toliau į šiaurės rytus Vaskaučių kaimo vakarų šonu; nuo ten Lialkovščiznos kaimo vakarų šonu tolumo apie vieną varstą nuo jo; nuo ten pasuka į šiaurę, į Kaliauščiznos kaimo vakarų šoną ir nuo ten į šiaurę tarp Drenių ir Žerlokų kaimų...<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 17:17:20',62,'','2010-08-25 17:22:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 17:17:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,48,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(1463,'Bastilijos paėmimas','bastilijos-pamimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bastilijos paėmimas. Absoliutizmas nustojo egzistuot - 1789 07 01.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogaus ir piliečių teisių deklaracija - 1789 08. Konstitucija - 1791 m. Komunos sukūrimas - 1792 08.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Monarchijos nuvertimas - 1792 08. Prancūzija paskelbiama respublika - 1792 09.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nukirsdintas karalius Liudvikas 16 - 1793 01. Jakobinų ir  žirondistų  kova - 1792 - 1793 m. Sukilimas  Vandėjoje  -  1793 m.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jakobinų diktatūros įvedimas - 1793 06. Konstitucijos priėmimas - 1793 m. Termidoro 9 - osios p. - 1794 07.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1799 - monarchistų maištas ir Napoleono politinės karjeros pradžia.1802 m. - pasiskelbia konsulu iki gyvos galvos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1804 m. - pasiskelbia imperatoriumi. 1813 m.- priverstas atsisakyti sosto ir į jo vietą ateina Liudvikas 17.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1801 m. - pasirašo konkordatą su Pijumi 7 ir katalikybė paskelbiama valstybine religija. 1800 m. - įkurtas Prancūzijos bankas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 17:24:08',62,'','2010-08-25 17:31:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 17:24:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,47,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(1464,'Europa pirmaisiais pokario metais (testas)','europa-pirmaisiais-pokario-metais-testas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 17:37:20',62,'','2010-08-25 17:39:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 17:37:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,46,'','',0,37,'robots=\nauthor='),(1465,'Lietuvos istorija (knyga)','lietuvos-istorija-knyga','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ši knygelė skirta visiems besidomintiems mūsų tautos istorija. Čia pateikiama Lietuvos valstybingumo ir parlamentarizmo raida, Lietuvos valdovai ir vadovai nuo XIII amžiaus \\ iki Šių dienų, svarbiausi istoriniai įvykiai, datos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">\"Lietuvos istorija\" labai tiks kaip konspektas 10 - 12 klasių mokiniams, besiruošiant laikyti abitūros egzaminą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ši pagalbinė mokymo priemonė palengvins ir mokytojo darbą,- pamokoje atsiras daugiau galimybių ir laiko praktiniam darbui su istoriniais dokumentais, testais, žemėlapiais, karikatūromis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos valstybės administracijos kūrimas prasidėjo nuo Valstybės Tarybos ir Laikinosios vyriausybės sudarymo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos Respublikos valdymo sistema buvo nustatyta jos Konstitucijose. 1922 m. Lietuvos Valstybės Konstitucijos 40 - asis ir 1928 m. Konstitucijos 42 - asis straipsnis skelbė, kad Lietuvos Vyriausybę sudaro Respublikos Prezidentas ir Ministrų kabinetas. 1938 m. Lietuvos Konstitucijos 95 - asis straipsnis skelbė, kad Vyriausybę sudaro Ministras Pirmininkas ir kiti ministrai. Pagal 1922 m.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konstituciją Respublikos Prezidentą trims metams rinko Seimas. Respublikos Prezidentas buvo ir vyriausias visų Respublikos ginkluotųjų pajėgų viršininkas, jis atstovavo Respublikai, akredituodavo pasiuntinius ir priimdavo svetimų valstybių pasiuntinius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagal 1928 ir 1938 m. Konstitucijas Respublikos prezidentas buvo renkamas ypatingųjų Tautos atstovų septyneriems metams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagal 1922 m. Konstituciją Respublikos prezidento pakviestas Ministeris Pirmininkas turėjo teisę sudaryti Ministerių kabinetą ir pristatyti ministerius Respublikos Prezidentui patvirtinti (47 ir 57 straipsniai). 1938 m. Konstitucijos 96-asis straipsnis skelbė, kad Ministras Pirmininkas vadovauja Vyriausybei ir jai atstovauja. Šios Konstitucijos 97-ajame straipsnyje nurodoma, kad Ministrą Pirmininką skiria ir atleidžia Respublikos Prezidentas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 17:41:07',62,'','2010-08-25 17:44:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 17:41:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,45,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1466,'Jonas Vailokaitis','jonas-vailokaitis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jonas Vailokaitis gimė 1886 m. birželio 25 d. Šakių apskrityje, Sintautų valsčiui, Piktžirnių kaime.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1908 m. baigė Peterburgo prekybos ir pramonės institutą, grįžo į Lietuvą. Tarnavo Marijampolės “Žagrės” kooperatyve.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1912 m. su kunigu broliu Juozu Kaune įkūrė “Brolių Vailokaičių ir bendrovės” banką nusigyvenusių bajorų dvarams supirkti, juos parceliuoti ir išsimokėtinai parduoti lietuviams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmojo pasaulinio karo metais dėl lietuviškos veiklos okupacinės valdžios kalintas, vėliau laikytas policijos priežiūroje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1917 m. rugsėjo 18 - 22 d. Lietuvių konferencijoje išrinktas į Lietuvos Tarybą. 1918 m. vasario 16 d. pasirašė Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Aktą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1919 m. kartu su broliu Juozu įkūrė Ūkio banką ir buvo jo vadovas. 1920 m. išrinktas į Steigiamąjį Seimą, Valstybės finansų ir biudžeto komisijos pirmininkas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienas “Maisto”, “Metalo” akcinių bendovių steigėjų ir dalininkų, nuo 1937 m. – “Metalo” valdybos pirmininkas. Įkūrė Palemono plytinę, prekybos “Eksporto ir importo” akcinę bendrovę. 1925 m. išrinktas Lietuvos banko tarybos nariu, 1937 m. – “Urmo” bendrovės pirmininkas bei bankininkų atstovas Prekybos ir pramonės rūmuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1940 m. pasitraukė į Vokietiją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos krikščionių demokratų partijos narys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1927 m. vienas Lietuvos aeroklubo steigėjų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mirė 1944 m. gruodžio 16 d. Blankenburge (Vokietija).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 17:46:04',62,'','2010-08-25 17:50:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 17:46:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,44,'','',0,7,'robots=\nauthor='),(1467,'Hetitai','hetitai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">17 a. pr. Kr. viduryje iškilo senoji Hetitų karalystė, kurios sostinė - Hatušo miestas, klasikinis šios valstybės laikotarpis apima maždaug 1460 - 1200 m. pr. Kr . Ji daugmaž sėkmingai kovojo su Egiptu, savo įtaka plėtė į pietus ir į vakarus, kur sugebėjo nugalėti Mitanijos karalystę. Hetitai buvo indoeuropiečiai, jie savo valstybę sukūrė gyvenusių hatų teritorijoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dievai ir jų trejetas Hetitų dievų panteoną sudaro 1000 dievų. Svarbiausi trys dievai: Saulės dievas Tivat,  tai dangiškas Saulės dievas, šalių karalius, žmonijos piemuo. Saulės deivė Hebat - Saulės deivė iš Arinos, šalių karalienė.ir Vėjo dievas Taru (Tešubas), tai lietaus ir audros dievas, vaizduojamas tarp dviejų jaučių, lydimas kalnų dievybių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vėjo dievo sunūs - jaunas dievas Telipinas. Siu Siumis artimas Dzeusui; dievas raitelis Pirva; mėnulio dievas Kasku; Dievas Sostas; Vėjo dievas iš Neriko; Vėjo dievas iš Zipalandos; Vėjo dievas iš Halapos; Karo stovyklos Vėjo dievas; deivė Hanahana; deivė Kamrusepa; vėjo dievo duktė - Inara; deivė Cifuri-Kamrusepa; dangaus valdovas Alalu; Hesiodas, Uranas, Kronas, Dzeusas; okeano dukra - Šertapšurubi Šventykla, jos įranga. šventykla suprantama kaip dievo gyvenamoji vieta. Šventyklą supo mūras, į \"šventorių\" buvo patenkama pro  didelius vartus, per tam tikrą prieangį buvo galima prieti prie dievybės stabo. Netoliese buvo miegamasis, stovėdavo kultiniams tikslams naudojami sostas ir keturkampis židinys.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienoje sienoje būdavo matomi trys stulpai, irgi turėję kultinę reikšmę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Netoli Hatušo buvo hista ar Hesti šventykla, kurioje garbintos požemio dievybės, joms kartais aukotos kruvinos aukos, paprastai kaip kruvinos kaltės išpirka. Hetitai retai aukojo žmones, žmogus aukotas tik ypatingais atvejais, pvz.: sumušti priešo. Perpus perpjovus žmogų, viena kūno dalis būdavo padedama vienoje pusėje, kita kitoje; tarp jų pražygiuodavo kariai, upėje jie dar būdavo aptėškiami vandeniu.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 17:51:56',62,'','2010-08-25 17:55:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 17:51:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,43,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1468,'Graikų pasaulis','graik-pasaulis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Niekas gerai nežino,iš kur graikai kilę. Istorikai mano, kad ši tauta susidarė iš genčių, atėjusių iš Indijos ir Centrinės Europos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Graikai save laikė viena tauta - helėnais (tai romėnai juos pavadino graikais). Kitataučius jie niekino ir vadino barbarais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienas miestas - valstybė turėjo savitą valdymo tvarką. Mūsų vartojamas žodis „politika“ yra kilęs iš graikiško žodžio polis, reiškiančio miestą. Kai kuriuose miestuose klestėjo demokratija. Kituose valdžią buvo paveržę ir viešpatavo tironai. O Spartą valdė du karaliai, tardamiesi su seniūnų taryba, kurią sudarė 60 metų sulaukę vyrai. Tačiau dauguma miestų - valstybių paklusdavo turtingiems žemvaldžiams ir didikams - aristokratams. Žodis „aristokratas“ susideda iš graikiškų žodžių aristo (geriausias) ir kratas (valdžia). Buvo manoma, kad aristokratai geriausiai moka tvarkyti valstybės reikalus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Olimpinės žaidynės buvo rengiamos Dziauso garbei pietų Graikijos mieste Olimpijoje. Pirmosios žaidynės įvyko 776 pr. Kr. Jos vyko kas ketveri metai ir ilgainiui tapo svarbiausia religine švente. Susirinkdavo daugybė žmonių iš visos Graikijos. Šventė vykdavo vasarą ir trukdavo penkias dienas. Šventė prasidėdavo maldomis ir religinėmis apeigomis, paskui vykdavo varžybos: žirgų lenktynės, kumštynės ir pentatlono rungtynės. Pentatloną sudarė pekios rungtys: 180 m. Bėgimas, ieties ir disko metimas, šuolis į tolį ir imtynės. Kita rungtynių rūšis vadinosi pankratjas: varžovams buvo leidžiama viskas, drausta tik kandžioti priešininką ir badyti jam akis. Teisėjas turėjo lazdą pažeidėjui sudrausti. Be sporto rungtynių, varžydavosi retoriai ir poetai. Olimpiadų nugalėtojai tapdavo garsenybėmis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atėniečiai sukūrė dramą. Ji išaugo iš senovinių švenčių dievo Dioniso garbei. Du kartus per metus - sausio ir kovo menesį - per šventes vykdavo dramaturgų varžybos: dramos būdavo vaidinamos ir vertinamos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmuosiuose vaidinimuose dalyvavo tik vienas aktorius ir 12 - 15 vyrų choras. Choras šokdavo ir dainuodavo, papildydamas veiksmą bei pasakojimą. Vėliau sugalvojo įvesti antrą autorių. Atėnuose vaidinimai vykdavo tik du kartus per metus, aktoriai profesionaliai keliavo po visą Graikiją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ankstyvosios graikų dramos pasakojo dievų istorijas. Vėliau atsirado komedijos. Vaidinimai buvo labai populiarūs: Dioniso teatre Atėnuose susėsdavo keturiolika tūkstančių žmonių.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 17:58:10',62,'','2010-08-25 18:06:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 17:58:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,42,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1469,'Viduramžių ekonominis, politinis, agrarinis vystymasis','vidurami-ekonominis-politinis-agrarinis-vystymasis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Politinio gyvenimo kryptis 10 - 14 a. buvo politinės valdžios monarchistinės centralizacijos tendencija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Brandžiųjų viduramžių laikotarpyje geriausiai centralizaciją sekėsi vykdyti Anglijos karaliams. Didž. Britanija mažiau nukentėjo nuo normanų, niokojimas buvo mažesnio masto. Užėmus sostą Vilhelmui I karalius žemės buvo išsimėčiusios po visą kraštą, todėl separatizmas čia buvo sunkiai įgyvendinamas. Be to miestai buvo politiškai silpni. Buvo labiau centralizuota negu žemyne vasaliteto sistema (mano vasalo vasalas - mano vasalas). Anglijoje karalių rėmė ir atsikėlę normandai, anglų baronai (stambūs žemvaldžiai), bažnyčia, laisvieji valstiečiai. Tokiu būdu susidarė situacija kai karaliaus valdžia stipri, palankios sąlygos centralizacijai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kitas fenomenas, būdingas Anglijos raidai - ribota karaliaus valdžia (1215 m). Tada Anglijos karalius nebuvęs populiarus (jonas bežemis) buvo priverstas pasirašyti didžiąją laisvių chartiją, kuria apribojo valdžią bajorams, miestiečiams. D.L.Ch. buvo nuolaidų iš esmės visiems. Ji buvo labai svarbi, laikoma pirmuoju Anglijos konstituciniu aktu. Buvo sudarytas 25 baronų komitetas, turėjęs stebėti, kaip karalius laikosi chartijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1265 m. atsiranda atstovaujamoji luominė įstaiga - parlamentas, susiskirstęs į dvejus rūmus: lordų ir bendruomenių. Tai buvo nuolat veikiantis organas. Taigi valdžia padalinta tarp karaliaus ir luomų atstovų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">13 a. pab. - 14 a. pr. - luominės monarchijos susiformavimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prancūzijoje šis procesas vyko lėčiau, bet buvo išbaigtas. Karaliaus valdžia buvo silpna, miestai politiškai stiprūs. Karaliaus domenas (žemės) buvo kompaktiškas. Nebuvo laisvųjų valstiečių sluoksnio. Buvo kuriamas vieningos valdžios aparatas, prijungiamos įvairios žemės (Normandija). Taigi 14 - 15 a. Prancūzija buvo suvienyta.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 18:07:29',62,'','2010-08-25 18:13:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 18:07:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,41,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1470,'Visuomeninis - politinis gyvenimas Šiauliuose 1863 m. sukilimo metu','visuomeninis-politinis-gyvenimas-iauliuose-1863-m-sukilimo-metu','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ryški feodalinės baudžiavinės santvarkos krizė XIX a. viduryje privertė caro vyriausybę panaikinti baudžiavą.1861 m. vasario 19 d. “Nuostatai dėl valstiečių išeinančių iš baudžiavinės priklausomybės ”suteikė valstiečiams piliečių teises, bet paliko juos laikinaisiais prievolininkais. Žemės savininkais jie galėjo tapti tik ją išpirkę. Valstiečių reakcija, nepasiteisinus viltims gauti žemės be išpirkos, pasireiškė sustiprėjusiais bruzdėjimais. Juos aštrino prasidėjęs miestiečių ir bajorų judėjimas, politinės manifestacijos. Pastarosios Lietuvoje buvo įgavusios religinę patriotinę formą ir vykdavo dažnai bažnyčiose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prasidėjus sukilimui Lenkijoje, po poros mėnesių ir Lietuvoje susidarė revoliucinis komitetas, pasivadinęs Lietuvos Provincijos Valdymo Skyrium. Norėdamas įtraukti į sukilimą valstiečius jis skleidė lenkiškus ir lietuviškus atsišaukimus, kuriuose buvo skelbiama, kad nuo sukilimo dienos nebebus jokių luominių skirtumų, kad valstiečiai esą lygūs su bajorais, kad jų valdomoji žemė be jokio atlyginimo liksianti jų nuosavybė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taip pat buvo žadama duoti po tris margus žemės visiems trobelininkams ir darbininkams (žinoma, visa tai buvo žadama tik prisidėjusiems prie sukilimo). Iš tikrųjų tie atsišaukimai kai kur paveikė. Greta bajorų ir kunigų, prie sukilimo prisidėjo nemaža amatininkų ir dvarų darbininkų.Kiek šalčiau laikėsi valstiečiai, nes du pereinamieji baudžiavos naikinimo metai jiems pakirto pasitikėjimą dvarininkais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip rodo Šiaulių miesto policijos ir karinio viršininkų pranešimai Kauno gubernatoriui, panašaus pobūdžio akcijos vyko ir Šiauliuose. 1861 m. gruodžio 3 d. bažnyčioje gimnazijos moksleiviai giedojo uždraustą himną, 1862 m. kovo 4 d. per Velykas ten pat buvo išplatintas “piktinančio turinio” atsišaukimas. Panašūs atsišaukimai bažnyčioje, korespondencijos dėžutėse, ant grafo Zubovo kiemo vartų buvo platinami kovo, liepos, rugsėjo mėnesiais.Stiprėjant politinei įtampai krašte, vietos administracija, gubernijos valdžia ėmėsi ypatingų priemonių, sutvirtinančių jos pozicijas mieste ir apskrityse.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 18:14:15',62,'','2010-08-25 18:17:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 18:14:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,40,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1471,'Knygnešiai ir jų veikla','knygneiai-ir-j-veikla','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tuojau po 1863 m. sukilimo numalšinimo caro valdžia uždraudė lietuvišką spaudą, ir šis draudimas truko ligi 1904 m. Vilniaus generalgubernatorius M. Muravjovas, pasižymėjęs nepaprastu žiaurumu malšinant sukilimą, 1864 m. birželio 5 d. įsakė Vilniaus cenzūros komitetui neleisti spausdinti lietuviškų knygų lotyniškais rašmenimis, kurie lietuvių raštijoje buvo vartojami jau kelis šimtmečius. Kitas Vilniaus generalgubernatorius, K. Kaufmanas, 1865 m. rugsėjo 6 d. įsakė Vilniaus cenzūros komitetui sekti, kad visos lietuviškos knygos būtų spausdinamos tik rusišku raudynu. Taip pat buvo draudžiama lietuviškus leidinius įvežti į Lietuvą iš užsenio ir platinti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tuojau po spaudos draudimo lietuviški leidiniai lotyniškais rašmenimis pradėti spausdinti Rytų Prūsijoje ir slapta gabenami į Lietuvą. Atsirado knygnešių profesija, steigėsi slaptos knygų platinimo ir leidimo draugijos, kuopelės. Viena tokia draugija, įkurta visoje Lietuvoje išgarsėjusio knygnešio Jurgio Bielinio (1846 – 1918 m).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Knygnešio” sąvoka dabartiniu metu mums reiškia ne tik kovotoją dėl lietuviškos spaudos laisvės XIX a. antrojoje pusėje, - ji yra įgijusi ir platesnę prasmę. Spaudos draudimui priešinosi daug žmonių ir jų kovos formos buvo ryškiausios, todėl ilgainiui knygnešys tautai ėmė simbolizuoti atkaklumą, ryžtą, pasiaukojimą Tėvynei.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visus knygnešius pirmiausia bene tiktų skirstyti į profesionalus ir mėgėjus. Profesionalais vadintume tuos, kurie knygnešyste vertėsi nuolat ir iš to gyveno, papildydami savo pajamas dar iš kokio nors verslo. Mėgėjais laikytini tie asmenys, kurie knygnešyste užsiėmė epizodiškai, kiti net atsitiktinai arba knygas gabeno per sieną kartu su kita kontrabanda.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 18:19:13',62,'','2010-08-25 18:23:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 18:19:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,39,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1472,'Baltų genčių formavimasis','balt-geni-formavimasis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Manoma, kad aukštaičių gentys susiformuoti VI amžiuje. Jiems didelę įtaką turėjo lietuviai, iš kurių plito mirusiųjų deginimo paprotys. Pirmą kartą aukštaičiai paminėti Petro Dusburgiečio kronikoje, kalbant apie 1294 - 1300 m. įvykius. Aukštaičių vardas šiandien plačiai vartojamas keletu reikšmių; Aukštaičiai - viena iš baltų genčių. Aukštaitija - viena iš Lietuvos valstybių žemių; viena iš Lietuvos etnografinių regionų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aukštaičių tarmė - viena iš dviejų pagrindinių lietuvių kalbos tarmių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iki IV amžiaus sėlių protėviai priklausė bendrai kultūrinei sričiai au latgaliais, žiemgaliais, ir žemaičiais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sėliai iš jų išsiskyrė vėliausiai - VI amžiuje. Vienas iš svarbiausių sėlių karinių ir ekonominių centru - Sėių pilis buvo įsikūręs Dauguvos kairiajame krante.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">V - VI amžiuje rytų baltams skylant į atskiras gentis, Mūšos ir Lielupės baseinuose susidarė atskira žiemgalių gentis. Istoriniuose šaltiniuose žiemgalius skandinavai mini maždaug nuo 870 metų. Vakarų žiemgalių centras buvo Tėrvetės pilis. Žiemgaliai kalbėjo sava kalba, kuri išnyko apie XV amžių.  Livonijoje gyvenę žiemgaliai sulatvėjo, o Lietuvoje - sulietuvėjo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kalbininkai ir archelogai sutaria, kad ankščiausiai iš bendro  baltų kamieno išsiskyrė vakarų baltai - jotvingiai ir prūsai. Tai įvyko maždaug VI - V amžiuje pr. Kr. Manoma, kad maždaug I tukūst. viduryje iš bendro jotvingių vieneto išsiskyrė keturios mažesnės gentys: jotvingiai, sūduviai, dainaviai, ir palekiai. Pagrindinis jotvingių verslas buvo žemdirbystė. Istorinės sąlygos vertė jotvingius gaminti daug ginklų. Pirmą kartą istoriniuose šaltinuose jotvingiai paminėti Klaudijaus Prolemėjo “Geografijoje”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėl kuršių atsiradimo laiko yra daugiausia neaiškumų. Kuršių gyvenvietės ir piliakalniai dažniausiai stovėjo paupiuose ir kitose gintis, prekiauti, užsiimti žemdirbyste patogiausia vietose. Kuršių stambieji centrai buvo - Palanga ir Žardė. Kuršių visuomenę vienijo ne tik kultūra, bet ir administracinė tvarka. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 18:23:40',62,'','2010-08-25 18:31:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 18:23:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,38,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1473,'Karo archyvas XVIII a.','karo-archyvas-xviii-a','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 18:32:21',62,'','2010-08-25 18:34:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 18:32:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,37,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1474,'Senovės ir Viduramžių istorijos datos','senovs-ir-vidurami-istorijos-datos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 18:40:53',62,'','2010-08-25 18:42:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 18:40:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,36,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(1475,'Graikijos pasaulis 2','graikijos-pasaulis-2','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Graikai sukūrė pasaulio mąstymo būdą, vadinamą filosofiją. Jiems labai rūpėjo viską pažinti ir suprasti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Graikišku žodžiu philosophos vadiname, žmogų, kuris nori būti išmintingas. Graikai sukūrė dramą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žodžiai “teatras”, “komedija”, “tragedija” yra graikiški. Graikai sugalvojo ir sporto varžybas. Žodžiai : “stadionas”, “maratonas”, “atletika” yra kilę iš graikų kilmės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Graikai nebuvo pirmoji civilizuota tauta,. 3000 pr. Kr. ir visu tūkstantmečiu anksčiau įsikūrė pirmieji miestai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Graikai save laikė viena tauta - helėnais. Bebe didžiausias miestas buvo Atėnai. Po to Korintas, Sparta, Tėbai. Kiekvienas miestas turėjo savitą valdymo formą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Olimpinės žaidynės buvo rengiamos Dzeuso garbei. Jos vykdavo kas ketverius metus. Šventė vykdavo vasrą ir tukdavo penkias dienas. Šventė prasidėdavo maldomis ir religinėmis apeigomis. Sudarė penkios rungtys: 180 m bėgimas, ietės ir disko metimas, šuolis į tolį ir imtynės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atėniečiai mėgo grožį. Visuomeniniai pastatai buvo statomi iš vietinio marmuro. 447 - 432 pr. Kr. atėniečiai pastatė deivės Atėnės šventyklą. Ji pavadinta Partenonu, o jos architektas vardu Iktinas. Akropolis - tai akmenuota kalva, nuo kurios matyti visi Atėnai. Didžiausia šventykla - Parteonas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 18:43:09',62,'','2010-08-25 18:51:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 18:43:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,35,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(1476,'Feodalizmo špera','feodalizmo-pera','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 18:53:32',62,'','2010-08-25 18:54:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 18:53:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,34,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1477,'A. Smetona - Lietuvos prezidentas (referatas)','a-smetona-lietuvos-prezidentas-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienas Lietuvos prezidentas valdęs Lietuvą yra svarbus Lietuvos istorijai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antanas Smetona, kaip ir kiti Lietuvos prezidentai valdė Lietuvą siekdamas gerinti jos politinę bei karinę galią. Šis politikas paliko Lietuvos istorijoje gilų pėdsaką ir tikrai nuveikė daug sėkmingų darbų tvarkant ir stiprinant Lietuvos valstybę. A. Smetona buvo pirmasis Lietuvos prezidentas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šia tema, būtent Antano Smetonos asmeniu ir jo vykdoma politika valdymo laikotarpiu, domisi nemažas ratas žymių dėstytojų, mokinų ar šaip žmonių, vienaip ar kitaip susijusių su istorija ir išleidusių nemažai knygų, kuriomis remiuosi rašydamas šį referatą. Paminėti norėčiau A. Eidinaitį kurio net dvi knygas naudoju rašydamas šį referatą, tai “Antanas Smetona” ir “Lietuvos Respublikos prezidentai”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XIX a. pabaigoje Lietuvos politinė situacija buvo liūdna - pasaulis žinojo Kauno, Vilniaus, Suvalkų gubernijas, bet negirdėjo apie lietuvą, lietuvių kalba uždrausta, rašto darbų spausdinimas lotyniškuoju šriftu (lietuvišku raidynu) po pralaimėto 1863 m. sukilimo uždraustas, iš dvarų sklido lenkinimo bangos, iš valdžios, administracijos - rusinimo politika. Atrodė, tauta, spaudžiama kaimynų kultūrinės įtakos, tuoj pat uždus svetimybėse.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau lietuvių kalba dar ruseno daugelyje valstiečių pirkių, ja pradėjo domėtis žymūs pasaulio mokslininkai. Nors ir lėtai, spartėjo kapitalistinių santykių raida žemės ūkyje ir ekonomikoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antanui Smetonai buvo septyneri, kai pasirodė J. Šliūpo ir J. Basanavičiaus “Aušra”, penkiolika, kai 1889 m. pradžioje suskambo V. Kudirkos “Varpo” garsai: “Kelkite, kelkite, kelkite …” Iš paprastų valstiečių gryčių kilę negausūs lietuvių inteligentai, neturėdami teisės (išskyrus teisininkus ir kunigus) gauti darbo Lietuvoje, žadino atgimstančią tautą naujam, savitam gyvenimui. Smetona - jau antros kartos lietuvių nacionalinio išsivadavimo judėjimo atstovas, vienas iš nedaugelio sugebėjęs įgyti aukštąjį išsimokslinimą ir įsidarbinti Vilniuje, Lietuvoje. Kaip ir kiti to meto lietuvių šviesuoliai, ne iš rūmų ar dvaro, o iš paprastos sodžiaus pirkios jis išėjo į gyvenimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antanas Smetona gimė 1874 m. rugpjūčio 10 d. Taujėnų valsčiaus Užulėnio kaimo (Ukmergės rajonas) neturtingo valstiečio šeimoje. Protėviai buvo kunigaikščių Radvilų baudžiauninkai ir, matyt, Smetona, anot M. Biržiškos, bus “iš ten paveldėjęs pagarbos jausmą Radviloms, bet branginęs ir kitus dvarininkus, kiek šie nesikirto su lietuvybe. Smetona pasižymėjo savo lėtu būdu ir ramiu galvojimu, palinkimu į atitrauktinį bendrų klausimų nagrinėjimą, drąsa reikšti nuomones, kad ir priešingas daugeliu, net daugumos nusistatymui, sugebėjimu apie save spiesti žmones, kad ir be didelės atrankos, bet pasiduodančius jo autoritetui, kitus net, dėl per didelio jo pasitikėjimo prisiartinusiais prie jo žmonėmis, vėliau tat piktam panaudojančius, svarbiose savo ar tautos valandose ne kartą pasireiškė nelauktų tvirtumu ir ryžtingumu”.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 18:55:52',62,'','2010-08-25 18:59:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 18:55:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,33,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1478,'JTO statutas','jto-statutas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mes, Jungtinių Tautų tautos, esame kupinos ryžto išvaduoti ateities kartas nuo karo nelaimių, du kartus mūsų gyvenime atnešusio žmonijai neišpasakytą vargą, ir vėl sutvirtinti tikėjimą pagrindinėmis žmogaus teisėmis, žmogaus asmenybės orumu ir vertingumu, vyrų ir moterų teisių lygybe ir didžiųjų bei mažųjų nacijų teisių lygybe, ir sudaryti sąlygas, kuriomis gali būti išsaugotas teisingumas, ir iš sutarčių ir kitų tarptautinės teisės šaltinių išplaukiančių įsipareigojimų gerbimas, ir remti socialinę pažangą ir pagerinti gyvenimo sąlygas, esant didesnei laisvei, ir šiuo tikslu rodyti toleranciją ir gyventi drauge, taikiai vienas su kitu, kaip geri kaimynai, ir suvienyti mūsų jėgas tarptautinei taikai ir saugumui palaikyti, ir užtikrinti, priimant principus ir nustatant metodus, kad ginkluotosios pajėgos nebus panaudotos kitaip, kaip bendrais interesais, ir panaudoti tarptautinį aparatą visų tautų ekonominei ir socialinei pažangai remti, nutarėme suvienyti mūsų pastangas šiems tikslams pasiekti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sutinkamai su šiuo, mūsų atitinkamos vyriausybės per savo atstovus, susirinkusius San Fancisko mieste, pateikusius savo įgaliojimus, tinkama forma sudarytus, susitarė priimti šį Jungtinių Tautų Organizacijos Statutą ir šiuo steigia tarptautinę organizaciją, pavadintą „Jungtinėmis Tautomis\".<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 19:00:51',62,'','2010-08-25 19:04:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 19:00:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,32,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(1479,'Klaipėda - Lietuvos uostas (knyga)','klaipda-lietuvos-uostas-knyga','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">šis Petronėlės Žostautaitės leidinys sudarytas iš pratarmės, trijų stambių skyrių (jie sudaryti iš keleto smulkesnių skyrelių) ir baigiamojo žodžio. Pratarmėje trumpai apžvelgiamas knygos turinys ir įžengiama į knygos esmę t. y. Klaipėdos krašto istoriją 1923 - 1939 metais.  Pirmasis iš stambesniųjų skyrių,  tai “Klaipėdos uostas Lietuvos Respublikos sudėtyje”. Jame trumpai aprašoma Klaipėdos krašto istorija nuo XIII a. iki pirmojo pasaulinio karo, kurio metu Klaipėda yra atimama iš Vokietijos. Vėliau yra rašoma apie uosto vystymąsį, jį atgavus. Antrasis skyrius: “Prekybos laivyno kūrimas”. Čia aprašomas Lietuvos laivyno (prekybinio truputį vėliau) kūrimas ir vystimasis. Trečiasis skyrius - “Prekių apyvarta per Klaipėdos uostą”. Šiame skyriuje rašoma apie Lietuvos prekybinių santykių gerėjimą su kitomis valstybėmis. Į Lietuvą pradeda plaukti didesnių valstybių laivai su verslo pasiūlymais ir t.t. Knygos  “Baigiamajame žodyje” trumpai aprašoma situacija po II pasaulinio karo, kai Klaipėdos kraštas buuvo prijungtas prie Lietuvos, o Lietuva prie  Sovietų sąjungos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Leidinyje apžvelgiama Klaipėdos krašto istorija. Daugiausia dėmesio skiriama Klaipėdos uosto gražinimui Lietuvos Respublikai bei jo raidai 1923 - 1939 m. Aptariamos Lietuvos vyriausybės pastangos Klaipėdą paversti Lietuvos užsienio prekybos centru, išplėsti Klaipėdos krašto ryšius su visa Lietuva.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rašoma apie sunkumus, kai klaipėdiečiams teko gintis nuo vokiečių priespaudos ir uosto niokojimo. Knygoje taip pat rašoma apie Lietuvos laivyno kūrimą. Finansų stygius buvo bene didžiausia kliūtis kurti laivyną. Laivų statyba kainavo baisius pinigus, o pirkimas ne ką mažesnius. Tačiau velniškomis vyriausybės pastangomis, bendradarbiaujant su kitų šalių bendrovėmis, laivynas pradėjo augti. Pradžioje laivai buvo ne tokie patvarūs, kad galėtų plaukioti jūromis, bet vėliau jie buvo tobulinami. Pirmiausia buvo kuriamas prekybos laivynas, nes Lietuvai reikėjo didinti šalies biudžetą, bei garsinti savo vardą Europoje. Klaipėdos uosto kilimui maišė vokiečių kėslai. Vokiečių bendrovės, įsikūrusios uoste, kiršino lietuvių darbuotojus ir niokojo kraštą. Iki 1939 m. kovo 22 d.,  kai vokiečiai užėmė Klaipėdos kraštą, lietuviai gana sėkmingai susidorodavo su negandomis. Tą pačią dieną 23 val. 55 min. buvo pasirašyta Lietuvos Respublikos ir Vokietijos sutartis dėl Klaipėdos krašto perdavimo Vokietijai. Sutarties pirmasis straipsnis skelbė, jog Klaipėdos kraštas vėl sujungiamas su Vokietija. Antruoju straipsniu Lietuvos vyriausybė įsipareigojo tuojau pat iš Klaipėdos krašto išvesti savo kariuomenę ir pasienio policiją. Uosto netekimas sukrėtė visą Lietuvos ekonomiką. Vienu žodžiu mūsų šalis neteko vartų į pasaulį.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 19:06:05',62,'','2010-08-25 19:09:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 19:06:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,31,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1480,'Lietuvos valstybės ir teisės istorija (kursinis darbas)','lietuvos-valstybs-ir-teiss-istorija-kursinis-darbas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos Respublikai priėmus 1940 m. birželio 14 d. Tarybų Sąjungos ultimatumą, kuriame be kita ko buvo reikalaujama pakeisti Lietuvos vyriausybę į palankią TSRS bei įleisti Raudonosios Armijos dalinius į Lietuvos teritoriją, Lietuvos valdžia tapo tik įrankiu TSRS rankose.  Kariniu atžvilgiu Tarybų Sąjunga jau disponavo Lietuvos teritorija. Faktiškai Lietuvos valstybė ar jos 1938 m. Konstitucija nebuvo likviduotos tik dėl to, kad norėta Lietuvą įjungti į TSRS sudėtį jos pačios teisiniais aktais, formaliai išlaikant konstitucingumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos valdžios organų sudėties keitimas vyko labai sparčiai. 1940 birželio 17 d. sudaryta nauja Liaudies vyriausybė. Liepos 1 d. paleidžiamas senasis seimas, o jau liepos 5 d. paskelbti rinkimai, liepos 6 d. paskelbtas rinkimų įstatymas, liepos 14 d. įvyko patys rinkimai (balsavimas) ir pagaliau liepos 21 d. susirinko išrinktasis Liaudies seimas.  Visą šį procesą skatino ir kontroliavo Lietuvos komunistų partija (LKP) ir Maskvos atstovai. Todėl jokių nesklandumų ar nesusipratimų faktiškai ir negalėjo būti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Liepos 21 d. Liaudies seimas priėmė dvi labai svarbias deklaracijas. Pirmoji skelbia, kad Lietuvoje įvedama Tarybų santvarka ir taip pat paskelbia Lietuvą Socialistine Tarybų Respublika. Antroji prašo priimti Lietuvos Tarybų Socialistinę Respubliką (LTSR) į TSRS sąstatą kaip sąjunginę respubliką.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rugpjūčio 3 d. TSRS Aukščiausioji Taryba šį prašymą patenkina. Rugpjūčio 25 d. Liaudies seimas vienbalsiai priėmė LTSR Konstituciją. Toliau valdžios ir valdymo organai buvo organizuojami ir pertvarkomi į tokius, kokie numatyti šioje Konstitucijoje. Tą pačią dieną Liaudies seimas, vadindamas save teisėtu visos Lietuvos liaudies atstovu ir tikruoju jos valios reiškėju, pasiskelbė Laikinąja Aukščiausiąja Taryba su visom teisėm, kurias jai suteikia 1940 m. LTSR Konstitucija.  Rugpjūčio 26 d. ši  Aukščiausioji Taryba (AT) sudarė Liaudies Komisarų Tarybą (LKT).  Netrukus pradėti organizuoti ir vietiniai valstybinės valdžios organai. Tokia buvo tarybinę santvarką atitinkančių institucijų formavimo pradžia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors 1940 m. Konstituciją formaliai priiminėjo Liaudies seimas, tačiau ji faktiškai atkartoja tik tai, kas yra 1936 m. TSRS Konstitucijoje, vadinamoje dar \"Stalino konstitucija\".  Ši TSRS Konstitucija smulkiai reglamentuoja ne tiktai pačios Sąjungos, bet ir sąjunginių respublikų santvarką, jų valdžios organizaciją, organų struktūrą, šių organų tarpusavio santykius ir beveik visą kiekvieno jų kompetenciją, neišskiriant net vietinių organų. Taip pat ji fiksuoja principą, kad respublikų teisė turi neprieštarauti centro teisei. Taigi respublikų konstitucinei kūrybai beveik nieko nebelieka, išskyrus kelias neesmines detales. Respublikų konstitucijos buvo sudaromos pagal vieną šabloną. LTSR Konstitucija taip pat jokio individualumo valdžios ir valdymo organų srityje neturi ir visiškai sutampa su kitų respublikų konstitucijomis. Ji numato tokią organų sistemą: AT, jos renkamas ir jai atskaitingas AT Prezidiumas, taip pat AT atskaitinga tarybinė vyriausybė - LKT, darbo žmonių atstovų tarybos visuose administracinio teritorinio padalinimo vienetuose, nuolatiniai vykdomieji komitetai prie atitinkamų tarybų, teismai ir prokuratūra. Toliau aš apibūdinsiu kiekvieną šių organų, aptariant jų kompetenciją, sudarymo, atskaitingumo klausimus, o taip pat veiklos aspektus.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 19:11:00',62,'','2010-08-25 19:14:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 19:11:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,30,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1481,'Istorijos egzamino bilietai','istorijos-egzamino-bilietai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 19:14:55',62,'','2010-08-25 19:16:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 19:14:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,29,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1482,'Klaipėdos kraštas – Mažosios Lietuvos provincija (referatas)','klaipdos-kratas-maosios-lietuvos-provincija-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1252 metais įkurtas Klaipėdos miestas - pilis beveik 700 metų buvo vokiškos kultūros ir vokiškos dvasios kupinas miestas. Tuo tarpu Klaipėdos apylinkėse gyveno daugiausia lietuviai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau Vokietijos pralaimėjimas Pirmajame pasauliniame kare pakeitė Europos situaciją. Vokietija turėjo sumokėti ne tik didžiules reparacijas šalims nugalėtojoms, bet ir neteko eilės teritorijų - Elzaso, Lotaringijos, Šlezvigo, Poznanės, Aukštutinės Silezijos ir Vakarų Prūsijos dalies - kaimyninių valstybių naudai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1919 metų gegužės 28 d. pasirašytoje Versalio taikos sutartyje 28 ir 99 straipsniais naujai sudarytas Klaipėdos kraštas buvo atskirtas nuo Vokietijos Reicho ir laikinai perduotas valstybių - nugalėtojų žinion.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tiesiogiai Lietuvai šis kraštas nebuvo perduotas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Klaipėdos krašto atsiskyrimas ir vėlesnis jos atitekimas Lietuvai tapo galimas, visų pirma, Taikos konferencijos pirmininko Prancūzijos premjero Žoržo Klemanso( Clemenceu ) dėka. “Senasis Tigras” Klemanso buvo nusistatęs antivokiškai ir buvo suinteresuotas kuo labiau susilpninti Prancūzijos priešininką - Vokietiją. Jo išvados apie tai, jog Klaipėdos kraštas visada buvo lietuviškas, kad Klaipėdos uostas yra vienintelis Lietuvos išėjimas į jūrą - turėjo įtakos krašto atskyrimui nuo Vokietijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Versalio taikos sutarties 39 straipsniu iš Vokietijos buvo atimtas Klaipėdos kraštas, tačiau Lietuva jo negavo. Jį perėmė Prancūzija, numačiusi tokiu būdu priversti Lietuvą tenkinti Lenkijos pretenzijas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 19:17:55',62,'','2010-08-25 19:21:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 19:17:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,28,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1483,'Lietuvos lygių teisių įstatymas 1922 m.','lietuvos-lygi-teisi-statymas-1922-m','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visų valstybių Lietuvos gyventojai turi lygias teises (1922 m.).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visiems Lietuvos gyventojams be gimimo tautybės, rasės ar tikybos skirtumo bus suteiktas pilnas ir visiškas jų gyvybės ir laisvės apsaugojimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visi Lietuvos piliečiai bus lygūs prieš įstatymus ir naudosis lygiomis teisėmis be rasės, kalbos ar religijos skirtumo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos piliečiai, kurie priklauso etninėms, religijos, kalbos mažumoms, naudosis tomis pačiomis faktinomis teisėmis arba garantijomis ir su jais bus elgtasi taip pat, kaip ir su kitais Lietuvos piliečiais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Būtent: jie turės lygių teisių savo lėšomis steigti, vesti ir kontroliuoti labdarybės, religines ir visuomenines įstaigas, mokyklas ir kitas auklėjimo įstaigas su teise laisvai ten vartoti savo gimtąją kalbą ir laisvai praktikuoti savo religiją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žydai nebus verčiami atlikti bet kokius aktus, kurie laužo jų sabatą (šeštadienį), o jų teisės nebus siaurinamos, jei jie atsisakys šeštadienį stoti į teismą arba atlikti kitus įstatymų reikalaujamus aktus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šie įstatymai sudaro tarptautinio pobūdžio pasižadėjimus ir bus pavesti Tautų Sąjungos garantijai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Lietuva savo valia turi noro duoti tikrą laisvės ir teisingumo garantijų visiems savo teritorijos gyventojams be rasės, kalbos ir tikybos skirtumo”.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 19:22:22',62,'','2010-08-25 19:26:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 19:22:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,27,'','',0,41,'robots=\nauthor='),(1484,'Švietimo epocha','vietimo-epocha','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">18 a. Europoje ir Šiaurės Amerikoje pasireiškė intelektualinis sąjūdis, davęs Švietimo vardą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmą kartą istorijoj itin susidomėta mokslu bei švietimu. Tokiai pažiūrai davė pagrindą nauji mokslo atradimai ir technikos patobulinimai. Humanizmo idėjos vėl atgimė, tik jau pasikeitusios, visapusiškesnės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Esminis švietėjų bruožas - gyvas domėjimasis visuomeniniais klausimais. Svarbiausias švietėjų bruožas - laisvamanybė, suprantama kaip visų žmonių teisė svarstyti įvairius visuomeninius klausimus, nesibijant griauti senų tradicijų ir ilgus šimtmečius visuotinai pripažįstamų tiesų. Jie smerkė religinį nepakankamumą, neteisingus ir žiaurius įstatymus, luomų privilegijas, reikalavo žmonių lygybės prieš įstatymus. Švietimo amžių galima vadinti ir kosmopolitizmo amžiumi, nes įvairių tautybių žmonės skaitė, rašė ir kalbėjo viena kalba - prancūzų, juos vienijo masonų draugijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dž. Lokas manė, kad reikia atskirti įstatymų leidimo ir vykdomąją valdžia, įstatymų leidimas - parlamentas. Vykdomoji valdžia - karalius su savo ministrais - valdo prižiūrimi parlamento, kuris turi teisę pašalinti ministrus ir net karalių. Š. Monteskjė irgi skirstė valdžią į įstatymų leidimo, vykdomąją ir teismų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įstatymų leidimo valdžia turi priklausyti tautos išrinktiems atstovams, o vykdomoji - monarchui. Volteras ragino suvienyti karalius ir filosofus, nes jų priešas bendras - Katalikų bažnyčia. Puldamas katalikybę, jis kartu įrodinėjo, kad žmonės turi tikėti Dievą, nes kitaip negalima bus palaikyti tvarkos valstybėje. Švietėjai suabsoliutina proto kultą. Faktiškai švietimas - tarsi tęsinys pasaulietinio humanizmo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ruso smerkė ne tik teisinę, bet ir turtinę nelygybę. Valdžia turi priklausyti tautai, kuri tik viena gali nustatyti valstybės santvarkos formą. Geriausia santvarka yra respublika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vokietijoje paplito kosmopolitinės vieningos žmonijos, pasaulinės pilietybės idėjos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apskritai absoliutizmas - tai tokia monarcho valdžia, kai valstybės monarchas yra apsišvietęs ir vykdo pertvarkymus, kurie nesugriaus valdžios. \" Apšviestojo absoliutizmo\" politika reiškė atsinaujinusią monarchų valdžios kovą su feodalinėmis tradicijomis ir katalikų bažnyčia.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 19:27:16',62,'','2010-08-25 19:29:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 19:27:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,26,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1485,'Didžiojo Lietuvos kunigaikščio Vytauto vidaus ir užsienio politika (referatas)','didiojo-lietuvos-kunigaikio-vytauto-vidaus-ir-usienio-politika-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienas žymus LDK kunigaikštis, valdęs mūsų šalį, yra svarbus mūsų Lietuvos istorijai, nes jis kaip ir daugelis kitų didžiųjų kunigaikščių valdė LDK ir siekė gerint jos politinę bei karinę galią. Šis valdovas paliko Lietuvos istorijoje gilų pėdsaką ir tikrai nuveikė daug sėkmingų darbų tvarkant ir stiprinant LDK. Vytautas geriausiai iš visų valdovų gerino LDK padėtį kaimyninių šalių akyse ir gerai tvarkė vidaus reikalus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šia tema, būtent LDK valdovo Vytauto asmeniu ir jo vykdoma politika, valdymo laikotarpiu, domisi nemažas ratas žymių dėstytojų, mokytojų ar šiaip žmonių, vienaip ar kitaip susijusių su istorija ir išleidusių nemažai knygų, kuriomis remiuosi rašydamas šį referatą. Paminėti norėčiau A. Šapoką, kuris puikiai ir informatyviai aprašo Lietuvos didįjį kunigaikštį Vytautą knygoje Vytautas Didysis. Dar vienas autorius, tiksliau istorijos mokytojas, 40 metų dėstęs istoriją - Mikalojus Kondratas, parašęs knygą “Lietuvių tautos ir valstybės istorija”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vytauto vaikystė yra labai mažai žinoma. Gimęs apie 1350 m. , jis augo sunkiais Lietuvai laikais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip užsilikusios žinios sako, Vytautas buvo neaukšto ūgio, dailių ir energingų veido bruožų. Turėjo dideles, gyvas ir protingas akis. Iš veido atrodė moteriškas; niekas nepažino, kai jis apsitaisęs savo žmonos palydovės rūbais pabėgo iš kalėjimo.Visa Vytauto figūra atsišvietė pasitikėjimu savim, energija, gyvumu, drąsa, rizikingumu ir savigarba, žodžiu, - kažkokia didingo valdovo šviesa. Nors iš pažiūros mažo augumo, bet savyje slėpė didžią dvasią. Buvo protingas ir žmoniškas. Įsidėmėtinas jo susivokimas ir orientacija: iš karto jis išspręsdavo kelius reikalus. Dejuodavo net kryžiuočiai, nespėdavę jo žygių ir elgesių observuoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didelis ir darbininkas. Mokėjo laiką taip suvartoti, jog nė minutė nenueidavo niekais. Pasižymėjo stropiu valdymu: savo pareigų neužmiršdavo nei namuose, nei kelionėje. Ar klausydamas žmonių skundų ir prašymų, ar duodamas atsakymus ir patarimus - visur vadovavosi teisybe. Ta savybe jis užsipelnė didelės pagarbos tiek savųjų, tiek svetimųjų tarpe. Laisvesnį laiką, jei jo kiek atlikdavo, praleisdavo medžioklėje arba žaisdamas šachmatais. Bet visur kur matėsi saikas. Vytautas neprotingu laikė tokį monarchą, kuris dėl medžioklės mesdavo į šalį valstybės reikalus.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 19:30:52',62,'','2010-08-25 19:33:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 19:30:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,25,'','',0,57,'robots=\nauthor='),(1486,'Renesanso epocha','renesanso-epocha','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XV a. Europoje vyko didelis kultūrinis sąjūdis, vadinamas Renesansu (Atgimimu, turimas galvoje antikos atgimimas). Renesansas prasidėjo klestinčiuose Italijos miestuose, jo šaltinis iš naujo atrastos senovės graikų ir romėnų dailės, literatūros ir mokslo idėjos. Renesanso žmogus labai domisi filosofija, teologija, literatūra, tapyba ir kitais menais, matematika, medicina, astronomija ir t.t. Dažnai humanistas rašytojas, menininkas yra kartu ir mokslininkas. Italijos Renesansas skirstomas į du laikotarpius: XV a. vadinamas Ankstyvuoju Renesansu, o XVI a. (tiksliau pirmasis jo trečdalis) - Brandžiuoju Renesansu. Svarbiausias Ankstyvojo Renesanso kultūros ir meno centras buvo Florencija. Florenciją klestėjimo metu valdė Medinčiai turtingiausių Europos finansininkų šeima. Jie buvo puikiai susi pažinę su antika ir rėmė naujus menininkus bei jų idėjas. XVI a. centras persikėlė į Romą. Svarbus vaidmuo šiuo laikotarpiu teko ir Venecijai. Iš esmės pakito architektūra. Nors to meto architektai gaudavo vis daugiau užsakymų statyti visuomeninius pastatus, didžiausi laimėjimai vis dar susiję su bažnytinių pastatų statyba. Jų architektūroje ir dekore atsisakoma visko, kas priminė gotiką. Dėl antikos įtakos tobulesniais pradedami laikyti statiniai, kuriuos užbaigia kupolas. Toks pavyzdys Romos Panteonas. Žymiausias ir didingiausias Renesanso epochos kupolinis statinys Šv. Petro katedra Romoje. Jos statyba truko daugiau kaip šimtą metų. Iš dešimties statybai vadovavusių architektų žymiausi buvo pirminio projekto autorius Bramantė ir Mikelandželas. 132 m. aukštyje iškilęs gigantiškas katedros kupolas tai Mikelandželo sukurtas šedevras.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ši katedra išsiskiria tobulumu ir harmonija. Nepaisant milžiniško perimetro ir aukščio, ji nesiveržia į dangų kaip gotikinės katedros. Šv. Petro katedra visa savo esybe tarytum garbina ir aukština ne tiek Dievą, kiek savo kūrėją žemiškąjį žmogų. Renesanso epochos pastatus puošia kolonos, piliastrai, liūtų galvos ir pučiai (nuogi sparuoti arba nesparnuoti berniukai), gipsiniai gėlių ir derliaus gėrybių vainikai, akantolapai ir kitos detalės, kurių pavyzdžių buvo rasta Senovės Romos pastatų griuvėsiuose. Didelė jų dalis puošybai buvo naudojama iki XX a. pradžios. Vėl paplito pusapvalė arka. Pasiturintys žmonės ėmė skirti daugiau dėmesio savo gyvenamosios vietos gožiui ir patogumui. Vietoj buvusių prigludusių vienasprie kito namų atsirado plačiais fasadais į gatvę pasukti rūmai. Savoforma jie priminė kvadratą, centrinė dalis keturkampis atvirų arkadų apsuptas kiemas. Paprastai rūmai buvo trijų aukštų. Niūrūs pirmųjų aukštų išoriniai fasadai dažnai apmūryti grubiai tašytų akmenų blokais, o kiti aukštai švelniau apdorotais akmenimis. Tokiuose ankstyvojo tipo rūmuose gyveno ir patiįtakingiausia Florencijos šeima turtingi bankininkai, tekstilės manufaktūrų valdytojai Medičiai. Renesanso skulptūros istorijos pradžia laikoma 1402 m.,kai jaunas juvelyras Lorencas Gibertis  laimėjo skulptorių konkursą Florencijoje bažnyčios priestato durims sukurti. Šiam darbui jis pašventė 50 metų. O garsusis Mikelandželas jas pavadino „Rojaus vartais“. Tarp antikinės ir renesanso skulptūros daug bendra: formos artimos realybei, nepaprastai vertinamas apnuoginto kūno grožis. Donatelo  skulptūra „Dovydas“ - pirmoji skulptūra po tūkstantmečio pertraukos vėl vaizduojanti apnuogintą žmogų. Naujoviška, bet didelės meninės vertės, buvo prancūzų Renesanso skulptūra. Įžymus skulptorius Žanas Gužonas puošė pirmuosius Luvro pastatus. Jo skulptūrose prancūziškas grakštumas siejamas su gyvu naturalumu. Gužono moters tipas liauna, ilgakojė, maža galva ir taisyklinga tiesia nosimi būdingas ir daugeliui vėliau kūrusių prancūzų skulptorių.Tokios ir nimfos su puodynėmis rankose, Gužono pavaizduotos „Nekaltųjų fontano“ reljefuose Paryžiuje (dabar Luvre).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 19:34:31',62,'','2010-08-25 19:39:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 19:34:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,24,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1487,'Generolas Hanibalas','generolas-hanibalas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuo III a. vidurio iki II a. vidurio, Kartagina buvo įsivėlusi į karus su Roma. Karai, vadinami Punų karais, tarp šių dviejų valstybių baigėsi visišku Kartaginiečių sutriuškinimu. Kartaginiečių gretose, tuo sunkiu metu, pasižymėjo Generolas Hanibalas. Hanibalas buvo didžiojo Kartaginiečių karvedžio Hamilkaro Borkos sūnus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagal Polibijų ir Liucijų, šių istorikų darbai yra pagrindiniai šaltiniai, iš kurių sužinome apie Hanibalą, garsaus karvedžio sūnus dar vaikystėje Ispanijoje prisiekė ginti tėvynę nuo priešų. Jo gyvenimas nuo tėvo 229/228 iki pačio 183 m. pr. Kr. mirties buvo nuolatinė kova su Roma. Pirmasias pamokas 221 m. pr. Kr., kaip reikia vesti karą, Hanibalas gavo iš Hamilkaro žento ir įpėdinio, Hadsdrubalo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po tėvo mirties Hanibalas tapo vyriausiu Kartaginiečių vadu. Ir vedęs Ispanijos princesę jis ėmėsi valdyti Ispaniją. Savo valdžion jisai pajungė dauguma pavienių genčių. Užėmė Olandijos sostinę Altėją; 221 m. pr. Kr., statant uostą Kartacheną, jisai sutriuškino Vakėjus. 219 m. pr. Kr. Hanibalas puolė Saguntą, nepriklausomą Iberijos miestą prie Ebro upės. Pagal Romos ir Kartaginos sutartį, iki I Punų karo, ties Elbru Iberijos pusiasalyje Kartaginiečių įtakos zona baigėsi. Nors Saguntas buvo Elbro pietuose, bet Romėnams, kurie palaikė glaudžius ryšius su šiuo miestu, ši Kartaginiečių ataka buvo kaip įššūkis karui. Taip kilo II Punų karas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">219 - 218 m. pr. Kr. žiemą Hanibalas praleido Kartachenoje. Bet jis tuščiai laiko neleido, o krupščiai ruošėsi žygiui į Italiją. Hadsdrubalą pasiuntė ginti Ispanijos ir Šiaurinės Afrikos dalies, 218 m. pr. Kr. balandžio arba gegužės mėnesį Hanibalas persikėlė per Elbrą ir nužygiavo į Pirėnus. Jo armiją sudarė 90,000 pėstininkų, 12,000 kavalerijos ir daygybė dramblių. Pakeliui į Pirėnus įvyko keli sisirėmimai su vietinėmis gentimis. Tokie susirėmimai atnešė tik nuostolių.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 19:40:34',62,'','2010-08-25 19:45:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 19:40:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,23,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(1488,'Kryžiuočių agresija ir Prūsų nukariavimas (referatas)','kryiuoi-agresija-ir-prs-nukariavimas-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tuo metu, kada Lietuvos valstybė tebesikūrė, tai yra XI ir XII a., Vakarų Europos valstybės buvo susirūpinusios sunkiomis kovomis su turkais, iš kurių norėjo atkariauti Kristaus karstą  ir Šventąją žemę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sužeistiesiems ir ligoniams slaugyti tolimose rytų žemėse buvo susidariusios riterių venuolijos. Toks vokiečių ordinas vadinosi Vokiečių Riterių Ordinu. Jo riteriai nešiojo plieno šarvus, dėvėjo baltą apsiaustą su išsiūtu jame juodu kryžiumi, todėl jie vadinami Kryžiuočiais. XIII a.  Pradžioje turkai išvarė krikščonis iš Palestinos. Tada Kryžiuočiai atsidūrė Europoje, pirmiausia Vengrijoje. Tačiau ten jie neramiai gyveno, plėšė ir skriaudė gyventojus, kurie stengėsi juos iškraustyti iš savo krašto. Išgirdęs apie riterius vienuolius, lenkas Mozūrų kunigaikštis Konradas nusprendžia juos pasikviesti į talką prieš Prūsus. Jie pasižadėjo jiems duoti žemes, kad tik padėtų jam nukariauti ir pakrikštyti prūsus. Popiežius palaikė lenkų sumanymą, nes norėjo pakrikštyti dar išlikusius Europoje stabmeldžius. Vokiečių imperatorius, neturėdamas savo krašte karingiems vienuoliams darbo ir manydamas, kad vokiečiams būtų gera proga neduoti sustiprėti kaimynams lenkams, taip pat sumanymui pritarė. Todėl jisai paragino kryžiuočių vadą, didįjį magistrą, priimti lenkų kunigaikščio Konrado pasiūlymą, Imperatorius iš karto, tarytum savo nuosavą turtą dovanojo kryžiuočiams prūsų žemes, kurias jie užkariausią ir prisijungsią prie Šventosios Romos imperijos. Prūsams užkariauti buvo atsiųstas brolių magistras Hermanas Balkė. 1230 m. kryžiuočiai pasistatė pirmą pilaitę Vyslos pakrantėje - Fogelsandą (Paukščio giesmė - vok.). Netrukus jie persikėlė į dešinįjį Vyslos krantą, pasistatė priešais Fogelzandą Torno pilį. Iš čia jie pradėjo savo žygius prieš prūsus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nežiūrėdami nei teisės, nei žmogiškumo, nepaisydami Mozūrų kunigaikščio ir vyskūpo Kristijono, pasišaukusių juos į pagalbą, geležimis apsikaustę vokiečiai riteriai  vienuoliai ėmėsi vykdyti tikslą - užkariauti lietuvių gyvenamas žemes. Prūsai stojo į atkaklią kovą ir narsiai gynėsi, puolė ir kirto pirešą, kur tik galėjo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daug prūsų buvo išžudyta, daug jų paimta į nelaisvę, tačiau vietoje pasišalinusių iš kovos lauko ateidavo nauji kariautojai, degą neapykanta atėjūnams. Juo žiauresni buvo vokiečiai - juo atkakliau nuo jų gynėsi užpultieji. Prasiveržus sukilimui, vokiečių statytos pilys pleškėjo ugnyje ir griuvo.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 19:46:54',62,'','2010-08-25 19:51:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 19:46:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,22,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1489,'Istorijos santrauka 2','istorijos-santrauka-2','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Civilizacija (civ.) - tai žmonijos kultūros ir istorijos raidos rodiklis. Civilitas lot. piliečio teigiamų bruožų visuma. Nagrinėdami Senovės Rytų civ. randame daugybę brandumo požymių, kuriais sėkmingai galėjo naudotis vėlesnės kartos. Pvz: nagrinėjant Indo civ. matyti kad buvo sukurta nepakartojama kultūra, vėliau perduota aplinkiniams kraštams, archeologai įrodė, kad jais 3 tūkst. pr. Kr. “Mirusiųjų kalvų” ir Harapos miestų žmonės buvo daug ko pasiekę: taisyklingas gatvių išplanavimas, kelių aukštų namai, kanalizacijos sistema, raštas, biurokratijos požymiai, veikia valdininkų sistema, jie turi savo antspaudus, dideli žemdirbystės, gyvulininkystės amatų pasiekimai (augino medvilnę, kviečius, buivolus, darbo įrankiai, keramika), vykdo dideles keliones, stato laivus. Harapos civ. sunaikina ateiviai arijai, jie tobulina tai kas jau buvo sukurta ankstesnių gyventojų. Pagr. dalykas tam nusakyti yra vedos (budistų knygos).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Skaitydami jas sužinome kad daug kultūros laimėjimų buvo perimta iš Harapos, pvz.: astronomijos žinios. Kinijos civ. apie 2200 pr. Kr. unitarizuojama ir suvienijama meną kaip tai padaryti parėmė kitos valst. Jos taip pat perėmė raštą (hieroglifus), bronzą, drėkinimo darbų sis., paraką, popierių, žinias kaip kurti šeimą, ją prižiūrėti, išlaikyti, dorovinės sistemos principus, Konfucijaus mokymą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai kurių civ. brandumo požymiai: Egiptas - monumentali architektūra ir skulptūra, sarkofagų gamyba, paminklo ant kapo statymas. Faraonas turėjo 12 funkcijų. Babilonas - universali valst., Hamurabio kodeksas, visuotinė kariuomenė. Sirijos civ. - finikiečių abėcėlė, jūreivystės menas, senovės žydų religija, biblija, dekalogas (10 įsakymų). Hetitai - metalo apdirbimas, humaniškas kodeksas, objektyvi istorija. Šumero - Akado raštas ant molinės plytelės, epų rašymas. Šie Rytų civ. pasiekimai atsispindėjo kitose, vėlesnėse civ., kai kuriais pasaulis naudojasi ir dabar tik juos ištobulinęs, modernizavęs.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Anglų istorikas Menas apibūdina dvasinę Europos istoriją: visa yra taip paveikta graikų, kad jie buvo yra ir bus siekiamu idealu. Reikia prisiminti Graikų kolonizavimą 18 - 7 a. pr. Kr. jis prasideda įvairiomis kryptimis, jie apgyvendina visas Viduržemio jūros pakrantes, Bosforo ir Dardanelų sąsiaurius ir Juodosios jūros pakrantes. Kolonizacija buvo sąlyga transformuotis graikų įtakai ir kultūrai. Juos vertė judėti: 1. Agrarinio darbo perteklius; 2. Polinė kova (pralaimėję pasitraukia); 3. Ekonominiai reikalai vertė kurti faktorijas (gyvenvietes naujose kolonijose), ieškoti rinkos. Jų pasiekimai: Graikų teatras – suaugusių mokykla, auklėjimo įstaiga. Olimpinės žaidynės - 776 pr. Kr. skirtos dieno Dioniso garbei pagoniška šventė, kai nutraukiami karai, ji tęsiasi ir dabar. Architektūra - šventyklos dievams, skulptūros .Skulptoriai mokėjo perduoti jausmus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 19:52:30',62,'','2010-08-25 19:57:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 19:52:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,21,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1490,'Lietuvos kariuomenė Nepriklausomybės kovose 1918 m.','lietuvos-kariuomen-nepriklausomybs-kovose-1918-m','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 19:58:42',62,'','2010-08-25 20:01:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 19:58:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,20,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1491,'Renesansas Lietuvoje','renesansas-lietuvoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Renesansas išplito Lietuvoje, kaip ir kai kuriose Vidurio Europos šalyse, XVI a. pradžioje. Jis truko iki XVII a. vidurio. Renesansą skatino Lietuvos ekonominis stiprėjimas ir naujos humanistinės idėjos, einančios iš tų šalių, su kuriomis buvo palaikomi ekonominiai ir politiniai ryšiai. Tuo metu Lietuvoje intensyvėjo žemės ūkis ir didėjo jo produktų pasiūla, Plėtėsi vietinė ir užsienio rinka, augo senosios gyvenvietės, kūrėsi nauji miestai, kuriuose gausėjo amatininkų, steigėsi nauji cechai, kilo buities ir meno dirbinių gamyba. Tačiau Lietuvos miestai neišsikovojo tokių teisių, kaip Vakarų Europoje, nesivystė buržuazijos klasė, tik stiprėjo feodalizmas. Ekonominiam stiprėjimui ir feodalų pajamoms turėjo reikšmės padidėjęs valstiečių baudžiavinis išnaudojimas, kuris įteisintas Žygimanto Augusto Valakų reforma, kuri įvyko 1557 metais. Nemažai pajamų davė miestai, todėl feodalai rūpinosi jo augimu: plėtė amatus, skatino didesnę jų specilizaciją, produkcijos kokybę. Valstiečių priešinimasis, bajorijos nepasitenkinimas, karai su Rusija ir totoriais alino feodalinę santvarką, stabdė kultūros plitimą ir privedė prie Lietuvos ir Lenkijos unijos, kuri buvo pavadinta Lublino unija ir  pasirašyta 1569 metais. Ji sukėlė ekonominį ir politinį smukimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kultūrinius ryšius plėtė feodalinės diduomenės kelionės po Europą. Didikai, turtingi pirkliai, amatininkai savo vaikus siuntė mokytis į Europos universitetus: Prahos, Bolonijos, Leipcigo, Vitenbergo, Krokuvos ir kt..  Jie ten susipažindavo su humanizmu, renesansu, o vėliau su reformacija. Tai matydama smulkioji bajorija ir miestiečiai reikalavo, kad ir jų krašte būtų tokių mokyklų. Abraomas Kulvietis įsteigė humanistinio pobūdžio kolegiją, kuri veikė 1539 - 1542 m., o vėliau buvo atgaivinta Mikalojaus Radvilos Juodojo. Žygimanto Augusto leidimu buvo įsteigta 1568 m. Vilniaus kolegija, į kurią buvo pakviesti jėzuitai profesoriai. Svarbiausiais kultūros centrais tapo Vilnius, Kaunas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Plintant humanizmui, Vilniaus universitete imta kreipti dėmesį į vietines kalbas. Konstantinas Sirvydis mokslo reikalams išleido lenkų - lotynų - lietuvių kalbų žodyną, kuriuo tartum suteikiamos lygios teisės su kitomis kalbomis. Mikalojus Daukša į lietuvių kalbą išverstos “Postilės” įžanga kėlė lietuvių kalbos vaidmenį tautos gyvenimui. Visi to meto leidiniai lietuvių kalba buvo pažangus nacionalinis reiškinys. Mykolas Lietuvis kėlė lietuvių kalbą, jis ją tapatino su lotynų kalba.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 20:02:21',62,'','2010-08-25 20:05:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 20:02:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,19,'','',0,36,'robots=\nauthor='),(1492,'Liberalizmas','liberalizmas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Liberalizmas - politinė ideologija, besiremianti individualizmu, teigianti asmens laisvės ir individualios atsakomybės primatą. Liberalizmo pagrindas, pagal kurį vertinama tikrovė - laisvė ir privatinės nuosavybės neliečiamumas. Individo laisvė ir privatinė nuosavybė negali egzistuoti viena be kitos, nes privatinės teisės nuosavybė suprantama kaip natūrali žmogaus laisvės išraiška, kaip pagrindinė visuomeninės gerovės sąlyga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmasis šį ryšį išvedė LOKAS, jis teigė, kad įstatymas turi apsaugoti ir ginti šiuos dalykus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šių dviejų idėjų sintezė išsiplėtojo į politnį ir ekonominį liberalizmą. Ekonominio liberalizmo plotmėje keliamas ekonomikos ir valstybės klausimas, t.y. ar valstybė gali kontroliuoti ekonominį gyvenimą, ar ekonomika yra tik privačių subjektų reikalas, kokios valsybės kontrolės ribos, laipsnis. Tai diskutuojama jau 200 metų. Politinis liberalizmas sprendžia valstybinius valdžios realizavimo būdus. Jei valstybė turi ginti žmogaus prigimtines teises, tai kaip galima šita kuo geriau padaryti. Kaip veikti,kad individo teisės nebūtų pažeistos. Politinio liberalizmo nuostatas geriausiai atspindi Prancūzijos revoliucija ir Amerikos pilietinis karas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Liberalizmas operuoja šiomis sąvokomis: laisvė, lygybė, individualizmas, racionalizmas, tolerancija, teisingumas. Lygybė reiškia tai, kad joks žmogus negali būti pavaldus ar priklausomas nuo kito žmogaus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai moralinė, etinė, o ne socialinė lygybė. Kiekvienas turi turėti lygias galimybes. Laisvė - visų individų tas pats laisvės laipsnis. Individualizmas - individo primatas prieš kolektyvą. Racionalizmas - požiūriai, įsitikinimai turi būti atviri visuomenės kritiniam svarstymui, jų vertė turi būti patvirtinta atviroje diskusijoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šios sąvokos susiejamos viena sąvoka - teisingumas, t.y. teisinga tai, kad individai turi lygias galimybes, yra laisvi vystyti ir plėtoti savo nevienodus įgūdžius. Socialinė, turtinė nelygybė pagal liberalizmą  nėra visuomeninė problema. Tokia visuomenė yra teisinga, nes kiekvienas turi tą, ką gali pasiekti, padaryti išnaudojant savo charakterį, protą, įgūdžius. Tolerancija - socialinė liberalizmo etika, kurios esmė: priimti socialinę ir politinę įvairovę.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 20:06:51',62,'','2010-08-25 20:10:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 20:06:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,18,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1493,'Liaudies seimo deklaracija dėl tarybinės santvarkos įvedimo','liaudies-seimo-deklaracija-dl-tarybins-santvarkos-vedimo','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Smetoninis režimas, abejingas tikriesiems liaudies interesams, įstūmė Lietuvą vidaus ir užsienio politikos srityse į neišbrendamą beviltišką padėtį. Lietuvos darbo liaudies gyvybiniai interesai buvo aukojami turtingųjų žmonių ir eksploatatorių saujos savanaudiškiems reikalams. Miesto ir kaimo darbo žmonių likimu buvo: nedarbas, netikrumas dėl rytdienos; badas, medžiaginiai trūkumai ir nacionalinė nelygybė. Daugelį metų Lietuvos liaudis šio reakcinio režimo buvo slopinama.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Smetonininkų gauja laikė mūsų darbo liaudį sauvalės varžtuose. Iš darbo masių buvo atimta elementarinė laisvė. Liaudis negalėjo turėti savo politinių, profesinių ir kultūrinių organizacijų. Kiekvienas drąsesnis žodis, laisvoji mintis buvo negailestingai slopinami.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Smetoninė nacionalinė politika turėjo tikslą provokuoti nuolatinius susidūrimus tarp įvairių tautybių žmonių, turėjo tikslą kurstyti vieną tautybę prieš kitą. Tokia nacionalinė politika  buvo Smetonos ir kompanijos uzurpatoriškos valdžios pagrindu. Štai kodėl per ištisus 8 mėnesius, praėjusius nuo to laiko, kai Socialistinių sovietinių Respublikų Sąjunga pripažino Lietuvai Vilniaus miestą ir jo sritį, nacionalinė netaika Vilniaus krašte ne tik kad nesusilpnėjo, bet dar labiau paaštrėjo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos liaudies interesai reikalavo nuolatinio ir tampriausio ryšio bei draugystės su SSRS. Tačiau Smetona ir jo bendrininkai vedė priešingą SSRS atžvilgiu politiką. Jie stūmė mūsų kraštą į pusiau kolonialinę priklausomybę nuo atskirų kapitalistinių grobuonių, tuo didžiai kenkdami Lietuvos liaudžiai ir paruošdami Lietuvoj placdarmą būsimiems  SSRS užpuolimams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos liaudis negalėjo toliau pakęsti krašto viduje tokios sauvalės ir politinės išdavystės santykiuose su užsieniais. Liaudis likvidavo nepakenčiamą vyriausybę su visa valdančia viršūne ir tuo praskynė kelią laisviems rinkimams į Liaudies Seimą, kuris tikrai galėjo atvaizduoti darbo liaudies interesus  ir buvo sukurtas jos rankomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1940 metų liepos 14 - 15 dienos Lietuvos darbo žmonių gyvenime bus didžios istorinės dienos. Jos davė darbininkų, valstiečių ir darbo inteligentų sąjungos užuomazgą. Jos buvo atžymėtos Lietuvos Darbo Sąjungos platformos laimėjimu. Ši platforma subūrė visus dorus krašto patriotus, visu, kuriems nuoširdžiai  brangūs Lietuvos liaudies interesai.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-08-25 20:11:18',62,'','2010-08-25 20:15:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-25 20:11:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,17,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1494,'Graikų mitologijos žodynėlis','graik-mitologijos-odynlis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Achilo kulnas – žmogaus silpnybė, pažeidžiama vieta.{Trojos karo karžygys, Homero “Iliados” personažas, jo kūne buvo tik viena sužeidžiama vieta}. Alfa ir Omega – pradžia ir pabaiga, viskas; graikų abėcėlės pirmoji ir paskutinė raidės; neginčijamas autoritetas. Augėjo arklidės – labai užleista, netvarkinga, užteršta ir sunku sutvarkyti {pagal gr. mitą karaliaus Augėjo arklidės buvo labai užterštos ir Heraklis per dieną jas išvalė}.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aukso amžius – geras gyvenimas. Ariadnės siūlas – išeitis iš sunkios padėties {kilo iš gr. mito apie Kretos valdovo Mino dukterį Ariadnę, davusią Atėnų didvyriui Tesėjui siūlų kamuolį ir taip padėjusi išeiti jam iš labirinto}. Damoklo kardas – nuolat gresiantis pavojus{pasak gr. mito, Sirakūzų tironas Dionisas, norėdamas parodyti tariamąją valdovų laimę, pasisodino damoklą per puotą greta, bet virš jo galvos liepė ant ašuto pakabinti aštrų kardą}. Danajų dovanos – bloga užmačia duota dovana, pražūtinga tam, kas yra gavęs{primenama mitas apie medinį arklį,kurį Trojai padovanojo danajai; arklio viduje buvo danajai atidarė saviškiams Trojos vartus, ir ji buvo nugalėta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-26 07:40:15',62,'','2010-08-26 07:57:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-26 07:40:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,69,'','',0,50,'robots=\nauthor='),(1495,'Mitologija lietuvių tautosakoje','mitologija-lietuvi-tautosakoje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Senoji lietuvių mitologija, religija yra vienas seniausių žmonijos dvasinės kūrybos reiškinių. Žmogaus prigimtyje užkoduota fantazija pakelia virš realybės ir suteikia neribotą laisvę. Tautosaka kuriama kasdienine kalba, kuri yra tautinės atminties liudijimas. Todėl  joje labai gausu mitologijos, išlikusios nuo senų senovės. Ypač daug senojo, pagoniškojo lietuvių tikėjimo yra mitologinėse sakmėse ir stebuklinėse pasakose. Tautosakai būdingas fantastinis pasaulio suvokimas, daug mitologijos ženklų: minimos laumės, velniai, aitvarai, dažnai kartojasi magiški skaičiai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Turbūt dažniausiai tautosakoje minimas velnias. Sakmėse jis talkina dievui, kuriant pasaulį, o pasakose jis yra neatskiriamas žmogaus palydovas. Žmogus pasakose dažnai sudaro su juo sutartį, pasirašydamas krauju. Tačiau velnias dažniausiai lieka kvailio vietoje. Jis lengvai pasiduoda žmogaus valiai ir leidžiasi apgaunamas. Kartais jis nudirba už žmogų įvairiausius darbus, kartais neturtingą padaro turtuoliu. Jis nepastebi, kad žmogus jį apgaudinėja, ir klauso jo nurodymų. Tai išaukština žmogaus išmintį ir sumenkina patį velnią. Senovės lietuviai buvo įsitikinę, kad velnias gali padėti žmogui, jei tik su juo bus tinkamai elgiamasi. Reikia veikti ne jėga, bet protu. Gudrus valstietis visada nugali velnią. Kartais nelabajam pažadamas atpildas už darbą, naudingą žmogui, arba už išgelbėjimą nuo nelaimės. Bet dažniausiai jis tiesiog apgaunamas, įsipainioja savo paties pinklėse arba nesugeba įveikti išbandymo, skirto žmogui, kuris nori išsipirkti savo sielą. Tada velnias priverstas gėdingai pasitraukti ir atlyginti žmogui už padarytą skriaudą. Dažniausiai, pats to nenorėdamas, jis yra naudingas žmogui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tačiau velnias niekada nebūna žmogaus draugas. Jis visada stengiasi padaryti ką nors bloga, pakenkti. To reikalauja jo prigimtis. Kartais jis žmogui padeda, bet tai daro tik savanaudiškai, tikėdamasis gero atpildo. Tačiau žmogus taipogi nepėsčias. Jis visada stengiasi iš velnio išpešti kuo daugiau naudos. Nors velnias yra antgamtinė būtybė, žmogus jo nebijo. Lietuvis visada elgiasi šaltakraujiškai. Taip yra todėl, kad pagonys lietuviai velnio nebijojo, nelaikė jo ypatingai baisia ir žiauria antgamtine būtybe. Jis gyveno raistuose, pelkėse ir patyliukais kenkė žmonėms, krėtė įvairiausias šunybes. O pragariškojo, demoniškojo velnio, tempiančio sielas į pragarą, įvaizdis atsirado tik krikščionybės laikais. Tačiau net ir tada krikščioniškasis velnias susijungė su pagoniškuoju ir netapo tokiu visagaliu žiauriu demonu, kurio žmogus neįstengtų nugalėti. Pasakose ir sakmėse liko išaukštintas žmogaus protas ir pažemintas velnias.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-26 07:57:20',62,'','2010-08-26 08:00:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-26 07:57:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,68,'','',0,51,'robots=\nauthor='),(1496,'Internetinė kalba','internetin-kalba','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiais laikais labai svarbią daugumos žmonių gyvenimo vietą užima kompiuteris bei internetas. Nuo pat šių, savo galimybėmis beveik prilygstančių žmogaus protui,  išradimų sukūrimo, jie buvo tobulinami, jų pritaikymo galimybės buvo plečiamos. Pradžioje internetas buvo naudojamas duomenų pasikeitimui tarp valstybių vadovų. Tarptautinio tinklo kanalais buvo siunčiami valstybinės svarbos dokumentai. Tačiau vėliau internetas labai didelėmis kainomis buvo pasiūlytas paprastiems vartotojams. Jiems buvo pasiūlyta susikurti virtualią pašto dėžutę tam, kad jie, nesitraukdami nuo kompiuterio galėtų paskaityti gautus laiškus. Tai buvo labai patogu, kadangi tais laikais be telefono, laiškai buvo viena svarbiausių susisiekimo priemonių. Aišku, pradžioje daug interneto vartotojų neatsirado, nes kainos buvo daugumai neįkandamos, be to, buvo telefonai. Ir vis dėlto, keletas naujai susikūrusių įmonių pasinaudojo galimybe savo paslaugas reklamuoti internete. Buvo kuriamos virtualios svetainės, kur žmonės galėjo susipažinti su siūloma produkcija. Žaibišku greičiu pradėjo vystytis internetinė prekyba. Atsirado žmonių, kurie suprato, jog pasipelnyti galima niekuo neprekiaujant. Jie sukūrė svetaines, kuriose lankytojai galėjo už tam tikrą mokestį bendrauti su kitais, susipažinti su naujais žmonėmis. Tai ypač viliojo jaunimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Keičiantis ekonominei situacijai, interneto paslaugos ėmė pigti ir pasidarė prieinamos ir eiliniam vartotojui. Dauguma žmonių pirko kompiuterius tam, kad saugotų juose vertingą informaciją, greičiau skaičiuotų. Jaunimą, aišku, viliojo žaidimų pasaulis, kuris įtraukdavo. Viso to pasekoje, gyvename laikais, kada norint susisiekti su kitoje šalyje gyvenančiais draugais ar giminėmis, neprivalome siųsti paprastų laiškų ar jiems skambinti. Užtenka turėti prie tarptautinio tinklo prijungtą kompiuterį, nes tada mes galime tiesiog parašyti laišką, spausdami klavišus. Išsiuntus tokį laišką, jis adresatą pasiekia akimirksniu. O tai yra daug greičiau bei patogiau. Yra dar vienas būdas, kuriuo naudodamiesi galime pabendrauti su draugais ar susipažinti su naujais žmonėmis. Tai yra virtualūs pokalbių kambariai, nelietuviškai vadinami ,,chat‘ais“.Čia susirenka žmonės,pasivadina kaip nori ir,spausdami klavišus,bendrauja tarpusavy.Atrodytu,jog tame negali būti nieko blogo ir nepriimtino,tačiau...Visų blogiausia yra tai,jog taupant laiką,yra naudojami trumpiniai,kartais esantys net nelietuviški.Vartojamos užsienio kalbų,dažnaisiai anglų,abėcėlėse esančios raidės,tokios kaip,,w“,,q“ ar,,x“.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-26 08:00:51',62,'','2010-08-26 10:00:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-26 08:00:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,67,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1497,'Individas ir visuomenė: individo pareigos ir atsakomybė','individas-ir-visuomen-individo-pareigos-ir-atsakomyb','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmiausia, gal reikėtų pradėti kalbėti apie tai, kas apskritai yra individas, kokią reikšmę jis turi visuomenės formavimuisi. Individas nėra paprastas gamtos padaras. Daugybė ryšių jį sieja su kitais žmonėmis, sudarydami visuomeninio gyvenimo pamatą. Jie veikia ir  išoriškai reiškiasi per žmonių kuriamas bei ugdomas kultūros institucijas. Tad kultūra plačiausia šio žodžio prasme ir yra tai, kas mūsų gyvenimą padaro tikrai žmogišką ir atskiria jį nuo gyvūnijos pasaulyje tvyrančios tvarkos. Kiekvienas individas turi savo teises ir laisves. Laisvė – neprisirišimas prie nuodėmės, vergavimo asmeniui, daiktui. Mes gyvename demokratinėje šalyje, kur žmogaus gyvenimas nėra apribotas jokiais griežtais draudimais, bet individo asmeninė laisvė negali būti suprantama tiesmukiškai, kaip gyvenimas nesilaikant jokių dorovės normų ir atsakomybės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasak poeto Justino Marcinkevičiaus, gyvenimą reikia suprasti kaip pareigą: kaip žmogaus pareiga žmogui, jo pareigą visuomenei, kaip pareigą tautai, tačiau tai nėra tiesioginis reiškinys. Jis jaučiamas kasdieniniame mūsų gyvenime, nors nėra teisiškai apibrėžtas. Nuo pat gimimo visi esame kažkam įsipareigoję: vaikas jaučia pareigą klausyti savo tėvo ir motinos, vyras ir žmona - neišduoti ir mylėti vienas kitą iki mirties, seni geri draugužiai – nepalikti draugo bėdoje...Tai gyvenimiškos, kaip minėjau, neapibrėžtos pareigos. Tačiau egzistuoja ir šiek tiek kitokia atsakomybės rūšis, kur kiekvienas pilietis, kiekvienas individas privalo jos laikytis ir nepažeisti įstatymo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmonių gyvenimą valdančios normos skiriasi savo pobūdžiu, tačiau jų esmė ir paskirtis visur ir visada yra ta pati. Norma – yra bendra tam tikro elgesio taisyklė,  kuri daugiau ar mažiau visuotinai pripažįstama ir turinti atsakomybės dalią. Kitaip tariant, norma visada yra liepinys arba reikalavimas, kad žmogus ja vadovautųsi savo santykiuose su kitais ir elgtųsi normos nurodomu būdu net tada, kai dėl asmeninės naudos ar kitokių priežasčių jis mielai to nedarytų. Visuomeninės, politinės, teisinės, religinės ir kt. institucijos įvairiais būdais stengiasi garantuoti, kad būtų laikomasi vieną ar kitą gyvenimo sirtį tvarkančių normų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-26 10:01:25',62,'','2010-08-26 10:04:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-26 10:01:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,66,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1498,'Rašau, kad pasakyčiau ačiū','raau-kad-pasakyiau-ai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sveika, Mama!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Noriu išsakyti savo slapčiausias mintis ir padėkoti. Manau, kad laiškas Tave nustebins. Mes dažnai matomės, aš Tau galiu viską pasakyti, bet popieriuje išdėstyti savo mintis lengviau. Mes atėjome į savo šeimą tarsi mažytis stebuklas, tačiau visas didelis pasaulis mums svetimas ir šaltas. Tuomet Tu, mama, vienintelė buvai pažįstama ir miela. Kai išmokei kalbėti, aš pasakydavau, kad Tu esi gera ir vienintelė, supykusi pasakydavau, kad dabar aš Tavęs nebemyliu… Bet Tu supratai mane. Prabėgo keliolika metų… Aš suaugau… Tas amžinas mano skubėjimas, reikalai, norėjimas sužinoti ką nors nauja, patirti neįprastų nuotykių, atima iš manęs laiką, kuris turėtų būti skirtas Tau. Bet ten, toje naujoje erdvėje, kaskart sunkiau surasti kažką artimą sielai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kas rytą maišau kavą, kapstausi praėjusių dienų, prisiminimuose, išblėsusiuose jausmuose, suplyšusiuose rašteliuose, kuriuose gyvena buvusieji draugai ir priešai. Tuomet aš pasiilgstu naujovių, kurios man leistų svajoti ir išlikti savimi, nes žinau, kokią Tu nori mane matyti. Žinoma, erzina kasdienybė. Mielai viską mesčiau, bet jaučiuosi taip, lyg būčiau stipriai pririšta. Nežinau, gal tai pripratimas, gal būtinybė, o gal permainų baimė. Bet aš visad galiu grįžti pas Tave, mama. Grįžti į vaikystės prisiminimus ir kiekvieną kartą atrasti kažką naujo Tavyje ir savyje. Su Tavimi aš pasijuntu lyg amžinam pavasaryje. Mano pasaulis pradeda busti iš gilaus miego, o Tavo saulė šviečia lietingiausią dieną. Laimingos dienos… Kai laimės nėra, jos meldžiame; kai ji ateina –skraidome, nedrįsdami patikėti stebuklu; kai apsigyvena – priprantame turėti; kai išeina – liūdime, jog nespėjome pasidžiaugti. Iš tiesų trumpas tas laimės blyksnis – beveik kaip vaikystė. Pripratus jis tampa kasdienybe kaip šiltas patalas vakare ar rūpestinga mama, atnešusi puodelį pieno su medumi, kai skauda gerklę. Prisiminimai apie laimę… Jie kartais veda iš proto… Kartais jaučiu, kad mūsų gyvenimas tarsi surežisuota pjesė, lyg gyvenimas pagal signalus, mažas spektaklis, kuriame kasdien kartojamas tas pats monotoniškas vaidmuo. “…ir  esti dienų, kai ima baimė, jog paliksi vienui viena… o prieš akis dar valandų valandos iki skambučio miegoti, ir neturi ką sakyti, neturi ką veikti, ir tos dienos eina ir praeina, suskamba skambutis, o pasakei mažai arba nieko, padarei mažai arba nieko. Štai kur pavojus. Kurio būtina saugotis.” (S. Beketas) Bet kartais užplūsta abejonės, supranti, kad tas vaidmuo netikras ir ne Tavo, jauti, kaip lengvai laimė tampa kančia, o tikrus jausmus pakeičia veidmainystė. Tai, kas man vakar atrodė amžina, šiandien jau dingo; kartu su vaikyste.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-26 10:04:28',62,'','2010-08-26 10:07:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-26 10:04:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,65,'','',0,48,'robots=\nauthor='),(1499,'Žemaitės gyvenimo ir kūrybos kelias','emaits-gyvenimo-ir-krybos-kelias','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Julija - Beniuevičiūtė - Žymantienė, pasirašinėjusi Žemaitės slapyvardžiu, gimė 1845 m. gegužės 31 d. neturtingų bajorų šeimoje. Jos tėvai tarnavo grafų Plioterių dvare Bukantėje, ties Plateliais (Plungės raj.). Tėvai Juliją stengėsi auklėti bajoriška ir lenkiška dvasia, tačiau ji jau nuo mažens bendravo ir su baudžiauninkų vaikais. Vaikystėje Julija matė sunkią baudžiavinę valstiečių priespaudą, girdėjo pasakojimus apie jų pasipriešinimus dvarininkams, apie žiaurius ponų susidorojimus su maištininkais. Jau nuo mažens visos simpatijos linko į išnaudojamų baudžiauninkų pusę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vėliau Julija buvo atiduota mokytis pas turtingus gimines, kur aiškiai pamatė didelį skirtumą tarp turtingųjų ir neturtingųjų bajorų. Besimokydama ji dažnai turėdavo eiti ir kambarinės bei tarnaitės pareigas. Šiuo metu Julija daug skaitė lenkų literatūros, net pati mėgino rašyti lenkų kalba eilėraščius. Kilus 1863 metų sukilimui, Julija stengėsi padėti sukilėliams. Tai dar labiau suartino ją su liaudimi. Nepaisydama motinos ir giminių draudimo, 1865 m. Julija ištekėjo už sukilimo dalyvio, buvusio baudžiauninko, dvaro girininko Lauryno Žymanto.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žymantai nutarė verstis žemės ūkiu. Savo žemės neturėdami, nuomodavo ją iš kitų. Taip būsimoji rašytoja ištisus trisdešimt metų gyveno kaip paprasta valstietė. Apie šį gyvenimo tarpą rašytoja \"Autobiografijoje\" pasakoja: \"Maž kas pavasarį reikėjo mantą į vežimus kraustytis, ir gyvuliais varini danginomės į naują vietą, tikėdamos atrasti geresnius patogumus, didesnę laimę. Bet niekur miltų kalnų neradom - tos pačios bėdos, tie patys vargų vergeliai… Tai bulvės supuvo, tai rugiai prapuolė ar vasarojus neužderėjo, ar nupjautas sudygo. Tai ganyklos prastos ar pašaro mažai… Koks krito ar iš mažųjų koks nunyko.. vis trūksta, vis galo su galu negalima suvesti…\"</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žymantienę, išaugusią kultūringesnio gyvenimo aplinkoje, slėgė to meto Lietuvos kaime viešpatavęs tamsumas ir uždarumas: \"Prie visų sunkumų, rūpesčių ir nesmagumų, - guodėsi vėliau savo \"Autobiografijoje\" rašytoja, - prisiduria dar ilgesys: nieko, o nieko negalima žinoti iš platesnės padangės… Vieni tik pletkai, smulkmenos, barniai ar juokai… Čia pat kasdieniniai, naminiai ar kaimyniki prietykiai artimi mus tepasiekia. Nei laikračių, nei tolimesnių visuomenės žinių… Pagaliau nė knygos nė kokios, be maldaknygės, paskaityti. Nuobodu, pakyru po tas paprastas smulkmenas, po darbus, po vaikus, lygu po pakulas painiotis. Surišta, surakinta vaikais, kasdien ir kasdien be kokios atmainos darbas, triūsas, tos pačios smulkmenos taip pagriso, rodos, kaip nors nusikračius, paoktum, lėktum, kur akys neštų…\"</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-26 10:07:32',62,'','2010-08-26 10:10:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-26 10:07:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,64,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1500,'Daiktavardžių kirčiavimas','daiktavardi-kiriavimas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-26 10:10:34',62,'','2010-08-26 10:11:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-26 10:10:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,63,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1501,'Jaunimo žargonybės','jaunimo-argonybs','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kalba yra žmogaus dvasios organas, žmogaus minties ir jausmo išraiška, ja kalbančios genties visuomeninio ir privačiojo gyvenimo veidrodis, genties intelektualinių ir moralinių vertybių saugykla, ryšys, siejantis laiką, erdvę, vienijantis visas kartas ir asmenybes, individus, ir kartu – gyvas, tradicinis įvykių bei genčių tarpusavio santykių metraštis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žargonas (pranc. jargon), specifinė, iškraipyta kalba, kuri nuo literatūrinės kalbos ar vietinės tarmės skiriasi daugiausia leksika ir frazeologija, bet neturi savo fonetinės ir gramatinės sistemos; plačiąja prasme – netaisyklinga, vulgari, užteršta svetimybėmis kalba.Žargonas yra bendrinės kalbos dalį sudaranti savarankiška sistema, kuri turi savo vidinius dėsningumus, vystymosi procesą ir istoriją. Esantis bendrinės kalbos pakraštyje, žargonas atspindi ir įvykdo procesus, kurie neįvyksta bendrinėje kalboje dėl normalizacijos ir standartizacijos reikalavimų. Taigi jį galima pavadinti savotišku „buferiu“, kuris prisiima kitų sistemų įtakas, aktyviai reaguodamas į visus aplinkos pasikeitimus. Vadinasi, žargoną galima vertinti kaip socialinių procesų rodyklę bei kaip savotišką kalbą, atsiradusią skirtingų kalbų sandūroje, „paribyje“. Būtent dėl šios savo ypatybės tam tikras žargonas gali tapti savotiška įvairių tautybių atstovų bendra kalba. Pasaulyje žinomos tokios žargono kalbos, vartojamos šiam tikslui: „... be JTO (Jungtinių tautų organizacijos) priimtų tarptautinio bendravimo kalbų, esperanto ir kitų dirbtinių kalbų arba pakankamai išsamiai lingvistų ištirtų „uosto“ kalbų ... yra daugybė ... žargonų, kurie vaidina svarbų vaidmenį betarpiškuose tarptautiniuose kontaktuose“. Turbūt ir Lietuvoje jaunimo žargonas atlieka tokią pat funkciją – yra įvairių tautų atstovų tarpusavio bendravimo priemonė, įvairių masinių kultūrų sankirta, tikra pasienio teritorija, kur susiduria įvairios kalbinės sistemos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-26 10:12:20',62,'','2010-08-26 10:14:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-26 10:12:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,62,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1502,'I. Šeiniaus Kuprelio charakteristika','i-einiaus-kuprelio-charakteristika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Romantizmo bruožai \"Kuprelyje\"</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Veiksmas vyksta neįprastoje aplinkoje: sename Kuprelio malūne. Pagrindinis romano veikėjas Olesius - neeilinė, savitai tragiška asmenybė, pasižyminti jausmų stiprumu, išgyvenimų gilumu, meniniais sugebėjimais. Kuprelis - didelis svajotojas, gyvenantis praeitimi, semiantis iš jos jėgų, energijos, ryžto. Olesiaus meilė Gundei - nepaprastai stipri, tyra, viską pasaulyje užgožianti. Taip giliai jausti gali tik nepaprastai jautri asmenybė. Kuprelis glaudžiai susijęs su gamta, joje ieško nusiraminimo, užuojautos, semiasi stiprybės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">DIDŽIOJI KUPRELIO MEILĖ</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kuprelis - neeilinė asmenybė. Jo jautri siela sugeba pajusti menkiausią žolelės šnarėjimą, mažiausio paukštelio skundą… Ir štai šią trapią sielą paliečia meilė Gundei. Iš pradžių tai tik švelnus, vos pastebimas jausmų sąmyšis, keliantis malonų sutrikimą ir nerimą Kuprelio sąmonėje. Olesiui džiugu matyti gražiąją merginą bažnyčioje, žvelgti į jos susikaupusį, maldos praskaidrintą žavų vaidelį, slapčiomis gaudyti nuostabių akių žvilgsnį, atklydusį į tą bažnyčios pusę… Švelnūs jausmai Gundei perauga į didžiulę, tyrą, galingą, viską užgožiančią meilę, kuri sukrečia Kuprelį iki sielos gelmių, suvirpina slapčiausias jo širdies stygas, kurios suskamba nuostabiausiais ir spalvingiausiais muzikos akordais… Kuprelis pasijunta bejėgis užgniaužti šį stulbinančiai galingą jausmų protrūkį ir stengiasi padaryti viską, kad mylimoji atsakytų jam tuo pačiu. Štai kodėl taip stipriai sužeidžia Olesiaus širdį Gundės išdavystė, palikdama ten gilią kraujuojančią žaizdą, kurios nepajėgia užgydyti negailestingai slenkantys metai. Kuprelis atsidūsta: \"Aš mylėjau ją, kaip naktis myli lakštingalos dainą.\" Iš šių žodžių dvelkia beribis ilgesys, apmaudas, nusivylimas ir didžiulis skausmas. Visą gyvenimą Kuprelis liko ištikimas savo pirmajai meilei, iš tolo šalinosi moterų, nenorėdamas antrąkart rizikuoti savo jautria širdimi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-26 10:15:31',62,'','2010-08-26 10:18:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-26 10:15:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,61,'','',0,104,'robots=\nauthor='),(1503,'Gimimas lietuvių tautosakoje','gimimas-lietuvi-tautosakoje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogaus atėjimas į pasaulį nuo pirmykštės bendruomeninės santvarkos laikų buvo nepaprastas įvykis. Ilgus šimtmečius jį supo įvairi magija, burtai, turintys apsaugoti naujagimį nuo visa, kas bloga, ir užtikrinti laimingą bei gerą gyvenimą. Jau nėštumo metu moteris dėl to laikydavosi įvairių draudimų, imdavosi burtų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gamta taip yra sutvarkiusi, kad kiekvienas žmogus trokšta palikti savo įpėdinį, kuris tęstų jo giminę, rūpintųsi tais pačiais darbais. Nevaisingumas šeimoje buvo laikomas didele nelaime. Į bevaikę moterį žmonės žiūrėdavo labai nepalankiai. Skaudžiausi jai metami žodžiai buvo “tu bevaikė”. Nuo senų senovės tokioje šeimoje visa kaltė buvo verčiama moteriai. Niekada žmonės negalvojo, kad dėl nevaisingumo gali būti kaltas vyras, todėl gydydavosi tik moterys: gerdavo įvairius žolių nuovirus, burdavo, kalbėdavo maldas ir aukodavo aukas. Šeimos, kurios turėjo daug vaik, taip pat būdavo nepatenkintos. Neturtingoms šeimoms tai buvo bėda, nes jos sunkiai pajėgė išmaitinti didelį vaikų būrį. Pasitaikydavo šeimų, turinčių 18-20 ir daugiau vaikų. Moterys, kurios nenorėjo turėti daugiau vaikų, pastojusios stengdavosi sunkiai dirbti, kad nutrauktų nėštumą, gerdavo įvairių žolių nuovirus. Bet stipriam ir vargo užgrūdintam organizmui retai kada tai padėdavo. Nutraukti nėštumą moterys stengdavosi retai, nes žmonės buvo įsitikinę, kad taip daryti yra nuodėmė: vaikai yra Dievo dovana ir juos reikia nesiskundžiant visus priimti. Priežodis sako: “Dievas davė dantis, duos ir duonos”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-26 11:04:29',62,'','2010-08-26 11:06:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-26 11:04:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,60,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1504,'Gramatinio nagrinėjimo planas','gramatinio-nagrinjimo-planas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-26 11:07:12',62,'','2010-08-26 11:12:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-26 11:07:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,59,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1505,'Pilietiškumo tėvas M. Daukša','pilietikumo-tvas-m-dauka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">„Kalba yra bendras meilės ryšys, vienybės motina, pilietiškumo tėvas, valstybės sargas. Sunaikink ją – sunaikinsi santaiką, vienybę, gerovę.“  Daukša</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmonija atsirado kartu su sugebėjimu kurti kultūrą ir perduoti jos pasiekimus iš kartos į kartą. Kultūra apibūdinama kaip visa tai, kas sukurta žmogaus ir yra žmogaus gyvenimo būdo dalis. Labai kategoriškai yra sakoma, kad dėl mąstymo galimybių, lankstumo ir kitų kokybių iš visų gyvūnų tik žmogus turi kultūrą, su kuo aš visai nesutinku, tačiau dabar kalbėsiu tik apie vieną iš penkių pagrindinių žmonių kultūros komponentų - apie kalbą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kalba - simbolių, turinčių standartines reikšmes, sistema, su kurios pagalba visuomenės nariai bendrauja vienas su kitu. Aš pasirinkau potemą paaiškinti Daukšos žodžius: „Kalba yra bendras meilės ryšys, vienybės motina, pilietiškumo tėvas, valstybės sargas. Sunaikink ją – sunaikinsi santaiką, vienybę, gerovę.“ Nuo kalbos senų senovėje prasidėjo sąmoningas žmogaus bendravimas. Žmonės būrėsi į bendruomenes, taigi juos siejo bendri interesai, tikslai. Atsirado kalba, kuria buvo išreiškiamos mintys, jausmai, taip pat kultūros palikimas iš kartos į kartą. Dar šiais laikais kaikurios tautos, pavyzdžiui Australijos aborigenai, neturi rašto, taigi reikšmė kalbai tampa įpatingai didelė, norint, kad tauta išliktų. Ir visiems aišku, kad žmogus, kalbantis tavo kalba, yra žymiai artimesnis, nei betkoks kitakalbis, taip buvo visada.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-26 11:13:21',62,'','2010-08-26 11:16:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-26 11:13:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,58,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1506,'Velnias lietuvių tautosakoje','velnias-lietuvi-tautosakoje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Senovėje žmonės tikėjo įvairiomis mitinėmis būtybėmis. Nesuvokdami gamtos reiškinių, jos paslapčių, sukūrė padavimus apie kaukus, aitvarus, laumes, milžinus, nykštukus, miškinius ir kt. Žmonės tikėjo, jog šie padarai gali lemti sėkmę, padėti prasigyventi. Kaltino juos ir dėl daugelio nesėkmių, aplankiusių jų namus. Manė, jog jų negalima pykdyti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vienas žmogaus fantazijos padarinių – velnias. Velnią įsivaizdavo labai įvairiai, pavyzdžiui, jo nosies viena skylutė arba visai be skylių. “Tėvas paliepė pažiūrėti jiems į nosį. Jei nosis be skylių, tai bus velniukai”,- sakoma pasakoje “Velniukai su statinaitėmis”. Pėda taip pat parodydavusi velnišką gymį. “Užmini ir žiūri – tuščias batas, be pėdos.” (“Kavalierius tuščiais batais”),  “o vietoj batų – arklio kanopos” (“Užteks ir vieno”). Uodega ir ragai velniui buvo prisegti kiek vėliau. Daugelis sakmių rodo, jog velnias buvęs su ragais. “Velnias ir ropoja, ir keliais eina – vis griūva ir griūva. Susidaužė, visas kruvinas, nusilaužė ir ragus”,- teigiama pasakoje “Velnio bernavimas”. “Žiūri – kadgi velniukas sėdi su ragiukais” (“Avinukas ratuose”). Daug sakmių byloja, kad velnias buvęs ir su uodega: “Ir pamatė, kaip iš po velėnos išlenda rudas kaip rankovė didumo ir rodo uodegą į debesį” (“Perkūno dovana”).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Daugelyje pasakų ir sakmių velniui prisegama juoda spalva: “Žiūri – atbėga toks juodas ponaitis ir šaukia…” Juodas velnias ypač įsigalėjo XIX – XX a. Toks velnias dažnai minimas patarlėse, priežodžiuose bei mįslėse. Sakoma: “Visi velniai juodi”, “Tegul bus tavo velnias juodesnis”,  “Raudonas liežuvis juodą velnią laižo (ugnis katilą)”, “Ne toks velnias juodas, kaip jį maliavoja”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-26 11:16:26',62,'','2010-08-26 11:18:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-26 11:16:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,57,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1507,'J. Basanavičiaus \"Aušra\"','j-basanaviiaus-qauraq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bado metu žmogus kalba apie duoną, o sutemose - apie aušrą. Tas  pats ir su tauta - ji sutemose ilgisi aušros ir apie ją kalba. Kai lenkijos lietuviai atsidūrė sutemose po antrojo didžiojo karo, savo laikraštį pavadino “Aušra”. Kai sovietų okupuotoje Lietuvoje atsirado galimybė pogrindžio spaudai, pasirodė laikraštis “Aušra”. Ir vienu, ir kitu atveju pasirinktas vardas geriausiai išreiškė to meto ir to užmojo nuotaiką.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Istorikai sako, kad “Aušros” laikotarpis tebėra mažai ištirtas, kad ten dar galima būtų rasti Amerikų. Labai galimas dalykas, tačiau šiuo atveju nesame pasiruošę ieškoti Amerikų, o tik pažvelgti į Basanavičiaus “Aušrą” visuomeniniu požiūriu. Prieš šimtą metų, kai būrelis išeivijos tautiečių planavo leisti laikraštį, tarėsi ir dėl jo vardo. Vieni siūlė vardą “Saulėtekis”, kiti “Žiburys”, “Švitūnė” ir kitus. J. Basanavičius siūlė jį pavadinti vardu “Lietuva”, nes jo tikslas esąs pati Lietuva. Visi tie siūlimai betgi neatrodė visai priimtini. Ir kai J. Šliūpas pasiūlė “Aušros” vardą, visi sutiko, nes jis geriausiai išreiškė ano meto tautos ilgesį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvių tauta “Aušros” gimimo metu skendėjo giliose sutemose. Siautėjo carinė rusų okupacija visoje Lietuvoje. Lietuvių spauda (įprastinėm raidėm) uždrausta. Lietuviškos parapijinės mokyklos uždarytos. Vien Žemaitijoje jų buvo apie 150. Ten veikė apie 50 rusiškų mokyklų, bet žemaičiai ir visi kiti jų vengė. Lietuviškų gimnazijų nebuvo. Vienuolių turėtos gimnazijos uždarytos. Vilniaus universitetas taip pat. Parapijų ir kunigų veikla suvaržyta. Rusinimas pilnu tempu vyko per rusiškas mokyklas ir per valdines įstaigas, o lenkinimas - per dvarus ir iš dalies per parapijas. Miestuose mažai kas kalbėjo lietuviškai. Atrodė, kad lietuvių tauta gyveno paskutines dienas, sparčiai artėdama prie mirties slenksčio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-26 11:18:38',62,'','2010-08-26 11:20:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-26 11:18:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,56,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1508,'XX a. poetai','xx-a-poetai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Salomėja Nėris</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vienintelė Lietuvos poetė, kurios kūryba artimai susieta su asmeniniu gyvenimu. Slapyvardžiai: Liūdytė, Jūratė, Neris (tikra- Bačinskaitė).<br />Įvaizdžių slinktis: 1. Noeromantikė. 2. Kiekvienas rinkinio pavadinimas – gili metafora. 3. Poezijos motyvai: džiaugsmas, liūdesys, idealo siekimas, svajonė apie nepasiekiamybę, retkarčiais aplankantis susimąstymas ir meilė. 4. Eilėraščio erdvė siejasi su laisvės pojūčiu, skrydžiu. 5. Ryškiausi poezijos elementai: kalnai, jūra, žemė, dangus. 6. Laikas – džiaugsmo akimirka ir užsitęsęs laimės šokis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Anksti rytą” 1927: 1. Lyrinis subjektas džiaugiasi pavasariu, saule. 2. Vyrauja liepiamoji nuosaka. 3. Pagrindiniai įvaizdžiai: pasaka, kalnai, klajūnas, valkata. 4. Ryški neoromantikų pasaulėjauta ir estetika: a) realybės ir svajonės priešprieša; b) lengvai nuspėjamas vidinio gyvenimo trapumas ir pažeidžiamumas; c) giliausi jausmai išgyvenimai gamtoje. 5. Gyvenimas šviesus, pilnas siausmo, pavasarinio vėjo, svajonių, jaunatviško nerimo, likimo. 6. Lyrinį \"aš\" pasaulis laiko priglaudęs kaip kūdikį – saugu it motinos rankose. 7. Žydėjimas neaprėpiamas, kelia dvasią aukštyn ir nesibaigia širdy, žemėje, sieloje. Net nuvytę žiedai bunda ir skleidžiasi iš naujo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-26 11:21:49',62,'','2010-08-26 11:31:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-26 11:21:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,55,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1509,'Šviečiamasis amžius. Romantizmas (lentelė)','vieiamasis-amius-romantizmas-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-26 11:31:53',62,'','2010-08-26 11:33:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-26 11:31:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,54,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(1510,'Diktantas \"Su rašytojais po Kauno senamiestį\"','diktantas-qsu-raytojais-po-kauno-senamiestq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rotušės aikštėje, name, pažymėtame devintuoju numeriu, dabar įsikūrusi Jėzuitų gimnazija. XIX amžiaus pradžioje čia gyveno ir mokytojavo jaunasis poetas A.Mickevičius, atvykęs po studijų Vilniaus universitete. Antrajame aukšte poeto atminimui skirtas memorialinis kambarys. Gretimame name yra gyvenęs A.Baranauskas - poetas, atskleidęs ir lietuvių kalbos, ir Lietuvos gamtos grožį. “Anykščių šilelio” autorius tuo metu jau buvo nutolęs nuo literatūros: domėjosi matematika, kalbotyra, susirašinėjo su įžymiais mokslininkais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiaurinėje Rotušės aikštės pusėje, dvidešimt ketvirtajame name, gyveno V.Pietaris - pirmojo lietuvių romano autorius. Visai greta, Aleksoto gatvėje, dar tebestovi namas, kuriame buvo įsikūręs “deimančiukų ieškotojas”, pavarde J.Tumas. dabar jau galima aplankyti neseniai įrengtą J.Tumo - Vaižganto memorialinį butą - muziejų. Čia gyvendamas rašytojas sukūrė “Dėdes ir dėdienes”, “Žemaičių Robinzoną”, baigė rašyti “Pragiedrulius” - didžiausią ir sudėtingiausią savo kūrinį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Grįžkime nuo Nemuno krantinės į aikštę ir pro Rotušę pasukime Nemuno link. Ant namo, pažymėto šeštuoju numeriu, kabo lenta, primenanti, kad čia gyventa lietuvių apsakymų pradininko M.Valančiaus. Nejaunas jau buvo, septintą dešimtį įpusėjęs, o pradėjo rašyti grožinius kūrinius: “Vaikų knygelę”, “Paaugusių žmonių knygelę”, “Palangos Juzę”. Kiek daug galėtų papasakoti prakalbintos Senamiesčio gatvės!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-26 11:33:30',62,'','2010-08-26 11:35:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-26 11:33:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,53,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1511,'Juokas ir komizmas ispanų dramoje','juokas-ir-komizmas-ispan-dramoje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ispanų drama labai artima ispanų gyvenimui, tradicijoms, bei jų charakteriui, nes jų karštam temperamentui gali prilygti tik įmantriai suregztos intrigos, daug veiksmo, nenuspėjama įvykių eiga. Tam, kad žiūrovas jaustų įtampą kuri galbūt net prilygtų įtampai, kurią jie patiria per bulių kautynes. Kalderono komedijai “Dama vaiduoklė” to įdomumo, prieskonio intrigoms teikia mistiškumas. Dama, kurios nieks neatpažįsta, kuri naršo po kambarius ir dingsta nepastebėta, palikdama mylimajam laiškelį po patalu, o bailiam jo tarnui anglių piniginėje. Nors dama veikė su tarnaite, tačiau ar kiti veikėjai tai žino?...</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dramos variklis – aistros, taip pat labai dažnai minima garbė. Taigi, tokį įspūdį palikusi mistiškoji dama sukelia daug aistrų ir susidomėjimo. Na ir, žinoma, don Manueliui, ponui kuriam ji paliko raštelį, reikia žūtbūt išsiaiškinti kas toji vaiduoklė. Šis pono sprendimas labai gąsdina jo tarną Kosme, nes visgi toji dama jam tik bėdos pridaro. O garbė šiame kūrinyje yra labai svarbi žmogaus savybė, kurią jis turi turėti (čia, galbūt, kaltos krikščioniškos Kalderono pažiūros, juk jis buvo kunigas. Nors kitavertus Ispanijoje visada buvo tikima Dievu).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Donja Anchela šiuos žodžius sakė pirmosiose scenose bijodama, kad jos brolis don Luisas nesužinotų, jog ji buvo išėjusi iš namų (mat tai daryti jai nebuvo galima). Ji dažnokai mini savo garbę, bet šią jos vertybę saugo ne ji vienintelė – tai už ją griežčiau bando daryti jos broliai – don Chuanas ir don Luisas. Manau tai rodo, kad moteriai garbė svarbesnė nei vyrui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-26 11:36:01',62,'','2010-08-26 11:38:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-26 11:36:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,52,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1512,'Lietuvių egzamino bilietai','lietuvi-egzamino-bilietai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Baltai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Indoeuropiečių šeimos baltų šakai priklauso lietuviai, latviai ir jau išnykusieji prūsai, jotvingiai, kuršiai, sėliai, žiemgaliai. Senovėje šios gentys bendro pavadinimo neturėjo. Romėnų istorikas Tacitas savo veikale “Germanija“ juos pavadino aisčiais. Šiį vardą vartojo ir mūsų kalbininkai Jaunius ir Būga. Pirmasis baltų vardą pavartojo kalbininkas Neselmanas. Baltų vardas išvestas iš Baltijos jūros pavadinimo, jis išstūmė aisčių vardą. Baltų vardu kartais vadinamos visos tautos, gyvenančios prie Baltijos jūros: lietuviai, latviai, estai, suomiai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tiktai kalbos moksle baltais vadinami lietuvių, latvių ir prūsų protėviai. Baltų prokalba kaip savarankiškas kalbinis vienetas, susiformavo antrojo tūkstančio prieš mūsų erą pradžioje, o 4 a. pr. m. e. suskilo i vakarų baltų (prūsų) ir rytų baltų (lietuvių - latvių) prokalbes. Vakariniai baltai buvo asimiliuoti germanų, o Dniepro baltai - slavų. Savo tautybę išlaikė tik rytinių baltų palikuonys - lietuviai ir latviai. Lietuvių kalba laikoma seniausia iš visų gyvųjų indoeuropiečių kalbų, nes ji daugiausia išlaikiusi žodžių ir formų, artimų indoeuropiečių prokalbei. Maždaug 5 - 6 a. jau buvo susiformavusios visos šiandien žinomos baltų gentys: kuršiai, prūsai, jotvingiai, žiemgaliai, latgaliai, lietuviai, sėliai. Baltai gyveno atskiromis šeimomis ar gentimis. Apsigyventi stengdavosi prie upių, nes upėmis buvo galima keliauti ir susisiekti vieniems su kitais. Be to upėse veisėsi daug žuvų, tęsėsi didelės pievos, kur galėjo ganytis gyvuliai. Taigi gyventojai vertėsi gyvulininkste, žemdirbyste, bitininkyste, medžiokle ir žvejyba. Sėdavo daugiausiai rugių ir avižų, daržovių beveik niekas nežinodavo. Daug sėdavo linų. Visa, kas buvo ūkiui reikalinga, gamindavosi patys. Pjautuvais kirto javus, namie verpdavo, ausdavo. Šeimos buvo patriarchalinės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-26 11:39:00',62,'','2010-08-26 11:48:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-26 11:39:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,51,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1513,'Tėvynė Lietuvos išeivijos poezijoje','tvyn-lietuvos-ieivijos-poezijoje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tėvynė. Ypatingą reikšmę šis žodis įgyja tų širdyse, kurie ją buvo priversti palikti. Poetai išeiviai “išrauti” iš gimtosios žemės, atplėšti nuo namų, jautė vis didėjančią meilę gimtajam kraštui, kasdien stiprėjantį tėvynės ilgesį. Būtent meilė ir ilgesys pagimdė gražiausius posmus apdainuojančius gimtosios žemės grožį bei jos didingą praeitį, išsakančius skausmą dėl jos netekties, skelbiančius tikėjimą, tautos laisvę, nes tėvynė – visa ko pradžia ir prasmė. Būtent ji anot Bradūno ne tik maitina, saugo, bet ir pašaukia gyventi: “Mane pašaukė žemėje gimti/Mano protėvių kraujo jėga” “Mane atšaukė Žemėje gimti”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jono Aisčio eilėraščių lyrinis “aš” jaučiasi esąs neatsiejama tėvynės gamtos dalis – lietuviškoji žmogaus iš gamtos vienybė – viena kitame, o pati tėvynė personifikuojama. Ji lyriniam subjektui tarsi mylimoji, kuriai vienintelei atveriama širdis, kuriai nebijoma subtiliai priekaištauti, nes tėvynė – jo liūdesio priežastis. J.Aisčio kaip B.Brazdžionio eilėraščio “aš” be tėvynės jaučiasi klajūnas, o K.Bradūno – svetimos duonos valgytojas, nes ten toli nuo tėvynės viskas yra svetima. Lyrinio subjekto širdį užplūsta visiškai kitokie jausmai, kai aprašomas tėvynės kraštovaizdis, kurio neatsiejama dalis yra Lietuvos upių tėvas – Nemunas, miškas ar giria, pievos, pakelėje rymančios šventųjų skulptūrėlės. Tokie eilėraščiai dvelkte dvelkia šiluma, ramybe, juose gausu šviesių spalvų, deminutyvų. Pagrindinis glaudaus tėvynės ir žmogaus ryšys išsakymo eilėraštis J.Aisčio kūryboje yra “Peizažas”. Tokio peizažo , tokio kaimo jau nebėra, tačiau tai tradicinio Lietuvos kaimo vaizdinys, išsupęs tautos kultūrą, suformavęs meninį jausmą. Šio eilėraščio lyriniam “aš” būdinga liūdnumo, neatsiskiriamumo laimės nuotaika. Lietuviams tai savas, raminantis ir guodžiantis liūdesys. Saldus liūdesys – kaip laimė būti tarp savų, savoj žemėj.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Savoj žemėj yra tėvų, protėvių, giminės, tautos žemė, kurioje tebegirdima protėvio malda :”Žeminėle – motinėle rūpestinga,/Sušukuok javų lygiuosius laukelius” (K.Bradūnas “Protėvių malda”). Poetams brangi Lietuvos praeitis, brangūs papročiai,  todėl jų kūryboje gausu tautosakos motyvų. Tai ir verpiančios moterys, ir skambanti kaimo gluosny dalgiai, ir šviesiaplaukės sesutės renkančios ir rišančios rugius. K. Bradūnas, B. Brazdžionis, J. Aistis grįžta į dar ankstesnius laikus, pagonybę, Gedimino, Vytauto laikus. Jie atskleidžia mūsų tautos garbingą bei didingą praeitį, ja didžiuojasi: “O, Lietuva, aš vaikštau ir gėriuos / Vaidenasi man žygiai ir didieji kunigaikščiai...”(J.Aistis “Vaidilai”).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-27 08:14:06',62,'','2010-08-27 08:22:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-27 08:14:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,50,'','',0,84,'robots=\nauthor='),(1514,'Jaunieji poetai','jaunieji-poetai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kornelijus Platelis gimė 1951 m. Mokslo ir technikos terminai bei kultūros reminiscencijos jo, diplomuoto inžinieriaus, eilėraščiuose visiškai užgožia tradicinius gamtos poetizmus, o intelektualinė refleksija, ieškanti “nuogos esmės”, diktuoja kūrinio architektoniką. Gyvybė jam yra “svarbiausias poezijos Dėsnis”. Eilėraščio erdvę plečia pasaulio kultūros patirtimi. Kūrybą šis poetas suvokia kaip žmogaus galias sukaupiančią ir laisvinančią. “Poezija - kaip vėjas: nežinia, iš kur kyla, nežinia, kur nueina. Ir nežinia, ką reiškia”, - sako poetas. Tam vėjui nuolat statomos pinklės, norima ją pagauti. “Pinklės vėjui”,- taip vadinasi ir K. Platelio eilėraščių rinkinys. Kūryba ne iš įsitikinimų, o iš gyvenimo nuostabos “Poetai iš Dievo malonės” yra “žmonės, žodžiuose jungiantys svaiginantį žiedo kvapą ir standų vaisiaus paviršių…”. K. Platelis yra įsigyvenęs į meną, kultūrą. Kūrybos tradicijos jutimas kartais atrodo tarsi stabdantis jo paties plunksną.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš kitų kalbų poezijos įtakos jam darė angliškoji, pirmiausia - T.S Eliotas. Visada žavėjosi senąja poezija, sukurta Egipte ir Jeruzalėje, Graikijoje ir Aleksandrijoje, Romoje ir Babilone, Indijoje ir Kinijoje, Japonijoje ir Provanse… Nors poetas ir yra baigęs Vilniaus inžinerinį statybos institutą, tačiau poetinės filologinės kultūros poetui neprikiši. “Dienų ir žodžių” autorius, be abejonės, skaitė ir egiptiečių, ir senovės kinų bei japonų eiles, tačiau jo skonį ir supratimą greičiausiai bus suformavę gerai suręstas klasicistinis eilėraštis, Renesanso tapyba ir skulptūra. Klasicizmą mini ir K. Platelis, be klasicistinės poetikos, grožio, kompozicijos taisyklių sunku prasiskverbti į jo  poezijos labirintus. Kas kita, kad poetas ne visur nuoseklus, pirmoje jo knygoje nemažai eilėraščių, parašytų žalioje jaunystėje, jiems deklaruojama programa tiesiog netinka. K. Platelis, kaip pagal užsakymą, laikosi dviejų klasicistinės etikos doktrinų - imituoti gamtą ir imituoti senuosius kūrėjus. Jo poezijoje nerasime padrikų, tiesiog iš natūros kopijuojamų vaizdų ir detalių. Vyrauja griežta architektūra, kontūrai, linijos, konstrukcijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-27 08:22:50',62,'','2010-08-27 08:36:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-27 08:22:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,49,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1515,'Renesansas lietuvių literatūroje (pirmosios lietuviškos knygos ir jų autoriai)','renesansas-lietuvi-literatroje-pirmosios-lietuvikos-knygos-ir-j-autoriai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">XVI a. pradžioje Lietuvoje ėmė sklisti Renesanso (atgimimo) ir Humanizmo (žmoniškumo) idėjos, einančios iš V. Europos. Atgimė mokslas ir menas, stiprėjo pasaulietinė mintis. Humanistai aukštino ne tik Dievą, bet atsigręžė ir į žmogų, atgaivino antikines kultūros studijas. Tuo metu prasidėjusi Reformacija (arba Protestantizmas) ėmė savaip pertvarkinėti katalikų bažnyčią, kritikuoti popiežių. Europoje XV a. buvo išrasta spauda. Visa tai pažadino Lietuvoje tautinės kultūros poreikį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šis laikotarpis pasižymėjo reformacijos judėjimo pakilimu ir katalikų reakcijos siautėjimu. Šiame laikotarpyje Lietuvoje greta toliau besivystančių pasaulietinio turinio raštų rusų, lotynų ir lenkų kalbomis (metraščių sąvadų, teisynų, istorinio pobūdžio veikalų ir kt.) pradėjo žymiai sparčiau vystytis ir raštija lietuvių kalba, daugiausia religinio turinio (katekizmai, pamokslų rinkiniai ir kt.), pasirodė pirmieji kalbinio pobūdžio veikalai (žodynai), ėmė formuotis literatūrinė lietuvių kalba. Prie religinio turinio, daugiausia verstinių, veikalų pridėtose prakalbose, eiliuotose dedikacijose, o taip pat panegerikose bei sveikinimuose ir kai kuriose giesmėse jau pasireiškė pirmosios pasaulietinio turinio literatūros užuomazgos lietuvių kalba. Lietuvių raštija šiuo metu toliau vystėsi ir kaimyninėje Rytų Prūsijoje, tuo metu gausiai gyvenamoje lietuvių; čia buvo atliktas pirmasis biblijos vertimas į lietuvių kalbą, leidžiami giesmynai, rašomos pirmosios lietuvių kalbos gramatikos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">XVI a. Lietuvos šviesuomenės sluoksniuose paplito lotynų kalba. Jau viduramžiais ji vartojama tarptautiniams ryšiams (Gedimino laiškai), bažnyčioje, universitetuose, jos buvo mokomasi mokyklose. Ypač pamėgo lotynų kalbą humanistai, su didžiuliu susidomėjimu studijavę Senovės Romos kultūrą. Humanistu galėjo vadintis tik tas, kuris gerai mokėjo lotynų kalbą. XVI - XVIII a. lotyniškai buvo rašomi grožiniai kūriniai, istorijos knygos, publicistiniai, opiems gyvenimo klausimams skirti traktatai. Tie lotyniški raštai - Lietuvos kultūros lobis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-27 08:36:58',62,'','2010-08-27 08:51:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-27 08:36:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,48,'','',0,50,'robots=\nauthor='),(1516,'Diktantas \"Egzistencinė ir absurdo drama\"','diktantas-qegzistencin-ir-absurdo-dramaq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Egzistencializmas susiformavo po II pasaulinio karo. Svarbiausia egzistencialistų mintis – paaiškinti žmogaus būvimą ir vietą pasaulyje. Egzistencialistai teigia, kad chaotiškas daiktų pasaulis yra priešingas žmogaus sąmonei. Aplinka žmogui neturi jokios prasmės. Individo likimas ir charakteris priklauso nuo pačio žmogaus, žmogus pats apsisprendžia ir atsako už savo poelgius, tačiau žmogus turi atskomybės ir pareigos jausmą. Žmonių santykiai yra tokie, kad juose nėra tarpusavio supratimo. Kiekvienas iš mūsų pasmerktas vienišumui, jokių moralinių vertybių nėra, žmogui negalima primesti jokių gyvenimo normų, negalima nurodinėti, kaip jam elgtis. Žymiausi egzistencialistai: Sartras, Kamiu, Anujis, Beketas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Absurdo drama susiformavo Prancūzijoje 20a. viduryje. Jai būdinga dekoracijų nebuvimas, kaukės, choras. Dramoms imami kūriniai atitikdavo antikinius siužetus. Absurdo drama reiškia būties absurdiškumą, asmenybės vienatvę, žmonių bendravimo problemas. Dramose gausu absurdiškų situacijų, dialogai nerišlūs, veikėjų personažai prieštarauja logikai. Scenoje judesiai mechaniški, dialogai beprasmiai, į žmogų žiūrima kaip į marionetę. Būties tragizmas atsiskleidžia per komizmą. Vyrauja tragikomedijos žanras, personažų dialogams ir judesiams būdingas kluoniškumas, tačiau šie elementai perteikiami tragiškai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žanas Anujis – pranc. dramaturgas, rašęs absurdo dramas ir jas suskirstęs į 6 grupes: “rausvosios pjesės”,“juodosios pjesės”,“naujos juodosios pjesės”,“žvilgančios pjesės”,“dygiosios pjesės”,“  kostiumuotosios pjesės”. Svarbiausi kūriniai: “Antigonė”,“Medėja”,“Euridikė”,“Vyturys”,“Keleivis be bagažo”,“Vagių balius”. Albertas Kamiu – pranc. rašytojas ir filosofas, absurdo dramų kūrėjas. 1957m. jam suteikta Nobelio pramija už draminę kūrybą. Žinomiausi kūriniai: “Kaligula“. Samuelis Beketas – airių kilmės dramaturgas, rašęs angliškai ir prancūzišlai, jo kūryboje dominuoja sąmonės srauto forma. Pagrindiniai kūrybos motyvai: žmogus gali įsakinėti kitam, žmogus gali aklai paklusti įsakymams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-27 09:03:28',62,'','2010-08-27 09:06:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-27 09:03:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,47,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(1517,'Kirčiavimas tvirtagale','kiriavimas-tvirtagale','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-30 07:54:21',62,'','2010-08-30 07:55:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-30 07:54:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,46,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(1518,'Humanizmo idėjos J. Biliūno apsakyme „Kliudžiau“','humanizmo-idjos-j-bilino-apsakyme-kliudiau','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jonas Biliūnas savo apsakyme „Kliudžiau“ norėjo pavaizduoti svarbiausius humanizmo trūkumus: nesupratingumą ir šaltakraujiškumą kitai būtybei. Šie trūkumai ypač išryškėja šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje, kuriame laikui bėgant jau neliko tolerancijos, pagarbos ir užuojautos vienas kitam.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jono Biliūno personažą mes galime sutapatinti su dabartiniu jaunimu. Juk jau nuo mažų dienų formuojasi žmogaus charakteris, jausmai būdo bruožai. Mūsų dabartinis jaunimas nenori domėtis nekuo, nenori mokytis, tobulėti. Jis žūsta, o taip pat su juo ir mūsų ateitis. Kiekvienas mūsų turi susirūpinti savimi, savo atžalomis ir bandyti kažkaip arba kažką keisti, tobulinti, nes tik nuo mūsų priklauso, ar rytoj kas nors pasikeis tarpusavio žmonių santykiuose, ar ne?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Apsakyme „Kliudžiau“ pagrindinis veikėjas susiprato, kad jis pasielgė negerai. Tai buvo lemtingas nutikimas, kuris pakeitė berniuką ir jo mąstymą visam gyvenimui. J. Biliūnas nori, kad mes pažvelgtume giliau į pasaulį, save ir mus supančius žmones. Šis apsakymas mus verčia suvokti, kokie mes kartais būname žiaurūs ir nesupratingi vieni kitiems. Mes nematome savo akiratyje kitų žmonių, stokojančių meilės, supratingumo, užuojautos, kaip tik save pačius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kartais mes turime sustoti ir susimąstyti, ką mes galėtume padaryti, kad kitam žmogui būtų geriau. Juk labai paprasta pasakyti vienas kitam gražų žodį, išklausyti kito žmogaus, būti vieni kitiems nuoširdesniais. Tik tada, kai mes išmoksime būti tolerantiškais vieni kitiems, mes tapsime šiek tiek humaniškesniais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-30 07:56:23',62,'','2010-08-30 07:58:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-30 07:56:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,45,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1519,'Iš Gedimino laiškų. Lietuvos metraščiai','i-gedimino-laik-lietuvos-metraiai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gedimino laiške Liūbeko, Rostoko, Zundo, Greifsvaldo, Švetino ir Gotlando piliečiams siūloma atvykti gyventi į Lietuvos Didžiąją Kunigaikštystę. Laiške sakoma, kad atvykusiems bus teikiamos įvairios privilegijos: jie bus aprūpinti pajamomis; jie galės atvykti ir išvykti iš Lietuvos kada panorėję, be jokių muitų ar kelio prievolių; žemdirbiams bus duota žemės ir bus suteikta privilegija dešimt metų ją dirbti laisvai ir be mokesčių; pusę to laiko jie bus atleisti nuo bet kokios karališkos prievolės. Šio laiško tikslas buvo padidinti Lietuvos žmonių skaičių. Dėl suteiktų privilegijų, žmonės iš užsienio turėjo važiuoti į Lietuvą ir ten gyventi. Praėjus tam tikram laiko tarpui atvykėliai nebetektų privilegijų ir taptų eiliniais Lietuvos žmonėmis, mokančiais valstybei mokesčius. Tai gerokai padidintų Lietuvos ekonomiką.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Didžiojo kunigaikščio Vytauto pagyrimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiame metraštyje rašoma, koks didingas ir šlovingas yra Lietuvos didysis kunigaikštis Vytautas. Čia pasakojama, kaip jį gerbia kitų šalių valdovai. Net ir Vengrų karalius, vadinamas Romos imperatoriumi, Vytauto pakviestas nedelsiant atvyko pas jį ir dovanojo jam dovanas. Nuo tada tarp jų įsigalėjo didelė meilė.  “Kaip kad iš jūros daug upių teka, taip ir iš šio didžiojo valdovo, didžiojo kunigaikščio Vytauto – išmintis”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Apie Gedimino žygius, Volynės ir Kijevo užkariavimą</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiame metraštyje pasakojama, kaip Gediminas užkariavo rusų žemes. Čia taip pat parodoma, kaip kiti kunigaikščiai bijojo Gedimino. Nukovęs Vladimiro kunigaikštį Vladimirą jis paėmė Vladimiro miestą. Paskui Lucko kunigaikštis Levas pabėgo pas savo žentą į Brianską ir paliko Volynės bajorus vienus. Jie savo noru pasidavė Gediminui. Atėjus pavasariui jis nužygiavo į Kijevą, ten išmušė visą jų kariuomenę ir, pabėgus jų kunigaikščiui Stanislovui, užėmė Kijevo miestą. Taip didysis kunigaikštis Gediminas valdė šiuos miestus daugelį metų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-30 07:59:35',62,'','2010-08-30 08:02:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-30 07:59:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,44,'','',0,60,'robots=\nauthor='),(1520,'Kalba - didžiausias žmogaus turtas','kalba-didiausias-mogaus-turtas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kalba yra svarbiausia žmonių bendravimo priemonė. Be jos negali būti pažangos, visuomenės, kultūros. Buvo laikai, kai žmonės nemokėjo rašyti. Pasaulio istorijoje žinomi amžiai, kai nebuvo valstybių. Tačiau nėra buvę laikų, kuriais visuomenė būtų išsivertusi be kalbos. Kalba yra neįkainojamas žmonių turtas, kurio negalima nepaisyti. Net įvairių religijų šventose knygose paliudijama dieviška kalbos prigimtis, į ją žvelgiame kaip į esminę žmogaus galią, skiriančią jį nuo visos kitos bežadės kūrinijos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Per gimtąją kalbą žmogus yra susijęs ne tik su savo paties buvimu, bet ir su savąja tauta. Todėl įaugimas į gimtąją kalbą yra neišvengiamas kaip kažkas be galo sava ir įprasta. Gyvenime esame panardinti joje, dažnai nemąstome, nejaučiame jos – kaip oro, kuriuo kvėpuojame. Prisirišimas prie gimtosios kalbos žmogui yra savaiminis, instinktyvus, kaip stipri ir aiški jo žmogiškosios esmės apraiška.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Liaudies išmintis sako: kol žmogus išmoksta vaikščioti, daugel kartų turi nusilenkti žemei. O  norint išmokti kalbos. Ar ne šitaip turėtų būti pirmiausia nusilenkiama tau, žodi? Savo aplinkoje girdime daug suluošintos, degraduotos kalbos. Ją turime gelbėti – taisyti, gryninti. Tam reikia asmeninių pastangų ir valios, ištvermės, pasiryžimo ir meilės gimtajai kalbai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tačiau tikra meilė nėra vien jausmas: ji yra dar ir troškimas pažinti tai, ką mylime. Taip yra ir su gimtosios kalbos meile. Savo kalbą mylintis žmogus nori ją labiau suprasti, įsisąmoninti jos raiškos galimybes, gėrėtis jos grožybėmis. Meilė dar yra ir įsipareigojimas. Suprasdami gimtąją kalbą kaip vertybę, juntame pareigą ja rūpintis, puoselėti ją. Nepriklausomoje mūsų valstybėje jai jau nebegresia jokie išoriniai pavojai: niekas neriboja jos vartojimo, ji yra įstatymais įteisinta kaip valstybinė kalba. O vis dėl to pavojų yra, ir jie glūdi, deja, dažniausiai mumyse pačiuose, - tai mūsų apsileidimas, nerūpestingumas. Kalbinis atlaidumas gramzdina mus į barbarybės būvį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-30 08:04:09',62,'','2010-08-30 08:06:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-30 08:04:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,43,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(1521,'Eilėraščio skaitymo planas','eilraio-skaitymo-planas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-30 08:07:24',62,'','2010-08-30 08:08:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-30 08:07:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,42,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1522,'Tėvynės, kalbos ir žmogaus dvasingumo atspinždiai  Just. Marcinkevičiaus ir Maironio lyrikoje','tvyns-kalbos-ir-mogaus-dvasingumo-atspindiai-just-marcinkeviiaus-ir-maironio-lyrikoje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dideli poetai dažniausiai gimsta reikšmingu visuomeninių sąjūdžio laikais, kai jų žodis ypač reikšmingas.  Nacionalinio išsivadavimo judėjimas, istorinė XIX – XX amžių sankirta darė Maironį ir Justiną Marcinkevičių- vienus didžiausių mūsų poetų. Jų kūryba toli peržengė poetų gyvenimą, laikotarpį, o vis naujos skaitytojų kartos vėl prie jos grįžta, atrasdamos joje tai, kas ir savo ir branginto.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Maironis buvo šauklys, nacionalinės sąmonės ir patriotizmo žadintojas. Jo gyventa istorinė epocha, suformavusi jį kaip asmenybę ir menininką, seniai nuėjo į praeitį, o mes ir šiandien gyvai jaučiame jo kūrybos įdėjinę ir estetinę prasmę, jo poetinio žodžio žavesį. Skaidrus Maironio poezijos kristalas ir šiandien spinduliuoja galinga prasmingo grožio šviesa.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Maironio eilėrasčiai ir poemos tiesiog sukrėtė ne vieną skaitytoją, pažadino nacionalinę sąmonės ir ryžtą kovoti dėl pavergtos tautos teisių. Metaforišku “Pavasario balsų” pavadinimu Maironis taikliai nusakė savo kūrybos įdėjinį patosą, optimistišką ir šviesią šio laikotarpio savo lyrikos dvasią. Šį pavadinimą jis paliko ir vėlesniuose leidiniuose “Pavasario balsų” vardas prigijo Maironiui kaip emblema, kaip kovos už tautos atgimimą šūkis. Visuotinumas, liaudiškumas, dramatizmas- trys pagrindiniai Maironio kūrybos bruožai. Maironio neatsiejamas nuo savo tautos, nuo jos istorinio likimo. Jis tiesiog prigludęs prie savo tėvynės krūtinės. Prigludęs taip stipriai, kad pats tarsi susiliejo su ja.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-30 10:49:17',62,'','2010-08-30 10:52:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-30 10:49:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,41,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(1523,'Diktantas \"Ruduo\"','diktantas-qruduoq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rugsėjis – astronominės vasaros pabaiga. Saulė, leisdamasi dangaus skliautu žemyn, trumpam sulygina dieną su naktim ir ima ilginti naktį. Staiga suvokiame, kad švinta anksti, temsta vėlai. Oras vėsus ir drėgnas. Rudens ženklai mūsų krašte pasirodo dar rugpjūčio viduryje: ūžtelėjus stipresniam vėjo gūsiui, nuo medžių šiugždėdami pabyra geltoni, sudžiūvę lapai, miškuose nutįsta pirmieji ilgi voratinkliai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Astrai, gladiolės – taip pat  rudenėlio pranašai. Laukai ištuštėję, pievos, ganyklos nutilusios. Pilki ir nebylūs didžiuliai žemės plotai skęsta miglose. Derlius rūpestingai nuimtas ir sukrautas į pastoges. Tik kur ne kur valstiečiai dar dirba laukuose. Juk rudenį svarbiausias rūpestis – pasiruošti žiemai. Vis dažniau sušvilpia rudens vėtros, praslenka sunkūs pilki debesys. Trumpas šilumos sugrįžimas – bobų vasara. Miškuose ir parkuose visomis vaivorykštės spalvomis pasipuošia klevai, neatsilieka nuo jų berželiai, drebulės. Ruduo – talentingas tapytojas. Jis išdabina pasaulį prieš lapkričio pilkumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-30 10:57:23',62,'','2010-08-30 10:59:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-30 10:57:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,40,'','',0,40,'robots=\nauthor='),(1524,'Kuo mane žavi Prometėjas','kuo-mane-avi-prometjas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prometėjas, senovės graikų mitinis didvyris, vaizduojamas ne tik graikų, bet ir daugelio kitų pasaulio tautų poetų ar rašytojų kūryboje. Nors mitai apie jį buvo sukurti prieš keletą tūkstančių metų, dar ir dabar jie yra išlikę žmonijos atmintyje, o kai kurie šiuolaikiniai rašytojai dar bando juos parašyti savaip, naujai interpretuoti Prometėjo žygdarbius. Tai rodo, koks svarbus žmonijai net ir dabar yra šis mitinis herojus. Žinoma, tam yra pagrindo. Mituose pasakojama, kad Prometėjas sukūrė žmones, jais rūpinosi, saugojo, išmokė visko, ką ir dabar mes mokame. Jis suteikė žmogui pačius tauriausius jausmus - ištikimybę, atsidavimą, meilę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prometėjas atidavė žmonėms didžiulį turtą - ugnį. Be ugnies kažin ar mes šiandien turėtume visa tai, ką yra sukūrusi žmonija. Senovėje mūsų protėviai ugnį naudojo būstui apšviesti, pašildyti maistui. Ugnimi jie gynėsi nuo plėšrūnų. Ugnis ir protas atskyrė žmogų nuo žvėries. Galima sakyti, kad ugnis iškėlė žmogų aukščiau už kitus gyvūnus ir padarė Pasaulio valdovu. Taigi, ugnis yra labai didelis turtas. Anot graikų mitų, jį mums suteikė Prometėjas, Japeto sūnus. Tačiau už tai jam teko daug kentėti. Jį nubaudė Dzeusas, vyriausiasis dievas. Ir mituose, ir naujesniuose pasakojimuose apie Prometėją Dzeusas vaizduojamas kaip savanaudis garbėtroška. Bet jis yra galingesnis už visus dievus ir žmones. Todėl visi privalo jam paklusti, kad ir kokie neteisingi ir beprasmiai jo įsakymai būtų. Prometėjas išpranašavo Dzeusui, kad nuo sosto jį nuvers jo paties sūnus. Vyriausias dievas įsakė prikalti Prometėją prie uolos. Jis turėjo kyboti ten tol, kol tiksliai išaiškins savo pranašystę. Bet Prometėjas nepasidavė. Jis neatskleidė Dzeusui paslapties. Juk Dzeusas galėjo valdyti dar daugybę metų ir žmonės būtų turėję kęsti jo tironiją. Taigi, Prometėjas kentėjo žmonių labui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-30 11:00:15',62,'','2010-08-30 11:10:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-30 11:00:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,39,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(1525,'Pamąstymai apie Martyną Mažvydą','pamstymai-apie-martyn-mavyd','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš garbingos praeities šiandien galime semtis stiprybės. Amžininkų ir rašytojų dėka galime pakelti laiko uždangą ir pažvelgti į tolimus laikus, sužinoti apie tautos šaknis. Jos glūdi giliai: pirmuosiuose įrankiuose, pirmosiose lietuviškose raidėse ir lietuviško rašto posmuose. Lietuvos šaknys - tai ir jos garsūs žmonės, kurie gerbė, tobulino, kūrė, saugojo ir gynė nuo nutautėjimo mūsų kalbą ir raštą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vienas iš tokių žmonių yra Martynas Mažvydas - lietuviškojo rašto “tėvas”. Galbūt dabar jau nebekalbėtume mūsų protėvių kalba, gal lietuvių tauta gyvuotų tik istoriniuose šaltiniuose, jei ne Martyno Mažvydo nuveiktas darbas. Juk, anot Mikalojaus Daukšos, tautos gyvuoja “daugiausia išlaikydamos ir vartodamos savo kalbą, kuri didina ir išlaiko bendrumą, santaiką ir brolišką meilę”. M. Mažvydas parašė pirmąją lietuvišką knygą tais laikais kai pagrindinės Lietuvoje vartojamos kalbos buvo lotynų ir lenkų, o lietuvių kalba buvo ties užmaršties riba. Ją vartojo beveik vien tik valstiečiai baudžiauninkai. Bajorai ir aukštuomenė ją niekino.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvoje jau buvo prasidėjęs reformacijos judėjimas. Martynas Mažvydas buvo priėmęs liuteronų tikėjimą ir smerkė katalikų bažnyčios ir kunigų turtėjimą tikinčiųjų sąskaita. Dėl liuteronybės skleidimo jis turėjo išvykti iš Lietuvos ir apsigyveno Karaliaučiuje, Prūsijoje, kur šis tikėjimas turėjo daug šalininkų. Ten jo širdį graužė tėvynės ilgesys, tačiau grįždamas M. Mažvydas būtų turėjęs atsisakyti savo tikėjimo ir gyvenimo tikslo, o to padaryti jis negalėjo. Matydamas sunkų baudžiavos prislėgtų lietuvių valstiečių gyvenimą, jis ėmė rūpintis jų gerove ir ypač švietimu gimtąja kalba. Tačiau, nors Karaliaučiuje gyveno nemažai lietuvių, kraštas priklausė Prūsijai ir buvo vokietinamas. Todėl lietuvių kalbos niekam nereikėjo. Bet M. Mažvydas dirbo nenuleisdamas rankų. Ir jis savo tikslą pasiekė, parašė “Katekizmą” ir ėmė mokyti lietuvius rašto. Šį jo nuveiktą darbą galima prilyginti žygdarbiui. Juk jis tiek daug iškentėjo ir pasiaukojo, kad suteiktų Lietuvai šviesą išmokytų ją rašto. Gyvendamas Ragainėje, M. Mažvydas buvo praradęs viską: gyveno svetimoje žemėje, svetimoje šeimoje. Bet jam  liko tikėjimas, kurio jis nebuvo praradęs niekada, tikėjimas žodžio ir rašto reikalingumu. Jis jautė pareigą atnešti lietuvišką žodį į kiekvieno lietuvio širdį. Ir tą pareigą įvykdė. Iš jo knygų lietuviškai skaityti ir rašyti mokėsi daugybė lietuvių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-30 11:12:18',62,'','2010-08-30 11:23:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-30 11:12:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,38,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1526,'Prozos teksto citatų skyryba','prozos-teksto-citat-skyryba','','<p> </p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>\r\n<p> </p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-30 12:10:48',62,'','2010-08-30 12:18:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-30 12:10:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',2,0,37,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(1527,'Lietuvių kalbos egzamino bilietai','lietuvi-kalbos-egzamino-bilietai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Lietuvių liaudies pasakos arba mitologinės sakmės. Vienos pasakos arba sakmės analizė pasirinktu aspektu. 2. V. Mačernio poezija. Pasirinktų eilėraščiu analizė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasaka - tai pasakojamosios tautosakos rūšis. Jų pagrindą sudaro pramanyti įvykiai, veikėjai - \"gražus melas\", kuris patinka ir mažiems, ir dideliems. Lietuvių liaudies pasakos žanriniu atžvilgiu labai įvairios: stebuklų, žvėrių, legendų, kvailo velnio, juokų, melų pasakos. Jos skiriasi veikėjais ir kompozicija, temomis ir stiliumi, bet visas jungia bendra nuostata - tai, kas vaizduojama, yra pramanyta, netikra. Atsirado jos labai seniai, tada, kai žmonių kalba pasidarė pakankamai žodinga, lanksti, tinkama mintims bei įspūdžiams išreikšti. Tik pasakose vargšai skriaudžiamieji galėjo pasijusti stipresni, gudresni, pranašesni už skriaudėjus. Tik čia gėris nubaudžiamas, o gėris apdovanojamas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įdomiausios, be abejo, yra stebuklinės pasakos, kurios pagal siužetą yra skirstomos į: pasakojama apie susidūrimus su antgamtiniais priešininkais; pasakojama apie vedybas su nepaprastos kilmės žmona ar vyru; apie sunkius uždavinius, nepaprastus pagalbininkus. Stebuklines pasakas labai mėgsta vaikai. Juos žavi nepaprasti įvykiai, stebukliniai daiktai, įtemptas siužetas. Veikėjai labai įvairūs: stipruolis Jonas, teisingas karalaitis, podukra, mylinti sesuo, taippat gulbė, varlė, velnias, ragaga, burtininkai. Žvėrių pasakose pagrindiniai veikėjai yra žvėrys, paukščiai. Tai gudruolė lapė, kvailas vilkas, kiškis bailys, ežiukas, meška, katinas. Žvėrių pasakas paįvairina dialogai, dainuojamieji intarpai, jas labai mėgsta vaikai. Juokų pasakos dar yra vadinamos buitinėmis. Jose vaizduojamas tarsi realus pasaulis, jo buitis, tik įvykiai absurdiški, jų seka nelogiška, todėl viskas atrodo pramanyta. Juokų pasakose išjuokiamos įvairios ydos, žmonių nedorybės, pajuokiama žema moralė, gobšumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-30 12:18:30',62,'','2010-08-30 12:21:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-30 12:18:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,36,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1528,'          Švietimo epochos, literatūros srovės ir kryptys','-vietimo-epochos-literatros-srovs-ir-kryptys','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvių literatūra XIX amžiuje formavosi ir plėtojosi veikiama tų estetinių idėjų, tų literatūros srovių bei krypčių, kurios buvo būdingos Vakarų Europos ir ypač didžiųjų kaimyninių tautų - lenkų, vokiečių, rusų - literatūrai. Didžiojoje Lietuvoje visą amžių stipriausia buvo lenkų literatūros įtaka, tik amžiaus pabaigoje, kada vis daugiau lietuvių ėmė studijuoti Rusijos universitetuose, sustiprėjo rusų literatūros poveikis. Mažojoje Lietuvoje visą laiką reiškėsi vokiečių literatūros trauka.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vakarų Europos literatūroje XVII a. pirmojoje pusėje vyravo barokas, o antrojoje - klasicizmas. Švietimo epochoje, XVIII amžiuje, barokas peraugo į rokoką, o klasicizmas - į šviečiamąjį klasicizmą bei šviečiamąjį realizmą. Be to, XVIII a. viduryje susiformavo sentimentalizmas, o antrojoje amžiaus pusėje - preromantizmas, kuris pačioje amžiaus pabaigoje peraugo į romantizmą. Nuo XIX a. trečiojo dešimtmečio romantizmą keitė realizmas, vėliau realizmą - natūralizmas. Antrojoje XIX a. pusėje, ypač amžiaus pabaigoje, ėmė formuotis modernistinės literatūros srovės bei kryptys (impresionizmas, simbolizmas ir kt.). Visos tos srovės bei kryptys turėjo savo ištakas žmonių pasaulėžiūroje bei pasaulėjautoje, buvo susijusios su atitinkamomis filosofijos kryptimis. Švietimo epochoje vyraujančios filosofijos kryptys buvo racionalizmas ir sensualizmas (empirizmas). Racionalistinės filosofijos pagrindu tarpo visokios klasicizmo atmainos, sensualistinę filosofiją atitiko sentimentalizmo principai. Preromantizmas ir romantizmas rėmėsi intuityvistine bei subjektyvistine filosofija. Realizmas atgaivino ir toliau brandino švietėjų inicijuotą socialinę žmogaus sampratą. Natūralizmas rėmėsi pozityvistine naujųjų laikų (A. Comte\'o) filosofija. Modernistinės kryptys buvo vienokia ar kitokia romantizmo principų transformacija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-30 12:21:41',62,'','2010-08-30 12:23:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-30 12:21:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,35,'','',0,37,'robots=\nauthor='),(1529,'Lapino paveikslas V. Krėvės “Skerdžiuje”','lapino-paveikslas-v-krvs-skerdiuje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Apsakymų rinkinyje \"Šiaudinėj pastogėj\" atsiveria rašytojo Vinco Krėvės (Mickevičiaus) vaikystės laikų kaimas - sodžiaus buitis, žmonės, jų gyvenimo įvairios situacijos ir atsitikimai. Krėvės sodžius nutapytas labai realistiškai. Tikroviška, sodri buitis, gyvi, ryškūs charakteriai, turtinga kaimo žmonių kalba. Bet Krėvė nelinkęs pabrėžti tamsiųjų gyvenimo pusių, žmonių ydingumo ir šiurkštumo, socialinių skriaudų ir neteisybių. Jam įdomus kaimo išminčius senis Vainorus (\"Bedievis\"), archainės animistinės pasaulėjautos Lapinas (\"Skerdžius\").</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lapinas – pagrindinis apsakymo “Skerdžius” veikėjas, jis – pats seniausias iš visų Pagirių kaimo gyventojų. Buvo puikus pasakorius – pasakodavo vaikams savo paties išgalvotas istorijas apie tai, kaip lapės ant kiaušinių tupi, vilkai medžiuose vaikus peri, volungės kiškius melžia... Gąsdindavo laumėmis, monais, miškiniais, o vaikai juo tikėjo, nes skerdžius mokėjo visa tai pateikti labai įtikinamai, paskui vaikai net sodžiun grįžti bijodavo, o ypač, jeigu pakelėje yra bala ar pirtis... Jis sutarė ne tik su jaunimu, bet ir su vyresniaisiais kaimo gyventojais – moterims trūkžolių, skujinių, vantų parnešdavo. Moterys dažnai jį pirkion pasikviesdavo: pavaišindavo kuo nors, tai ragaišiu,  tai sūriu, tai batviniais ar buiza. Su vyrais irgi bendravo, kartais ir apmeluodavo, o jie skerdžių senu kvailiu vadino, tačiau Lapinas nepykdavo, o jei labai jau įžeisdavo, nuleisdvo negirdomis - turėjo žmogus orumo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pats senis gyveno vienui vienas – žmona mirusi buvo, vaikų neturėjo. Jis nebuvo turtingas, tačiau labai nuoširdus, ypatingas savo dvasine stiprybe. Jam buvo nutikę daug nelaimių, bet jis nepasidavė – kabinosi į gyvenimą nors buvo sunku. Nors jau senas vis vien dirbo savo mėgiamą darbą, kuris buvo susijęs su gamta. Senajam skerdžiui gera miške, kur „medžiai stovi tylūs, lyg daugel matę seneliai, ir nei vienas lapas nesukukžda, nesušlama, nei viena šakelė nelinguoja. Girdi, kaip nuo šakos ant šakelės paukštukas šokinėja, kaip pilka voverėlė lipinėja.” Lapinas moka įsiklausyti į gamtos garsus ir stengiasi ją perprasti, suvokti. Miške jo siela atsigauna – jaučiasi nesuvaržytas, laisvas. Jis nemoka katekizmo, bet žino, kad žolė ir medis yra Dievo dovana, duota visiems ir nepavaldi žmonių įstatymams. Nesvarbu, kad medis auga tavo kieme, bet jis ne tavo sodintas, ir tu nesi jo savininkas. Negali elgtis su medžiu ar augalu kaip viso to valdovas, nes toks nesi. Lapinas buvo panteistas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-30 12:23:53',62,'','2010-08-30 12:25:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-30 12:23:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,34,'','',0,90,'robots=\nauthor='),(1530,'\"Aušra\"','qauraq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Aušra” (“Auszra”), pirmasis mėnesinis visuomeninis politinis ir literatūrinis lietuviškas žurnalas lotynišku šriftu. Ėjo 1883 - 1886 metais Ragainėje ir Tilžėje, buvo nelegaliai platinamas Lietuvoje. Buvo išleista 40 numerių. Tiražas apie 1000 egzempliorių. “Aušroje” savo kūrybinę veiklą pradėjo Maironis, V. Kudirka.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mažojoje Lietuvoje tuo metu jau ėjo keletas lietuviškų laikraščių. Visi jie buvo informacinio pobūdžio, ir tautiškosios sąmonės ugdymu nesirūpino. Tik vienas Šernas savo “Lietuviškoje Ceitungoje” buvo pradėjęs spausdinti patriotiškus straipsnius - apie garbingą lietuvių praeitį ir apie sunkų dabartinį svetimųjų jungą. Šitam laikraščiui straipsnius rašė ir būsimasis “Aušros” redaktorius Dr. J. Basanavičius. Laikraštis buvo spausdinamas gotiškomis raidėmis, todėl negalėjo paplisti Didžiojoje Lietuvoje, kur liaudis nemokėjo skaityti gotiškų raidžių. Iš kitos pusės, Mažosios Lietuvos lietuviams Didžiosios Lietuvos problemos nelabai rūpėjo. Todėl laikraštis po kurio laiko nustojo eiti, o Dr. J. Basanavičius nutarė leisti atskirą laikraštį Didžiajai Lietuvai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1882 metais J. Basanavičius bandė įkurti lietuvių mokslo draugiją, kuri leistų savo laikraštį. Tačiau tebuvo įsteigtas tik laikraštis “Aušra”. Jos sumanytojas, pirmasis redaktorius ir siela buvo J. Basanavičius. Bet kadangi jis tuo metu gyveno užsieny, daugiausia Bulgarijoje (1884 - 1905 m. ), tai laikraštį tvarkė kiti, Mikšas,    dr. J. Šliūpas, o kai šį ištrėmė vokiečiai vėl Mikšas. “Aušra” iš pradžių buvo spausdinama Ragainėje,o paskui Tilžėje paties Mikšo įsteigtoje spaustuvėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-30 12:26:05',62,'','2010-08-30 12:27:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-30 12:26:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,33,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1531,'Lietuvių liaudies dainos','lietuvi-liaudies-dainos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tautosaka skirstoma į dvi pagrindines dalis, rūšis: pasakojamąją ir dainuojamąją. Pasakojamosios tautosakos žanrai – pasaka, sakmė, padavimas, anekdotas. Dainuojamosios – daina, sutartinė, rauda. Į liaudies kūrybą ne visada buvo žiūrima kaip į vertybę, kažkada ji laikyta „niekais“, atgyvena. Susidomėjimas tautosaka Europoje padidėjo XVIII amžiuje. Ją imta užrašinėti, publikuoti. Dėmesys lietuvių liaudies dainoms radosi pradėjus tyrinėti lietuvių kalbą. Mažosios Lietuvos evangelikų kunigas Pilypas Ruigys 1747 m. parašė lietuvių kalbos žodyną, į kurį įdėjo tris dainas – kalbos senumui ir skambumui pailiustruoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tautosakos kūriniai, ypač dainos, būdavo atliekamos tam tikru metu, tam tikroje situacijoje, susijusios su gamtos ciklu ir su žmogaus darbų tikslu bei asmeninio gyvenimo įvykiais. Dėl to dainos skirstomos į tokias temines grupes kaip darbo dainos, vestuvių dainos, kalendorinių apeigų...Mažesnes grupes sudaro jaunimo, vaikų, meilės dainos ir kitos. Norint suvokti liaudies dainos turinį, meninį savitumą, būtina žinoti apie jos atsiradimo ir atlikimo aplinkybes.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvių liaudies dainų švelnumas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Svarbiausias liaudies dainų bruožas lyrizmas – tai yra gilus jausmų išsakymas, reiškimas, nuoširdumas, švelnumas, o ne istorijų eiliavimas. Lietuvių dainų savitumas, kuriuo jos skiriasi nuo kitų dainų, yra jų tikras natūralumas, jų nevaržomas paprastumas, atmetąs bet kokį pasakymų, vaizdų ir palyginimų dailinimą, trumpai tariant, visas poezijos puošmenas. Tuo jos iš pirmo žvilgsnio jau pasirodo kaip iš pačios liaudies kilę kūriniai. Iš dainos galima lengvai numanyti, ar svetima ranka yra prie jos prisidėjusi, arba ar žmogus, gerai pažįstąs klasikinę literatūrą, įsijautęs į liaudies dvasią ir imitavęs liaudies dainą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Forkelis muzikos istorijoje sako: ,,Liaudies daina, kokia ji yra mūsų laikais ir kokia daugiausia buvo praėjusiais amžiais, nėra tikras meno istorijos objektas. Jei ji atsiranda pačioje liaudyje, tai jos tekstas dažniausiai tėra paikas, be rimtesnės minties rimavimas arba nešvankios dviprasmybės, o melodija savo charakteriu yra tokia nereikšminga, kad ji lygiai gerai pritiktų ir kiekvienam kitam tekstui.\" Šio tvirtinimo visai negalima taikinti lietuvių liaudies dainoms. Nors jose nerandame gilios išminties, tačiau čia viskas teisingai mąstoma, giliai jaučiama ir dorovinga. Osianas sako: ,,Tai laimė skausme, jei ramybė viešpatauja liūdinčių širdyje.\" Šis pasakymas visiškai tinka ir lietuvių dainoms. Iš jų dvelkia švelnus, elegiškas tonas, ir jis sklinda ne iš nesutramdomos, bet iš skaisčios, nekaltos, mylimo asmens skausmingai besiilginčios širdies.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-30 12:28:24',62,'','2010-08-30 12:31:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-30 12:28:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,32,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1532,'Eilėraštis \"Žalgiris\"','eilratis-qalgirisq','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-30 12:41:07',62,'','2010-08-30 12:42:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-30 12:41:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,31,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1533,'Sukurtas Sibiro platybėse','sukurtas-sibiro-platybse','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Trėmimai prasidėję 1941 metais ir tęsti pokariu buvo pats didžiausias lietuvių tautos genocidas. Į Sibirą buvo išvežta apie 300000 Lietuvos žmonių. Maždaug trečdalis jų mirė dėl nepakenčiamų sąlygų. Tremtiniai yra žmonės prievarta išvežti iš namų, tačiau kūryba nėra benamė, ji pati yra namai. Jau XIXa. Lietuvių literatūra išgyveno smurto, prievartos bei Tėvynės netekimo skausmą. Tačiau 1940-1953 metų trėmimai iš Lietuvos su niekuo nepalyginami, tai lietuvių tautos genocidas, vykdytas pačiais žiauriausiais būdais, pildant garsiai nesakomą tarybinių ideologų viltį: Lietuva be lietuvių… Kartu su žmonėmis buvo ištremta ir daug lietuviams brangių žodžių: Dievas, Tėvynė Lietuva, Kryžius, malda, Velykos, Kalėdos. Iš girdėtų eilėraščių, maldu ir dainų intonacijų buvo kuriami eilėraščiai, kuriuos dabar vadiname tremties kūryba, neišskirdami iš jos ir politinių kalinių kūrybos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dabar žinoma daugiau kaip šimtas tremtyje kūrusių žmonių, tik nedaugelis iš jų išleidžia savo atskirą knygą ar prisiminimų rinkinį. Didelė poezijos dalis nebuvo išsaugota iki dabar, ko nesunaikino drėgmė, pelėsiai ir pelės dabar perduoda mirusiųjų giminės, nes daugelis autorių nebesulaukė šių dienų. Po karo poezijoje visai išnyksta Lietuvos tema, poezija nebesprendžia tautos likimo klausimų. Bet pačioje pavojingiausioje “zonoje” – Sibiro platybėse šie klausimai vis dar gyvavo, šie tremties eilėraščiai atskleidžia unikalią kūrybos  situaciją. Tremtyje tarsi suaktyvėja tautos kūrybos instinktas, sukyla gyvybinės galios. Įdomiausia tai, kad eilėraščius rašo ne “rašto” žmonės ( poetai, mokytojai, mokslininkai ), o ir paprasčiausi beraščiai ūkininkai, darbininkai ir t.t.. Tremtinių kūryba, kaip ir liaudies daina, turi bendrą motyvą – tėvynės ilgesio, sugrįžimo į ją motyvus. Tremtinių eilėraščiai rašomi kaip liaudies dainos, kaip ir XIXa. taip ir tremtyje jie buvo perduodami iš lūpų į lūpas, todėl dabar spausdinami eilėraščiai neatitinka to ką buvo sukūręs pats jų autorius, perduodant eilėraštis buvo kelis kartus pataisytas kartais net “apkarpomas” ar prailginamas. Tremtinio eilėraštis orentuotas į bendrumą: bendra lagerio patirtis, bendri atsiminimai apie Tėvynę, jos gamtą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 07:25:08',62,'','2010-08-31 07:31:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 07:25:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,30,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1534,'Jonas Avyžius. Sodybų tuštėjimo metas','jonas-avyius-sodyb-tutjimo-metas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">TREČIOJI  DALIS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1944 metai. Vyksta mobilizacija į tarybinę armiją. Atsiranda žmonių, kurie priešinasi rusams ir jie nutaria pereiti per fronto liniją. Išvykstant miršta Adomo Vainoro motina. Keliaujantiems paspendžiama pasala ir jie išžudomi. Adomas lieka gyvas. Grįžta namo Gediminas. Išrenkami valdžios atstovai. Akvilė sugalvoja palikti Keršį ir išvažiuoti į miestą su Mariumi. Marius tampa apskrities pirmininku, Juodasis Bigė - apylinkės pirmininku. Tačiau Marius pradeda konfliktuoti su Žemažiūrevu ir Linartu. Jam pakvimpa partinio bilieto netekimu. Jam siūlo palikti Akvilę, bet jis nesutinka. Gediminas mokytojauja. Bet vėliau jį nušalina, atseit jis vaikus blogai mokina.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš fronto grįžta Jurgis Vainoras be kojos.Milicininkas Kęstumieras myli Justę Vainorytę. Jis gaudo žmones ir juos išveža. Žemažiūrevas išsikviečia žmones tardymui, nes įtaria juos susidėjus su banditais.Iškviečia Keršį, Gediminą, Marių.Marių iškviečia už tai , kad jo biografijoje yra spragų- jo meilužė yra Akvilė- jos brolis Adomas partizanas, o tėvai priešinosi rusams. Gediminui siūlo laisvę, jeigu jis sutiks eiti į mišką ir būti informatoriumi. Bet jis nesutinka. Žemažiūrevui patinka kalbėti su žmonėmis, juos tardyti. Juos paleidžia, o Keršį laiko ilgiau. Akvilė grįžta į kaimą. Marius persirengia elgeta Nikodemu ir aplanko Akvilę. Jurgis įkalba Keršį padėti partizanams. Bekraunant maistą į valtį, Gediminą pagauna.Bet jis sugeba pabėgti su arkliais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">KETVIRTOJI DALIS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rašoma apie tuos pačius žmones, kurie 3 dalyje norėjo bėgti per fronto liniją. Po jų užpuolimo, likusieji gyvi susiburia į būrį ir apsigyvena miške iškastame bunkeryje. Jų vadas tampa Adomas Vainoras. Būryje be Paugos, Gelažiaus, Valiušio, Grėnliūno ir kt. yra ir moteris Almonė. Būrio nariai eina į kaimą ir prašo maisto ir t.t. Vieną naktį Gelažius nušauna 2 žmones.Vėliau vienas iš būrio bando pabėgti iš būrio, bet jis paskęsta pelkėje.Vieną naktį jie užpuola miestelį ir nušauna 7 aukšto rango partijos vadovus. Adomą sužeidžia, bet jis pasprunka į bažnyčią. Prie jų būrio prisijungia dar 2 žmonės: Maksas ir Ernstas. Pasveikęs Adomas grįžta į būrį. Jis užstato Almonei vaikutį ir jie apsiženija. Būrys vykdo savo teismą rusams tarnaujantiems gyventojams: išžudo Kriauzų šeimą, nužudo Marę Karvelytę, tėvą ir sūnų Lukšius.  .t. Adomo tėvą ir seserį su broliu išvežė į Sibirą, todėl šis dabar visiems keršina. Adomas priverčia Juodąjį Bigę priimti gyventi Almonę, nes jie gyveno miške ir Almonė turėjo netrukus gimdyti..Jis prigrasina mirtimi, jei ką nors padarys jo žmonai.Valius Valiušis slepiasi nuo žmonių. Jo tėvas sugalvoja vesti, tai jis padega būsimosios pamotės namą, kad ji atsikeltų gyventi pas juos. Kai tėvo nebūdavo namie, Valius “pasismagindavo” su tėvo žmona. Vėliau Valius sugalvojo nuvažiuoti pas partizanus ir pasiduoti. Tačiau jis vėliau pasirodo esąs išdavikas. Į mišką taip pat ateina Gediminas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 07:32:04',62,'','2010-08-31 07:36:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 07:32:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,29,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1535,'Eilėraštis \"Pinigai\"','eilratis-qpinigaiq','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 07:36:28',62,'','2010-08-31 07:37:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 07:36:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,28,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1536,'Kirčiavimas trumpine','kiriavimas-trumpine','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 07:37:55',62,'','2010-08-31 07:39:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 07:37:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,27,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1537,'Užduotis ištaisyti kalbos klaidas','uduotis-itaisyti-kalbos-klaidas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 07:39:41',62,'','2010-08-31 07:41:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 07:39:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,26,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(1538,'Žemininkų kūryba.','eminink-kryba','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dalis literatų, pradėjusių reikštis literatūroje dar prieš karą, susitelkė išeivijoje.. Ne tik poetai, bet ir prozininkai, dramaturgai, kritikai. Pats ryškiausias šios kartos susitelkimo atvejis – poezijos antologija “Žemė”. Ji išėjo Los Andžele 1951 metais. “Žemės” autoriai: J.Kėkštas, Kazys Bradūnas, Alfonsas Nyka – Niliūnas, Henrikas Nagys, Vytautas Mačernis. Tai tautinė poezija. Tautiškumo apstu visoje žemininkų kūryboje. Taip pat ir idėjinė (minties) poezija. Jausmo atviro nėra. Racionali forma. Poezija į gylį (filosofiją). Nebe laimės prasmės rūpestis persunkęs juos, o greičiau prasmės rūpestisš Meninkui kūrybos prasmės rūpestis yra esminis gyvenimo rūpestis. Šioje antologijoje dalyvaujančių kūryba – tai žmogaus prasmės žemėje poezija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinės temos: žmogaus likimas, tiesos ieškojimas. Prasmingas dalykas kūrybaš Ji prilyginama prasmingam gyvenimui. Žemininkų kūryboje mirtis siejama su kūryba. Filosofiškai kalbama apie kūrybos prasmę. Suvokiama, kad šis gyvenimas nėra beprasmis. Prasmė ne randama, o sukuriama. Laimė siejama su kūryba. Bendras “Žemės” pamatas yra gimtosios žemės, jos praradimo ir ilgesio temos. Prisiminimai, išsinešti iš gimtinės, - svarbiausia poetinių vaizdų versmė. Lietuviškumas įgyja gilesnį matą, nes žodis skverbiasi ne tik į istoriją, bet ir į tautosaką, mitologiją. Be to, lietuviškumas ima reikštis ne uždarumu, o atvirumu pasauliui, nuolat jausdamas įtampą, kylanči¹ i pasaulio alternatyvos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Žemės” vardo pasirinkimas liudijo natūralų lietuvišką įsišaknijimą, palikusį iš atminties ir pasąmonės jau nebeištrinamuose vaikystės išgyvenimuose. Šios poetų kartos atramos: vaikystės išgyvenimai gimtinėje, prigimtinių gyvybės šaltinių pojūtis, lietuviškos gamtojautos natūralumas. Savosios žemės praradimas jiems reiškė ir pirminių kūrybinių šaltinių netekimą. Todėl kūryboje tokia stipri gimtosios žemės susigrąžinimo idealioji pastanga. Visa, ką žmogus tebeturi atmintyje, jausmuose, ne tik neprarasta, o ir susigrąžinta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 07:41:58',62,'','2010-08-31 07:45:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 07:41:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,25,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1539,'Knygos \"Rytojus priklauso man\" ištrauka - pristatymas','knygos-qrytojus-priklauso-manq-itrauka-pristatymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Anotacija: praėjus vos keturioms valandoms nuo pabėgimo iš namų, penkiolikmetis Danas įsitikinęs, kad likimas negalėjo iškrėsti jam žiauresnio pokšto. Jis likęs be pinigų paplentės degalinėje, jo krepšys, kuriame buvo viskas, ką tik jis turėjo, pavogtas. Prie jo prisistato Lukas, apsukruolis aštuoniolikmetis, turintis pinigų, automobilį ir filmavimo kamerą, kuria ketina filmuoti vaizdų dienoraštį. Dviese jie leidžiasi į kelionę per Angliją, apsilanko gamtos mylėtojus piktinančioje lapių medžioklėje, susipažįsta su keliautojais, nuvažiuoja į nelegalią diskoteką. Nuo Dano sėkmė nusigręžia visiškai. Kur tik jie važiuoja, visur juos lydi paslaptingas mirties pėdsakas. Ar Danui pavyks išsiaiškinti tiesą apie Luką, kol dar nevėlu?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lengvai gautas lengvai ir išeina</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sekundę ar dvi aš vaizdavausi sėdįs poliekraninio kino prie namų pirmoje eilėje, žiūrįs į plačiame ekrane pasirodžiusį save ir matąs košmaro kaustomą veidą. Aš Mažasis ir Aš Didysis. Mažasis susmukęs kėdėje, Didysis išsiplėtęs per ekraną. Aš Mažasis smunku su kiekviena akimirka vis labiau, vis greičiau į kėdę, o Man Didžiajam veidas išblykšta. O paskui, kaip ir privalo būti, ta akimirka baigėsi ir vaizduotę išstūmė visiška tikrovė. Ta visiška tikrovė buvo štai kokia. Jau praėjusios keturios valandos, kai aš išėjęs iš savo motinos namų. Įlipau į Nacionalinio Ekspreso autobusą, vykstantį į Londoną (bilietas iš Liverpulio į vieną galą – 12 svarų ir 50 pensų). Esu pasiėmęs „Nikės“ sportinį krepšį, su kiek tilpo drabužių, ir santaupų knygelę (250 svarų ir 73 pensai). Kai jau gerokai buvau nuvažiavęs Londono link, ar bent šitaip atrodė, vairuotojas per garsiakalbį pranešė, kad perkaitęs radiatorius ir kad reikia stoti artimiausioje degalinėje patvarkyti. Aš pasileidau į vyrų tualetą, atlapojau paskutinės kabinos duris ir numečiau „Nikę“ čia pat priešais, ant plytelėmis išklotų grindų, baisiai skubėdamas. Per širdį smilktelėjo kažkokia negera nuojauta, aiškių aiškiausias jausmas, kad bus kažkas labai blogai. Darėsi kažkas nepaprastai negero, tik mano smegenys atsisakė įsijungti. Aš pažvelgiau sau už nugaros, per petį, ir ant uždarų kabinos durų išvydau kratinį rasinės neapykantos užrašų bei futbolo komandų palaikymo šūkių. O krepšys? Už durų. Atidariau kita ranka ir pamačiau, kad mano krepšys, į kurį buvau sukimšęs visą savo turtą, išnykęs.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 07:47:21',62,'','2010-08-31 07:50:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 07:47:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,24,'','',0,35,'robots=\nauthor='),(1540,'Sunkesnės rašybos žodžiai','sunkesns-raybos-odiai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 07:50:55',62,'','2010-08-31 07:52:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 07:50:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,23,'','',0,35,'robots=\nauthor='),(1541,'Pasakos','pasakos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasakos – vieni ryškiausių ir žinomiausių tautosakos kūrinių. Pasakos yra skirstomos į daugelį tipų. Vienas žinomiausių ir įdomiausių tipų yra stebuklinės pasakos, kuriose pasakojamos neįtikinamiausios istorijos. Pasakų veikėjai yra skirstomi į teigiamus ir neigiamus personažus. Dažniausiai pasakų personažai yra idealizuojami. Kiekvienas jų pasižymi tik jiems vieniems būdingomis savybėmis ir charakterio bruožais. Pasakose vaizduojamos gėrio ir blogio kovos, kurios dažniausiai pasibaigia teigiamų, gerųjų personažų pergale. Išsamiausia gerąsias ir blogąsias žmogaus savybes atskleidžia pasakos apie pamočių ir našlaičių kovas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasakos apie našlaitėles ir pamotes pagal motyvus yra skirstomos į tam tikras grupes. Kartais pasakose pasakojama apie vyrą, po žmonos mirties vedusį kitą moterį, dažniausiai piktą raganą, kuri nori atsikratyti podukros. Šiai grupei galime priskirti lietuvių liaudies pasaką “Našlaitė ir karvė”. Pasaka “Elenutė ir pamotė” yra priskiriama grupei, kurioje pasakojama apie tai, kaip pikta pamotė nekenčia ir persekioja vargšę našlaitėlę. Trečioje grupėje yra pasakojama apie išsiųstą našlaitėlę, kuri už savo gerumą yra apdovanojama sutiktos demoniškos būtybės ar stebuklingos pagalbininkės. Šiai grupei būtų galima priskirti pasaką “Mergytė meškos trobelėje”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasakoje “Elenutė ir pamotė” pikta pamotė nori atsikratyti geros podukros.  Jai ji iškasa duobę ir pripila karštų žarijų. Apie baisią pamotės klastą našlaitėlei praneša šuo ir gaidelis. Kaip žinome, pasakos yra sukurtos tam, kad pašieptų žmonių ydas ir atskleistų lietuvių liaudies troškimus. Todėl piktoji pamotė, papūtus stipriam vėjui, sudega jos pačios iškastoje duobėje. Gali būti, kad ir dabar pagal šią pasaką liaudyje yra sakoma: nekask kitam duobės, nes pats įkrisi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 07:53:53',62,'','2010-08-31 07:56:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 07:53:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,22,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1542,'Lietuvių gramatikos užduotis','lietuvi-gramatikos-uduotis','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 07:57:11',62,'','2010-08-31 07:58:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 07:57:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,21,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1543,'Būdvardžių kirčiavimas','bdvardi-kiriavimas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 07:58:36',62,'','2010-08-31 07:59:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 07:58:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,20,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1544,'Simbolizmas, impresionizmas ir natūralizmas','simbolizmas-impresionizmas-ir-natralizmas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">SIMBOLIZMAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">XIX a. pab. - XX a. pr. Pirmą kartą terminą panaudojo Ž. Moresas. Principai: 1. Neigia logiką, teigdami, kad privalu remtis emocijomis, instinktais. 2. Skaitytoją reikia paveikti netikėtais efektais, nepaprastais vaizdais, netgi haliucinacijomis. 3. Įsivyrauja paslaptingumas, simboliai, nesuvokiami protui. 4. Keičia įspūdžių suvokimą. 5. Laisva eiliavimo technika (kaip futur.) 6. Naujos temos ir motyvai. Kiekvienas autorius - savo. 7. Nauji žodžiai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">IMPRESIONIZMAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">XIX a. Principai: 1. Rašytojai dėjo vieną prie kito vaizdus, nesistengdami jų sujungti. Juos jungia bendra nuotaika, jausmai. 2. Veiksmas nėra įtemptas. 3. Veikėjai gyvena epizodiškai, daugiau remiasi jausmais, nuotaikomis. 4. Veiksmas koncentruojamas materialinio pasaulio ribose. 5. Daug subjektyvumo (skiriasi nuo natūralizmo). 6. Veikėjai gyvena epizodiškai, daugiau remiasi jausmais, nuotaikomis. 7. Veiksmas koncentruojamas materialinio pasaulio ribose. 8. Daug subjektyvumo (skiriasi nuo natūralizmo).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 08:00:25',62,'','2010-08-31 08:10:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 08:00:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,19,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1545,'Interpretacijų įžangų špera','interpretacij-ang-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">KRISTIJONAS DONELAITIS. Kristijonas Donelaitis buvo 18 amžiaus vienas originaliausių Švietimo epochos Europos rašytojų, lietuvių literatūros klasikas. Jis buvo nacionalinės literatūros pradininkas , sukūręs pirmąjį meninį kūrinį – poemą „Metai“ Kaip ir įprasta epinėms poemoms bei epopėjoms, kūrinyje aprėpta tautos gyvenimo visuma. Tautą čia reprezentuoja būrai. Jie vaizduojami remiantis cikline laiko, istorijos ir gyvenimo samprata. Atskleidžiami žmogaus (būro) santykiai su gamta, su Dievu, parodomi būrų tarpusavio santykiai; būrų ir ponų santykiai; pavaizduojama būrų buitis, papročiai, jų darbai ir šventės. Būrų, kaip ir gamtos, gyvenimas sukasi amžinu ratu, paklūsta tiems patiems Dievo nustatytiems dėsniams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">MAIRONIS. Maironis - XX amžiaus pradžioje, priklausė romantizmo srovei. Maironis - ryški gairė lietuvių kelyje. Pradėjęs kurti poeziją, atidavė visas dvasios jėgas jai. Jis buvo šiuolaikines poezijos pradininkas, vienas žymiausiu lietuviu oratorinio eilėraščio kūrėju. Jis sukūrė pakylėtą, taurų bei idealizuotą kalbėjimą apie tėvynę, praeiti. Praeitis – tai, ką būtina , verta atsiminti, ko jau nebėra, bet kas sudaro visą tautos patyrimą. Būdamas romantiku, jis idealizuoja praeiti, sureikšmina meilę tėvynei. Skyrė didelį dėmesį kraštovaizdžio poetikai. Ir visa tai jaučiama jo eilėraštyje...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">JONAS BILIŪNAS.<br />XX amžiaus rašytojas humanistas, aukščiausia vertybė  žmogiškumas. Užjautė kenčiantį žmogų. Pirmasis lietuvių literatūroje iškėlė žmogaus vidinį pasaulį į pirmą vaizdavimo planą, ir nuoširdžia meile sušildė sukurtų žmonių paveikslus. Jo kūryboje jaučiamas savitas blogio supratimas, naujai traktuojamos dvasinės vertybės, o ypač jų stoka gyvenime suteikė jo prozai nepakartojamų bruožų Ypač svarbus egzistencinis žmogaus trapumas. Ir visa tai gali skaitytojas pajausti jo parašytame kūrinyje...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 08:10:27',62,'','2010-08-31 08:14:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 08:10:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,18,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1546,'Lietuvių kalbos žinynas','lietuvi-kalbos-inynas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kirtis ir priegaidė</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jei žodis turi ne vieną, o du ar daugiau skiemenų, tai kalbėdami vieną kurį jo skiemenį išryškiname, paprastai tardami stipresniu balsu negu kitus. Pavyzdžiui, žodyje mokykla stipriau pasakome paskutinį skiemenį la. Vieno kurio skiemens išryškinimas, stipresnis ištarimas žodyje vadinasi kirtis. Stipriau ištartas skiemuo yra kirčiuotas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiekvienas skiemuo turi vieną balsį ar dvigarsį. Tas balsis ar dvigarsis sudaro skiemens pagrindą. Skiemuo, kurio pagrindą sudaro ilgasis balsis ar dvigarsis, yra ilgasis, o kurio pagrindą sudaro trumpasis balsis, yra trumpasis. Pavyzdžiui, žodžio traukinys skiemenys trau ir nys yra ilgieji, o skiemuo ki — trumpasis. Kirčiuoti ilgieji lietuvių kalbos skiemenys tariami nevienodai. Pavyzdžiui, vienaip yra tariamas pirmasis skiemuo žodyje laukti, kitaip žodyje laukas. Žodžio laukti labiau pabrėžiamas pirmasis dvibalsio au dėmuo a, o žodžio laukas — antrasis dėmuo u. Žodžių rūgsta, vyti balsiai ū, y tariami krintančiu tonu, staigiai, tuo tarpu žodžių rūksta, vykti atvirkščiai — lygiu ar šiek tiek kylančiu tonu, tęsiamai. Toks kirčiuotų skiemenų nevienodas tarimas gali skirti panašius žodžius ar jų formas, plg. aušti (vėsti) ir aušti (švisti). Ilgojo kirčiuoto skiemens tarimo būdas, t. y. balso tono (melodijos) ir stiprumo kitimas tariant ilgąjį skiemenį, vadinasi priegaidė. Lietuvių bendrinėje kalboje skiriamos dvi priegaidės: tvirtapradė ir tvirtagalė. Tvirtapradė (krintančioji, staiginė) priegaidė yra tada, kai kirčiuoto skiemens ilgasis balsis, dvibalsis ar mišrusis dvigarsis tariamas krintančiu tonu, staigiai išsižiojant (pabrėžiamas dvigarsio pirmasis dėmuo). Ji žymima dešininiu (´) (pakrypusiu į dešinę) priegaidės, kartu ir kirčio vietos ženklu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 08:15:11',62,'','2010-08-31 08:18:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 08:15:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,17,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1547,'Lietuvių kalbos taisyklės','lietuvi-kalbos-taisykls','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 08:18:29',62,'','2010-08-31 08:19:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 08:18:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,16,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1548,'Kalbos dalių gramatinio nagrinėjimo planai','kalbos-dali-gramatinio-nagrinjimo-planai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 08:35:40',62,'','2010-08-31 08:36:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 08:35:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,15,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(1549,'Mano žvilgsnis į tautos ateitį','mano-vilgsnis-tautos-ateit','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiekviena tauta savaip graži, bet mums lietuviams, turbūt užvis gražiausia ir brangiausia lietuvių tauta. Ne be reikalo daugelis tapatino ją su ąžuolu, nelinkstančiu audroje, laiba nendrele, skalaujama smiltele ar net gulbe nebyle, tyliai priimančia visas skriaudas ir mylinčią gyvenime tik vieną kartą, bet visą tą laiką. Dabar mūsų tautą sudaro lietuviai, gyvenantys mūsų respublikos teritorijoje, ir išeiviai, gyvenantys svečiose šalyse. Be galo gražu matant jaunimą, puoselėjantį tautos tradicijos ir papročius, išeivius, besistengiančius įvairiapusiškai padėti tėvynėje likusiems kraštiečiams. Bet ar ilgai tai tęsis? Kokia bus toji mūsų tauta ateityje?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dabar didžioji dalis jaunosios kartos nori gyventi arba bent studijuoti užsienyje. Ir jei ateityje šie dalykai taptų lengviau prieinami, tai galima laukti dar vieno pavadinimo, įrašyto į “raudonąją tautų knygą”. Išsibarstę po visą pasaulį žmonės palaipsniui užmirštų tai vienus, tai kitus dalykus. Jei išoriniai veiksniai labai stiprūs, net ir “didžiausi” lietuviai gali pamiršti ar visai nebeatminti gimtosios kalbos, nes ji tegali augti draugijoj. Kalba – “tautos gyvybės kvapas”. Nebus kvapo – nemus ir gyvybės. Su lietuviais labai artimai susijusi ir daugumai brangi yra tikyba. “Ji nieko neslegia, nepavergia, bet viską, kas yra teigiamo žmonijos gyvenime, gyvina, augina”, nukreipia žmogų teisingu keliu. Įsimaišiusi tarp kitokių ar bent panašių tikėjimų, ji gali priversti žmogų klysti, pakeisti ne tik jo, bet ir visos tautos vidinį pasaulį, nes kiekvienas žmogus yra tautos dalis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nors dabar gyvenimo sąlygos yra žymiai geresnės nei prieš šimtą metų, tačiau yra padidėjęs mirtingumas. Dabar mūsų maža valstybėlė pirmauja pasaulyje pagal savižudybių skaičių. Šie du dalykai ypač jaudina šiandieninę visuomenę ir kelia klausimą: “Ar išliks lietuviai ateityje?” Jei taip tęsis ir toliau, tai jau galima prognozuoti, kad mūsų tautos pavadinimas išnyks iš pasaulio tautų žemėlapio. Bet! Jei visi susiburtų ir neleistų ištirpti senolių išminčiai, patyrimui ir palikimui kaip pavasariniam sniegui, tai galiu drąsiai teigti, kad lietuviai būtų žinomi dar ne penkiasdešimt ir ne šimtą metų, o jų ateities planai būtų žinomi ne tik Lietuvoje, bet ir už jos ribų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 08:38:02',62,'','2010-08-31 08:40:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 08:38:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1550,'Jausmo išaukštinimas romantikų kūryboje','jausmo-iauktinimas-romantik-kryboje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Daugelis romantikų savo kūriniuose nemažai dėmesio skiria jausmų atskleidimui, išaukštinimui. Tai būdinga Maironio, Simono Daukanto, Adomo Mickevičiaus, Viktoro Hugo, Džordžo Bairono ir kitų autorių kūrybai. Išaukštinami tyri, kilnūs, gražūs jausmai: jautrumas, ilgesys, švelnumas, gerumas. Tačiau daugiausiai dėmesio skiriama meilei.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Romantikų kūryboje egzistuoja dvi meilės rūšys. Vieną jų, meilę žmogui, aukština V.Hugo romane “Paryžiaus katedra”. Kvazimodas, Katedros varpininkas myli čigonę Esmeraldą. Tačiau jis yra labai bjaurus ir supranta, kad Esmeralda niekada negalės pajusti jam to paties. Jis aukojasi iš meilės jai. Kvazimodas stengiasi ilgai su čigone nebūti, nenorėdamas, kad jai tektų į jį žiūrėti ir bjaurėtis ar net bijoti. Jis rūpinasi ja, bet niekada nesiūlo jai savo meilės nes mano, kad tai beviltiška. Gindamas Esmeraldą, jis visiškai negalvoja apie save. Valkatoms užpuolus katedrą, jis negaili savo gyvybės ir bet kokia kaina stengiasi čigonę išgelbėti. Kvazimodo meilė nesavanaudiška. Jis tetrokšta, kad Esmeralda būtų laiminga, ir gali padaryti bet ką jos labui. Jai žuvus, jo gyvenimas netenka prasmės ir jis miršta apsikabinęs jos kūną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tokia Kvazimodo meilė nustelbia jo išorinį bjaurumą ir išryškina vidinį grožį. V.Hugo stengiasi atskleisti, koks tyras, kilnus ir galingas jausmas yra meilė. Norėdamas tai dar labiau pabrėžti, jis vaizduoja ir Esmeraldos meilę Febui. Ji myli žmogų, kuris nėra to vertas. Febas nejaučia Esmeraldai to paties, jis netgi nesupranta kas yra meilė. Jo siela labai tamsi. Tačiau čigonė mano, kad jis ją myli.  Šis jausmas užvaldo ją visą, ji negalvoja apie nieką daugiau. Slėpdamasi nuo jos ieškančių kareivių, ji pamiršo net savo saugumą ir ėmė šaukti Febą vardu. Galima teigti, kad meilė nulėmė jos likimą, nes ji žuvo apakinta meilės, nebandydama nei apsiginti, nei pabėgti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 08:40:39',62,'','2010-08-31 08:57:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 08:40:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,13,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor=');
INSERT INTO `jos_content` VALUES (1551,'Lietuvių kalbos egzamino žodžiu bielietai','lietuvi-kalbos-egzamino-odiu-bielietai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naujoji novelistika. Vieno prozininko kūrybos aptarimas, T.A. Rudokas. Tomas Arūnas Rudokas – įvairaus žanro kūrinių kūrėjas. Jis žinomas savo liūdnais, net tragiškais eilėraščiais (“Nežemiška meilė”), romanu, šokiravusiu visuomenę ir novelėmis, kurių rinkinys “Žvėrys eina miegoti” išėjo 1996. Šiame rinkinyje – buities ir meilės paradoksai, kartais absurdiškos situacijos, išradingi siužetai. Novelėse būdingesni šiandieninės mūsų visuomenės vaizdai. T.A. Rudokas parodo dažniausiai miesto žmogų, besiblaškantį, besišaipantį, niekuo nebesistebintį. Tai pavargęs nuo įtampos, kovos už būvį jaunas žmogus, dažnai vienas ir tuo besidžiaugiantis. Tai ne atstumtas, o sąmoningai pasirinkęs vienatvę personažas, nes tikėti ir pasitikėti lyg ir nebėra kuo. Dažnai veikėjai savyje slepia sunkią nuodėmę, praradimą. Autoriaus pozicija aiški: tokių užsisklendusių vienišių dabartinėje visuomenėje daug.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Novelė “Madona be kūdikio” parodoma jauna bevardė dailininkė. Įkvėptai, netgi įnirtingai mergina tapo paveikslą. Atsiskyrusi nuo pasaulio, piktai užsitrenkianti duris visiems pažįstamiems, ji dirba, tarsi norėdama atpirkti kažkada padarytą nuodėmę. Mergina nyksta (cit.), senka, bet į nieką nekreipia dėmesio – dirba iki sąmonės netekimo. Deja, paveikslas neįvyksta. “Ji tapė kūdikį, bet kūdikis neužgimdavo, nepavykdavo jo pradėti, jis negimdavo ir tiek.”. Priežastis šiurpiai paprasta: ši dailininkė pasidarė abortą, todėl paveikslas neįvykdavo. Novelės pabaiga tragiška. Kita novelė, primenanti absurdišką pasaką,- “Džiazistas”. Baisu išmesti žmogų- tarsi teigia autorius. Baisu išbraukti iš sąrašo ir pamiršti, nes tas žmogus vis tiek lieka. Taip atsitinka šioje novelėje. Vėlgi bevardis menininkas, vaikystėje pažymėtas idioto ženklu. Šis menininkas taip puikiai groja džiazą, jog sužavi visus melomanus. Tačiau jo muzika lieka tik jam. Kai susiþavėję gerbėjai klausia, kas jis, džiazistas atsako: “Manęs – nėra. Yra tik muzika. Manęs – nėra”. Ir išnyksta. Novelės  pabaiga iš tiesų primena pasaką nors gyvenimas 100 kartų baisesnis nei pati sunkiausia pasaka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 08:58:36',62,'','2010-08-31 09:18:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 08:58:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,12,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1552,'Baltų mitologija','balt-mitologija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">BALTŲ MITOLOGIJA. SENIAUSIOS ŽINIOS APIE BALTŲ TIKĖJIMĄ</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mitas, mitologija, archetipas. Mitologija – tai a) mokslas, tiriantis mitų kilmę, esmę, reikšmę kultūrai; b) visi kurios nors etninės grupės mitai. Mitai – pasakojimai apie dievus, pusdievius, jų kilmę, žygdarbius, jų tarpusavio santykius, gerąsias ir blogąsias dvasias. Mitai dėsto pirmapradę istoriją, aiškina pasaulio ir žmogaus atsiradimą, gimimą ir mirties paslaptis, moralines vertybes ir pan. Tai kolektyvinė, žodinė kūryba, turinti daug variantų. Tie patys dievai įvairiose vietose ir įvairiu laiku turėjo skirtingas reikšmes (mitinė sąmonė formavosi tūkstantmečiais).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bėgant amžiams, religijos keičiasi, bet dauguma mitinių būtybių bei simbolių pakitusia forma išlieka. Galima sakyti, kad mitologija – pirminė religija, pirminis pasaulio suvokimas, pagrindas, ant kurio statoma visa kita. Kas paveldėta iš gilios senovės, neišnyksta be pėdsakų. Kiekvieno žmogaus pasąmonėje, jo psichikoje tebeegzistuoja priešistoriniai archetipai – pirminiai įvaizdžiai ar idėjos, simbolinės figūros, bendros visai žmonijai. Senoji mitologija, religija ir su jomis susijusios apeigos – vienas seniausių žmonijos dvasinės kūrybos reiškinių. Jau ankstyvosios gimininės santvarkos laikotarpiu, kuris apima vėlyvąjį paleolitą ir mezolitą, medžioklės ir rankiojimo ūkio sąlygomis visose gyvenimo srityse buvo susiformavusių mitologinių vaizdinių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mitologijos istorijos skirstymas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paprastai mitologijos ir religijos istorija skirstoma į tris epochas: 1. Ankstyvoji ikiindoeuropietiškoji gimininės matriarchalinės (matristinės) santvarkos epocha. Pagrindinis bruožas – gamtos jėgų garbinimas. Gamtos kultas pasireiškė atskirų augalų, gyvūnų, negyvosios gamtos, daiktų garbinimu – totemizmu (tikėta, kad gentis turi savo totemą – protėvį globėją augalą ar žvėrį) ir animizmu – atskirų gamtos objektų įdvasinimu (tikėjimas, kad visi gamtos reiškiniai turi sielą ar kad visi daiktai gyvi. Totemizmas ir animizmas susiję su magija – tikėjimas, kad ypatingu laiku atliktas veiksmas ar ištartas žodis turįs galios. Tikėta užkeikimais, užkalbėjimais. Garbinti medžiai, paukščiai, ugnis, vanduo – viskas, kas sudarė pagrindinį žmonių pragyvenimo šaltinį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 09:18:34',62,'','2010-08-31 09:22:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 09:18:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,11,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1553,'Stiliaus kultūra','stiliaus-kultra','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Stilių sąveika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tos pačios kalbos stiliai nėra uždari ir veikia vienas kitą. Uždariausia, griežčiausia sistema – kanceliarinis stilius. Kitus stilius jis veikia, o pats svetimų raiškos priemonių neįsileidžia. Ypač tai būdinga įstatymams, dokumentams. Didesnę stiliaus laisvę gali turėti skelbimas – tai priklauso nuo jo turinio, adresato, vietos. Ataskaita gali būti perdėm sausa, dalykiška, tinkama tik į bylą segti – tokios būna administracinės ir mokslinės ataskaitos. Tačiau esama ir kitokių ataskaitų – ataskaitinių pranešimų, skirtų skaityti susirinkime, suvažiavime. Informacija tuose pranešimuose pinasi su poveikiu, kanceliarinis ar mokslinis stilius – su publicistiniu. Tai pereinamas, tarpinis žanras. Stilių sąveika yra ryškiausia tokiuose žanruose, jie tarytum grandys, jungiančios skirtingus stilius į visumą – bendrinę kalbą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mokslinio stiliaus teksto laisvė didesnė, bet čia irgi paprastai vengiama kitų stilių (publicistinio, šnekamojo) priemaišų. Tik tada, kai mokslinis pranešimas skaitomas žodžiu, sakytine forma, dažniau pasirodo ir gyvesnių, vaizdingesnių žodžių – mat pranešimo funkcija nebetenka grynumo, gyvi klausytojai prieš akis žadina ir bendravimo bei poveikio funkcijas. Mokslinį stilių su publicistiniu sieja mokslinė publicistika. Būdingi jos pavyzdžiai yra visuomenei skirtos grožinių kūrinių, spektaklių, kino filmų recenzijos. Tarpinę padėtį tarp mokslo ir publicistikos užima populiarinamoji literatūra. Ypatingas yra šnekamasis stilius, Jis veikia kitus stilius, daugiausia meninį, taip pat publicistinį, mokslinio stiliaus sakytinę formą, o savo ruožtu – pats patiria stiprų dalykinių (knyginių) stilių poveikį. Dalykinėje kalboje, publicistiniame rašinyje šnekamosios kalbos žodžio ar pasakymo pasigriebiama tada, kai norima prabilti neoficialiai, gyviau, vaizdingiau. Pvz.: Dabartiniai kalbininkai į tokią vartoseną taip pat kreivai žiūri. Visi įsiskolinimai turi būti išlaikyti iki vasario 25 d., tačiau pageidautina apsivalyti šią savaitę, t.y. iki vasario 18 d. Būdingas ir priešingas stiliaus reiškinys – į buitinius pokalbius veržiasi dalykinių stilių raiškos priemonės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 09:24:43',62,'','2010-08-31 09:27:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 09:24:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(1554,'Diktantas “Vienintelė vertybė žemėje žmogaus ryšys su žmogumi”','diktantas-vienintel-vertyb-emje-mogaus-ryys-su-mogumi','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bendravimas yra žmonių sąveika, kai apsikeičiama mintimis, emocijomis, susipažįstama ir pasiekiama socialinio bendrumo. Antuanas de Sent – Egziuperi teigė: “Vienintelė vertybė žemėje žmogaus ryšys su žmogumi”, šį teiginį rašytojas išplėtojo knygoje “Mažasis princas’. Šioje pasakoje veikėjai yra simboliniai, kiekvienas jų įprasmina kažkokia žmonių grupę. Kiekvienas žmogus su kažkuo bendrauja. Bendrauja su pinigais, žvaigždėmis, knygomis, bet tokios bendravimo rūšys yra nepilnavertės, tada žmogus negyvena tikrojo gyvenimo, jis paprasčiausiai egzistuoja.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rašytojas aprašo daugybe egzistuojančių žmonių. Tai karalius, kuris norėjo kažkam vadovauti, įsakinėti, bet nebuvo aplinkui žmonių, nebuvo kam klausyti įsakymų. Tuščiagarbis troško sulaukti plojimų, bet taip pogi nebuvo kam ploti. Girtuoklis gėrė iš neturėjimo ką veikti. Jis neturėjo su kuo bendrauti, išsakyti savo džiaugsmus ir nuoskaudas. Biznierius nematydamas aplinkui žmonių bendravo su skaičiais, bet, deja, jie jam nieko negalėjo atsakyti. Žibintininkas buvo darboholikas ir dirbo visą parą. Tyrinėtojas viską užrašinėjo į savo storą knygą, daugiau jam niekas nebuvo svarbu. Tarp suaugusių žmonių Mažasis princas nerado su kuo bendrauti, nerado žmogaus kuris jį suprastų. Tik žemėje jis suprato bendravimo, prisirišimo, meilės esmę. Žmonės kartai būna kaip rožės iš “Mažojo princo”, įsakinėja, varinėja mylimus žmones ir nesuvokia, kad tai žeidžia artimą. Mažasis princas įsižeidęs išėjo iš savo planetos, o svetur suvokė, kaip svarbu yra “prisijaukinti”, tai yra “užmegzti ryšius”. Šioje pasakoje lapė – gudrumo, protingumo simbolis. Ji atskleidė Mažajam princui gyvenimo tiesas. Prisijaukinti – tai reiškia praturtėti, pažinti tai, kas kitam lieka nepažinta, prisijaukinti – tai mylėti ir būti mylimam, pažinti gyvenimo pilnatvę. Surasti draugą ir sukurti ryšį – tai reiškia atlikti gyvenime svarbiausią dalyką: “Tu man dar esi berniukas, panašus į šimtą tūkstančių kitų berniukų. Ir tu man nereikalingas. Ir aš tau nereikalinga. Aš tau esu lapė, panaši į šimtą tūkstančių lapių. Bet jei tu mane prisijaukinsi, mudu būsime vienas kitam reikalingi. Tu man tada būsi vienintelis pasaulyje. Aš tau būsiu vienintelė pasaulyje.” Pasak lapės prisijaukinimas yra ilgas procesas, kaip ir draugystė užsimezga ne iškarto, o žmonės laiko neturi, jie nori viską turėti greit, bet draugų niekas neparduoda: “kadangi nėra prekybininkų, iš kurių būtų galima nusipirkti draugų, tai draugų žmonės ir neturi.” Žmonės paprasčiausiai visur skuba, nepastebi, kad kažkas minioje šypsosi, kažkas verkia. Kiekvieną yra užslegia savi reikalai rūpesčiai. Tik vaikai nėra prislėgti rūpesčių, tik jie vieni supranta bendravimo, prisijaukinimo esmę. Bendravimas yra labai svarbus dalykas žmogaus gyvenime. Tie, kurie turi draugų, turi kam išsakyti džiaugsmus ir nuoskaudas, gyvena pilnavertį gyvenimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 09:27:52',62,'','2010-08-31 09:30:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 09:27:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(1555,'Lietuvių autorių špera','lietuvi-autori-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A. Vaičiulaitis - didysis lietuvių literatūros estetas, poetinio realizmo atstovas, neoromantikas. Vertybė - gamtos grožis. Jam nerūpi kasdieninė buitis, dėmesys sutelktas į didžiuosius būties klausimus. Gilinasi į veikėjų jausmus, jų santykį su gamta. Romanas \"Valentina\" - kūrinys apie tragišką, neišsipildžiusią meilę. R. Granauskas - XX a. antros pusės lietuvių literatūros rašytojas. Svarbiausia kūrybos tema - senasis Lietuvos kaimas, jo vertybių nykimas, jaunosios kartos degradavimas. Ryšys tarp kartų. Dėmesys senam žmogui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">V. Mačernis - filosofinės lyrikos kūrėjas, sprendęs žmogaus būties, prasmės klausimus, gilinęsis į žmogaus pastangas dvasiškai tobulėti. Kupinas nuojautų, regėjimų, teigiantis pažinimą, moralinį tyrumą. Jo kūryba šviečia žmogiškumo, meilės, gėrio, gyvenimo prasmės šviesa. Suvokę filosofiškais buvimo, nebuvimo, amžinybės, mirties matais. A. Škėma - lietuvių prozininkas, modernistas. Tragiškas. Būdinga ironija. Dangstymasis po ironijos kauke išduoda autoriaus norą paslėpti jautrią, humanišką sielą. Intelektualinis - psichologinis romanas, parašytas ”sąmonės srauto” forma bei atskleidęs sunkų, kupiną praradimų, skausmo paties autoriaus gyvenimą. H.Radauskas - XX a. vid. moderniosios poezijos kūrėjas, kuriam svarbiausia grožis ir estetika. Pagrindinis tikslas - nupiešti gražų vaizdą. Poezijos tema - pati kūryba ir jos prasmė. Individualus rašymo būdas, todėl eilėraščiai nepriskiriami nei vienai literatūros srovei. Pasaulis žiaurus, grėsmingas, priešiškas žmogui, atsiriboti padeda kūryba, menas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 09:30:57',62,'','2010-08-31 09:47:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 09:30:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1556,'Gyvenimo samprata  “Metuose”','gyvenimo-samprata-metuose','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaitydami Kristijono Donelaičio “Metus”, pastebime, kad nemažą kūrinio dalį sudaro Lauro, Selmo ir šaltyšiaus Pričkaus pamokančios bei patariančios kalbos, kuriose,  be abejonės, regime paties autoriaus poziciją. Todėl galime spręsti, kad vienas iš Donelaičio tikslų buvo parodyti žmonėms, kaip reikia teisingai elgtis, o tas, kuris teisingai elgiasi, yra ir išmintingas. Ne tik Pričkaus kalbomis, bet ir nedorų būrų bei ponų gyvenimo aprašymų Donelaitis parodo, kaip turėtų elgtis doras, moralus bei išmintingas žmogus. Idealų žmogų mes gautume sudėję kiekvieno iš viežlybųjų būrų savybes(Lauro bei Pričkaus išmintį, Selmo religingumą, Krizo darbštumą).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Manau, kad Selmo lūpomis tikėjimą skleidžiantis K. Donelaitis religingumą laiko viena ( bene svarbiausia) pasaulio pažinimo sąlyga. Tikintis žmogus laikomas teisingu. Tai įrodo ponų pavadinimas “bedieviais”, “glūpais”, “bėdžiais”, kai jie nepasimeldžia prieš valgį. Aš manau, kad K. Donelaitis religingą bendruomenę laiko iš dalies protinga, nes netikinčiuosius Dievas baudžia: “Ar nesibijotės, kad jūsų namus perkūns į plentą supleškins?” O jeigu netikintieji baudžiami, tai jie gyvena neišmintingai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ne veltui Pričkus yra būrų gerbiamas Vyžlaukio valsčiaus seniūnas, kadangi jis duoda išmintingus patarimus, kaip reikia dirbti ūkio darbus. Bet daugiausia išminties slypi Lauro kalbose. Jis teisingai įvertina to laiko padėtį, diskutuoja apie būrų ir ponų santykius, gyvenimo filosofiją. Pasak jo, šilkuose gimęs ponų vaikas yra toks pat kaip ant šiaudų verkiantis būriukas, bet jis supranta, kad to pakeisti negalima, todėl sako, kad “taip jau Dievulis surėdė” ir dėl to kiekvienas turi gyventi pagal savo socialinio sluoksnio įstatymus. Lauras pabrėžia, kad gyvenimas žemėje laikinas, todėl reikia su juo susitaikyti, koks jis bebūtų. Pasaulis Lauro akimis - vertikalus. Kadangi Kristijonas Donelaitis visai nekalba apie pragarą, todėl galime suvokti, kad pasaulio apačia - žemiškas gyvenimas, pilnas priešingybių, jų kovos. Viršuje būrai mato visai kitokį, harmoningą gyvenimą, kuriame jų nebevarys į baudžiavą, nebemuš. Taigi teisingu gyvenimu Donelaitis laiko tokį gyvenimą, kai žmonės elgiasi pagal savo bendruomenės įstatymus, papročius ir tradicijas. Kiekvienas gali gyventi laimingai, jeigu neišklys už savo bendruomenės ribų, todėl Krizas gyvenimo pabaigoje tampa elgeta ir galbūt todėl taip smerkiama germanizacija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 09:48:18',62,'','2010-08-31 09:51:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 09:48:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,51,'robots=\nauthor='),(1557,'Kalbos funkcijos','kalbos-funkcijos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 09:52:21',62,'','2010-08-31 09:53:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 09:52:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,40,'robots=\nauthor='),(1558,'Dalyviai','dalyviai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 09:53:32',62,'','2010-08-31 09:54:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 09:53:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1559,'Moters tema lietuvių prozoje','moters-tema-lietuvi-prozoje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1) Dvi moterys rašytojos. Žemaitę ir Šatrijos Raganą jungia Povilas Višinskis, atvedęs abi į literatūrą. Jas jungia ir tai, kad jų kūrinių herojai dažniausiai moterys. Žemaitė - realizmo srovės atstovė. Šatrijos Ragana - psichologinio realizmo krypties rašytoja. Žemaitė galėjo didžiuotis tik savo kilme, mokytis būsimajai rašytojai neteko. Šatrijos Ragana tėvų namuose guvernančių lavinta prancūziškai ir vokiškai, energingai siekdama išsimokslinimo, studijavo Ciuriche ir Friburge. Klauso pedagogikos, estetikos, filosofijos, literatūros paskaitų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šatrijos Raganos kūrinių moterys - plataus akiračio, išsilavinusios, intelektualios,  jose ryškus sudėtingas vidinis pasaulis. a) Rašytojos ,,Viktutė“ herojės išgyvenimai analogiški pačios autorės išgyvenimams: ją jaudina gyvenimo prasmės problema, jos vaidmuo visuomenėje. b) Mamatė ,,Sename dvare“ - dvasinga, inteligentiška, besiilginti grožio, besidominti poezija, puikiai skambinanti (iki užsimiršimo) moteris. Tai šeimai atsidavusi motina, rūpestinga šeimininkė, pareigos žmogus. Žemaitės kūrinių moterys: a) tvarkingos, darbščios, bet giliai išgyvenančios šeimyninio gyvenimo nesklandumus (Katrė ,,Marčioje“, Zosikė ,,Topylyje“); b) apsileidėlės, tinginės, rėksnės, bet taip pat su vidiniais išgyvenimais (Marcelė ,,Petre Kurmelyje“, Vingienė ,,Marčioje“). Tai paprastos, neišsilavinę, riboto intelekto moterys. 2) Vaižganto ,,Severiutė“ - meniškos prigimties, subtili mergina. Visa tai mes galime pajusti pažvelgę į jos klėtelę (pasikabinusi grafikos paveikslą) 3) I.Simonaitytės romano ,,Vilius Karalius” moterys: a) Grėtė - valdinga, bet kokiomis priemonėmis siekianti tikslo. b) motina Karalienė - darbšti, dora, sąžininga; geroji senųjų laikų dvasia. c) Ilžė - išdidi, savarankiška, pati sugebanti tvarkyti savo gyvenimą. d) Barbė - dėl mylimo žmogaus nesivaržanti jokių priemonių. 4) J. Biliūno Juozapota iš apysakos ,,Liūdna pasaka“ įkūnija savyje visus gražiausius lietuvės moters bruožus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 09:54:50',62,'','2010-08-31 10:00:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 09:54:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1560,'Testas iš Antikos','testas-i-antikos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 10:00:39',62,'','2010-08-31 10:01:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 10:00:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,3,'','',0,76,'robots=\nauthor='),(1561,'Eilėraščio analizės planas','eilraio-analizs-planas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 10:01:59',62,'','2010-08-31 10:02:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 10:01:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,74,'robots=\nauthor='),(1562,'Kirčiavimo taisyklės','kiriavimo-taisykls','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ilgieji balsiai a, e kirčiuotame skiemenyje tariami su tvirtagale priegaide: eglė, namas, geras. 2. Kirčiuotas paskutinis žodžio skiemuo, jeigu jo pagrindą sudaro ilgasis balsis ar dvigarsis, beveik visuomet tariamas su tvirtagale priegaide: gaidys, kariai, karys, ežys. 3. Priesaginės veiksmažodžių bendratys, turinčios kirčiuotą antrąjį nuo galo skiemenį, yra tvirtapradės priegaidės: mylėti, skaityti, nešioti, dainuoti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">4. Žodžių, turinčių dviskiemenes galūnes, kirčio vieta visuomet sutampa su daugiskaitos naudininku: namams, irdims, vaikams. Jei linksniuojamojo žodžio daugiskaitos galininko kirčiuojama galūnė, tai to žodžio antrasis nuo galo skiemuo yra arba trumpas, arba ilgas tvirtagalis: būrius-būrį, tvoras-tvorą. Jeigu veiksmažodžio esamojo arba būtojo kartinio laiko vienaskaitos I ir II asmuo turi kirčiuotą antrąjį nuo galo skiemenį, tai jo priegaidė visuomet tvirtapradė: bėgu, bėgi – bėga; galvoju, galvoji – galvoja. Jeigu veiksmažodžio esamojo ar būtojo kartinio laiko vienaskaitos I ir II asmuo turi kirčiuotą galūnę, o III asmuo – antrąjį nuo galo skiemenį, tai to skiemens priegaidė tvirtagalė arba jis yra trumpas: lieku, lieki – lieka; gyvenu, gyveni – gyvena.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,59,'2010-08-31 10:03:20',62,'','2010-08-31 10:05:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-08-31 10:03:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,431,'robots=\nauthor='),(1563,'Palahniuk Chuck \"Kovos klubas\"','palahniuk-chuck-qkovos-klubasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Taileris parūpina man padavėjo darbą, o paskui Taileris įgrūda pistoletą man į burną ir sako:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Pirmas žingsnis į amžinąjį gyvenimą ­ tu turi mirti. Tačiau labai ilgai mudu su Taileriu buvom geriausi draugai. Žmonės visada klausinėja, ar aš numaniau, kas per vienas tas Taileris Durdenas. Prispaudęs pistoleto vamzdį man prie gomurio, Taileris sako:<br />­</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Iš tikrųjų mes nemirsim.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Liežuviu jaučiu duslintuvo skyles, kurias išgręžėm pistoleto vamzdyje. Šūvio garsą iš esmės sukelia besiplečiančios dujos, ir, kulkai lekiant labai greitai, pasigirsta silpnas dunkstelėjimas. Kad pagamintum duslintuvą, tereikia prigręžti skylių pistoleto vamzdyje – daug skylių. Pro jas dujos prasiskverbia išorėn ir sulaiko kulką, kad ši lėktų mažesniu nei garso greičiu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jei ne taip išgręši skyles, pistoletu susisprogdinsi ranką. Iš tikrųjų tai nėra mirtis, ­ sako Taileris. ­ Mes tapsim legenda. Mes niekada nepasensim. Liežuviu stumteliu vamzdį skruosto link ir sakau: Taileri, tu svaičioji apie vampyrus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pastato, ant kurio mes stovim, už dešimties minučių jau nebebus. Tereikia paimti 98 procentų dujinės azoto rūgšties koncentrato ir sumaišyti su triskart didesniu kiekiu sieros rūgšties. Tam reikalingas indas su ledais. Tada lašas po lašo pipete lašinti gliceriną. Gausi nitrogliceriną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-06 10:02:18',62,'','2010-09-06 10:16:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-06 10:02:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,351,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1564,'Richard Bach Džonatanas Livingstonas Žuvėdra','richard-bach-donatanas-livingstonas-uvdra','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rytą vėl patekėjusi saulė žėrė savo spindulių auksą ant švelniai vilnijančios jūros. Per mylią nuo kranto bangas ėmė skrosti žvejų laivas, gandas apie tai žaibu pasiekė Pusryčiautojų Būrį, ir tūkstančiai žuvėdrų pakilo į orą ketindamos parodyti visą savo miklumą ir pasigriebti vieną kitą maisto gabalėlį. Prasidėjo dar viena įprasta diena. O gerokai toliau, atokiai nuo laivo ir kranto, vienui vienas lavinosi Džonatanas Livingstonas Žuvėdra. Pakilęs į šimto pėdų aukštį jis nuleido savo plėvėtas paukščio kojas, pakėlė snapą, išlenkė sparnus lanku ir visas įsitempė, kad galėtų skristi labai lėtai ir todėl mažino greitį tol, kol vėjas pavirto švelniu jo veidą glostančiu šnaresiu, o žemai plytintis vandenynas tartum sustingo. Prisimerkęs ir sutelkęs visą savo dėmesį jis sulaikė kvėpavimą, sukaupė paskutines jėgas ir... dar, dar truputį... dar mažumėlę išlenkė sparnų lanką. Staiga plunksnos susitaršė, jis prarado greitį ir krito žemyn.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visi žino, jog žuvėdros sklendžia grakščiai ir niekad nepraranda greičio. Staiga susvirduliuoti ir kristi žemyn - tai gėda ir baisi nešlovė. Bet Džonatanas Livingstonas Žuvėdra, kuris nė kiek nesigėdydamas ir visas virpėdamas vėl išlenkė sparnus lanku, kuris sklendė vis lėčiau ir lėčiau, kol galiausiai praradęs greitį vėl ėmė kristi žemyn, nebuvo paprastas paukštis. Dauguma žuvėdrų skraidymo gudrybių pramoksta tik tiek, kad galėtų pakilti nuo kranto, o paskui grįžti atgal. Daugumai žuvėdrų svarbu ne skrydis, o maistas. Bet šiam paukščiui rūpėjo ne duonos kąsnis, jam rūpėjo skrydis. Labiausiai už viską Džonatanas Livingstonas Žuvėdra mėgo skraidyti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jis netruko įsitikinti, jog šitaip mąstydamas kitų žuvėdrų mėgiamas nebus. Net ir tėvai nuliūdo, kai Džonatanas kiauras dienas ėmė leisti vienui vienas, šimtus kartų bandydamas prasklęsti palei pat vandens paviršių. Nors jis ir nežinojo kodėl, bet, pavyzdžiui, kai skrisdavo nusileidęs prie vandens daugiau nei per pusę savo sparnų ilgio, ore galėjo išsilaikyti lengviau ir daug ilgiau. Šitaip sklęsdamas jis nepūkšteldavo nuleistomis kojomis į vandenį, kaip paprastai atsitinka, o stipriai priglaudęs kojas prie kūno grakščiai nuslysdavo vandens paviršiumi palikdamas įkandin savęs ilgą šliūžę. Ir kai Džonatanas ėmė šitaip nusileisti ant pakrantės smėlio, o paskui dar žingsniais matuoti smėlyje likusios šliūžės ilgį, tėvai dar labiau nusiminė ir labai susirūpino.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-06 10:16:54',62,'','2010-09-06 10:23:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-06 10:16:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,350,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(1565,'Literatūros rūšys ir žanrai 2','literatros-rys-ir-anrai-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Literatūros rūšys:<br />- epas (epika);<br />- lyrika;<br />- drama.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Literatūros rūšių skirtumus lemia pasakotojo santykis su tikrove. Jei kūrinio pasakotojas tarsi iš šalies stebi įvykius, žmones, turime epinį kūrinį. Jei pasakotojas vienaip ar kitaip išreiškia savo vidinius nusiteikimus, laikome lyriniu. Kūriniai, kuriuose nėra pasakotojo, o veiksmo įvykiai perteikiami veikėjų poelgiais ir pokalbiais, yra draminiai. Kiekviena iš trijų literatūros rūšių skaidoma į porūšius, vadinamus žanrais. Tarp pagrindinių grožinės literatūros rūšių ir žanrų griežtų ribų nėra.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lyriniai kūriniai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visi eiliuoti grožinės literatūros kūriniai vadinami poezija. Kartais šis terminas vartojamas ir lyrikos prasme. Tačiau poezijos sąvoka platesnė (eiliuotų yra ir epinių, draminių kūrinių). Lyrika – poezijos dalis. Lyrika – kalbančiojo žmogaus jausmų reiškimas, išsakymas, jo vidinio pasaulio atsivėrimas, būsenų, minčių atskleidimas. Lyrikoje atsiverianti žmogaus dvasinė būsena vadinama lyriniu išgyvenimu, emociniu ar poetiniu išgyvenimu. Išorinio pasaulio vaizdų paprastai būna mažai (gali ir visai nebūti). Asmenybė, kurios vardu kalbama lyriniame kūrinyje, vadinama lyriniu subjektu, lyriniu “aš”. Lyrinio subjekto nereikia tapatinti su poetu. Kūrinyje lyrinis “aš” gali reikštis įvairiai. Dažniausiai jis kalba pirmuoju asmeniu ir savo sielą atveria tiesiogiai. Kartais “aš” būna tarsi pasislėpęs už kūrinio poetinio pasaulio, jo nusiteikimą jaučiame iš eilėraščio vaizdų. Lyrizmas – toks vaizdavimo būdas, kuriuo rodomi ne patys įvykiai, bet jų sukelti jausmai., išgyvenimai. Tokiu būdu sukurti kūriniai vadinami lyriniais. Lyrizmas būdingas daugeliui draminių ir epinių kūrinių (pvz., J.Biliūno apsakymams), bet lyriniame kūrinyje jis visa ko pamatas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-06 10:23:36',62,'','2010-09-06 10:26:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-06 10:23:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,349,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1566,'Jennifer Belle \"Aukštas lygis\"','jennifer-belle-qauktas-lygisq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dzen stiliaus erdvi palėpė - vėl parduodama</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tą rytą, kai nusprendžiau palikti vyrą, mano draugė Violeta prikalbino mane nueiti pas kažką į svečius pasižiūrėti svamio. Smarkiai nustebau išvydusi, kad tai paprastas amerikietis oranžiniu drabužiu, patogiai įsitaisęs po Picasso originalu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Mes medituojam atmerktomis akimis, — tarė svamis. Man palengvėjo. Visai nenorėjau sėdėti užsimerkusi nepažįstamame kambaryje su šutve keistuolių. — Net bandydami giliau pažvelgti į savo esybę, nesiliaujam stebėję pasaulio, — paaiškino jis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Keturiasdešimt penkias minutes sėdėjau atmerktomis akimis, galvodama apie save, ir apžiūrinėjau kambarį. Čia buvo labai gražu, gobelenu mušti baldai; man už nugaros laiptai vedė į uždarą kiemelį. Moteris, kuriai priklausė šis namas, išdidžiai tupinėjo apie kiekvieną svečią, kedeno pagalvėles ir pilstė svamio arbatą. Butas nebuvo toks gražus kaip manasis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Klausimas buvo paprastas: kam teks išsikraustyti iš mūsų buto — man ar Džekui? Butas priklausė Džekui, ne man. Džekas sugebėtų jį išlaikyti, o aš be jo pagalbos — niekaip. Be to, Džekas buvo pareiškęs, kad iš šito buto jį išneš tik karste. Išsikraustyti nesinorėjo, bet kita vertus, nenorėjau virsti savo mama — Žaklinos Siuzan romano heroje su amuletu nuo blogos akies ant aukso grandinėlės, neva nematančia, negirdinčia ir nejaučiančia vyro neištikimybės. Vadinasi, išsikelti teks man. Penkerius metus gyvenau susituokusi su vyru, vardu Džekas. Visas gražiausias viltis siejau su juo. Tarsi mano gyvenimas būtų kelionė automobiliu nuleistais ratais, kurioje be vyro niekaip negalėčiau apsieiti. Man baisiausiai jo reikėjo, nors neįsivaizdavau, ką būčiau su juo veikusi, net jeigu nuo jo ir būtų priklausęs mano likimas. Sėdėjau ir tyliai verkiau, kol kažkas stuktelėjo lazdele į mažulytį gongą ir svamis pasiteiravo, ar niekas nenori ko nors paklausti. Man toptelėjo mintis pasidomėti, ar aš dar kada nors sutiksiu meilę, bet neišdrįsau.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-06 10:27:16',62,'','2010-09-06 10:30:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-06 10:27:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,348,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1567,'Rašinys \"Juzos satykis su aplinkiniu pasauliu\"','rainys-qjuzos-satykis-su-aplinkiniu-pasauliuq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogus, gamta, istorija - trys amžinosios temos, glaudžiai viena su kita susijusios ir dažnai, bent jau lietuvių literatūroje, drauge minimos. Gamta savo pavyzdžiu moko būrus didaktinėje K.Donelaičio poemoje “Metai”, A.Baranausko “Anyksčių šilelio” būtis simbolizuoja ne tik gamtos, bet ir lietuvių tautos likimą istorijos vingiuose; romantiškoji Lietuvos praeitis, nuostabiai graži Tėvynės gamta ir liaudies žmogus - pagrindinės Maironio kūrybos gijos. Jeigu gamta visada yra buvusi lietuviškų raštų herojaus paguoda, tai istorija vaizduojama įvairiai: ir skatinanti kilti prieš pavergėjus, ir priešingai, užgaidi bei klastinga. Lietuvis, besilaikantis savo papročių ir tradicijų, pasižymintis savita mąstysena ir pasaulėjauta, atėjusia dar iš pagonybės laikų, yra pasmerktas svyruoti istorijos užgaidų vėjyje. Jam palikta tik viena galimybė - šlietis prie gamtos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Romanas “ Sakmė apie Juzą “ - tai poema lietuvių valstiečiui, sukūrusiam ir išsaugojusiam pagrindines nacionalinio charakterio vertybes. Juza atrodo lyg mitų herojus, kurio gyvenimas - tai beveik ritualinis aktas, siekiantis sutaikyti žmogų su žemė ir pačiu savimi, nešantis liaudiškojo humanizmo šviesą, darbu ir ištikimybe savo kraštui paženklintą sielą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Juzos paveikslas - tipiškas lietuvio paveikslas. Jis užsidaręs, niūrus, nekalbus. Mylimajai Vinciūnei ištekėjus už kito, Juza vienas kenčia. Jis neieško kaltų, nekerštauja, nesiskundžia netgi artimiausiems: broliui Adomui ir seseriai Uršulei. Tiesiog pasitraukia, dar labiau užsisklendžia savyje. Kaip sužeistas žvėris lenda į miško tankmę, kad vienas išsilaižytų savo žaizdas, taip Juza pasitraukia į Kairabalę, kad pats neimtų guostis ir kitų paguodos žodžių neklausytų. Jis tikisi, kad vienatvė, atsiskyrimas nuo žmonių, nauji darbai ir rūpesčiai užslopins didelį širdies skausmą ir neviltį. Juzai pavyksta įsibrauti į laukinės gamtos sferą, po truputį ją užvaldyti. Gamta laikinai jį ramina, tačiau visiškai pasislėpti nuo savo jausmų, nuo išorinio pasaulio jam nepavyksta. Bet tai ir neįmanoma, nes jį lanko ne tik ilgesingi prisiminimai, brolis Adomas, bet ir aplinkinis pasaulis, kuriame, atrodo, toli, toli nuo jo Kairabalės vyksta kraupūs dalykai: žudynės, karai. Tai vyksta kitur, toli nuo Juzos pasaulio, tačiau nerekalingas ir nesuprantamas jam šis pasaulis pats reiškia savo teises - iš kiekvieno žmogaus pasiimti duoklę. Juzos namai tampa prieglobsčiu tam, kuris ujamas, kurio laikas skriausti kitus jau praėjo ar dar neatėjo. Juza, savanoriškai pasirinkęs atsiskyrėlio gyvenimą, nenorįs nieko žinoti apie visokias politikas ir plačiojo pasaulio reikalus, nenorom  įtraukiamas į to pasaulio gyvenimo verpetą. Štai keturiasdešimtaisiais Juza priglaudžia nuo Tarybų valdžios besislapstantį Stonkiuką, vėliau  žydo Konelio šeimą, karo metais - sužeistą partizaną... Priglaudžia,  nesiaiškindamas  ir  nelįsdamas į   jų reikalus, pamaitina, nes toks  jau jo  pašaukimas, o  valdžias   pakeis  ir gyvenimą  sutvarkys ir  be  jo...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-06 10:31:10',62,'','2010-09-06 10:33:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-06 10:31:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,347,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1568,'Prometėjas','prometjas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prometėjas, senovės graikų mitinis didvyris, vaizduojamas ne tik graikų, bet ir daugelio kitų pasaulio tautų poetų ar rašytojų kūryboje. Nors mitai apie jį buvo sukurti prieš keletą tūkstančių metų, dar ir dabar jie yra išlikę žmonijos atmintyje, o kai kurie šiuolaikiniai rašytojai dar bando juos parašyti savaip, naujai interpretuoti Prometėjo žygdarbius. Tai rodo, koks svarbus žmonijai net ir dabar yra šis mitinis herojus. Žinoma, tam yra pagrindo. Mituose pasakojama, kad Prometėjas sukūrė žmones, jais rūpinosi, saugojo, išmokė visko, ką ir dabar mes mokame. Jis suteikė žmogui pačius tauriausius jausmus - ištikimybę, atsidavimą, meilę. Prometėjas atidavė žmonėms didžiulį turtą - ugnį. Be ugnies kažin ar mes šiandien turėtume visa tai, ką yra sukūrusi žmonija. Senovėje mūsų protėviai ugnį naudojo būstui apšviesti, pašildyti maistui. Ugnimi jie gynėsi nuo plėšrūnų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ugnis ir protas atskyrė žmogų nuo žvėries. Galima sakyti, kad ugnis iškėlė žmogų aukščiau už kitus gyvūnus ir padarė Pasaulio valdovu. Taigi, ugnis yra labai didelis turtas. Anot graikų mitų, jį mums suteikė Prometėjas, Japeto sūnus. Tačiau už tai jam teko daug kentėti. Jį nubaudė Dzeusas, vyriausiasis dievas. Ir mituose, ir naujesniuose pasakojimuose apie Prometėją Dzeusas vaizduojamas kaip savanaudis garbėtroška. Bet jis yra galingesnis už visus dievus ir žmones. Todėl visi privalo jam paklusti, kad ir kokie neteisingi ir beprasmiai jo įsakymai būtų. Prometėjas išpranašavo Dzeusui, kad nuo sosto jį nuvers jo paties sūnus. Vyriausias dievas įsakė prikalti Prometėją prie uolos. Jis turėjo kyboti ten tol, kol tiksliai išaiškins savo pranašystę. Bet Prometėjas nepasidavė. Jis neatskleidė Dzeusui paslapties. Juk Dzeusas galėjo valdyti dar daugybę metų ir žmonės būtų turėję kęsti jo tironiją. Taigi, Prometėjas kentėjo žmonių labui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-06 10:34:59',62,'','2010-09-06 10:41:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-06 10:34:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,346,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1569,'Padavimai','padavimai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai toporiminės (vietovardžių) ar istorinės sakmės. Fantastiniai pasakojimai apie ežerų, pilių, miestų kilmę. Tai meninė Lietuvos geografija ir istorija. Senosios lietuvių atminties ir išmonės lidinys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Pagrindiniai padavimai:<br />1.    Keliaujantys  ežerai<br />2.    Milžinų pėdsakai žemėje<br />3.    velnių nepaprasti akmenys (Puntukas)<br />4.    Prasmegusios pilys, dvarai, miestai, bažnyčios, lobiai ir kt.<br />5.    Vietovardžių kilmės aiškinimas<br />6.    Statybų aukas (Biržų pilis)<br />7.    Kovas su priešais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Smulkioji tautosaka. Įvairūs tautosakiniai kūriniai kurie neturi išvystyto siužeto, melodijų ir savo apimtimi yra nedideli tekstai. Dažniausiai juos sudaro keli žodžiai, sakinys, keli sakiniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Žanrai:               <br />1.    Užkalbėjimai<br />2.    maldelės<br />3.    Prakeiksmai;gero linkėjimai<br />4.    Šūksniai(iš čia išsirutuliojo reklama)<br />5.    Pasisveikinimai<br />6.    Greitakalbės(vaikų)<br />7.    Skaičiuotės(vaikų žaidimai)<br />8.    gamtos garsų pamėgdžiojimai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-06 10:42:33',62,'','2010-09-06 10:49:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-06 10:42:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,345,'','',0,102,'robots=\nauthor='),(1570,'Henriko Radausko eilėraščio “Mergaitė pajūry” nagrinėjimas','henriko-radausko-eilraio-mergait-pajry-nagrinjimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Henrikas Radauskas - labai savitas poetas, netelpantis į įprastinius rėmus, išsiskiriantis iš visos lietuvių poetų virtinės. Saviti ir jo eilėraščiai - jie yra gerai apgalvoti, tarsi sukurti, “padaryti”. Juose nedominuoja autoriaus išgyvenimai ar emocijos, jausmai, viską stengiamasi paremti protu, intelektu bei vaizduote, daug dėmesio skiriant daiktams bei jų reikšmėms. Tai ir yra pagrindinis Henriko Radausko bruožas, išskiriantis jo kūrybą iš kitų tarpo. Ne išimtis yra ir dviejų strofų eilėraštis “Mergaitė pajūry”. Jau pačioje pirmojoje eilutėje mes sutinkame tokį būdingą Henrikui Radauskui gilinimąsi į daiktus, detales, o ne į nedalomą visumą. Mus šokiruoja “rausvos mergaitės kojos” - ne visa mergaitė, o tik jos detalė, jos kojos. Rausva kojų spalva - grožio spalva, teikianti estetinį pasigėrėjimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš pirmo žvilgsnio viskas atrodo gana paprasta - rausvos kojos nueina pajūriu. Tačiau skaitydami toliau mes matome, kad eilėraščio struktūra anaiptol nėra elementari, labai paprasta ir lengvai suvokiama. Jame yra tarsi dvi temos - viena konstatuoja įvykius, pasakoja atsitikimą, veiksmą, o kita - lyrinio “aš” tema, jo prisipažinimas, atsivėrimas. Aiškiai matosi, kad eilėraštis yra “padarytas”, kaip yra būdinga Henrikui Radauskui: pirmose dviejose kiekvienos strofos eilutėse gvildenama pirma tema, o paskutinėse dviejose - antra. Pirma tema - “rausvos mergaitės kojos”, veiksmas vyksta pajūry. Tačiau pastebime, jog kojos iš pradžių “nueina jūros krantu” o po to “eina tarp kriauklių, žolelių”. Tai akivaizdus distancijos neatitikimas laiko atžvilgiu - jos jau nuėjo, nutolo, ir staiga jos vėl čia pat, vėl eina. Tai verčia daryti išvadą, jog pasakojama ne apie veiksmą, ne apie tikrovėje vykstantį reiškinį, o apie kažką statiško, nekintamo. Kadangi Henriko Radausko kūryba siejasi su kultūros, meno vaizdais, tuomet pirmoji tema gali būti užfiksuota paveiksle arba vaizduotėje, o ne natūroje. Šiuo atveju viskas sutampa - kojos gali tuo pat metu ir nueiti, ir būti čia pat, “mindyti baltas putas”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sugrįžkime į dvi paskutines pirmosios strofos eilutes, antrosios temos pradžią. Čia mes sutinkame lyrinį “aš”, jo prisistatymą, kuris iš pradžios, kaip būdinga daugelyje eilėraščių, yra nukeltas į pirmosios strofos vidurį, tarsi ne toks svarbus, antrarūšis. Šis veiksmas vyksta neapibrėžtoje laiko erdvėje - “tiek naktų”, taip pat ne realybėje - “mano sapnas”. Su pirmąja tema lyrinio “aš” atsivėrimą, prisipažinimą jungia tas pats objektas - “kojos”, apie kurias šnekama abiejose temose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-06 10:49:41',62,'','2010-09-06 10:51:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-06 10:49:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,344,'','',0,68,'robots=\nauthor='),(1571,'Maironio \"Trakų pilis\" analizė','maironio-qtrak-pilisq-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Trakų pilies” žanras - eilėraštis. Tai vienas žinomiausių Maironio eilėraščių. Šiame kūrinyje aktuali laiko tema. Pasak autoriaus laikas yra viską griaunantis ir naikinantis. Eilėraščio nuotaika gana liūdna, nes kalbama apie laiko sugriautą pilį. Eilėraštį sudaro penki šešiaeiliai posmai. Jie vientisos, išbaigtos struktūros (posmo pabaiga sutampa su sakinio). Eilėraščio rimas – kryžminis (ababcc). Kiekvieno posmo paskutinės dvi eilutės apibendrina posmą, padaroma išvada.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmųjų dviejų posmu pagrindinė opozocija yra – aukštai, žemai. Laikas teka į dabartį, žemai. Aukštai (praeitis), pilis – garbinga, aukšta, valdovai – aukštūs, milžinai; žemai (dabartis), pilis – pelėsiai, kerpės nuvirsta žemyn, griūvančios sienos, valdovai – užmigdė kapai. Tai kas didinga, garbinga priklauso praeičiai. Apie ją kalbama pakiliai, oratoriškai, iškilmingais žodžiais. Dabarties ženklas – kapai. Pamažu eilėraštyje ryškėja praeities – dabarties opozicija. Posmo intonacija banguojanti. Išplėtoto audringo ežero vaizdas sustiprina laiko tėkmės motyvą. Jį akcentuoja paskutinės apibendrinančios eilutės (amžiai bėga, bėga dienos), kalbama objektyviai, lyrinis “aš” neatsiveria. Tik antro posmo pabaigoje užsiminta, kad griūvančios sienos “griaudina” jautrią širdį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Trečiame posme kuriama dialogo situacija. Adresatas – pilis. Adresantas kalba “mes” vardu. Posmą sudaro retoriniai sušukimai. Jaučiamos įsisiūbuojančios emocijos. Tokį įspūdį palieka sintaksinis lygmuo – vien retoriniai sušukimai ir klausimai. Tiksliau įvardijamas praeities laikas – “Vytauto didžio” amžius. Epitetai – garsi, brangi pabrėžia praėjusių laikų didybę, “aukštumą”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-06 10:52:18',62,'','2010-09-06 10:54:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-06 10:52:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,343,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(1572,'Senovės lietuvių mitologija','senovs-lietuvi-mitologija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Senoji lietuvių mitologija, religija yra vienas seniausių žmonijos dvasinės kūrybos reiškinių. Žmogaus prigimtyje užkoduota fantazija pakelia virš realybės ir suteikia neribotą laisvę. Tautosaka kuriama kasdienine kalba, kuri yra tautinės atminties liudijimas. Todėl  joje labai gausu mitologijos, išlikusios nuo senų senovės. Ypač daug senojo, pagoniškojo lietuvių tikėjimo yra mitologinėse sakmėse ir stebuklinėse pasakose. Tautosakai būdingas fantastinis pasaulio suvokimas, daug mitologijos ženklų: minimos laumės, velniai, aitvarai, dažnai kartojasi magiški skaičiai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Turbūt dažniausiai tautosakoje minimas velnias. Sakmėse jis talkina dievui, kuriant pasaulį, o pasakose jis yra neatskiriamas žmogaus palydovas. Žmogus pasakose dažnai sudaro su juo sutartį, pasirašydamas krauju. Tačiau velnias dažniausiai lieka kvailio vietoje. Jis lengvai pasiduoda žmogaus valiai ir leidžiasi apgaunamas. Kartais jis nudirba už žmogų įvairiausius darbus, kartais neturtingą padaro turtuoliu. Jis nepastebi, kad žmogus jį apgaudinėja, ir klauso jo nurodymų. Tai išaukština žmogaus išmintį ir sumenkina patį velnią. Senovės lietuviai buvo įsitikinę, kad velnias gali padėti žmogui, jei tik su juo bus tinkamai elgiamasi. Reikia veikti ne jėga, bet protu. Gudrus valstietis visada nugali velnią. Kartais nelabajam pažadamas atpildas už darbą, naudingą žmogui, arba už išgelbėjimą nuo nelaimės. Bet dažniausiai jis tiesiog apgaunamas, įsipainioja savo paties pinklėse arba nesugeba įveikti išbandymo, skirto žmogui, kuris nori išsipirkti savo sielą. Tada velnias priverstas gėdingai pasitraukti ir atlyginti žmogui už padarytą skriaudą. Dažniausiai, pats to nenorėdamas, jis yra naudingas žmogui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tačiau velnias niekada nebūna žmogaus draugas. Jis visada stengiasi padaryti ką nors bloga, pakenkti. To reikalauja jo prigimtis. Kartais jis žmogui padeda, bet tai daro tik savanaudiškai, tikėdamasis gero atpildo. Tačiau žmogus taipogi nepėsčias. Jis visada stengiasi iš velnio išpešti kuo daugiau naudos. Nors velnias yra antgamtinė būtybė, žmogus jo nebijo. Lietuvis visada elgiasi šaltakraujiškai. Taip yra todėl, kad pagonys lietuviai velnio nebijojo, nelaikė jo ypatingai baisia ir žiauria antgamtine būtybe. Jis gyveno raistuose, pelkėse ir patyliukais kenkė žmonėms, krėtė įvairiausias šunybes. O pragariškojo, demoniškojo velnio, tempiančio sielas į pragarą, įvaizdis atsirado tik krikščionybės laikais. Tačiau net ir tada krikščioniškasis velnias susijungė su pagoniškuoju ir netapo tokiu visagaliu žiauriu demonu, kurio žmogus neįstengtų nugalėti. Pasakose ir sakmėse liko išaukštintas žmogaus protas ir pažemintas velnias.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-06 10:54:41',62,'','2010-09-06 10:56:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-06 10:54:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,342,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1573,'Renesansas lietuvių literatūroje (pirmosios lietuviškos knygos ir jų autoriai)','renesansas-lietuvi-literatroje-pirmosios-lietuvikos-knygos-ir-j-autoriai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">XVI a. pradžioje Lietuvoje ėmė sklisti Renesanso (atgimimo) ir Humanizmo (žmoniškumo) idėjos, einančios iš V. Europos. Atgimė mokslas ir menas, stiprėjo pasaulietinė mintis. Humanistai aukštino ne tik Dievą, bet atsigręžė ir į žmogų, atgaivino antikines kultūros studijas. Tuo metu prasidėjusi Reformacija (arba Protestantizmas) ėmė savaip pertvarkinėti katalikų bažnyčią, kritikuoti popiežių. Europoje XV a. buvo išrasta spauda. Visa tai pažadino Lietuvoje tautinės kultūros poreikį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šis laikotarpis pasižymėjo reformacijos judėjimo pakilimu ir katalikų reakcijos siautėjimu. Šiame laikotarpyje Lietuvoje greta toliau besivystančių pasaulietinio turinio raštų rusų, lotynų ir lenkų kalbomis (metraščių sąvadų, teisynų, istorinio pobūdžio veikalų ir kt.) pradėjo žymiai sparčiau vystytis ir raštija lietuvių kalba, daugiausia religinio turinio (katekizmai, pamokslų rinkiniai ir kt.), pasirodė pirmieji kalbinio pobūdžio veikalai (žodynai), ėmė formuotis literatūrinė lietuvių kalba. Prie religinio turinio, daugiausia verstinių, veikalų pridėtose prakalbose, eiliuotose dedikacijose, o taip pat panegerikose bei sveikinimuose ir kai kuriose giesmėse jau pasireiškė pirmosios pasaulietinio turinio literatūros užuomazgos lietuvių kalba. Lietuvių raštija šiuo metu toliau vystėsi ir kaimyninėje Rytų Prūsijoje, tuo metu gausiai gyvenamoje lietuvių; čia buvo atliktas pirmasis biblijos vertimas į lietuvių kalbą, leidžiami giesmynai, rašomos pirmosios lietuvių kalbos gramatikos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">XVI a. Lietuvos šviesuomenės sluoksniuose paplito lotynų k. Jau viduramžiais ji vartojama tarptautiniams ryšiams (Gedimino laiškai), bažnyčioje, universitetuose, jos buvo mokomasi mokyklose. Ypač pamėgo lotynų k. humanistai, su didžiuliu susidomėjimu studijavę Senovės Romos kultūrą. Humanistu galėjo vadintis tik tas, kuris gerai mokėjo lotynų k. XVI - XVIII a. lotyniškai buvo rašomi grožiniai kūriniai, istorijos knygos, publicistiniai, opiems gyvenimo klausimams skirti traktatai. Tie lotyniški raštai - Lietuvos kultūros lobis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 07:40:34',62,'','2010-09-07 07:53:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 07:40:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,341,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1574,'Sofoklis \'Oidipas karalius\"','sofoklis-oidipas-karaliusq','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">OIDIPAS<br />Vaikai, senolio Kadmo jaunos atžalos!<br />Ko sėdite liūdni aplink šiuos aukurus,<br />Alyvom apsikaišę kaip maldautojai?<br />O miestas skęsta dūmuos degančių aukų<br />Ir šventos giesmės maišos su vaitojimais.<br />Aš nenorėjau nieko kito siųst, vaikai,<br />Kad man praneštų, kas yra, ir išėjau<br />Štai pats, visų garbingu šaukiamas Oidipas.<br />Todėl prabilki, seni, tavo priedermė<br />Kalbėti už vaikus. Su kuo atėjote:<br />Su baime ar su viltimis? Norėčiau jums<br />Padėt visokiam reikale. Beširdis būčiau,<br />Jei neatjausčiau jūsų, čia susėdusių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">DZEUSO ŽYNYS<br />Oidipai didis, mūsų krašto viešpatie!<br />Pažvelki, kokio amžiaus susirinkom čia,<br />Prie tavo aukurų: vaikai, dar nepajėgūs<br />Toliau paskrist, ir metų prislėgti žyniai<br />(Aš Dzeuso tarnas), ir jaunuomenės žiedai<br />Rinktiniai. Minios su alyvų šakomis<br />Apsėdę ir Paladės šventyklas abi,<br />Ir ant Ismeno kranto pelenus šventus.<br />Juk miestas, kaip tu pats matai, jau baigia skęsti,<br />Taip baisiai blaškomas, nelaimių mariose,<br />Negali atsispirt prieš kruvinas bangas,<br />Kurios atšniokštę jį užliejo virš galvos.<br />Nemezgę žiedo, džiūsta žemėj pumpurai,<br />Galvijai krinta lankose ir moterys<br />Negyvą gimdo vaisių, o ugningas dievas,<br />Beširdis maras, miestą baigia verst kapais.<br />Per jį tuštėja Kadmo giminės namai,<br />Ir juodas Hadas lobsta iš vaitojimų.<br />Ne dievas tu, ne kaip pas dievą atėjau<br />Prie tavo židinio su šiais vaikais maldauti.<br />Bet iš žmonių mes pirmu laikome tave<br />Ir kasdienos varguos, ir kai dievai mus plaka.<br />Juk tu į Kadmo miestą tuosyk vos atėjęs<br />Išvadavai nuo duoklės, kur ilgai mokėjom<br />Nuožmiai viliūgei Sfingei, mįslę menančiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 07:53:50',62,'','2010-09-07 07:58:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 07:53:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,340,'','',0,66,'robots=\nauthor='),(1575,'Howard Phillips Lovecraft “Azathoth“','howard-phillips-lovecraft-azathoth','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kai amžiai užgulė pasaulio pečius, ir nuostaba pasitraukė iš žmonių protų, kai pilki miestai stiebėsi apdūmojusio dangaus link savo aukštais, niūriais ir bjauriais bokštais, kurių šešėliuose niekas net svajoti nesvajodavo apie saulę ar žydinčias pavasario pievas, kai mokslo žinios nuplėšė nuo Žemės grožio skraistę, ir poetai jau nebedainavo apie keistus vaiduoklius blausiomis, save tyrinėjančiomis akimis; kai visi šie dalykai atsidūrė praeityje, ir vaikiškos viltys pradingo visiems laikams, buvo vienas žmogus, kuris paliko gyvenimą ir iškeliavo į erdves, paskui pasaulio svajones.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mažai kas žinoma apie šio žmogaus vardą ir būstą, nes jie priklausė tik realiajam pasauliui. Žinoma tik, kad nei vienas, nei kitas nebuvo išskirtiniai. Pakanka pasakyti, kad gyveno jis mieste, kur viešpatavo bedvasė prieblanda, kad visą dieną triūsdavo šešėliuose bei sumaištyje ir grįždavo kas vakarą namo į kambarį, kurio vienintelis langas atsiverdavo ne į atvirus laukus ir giraites, bet į blausų kiemą, kur lygiai taip pat apatiškai ir beviltiškai žvelgė kiti langai. Pravėrus langines matėsi tik sienos bei langai, ir tik smarkiai persisvėrus galima buvo stebėti mažas, pro šalį slenkančias žvaigždes. Ir kadangi vien sienų ir langų vaizdas gali greitai išvaryti žmogų, kuris daug svajoja ir skaito, iš proto, to kambario gyventojas kas naktį persisverdavo per langą ir žvelgdavo aukštyn, kad pajustų nors menką dalelę to, kas buvo už realaus pasaulio ir aukštų miestų. Metai po metų jis ėmė vadinti lėtai plaukiančias žvaigždes vardais ir susižavėjusiu žvilgsniu sekdavo, kol, jo nelaimei, jos pasislėpdavo nuo jo akių. Ir galiausiai jo regėjimą užliejo daugybė paslaptingų vizijų, apie kurių egzistavimą neįtarė nė vienos žemiškos akys. Ir vieną naktį atsivėrė galingas verpetas, ir svajų dangus plūstelėjo vienišo stebėtojo lango link, susimaišė su tvankiu jo kambario oru, ir įtraukė jį į savo pasakišką stebuklą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 08:00:11',62,'','2010-09-07 08:02:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 08:00:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,339,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1576,'Petro Sabaliūno paveikslas','petro-sabalino-paveikslas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jono Biliūno pasakojime „Ubagas“ pavaizduotos labai svarbios ir šiuolaikiniam pasauliui būdingos problemos. Pagrindinis kūrinio veikėjas – Petras Sabaliūnas, savo išgyvenimais ir rūpesčiais panašus į daugelį iš mūsų senos kartos žmonių. Petras Sabaliūnas – žilas, geros širdies senelis, kaip ir daugelis senų žmonių, turintis savo pomėgį – bites. Jos jam padeda tvirčiau žengti gyvenimo keliu ir įveikti gyvenimo sunkumus. Savo praeityje turėjęs jaukų bustą ir gražią šeimyną, vieną dieną Sabaliūnas suvokia, kad viską prarado. Atidavęs meilę, rūpestį, švelnumą savo vaikams, jis supranta labai skaudžia tiesą, kad pasenęs ir ligotas jis tampa niekam nereikalingu, net savo paties vaikams. Ir atrodo tik vienintelės bitės ilgisi jo šilumos ir supranta jo skausmą. Suprasdamas, kad savo namuose laikomas nepageidaujamu, ir nenorėdamas būti našta, Petras Sabaliūnas išeina laimės ieškoti svetur.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sabaliūnui nelengva susitaikyti su ubago dalia, nelengva prašyti žmonių pagalbos ir sau pačiam pripažinti, kad jam jos iš tikrųjų labai reikia. Tačiau jis neturi kitos išeities, kaip tik prašyti išmaldos. Senukas – nepaprastas ubagas. Jis netoks kaip kiti ubagai, jis kalba apie savo skausmą atvirai, neapsimesdamas ir nevaizduodamas nelaimėlio. Jo ašaros tyros, tekančios iš širdies gilumų, o senuko žodžiai – nuoširdūs. Pirmą kartą apsilankęs svečiuose namuose, Sabaliūnas supranta, kad ubago dalia nėra jau tokia lengva, kaip jis manė. Jo akyse pasirodo ašaros. Gal iš gėdos ar iš skausmo senukas slepia savo akis, kuriose slypintis skausmas ir neviltis užgožia jo laimę, gyvenimo prasmę bei džiaugsmą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaitydami šį kūrinį mes galime pamatyti, kokie kartais žiaurūs mes galime būti savo tėvams, ir kokie kartais atlaidūs tėvai gali būti savo vaikams. Juk ir kiek skausmo Sabaliūnui suteikė jo sūnus, jis vistiek nelaiko pykčio savo širdyje, o kaip tik savo pasąmonėje bando jį pateisinti. Iš šio kūrinio mes galime daug ko pasimokyti ir nedaryti tų pačių klaidų, kurias padarė senuko sūnus, ir kurias net šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje dažnai kartojame mes patys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 08:03:19',62,'','2010-09-07 08:05:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 08:03:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,338,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1577,'Lietuvių literatūros interpretacijų įžangos','lietuvi-literatros-interpretacij-angos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">B. Radzevičius yra iškiliausias penktojo dešimtmečio kartos rašytojas. Suėmęs tradicinius epopėjinius romano elementus (gausūs aprašymai, dienoraščių citatos), B. Radzevičiaus kūrinys juda į vieną magnetinį centrą – kaip kaimo aplinkoje, kolektyviniame žmonių buvime, nuo pat kūdikystės dienų formuojasi būsimo literato asmenybė, jo pažinimo resursai, pojūčiai jautrumas, vertybių nuovoka, perskaitytų knygų atverti horizontai , noras pačiam prabilti. Herojus siekia pajusti save kaip tėvynės, gimtinės, giminės žmogų ir kaip autonomišką asmenybę, laisvą kūrėją. Romano „Priešaušrio vieškeliai“ pasakojimo būdas artimas eseistikai: tai lyrinė refleksija ir intelektuali analizė. O novelėse atsiskleidžia sudvasintas tikrovės paveikslas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kazys Bradūnas – ryškiausias žemininkų ideologijos poetas. Jis išleido nemažai lyrikos rinkinių: „Vilniaus varpai“, „Pėdos arimuose“, „Svetimoji duona“, „Maras“ , „Apeigos“ ir kitus, jiems būdingas gimtosios žemės svarbumas. K. Bradūnui labai svarbi jo gimtinės Lietuvos, ateitis, istorija, jis yra žemės, kultūros ir istorijos poetas. K. Bradūno kūrybai didelę reikšmę turėjo K. Donelaitis, M. K. Čiurlionis. Visos K. Bradūno kūrybos pagrindinė tema – gyvenimas svetimoje žemėje, toli nuo tėvynės, nuo namų. Žemės ilgesys poeto kūryboje poetizuojamas. Šiame eilėraštyje, kaip ir daugelyje kitų, labai svarbi žemės tema. Čia tėvynės žemė yra viskas, be jos neverta gyventi, o jei gyveni, tai tik egzistuoji.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vincas Mykolaitis – Putinas buvo pirmas ryškus intelektualinės – filosofinės lyrikos kūrėjas lietuvių literatūroje. Jis yra išbandęs visas literatūros rūšis ir pagrindinius žanrus. Lyrika ir romanas „Altorių šešėly“ yra V. M. Putino viršukalnė. V. M. Putino kūryboje buvo trys lyrikos periodai ankstyvasis (jaučiama Maironio įtaka, turtingų emocinių išgyvenimų skalė, gamtos vaizdai, kaip nuoroda į žmogaus sielą, vidinį pasaulį) , simbolistinis (poetas atsigręžia į regimąjį pasaulį, fiksuoja išorinę jų įvairovę, tačiau vaizduoja simboliais) ir brandusis (svarbiausias dėmesys žmogaus sielos dramatizmui, sprendžiamos būties problemos).  Jo kūrybos pasaulio žmogus dažnai atsiduria proto ir jausmų susikirtimo kryžkelėje, išgyvena dvasines abejones, patiria vidinius konfliktus, nes nori rasti tiesą ir likti „ištikimas žmogui ir sau pačiam“.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 08:06:23',62,'','2010-09-07 08:08:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 08:06:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,337,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1578,'Lopšinė žodžiui ir kalbai Just. Marcinkevičiaus kūryboje','lopin-odiui-ir-kalbai-just-marcinkeviiaus-kryboje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lopšinė... Kas tai yra? Visi žinome, kad lopšinė - tai daina, kupina meilės ir švelnumo. Ji skirta kūdikiui. Pirmąjį kartą išgirstame lopšinę iš motinos lūpų. Tai kas yra lopšinė  šiuo atveju? Ar tai tik metafora? Vis dėlto tai yra lopšinė,tik ją dainuoja ne motina kūdikiui. Just. Marcinkevičius dainuoja lopšinę ne vaikui, o gimtajai kalbai. Jis tik tęsia kitų pradėtą  tradiciją. Kas pradėjo šią seną ir gražią tradiciją sunku pasakyti. Labai gražia lopšinę kalbai yra sukūręs aušrininkas A.Vištelis-Lietuvis \"Lietuviška kalba\".</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaip Just.Marcinkevičius parodo meilę mūsų kalbai ir žodžiui? Jog jam svarbiausia gimtoji kalba rodo tai, kad daugelis jo kūrinių yra skirti būtent kalbai. \" Dienoraštyje be datų\" poetas galvoja ir mąsto apie kalbą, primena jau visiems žinomą tiesą,jog kalba - svarbiausias tautos požymis,tai ji yra tautiškumo formuotoja ir palaikytoja. Just. Marcinkevičius apie kalbą mąsto ir filologiškai, ir filosofiškai. Juk žmogus, jo egzistavimas, poezija ir kalba - visa tai be galo glaudžiai ir tampriai susiję. Jie lyg vienas kita paaiškina ir papildo. Šiame kūrinyje kalbos samprata yra vientisa ir originali. Skaitant \"Dienoraštį be datų\" juntamas žodžio ribotumas, bejėgiškumas: “Žmogus mąsto ir jaučia kur kas daugiau, negu jis moka ir gali pasakyti.”  Tačiau šiuo atveju žodžio ribotumas, tai nėra kaltinimas kalbai. Anaiptol, ribotumas yra todėl, kad žmogus dar nesubrendęs iki tokio lygio, kad galėtų laisvai reikšti savo mintis žodžiais. Kai jis bus pajėgus tai išsakyti ne tik jausmais, tada atsiras ir žodis. Kalba mums atskleidžia daugiausia žmogaus ir pasaulio paslapčių: “Nei garsu, nei spalva nepasakysi tiek daug, kiek žodžiu”. Juk poetinio žodžio daugiareikšmiškumas ir įvairiaspalviškumas kyla iš mūsų kasdieninės kalbos. Just. Marcinkevičiaus kalboje gausu nebūtų žodžių,ar jų reikšmių. Gausybė kalbiškai nesuderinamų žodžių junginių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 08:09:15',62,'','2010-09-07 08:19:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 08:09:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,336,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1579,'Teksto analizė ir interpretacija: Maironis “Mano moksladraugiams’','teksto-analiz-ir-interpretacija-maironis-mano-moksladraugiams','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ištarus Maironio vardą, dažnam iškyla didingo ir rūstaus tėvynės dainiaus paveikslas. Daug rečiau jis prisimenamas kaip asmenines lyrikos poetas. Ir tik labai retai šis žmogus minimas, kalbant apie satyras. Maironio kūrinys “Mano moksladraugiams” – satyra, turinti daug asmeniškumų. Ja poetas išsako savo požiūrį į buvusius draugus. Kūrinyje kalbama pirmuoju asmeniu, tuo poetas išreiškia lutinio “aš’ skausmą, nepasitenkinimą. Vadina draugus ‘gudriais”. Tai labai pašiepiantis epitetas. Eilėraščio žmogus niekina jų išėjimą “į žmones’. Jeigu suprantate Maironio žodžius tiesiogiai, tikriausiai būtų smagu, jog žmonės sugebėjo suprasti žemės išmintį. Tai yra neatsitikimas. Juk visas išminties niekas negali suvokti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paskutinieji eilėraščio žmogaus sakiniai šaukiamieji. Jis niekina žmones, kurie prarado svajonę, tikėjimą. Posakis \"vėjo gaudymas\" – jau tapęs frazeologizmu, reiškiančiu neįgyvendinimų tikslų siekimą. Svarbu ir tai, jog vėją gaudome stovėdami ant žemės, o eilėraščio žmogaus draugai jau žiūri iš aukštybių. Jie nebe žmones, galbūt menki pusdieviai... Pirmajame posme jaučiamas dinaminis vaizdo kitimas. Tai išreiškiama veiksmažodžiais. Pradžioje monomas ėjimas, vėliau aktyvus judėjimas – gaudymas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antras posmas – žvilgsnis atgal gėrėjimasis tuo, kas buvo . Tai ypač būdinga romantikui Maironiui. Dar vienas romantizmo bruožas – tėvynės prisiminimas, jos išaukštinimas. Tėvynė – svarbiausia idėja. Žmonės vainikuoja savo darbus, dainuodami Lietuvą. Gražus šis šalies suabsoliutinimas: dainuoja ne apie Lietuvą, bet ją pačią. Tai nurodo glaudų žmonių ir tėvynės ryšį. \"Gerklių džiūvimas\" dainuojant sako, koks stiprus, ilgas, ypatingas šis procesas. Jo pasekmė išsiskiria dvi sritys – dvasiškoji ir materialioji. Dvasiškoji atstovauja krotinė (atraminis romantikų žodis), o materialioji – gerklė.  Pabrėžiama, jog tuo laiku, kai visi draugai tikėjo tik dvasiniais dalykais, nepaisė “gerklės džiūvimo”. Manau, jog antrajame posme nėra ironijos; tai tiesiog žvilgsnis atgal.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 08:19:38',62,'','2010-09-07 08:26:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 08:19:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,335,'','',0,167,'robots=\nauthor='),(1580,'V. Mačernis \"Antrosios\" vizijos analizė','v-maernis-qantrosiosq-vizijos-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">V. Mačernis – žemaitis, didžiavęsis savo sena žemdirbių gimine, retos, itin jautrios prigimties poetas. Tai žemininkas, likęs savo žemėje. Negausi poeto kūryba, bet įvairi ir turiniu, ir formomis, ir žanrais. Likimas anksti nutraukė jo gyvenimo siūlą ir užbaigtas teliko vienintelis kūrinys – „Vizijos“. Vizijos – tai ypatingi dvasios regėjimai. Menine kalba išsakytose V. Mačernio „Vizijose“ ypač svarbus regimasis pradas. Tą iškart jaučiame „Antrojoje“ vizijoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmoji eilutė – svarbi lyrinio subjekto išvada, teiginys: „Žinau, kad žemėje yra vieni namai“. Tai ir yra pagrindinė šios vizijos tema. Kūrinio laikas paslaptingas ir mistiškas, tačiau viltingas: „ateina rytas nuostabus“. Paskutinės dvi posmo eilutės pateikia kaimo sodybos vaizdą. Tą ypač išryškina akustiniai vaizdai ir juos atliekantys objektai: „gieda gaidžiai“, „ūkininko žingsniai aidi“. Prieveiksmiai „ilgesingai“ ir pasikartojantys „ten“ kuria jaukios namų aplinkos atmosferą. Žodelis „ten“ lyg atskiria lyrinį subjektą nuo šių namų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tačiau kuriama namų vizija jaudina lyrinį subjektą ir jis pats įsilieja į vizijos kuriamą tikrovę: „Pasilenkiu prie žemės ir stebiu“. Tai ne tik pasyvus stebėjimas, lyrinio subjekto būsena euforinė: „apsvaigsta man galva“. Kvapai ir regimi vaizdai užvaldo jį. Lyrinio subjekto pasaulėjautą atskleidžia antro posmo paskutinėse eilutėse atsiradusi prišprieša: teigiama kaimiškoji namų erdvė, neigiama miesto (pasaulio) erdvė. Tai parodo detalės, o ypač jose esantys epitetai: „rugiai šviesių spalvų“ ir „triukšmo gatvių purvinų“.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Trečiajame posme vizija vėl kuriama žvelgiant iš lyrinio subjekto pozicijos: „Įsiklausau“. Dominuoja akustiniai vaizdai: „Saldus traliavimas atklysta į mane“. Jie susilieja su įprastu kaimo reginiu: „piemuo tarp pirštų meldą laiko“. Lyrinio subjekto prisiminimais paremta vizija realistinė ir labai jį jaudinanti: „Aš laimės svaiguly jaučiu“. Aiškėja ir ką jaučia lyrinis subjektas. Ši paprasta, negudri melodija – tai lyg protėvių, praeities kartų palikimas, tai brangi ir saugotina vertybė. Dabar keičiasi ir žvilgsnis į tikrovės erdvę. Lyrinis subjektas regi šviesią gimtinės žemę, bundančią iš miego naujai dienai. Praskaidrėja ir nuotaika: „Išeina kažin kur nakties tamsa,/ Ir kelias su miglom jos liūdesys sunkus“.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 08:26:55',62,'','2010-09-07 08:30:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 08:26:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,334,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1581,'Viktoras Hugo \"Paryžiaus Katedra\"','viktoras-hugo-qparyiaus-katedraq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Viktoras Hugo romane “Paryžiaus Katedra” vaizduoja gyvenimą viduramžių Paryžiuje, jo sunkumus ir, šių laikų žmogaus požiūriu, gana niūrią realybę. Jis sukuria ištisą pasaulį, atskleisdamas pagrindinius gyvenimo principus per romano veikėjus. Norėdamas dar labiau paryškinti didžiausias vertybes, V.Hugo visus personažus kuria kontrasto principu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Turbūt kontrastingiausias yra Kvazimodas - Katedros varpininkas. Autorius nupiešia labai aiškų išorinį jo paveikslą.Jis vaizduojamas bjaurus, išsigimęs. Visi miestiečiai juo bjaurisi. Kvazimodas yra kuprotas, šlubas, kurčias, mato tik viena akimi. Jis buvo paliktas Katedroje ant pamestinukų gulto. Žmonės, pamatę kūdikį, stebėjosi ir baisėjosi juo. Niekas nenorėjo jo įvaikinti, o kai kurie manė, kad tai velnio vaikas, ir siūlė jį sudeginti. Kvazimodo laimė, jo pagailėjo Klodas Frolo - būsimasis archidiakonas. Jis įsūnijo vaiką. Tačiau, net ir užaugęs, Kvazimodas visur ir visada juto žmonių panieką, baimę, netgi pyktį. Dauguma netgi nelaikė jo tikru, pilnaverčiu žmogumi. Net ir Frolo davė jam vardą, reiškiantį “lyg ir”, “beveik”. Tuo jis tarsi norėjo pasakyti, kad “vienakis, kuprius, šleivys Kvazimodas tebuvo lyg ir žmogus”. Kvazimodo išvaizda tapo tarsi barjeru, užtvėrusiu jam kelią į normalų gyvenimą, neleidžiančiu bendrauti su kitais žmonėmis, atstumiančiu visus aplinkinius. Tačiau viduje varpininkas yra visiškai kitoks. Jo vidinis grožis nustelbia išorinį bjaurumą. Kvazimodo siela tarsi įrodo, kad jis taip pat yra žmogus. Tai patvirtina ašara, išriedėjusi, kai čigonė Esmeralda jam, stovinčiam prie gėdos stulpo, davė atsigerti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vėliau Kvazimodas išgelbsti nuo kartuvių Esmeraldą ir sako, kad tai padarė iš dėkingumo. Tačiau iš tikrųjų yra šis tas daugiau. Jis pamilsta čigonę. Bet jis neleidžia sau jos mylėti, suprasdamas, kad dėl jo išvaizdos Esmeralda niekada negalės pajusti jam to paties. Todėl Kvazimodas stengiasi ilgai nebūti su ja , nenorėdamas, kad jai tektų į jį žiūrėti ir bjaurėtis ar bijoti. Tačiau jis rūpinasi ja, negailėdamas savęs. Valkatoms užpuolus Katedrą, Kvazimodas, manydamas, kad jie nori Esmeraldą pakarti, kovoja dėl jos gyvybės, visiškai negalvodamas apie savąją. Tačiau galų gale čigonė vis tiek nužudoma. Jos kūnas nunešamas į Monfokono rūsį, ten, kur laidojami visi pakarti nusikaltėliai. Kvazimodas, neturėdamas tikslo ir negalėdamas toliau gyventi, miršta ten pat, ją apkabinęs.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 08:31:01',62,'','2010-09-07 08:33:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 08:31:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,333,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(1582,'Richard Bach \"Iliuzijos\"','richard-bach-qiliuzijosq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išleidus \"Džonataną Žuvėdrą\", ne kartą girdėjau klausimą: \"Ką jūs ketinate rašyti toliau, Ričardai? Po \"Džonatano\", ką?\" Atsakydavau, kad toliau nieko neprivalau rašyti nė žodžio ir kad visos mano knygos kartu pasakė viską, ką norėjau pasakyti. Kurį laiką badmiriavus, vėl atgavus automobilį ir patyrus kitų tokių dalykų, smagu, kai nebereikia dirbti iki išnaktų. Vis dėlto kone kiekvieną vasarą skrisdamas savo senučiu biplanu i žalias Vidurio Vakarų Amerikos pievų jūras, skraidindamas keleivius po tris dolerius už išvyką, vėl ėmiau jausti pažįstamą įtampą: kažką dar turėjau pasakyti - ir nepasakiau.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Man visiškai nepatinka rašyti. Jei galiu nusigręžti nuo minties, slypinčios kažkur tamsoje, jei galiu išsisukti ir neatverti jai durų, aš net nesiekiu pieštuko. Bet kartais priekinė siena neišlaiko ir triukšmingai griūva viską aplink nusėdama stiklo ir plytų šukėmis, ir kažkas prisėlina per griuvėsius, stveria mane už gerklės ir švelniai sako: \"Tol tavęs nepaleisiu, kol neišklosi manęs žodžiais popieriuje\". Štai taip susitikau su \"Iliuzijomis\". Net ten, Vidurio vakaruose, gulėdamas ant nugaros ir bandydamas išsklaidyti debesis, niekaip negalėjau išmesti iš galvos tos istorijos... Kas būtų, jeigu ateitų koks nors tikras šio dalyko meistras, kuris galėtų man išaiškinti, kaip veikia pasaulis, ir išmokyti, kaip jį valdyti? Kas būtų, jei į mūsų laiką ateitų, tarkim Sidharta arba Jėzus, turįs galią pasaulio iliuzijoms, nes žino, kokią tikrovę jos slepia? Ir kas tada, jei susitikčiau su juo asmeniškai, jei jis skraidintų biplaną ir nutūptų su manimi į tą pačią pievą? Ką jis pasakytų, kaip atrodytų?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gal jis ir nebūtų panašus į mesiją iš mano tepaluotų, žole suteptų dienoraščio puslapių, gal ir nesakytų nieko, kas dėstoma šioje knygoje. Bet, kita vertus, pavyzdžiui, mano mesijas kalbėjo, kad į savo gyvenimą mes prisišaukiame tai, ką turime mintyse; ir jei tai tiesa, tai turi būti kokia nors priežastis, kodėl aš atsidūriau čia šiuo momentu; ir jūs - taip pat. Galbūt jūs neatsitiktinai laikote šią knygą? Galbūt šiuose nuotykiuose yra kažkas, ko prisiminti čia atėjote? Man patinka taip manyti. Ir man patinka manyti, kad mano mesijas, įsitaisęs kažkuriame matavime, visai neišgalvotas, stebi mus abu ir juokiasi patenkintas, kad viskas vyksta lygiai taip, kaip mes sumanėme.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 08:34:15',62,'','2010-09-07 08:38:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 08:34:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,332,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1583,'Lietuva Prospero Merimee novelėje \"Lokys\"','lietuva-prospero-merimee-novelje-qlokysq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Lokys” (“Lokis”) – paskutinioji Prospero Merimee novelė, išspausdinta autoriui dar esant gyvam – 1869 metų rugsėjo 15 dieną žurnale Revue des Deux Mondes. Ji sumanyta 1867 metų pavasarį. Imperatorienės Eugenijos, Napaleono III žmonos, salone buvo mėgstama balsu skaityti baisias istorijas. Laiške savo artimai draugei Jenny Dacquin (1868, rugsėjo 2) jis aptaria novelės turinį, aiškiai jį parodijuojamas: veiksmas vyksta Lietuvoje – šalyje, kurią jūs gerai pažįstate. Ten kalbama beveik grynu sanskritu. Vienai įžymiai tos šalies damai medžiojant atsitinka nelaimė – ją sučiupęs nusineša beširdis lokys, ir dėl to ji išeina iš proto; bet vis dėlto ji pagimdo puikaus sudėjimo berniuką, kuris išauga į žavų vyriškį – tik jį kamuoja juodos mintys ir keisti nesuprantami įgeidžiai. Jis veda ir pirmąją vestuvių naktį suėda savo žmoną visai žalią.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Novelės veiksmas vyksta Lietuvoje-tolimame ir gūdžiame Europos užkampyje. Merimee novelėje Lietuvos vizija iškyla dviejų regėjimo taškų sankirtoje. Tai, kas vyksta viename Žemaitijos dvare, stebi ir vertina patys šio egzotiško ir nuošalaus krašto gyventojai. Bet tuo metu šią istoriją vertina ir komentuoja profesorius Vitembachas, svetimšalis stebėtojas, įgaliotas Vakarų Europos sakytojas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Merimee niekada nesilankė Lietuvoje. Ją jisai įsivaizdavo tik iš rašytinių šaltinių ir iš Lietuvos žmonių, su kuriais susipažino Paryžiuje, kur įkūrė “Lietuvos draugiją”. Nauja emigracijos banga plūstlėjo į Paryžių po 1863- iųjų sukilimo. Šioje emigrantų aplinkoje Merimee susipažino su lenkų rašytoju Edmondu Choieckiu, pasirašinėjusiu slapyvardžiu Charles Edmond. Pastarojo knyga Pavergtoji Lenkija (La Pologne captive) Merimee buvo vienas svarbiausių informacijos apie Lietuvą šaltinių. Kitas Merimee informacijos šaltinis buvo Adomo Mickevičiaus kūryba. “Lokyje” poeto vardas minimas du kartus: pirmąsyk, kai pateikiamas jo baladės “Trys Budriai” vertimas, ir antrąsyk, kai aprašoma Žemaitijos giria ir žvėrių karalystė. Nemaža laiškų Merimee gaudavo iš Rusijos. Juose taip pat buvo rašoma apie politines Lietuvos aktualijas. Skirtingai nuo Paryžiaus emigrantų, dažniausiai kalbėjusių lenkiškai, bet, kaip ir Adomas Mickevičius, laikiusių save lietuviais, rusų politikai skelbė,kad lietuviai nėra tikri svetimtaučiai kaip lenkai, o nutolę nuo senojo rusų kultūros kamieno.Vaizduodamas “Lokyje” Lietuvą, Merimee sekė Mickevičiaus poema Ponas Tadas trimis atžvilgiais: aprašydamas Lietuvos gamtą; ryškindamas aristokratų tradicijas, kultūrinį Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės paveldą; praskleisdamas lietuvių liaudies, tapatinamos novelėje su žemaičiais, tikėjimus. Iš Mickevičiaus Pono Tado Merimee perėmė požiūrį į Lietuvos girias kaip utopine erdvę, į kurią niekas, išskyrus poetus ir burtininkus, nėra prasikvelbęs. Mickevičiaus poemoje Lietuvos girių vaizdas suaugęs su pagoniškos Lietuvos prisiminimais, jos vaizduojamos kaipžmogaus ir gamtos santarvės vieta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 08:39:14',62,'','2010-09-07 08:44:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 08:39:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,331,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1584,'E. Hemingvėjaus biografija','e-hemingvjaus-biografija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">E. Hemingvėjaus gyvenimo istorija prasidėjo ties ženklia riba – baigėsi devynioliktas amžius ir aušo dvidešimtas. Tuomet kaip ir dabar ginčytasi, kada geriau sutikti naująjį amžių – 1899–ųjų gruodžio 31 d. ar 1900–ųjų gruodžio 31 d. . Spėliota, koks gi bus tas dvidešimtas amžius? Kol kas epochą įkūnijo Anglijos karalienė Viktorija. Viktorijos epochos stilius viešpatavo visur : politikoje, architektūroje, interjere, gyvenimo sanklodoje, literatūroje. To meto Amerikoje Ouk Parkas Čikagos priemiestyje  ( Ilinojaus valstija ) galėjo būti Viktorijos epochos mažo miestelio pavyzdys. Tylios gatvės, jaukios vilos, viskas be galo valyva ir respektabilu. Miestelio gyventojai viską viens apie kitą žino. Bažnyčia -  svarbiausias visuomenės gyvenimo centras.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Likimo buvo lemta, kad tokiame miestelyje kaimynystėje gyveno, o vėliau susituokė Greisė Hol ir Klarensas Edmundas Hemingvėjus. Tai buvo be galo skirtingi žmonės. Greisė Hol buvo iš turtingos ir labai religingos šeimos, pasižymėjo neeiliniais muzikiniais gabumais ir svajojo tapti dainininke. Klarensas Edmundas Hemingvėjus buvo gydytojas. Meilę medicinai jis derino su meile gamtai, medžioklei ir žvejybai. Jis nemėgo miesto ir svajojo gyventi gamtoje.  Tai buvo neryžtingas žmogus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1899 metų liepos 21 d. aštuntą valandą ryte gimė Ernestas Mileris Hemingvėjus. Šeimoje jis buvo antrasis vaikas iš šešių. Hemingvėjus turėjo keturias seseris ir brolį. Jis augo šalia ambicingos, talentingos, paaukojusios save šeimai motinos ir gero, rūpestingo, kuklaus, nepretenzingo tačiau silpnavalio tėvo. Abu tėvai stengėsi patraukti Ernestą į savo pusę. Tėvas jam daug skaitydavo iš gamtos istorijos, nuo trejų metų išsivedė žvejoti. Tėvas svajojo, kad sūnus žengs jo pėdomis ir susidomės medicina. O motina svajojo apie kitokią sūnaus ateitį. Ji vertė jį giedoti bažnyčios chore, groti violančele. Turbūt jai atrodė, kad tai bus kompensacija už jos žlugusią artistės karjerą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Man rodos, kad būsimojo rašytojo charakterio prieštaringumas paaiškinamas vaikystės aplinka. “ Gerų santuokinių dvi sielos, bet viena valia ”, - rašė M. de Servantesas. E. Hemingvėjus vaikystėje atsidūrė lyg tarp girnų. Kartą, jau būdamas suaugęs žmogus, E. Hemingvėjus pasakė, kad geriausias rašytojo auklėjimas yra nelaiminga vaikystė. Gal tai tik literatūriniai svarstymai, tačiau manau, kad sudėtinga šeimos atmosfera, neįprasti tėvų santykiai paliko pėdsaką berniuko sieloje. Tėvo asmenybė, gyvenimas ir tragiška lemtis – jis nusižudė – visados jaudino E. Hemingvėjų. Vienam savo draugui E. Hemingvėjus kalbėjo : “ Daugelį metų aš spėliojau, kaip būtų susiklostęs tėvo gyvenimas, jei jis būtų ryžęsis sukilti prieš motiną… Žinau, kad nereikia teisti, kad privalau viską priimti ir stengtis suprasti. Suprasti – vadinasi atleisti.”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 08:45:02',62,'','2010-09-07 08:47:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 08:45:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,330,'','',0,138,'robots=\nauthor='),(1585,'Santrauka apie autorius 2','santrauka-apie-autorius-2','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antanas Miškinis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kūrybos bruožai: 1. Žemės ir buities poetas. Jo vaizduojamas pasaulis gana uždaras, kanceliarinis: a) apibrėžta erdvė; b) šeimos aplinka; c) kasdieniniai žmogaus jausmai ir situacijos. 2. Didžiausią dėmesį skiria gimtajam kaimui – Aukštaitiją ne myli, o tiesiog dievina. 3. Eilėraštis judrus, guvus: a) jaučiame pokalbio pulsą; b) manieringa monologinė deklamacija; c) šiek tiek literatūriškas atsidusimas; d) dainingos ir graudulingos gaidos; e) šiurkštoki klausimai; f) ironijos blyksnis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">4. Eilėse labai akcentuoja medžio viršūnė. 5. Lyrikoje nėra miniatiūrinio vaizdo, išdailinito poetinio judesio. 6. Lyrikoje kaimo gyvenimo būdas siejamas su harmonija, pastovumų 7. Lyrinė esmė yra kaimo kultūros išgražinimas ir apgailėjimas. Sodžius – vaizdų ir mirties centras, dvasinė atrama, vertybė. 8. Kaimą priešpastatant miestui apmąstomas žmogaus santykis su Tėvyne, prasmingu ir neprasmingu darbu. Į kaimo ir miesto konflikto siužetą įterpiama meilės intriga. Šie eilėraščiai panašūs į romansus. 9. Du ryškūs sluoksniai – modernumas ir tradicijos jausmas. Tai esminė jo poezijos problematika. “Balta paukštė” 1928, “Varnos prie plento” 1935, poemų knyga “Keturi miestai” 1938. 10. Vėlyvojoje lyrikoje poetas grįžta prie kaimo temos, atsiremia į kaimo realijas, poetizuoja kaimo gyvenimo būdą, bet nebe spontaniškai, o apgalvotai. 11. Tampa vienu ryškiausių ketvirto dešimtmečio patriotinių poetų. 12. Žodį \"Tėvynė\" nelabai mėgo, vartojo kitus: Lietuva, sesė, motina, moteris, mylima. Jo eilėse Lietuvos tema gvildenama susirūpinusiu balsu. 13. Dvasios jėga, gyvybė, dvasios šviesa.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 08:48:04',62,'','2010-09-07 09:28:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 08:48:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,329,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1586,'Motiejus Valančius','motiejus-valanius','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Motiejus Valančius – vienas iš žymiausių devynioliktojo amžiaus antrosios pusės lietuvių visuomenės ir kultūros veikėjų, istorikas, rašytojas didaktas, švietėjas, blaivybės sąjūdžio organizatorius, nelegalios lietuvių spaudos kūrėjas ir aukšto rango katalikų bažnyčios dvasininkas. Vienas iš pirmųjų M. Valančiaus rūpesčių buvo parapijinių mokyklų steigimas ir rėmimas. Jis reikalavo, kad prie kiekvienos bažnyčios būtų laikoma mokykla, kurioje gimtosios kalbos mokytųsi neturtingo luomo žmonių vaikai. Šį tikslą jis gana gerai įgyvendino – per 10 metų parapijinių mokyklų tinklas išsiplėtė beveik dvigubai. Vėliau, uždraudus lietuvišką raštą, M. Valančius ėmė raginti ūkininkus, kad pasisamdę daraktorių, sodžiuose savo vaikus mokintų skaityti. Taigi, M. Valančius buvo ir slaptųjų “vargo” mokyklų organizatorius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išvaręs plačią švietimo darbo vagą, M. Valančius pradėjo vieną masiškiausių blaivybės akcijų prieš skaudžią tautos piktžaizdę – girtavimą. Jo įsteigto blaivybės sąjūdžio veiklos pasekmės buvo milžiniškos: praėjus dvejiems metams nuo blaivybės sąjūdžio pradžios, degtinės gamyba sumažėjo 8 kartus; Kauno gubernijoje blaivininkai sudarė 83,2% visų katalikų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1864 m. uždraudus spaudą lietuviškais rašmenimis ir įvedus graždanką (lietuviškas tekstas rusiškomis raidėmis), vyskupas M. Valančius neliko abejingas lietuviškos spaudos likimui – ėmė organizuoti nelegalų lietuviškų knygų spausdinimą Rytų Prūsijoje. Knygnešiai pradėjo platinti politinio-religinio turinio knygeles, kurios buvo pirmieji politinės publicistikos pavyzdžiai mūsų literatūroje. Ši Motiejaus Valančiaus suorganizuota nelegali knygų leidybos ir platinimo akcija nurodė kelius savo raštui, kalbai ir kultūrai išsaugoti. Ir jais buvo vaikščiota iki pat spaudos atgavimo 1904 metais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Produktyviausio XIX a. vidurio lietuvių rašytojo M. Valančiaus kūrybinį palikimą sudaro 4 beletristinio pobūdžio knygelės: “Vaikų knygelė” (1868) , ”Paaugusių žmonių knygelė” (1868) , ”Palangos Juzė” (1869), ”Pasakojimas Antano tretininko” (1872) bei istorinis dviejų tomų veikalas “Žemaičių vyskupystė”(1848). M.Valančiaus plunksnai priklauso ir daugybė religinių bei publicistinų raštų, vyskupiški aplinkraščiai. M. Valančiaus kūrybą sunku apibrėžti: ji netelpa į jokius žanro rėmus, joje galima įžvelgti kelių žanrų atgarsius. Vieni kūrinėliai primena pasakėčias, pamokslus, pasakas, kiti artimi hagiografinei literatūrai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žanrų sinkretizmas būdingas kiekvienos literatūros priešaušriui. M. Valančiaus knygelės, nežiūrint jų ribotos ir apibrėžtos paskirties, jau išsiskiria iš to meto lietuvių raštijos ir neginčijamai priklauso grožinei literatūrai. Tik nuo jo prasideda tikroji originaliosios lietuvių prozos istorija. Nors jo knygelėms būdingas žanrinis sinkretumas, tačiau kai kuriuos kūrinėlius galima drąsiai priskirti didaktinio apsakymo žanrui (“Guvus Vencė”, “Gustis kručas”, “Petronė ir jos priepuoliai”, “Mikė melagėlis”). O “Palangos Juzė”, vadinama meniškai brandžiausiu M. Valančiaus kūriniu, literatūros moksle visų vieningai vadinama apysaka. Iš tikrųjų čia jau randame platoką to meto liaudies buities ir papročių panoramą, materialinės ir dvasinės kultūros faktų. Apysakos veikėjas – gerai mokantis savo amatą, šmaikštus, linksmas, išradingas, apsukrus keliaujantis kaimo siuvėjas. Pabūvojęs įvairiose Lietuvos vietose, įdomiai pasakoja savo įspūdžius, prisideda prie pramogų organizavimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 09:33:21',62,'','2010-09-07 09:36:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 09:33:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,328,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1587,'J.T. Vaižgantas \"Pragiedruliai\"','jt-vaigantas-qpragiedruliaiq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vaižgantas – įžymus lietuvių rašytojas, didelis žodžio menininkas. Savo požiūriu jis buvo susijęs su prieštaringais buržuazinės lietuvių visuomenės raidos reiškiniais. Daugeliui savo veikalų medžiagą ir temas Vaižgantas ėmė iš nacionalinio judėjimo laikotarpio. Geriausiuose jo kūriniuose atsispindėjo nemaža būdingų XIXa. Pabaigos – XXa. Pradžios Lietuvos socialinio gyvenimo, žmonių buities ir psichologijos bruožų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Biografija</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Juozas Tumas – Vaižgantas gimė 1869m. rugsėjo 20d. Malaišių kaime (Netoli Svėdasų). Jis buvo pats jauniausias, dešimtasis, Tumų vaikas (5 iš jų mirė dar vaikystėje), augo gražioje ie darnioje šeimoje, kur nuo pat mažens girdėjo liaudies dainas ir pasakas. Jaunasis Tumas anksti pamilo gamtą, grožėjosi gimtinės apylinkinkių vaizdais, kuriuos vėliau atkūrė savo veikaluose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rašytojo gimtinė Svėdasų kraštas, kaip ir daugelis Rytų Lietuvos apylinkių, džiugina akis kalneliais ir giriomis, vingriomis užėmis ir ežerais ežerėliais. Šitie gimtinės vaizdai liko rašytojo atmintyje visam gyvenimui. “Aure gimtinis sodžius pačiame viduslėnyje, apaugęs tankiais ir senais medžiais, lyg vienas ištisas sodelis”, - rašė Vaižgantas “Pragiedruliuose”. “Dešinėje akys grimzda kimsuotose balose, kur už keleto kilometrų pačioje pamiestėje Beragio ežeru pasibaigia. Kairėje – slėnio galo neatsieksi. Tik dūli Valiulio kalnelis; ilsis, Dviragį ežerą į antrą galą slėnio, į pat salas nuvaręs. Staigūs rytų kriaušiai, kur lygiai bėga, neaukšti rodos. Gi kur Malaiša jų nugarą lig slėnio pargraužia ir upeliu tekina vandenį kraują, viršūnė už 200 pėdų teišvysi.”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiek tolėliau tekėjo Šventoji, jos apylinkės buvo taip pat viena mėgstamiausių Vaižganto vietų. “Gražus tai kraštas, tie pašvenčiai, - rašė jis, - dainomis apdainuotas, Baranausko pagarsintas, mano svajonė, mano poetiškumo šaltinis. Nuo pat mažens aš negalėdavau sulaikyti širdies plakimo, ligi tik atsitikdavo vykti į pašvenčius.” Būsimasis rašytojas augo tuo metu, kai dar tebebuvo gyvos baudžiavos liekanos, dėjosi į širdį tėvo ir dėdės Alijaušo pasakojimus apie baudžiauninkų vargus, dvarininkų žiaurumus: “Tėvelis vergiją besivaizdino gal tik kaip nemalonų sapną: nubudai, nebėra jo, , tai nebėra ko nė skaitytis su juo, - rašė jis vėliau, prisimindamas tuos pasakojimus ir vaikystės įspūdžius. – man gi vergija tebebuvo faktas: jis tebesireiškė tėvelio nejučiomis tebesilaikomo ir kitiems tebepatariamo dėsnio: lenkis, kad ir tau nekliūtų. Manęs tai nebeįtikino; manęs nebeėmė noras lenktis, ir aš paskui nebesilenkiau, daug kam galingam paprieštaraudamas. Išdygęs laisvas, augau laisvas, galop, apsisprendžiau laisvas, laisvą savo sumetimais sudaręs savo valstybę. Man buvo nebepakenčiami bet kurie pančiai, ne tik išnykusi baudžiava.”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 09:37:00',62,'','2010-09-07 09:40:15',62,62,'2010-09-07 09:40:15','2010-09-07 09:37:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,327,'','',0,45,'robots=\nauthor='),(1588,'Asmenybės laisvės ir kūrybos problema V.M.Putino psichologiniame romane \"Altorių šešėly\"','asmenybs-laisvs-ir-krybos-problema-vmputino-psichologiniame-romane-qaltori-elyq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">V. M. Putino romanas \"Altorių šešėly\" yra psichologinio pobūdžio. Čia autorius nagrinėja žmogaus asmeninės laisvės, kūrybos problemas. Jo pagrindinis veikėjas Liudas Vasaris ieško kelio į žmogaus laisvę. Galima išskirti tris etapus, kuriuos Vasaris praėjo, ieškodamas kelio į asmeninę laisvę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmasis etapas atitinka I-ąją romano dalį - \"Bandymų dienos\".  Joje sužinome dėl kokių priežąsčių Liudas įstojo į seminariją: dėl tėvų noro, dėl baimės prarasti religinį tikėjimą ir dėl noro tarnauti Lietuvai. Pirmųjų dienų seminarijoje metu jis stengiasi vykdyti užsibrėžtą tikslą: uoliai atlikinėja pareigas, stengiasi gerai mokytis, būna paklusnus. Tačiau Liudas pajunta, kad šiam darbui jis neturi nei menkiausios \"Dievo kibirkšties\".  Tai pradeda žlugdyti jo asmenybę, tačiau teikia medžiagos kūrybai. Dvasinė vyriausybė bando jam nurodinėti,  ką jam kurti, kokias problemas nagrinėti. Šis asmenybės žlugdymas teikia Vasariui daug abejonių dėl pašaukimo, sprendžia klausimą dėl asmenybės laisvės ir jos sugniuždymo. Liudas Vasaris nusivilia seminarija, bet jos mesti neketina, nes bijo, kad jo gali nesuprasti tėvai, galvoja, kad ateityje jis dar pritaps prie tvarkos. Tačiau abejones pagilina ir išoriniai veiksniai. Vasaris jaučia, kad jis turi talentą ir gali gerai rašyti. Tą jis bando daryti įsijungęs į slapto būrelio veiklą. Nepaisant to, kūrybą varžo kunigiškos dogmos, ir jis sau taiko šiuos Tiutčevo žodžius: \"Tylėk, dangstykis ir paslėpk svajones savo ir jausmus\". Norą tapti laisvu žmogumi padidina ir meilė.  Vasaris, kaip ir kiekvienas žmogus, turi šį gilų jausmą ne tik moteriai, bet ir gamtai. Vasaris stengiasi sugniuždyti savo poeto prigimtį, asmenybę, atsiriboti nuo šio pasaulio ir jo džiaugsmų, sakydamas, kad visa tai ne jam. Kunigo pareigos ir reikalavimai trukdo ir Liudo kūrybai, bet jis sako: \" Kaip kunigas aš ne poetas, kaip poetas aš ne kunigas. \" Tai būtų pirmieji žingsniai į asmeninę laisvę, kuriuos nugali baimė ir neryžtingumas, nes Vasaris priima šventinimus, galvodamas, kad visi jo svyravimai tuo ir baigsis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 09:41:31',62,'','2010-09-07 10:12:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 09:41:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,326,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(1589,'Alan Dean Foster \"Įkalintas prizmėje\"','alan-dean-foster-qkalintas-prizmjeq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Buvo puiki diena, oras gaivus ir perregimas, dangus - vaiskus ir giedras (ir dar koks giedras!). Tokią dieną viskas atrodo įmanoma. Netgi mirtis. Tiesa, šiandien Evanas Ordželas į savo dienotvarkę mirties neįtraukė, bet būtent jos link jis ir artinosi. Ir niekaip negalėjo to išvengti. Kadangi jo skafandras buvo beviltiškai sugadintas. Aplink jį neįprastame plantokosmogeniniame pasaulyje, vadinamame Prizme, knibždėjo gyvybė. Jis atvyko į šią planetą, ketindamas įsikurti joje tolimesniam gyvenimui. O dabar atrodė, kad čia jis pasiliks ne gyvenimui, o kažkam visiškai kitam. Oras aplinkui jo veidą buvo kupinas deguonies, kuriuo jis negalėjo kvėpuoti. Aplink augo miškai, pilni augalų bei gyvūnų, kurių jis negalėjo vartoti maistui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jo veidą šildė Prizmės saulė. Ji švietė ryškiai, bet degė ne kaitriau už žvaigždes, supančias Evano pasaulį, Samstedo planetą. Vidudienį čionykštė temperatūra būdavo gana palanki. Jis galėjo kvėpuoti Prizmės oru, gerti čionykštį vandenį, valgyti savo maisto atsargas, bet, nepaisant to, dabar jam buvo lemta mirti, nes skafandras pasidarė niekam tikęs.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Taip neturėjo atsitikti, nes šis komplektas buvo ypatingas net pagal unikalius Samstedo standartus. Jis buvo sukurtas specialiai šiam vizitui. Inžinieriai ir dizaineriai sukonstravo jį taip, kad Evanas būtų apsaugotas nuo bet kokių pavojų, visų įsivaizduojamų ir neįsivaizduojamų netikėtumų, kurie gali tykoti tokiame pasaulyje, kaip Prizmė. Bet šio skafandro išradėjai neįvertino, o ir negalėjo įvertinti vienos aplinkybės - begalinio Prizmės gyventojų atsiskyrėliškumo bei priešiškos jų klastos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Evanas manė, jog negalima kaltinti vien tik konstruktorių. Į šio kostiumo kūrimą įtraukti inžinieriai dirbo, turėdami omenyje pasaulius, kurių gyvybės formas galėjai pavadinti variacijomis jau žinomomis temomis, gyvybę, kurios pagrindu buvo anglies atomas. Prizmė nebuvo toks pasaulis. Nuo pat pradžių gyvybė čia buvo ne tokia kaip kituose pasauliuose, ir evoliucijos eigoj tie skirtumai darėsi vis žymesni ir žymesni. Ta evoliucija ir sugadino jo skafandrą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Saulė toliau kepino bejėgį jo kūną. Nors už dirbtinio epidermio ribų temperatūra liko maloni, viduje ji nenumaldomai kilo. Evaną siaubingai kamavo troškulys. Jis pamėgino pasijudinti iš vietos. Servomechanizmas neįsijungė, ir jis parkrito ant nugaros ten, kur ir stovėjo. Kairioji ranka nejudėjo visai. O kai dešiniąją jis ištiesė link vandens, šią pradėjo klaikiai skaudėti. Ta ranka buvo gerokai sužalota, tikriausiai sulaužyta, bet jis nusprendė, jog bus lengviau pasiekti vandenį ranka, kuri nors šiaip taip veikia, nei stengtis įjungti šalme įtaisytą vandens čiaupą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 10:13:27',62,'','2010-09-07 10:16:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 10:13:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,325,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1590,'XVIII a. literatūra','xviii-a-literatra','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">XVIII a. buvo pereinamasis laikotarpis Vakarų Europos literatūros istorijoje. Tuomet tebeegzistavo XVII a. susiformavusios literatūros ir meno kryptys (barokas, klasicizmas), bet atsirado ir nauji reiškiniai (sentimentalizmas, preromantizmas), artimi XIX a. pradžios romantizmo literatūrai. XVIII a. vadinamas Švietimo epocha, arba Šviečiamuoju amžiumi. Šis pavadinimas prigijo dėl to, kad tuomet labai išaugo mokslo ir švietimo reikšmė, imta tikėti, jog, išmokius žmones, protui nugalėjus tamsumą ir prietarus, atsiras visuotinė gerovė. Terminas Švietimo epocha vartojamas įvairiomis kalbomis: rus. - эпоха Просвещение angl. - the Age of Enlightenment, vok. - die Epoche der Aufklärung, pranc. - siècle des lumières. Švietimo sąjūdžio trukmė buvo nevienoda įvairiuose kraštuose. Ten, kur Švietimo idėjos pradėjo plisti anksčiau (Anglijoje, Prancūzijoje), šis laikotarpis apėmė visa šimtmetį. Kitur (Vokietijoje, Rusijoje, Lenkijoje) jis labiau pasireiškė antrojoje XVIII a. pusėje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Švietimas - ne literatūros kryptis. Tai platesnis sąjūdis, apėmęs XVIII a. politinį-visuomeninį, kultūros ir meno gyvenimą. Šis sąjūdis buvo nukreiptas prieš feodalinę santvarką ir jos institucijas. Stipriausiai jis pasireiškė Prancūzijoje, kur kova prieš absoliutinę monarchiją pasibaigė Prancūzijos revoliucija (1789-1794). Švietimo idėjas čia skleidė rašytojai ir filosofai Monteskjė, Volteras, Didro, Ruso, kurie laikomi žymiausiais švietėjais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Trečiajam luomui, sukilusiam prieš feodalizmą, vadovavo buržuazija, kuri istorijoje suvaidino pažangų vaidmenį. Kovodami prieš senąjį režimą, ji gynė ir trečiojo luomo sluoksnių interesus. Žinoma, revoliucija neįgyvendino paskelbtų laisvės, lygybės ir brolybės šūkių, tačiau ji turėjo didelės reikšmės ne tik Prancūzijos, bet ir kitų šalių istorijai. Jos iškeltos piliečių lygybės idėjos prisidėjo prie tolesnės demokratinės minties raidos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Švietimas ir mokslo raida. Didelę reikšmę Švietimo sąjūdžiui turėjo XVII a. pab. ir XVIII a. pr. mokslo atradimai. Anglų fizikas Izaokas Niutonas (Isaac Newton, 1643-1727) padėjo pagrindus klasikinei fizikai, suformuodamas tris pagrindinius mechanikos dėsnius (inercijos, jėgos, veiksmo ir atoveiksmio), visuotinės traukos dėsnį. Jis pagrindė absoliutaus judėjimo, absoliučios erdvės (erdvė - tai kūnų pripildyta trijų matmenų tuštuma, nepriklausoma nuo laiko ir materijos) ir absoliutaus laiko (laikas - tai gryna trukmė, nepriklausoma nuo materijos ir erdvės) sąvokas. Tokia laiko ir erdvės koncepcija atitiko to meto klasikinę mechaniką, klasikinę gravitacijos teoriją. Vėliau mokslas įrodė laiko ir erdvės priklausomumą nuo įvairių gamtos ir žmogaus sąmonės procesų bei vienas nuo kito. Niutonas padarė reikšmingų atradimų optikos ir matematikos srityse. Jis moksliškai tyrinėjo gamtą ir visatą. Gamta jam buvo tarsi didžiulė mašina, kurią galima paaiškinti fizikos ir matematikos dėsniais. Mechanika turėjo didžiulį poveikį kitoms mokslo šakoms, ypač sparčiai XVII a. besivystančiai biologijai. XVII a. pab. mechanikos išradimai suformavo mechanistinę gamtos, visuomenės ir žmogaus sampratą. Matematikos ir mechanikos dėsniai buvo bandomi perkelti į socialines disciplinas, filosofiją, jurisprudenciją, net literatūrą ir meną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 10:16:36',62,'','2010-09-07 10:18:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 10:16:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,324,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1591,'A. Vaičiulaičio biografijos ir kūrybos ypatumai','a-vaiiulaiio-biografijos-ir-krybos-ypatumai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Biografija</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antanas Vaičiulaitis gimė 1906m. birželio mėn. 23d. Didžiųjų Šelvių kaime ,netoli Vilkaviškio geležinkelio stoties ,gausioje šeimoje. Mokslo poreikis Vaičiulaičių šeimoje ruseno visą laiką. 1919 – 1927m. A.Vaičiulaitis mokėsi Vilkaviškio “Žiburio”gimnazijoje. Čia pradėjo rašyti poeziją. 1927m. įstojo į Kauno universiteto Teologijos – filosofijos fakultetą, kur studijavo lietuvių literatūrą ,prancūzų literatūrą, pedagogiką ir psichologiją. Pramokęs kalbas galėjo laisvai skaityti vokiškai , prancūziškai , angliškai. Dalyvavo “Šatrijos” būrelio veikloje, visus stebino apsiskaitymu. 1934 – 1935m. baigęs universitetą dėstė Kauno jėzuitų gimnazijoje. Deja, mokytojo darbas netraukė. 1935 – 1938m. studijas gilino Grenoblio ir Sarbonos universitetuose . Iš Prancūzijos 1938 – 1940m. grįžo į Lietuvą ir dirbo Eltoje(ELTA) , dėstė Kauno universitete naujosios literatūros kursą. 1940m. išvyksta dirbti į Lietuvos pasiuntinybę Italijoje(Lietuvos Ambasada Romoje). 1940m. gruodžio mėn. Persikelia į JAV. 1941 – 1945m. dėstė lietuvių kalbą Marianapolio koledže , dirbo periodikoje. 1947 – 1951m. profesoriavo Skrantono universitete ,dėstė prancūzų kalbą. 1950 – 1964m. redagavo “Aidų” žurnalą. Nuo 1951m. perėjo dirbti į “Amerikos balsą”. Gyveno Niujorke , vėliau Vašingtone. Išėjęs į pensiją , atsidėjo tik kūrybiniam darbui ir Lietuvos recepcijos prancūzų tyrinėjimui. Mirė 1992m. JAV.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Charakterio bruožai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vaikystėje buvo intravertiško charakterio vaikas. Jaunystėje nemėgo kompanijų , nelakstė po vakarėlius , visada atrodė susikaupęs, bendravo su klierikais. Tėvai norėjo ,kad jis taptų kunigu. Subtilaus charakterio:ramus, įsiklausantis, tolerantiškas , nelinkęs nei ko stebinti, nei ką neigti , kritikuoti. Tai jungiančio ,telkiančio žmogaus bruožai ,kuriam svetimas kito neigimas , žeminimas. Tvirtai eina savo keliu , nekliudydamas kitų. Suvalkietiško būdo: tvarkingas , pareigingas , korektiškas, savikritiškas , kuklus , šiek tiek asketiškas žmogus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kūryba</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmieji A.Vaičiulaičio pasirodymai spaudoje buvo eilėraščiai ir pasakojimai. Prieš karą A.Vaičiulaitis buvo plačiai žinomas kaip modernios ,bet kartu dvasiškai paprastos , elegantiškos prozos kūrėjas, įžvalgus kritikas , talentingas vertėjas. Studijų metais galutinai susiformavo A.Vaičiulaičio pasaulėžiūra , subrendo jo estetinis pažiūros ir skoniai. Tada pasirodė jo novelių rinkiniai: 1932m. “Vakaras sargo namelyje” . Tai pirmoji A.Vaičiulaičio knyga, kuri skirta vaikams (adresatas – sesers dukra Ijolė). Šis rinkinys tik iš dalies skirtas vaikams , nes savo turiniu jis prašoka tikslus , keliamus tradicinėms vaikiškoms knygoms. Autorius stilizuoja pasaulį ne pagal meninę konvenciją “aš esu vaikas” , o “aš esu buvęs vaikas”. Patyrusio žmogaus akys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 10:19:01',62,'','2010-09-07 10:23:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 10:19:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,323,'','',0,70,'robots=\nauthor='),(1592,'Gamta žmogaus namai.(ji priglaudžia nuskriaustuosius)','gamta-mogaus-namaiji-priglaudia-nuskriaustuosius','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaip trūksta šių dienų žmonėms jautrumo, tyrumo, užuojautos. Atrodo, pamiršome, kad reikia guosti, raminti. Žmogus, kuris išgyvena aplinkinių skausmą, myli gamtą, jį supančius, yra gražus. Tokie žmonės pastebi tai, ko nepastebi apsiblausiusios ir rūpesčiais užguitos mūsų akys. Būtent tokius herojus savo kūriniuose vaizdavo lietuvių literatūros klasikai. Tai Jonas Biliūnas, Vaižgantas ir kiti. Šių rašytojų personažai turi pačius gražiausius žmogaus bruožus. Tad kokie jie?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Biliūnui buvo .svarbu gilintis į žmogaus dvasią, jo vidinį pasaulį. Pasak rašytojo,: “Turėk jautrią širdį ir žiūrėk į kito žmogaus sielą.” Autoriaus kūriniai ir atspindi J. Biliūno troškimus parodyti žmogų gražų, gailestingą. Rašytojo pasakotojas - ne pašalinis stebėtojas, o jautrus žmogus, kuris skriaudas ir nelaimes išgyvena savyje. Jis žavisi ir dvasingumu: tai ir jautrumas, atlaidumas, ir užuojauta silpnesniam. Rašytojo žmogus net patyręs skriaudą, pažeminimą supranta ir atleidžia. Toks yra tėvas novelėje “Lazda”. Herojus paniekinamas ir patiria smurtą, bet kilniaširdiškai atleidžia savo skriaudėjui - priima gyventi tą patį dvaro prievaizdą, kuris mušė jį lazda.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Biliūno žmogus nemoka keršyti, net nesmerkia tų, kurie padarė moralinę skriaudą. Blogiui jis priešpastato gražiausius bruožus: gerumą ir meilę. Toks yra Petras Sabaliauskas novelėje “Ubagas”. Senelį iš namų išvijo sūnus. Skriaudą padaro ne svetimas, bet tas, kuris yra pats artimiausias. Tai dar labiau žeidžia, tai didžiulė moralinė skriauda. Senelis yra be galo geros sielos žmogus. Jam svetimas pyktis, kerštas, jis sugeba atleisti pažeminimą, nuoskaudas, paniekinimą. Petras sabaliūnas priverstas eiti “ubagauti”, bet jų neprieštarauja likimui. Jam tik gaila mažučių anūkų, kurie bus užauginti tamsiame pasaulyje be šviesos ir grožio, be jautrumo ir meilės. Senelis bijo, kad anūkai užaugs nepakankamai gražūs savo siela, nesugebės užjausti kenčiančių, nelaimingų, nesuteiks pagalbos jei jos kas prašys, bet paliks likimo valiai, Petras ištaria: “Nieko taip aš negailiu, kaip jo vaikų... o gal ir jie kada nors taip varys iš namų savo tėvą...” Jis gailisi ne savęs, o kitų, kurie užaugę gali padaryti tai, ką padarė sūnus. Štai taip J. Biliūnas vaizdavo tyros sielos, užjaučiantį, gailestingą žmogų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 10:23:38',62,'','2010-09-07 10:31:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 10:23:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,322,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1593,'Michailas Andrijanovas \"Iš gelmių. Kelrodis gyvenimo prasmės beieškantiems\"','michailas-andrijanovas-qi-gelmi-kelrodis-gyvenimo-prasms-beiekantiemsq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ši knyga skirta gyvenimui. Tam procesui, kuriame dalyvaujate Jūs, nepriklausomai nuo to norit Jūs to ar ne. Ši knyga apie gyvenimo taisykles, kurios nepriklausomai nuo įvykių ir aplinkybių galioja ir savo galiojimu inicijuoja šių įvykių ir aplinkybių kūrimąsi. Gyvendami mes griežtai laikomės šių taisyklių nors kartais net nenutuokiame apie jų egzistavimą, o kartais net neigiame jas. Mes galim žinoti šias taisykles ir eiti kartu su jomis gyvenimo keliu siekiant suprasti kur ir kam einame. Mes galim nežinoti šių taisyklių ir taip pat sėkmingai gyventi. Ši knyga ieškantiems atsakymų ir negalintiems ramiai gyventi be jų. Tai tik pamąstymai ir mintys nepretenduojančios į autorines teises. Jei įžvelgsite šioje knygoje ką nors savo, ar ką nors jau girdėto, matyto, skaityto, ką gi, matyt taip ir yra.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Manyje mano mintys ir kitų žmonių mintys, mano stereotipai ir kitų žmonių pavyzdžiai susipina taip, kad atskirti savo nuo ne savo neįmanoma. Taip yra ir pas Jus. Patentuojantys žodį vargu ar gali patentuoti mąstymo linkmę, iššauktą jo žodžių. Tas, kas atėjo į mane, pasiliko manyje, tapo manimi ir yra mano. Ir bus mano tol, kol neatsiras dar kas nors, išstumiantis, papildantis arba išsklaidantis tai. Jei radote šioje knygoje ką nors “Jūsų” – vadinkitės jos autoriumi . Jei radote joje ko nors naujo ir ištaisėt jūsų manymu esamus trūkumus - vadinkitės jos autoriumi. Jei aš pažįstu Jus, jei aš žinau apie Jus, jei aš girdėjau apie Jus – Jūs esate šios knygos bendraautoriai. Neskubėkite tuo džiaugtis ar dėl to nusiminti. Galbūt ši knyga sunaikins Jūs tokį, koks esat dabar. Gal būt perskaitę ją pajusit, kad Jūs jau nebe Jūs. Bet tikriausiai to Jūs ir ieškot pradėdami ją skaityti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Stebint iš arti nepamatysi didelio paveikslo. Kasdieniai darbai, darbeliai…bėgiojimas iš vienos vietos į kitą…kartais susimąstau kur skubu… kam skubu. Bet dažniausiai skubu ir tiek… nesusimąstydamas. Bet stabtelėjus akimirkai, susidaro įspūdis, jog esu dalis kažko didelio, kažko ypatingo… keistas jausmas… Žmogus metų metus vaikščiojo protėvių pramintais, nieko ypatingai neišsiskiriančiais takeliais. Takeliai čia buvo visuomet ir niekas nekreipė į juos ypatingo dėmesio. Kaip ir kiekvienas iš mūsų nekreipia ypatingo dėmesio į niekuo neišsiskiriantį taką. Kartą, norėdamas paberti trąšų į savo laukus žmogus pasamdė nedidelį, ūkiniai veiklai pritaikytą lėktuvą. Lėktuvo pilotas, grįžęs žemėn, su nuostaba pranešė, jog laukuose esantys takeliai sudaro ypatingus, tik iš paukščio skrydžio matomus piešinius. Šių takelių paslaptys visuomet buvo žmogui po kojomis, bet einant takeliu galima buvo pamatyti tik tiek kiek leidžia takelis. Norint pamatyti piešinius reikėjo palikti takelį, pasikelti virš jo, užeiti už jo ribų. Žiūrint iš arti neįžiūrėsi didelio paveikslo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 12:43:47',62,'','2010-09-07 12:48:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 12:43:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,321,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1594,'A. Škėmos romano \"Balta drobulė\" pasaulis','a-kmos-romano-qbalta-drobulq-pasaulis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“B. M. T. Broadway line. Ekspresas sustoja. Antanas Garšva išeina į peroną. Šešios iki keturių popiet. Jis žingsniuoja apytuščiu peronu”. Taip prasideda A. Škėmos romanas “Balta drobulė”, taip prasideda romano protagonisto (svarbiausio vaidmens atlikėjo) poeto Antano Garšvos paskutinė sąmoningo gyvenimo diena. Nes kitą rytą Garšvos sąmonę užlies nesulaikomas beprotybės potvynis, ir pradėtas rašyti eilėraštis taip ir liks nebaigtas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išorinis romano veiksmo laikas tetrunka beveik vieną parą. Bet per tas 26 valandas poetas išgyvena 40 metų įvykius ir būsenas, išklaidžioja savo atminties labirintus, tarsi iš naujo perskaito jau užrašytus gyvenimo puslapius. Prarasto laiko kelionėje jis nusileidžia į pasąmonės gelmes, kur randa seniai užmirštus nustumtus, užslopintus buvusio gyvenimo fragmentus. Įtempęs valią ir silpstančias sielos jėgas permąsto dabartį, pasaulį ir pats save. Jis gal nėra patrauklus, bet jis yra gyvas ir autentiškas, žvelgiąs į gyvenimą savom akim. Jis nuolat kovoja prieš melą ir falsifikaciją, kurią mato ir aplinkoj ir savyje. Jis be atvangos ieško priemonių įprasminti savo spurdėjimui beprasmiškai atrodančioj realybėje ir bando nugalėti vienatvę, kuri yra neišvengiama jo, kaip kūrėjo dalia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Garšvos stebėjimus, mąstymus bei prisiminimus struktūrina rašymo problematika, kaip pagrindinė romano tema ir ašis. Dabarties pasaulį susiskaldžiusi sąmonė stebi dvejopai, kalbėjimą trečiuoju asmeniu nuolat keičia pirmo asmens perspektyva; šitaip objektinė tikrovė įsisavinama ir “suvirškinama”, viskas tampa rašomo teksto vidumi, mintyse išsakomo diskurso (kalbinis arba nekalbinis procesas, turintis vienokią ar kitokią prasmę) dalimi. Pasaulis skaitomas kaip ženklų ir įvaizdžių sistema, tuoj pat performuojamas, nardinamas į tinklą ir verčiamas poetiniu diskursu (išplėstas minties apie kokį nors dalyką išreiškimas). Romano subjektui gyvenimas- tai nuolatinis rašymo bandymas. Vis bandomos įvairios metaforizavimo (perkeltinės prasmės suteikimo) galimybės, ieškant geriausio būties įforminimo būdo. Pasaulis poetui yra virtualaus teksto galimybė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 12:49:07',62,'','2010-09-07 12:52:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 12:49:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,320,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(1595,'Žemininkų kūryba','eminink-kryba','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dalis literatų, pradėjusių reikštis literatūroje dar prieš karą, susitelkė išeivijoje.. Ne tik poetai, bet ir prozininkai, dramaturgai, kritikai. Pats ryškiausias šios kartos susitelkimo atvejis – poezijos antologija “Žemė”. Ji išėjo Los Andžele 1951 metais. “Žemės” autoriai: J.Kėkštas, Kazys Bradūnas, Alfonsas Nyka – Niliūnas, Henrikas Nagys, Vytautas Mačernis. Tai tautinė poezija. Tautiškumo apstu visoje žemininkų kūryboje. Taip pat ir idėjinė (minties) poezija. Jausmo atviro nėra. Racionali forma. Poezija į gylį (filosofiją). Nebe laimės prasmės rūpestis persunkęs juos, o greičiau prasmės rūpestisš Meninkui kūrybos prasmės rūpestis yra esminis gyvenimo rūpestis. Šioje antologijoje dalyvaujančių kūryba – tai žmogaus prasmės žemėje poezija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinės temos: žmogaus likimas, tiesos ieškojimas. Prasmingas dalykas kūrybaš Ji prilyginama prasmingam gyvenimui. Žemininkų kūryboje mirtis siejama su kūryba. Filosofiškai kalbama apie kūrybos prasmę. Suvokiama, kad šis gyvenimas nėra beprasmis. Prasmė ne randama, o sukuriama. Laimė siejama su kūryba. Bendras “Žemės” pamatas yra gimtosios žemės, jos praradimo ir ilgesio temos. Prisiminimai, išsinešti iš gimtinės, - svarbiausia poetinių vaizdų versmė. Lietuviškumas įgyja gilesnį matą, nes žodis skverbiasi ne tik į istoriją, bet ir į tautosaką, mitologiją. Be to, lietuviškumas ima reikštis ne uždarumu, o atvirumu pasauliui, nuolat jausdamas įtampą, kylanči¹ i pasaulio alternatyvos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Žemės” vardo pasirinkimas liudijo natūralų lietuvišką įsišaknijimą, palikusį iš atminties ir pasąmonės jau nebeištrinsimuose vaikystės išgyvenimuose. Šios poetų kartos atramos: vaikystės išgyvenimai gimtinėje, prigimtinių gyvybės šaltinių pojūtis, lietuviškos gamtojautos natūralumas. Savosios žemės praradimas jiems reiškė ir pirminių kūrybinių šaltinių netekimą. Todėl kūryboje tokia stipri gimtosios žemės susigrąžinimo idealioji pastanga. Visa, ką žmogus tebeturi atmintyje, jausmuose, ne tik neprarasta, o ir susigrąžinta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 12:52:50',62,'','2010-09-07 12:54:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 12:52:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,319,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(1596,'Literatūrinis pajuokavimas','literatrinis-pajuokavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaip Čirkšlys apgavo Milaną</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Nesuprantu, kas čia yra, - stebėjosi Honzikas. – Kodėl visos pasakos tokios trumpos! Vos prasideda – čirkšt, ir baigta. Kodėl?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Čirkšt, ir baigta? – juokavo tėtis. – Viskas turi pradžią, viskas turi pabaigą, taip jau yra, Honzikai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Žinau, kad tai yra, - sutiko Honzikas. – Kai pradedu valgyti, turiu baigti, kai pradedu miegoti, paskui turiu pabusti, kai pradedu juoktis, turiu kada nors baigti. Juk negaliu juoktis milijoną metų. Bet tavo paskutinė pasaka tikrai buvo trumpa. Tik vienai ausiai. O aš turiu dar vieną ausį, ji taip pat nori pasakos. Laimė, kad yra tas tėčio stebuklingas švarkas, tai netrukus iš rankovės iškrito nauja pasaka. Apie žvirblį Čirkšlį ir Milaną.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Balandžio pirmąją Milanas atsikėlė ir, dar nė nesulaukęs ant stalo pusryčių, ėmė garsiai šaukti:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Mama! Greitai eikš čia! Staltiesė pradeginta! Turbūt tėtis su cigarete. Kai atbėgo išsigandusi mama pažiūrėti, kas atsitiko, Milanas sušuko:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Balandžio pirmoji! Balandžio pirmoji!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Ak tu! – subarė mama ir pliaukštelėjo Milanui, bet nesmarkiai, tik šiaip sau. – Visai buvau pamiršusi, kad šiandien pokštų diena. Paskui Milanas greitai pavalgė pusryčius ir, mamai nespėjus nė apsidairyti, išdūmė. Skubėjo į mokyklą, vis galvodamas, ką čia klasėje apgavus. Pepikui pasakys, kad mokytoja liepė greičiau ateiti ir atsinešti pažymių knygelę, puošeivą Martą pagąsdins, kad jos suknelės nugara perplėšta, Mišai pakuždės rimtu veidu, kad koridoriuje jo ieško policininkas. Tai išpūs akis Miša, tai išbals nusigandčs! Juk šiandien balandžio pirmoji, pokštų diena, viskas galima. Gatvėje Milanas sutiko šuniuką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Kur taip skubi, Milanai? – klausia šuniukas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Kurgi skubėsiu? Į mokyklą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Į mokyklą? O kur tavo kuprinė? – suinkštė šuniukas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Kurgi ji bus? Ant nugaros, - atkirto Milanas. – Argi nematai? Šiandien neapgausi, nesitikėk! Milanas nuskubėjo toliau. Netoliese sutiko katę Micę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 12:55:35',62,'','2010-09-07 12:58:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 12:55:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,318,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1597,'Mirties motyvas S. Nėries kūryboje','mirties-motyvas-s-nries-kryboje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Niekas iš tikro nežino, kas yra mirtis. Vieniems tai kelionė pas Dievą, kitiems - amžinoji nebūtis ir pan. Tad pats mirties faktas yra nesvarbus. Svarbu tai, kaip mes mirtį suvokiame, kokią ją įsivaizduojame. Mirties šešėlis lydi žmogų visą jo gyvenimą, todėl emocijos, kurias sukelia mirties faktas žymiai daugiau įtakoja mūsų gyvenimą nei pati mirtis, kuri tėra viena iš sudėtinių gyvenimo dalių. Bet todėl, jog europietiškos kultūros žmonės nemėgsta paslapčių, dalykų, kurių nesupranta ir kurie jiems nepavaldūs, kasdieniame gyvenime stengiamasi užmiršti mirties faktą arba tiesiog jį ignoruoti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bet kiekviena taisyklė turi išimčių.Yra žmonių jautresnių gyvenimo ir mirties paralelei nei kiti, besistengiančių praskleisti paslapties šydą, dengiantį šią misteriją. Tokia asmenybė buvo ir Salomėja Nėris. Jai pasaulis atrodė pilnas iššūkių, kuriuos buvo baisu priimti, neteisybės, prieš kurią ji buvo per silpna kovoti. Todėl mirtis poetei nebuvo paslaptis, o greičiau atsakymas į daugelį klausimų, pats paprasčiausias visų problemų sprendimas, kurio ji vos nesigriebė pačiomis sunkiausiomis akimirkomis... Po universiteto baigimo ir kelionės po Europą, ypač praturtinusios poetės sielą, Salomėja Nėris pradėjo dirbti Lazdijų miestelyje. Pradžioje ji apsigyveno tik ką mirusio mokyklos direktoriaus poeto M. Gustaičio palėpės kambarėlyje, panašiame į karstą. Prieš du nedidelius langus augo uosis, visai užstojęs saulę. Gal būt, šio uosio monotoniško šlamėjimo prisiminimas vėliau įkvėpė poetę sukurti nuostabų eilėraštį, himną gyvenimui \"Aš nenoriu mirti\", prasidedantį žodžiais: -Amžius tu šlamėsi, Šilkalapi uosi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 12:59:18',62,'','2010-09-07 13:02:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 12:59:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,317,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1598,'Paulo Coelho \"Zahiras\"','paulo-coelho-qzahirasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">DEDIKACIJA</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Važiuojant pasakiau, kad jau baigiau pirmąjį savo knygos variantą. Kai pradėjome kopti į vieną Pirėnų grandinės kalną, laikomą šventu, kur išgyvenome nepaprastų akimirkų, paklausiau, ar ji nenorėtų sužinoti, kokia pagrindinė mano knygos tema arba koks jos pavadinimas; atsakė, kad jai labai knietėjo paklausti, tačiau gerbdama mano darbą nedrįso, bet labai tuo džiaugėsi, tikrai. Pasakiau jai knygos pavadinimą ir paaiškinau, apie ką ji. Tyliai kopėme toliau, o grįždami išgirdome ūžesį — vėjas, aukštai lėkdamas virš plikų medžių viršūnių, artinosi prie mūsų, priversdamas kalną dar kartą parodyti mums savo magiją, savo galią. Netrukus pradėjo snigti. Sustojau pasigrožėti ta akimirka: krintančiomis snaigėmis, pilku dangumi, mišku ir jos buvimu šalia. Ji niekada nuo manęs nebuvo atsitraukusi. Nedelsdamas norėjau prisipažinti - Kristina, mano žmona, ši knyga skirta tau. Tačiau nusprendžiau leisti jai pačiai tai suprasti, kai pirmą kartą vartys šiuos puslapius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ji, Estera, karo korespondentė, neseniai grįžo iš Irako, nes bet kuriuo metu į šalį galėjo įsiveržti svetima kariuomenė; jai trisdešimt metų, ištekėjusi, vaikų neturi. Jis - neidentifikuotas kokių dvidešimt trejų ar dvidešimt penkerių metų tamsiaplaukis mongoliškų veido bruožų jaunuolis. Paskutinį kartą žmonės juodu matė kavinėje Sv. Honorijaus priemiesčio gatvėje. Policija buvo informuota, kad jie ir anksčiau buvo susitikę, nors niekas nežinojo, kiek kartų. Estera visuomet sakydavo, jog vyras, apie kurį buvo žinoma tik tiek, kad jo vardas Michailas, yra labai svarbus žmogus, nors ji niekada nepaaiškino, ar jis svarbus jos, kaip žurnalistės, karjerai, ar jai, kaip moteriai. Policija ėmėsi formalaus tyrimo. Buvo iškeltos pagrobimo ir šantažo, taip pat pagrobimo ir nužudymo versijos. Tai neturėtų nieko stebinti, nes jos darbas - rinkti informaciją - skatino ją bendrauti su žmonėmis, susijusiais su teroristinėmis grupuotėmis. Nustatyta, kad kelios savaitės iki jai dingstant iš jos banko sąskaitos buvo nuolat imami pinigai. Tardytojai tai siejo su atlygiu už informaciją. Ji nebuvo pasiėmusi jokių drabužių, bet - ir tai keisčiausia - niekas nerado jos paso.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 13:02:36',62,'','2010-09-07 13:07:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 13:02:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,316,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1599,'Žmogaus dvasinis grožis J.Biliūno kūryboje','mogaus-dvasinis-grois-jbilino-kryboje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ištrauka</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vienodai ir nuobodžiai čiuksėdamas, plaukia prieš vandenį nedidelis garlaivis. Jo pirmagalis varo upės paviršiu gilią vagą; bet garlaivio užpakalyje tos vagos krantai vėl susiverčia krūvon, susidaužia savo viršūnėm, kurios atšokdamos pavirsta į nesuskaitomą daugybę nedidelių krutančių bangų; tos bangos juda kaip gyvos, plečiasi į abi šalis, lekia viena paskui kitą, skubindamos prie tolimųjų upės krantų, ir kaip puikiausiais raštais audeklas blizga ir tviska ant saulės įvairiausiom spalvomis. O platus galingas Nemunas romiai ir iškilmingai plaukia vakarų šalin, tarsi visai nejausdamas ant savo krūtinės žmogaus darbo…</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuo ilgos kelionės nuvargęs, nuo nemiegojimo apsiblausęs, stoviu ant garlaivio ir žiūriu aplinkui. Tiesiai mano kakton pučia vasaros rytys vėjas, tarsi maloniai glostydamas, draiko galvos plaukus ir savo kvėpavimu gaivina pailsusią mano dvasią. Vienodas garlaivio čiuksėjimas liūliuoja prie miego, bet platus Nemunas ir įvairus jo krantų gražumas traukte traukia prie savęs mano akis bei širdį. Žiūriu ir negaliu atsižiūrėti… Ta upė, kuri, vingiuodama be galo, ant kiekvieno žingsnio maino savo pavidalą; tie jos aukšti, žaliuojantys miškai ir pievomis krantai, - tai ne kaleidoskopas, bet gyva prigimtis, neapsakomai už aną gražesnė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Analizė</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Svarbiausias J.Biliūno kūrybos tikslas – gilinimasis  į  vidinį žmogaus pasaulį. Rašytojo žmogus dvasingas. Vienas iš tų dvasingumo bruožų – santykis su gamta, gebėjimas pastebėti smulkiausias gamtos grožio detales. Šitie novelių žmogaus ypatumai atsispindi ir nagrinėjamoje ištraukoje iš apsakymo “Nemune”. Ištrauką galima suskirstyti į dvi dalis. Pirmoji – upės vagos, plaukiant garlaiviui, aprašymas, antrojoje dalyje – pasakotojo būsena ir nuotaika gamtoje. Kūrinys pavadintas “Nemune”. Tad santykis su pavadinimu išryškėja jau pirmose ištraukos pastraipose. Pasakotojas romantiškai žvelgia į didžiausią Lietuvos upę. Vartoja epitetus: “platus”, “galingas”, vaizdingai nusako jo vandenų kryptį, tėkmę: “ramiai”, “iškilmingai”. Jis stebi kiekvieną smulkmeną: kaip laivo pirmagalis varo upės paviršiumi gilią vagą, kaip užpakalyje tos vagos vėl susiverčia krūvon, susidaužia savo viršūnėm… Peizažo detalė labai dinamiška, nes autorius vartoja daug vaizdingų veiksmažodžių: “susiverčia”, “susidaužia”, “pavirsta”, “juda”, “plečiasi”… Dinamiškumą taip pat teikia ir epitetai: “krutančios bangos”, palyginimas “kaip gyvos”, personifikacija: bangos lekia, skubinasi, susidaužia, susiverčia. Pasakotojas, kurdamas tokį vaizdą, geba išryškinti regimąjį grožį: “blizga ir tviska saulėje įvairiausiomis savo spalvomis”. Iš palyginimo – “kaip puikiausiais raštais” – išryškėja lietuvių tautai būdingas požiūris į gamtą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Autorius vartoja kontrastą. Pradėdamas sakiniu “Vienodai ir nuobodžiai čiukšėdamas…” tai monotonijai prieš pastato vandens judrumą. Tas kontrastas tarsi verčia skaitytoją ieškoti gilesnių prasmių: vienodumas ir nuobodumas asocijuojasi su gyvenimo kasdienybe, kuri savotiškai pilka, be didesnių pakitimų. Bet taip gali atrodyti iš šalies, nes kasdienybė pilna įvairiausių nuotykingų smulkmenų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 13:08:10',62,'','2010-09-07 13:10:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 13:08:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,315,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1600,'Moters drama apsakyme \"Paskenduolė\"','moters-drama-apsakyme-qpaskenduolq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A. Vienuolis labai mylėjo, vertino ir gilinosi į paprastų kaimo žmonių gyvenimą. Autorius rašė tai, ką matė, ką girdėjo, ką išgyveno. Apsakymas “Paskenduolė” yra vienas geriausių A.Vienuolio kūrinių, kurį net būtų galima pavadinti šedevru. Tai vienintelis iš sodžiaus žmonių gyvenimo paimtas vaizdelis, kuriame matomi kaimo moralės, etikos, doros santykiai su Veronikos asmenybe. Šiame kūrinyje aprašoma, kaip viena apvilta dora mergaitė neranda kitos išeities pasislėpti nuo doros gerbėjų, kaip tik pasiskandinti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kūrinį autorius pradeda Sekminių dienos aprašymu, kada Veronika parėjo namo iš bažnyčios namo visa susisielojusi, pavargusi. Ne veltui autorius novelę pradeda šia diena, nes Sekminės - tai pats darbymečio metas, gero derliaus tikėjimosi šventė. Čia herojės būsena aprašoma konkrečiai: mes pastebime, kad Veronika viską daro neatidžiai, nekruopščiai, net valgo tik pasrėbdama. Taigi Veronika - nebe ta, kokia buvo anksčiau. Ją apėmė nerimas, persekioja nežinia ir baimė. Pasaulis, kuriame ji iki šiol gyveno, tarsi stumteli ją nuo savęs, ji priversta nuo jo slėptis. Pirmą kartą praranda su juo kontaktą: ”paėmė nuo tvoros milžtuvę ir, apsidairiusi, ar kas nemato, potekomis per kluoną išbėgo laukan”, ”paėjusi ežia į lauko vidurį &lt;...&gt; metė į rugius milžtuvę, parpuolė ant žemės, paslėpė veidą delnuose ir pravirko : “Dievuliau mano, Dievulėliau mano”. Tuojau pat po šio “stumenčio” motyvo mes matome “traukiantį” motyvą, kuris yra susijęs su mistiniu pasauliu: kai Veronika guli rugiuose,  ji mato mėlyną žydrą dangų, girdi žąsioganės dainą, rugių šnabždesį, kurie primena jai apie jos bėdą. Pradėjus skaityti šį kūrinį, šio epizodo reikšmė yra nevisai suprantama, bet pamažu pradedama suprasti, esant ir antgamtinio pasaulio ženklų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 13:19:59',62,'','2010-09-07 13:31:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 13:19:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,314,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1601,'Gražinos paveikslas A. Mickevičiaus poemoje \"Gražina\"','grainos-paveikslas-a-mickeviiaus-poemoje-qgrainaq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A.Mickevičius – garsus poetas gimęs 1798 m. Zaosėje, rašęs lenkų kalba, tačiau jo gyvenimas yra glaudžiai susijęs su Lietuva. Jis - dviejų kultūrų, Lenkijos ir Lietuvos, atstovas, romantizmo epochos menininkas. A.Mickevičius yra parašęs daug kūrinių, garsių ne tik Lietuvoje. Vienas iš jų – „Gražina“, parašyta 1823m. „Gražina“ – epinė poema, tačiau ji ne tik sklandžiai perteikia įvykius, bet yra ir pakankamai jausminga, emocinga. Gražina, „už visas gražiausia mergina“ – pagrindinė A. Mickevičiaus kūrinio „Gražina“ herojė. Tai, kad ji yra pagrindinė šios poemos herojė parodo išsamus bei nuoseklus merginos apibūdinimas, aprašomi veiksmai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gražina tarsi įkūnija tris asmenis – gražią moterį, gudrią valdovę ir drąsią karžygę. Ji graži „taryt gėlė, sukrovus žiedą, paslaptinga, nes „Nuo Svetimų mintis paslėpti mėgo“ ir drąsi, nes nebijojo vyriškų išbandymų. Kunigaikščio žmona –  graži bei žavi moteris. Ji didžiavosi „Kad nuo Liutauro – milžino galingo – Ūgiu nė kiek neatsiliko“. „Širdis į vyro panašėjo“, Kaimiečiai manė vyrą susitikę,“, „Su lūšena ant marmuro kaktos“  – visa tai rodo, kad mergina yra vyriško stoto. A.Mickevičiaus herojė turėjo vyrišką pomėgį – mėgo medžioti. „Ir kas tiktai nematė jos raitos – Į šiurkštų lokio kailį įsimovus,“, „Patiko jai medžioklių triukšmas“. Ištikima ir supratinga žmona – štai ką galėtume pasakyti apie Gražiną. „Jai brangūs buvo vyro reikalai“, „liūdesį paguosdavo valdovą“ – ji buvo ir rūpestinga bei mylinti moteris, padedanti savo vyrui.I škilus sunkumams Gražinai nebūdinga pasiduoti. Ji išlieka nesutrikusi, “Ramybė skamba jos tvirtam balse“ , ji neparodo savo silpnumo. „Nepalūžta vyriška dvasia,“. Ši moteris sumaniai patarinėja vyrui. Sumanios mintys kyla tiek karo, tiek kitose srityse. Savo išmintimi pelniusi vyro pasitikėjimą. Gražina yra šiektiek  paslaptinga. Ji nenori, kad kas nors žinotų apie ką ji galvoja. „Minčių valdovės tarnas tenežino,“. Herojė protingai kalbėdama pelno žmonių pagarbą ir susidaro apie save gerą įspūdį. Drąsioji karžygė nepraranda tikėjimo iškilus pirmiems sunkumams. Viltis miršta paskutinė – šiuo posakiu tiki ir Gražina. „Jei ši diena apvylė mus, apgavo, Gal rytdiena dosnias rankas išties“ – šie žodžiai suteikia jėgų tolimesniems žygiams. Poemoje „Gražina“ laisvai liejasi emocijos bei jausmai. A.Mickevičiaus kūrinys baigiasi romantiška pabaiga – „Ir draug su ja pradingsta liepsnose.“</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-07 13:33:05',62,'','2010-09-07 13:36:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-07 13:33:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,313,'','',0,56,'robots=\nauthor='),(1602,'Balys Sruoga \"Dievų miškas\"','balys-sruoga-qdiev-mikasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Liūnai, kemsynai, kalneliai. Ant kalnelių, kažkieno galios supiltų iš balto smėlelio, - pušaitės, aukštos ir lieknos it senoviško ješiboto auklėtinės. Pakalnėlėse - berželiai, tokie paliegę, tokie nuskurdę, tarytum saulaitės malonės užmiršti našlaičiai našlaitėliai. Atkalnėse ir pašlaitėse - vaivorai, mėlynės, bruknės, susipynė susiaudė į sultingą žalią kilimą, išmargintą uogelėmis. Daubose ir skersvėjuose - klumpabalų žolės, purienos ir viksvos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kadaise, seniai seniai, čionai jūros dugno būta. Tarytum audros metu bangos būtų netikėtai sustingusios, sukietėjusios, o jų paviršių šiaurės vėjai baltuoju smėleliu apibarstę būtų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ši vietelė prisiglaudė Šiaurės jūros pakrantėje, keturios dešimtys penki kilometrai į rytus nuo Gdansko miesto. Iki 1939 metų tai buvo mažai kam žinomas užkemsys. Šalia jos merdėjo mažas miestukas, beveik kaimas, Štuthofas, kokių Vokietijoje buvo tūkstančiai. Miestuką su Gdansko miestu jungė asfaltuotas plentas ir siaurasai geležinkelėlis. Ir gyveno čionai patys nuobodžiausi žmonės Europoje - Prūsų vokiečiai, paskendę šiokiadieninėje dvasios menkystoje, garbinę policininką ir virtuvę, laukuję tvarką ir alų, galėję ištisą savaitę duonos nevalgyti, kad tiktai šventadieniais jiems būtų leista karingu žingsniu iškilmingai gatvėmis pradūlinti ir didžiulį būgną pabambinti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Štuthofo piliečiai, sekmadieniais norėdami jūroje pasiplukdyti, turėdavo pereiti tą sustingusią jūrą, tą jūros dugną, pušaitėmis, berželiais ir kemsynais apsivėlusį. Nors tų piliečių dvasia kad ir kažkaip būtų buvusi supolicinta, vis dėlto jie, įbridę į kenksmingąjį plotą, pasijusdavo kažkaip šventadieniškai. Jau vienas vietos pavadinimas primindavo jiem, kad yra dar šis tas pasaulyje ir be policininko, ir be alaus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dievų miškas! - taip ši vietelė žmonėse iš senų senovės vadinosi. Kadaise, labai seniai, šiame miške dievai gyvenę. Savotiški dievai. Ne germaniškos kilmės. Ne Votanas, ne Toras. Gyvenę tenai lietuviškųjų dievų palikuonys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-08 07:53:03',62,'','2010-09-08 08:18:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-08 07:53:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,312,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1603,'Dž. R. R. Tolkinas \"Žiedų valdovas\" \"Žiedo brolija\"','d-r-r-tolkinas-qied-valdovasq-qiedo-brolijaq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">GERASIS BURTININKAS — DŽ. R. R. TOLKINAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1990 metais JAV išspausdintame \"Pasaulio Almanache\" buvo išvardintas populiariausiųjų visų laikų knygų penkiasdešimtukas. Į jį įėjo tokie garsūs rašytojai kaip E. M. Remarkas, Džordžas Orvelas, Džonas Steinbekas ir kiti, tačiau vieninteliu rašytoju, penkiasdešimtuke turėjusiu net keturias knygas, tapo anglų rašytojas Džonas Ronaldas Ruelas Tolkinas (Tolkien). Knyga, kurią dabar laikote rankose, užėmė 21 vietą, o kita knyga — \"Hobitas\" net 5 vietą. 1992 metais bendras Dž. R. R. Tolkino kūrinių tiražas pasiekė aštuonženklį skaičių, \"Žiedų Valdovas\" buvo išverstas į daugiau kaip keturiasdešimt kalbų, pasirodė dešimtys monografijų, disertacijų ir enciklopedijų apie Tolkiną ir jo sugalvotą pasaulį — Viduržemį. Iš kur toks populiarumas? Pala, pala, bet iš pradžių pažiūrėkime, kas gi buvo rašytojas Dž. R. R. Tolkinas...</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jis gimė 1892 metais sausio 3 dieną tolimame Pietų Afrikos kampelyje — Blumfonteine, kur jau keletą metų gyveno iš Anglijos ieškoti laimės atvykę jo tėvai. Būdamas ketverių metukų, Džonas Ronaldas Ruelas (kuris mieliausiai naudojosi savo antruoju vardu) kartu su mama ir jaunesniuoju broliu pirmą kartą išvyko paviešėti į Angliją, bet... į Blumfonteiną nebegrįžo, nes paskutine naktį juos pasiekė žinia, kad Ronaldo tėvui kraujas išsiliejo į smegenis, o kitą rytą atskriejo telegrama apie jo mirtį. Grįžti atgal nebebuvo prasmės ir pasilikusi Anglijoje Ronaldo motina Meiblė labai greitai pajuto, kas yra neturtas ir taupymas, nors vieno nusistatymo Meiblė Tolkin nekeitė visą gyvenimą: negailėti pinigų berniukų sveikatai ir išsilavinimui. Būtent todėl Meiblė išsinuomojo valstietišką namuką, esantį tik per mylią nuo Birmingamo, ir čia jaunasis Ronaldas pirmą sykį pajuto tikrą laisve, prisiminimai apie kurią dažnai švysteldavo jo kūriniuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Po poros metų būsimojo rašytojo laisvė buvo gerokai suvaržyta, nes pirmą sykį teko peržengti mokyklos slenkstį. Žinoma, tai turėjo ir gerų pusių, nes būtent mokykloje Ronaldas pirmą kartą susipažino su stebuklingu knygų pasauliu, įsigijo draugų. Deja, nerūpestingą jo vaikystę nutraukė dar vienas likimo smūgis: šįsyk 1904 metais dėl stipraus diabeto priepuolio į ligonine atsigulė Meiblė Tolkin, kur po pusės metų ir mirė. Brolius našlaičius ėmėsi globoti senas motinos draugas — dvasininkas tėvas Morganas. Jis visokeriopai jais rūpinosi ir apgyvendino neblogame koledže, kur šešiolikmečio Ronaldo laukė pirmoji ir didžiausia gyvenimo meilė: trejais metais vyresnė kaimynė Edita Bret, pilkaakė, juodaplaukė gražuolė. Jųdviejų draugystė nepastebimai peraugo į meile, bet tėvui Morganui tai labai nepatiko ir jis nutraukė jaunuolių santykius, griežtai paliepęs savo globotiniui stropiai mokytis ir žūtbūt įstoti į Oksfordo universitetą. O po to buvo kiti rūpesčiai, mokslas, regbis, didysis Tolkino susižavėjimas — kalbos, ir Edita beveik išsitrynė iš jo atminties. Tačiau Pirmasis pasaulinis karas ir žiaurūs mūšiai prie Somos iš jaunuolio padarė vyrą ir grįžęs iš karo Ronaldas sugeba susirasti Editą ir pasiūlyti jai savo ranką bei širdį. Nors dėl to Edita turėjo nutraukti sužadėtuves su kitu, 1926 metais tėvui Morganui vis dėlto teko juos sutuokti ir pirmoji Ronaldo meilė neužgeso iki mirties. Būtent šia džiaugsminga data ir baigėsi audringa Dž. R. R. Tolkino jaunystė, o likę pusė šimto metų praėjo nuostabiai ramiai: puikaus viduramžių žinovo, gerbiamo universiteto profesoriaus, šiek tiek senamadiško namisėdos, mylinčio vyro ir tėvo neišmušė iš vėžių netgi staiga atėjusi pasaulinė šlovė...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-08 09:20:35',62,'','2010-09-08 09:24:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-08 09:20:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,311,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(1604,'Dievas V. Mačernio kūryboje','dievas-v-maernio-kryboje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Eilėraščiai “Neatimki, Dieve, iš manęs klydimo teisės” ir “Visi tikėjimai - fantazijos žaislai” buvo parašyti karo metais, kada aplink chaosus, žmogaus gyvybė nieko nereiškė. Šiuos eilėraščius jungia bendra tema, nors man jie atrodo visiškai skirtingi. Abiejuose eilėraščiuose kalbama apie Dievą. Mačernis stengiasi išsakyti, kaip jis supranta Dievą. Eilėraštyje “Visi tikėjimai - fantazijos žaislai” tikėjimas į Dievą atskleidžiamas kaip narkotikas, vaistas, be kurio žmogus negali išsiversti. Žmogus - ligonis, bet tik tikėjimas jame palaiko gyvybę, nes, netekus tikėjimo, žmogus numirs ir nusileis į amžinai niūrią Hado karalystę, bus priverstas tenai klajoti. Poetas teisus, tikėjimai nedaug ką gali pasakyti apie tikrovę, bet žmonės mėgsta šilumą labiau nei tiesą. Todėl atvėsus širdyje tėvų tikėjimui, žmogus susikuria sau kitą, nes nors sunku gyventi ir jaudintis nuskriaustam, bet dar sunkiau netekti iliuzijų, netekti širdy šviesos ir šilumos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kitame eilėraštyje poetas kreipiasi tiesiai į Dievą ir nebekalba apie Dievo, tikėjimo prasmę. Šis eilėraštis man primena maldą. Žmogus blaškosi sustojęs prie prisiminimų kryžkelės: jis žino, jog gyvenimo kelias jį veda į Dievą, tačiau jį traukia žemiškas gyvenimas taip pat. Žmogus žino, jog klysta, bet jis nenori atsisakyti klydimo teisės, jis nori ateiti į Dievą per kančią, per skausmo patirtį. Kadangi žmogus žino, jog tik pajutęs nupuolimo kietą vargą, jis supras didžiąją Dievo prasmę ir vėlei ims sekti jo žodžiu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Manau šie du Vytauto Mačernio eilėraščiai parodo, koks prieštaringas yra žmogus. Kažkas jo viduje sako, kad tikėjimai - fantazijos žaislai, bet kartu kreipiasi į Dievą kaip į Tėvą ir prašo priimti paklydusio sūnaus sielą. Atsirinkti, kurio balso klausyti, sunku, tačiau kiekvienas tai turi padaryti pats. Todėl poetas teisus, kad Dievas duoda mums dalią - laisvės ?????, ir mes patys kuriame savo laimę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-08 09:25:03',62,'','2010-09-08 09:37:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-08 09:25:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,310,'','',0,41,'robots=\nauthor='),(1605,'Liudvikas Rėza','liudvikas-rza','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Liudvikas Rėza gimė 1776 m. Karvaičių kaime Kuršių nerijoje. Karvaičių kaimas L.Rėzos paauglystės laikais plytėjo 2 km į šiaurę nuo dabartinės vėliau įkurtos Preilos. XVIII a. pabaigoje paskutiniai Karvaičių kaimo likučiai buvo palaidoti po storu smėlio sluoksniu. L.Rėza, jau neturėjęs tėvų (jam esant dviejų mirė motina, o šešerių ir tėvas), nebeteko ir gimtinės. Gimtojo kaimo mirtis po smėlio kalnu tartum sužadino jame prūsų ir lietuvių praeities ilgesį, meilę jų senovinei kultūrai, papročiams, gyvenimo reliktams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvių kalbą L.Rėza mokėjo iš mažens ir ja kalbėjo. Kiek neaiški yra L.Rėzos tautybė. Diskusija dėl žymiojo lituanisto tautybės sudėtinga ir atsakinga. Išskirtinė L.Rėzos reikšmė prioritetą turinčiam vokiečių lituanistikos mokslui, Mažosios Lietuvos kultūrai ir dvasiniam gyvenimui, ypatinga vieta visos lietuvių literatūros istorijoje įpareigoja tyrinėtoją atsargiai elgtis. Privalome atidžiai vertinti labai prieštaringas, kartais net viena kitą neigiančias nuomones: profesorius pats kartą paskelbė, kad yra kilęs „iš lietuviškos giminės”, F.Tetzneris, A.Bruožis ir Vydūnas jį laikė kuršiu, A.R.Niemis – latviu, lietuviams nepalankiomis nuotaikomis pasižymėjęs K.Forstreuteris – vokiečiu, V.Biržiška, nuolatinis K.Forstreuterio oponentas, šį sykį buvo atsargesnis ir galutinių išvadų nepateikė. Bene kruopščiausiai gausią medžiagą monografijoje Liudvikas Rėza apibendrino literatūros istorikas A.Jovaišas. Jis linkęs pritarti mišrios tautybės versijai: motina tikriausiai vokietė, tėvas – kuršis arba lietuvis. Dabar, papildžius duomenų atsargas ir vertinimo kriterijus, reikėtų vėl patyrinėti šią problemą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visi žinomi profesoriaus lituanisto pirmtakai tikrai gyveno Kuršių nerijos regione. Jų pavardė buvo rašoma įvairiai: Reehse, Raese, Rhöse, Roehse ir panašiai. Lietuviškai ji skambėtų Rėzė. Būsimojo mokslininko tėvas Johann Reehse gyveno Karvaičių bažnytkaimyje. Jis turėjo karčiamą ir buvo gerai apmokamas pajūrio sargas, todėl, jei ne gausi šeimyna galėjo būti pasiturintis žmogus. Savo socialine padėtimi J.Reehsė išsiskyrė iš paprastų nerijos žvejų. J.Reehsė vedė Kathariną Charlottę Schneider. Jos geneologija yra pakankamai aiški.  Neminint tolesnių protėvių, galima nurodyti, kad nuotakos prosenelis buvo Jociškių dvarelio savininkas, Ventės valsčiaus amtmonas ir Kuršių marių žvejybos meistras J.Hamburgeris, kurio palaikai ilsisi po Kintų bažnyčios grindimis. Taigi L.Rėzos motina ¾ buvo vokietė, o ¼ švedė. Jokių lietuviškumo ar kuršiškumo žymių neradę ir tėvo geneologijoje, galime teigti, kad profesorius gimė Klaipėdos krašto kolonistų šeimoje, kurioje buvo susipynusios laisvųjų vokiečių žemvaldžių ir amatininkų giminių atžalos. Mūsų akimis žiūrint, gausioje, tačiau anais laikais įprastoje šeimoje L.Rėza buvo aštuntas ir paskutinis vaikas. Jį pakrikštijo 1776 metų sausio 14 dieną dviem vokiškais Martino Ludwigo vardais. Kurti pradėjo dar studijuodamas, pirmuosius eilėračius paskelbė 1799 metais. Vos baigęs mokslus, įsijungė į lietuvišką darbą: Karaliaučiaus kariams lietuviams skaitė pamokslus, pradėjo rengti naują lietuviškos Biblijos leidimą ir rinkti lietuvių liaudies dainas. Karaliaučiaus universiteto rektoratui 1810 metais įteiktoje autobiografijoje L.Rėza nurodo kilęs „iš lietuviškos giminės”, turinčios ryšį su senosios lietuvių raštijos kūrėju J.Rėza, nors tokį teiginį nėra kuo pagrįsti, jis dokumentiškai neįrodomas. Atsižvelgdama į autoriaus valią, ji pati L.Rėzą oficialiai vadina „karvaitiškių lietuviu” ir paskiria Lietuvių kalbos seminaro inspektorumi. Po kiek laiko, bet ne vėliau kaip 1816 metais, jaunasis mokslininkas pasirinko dar ir Gedimino (vokiškai – Jedemin) vardą. Šiam žingsniui jį paskatino lituanistinė veikla ir dvasios jautrumas. Kaip ryškų precedentą galima nurodyti žymųjį filosofą I.Kantą, savo protėvius kildinųsį iš Škotijos. Po mokslininko mirties pedantiški jo bruožai tai lengvai paneigė, o autobiografijos „netikslumus” delikačiai susiejo su romantizmo dvasia, beje supusia ir L.Rėzą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-08 09:37:52',62,'','2010-09-08 09:39:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-08 09:37:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,309,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1606,'Haiku','haiku','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Ant sausos šakos<br />Sustingo varnas.<br />Rudens pavakarė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiek ne rytiečių skaitytojų ranką prie širdies padėję galėtų pripažinti - taip, šis klasiko Bašio Macuo eilėraštis yra šedevras? O tokiu jis būtent ir laikomas haiku tėvynėje, Japonijoje. Kai perskaičiau visus komentarus ir paaiškinimus, logiškai aš galiu sutikti su japonais: šedevras! Artėjančios žiemos nuotaika, erdvė, vienatvė ir ramybė, neištariant šių žodžių, naudojantis tiktai peizažo aprašymu… Dauguma haiku būtent tokie - tarsi mažas langas į begalinį pasaulį, kai keliais žodžiais išsakoma tokia gelmė, kad ir baisu, ir saldu darosi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Taigi, kas yra tas haiku. Kilo šis žanras XVI a. vid. iš rengos - kelių dešimčių dvieilių ar trieilių grandinės pradinio eilėraščio. Tai trumpas lyrinis trieilis, (klasikinė sistema 5-7-5 skiemenys), tradiciškai turintis sezoninius žodžius (pavasarį žymi žydinti slyva, migla; vasarą - jonvabaliai, vijokliai, gegutė, drugelis, lietus; rudenį - žaibas, mėnulio pilnatis, rasa; žiemą - sniegas, šalna ir t.t.). Yra keletas estetinių haiku principų, tarkim, sabi - \"amžina kosminė vienatvė\" (ne vienišumas), jugen - pagarbus žvilgsnis į neišsakomą daiktų esmę, vabi - grožio paprastumo pajautimas… Tačiau vėlyvieji haiku kūrėjai nebesilaiko beatodairiškai įsikibę šių rėmų. Beje, didelę reikšmę žanro formavimuisi turėjo budizmo filosofija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Haiku žanras per šimtmečius patyrė ne vieną nuosmukį, o geriausiais laikais turėjo kelias mokyklas; visos jos susijusios su iškiliausiais kūrėjais: Bašio Macuo, Buson Josa, Issa Kobajaši ir Šiki Masaoka. Knygoje pateikti ir jų, ir jų mokinių, taip pat ikiklasikiniai ir šiuolaikiniai haiku. Apie kūrinius bendrai sunku kalbėti, nes kiekvienas yra skirtingas, turintis nuosavą prasminę erdvę. Tačiau geriausius jų pavyzdžius vienija skaidri (visai nebūtinai džiaugsminga) nuotaika, jausmo kondensuotumas, ryšys tarp amžinybės ir akimirkos, begalybės ir detalės, kurios visgi yra neišvengiamai susijusios. Sakoma, jog geri haiku turi būti tarsi neužbaigti, - skaitytojas iš užuominų atkurs pilną prasmę. <br />Apskritai \"Drugelis sniege\" skirtas ne vienkartiniam \"prarijimui\". Perskaičius norisi vėl ir vėl atsiversti šią minimalistinės poezijos knygą. Du trūkumai: pirma, knyga, nors labai simpatiškai išleista, neišvengė žioplų korektūros klaidų, kurios gadina įspūdį. Antra, kurį laiką po perskaitymo norisi galvoti trieiliais…</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-08 09:40:39',62,'','2010-09-08 09:43:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-08 09:40:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,308,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1607,'A. Škėmos kūrybos savitumas, poetika','a-kmos-krybos-savitumas-poetika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antanas Škėma, gimęs, daug įspūdžių patirdavo, kai motina jį mokindavo kalbų ir vakarais pasakodavo keistas interpretacijas. Didelė trauma buvo, kai karo metu motina prarado protą ir neilgai trukus pasimirė. Antanas Škėma nebuvo cinikas . Karštas ir ūmus, jis buvo pasiruošęs kovoti už tai, ką laikė tiesa. Neretai asmeniniu reikalu visai nesuinteresuotas puldavo aršion kovon, nes jam rūpimas reikalas buvo ne taip suprantamas ar iškreipiamas, ar bent taip jam atrodė. Verčiau jį vadinti DonKichotu, ne ciniku. A. Škėmai būdingas didelis, nepavargstantis intelektualinis domėjimasis, noras pažinti naujausias idėjas, pamatyti  eksperimentinius dramos veikalus, įsiklausyti į keisčiausią nūdienę muziką, įsiskaityti naujausia poeziją, pasidomėti daile. Nuoširdžiai mylėjo visa, kas jauna, drąsu, naujoviška savo dvasine struktūra, ne vien forma ar dėl laiko mados — jis buvo vienas nedaugelio tikrųjų moderniosios epochos ir moderniosios žmogaus dvasios reiškėjas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nenorėdamas pašluoti šiukšlių palovėn, jis gaižiai kėlė aikštėn gyvenimiškąjį purvą, rodė animališkąją meilės pusę, tyčia sugretindamas, kas žmoguje vienu metu gyvena idealaus ir žemo. Su Mačerniu, Krivicku, net šiek tiek su Radausku A. Škėmą sieja įsigyvenimas į moderniąją vakarų literatūrą ir filosofiją.  Jo kūryba - tai drąsus lietuviškosios tematikos bei problematikos papildymas tarptautiniais kontekstais, o visų pirma katastrofų epochos žmogaus pasaulėjauta: akistata su Nieku ir Mirtimi, tradicinių vertybių žlugimo išgyvenimas, numalšinimas, prarastos tikrumos, autentiškos būties ilgesys, kritiškas santykis su literatūros ir pasaulėžiūros rutina.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antano Škėmos vaizduojamas pasaulis - kosmopolitiškas , kuris lietuvių pasaulio atsispindėjimą  susieja su įvairių kitų tautų dvasine patirtimi bei kultūriniais archetipais. Tarp įvairių tautų ir kultūros simbolikos įsiterpia ir lietuvių tautosakos elementų, pavyzdžiui, gegutė, varnas, vaizduojantys mirtį ir pražūtį.  Jie išmėtyti po įvairius kūrinius: “Šypsena”, “Beržas ir žmogus”, “Pagautas”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-08 09:44:14',62,'','2010-09-08 09:58:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-08 09:44:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,307,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(1608,'Lietuvos asmenybės','lietuvos-asmenybs','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mindaugas. Lietuvos valstybės susidarymas susij3s su Mindaugo vardu. Mindaugo mirtis reiškia pagonybės grįžimą Lietuvon, konfrontaciją su Vakarų Europa. Tačiau valstybė buvo išsaugota. Tai ir yra svarbiausias karaliaus nuopelnas. Mindaugas sujungė lietuvius į vieną valstybę. Krikštas tapo politiškai naudingu aktu Lietuvai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gediminas. Per Gedimino valdymo laikotarpį buvo pasiekta viena didelė pergalė – Medininkų mūšyje. 1320 m. 13 a. viduryje Mindaugas padėjo pamatus Lietuvos valstybei. Gediminas dar labiau sutvirtino Mindaugo įkurtą valstybę ir davė pradžią naujai galingai dinastijai. Vytautas buvo žymiausias šios dinastijos atstovas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vytautas. Vytautas buvo paveldėjęs 4 pagrindines politines problemas; 1 garantuoti lietuvių tautai saugumą nuo germanų agresijos, 2 išplėsti Lietuvos valstybės sienas rytuose, 3 sutvirtinti šalies vidaus gyvenimą, 4 įsilieti į katalikiškosios kultūros erdvę. Visa Lietuvos tragedija yra ta, kad Vytautas buvo paskutinysis iš talentingiausių jos valdovų. Vytauto vidaus politikos tikslas buvo sustiprinti Lietuvą. Didžiausias ir svarbiausias Vytauto tikslas liko neįgyvendintas. Tai buvo Lietuvos diplomatinis ir politinis pralaimėjimas kuris po staigios Vytauto mirties dar labiau paaštrino LDK situaciją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mikalojus Daukša. M. Daukša iš amžininkų išsiskyrė išsilavinimu plačiu akiračiu turėjo didelę biblioteką. Jo biblioteka buvo viena didžiausių 16 a. LDK. M. Daukšos kūriniai buvo religinio pobūdžio, tačiau jie turėjo didžiulę reikšmę kalbai. Pagrindinis M. Daukšos darbas yra Postilės vertimas. Išleista 1599 m. Postoleje svarbiausia buvo prakalba. Joje iškelta susirūpinimo savo tauta ir jos ateitimi idėja. M. Daukša yra Renesanso epochos kūdikis. Ši epocha tapo tautinių kalbų epocha. Pagrindinis jo argumentų šaltinis – gamta, žmogaus prigimtis, jos dėsniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos Tautinės Mažumos. Sąvoka tautinė mažuma atsirado tik atsiradus piliečio sąvokai. Vakarų Europoje – po Prancūzijos didžiosios revoliucijos. Lietuvoje  atkūrus  Lietuvos  valstybę 1918 m. <br />pirmieji rusai į dabartinę Lietuvos teritoriją atsikėlė 14 - 16 a. Iš rusiškų LDK žemių. Lietuvos valstybė 13 a. viduryje pradėjo prisijungti gudų žemes. Gudų žemės vaidino nemenką vaidmenį LDK ekonominiame, politiniame ir kultūriniame gyvenime.  Žydų atsiradimas Lietuvoje susijęs su tragiškais įvykiais Vakarų ir Centrinėje Europoje 11 - 12 a. Latviai manoma atsikėlė 15 - 16 a.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-09-10 07:54:57',62,'','2010-09-10 08:14:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-10 07:54:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,16,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(1609,'Lietuvos Laisvės Kovos Sąjūdžio (LKKS) Tarybos deklaracija','lietuvos-laisvs-kovos-sjdio-lkks-tarybos-deklaracija','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-09-10 08:16:50',62,'','2010-09-10 08:18:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-10 08:16:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,15,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1610,'Antikominterno paktas','antikominterno-paktas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiosios Japonijos imperijos vyriausybė ir Vokietijos vyriausybė, suprasdamos, kad komunistų „internacionalo\" (vadinamojo kominterno\") tikslas yra ardomoji veikla ir smurtas, visomis turimomis priemonėmis vykdomi šiuo metu egzistuojančių valstybių atžvilgiu, būdamos įsitikinusios, kad komunistų „internacionalo\" kišimosi į nacijų vidaus reikalus toleravimas ne tiktai sudaro pavojų jų ramybei, visuotinei gerovei ir socialinei santvarkai, bet ir kelia grėsmę taikai visame  pasaulyje, ir išreikšdamos savo pasiryžimą bendradarbiauti, ginantis nuo komunistų ardomosios veiklos, pasirašė toliau išdėstytą susitarimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Straipsnis 1. Aukštosios Susitariančios Šalys įsipareigoja informuoti viena kitą apie komunistų „internacionalo\" veiklą, konsultuotis būtinų gynybinių veiksmų klausimu ir glaudžiai bendradarbiauti, vykdant šias priemones.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Straipsnis 2. Aukštosios Susitariančiosios Salys įsipareigoja bendrai rekomenduoti bet kuriai trečiai valstybei, kurios vidaus saugumui gresia komunistų „internacionalo\" ardomoji veikla, imtis gynybinių priemonių, atitinkančių pastarojo susitarimo dvasią, arba prisijungti prie šio susitarimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Straipsnis 3. &lt;...&gt; Šis susitarimas pasirašomas penkeriems metams ir įsigalioja nuo pasirašymo dienos. Abi susitariančios šalys iki pasibaigiant šio susitarimo terminui turi susitarti dėl tolesnio bendradarbiavimo pobūdžio.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiosios Japonijos imperijos vyriausybė ir Vokietijos vyriausybė, pripažindamos, kad Tarybų Socialistinių  Respublikų Sąjungos vyriausybė siekia įgyvendinti komunistų „internacionalo\" tikslus ir yra pasiryžusi tam panaudoti savo ginkluotąsias pajėgas, ir būdamos įsitikinusios, kad tai sudaro rimčiausią pavojų ne tiktai valstybėms, bet ir taikai visame pasaulyje, siekdamos apginti savo bendrus interesus susitaria:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Straipsnis 1. Jeigu viena iš Susitariančių Salių neišprovokavus užpuls Tarybų Socialistinių Respublikų Sąjungą arba jeigu tai šaliai grės toks neišprovokuotas užpuolimas, kita Susitariančioji Šalis įsipareigoja nesiimti jokių priemonių, kurios galėtų palengvinti Tarybų Socialistinių Respublikų Sąjungos padėtį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Susidarius minėtai situacijai, Susitariančios Salys turi nedelsdamos aptarti priemones, kurių reikta bendriems jų interesams apginti.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-09-10 08:19:13',62,'','2010-09-10 08:29:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-10 08:19:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,14,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(1611,'Kultūros istorijos špera','kultros-istorijos-pera','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Miestų atsiradimas LDK. Pirmoji Magdeburginė privilegija suteikta Vilniuje 1387 m. Kaunui 1408 m. Trakų kaimams 1441 m. Miestų bendruomenėse išliko senasis karo ir darbo dvilypumas. Lengvėjo karo prievolė. Ji virto  piniginėmis prievolėmis,  darbo p. iš valstiečių renkama sidabrinė. Miestiečių bendruomenės , kaip prievoliniai vienetai ryškėjo XIII a. pab. jų nedaug: Vilnius, Kaunas, Trakai. Svarbiausi miestų kūrimosi požymiai: amatai ir prekyba. Jų atsiradimas susujęs su darbo pasiskirstymu. Svarbų vaidmenį atliko rusų papiliai, amatininkų ir prekybininkų gyvenvietės. Iš gyvenviečių išsirutuliojo miestai. Pvz.: rusų miestai kūrėsi  susiliejus kelioms gyv. Miestai kūrėsi  kaip valdžios centrai ir susijęs su amatų koncentracija ir prekyba. Svarbiausias miestų kūrimosi veiksnys - valdžios centras, o prekyba ir amatai jau vėlesni nors vėliau kaip tik tai ir lėmė jų atsiradimą. Aukštadvaris: gyvavo X - XIV a. Pilis apjuosta iki 5 m. aukščio pylimu. Kernavė: XIII - XIV a. Aptikta radinių aukuro kalno piliakalnyje (miestai kūrėsi gal X - XII a).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Naujųju laikų kultūros ištakos. 16 a. Europoje vyko sudėtingų  social. prieštaravimų laikotarpis paspartino valstiečių karus, reformaciją. Monarchijų formavimąsi Europoje nulėmė besikuriančios naujos  kultūros pobūdį. Humanistai buvo priversti nuo laisvo gyv. 16 a. vid. atsiranda manierizmas Italijoje o vėliau Š. Europoje. Jis teigė kad žmogus priklausomas nuo  gamtos istorijos visuomenės.  Menininkas turėjo nekopijuoti tikrovės, bet ją pagrąžinti , vaizduoti dalykus nors jų ir nėra. Man. Būdingas gamtos pagražinimas. Pagr.  idėja sekti  žymaus menininko tapymo manieromis. Iš čia atsiranda maniera Mikelandželo - didžioji, Rafaelio - vidutinė. Manierizmu norima atsikratyti visu tuo kas būdinga renesansui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kinta tikrovė, negyva gamta. Viskas priešinga klasikiniam menui. Būdinga sudėtinga kompozicija, literatūroje būdingas manierizmas, muzikoje - polifoninis stilius. Tikslas - atskleisti autoriaus kūrybos techniką. Jis davė pradžią barokui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Baroko epochos pasaulėžiūra. Terminas “Barokas” imtas vartoti  tik 18 a. apibūdinama tam tikro tipo skulptūra, dailė. Baroko - meno stilius, būdinga ryškūs kontrastai, dinamiškų kompozicijų pusiausvyra. Barokas - keistas, įmantrus. 19 a. barokas pritaikomas architektūrai.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-09-10 08:30:32',62,'','2010-09-10 08:41:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-10 08:30:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,13,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1612,'2004 m. istorijos valstybinis egzaminas','2004-m-istorijos-valstybinis-egzaminas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-09-10 15:19:03',62,'','2010-09-10 15:21:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-10 15:19:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,12,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(1613,'Barosos planas','barosos-planas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vokietijos ginkluotosios pajėgos turi būti pasirengusios dar iki karo su Anglija pabaigos, staigia karine operacija, nugalėti Sovietų Rusiją ( “Barbarosos variantas”).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tuo tikslu sausumos pajėgos turės panaudoti visus jos dispozicijoje esančius junginius, apsiribodama tik tuo, kad okupuotos sritys turi būti apsaugotos nuo bet kokių netikėtumų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Karinių oro pajėgų užduotis – skirti pajėgas sausumos kariuomenės palaikymui Rytų kampanijos metu., kad būtų galima tikėtis kuo greitesnių sausumos operacijų užbaigimo, ir  tuo pačiu iki minimumo apriboti galimybes priešo aviacijai griauti rytines Vokietijos provincijas. Ši karinių oro pajėgų koncentracija Rytuose turi būti apribota, kad būtų galima pridengti visus karinių veiksmų bei karinės pramonės rajonus nuo priešo aviacijos antskrydžių ir , kad dėl to nesusilpnėtų mūsų puolamieji veiksmai prieš Angliją, ypač prieš jos jūros komunikacijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinės karinio jūrų laivyno pastangos Rytų kampanijos metu turi būti nukreiptos prieš Angliją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įsakymą apie strateginį karinių pajėgų išdėstymą prieš Sovietų Sąjungą aš  duosiu, jei reikės, aštuonios savaitės prieš numatytą operacijos pradžią.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tie pasiruošimai, kurie reikalauja daugiau laiko ir dar nepradėti, turi būti kuo skubiau pradėti ir užbaigti iki 1941 m. gegužės 15 d.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ypatingą dėmesį reikia skirti tam, kad ketinimas užpulti nebūtų išaiškintas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paruošiamieji aukščiausios karinės vadovybės pasirengimai turi būti vykdomi, remiantis šiais pagrindiniais teiginiais:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinės Rusijos sausumos kariuomenės pajėgos, esančios vakarinėje Rusijos dalyje, turi būti sunaikintos drąsiomis operacijomis, tankų daliniams įsiveržiant toli į gilumą. Reikia sutrukdyti kovingų dalinių atsitraukimui į rusų teritorijos platybes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sparčiai persekiojant, turi būti pasiekta linija, nuo kurios rusų karinės oro pajėgos bus nepajėgios  vykdyti skrydžius į Vokietijos imperijos teritoriją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Galutinis operacijos tikslas yra sukurti užtveriamąjį barjerą nuo Azijinės Rusijos dalies bendra linija Archangelskas – Volga. Tokiu būdu, rusams likusį paskutinį pramoninį Uralo regioną, bus galima paralyžiuoti aviacijos pagalba.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šių operacijų metu rusų Baltijos jūros laivynas greitai praras savo bazes ir tokiu būdu negalės toliau kovoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Efektingi rusų karinių oro pajėgų veiksmai turi būti nutraukti mūsų galingais smūgiais jau pačioje operacijos pradžioje.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-09-10 15:23:51',62,'','2010-09-10 15:28:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-10 15:23:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,11,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1614,'Lietuvos padėtis XIX a. pirmoje pusėje','lietuvos-padtis-xix-a-pirmoje-pusje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos padėtis XIX a. pirmoje pusėje nebuvo lengva.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vokietijai įsiveržus į Belgiją ir Liuksemburgą prasidėjo karo veiksmai. 1914 m. liepos mėnesį Rusijos armija įsiveržė į Prūsiją. Tačiau po nesėkmingų kautynių vokiečiai įsiveržė į Užnemunę, o vėliau ir į Žemaitiją, bei vidurio Lietuvą. Taip Lietuvoje prasidėjo vokiečių okupacijos laikotarpis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jau karo pradžioje tapo aišku, kad Rusija nebus pajėgi aprūpinti armijos karo reikmėmis. Paskelbus karinę mobilizaciją Lietuvos pramonei buvo suduotas ne mažas smūgis. Įmonėse sumažėjus darbuotojų skaičiui atsirado darbo jėgos, žaliavų trūkumai. Nemaža dalis įmonių buvo demontuota ir išvežta į Rusiją. Dėl tokių padarinių pramonė pradėjo merdėti, o Vokietija rėmė tik tas įmones, kurios tenkino fronto liniją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vokietija, okupavusi Lietuvą, gana greitai suardė jos valdymo struktūras ir pavertė ją maisto ir žemės ūkio žaliavų tiekėja. Pagrindinis vokiečių karinės okupacinės valdžios tikslas buvo išplėšti kokį  galima didesnį maisto ir žemės ūkio žaliavų kiekį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vokiečių kareiviai įsiverždami į kaimus grobė ir niokojo viską, kas jiems pakliūdavo po ranka. Tačiau labiausiai žemės ūkį alino nesibaigiančios rekvizicijos, kurias vykdydavo iš vokiečių karininkų ir seržantų susidedanti komisija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvoje sparčiai mažėjo gyvulių skaičius. 1916 m. pabigoje atlikta inventorizacija parodė, kad jų sumažėjo net 57 procentais. Buvo nuspręsta, kad valstiečiai turi atiduoti visas odas ir kailius. Buvo imtasi likviduoti net šunis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vokiečiai vykdė savo plėšimą ir muitų pagalba. Visas Lietuvoje supirktas maisto, žemės ūkio žaliavas jie be muito gabendavo į Vokietiją, o iš ten prekes atveždavo su muitu. Lentelėje pavaizduota žemės ūkio ir pramonės gaminių, išvežtų iš Lietuvos 1916 – 1918 m.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vokiečių okupacijos metu, nesvarbu, kad Lietuvoje buvo pradėjęs siausti badas, gyventojams buvo draudžiama pasipjauti gyvulį ar susimalti miltų. Okupacinė valdžia viską surašinėjo ir registravo, siekdama kiek galima daugiau visko konfiskuoti ir užgrobti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Per okupacinį laikotarpį buvo niokojama ne tik pramonė ir žemės ūkis, bet ir miškai. Okupacinė valdžia savo rankose turėdama degtukų, tabako, sacharino bei degtinės monopolius grobuoniškai kirto miškus. Greta senųjų lentpjūvių buvo statomos naujos geležinkelio atkarpos, išeinančios tiesiai į miško masyvus.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-09-10 15:29:36',62,'','2010-09-10 15:33:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-10 15:29:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,45,'robots=\nauthor='),(1615,'Krymo konferencija','krymo-konferencija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mes išnagrinėjome ir nustatėme karinius trijų sąjunginių Valstybių planus, siekiant galutinai sutriuškinti bendrą priešą. Kariniai trijų sąjunginių nacijų štabai per visą Konferencijos laikotarpį kasdien susitikdavo pasitarimuose. Šie pasitarimai buvo itin teigiami visais atžvilgiais ir todėl trijų sąjungininkų karinės pastangos buvo glaudžiai koordinuojamos negu bet kada anksčiau. Tarpusavyje buvo pasikeista išsamiausiomis informacijomis. Buvo visiškai suderinti ir smulkiai suplanuoti terminai, mastas ir koordinacijos naujų ir dar galingesnių smūgių, kuriuos mūsų armijos ir karinės oro pajėgos smogs į Vokietijos širdį iš rytų, vakarų, šiaurės ir pietų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagal suderintą planą ginkluotosios trijų valstybių pajėgos užims Vokietijoje atskiras zonas. Plane numatyta koordinuota administracija ir kontrolė, vykdoma Centrinės Kontrolės Komisijos, kurią sudaro trijų valstybių Vyriausieji Kariuomenės Vadai.  Jų buveinė bus Berlynas. Buvo nutarta, kad trys valstybės pakvies Prancūziją, jeigu ji to panorės, užimti sau okupacijos zoną ir dalyvauti ketvirtuoju Kontrolės Komisijos nariu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mūsų tvirtas tikslas — sunaikinti Vokietijos militarizmą bei nacizmą ir užtikrinti, kad Vokietija niekada daugiau nepajėgtų pažeisti viso pasaulio taikos. Mes kupini pasiryžimo nuginkluoti ir išformuoti visas Vokietijos ginkluotąsias pajėgas: kartą ir visam laikui panaikinti vokiečių generalinį štabą, kuris ne vieną kartą padėjo Vokietijos militarizmui atgimti, atimti arba sunaikinti visus Vokietijos karinius įrengimus, likviduoti arba paimti kontrolėn visą Vokietijos pramonę, kuri galėtų būti panaudota karinei gamybai; teisingai ir greitai nubausti visus karo nusikaltėlius bei priversti natūra atlyginti nuostolius už vokiečių padarytus sunaikinimus; nušluoti nuo žemės paviršiaus nacistinę partiją, nacistinius įstatymus, organizacijas ir įstaigas; išgyvendinti bet kokią nacistinę ir militaristinę įtaką visuomeninėms įstaigoms, kultūriniam bei ekonominiam vokiečių tautos gyvenimui ir bendrai imtis Vokietijos atžvilgiu kitokių priemonių, kurių reikės būsimajai viso pasaulio taikai ir saugumui. Sunaikinti vokiečių tautą nėra mūsų tikslas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mes aptarėme nuostolių, Vokietijos padarytų šiame kare sąjunginėms valstybėms, klausimą ir pripažinome, kad yra teisinga įpareigoti Vokietiją maksimaliai atlyginti tuos nuostolius natūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bus sukurta Nuostolių atlyginimo Komisija, kuri įpareigojama taip pat išsiaiškinti, kiek nuostolių Vokietija padarė sąjunginėms valstybėms ir kaip juos padengti. Komisija dirbs Maskvoje.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-09-10 15:36:08',62,'','2010-09-10 15:40:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-10 15:36:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,39,'robots=\nauthor='),(1616,'Prancūzijos revoliucijos raida','pranczijos-revoliucijos-raida','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Revoliucijos raida: Bastilijos paėmimas. Absoliutizmas nustojo egzistuoti - 1789 07.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogaus ir piliečių teisių deklaracija - 1789 08.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konstitucija - 1791.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Komunos sukūrimas - 1792 08.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Monarchijos nuvertimas - 1792 08.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prancūzija paskelbiama respublika - 1792 09.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nukirsdintas karalius Liudvikas 16 - 1793 01.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jakobinų ir žirondistų kova - 1792 - 1793.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sukilimas Vandėjoje - 1793.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jakobinų diktatūros įvedimas - 1793 06.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konstitucijos priėmimas - 1793.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Termidoro 9 - osios pusės - 1794 07.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1799 - monarchistų maištas ir Napoleono politinės karjeros pradžia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1802 - pasiskelbia konsulu iki gyvos galvos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1804 - pasiskelbia imperatoriumi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1813 - priverstas atsisakyti sosto ir į jo vietą ateina Liudvikas 17.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1801 - pasirašo konkordatą su Pijumi 7 ir katalikybė paskelbiama valstybine religija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1800 - įkurtas Prancūzijos bankas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-09-10 15:42:06',62,'','2010-09-10 15:48:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-10 15:42:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,57,'robots=\nauthor='),(1617,'II Pasaulinis karas (testas)','ii-pasaulinis-karas-testas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-09-10 15:49:39',62,'','2010-09-10 15:51:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-10 15:49:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,54,'robots=\nauthor='),(1618,'Getai','getai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kitose vokiečių okupuotose valstybėse žydams iš pradžių panaikindavo teises, paskui atimdavo turtą ir tik tada suvarydavo į getus, kur juos naikindavo. Kiekvienas etapas trukdavo 1 – 2 metus. Lietuvoje taip nebuvo. Visa tai buvo daroma iš karto, be jokių pertraukų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvoje getai pradėti steigti 1941 m. liepą, tačiau jų gyventojai buvo išnaikinti ir ilgainiui liko tik Kauno, Vilniaus ir Šiaulių getai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kauno getas pradėtas kurti 1941 m. liepos 10 d., kai Kauno komendantas išleido įsakymą, liepiantį žydams išsikraustyti į Vilijampolę (iki rugpjūčio 15 d.). Iš šio geto žydai žudyti buvo vežami daugiausia į Kauno IX fortą (nužudyta &gt; 30000 žydų) ir Kauno IV fortą (nužudyta &gt; 4000 žydų). Žydai buvo kviečiami kokiam nors darbui ar apžiūrai, ten suimami ir vežami į žudymų vietas. Didžiausios žudymo akcijos metu, 1941 m. spalio 29 d. buvo nužudyta ~ 9200 žydai, iš jų vaikų ~ 4300. 1943 m. rugsėjo 15 d. getas paverstas koncentracijos stovykla, o 1944 m. liepos 19 d. getas panaikintas, žydus išvežant į įvairias dirbtuves ir kitų vokiečių okupuotų valstybių koncentracijos stovyklas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vilniuje buvo įrengti du getai (nuo 1941 m. rugsėjo). I - asis – Rūdininkų, Strašiūno, Dysnos, Mėsinių gatvių rajone (čia buvo laikoma ~ 33000 žydų), II - asis – Stiklių, Žydų, M. Antokolskio ir Gaono gatvių rajone (čia buvo laikoma ~ 10000 žydų). Abiejuose getuose maistas buvo duodamas pagal specialias korteles (100 g. duonos, keli gramai kruopų ir arklienos. Dirbantiems žydams buvo duodama dar po 100 g. duonos). Dirbantys žydai bandydavo slapta įsinešti maisto, tačiau prie įėjimo juos tikrindavo policija ir geto administratorius F.  Mureris. Jis įsakydavo plakti gumine lazda tuos, kurie turėdavo pasislėpę maisto. Iš Vilniaus getų žydus veždavo žudyti į Panerius, didžiausią žudymų vietą (nužudyta ~ 70000 žydų). I - oji žudymo akcija įvyko 1941 m. rugsėjo 15 d., kai buvo paskelbta, kad I - ajame gete turi gyventi tik kvalifikuoti specialistai, o II - ajame – juodadarbiai darbininkai. Taip keldama žydus, policija juos suiminėjo ir gabeno į Panerius. Vėlesnėse akcijose žydus, kaip ir Kaune, kviesdavo kokiam nors darbui ar apžiūrai, ten suiminėdavo ir veždavo į Panerius. Po kelių tokių akcijų, 1941 m. spalio 28 - 30 d., II - asis getas buvo likviduotas. 1943 m. kovo mėnesį, keliant žydus iš Švenčionių, Ašmenos ir kitų Rytų Lietuvos miestelių, traukiniai stojo Paneriuose (tada sušaudyta ~ 5000 žydų). 1943 m. rugsėjo 23 d. getas likviduotas, darbingi žydai perkelti į SS valdomas koncentracijos stovyklas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-09-10 15:54:29',62,'','2010-09-10 15:59:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-10 15:54:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(1619,'Lietuvos ir Lenkijos 1569 m. (Liublino) unijos aktas','lietuvos-ir-lenkijos-1569-m-liublino-unijos-aktas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visų pirma, kad ir buvo senieji draugystės, sąjungos pasižadėjimai, padėję plėsti bendrą valstybe, tiek Lenkijos karalystę, tiek Lietuvos didžiąją kunigaikštystę, ir įvesti joje geresnę tvarką. Kadangi juose yra kai kas nesutinkama su gero ir širdingo broliškumo pasitikėjimu, todėl stipriau sujungti bendroje ir savitarpinėje broliškoje meilėje ir abiejų valstybių saugumui visiems laikams, tvirtam broliškam pasitikėjimui per amžius, Dievo garbei ir jo karališkosios malonybės. vertingos Šlovės amžinam dėkingumui irtų dviejų šauniausių tautų, lenkų ir lietuvių, taip pat neaprėpiamos ir amžinos šlovės, grožio, puošnumo, galios, garbės ir kilnumo bei bendro majestoto išplėtimui visiems laikams tuos senuosius sąjungos susitarimus atnaujinome ir suderinome, kaip žemiau nusakyta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kad Lenkijos karalystė ir Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė yra jau vienas neišskiriamas vienalytis kūnas, taip pat viena bendra neišskiriama valstybė, kuri iš dviejų valstybių ir tautų susidarė ir susijungė į vieną tautą (visuomene).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">O kad tom dviem tautom visiems laikams įsakinėtų viena galva, vienas valdovą ir vienas bendras karalius, kuris bus renkamas bendrais lenkų ir lietuvių balsais ir rinkimus atliekant Lenkijoje, o paskui patepimą Lenkijos karaliumi ir vainikavimą darant Krokuvoje. Tų rinkinių pagal Aleksandro privilegiją kurios nors šalies neatvykimas negali sukliudyti, nes iš pareigos turi būti šaukiami Lenkijos karūnos ir Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės tarėjai ir visi luomai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos Didžiojo Kunigaikščio išrinkimas ir jo apšaukimas (pakėlimas), kuris anksčiau buvo vykdomas Lietuvoje, privalo būti panaikintas taip, kad ateityje neliktų jokio ženklo ar panašumo, kuris rodytų ar reikštų Lietuvos Didžiojo Kunigaikščio kėlimą, arba inauguraciją. O kadangi Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės titulas ir urėdijos pasilieka, tad renkant ir vainikuojant, jis turi būti kartu apšauktas ir Lenkijos Karaliumi, o tuo pačiu ir Lietuvos, Rusios, Prūsijos, Mozūrijos, Žemaitijos, Volynės, Podliasės ir Infliantijos didžiuoju kunigaikščiu...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Abiejų tautų seimas ir taryba visuomet turi būti bendri Karalystės, Lenkijos karaliaus, bendro valdovo viršenybėje, ir posėdžiauti ponai turi patys kartu su kitais ponais, kaip atstovai su atstovais, ir tartis bendrais reikalais tiek seime, tiek ir be seimo Lenkijoje ir Lietuvoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pinigai tiek Lenkijoje, tiek Lietuvoje turi būti kalami bendru susitarimu vienodi ir lygaus svorio, dydžio ir prabos ir užrašo monetoje; tai privalo įvykdyti Jo Karališkoji Didenybė ir tai privalės vykdyti jo Karališkosios Didenybės įpėdiniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jokių kitų seimų, atskirų Lenkijos ir Lietuvos luomams, nuo šio laiko karalius nešauks, bet visada šauks bendrus seimus tų abiejų tautų, kaip vienam kūnui Lenkijoje, kur jo karališkajai malonybei ir Lenkijos bei Lietuvos tarėjams atrodys tinkamiausia...<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-09-10 16:02:25',62,'','2010-09-10 16:14:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-10 16:02:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,54,'robots=\nauthor='),(1620,'Žydų istorija','yd-istorija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žydų gimimo vieta yra Izraelio žemė (Eretz Israel). Ten praėjo reikšminga ilgos žydų istorijos dalis, kurios pirmasis tūkstantmetis yra įrašytas net į Bibliją. Ten buvo suformuota pati žydų tauta, jos religija ir kultūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ši tauta nenustoja egzistavusi jau amžius, net po didžiulių trėmimų ir genocidų. Per ilgus išsisklaidymo metus, žydai niekada nepamiršo (ir nepamiršta) savo ryšių su gimtąja šalimi. 1948 metų Izraelio valstybės sukūrimas atnaujino žydų tautos nepriklausomybę, kuri buvo prarasta prieš du tūkstančius metų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daug anksčiau negu 1948 metais, žydų valstybės sukūrimas kėlė triukšmą Palestinoje. Žydų migracija į Palestiną, pradedant nuo 1882 metų, sukėlė konfliktą su arabais, kuris vėliau peraugo į karą, nesibaigiantį ir iki šiol.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1880 metais apie 24 tūkstančiai žydų gyveno Palestinoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1882 - 1903 Pirmasis Aliya (stambaus masto imigracija), pagrinde iš Rusijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įkvėpti sionistinės ideologijos ir persekiojami žydai rytų Europoje pradėjo imigruoti į Palestiną.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žydų visuomenė jau tada buvo remiama labdaringų užsienio organizacijų. Daugelis naujųjų imigrantų ieškojo  galo žydų priklausomybei nuo labdaros ir kūrėsi Palestinoje, kad galėtų dirbti žemę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmoji žydų migracijos banga – Pirmasis Aliyah. Aliyah yra hebraiškas žodis, reiškiantis kėlimasi, jis liečia tik tuos žydus, kurie keliasi į Izreaelį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1878 metais grupė žydų ortodoksų iš Jeruzalės nusipirko žemės ruožą Šarono slėnyje, kuris yra šešios mylios nuo Jafos. 26 šeimos pasistatė lūšneles ir pavadino savo žemdirbystės bendruomenę Petach Tikvah,  išvertus iš žydų kalbos tai reiškia vilties vartus. Maliarija, alkis ir tvanai iš šalia esančios Jarkono upės paskatino pirmuosius pionierius atsisakyti savo idėjų, nutraukti kūrimasi ir grįžti į Jeruzalę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po kelių metų atvykėliai iš Europos dar kartą pabandė įsikurti šiuose “vilties vartuose” ir jau 1888 metais jie pradėjo gauti finansinę paramą iš Barono Edmondo de Rotšildo, legendinio prancūzų – žydų filantropo, kuris buvo vienas iš pagrindinių geradarių, padėjusių įsikurti žydų žemės ūkio bendruomenei Palestinoje. Tarp 1882 ir 1903 metų 25 tūkstančiai žydų persikėlė į Palestiną. Priešingai nei pirmieji žydų pionieriai, kurie kėlėsi į Palestiną dėl socialinių priežasčių, žydų jemenitų banga plūstelėjo į Palestiną dėl grynai religinių priežasčių.  <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-09-10 16:15:48',62,'','2010-09-10 16:20:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-10 16:15:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1621,'1941 m. slaptasis protokolas','1941-m-slaptasis-protokolas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vokietijos Reicho vyriausybės įgaliotas Vokietijos ambasadorius grafas fon Šulenburgas iš vienos pusės ir SSRS vyriausybės įgaliotas SSRS liaudies komisarų tarybos pirmininkas V. M. Molotovas iš antros pusės susitarė:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vokietijos Reicho vyriausybė atsisako savo pretenzijos į Lietuvos teritorijos dalį, kuri yra paminėta 1939 m. rugsėjo 28 d. slaptajame protokole ir nurodyta prie jo pridedame žemėlapyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Socialistinių Sovietų Respublikų Sąjungos vyriausybė už šio protokolo pirmame punkte nurodytą teritoriją yra pasiruošusi kompensuoti, sumokėdama Vokietijai 7 500 000 aukso dolerių – 31 milijoną 500 tūkstančių reichsmarkių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">SSRS vyriausybė atsiskaitys už 31,5 milijono reichsmarkių sumą tokiu būdu: vieną aštuntadalį, būtent 3 937 500 reichsmarkių spalvotųjų metalų tiekiniais per tris mėnesius po šio protokolo pasirašymo, kitus septynius aštuntadalius, būtent, 27 562 500 reichsmarkių auksu, sumažindama vokiečių aukso mokėjimus, kuriuos ligi 1941 m. vasario 11 d. turi sumokėti pagal vokiečių ūkio delegacijos pirmininko pono dr. Schnurres ir SSRS užsienio prekybos liaudies komisaro A. J. Mikojano raštų apsikeitimą ryšium su “1941 m. sausio susitarimu apie Vokietijos Reicho ir Socialistinių Sovietų Respublikų sąjungos 1940 m. vasario 11 d. ūkio susitarimo antrojo periodo abišalius tiekinius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasirašoma šio protokolo po du egzempliorius vokiečių ir rusų kalbomis, ir jis galioja tuojau po pasirašymo.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-09-10 16:22:00',62,'','2010-09-10 16:25:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-10 16:22:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1622,'Istorijos santrauka','istorijos-santrauka','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Civilizacija (civ.) - tai žmonijos kultūros ir istorijos raidos rodiklis. Civilitas lot. piliečio teigiamų bruožų visuma.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nagrinėdami Senovės Rytų civ. randame daugybę brandumo požymių, kuriais sėkmingai galėjo naudotis vėlesnės kartos. Pvz.: nagrinėjant Indo civ. matyti kad buvo sukurta nepakartojama kultūra, vėliau perduota aplinkiniams kraštams, archeologai įrodė, kad jais 3 tūkst. pr. Kr. “Mirusiųjų kalvų” ir Harapos miestų žmonės buvo daug ko pasiekę: taisyklingas gatvių išplanavimas, kelių aukštų namai, kanalizacijos sistema, raštas, biurokratijos požymiai, veikia valdininkų sistema, jie turi savo antspaudus, dideli žemdirbystės, gyvulininkystės amatų pasiekimai (augino medvilnę, kviečius, buivolus, darbo įrankiai, keramika), vykdo dideles keliones, stato laivus. Harapos civ. sunaikina ateiviai arijai, jie tobulina tai kas jau buvo sukurta ankstesnių gyventojų. Pagr. dalykas tam nusakyti yra vedos (budistų knygos). Skaitydami jas sužinome, kad daug kultūros laimėjimų buvo perimta iš Harapos, pvz.: astronomijos žinios. Kinijos civ. apie 2200 pr. Kr. unitarizuojama ir suvienija meną kaip tai padaryti parėmė kitos valst. Jos taip pat perėmė raštą (hieroglifinį), bronzą, drėkinimo darbų sis., paraką, popierių, žinias kaip kurti šeimą, ją prižiūrėti, išlaikyti, dorovinės sistemos principus, Konfucijaus mokymą. Kai kurių civ. brandumo požymiai: Egiptas - monumentali architektūra ir skulptūra, sarkofagų gamyba, paminklo ant kapo statymas. Faraonas turėjo 12 funkcijų. Babilonas - universali valst., Hamurabio kodeksas, visuotinė kariuomenė. Sirijos civ. - finikiečių abėcėlė, jūreivystės menas, senovės žydų religija, biblija, dekalogas (10 įsakymų). Hetitai - metalo apdirbimas, humaniškas kodeksas, objektyvi istorija. Šumero - Akado raštas ant molinės plytelės, epų rašymas. Šie Rytų civ. pasiekimai atsispindėjo kitose, vėlesnėse civ., kai kuriais pasaulis naudojasi ir dabar tik juos ištobulinęs, modernizavęs.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-09-10 16:29:23',62,'','2010-09-10 16:47:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-10 16:29:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,2,'','',0,41,'robots=\nauthor='),(1623,'Kūryba - visas Mikelandželo Buanaročio gyvenimas','kryba-visas-mikelandelo-buanaroio-gyvenimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viena renesanso viršūnių - Mikelandželas Buonarotis. Jo ilgas gyvenimas - tai Heraklio gyvenimas, virtinė žygdarbių, kuriuos jis įvykdė sielvartaudamas ir kentėdamas, lyg ne savo valia, o priverstas savo genijaus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mikelandželas buvo skulptorius, architektas, tapytojas ir poetas. Tačiau kad ir ko ėmėsi, pirmiausia ir visur jis - skulptorius; jo figūras, nutapytas ant Siksto koplyčios plafono, galima laikyti statulomis, jo eilėraščiuose, rodos, jauti skulptoriaus skaptą. Skulptūrą jis vertino labiau už visus kitus menus ir čia, kaip ir kitur, buvo Leonardo da Vinčio, menų ir mokslo karaliene laikančio tapybą, priešininkas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienas ankstyvųjų Mikelandželo darbų - beveik penkių metrų aukščio Dovydo statula, pastatyta Sinjorijos aikštėje, šalia Vekjo rūmų, kur yra vyriausybinis Florencijos centras. Ši statula turėjo ypatingą politinę reikšmę: tuo metu, pačioje XVI amžiaus pradžioje, Florencijos respublika, išvijusi savo vidinius tironus, buvo tvirtai pasiryžusi priešintis ir vidaus ir išorės priešams. Buvo norima tikėti, kad maþa Florencija gali nugalėti, kaip kadaise jaunas taikus piemuo Dovydas nugalėjęs milžiną Galijotą. Čia buvo kur pasireikšti herojinei Mikelandželo talento prigimčiai. Iš monolitiško marmuro luito (anksčiau jau sugadinto nevykusiai apdorojant) jis iškalė savo tramdomu įniršiu gražų jauną milžiną. Tai buvo labai sunkus darbas, nekalbant apie didžiulę fizinę įtampą, iš skulptoriaus jis reikalauja rankos tikslumo (to, kas netiksliai atkirsta, nebegalima pridėti) ir vidinės regos ypatingo akylumo. Taip dirbo Mikelandželas. Parengiamasis etapas jam būdavo piešiniai ir vaško eskizai, apytikriai apibrėžiantys vaizdą, o paskui jis stodavo į grumtynes su marmuro bloku.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vaizdo “vadavimas” iš slepiančio ją akmeninio apdangalo Mikelandželui buvo nuostabioji skulptoriaus darbo poezija; savo sonetuose jis dažnai kalba apie ją platesne, simboline prasme, pavyzdžiui:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Panašiai, Madona, kaip tvirtame kalnų akmenyje menininko vaizduotė regi gyvą figūrą, kurią jis išvaduoja iš ten, kur daugiau akmens pašalinta,- taip ir kai kuriuos gerus mūsų virpančios sielos potroškius slepia kūniškasis apdangalas po šiurkščiu, tvirtu, neapdorotu luobu.” <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,53,'2010-09-10 17:02:19',62,'','2010-09-10 17:23:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-10 17:02:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,1,'','',0,34,'robots=\nauthor='),(1624,'H. Hesė \"Stepių vilkas\" santrauka','h-hes-qstepi-vilkasq-santrauka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">K. Hesė – intelektualiosios prozos kūrėjas. Jo kūriniai rodo, kad intelektuali asmenybė negali išvengti vidinių krizių. Svarbiausi romanai: “Kleinas ir Vagneris”, “Paskutinė Klingzoro vasara”, “Sidharta”,”Stepių vilkas”,”Narcizas ir Goldmundas”,”Žaidimas stikliniais karoliukais”. Autoriaus kūrinių centre – asmenybė, kuri negali pritapti visuomenėje, bet negali gyventi be jos. Taip susidaro psichologinė vidinė drama, kurios pagrindinis teiginys – “Žmogus turi būti savimi”. Romane “Stepių vilkas” pgr. veikėjo Hario Halerio tragedija nulemia tai, kad jo viduje trūksta harmonijos, o asmenybė suskyla į nesutaikomas priešingybes. Romaną sudaro 4 dalys: įžanga, “traktatas apie stepių vilką” (skirta tik bepročiams), lyriniai intarpai – eilėraščiai, “magiškasis teatras“.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šioje knygoje susiduria 2 amžių ir kultūrų sandūros: klasikinės kūrybos, kurią įprasmina Gėtės poezija, Mocarto, Hendelio, Haidno muzikiniai kūriniai ir tuo metu kylanti naujoji Europos kultūra pasireiškianti trankia kavinių muzika, menkaverčiais šlageriais, masiniais pasilinksminimais, o kartais alkoholiu ir narkotikais. Autorius nepropoguoja stimuliuojančių priemonių, jas pateikdamas tik kaip faktą. Haleris nepripažįsta miesčioniškos aplinkos ir tuštybės, ilgisi vienatvės ir “vilkiško gyvenimo“. Šis veikėjas mato vizijas bei haliūnikus, kurios yra pavadintos “magiškuoju teatru“. Kūrinyje yra ir kitų veikėjų: Hermina, Marija, Pablas.  Visi jie pasireiškia vizijose. Realiausias iš personažų yra Hermina, kuri stengiasi padėti Hariui atsikratyti “vilkiško gyvenimo“. Marija – tai mergina išmokiusi Harį mylėti, o Pablas dažnai tapatinamas su pačiu veikėju. Pablas “magiškajame teatre“ tampa burtininku, padedančiu Hariui suvokti tikrąsias gyvenimo vertybes: bet kokia prievarta yra svetima žmogaus prigimčiai, žudydamas kitą, žudai pats save, net toks jausmas kaip meilė gali nužudyti. Šiame romane autoriui taip ir nepavyko rasti kelio, kuriuo eidama intelektuali asmenybė galėtų pasiekti dvasinę pusiausvyrą ir vidinę harmoniją. H. Halerio ryžtingas žingsnis “nuo vilko prie žmogaus“, tai pakopa siekiant vidinės harmonijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-13 09:00:19',62,'','2010-09-13 12:19:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-13 09:00:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',14,0,306,'','',0,59,'robots=\nauthor='),(1625,'Dan Brown Da Vinčio kodas','dan-brown-da-vinio-kodas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogaus nežinojimas beribis, o noras pažinti begalinis; kruopščiai saugomos žmonijos paslaptys virsta legendomis, žadinančiomis harmoningo pasaulio ilgesį, o Didžiosios Tiesos priešininkai siūlo suklastoto gyvenimo taisykles... Daugeliu tikrų faktų grįstas naujausias Deno Brauno romanas tikriausiai šokiruos, galbūt supykdys, o gal padovanos raktą į Tikrąjį Žinojimą, grąžinantį legendos šviesą tikrovei. Vatikano užkulisiai, ypatinga šviesa nutviekstos pagonybės ir krikščionybės dilemos, Amžinojo Moteriškumo ilgesys — romano karkasas, ant kurio lipdomos intriguojančios senųjų simbolių prasmės. Kokios paslaptingos jungtys sieja Jėzų Kristų* Da Vinčį, Botičelį, Niutoną, Hugo? Kodėl iki šių dienų nenurimsta aistros dėl Šventojo Gralio? Kur ilsisi Marijos Magdalietės palaikai?.. Tai tik dalelė tų paslapčių, kurių gausu šiame D. Brauno romane.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žymusis kuratorius Žakas Sonjeras nusvirdinėjo skliautuotu didžiosios muziejaus galerijos koridoriumi. Jis pasilenkė siekdamas arčiausiai esančio — Karavadžo paveikslo. Įsitvėręs paauksuoto rėmo, septyniasdešimt šešerių metų senis truktelėjo šedevrą į save, ir šis, nukritęs nuo sienos, paspaudė po drobe ant nugaros pargriuvusį Sonjerą. Kaip senis ir numanė, netoliese triukšmingai nusileidę geležiniai vartai užblokavoišėjimą į galeriją. Sudrebėjo parketu klotos grindys. Tolumoje pasigirdo įsijungusios signalizacijos sirena. Kuratorius dar kiek pagulėjo gaudydamas kvapą. Jis mėgino susivokti. Aš vis dar gyvas. Jis iššliaužė iš po drobės ir ėmė dairytis kokios nors nišos, kurioje galėtų pasislėpti. Kraupiai arti pasigirdo balsas:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Nejudėk. Keturpėsčias kuratorius sustingo; jis iš lėto pasuko galvą. Vos už penkiolikos pėdų, už nusileidusių vartų, pro geležinius virbus žvelgė milžiniško silueto užpuolikas — aukštas ir plačiapetis, vaiduokliškai blyškios odos ir plonyčių baltų plaukų. Jo akių rainelės buvo rausvos su tamsiai raudonomis lėliukėmis. Albinosas išsitraukė iš po apsiausto pistoletą ir pro virbus nukreipė jį į kuratorių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-13 09:08:19',62,'','2010-09-13 12:21:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-13 09:08:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',8,0,305,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(1626,'Jaunimo gyvenimo tragedija J.Grušo dramoje “M.D.V.”','jaunimo-gyvenimo-tragedija-jgruo-dramoje-mdv','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">J.Grušas – vienas didžiausių moralistų mūsų literatūroje. Jo kūryba išsiskiria tuo, kad yra išaugusi iš moralinių ir filosofinių gelmių, iš autoriaus pastangų pažvelgti į žmogų už kasdienybės ribų, išaiškinti jo prigimtį ir sielos vingius, pastatyti jį į kraštutines dvasinių išbandymų situacijas. Juozo Grušo devizas, kurį jis ne kartą teoriškai skelbęs, – veržtis į būties gilumą ir platumą, ieškoti žmogaus tiesos ir prigimties galimumų, atskleisti vaizduojamuose personažuose amžinas žmogaus galias. “Meilė, džiazas ir velnias” savo drastišku konfliktiškumu, tragiška minties ir jausmų įtampa iš pradžių daugelį šokiravo. Tačiau tai buvo jo kūrybos laimėjimas, iškovota moralinė teisė ir pareiga kalbėti apie gyvenimą atvirai ir tiesiai, įprasminant kovą dėl didelių ir patvarių humanistinių vertybių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jau pačiame dramos pavadinime atsispindi gėrio ir blogio kova. Rašytojas kūrinyje svarsto amžinus dalykus, mąsto apie žmogaus gerumą ir apie išsigimimo, nužmogėjimo priežastis. Dramaturgui rūpi esminiai šiuolaikinio visuomenės gyvenimo dalykai, todėl jis ir kelia pirminio gyvenimo tragediją, kuri labiausiai atsiskleidžia per veikėjų charakterius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bedvasėje aplinkoje išaugęs jaunuolis – Andrius – agresyviausia veikalo figūra, džiazininkų vadeiva. Andrius stoja prieš savo tėvą, ciniškai šaiposi iš visų praeities iškovojimų, iš sudarytų jaunimui sąlygų. Andrius maištauja, bet apie jokius visuomeninius idealus negalvoja. Jo devizas – “viską pasiimti iš gyvenimo”, bet kuria kaina, bet kuriom priemonėm. Jo iššūkiai, cinizmas yra grėsmingi, nebesulaikomi ir kelia pavojų visuomenei.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ne šventas yra ir antrasis džiazininkas – Julius. Tai gana sudėtingos dvasinės struktūros personažas su tam tikra intelektualine patirtimi. Jo išpuoliai daugiausia liečia moralę ir etinius principus. Julius nusivylęs bet kokiais idealais, nebetiki žmonėmis. Jam sunkiausia už visus, nes tik jam suteikta aiškiaregio galia suvokti savo ir savo draugų dvasinę krizę. Pačioje veiksmo pabaigoje Julius tarsi eina į pabudimą. Prieš atomazgą laikas sustoja. Iki tol trijų vaikinų nepatirtas vienatvės šiurpas, kuris juos pastūmės pasikėsinti į Beatričę, čia “sustabdomas” ir išryškinamas. Ne kam kitam, o Juliui jis įgauna didžiausią reikšmę, siejasi su jo dvasiniu persilaužimu. “Aš susimąsčiau, – sako jis. – Pradėjau galvoti, kad aš – žmogus parodija, kad reikia būti kitokiam…” Gyvenimas – ugnis ir vienam prie jos būti baisu! “Ar jums teko būti nakties metu miške vienam prie laužo? – klausia draugus Julius. – Man teko. Klaiku! Atrodo, kad tave kažkas sudraskys. O laužas degs, apims visą mišką. Ir dūmas tas neišsisklaidys niekada.” Šis vienatvės suvokimas yra nemaža garantija, kad Julius bus priverstas grįžti iš tamsaus paklydimo miško, ieškoti kelių į žmones. Jo dvasinę krizę ir protestą dramaturgas sieja su humanistinio prado gyvybingumu tiek žmoguje, tiek visuomenėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-13 09:15:13',62,'','2010-09-13 12:22:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-13 09:15:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',8,0,304,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1627,'Literatūros istorija','literatros-istorija','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-13 09:20:28',62,'','2010-09-13 12:29:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-13 09:20:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,303,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1628,'Apie Mažvydą','apie-mavyd','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš garbingos praeities šiandien galime semtis stiprybės. Amžininkų ir rašytojų dėka galime pakelti laiko uždangą ir pažvelgti į tolimus laikus, sužinoti apie tautos šaknis. Jos glūdi giliai: pirmuosiuose įrankiuose, pirmosiose lietuviškose raidėse ir lietuviško rašto posmuose. Lietuvos šaknys - tai ir jos garsūs žmonės, kurie gerbė, tobulino, kūrė, saugojo ir gynė nuo nutautėjimo mūsų kalbą ir raštą. Vienas iš tokių žmonių yra Martynas Mažvydas - lietuviškojo rašto “tėvas”. Galbūt dabar jau nebekalbėtume mūsų protėvių kalba, gal lietuvių tauta gyvuotų tik istoriniuose šaltiniuose, jei ne Martyno Mažvydo nuveiktas darbas. Juk, anot Mikalojaus Daukšos, tautos gyvuoja “daugiausia išlaikydamos ir vartodamos savo kalbą, kuri didina ir išlaiko bendrumą, santaiką ir brolišką meilę”. M. Mažvydas parašė pirmąją lietuvišką knygą tais laikais kai pagrindinės Lietuvoje vartojamos kalbos buvo lotynų ir lenkų, o lietuvių kalba buvo ties užmaršties riba. Ją vartojo beveik vien tik valstiečiai baudžiauninkai. Bajorai ir aukštuomenė ją niekino.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvoje jau buvo prasidėjęs reformacijos judėjimas. Martynas Mažvydas buvo priėmęs liuteronų tikėjimą ir smerkė katalikų bažnyčios ir kunigų turtėjimą tikinčiųjų sąskaita. Dėl liuteronybės skleidimo jis turėjo išvykti iš Lietuvos ir apsigyveno Karaliaučiuje, Prūsijoje, kur šis tikėjimas turėjo daug šalininkų. Ten jo širdį graužė tėvynės ilgesys, tačiau grįždamas M. Mažvydas būtų turėjęs atsisakyti savo tikėjimo ir gyvenimo tikslo, o to padaryti jis negalėjo. Matydamas sunkų baudžiavos prislėgtų lietuvių valstiečių gyvenimą, jis ėmė rūpintis jų gerove ir ypač švietimu gimtąja kalba. Tačiau, nors Karaliaučiuje gyveno nemažai lietuvių, kraštas priklausė Prūsijai ir buvo vokietinamas. Todėl lietuvių kalbos niekam nereikėjo. Bet M. Mažvydas dirbo nenuleisdamas rankų. Ir jis savo tikslą pasiekė, parašė “Katekizmą” ir ėmė mokyti lietuvius rašto. Šį jo nuveiktą darbą galima prilyginti žygdarbiui. Juk jis tiek daug iškentėjo ir pasiaukojo, kad suteiktų Lietuvai šviesą, išmokytų ją rašto. Gyvendamas Ragainėje, M. Mažvydas buvo praradęs viską: gyveno svetimoje žemėje, svetimoje šeimoje. Bet jam  liko tikėjimas, kurio jis nebuvo praradęs niekada, tikėjimas žodžio ir rašto reikalingumu. Jis jautė pareigą atnešti lietuvišką žodį į kiekvieno lietuvio širdį. Ir tą pareigą įvykdė. Iš jo knygų lietuviškai skaityti ir rašyti mokėsi daugybė lietuvių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-13 09:22:12',62,'','2010-09-13 12:30:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-13 09:22:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,302,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(1629,'A. Vienuolio kūryba','a-vienuolio-kryba','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antanas Vienuolis gimė 1882-04-07 Ažuožerių kaime, Anykščių rajone. Lankė Anykščių pradinę mokyklą, gyveno pas senelius Baranauskus. Vėliau mokėsi Liepojos gimnazijoje, po to - Seinuose pas A.Baranauską (kelis mėnesius). Po to - į Liepoją, baigia 4 gimnazijos klases. 1900 m. mokosi Maskvoje, lanko literatūros paskaitas. Sukuria nesudėtingus pirmuosius kūrinius. Išvyksta į Kaukazą, daug rašo. 1907 - 1918 grįžta, dirba ir kuria Maskvoje. Sukuria apsakymų ciklą apie inteligentus. Apsakymai \"Grįžo\", \"Pati\", \"Kūčių naktį.\" 1918 - 1957 m. Kaune. Kuria. 1922 - 1957 m. Anykščiuose gimsta jo romanai \"Puodžiunkiemis\", \"Kryžkelės\", Viešnia iš šiaurės\", \"Iš mano atsiminimų\"…</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A.Vienuolis - \"visapusiškas rašytojas.\" (visokie žanrai). Romantinės legendos, realistiniai romanai... Tęsė J.Biliūno tradicijas. Abu gilinosi į žmogaus pasaulį - psichologiškas paveikslas. Tęsia lyriškumo (kalba \"aš\") tradicijas. Nauja: išplečia tematiką: daug dėmesio skiria moters likimui, kelia inteligencijos (toli nuo Lietuvos) problemas.<br /> Apsakymus į vienumą jungia viena tema - apie inteligentus, apie jų sielojimusis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-15 07:34:41',62,'','2010-09-15 07:38:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-15 07:34:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,301,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(1630,'Trumpai apie Balį Sruogą','trumpai-apie-bal-sruog','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Balio Sruogos figūra matyti iš toli visose lietuvių literatūros palaukėse. Į kurį žanrą beįšokdavo jo šmaikšti plunksna, ten ji rėžė naujas ir gilias vagas. Lyrika, dramaturgija, kritika, publicistika ir epistoliarija – visur B. Sruoga paliko neišblunkančius savo turtingos kūrybinės prigimties ir nerimastingos asmenybės pėdsakus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lyrika buvo pats brangiausias šio daugiabalsio talento ,,širdies kūdikis”. Kartais per ištisą dešimtmetį B. Sruoga neparašydavo nė vieno eilėraščio. Kartais jis pats tyčiodavosi iš savo poetinės kūrybos, prisidengęs kokiu nors slapyvardžiu. Bet B. Sruoga visados jautėsi esąs lyrikas – ar kurtų istorines dramas, ar rašytų kraupius savo sarkazmu  ir tragika memuarus. Jis liko poetas su gyvais emocijų verpetais, kuriems pasiduodavo be atodairos, su spontaniškais  sielos protrūkiais, kuriuose ištirpdavo gyvenimo pažinimas ir rafinuota kultūros išmintis, žmogiškumo ilgesys ir pikta ironija amžiaus niekšybėms.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">B. Sruoga itin gerai išmanė didžiulį tradicinės kultūros ir literatūros kontekstą ir sugebėjo jį provokuoti. Nei vienas literatūrinis ir apskritai kultūrinis debiutas nelikdavo nepastebėtas smailios B. Sruogos – kritiko – plunksnos. Taip ir poezijoje. Jis išliko gana artimas romantizmui, tačiau galėjo sukurti impresionistinio stiliaus eilėraščių. Daugeliu atvejų B. Sruogos simbolis išreiškia neįprastą gebėjimą jungtis ir žaisti su kitais žodžiais, nuolat mainant savo prasmę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-15 07:39:09',62,'','2010-09-15 07:41:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-15 07:39:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,300,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1631,'Lietuvių literatūros autoriai špera','lietuvi-literatros-autoriai-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">K.Donelaitis. Svarbiausia - tikrovė, gyvenimas, visuomeninė aplinka. Vaizdas, įvykis, poelgis, gyvenimo detalė buvo suaugusi su žodžiu, kurį sukūrė liaudis.“Metai” - didaktinis. Daug pamokymų, patarimų. Autorius parodo savo požiūrį į pasaulį: būrą, jo santykį su aplinka, gamta. A.Baranauskas. Davė pradžią lyrinei gamtos lietuvių poezijai. Poemos niūri dabartis kontrastiškai gretinama su senovės LT miško grožiu, atskleidžiamos liaudies žmogaus dvasinės vertybės, protestuojama prie carizmą, socialinę ir nacionalinę priespaudą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Maironis. Aiškiai suformuluotos kilnios idėjos ir poetinės išraiškos grožis, jos paprastumas ir skambumas. Žmogus, jo veržimasis į laisvę, į būties pilnatvę, jo klystkeliai sudaro poeto kūrybos išeities tašką ir centrą. Gyvenimo kaip aukos samprata poeto kūryboje viena esminių. Maironis lietuvių lyrikoje įtvirtino tam tikrą meniškumo etaloną, vertinimo kriterijų, atskaitos tašką. Nuo Maironio prasideda lietuviškos lyrikos istorija. Žemaitė. Svarbiausia - tikrovės iliuzija ir gyvas pokalbis, dialogas. Bet yra ir papročiai, žemės pirmenybė tarp kitų vertybių, šeima, kaip pagrindinė gyvenimo linija, ir moters vieta joje. Žemaitės apsakymai dažnai primena gyvenimo gabalus, realias jo scenas ir tikrovės įvykius. Ji piešia labai neįmantriomis priemonėmis, pasakoja paprastai, aiškiai, siekdama, kad skaitytojas matytų aprašomus dalykus lyg gyvus. Žemaitė viena pirmųjų lietuvių beletristikoje aprašė peizažą, suteikdama jam savarankiškos gyvybės. Lazdynų Pelėda. Lazdynų Pelėdos apsakymuose ir apysakose plačiai vaizduo¬jami dvaro ir kaimo socialiniai prieštaravimai pobaudžiaviniu laikotarpiu, antihumaniški dvarininkų santykiai su valstiečiais. Svarbiausia socialinio blogio moraliniai aspektai, vaikų ir moterų dramatiškas likimas, žmogaus asmenybės degradacija. Būdinga dinamiškas veiksmas. Šatrijos Ragana. Geriausiais savo kūriniais ŠR įtvirtino persmelkiantį pasakojimo nuoširdumą, psichologinio išgyvenimo sudvasinimą, poetinę nuotaiką kaip XXa. Prozos meninę normą. Dvaro psichologija. Žemės būties baigtinumo nuovoka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-15 07:41:37',62,'','2010-09-15 07:45:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-15 07:41:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,299,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1632,'Francoise Sagan \"Po mėnesio, po metų\"','francoise-sagan-qpo-mnesio-po-metq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">I skyrius</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bernaras įėjo į kavinę ir kiek sudvejojo pamatęs, kaip keli lankytojai neono šviesų iškreiptais veidais pasižiūrėjo į jį. Jis pasuko prie kasininkės. Jam patiko barų kasininkės: praš-matnios, orios, iš svajonių pabundančios vien tam, kad su-skaičiuotų pinigus ir degtukus. Ji be šypsenos, pavargusiu veidu padavė jam žetoną. Buvo apie ketvirta valanda ryto. Telefono būdelė nešvari, ragelis drėgnas. Jis surinko Žozė telefono numerį ir suprato, jog bastydamasis visą naktį po Paryžių gerokai pavargo, ir jam sunku atlikti net šį mechanišką veiksmą. Beje, kvaila skambinti ketvirtą valandą ryto. Žinoma, ji niekuo neparodys, kad jis elgiasi netaktiškai, bet Bernaras tikrai elgėsi kaip padauža, nors pats tokio elgesio negalėjo pakęsti. Blogiausia, kad jis jos nemylėjo, tik norėjo žinoti, ką ji veikia, ir visą dieną ši mintis jį persekiojo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasigirdo ilgi telefono signalai. Bernaras atsirėmė į sie-ną, įkišo ranką į kišenę, norėdamas išsitraukti cigarečių pakelį. Pypsėjimas nutilo, mieguistas vyriškas balsas tarė: „Alio\". Paskui pasigirdo Žozė balsas: „Kas kalba?\" Bernaras stovėjo nejudėdamas, išsigandęs, bijodamas, kad ji nesuprastų, jog jis ją užklupo. Tai buvo siaubingos akimir-kos. Paskui jis išsitraukė cigaretės ir padėjo ragelį. Nė nepajuto, kaip atsidūrė krantinėje, tyliai keiksnodamas. Tačiau vidinis balsas, kurio jis negalėjo pakęsti, ramino: „Galų gale ji tau nieko neskolinga. Tu jos nieko neprašei, ji pasiturinti, laisva moteris, tu nesi oficialus jos meilužis\". Bet jis jau juto kylant tą kančios, nerimo bangą, tą begalinį norą pulti prie telefono, tą apsėdimą, kuris pasidarys itin įkyrus artimiausioje ateityje. Jis vaidino jaunuolį, kalbėjo su Zozė apie gyvenimą, knygas, praleido su ja vieną naktį, visa tai vyko nerūpestingai, subtiliai, ir reikia pripažinti, kad Žozė butas tam labai tiko. Dabar jis grįš namo, kur ant darbo stalo netvarkingai išmėtytas guli jo nevykęs romanas, o lovoje miega žmona. Tokiu laiku ji visada miegodavo, atsukusi sa-vo vaikišką, skaistų veidelį į duris, lyg bijotų, jog jis niekad negrįš, ir net miegodama lauktų jo, kaip nerimastingai laukdavo dieną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-15 07:45:58',62,'','2010-09-15 07:58:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-15 07:45:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,298,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1633,'Salomėjos Nėries gyvenimo kelias','salomjos-nries-gyvenimo-kelias','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Salomėja Nėris – viena  talentingiausių lietuvių poečių. Ji - mūsų tautos lakštingala! S.Nėries kūryba - tai savotiškas lyrizmo simbolis lietuvių literatūroje. Jau pirmaisiais savo eilėraščių rinkiniais ji nusipelnė subtiliausios lietuvių lyrikės vardą.  S. Nėries poeziją galima pavadinti daina. Žinoti jos gyvenimo kelią turėtų būti kiekvieno, besidominčio jos kūryba, savigarbos reikalas. Taigi pasekime poetės likimo pėdsakais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rašytojos Salomėjos Nėries tikrasis vardas buvo Salomėja Bačinskaitė - Bučienė. Ji gimė 1904 11 17 Vilkaviškio rajone, Kiršų kaime. 1911 m. pradėjo lankyti Alvito pradinę mokyklą, o 1918 m. išlaikė egzaminus į Marijampolės gimnazijos antrąją klasę.1921-22 m., mokydamasi Vilkaviškio gimnazijos vyresnėse klasėse, Salomėja Nėris bendradarbiavo šapirografuotame laikraštėlyje ,, Ateities žiedai “. Ten ji spausdinamus savo eilėraščius pasirašinėdavo slapyvardžiais Jūratė ir Liūdytė. Tuo metu ji mokosi skambinti mandolina ir rojaliu, svajojo būti dailininke. 1920 ar 1921 m. birželio mėnesio pabaigoje Salomėja, būdama penktosios klasės gimnazistė, su moksleivių ekskursija nuvyko į Palangą ir pirmą kartą pamatė jūrą, kuri padarė jai didžiulį įspūdį. 1923 m. lapkričio mėnesį Nėris išspausdino pirmąjį savo eilėraštį periodinėje spaudoje. Nuo to laiko, o ypač nuo 1924 m., jos eilėraščiai, pasirašyti Nėries, o vėliau Salomėjos Nėries slapyvardžiais, pradeda dažnai rodytis spaudoje.  1924-28 m. ji studijavo Kauno universiteto Teologijos ir filosofijos fakultete (lietuvių litertūros istoriją, vokiečių kalbą ir literatūrą, pedagogikos specialybes). 1927 m. pavasarį, dar būdama studentė, išleido savo pirmąjį eilėraščių rinkinį – ” Anksti rytą “. Tais pačiais metais išleistas antrasis, sterotipinis, rinkinio leidimas. Tų pačių metų vasarą Salomėja Nėris išvyko į Palangą atostogauti. O jau 1928 m. vasarą rašytoja pirmą kartą keliavo po Vakarų Europą –  aplankė Vokietiją bei Šveicariją. 1928 m. Salomėja Nėris persikelė į Lazdijus: nuo 1928 m. rugsėjo mėnesio 1d. Švietimo ministerijos ji buvo paskirta Seinų  ” Žiburio “ gimnazijos neetatine mokytoja praktikantės teisėmis. Gyvendama Lazdijuose, Salomėja dėstė gimnazijoje vokiečių kalbą, vadovavo literatų būreliui, padėdavo mokiniams rengti vakarus, taip pat dėstė kursuose suaugusiems vokiečių kalbą. Iš Lazdijų kartu su mokytojų kolektyvu ji dažnai lankydavo įvairias Lietuvos vietas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-20 12:56:43',62,'','2010-09-20 13:00:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-20 12:56:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,297,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1634,'R. M. Rilkės biografija','r-m-rilks-biografija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">R. M.Rilkė - žymus lyrikas, prozininkas bei vertėjas. Jo kūryba veikė pagrindiniu XIX a. pab. - XX a. pr. krypčių - simbolizmo, impresionizmo, neoromantizmo - poetika. Rilkės poezijos tonacija - klausianti, ieškanti, apmąstanti esminius žmogaus ir menininko egzistencijos klausimus. Ji aprėpia individo mikro- ir makro- pasaulį, teigia būties reiškinių sąryšingumą, įsiskverbia į giliausius dvasios ir intelekto klodus. Rilkė pisižymėjo puikia intuicija, dideliu jautrumu subtiliausiems nuotaikų, spalvų, formų ir garsų niuansams, filosofine mąstysena bei gebėjimu visa tai išreikšti įtaigia, plastiška kalba. jis išplėtė meninio žodžio raiškos  galimybes, sukūrė naują poetinį universumą. Savo kūryboje Rilkė susintetino trijų Europos kultūrų - germanų, romanų ir slavų - elementus, buvo atviras viso pasaulio būties formoms.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rilkė gimė Prahoje, geležinkelio tarnautojo šeimoje. Būdamas 11 metų, pradėjo mokytis realinėje karo mokykloje, tačiau kentėjo dėl griežtos drausmės, žiauraus pedagogų elgesio. Būsimas poetas lankė Prekybos akademiją Lince, o nuo 1895 m. Prahos universitete studijavo filosofiją, vokiečių literatūrą, meno istoriją, teisę, aktyviai dalyvavo kultūriniame Prahos gyvenime. 1896 m. Rilkė išvyko tęsti studijų į Miuncheną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tolesnis poeto gyvenimas buvo turtingas įvairių permainų, pažinčių, kelionių. Tarp 1896 - 1919 m. Rilkė pakeitė arti 100 gyvenamųjų vietų. Poetas artimai bendravo su žymiais žmonėmis, gyveno turtingų mecenatų rūmuose, aristokratų pilyse. Tačiau visa išorinė ir vidinė jo būtis buvo skiriama vieninteliam tikslui - meninei kūrybai. 1899 m. ir 1900 m. Rilkė aplankė Rusiją. Susipažino su L. Pasternaku, I. Repinu, L. Tolstojumi. Rilkė teigė, jog nuo kelionės į Rusiją prasidėjo jo tikrasis poeto kelias. 1900 - 1902 m. jis gyveno netoli Bremeno įsikūrusioje menininkų kolonijoje Vorpsvedėje. Čia jis vedė skulptorę Klarą Vesthof, tačiau greitai įsitikino, jog vedybinis gyvenimas nesuderintas su poeto laisve ir likimu. Naują Rilkės gyvenimo erą atvėrė Paryžius. Po jo jis keliavo į Italiją, Švediją, Vokietiją, Ispaniją, Egiptą. Svarbiausi šio laikotarpio kūriniai - “Auguste Rodin” 1903, “Valandų knyga” 1905, “Naujieji eilėraščiai” 1907 - 1908, “Vaizdų knyga” 1902; 1906; 1913, “Maltės Lauridso Brigės užrašai” 1910.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-20 13:00:59',62,'','2010-09-20 13:14:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-20 13:00:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,296,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(1635,'Pareigos ir asmeninės laimės konfliktas J.Marcinkevičiaus dramoje \"Mažvydas\"','pareigos-ir-asmenins-laims-konfliktas-jmarcinkeviiaus-dramoje-qmavydasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš garbingos praeities šiandien galime semtis stiprybės. Amžininkų ir rašytojų dėka galime pakelti laiko uždangą ir pažvelgti į tolimus laikus, sužinoti apie tautos šaknis. Jos glūdi giliai: pirmuosiuose įrankiuose, pirmosiose lietuviškose raidėse ir lietuviško rašto posmuose. Lietuvos šaknys - tai ir jos garsūs žmonės, kurie gerbė, tobulino, kūrė, saugojo ir gynė nuo nutautėjimo mūsų kalbą. Vienas iš tokių žmonių yra Martynas Mažvydas - lietuviškojo rašto “tėvas”. Galbūt dabar jau nekalbėtume bočių kalba, gal apie lietuvių tautą jau kalbėtume tik būtuoju laiku, jei nebūtų gimęs M.Mažvydas? Juk tauta be rašto pasmerkta dvasiniam žlugimui. Todėl Mažvydo nuveiktą darbą galima prilyginti žygdarbiui. Šį žygdarbį apdainavo J.Marcinkevičius vienoje savo draminės trilogijos dalyje “Mažvyde”. Šio kūrinio pagrindinė idėja kaip tik ir yra Martyno Mažvydo žygdarbis savo tautai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinis dramos konfliktas - tai pareigos ir asmeninės laimės nesuderinamumas. Kiek daug Mažvydas iškentėjo, patyrė skausmo, blaškėsi, kad galėtų įvykdyti savo pareigą tėvynei, įduoti jai pagrindinį kultūros įrankį - raštą. Martynas Mažvydas dėl savo įsitikinimų buvo išguitas iš Lietuvos ir dabar gyvena kitoje Nemuno pusėje. Mažvydo širdį graužia ilgesys, bet jis negali grįžti į Lietuvą, kadangi dėl to jis turėtų išsižadėti savo tikėjimo, gyvenimo tikslo. Todėl jis dažnai stovi prie lango į Nemuno pusę, kurio kitame krante - Lietuva. Mažvydas netgi sugalvoja įsistiklinti langą, nes tada geriau “matysis Nemunas... ir kitas krantas, / ir dar toliau...” Matysis Lietuva... Meilė gimtajam kraštui atsispindi ir jo rūpestyje dėl ąžuoliuko, atplukdyto Nemunu. Mažvydas rūpinasi juo tarsi tai būtų ne paprastas medelis, o kažkas brangaus ir švento. Šiam ąžuoliukui dramos autorius suteikia perkeltinę prasmę: tai tarsi žmogus, ne savo valia perkeltas iš vieno Nemuno kranto į kitą ir besistengiantis prigyti svetimoje žemėje. Tai tarsi pats Mažvydas. Jis kenčia gyvendamas svetur, bet kenčia dėl jos pačios, dėl Lietuvos, gerovės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-20 13:14:37',62,'','2010-09-20 13:27:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-20 13:14:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,295,'','',0,44,'robots=\nauthor='),(1636,'Visa Lietuvos tautosaka','visa-lietuvos-tautosaka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Baltai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Indoeuropiečių šeimos baltų šakai priklauso lietuviai, latviai ir jau išnykusieji prūsai, jotvingiai, kuršiai, sėliai, žiemgaliai. Senovėje šios gentys bendro pavadinimo neturėjo. Romėnų istorikas Tacitas savo veikale“ Germanija“ juos pavadino aisčiais. Šį vardą vartojo ir mūsų kalbininkai Jaunius ir Būga. Pirmasis baltų vardą pavartojo kalbininkas Neselmanas. Baltų vardas išvestas iš Baltijos jūros pavadinimo, jis išstūmė aisčių vardą. Baltų vardu kartais vadinamos visos tautos, gyvenančios prie Baltijos jūros: lietuviai, latviai, estai, suomiai. Tiktai kalbos moksle baltais vadinami lietuvių, latvių ir prūsų protėviai. Baltų prokalba kaip savarankiškas kalbinis vienetas, susiformavo antrojo tūkstančio prieš mūsų erą pradžioje, o 4 am. pr. m. erą suskilo į vakarų baltų (prūsų) ir rytų baltų (lietuvių - latvių) prokalbes. Vakariniai baltai buvo asimiliuoti germanų o Dniepro baltai - slavų. Savo tautybę išlaikė tik rytinių baltų palikuonys - lietuviai ir latviai. Lietuvių kalba laikoma seniausia iš visų gyvųjų indoeuropiečių kalbų, nes ji daugiausia išlaikiusi žodžių ir formų, artimų indoeuropiečių prokalbei. Maždaug 5- 6 a. jau buvo susiformavusios visos šiandien žinomos baltų gentys: kūršiai, prūsai, jotvingiai, žiemgaliai, latgaliai, lietuviai, sėliai. Baltai gyveno atskiromis šeimomis ar gentimis. Apsigyventi stengdavosi prie upių, nes upėmis buvo galima keliauti ir susisiekti vieniems su kitais. Be to upėse veisėsi daug žuvų, tęsėsi dideles pievos, kur galėjo ganytis gyvuliai. Taigi gyventojai vertėsi gyvulininkyste, žemdirbyste, bitininkyste, medžiokle ir žvejyba. Sėdavo daugiausiai rugių ir avižų, daržovių beveik niekas nežinodavo. Daug sėdavo linų. Visa, kas buvo ūkiui reikalinga, gamindavosi patys. Pjautuvais kirto javus, namie verpdavo, ausdavo. Šeimos buvo patriarchalinės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tėvas buvo šeimos galva, motina šeimos ramybės saugotoja. Užaugę vaikai kurdavo šeimas, vesdavo atskirą ūkį. Ne visi gyventojai turėdavo vienodą turtą. Iš turtingesniųjų šeimų kildavo vadu; juos vadindavo kunigais, rikiais kunigaikščiais. Apsigynimui nuo priešų buvo statomos pilys. Pinigų tada dar niekas nežinojo, kai ko prireikdavo, išsimainydavo. Pirkliai atveždavo druskos, geležies, stiklo, ginklų. Visa tai iškeisdavo i kailius, vašką, gintarą. Baltai gamtos reiškinių dėsnių dar nesuprato. Galvojo, kad kiekvienas gyvas padaras, ypač naminiai gyvuliai, turi savo dvasią - dievą globėją. Žemės globėja buvo Žemyna, bites globojo Austėja, laukus saugojo Lauksargis, ugnies saugotoja Gabija. Taip pat tikėjo, kad šalia žmonių gyvena aitvarai ir kaukai, laumės ir raganos. Garbino saulę, mėnulį, žvaigždes, upes ir akmenis laikė šventais. Šventi buvo ir kai kurie gyvuliai: tauras, žaltys. Stengėsi neužrūstinti aplink gyvenančių dvasių, todėl atlikdavo įvairias apeigas: kūrendavo šventąją ugnį, dievams aukodavo gyvulius, šventose vietose statydavo dievų figūrėles. Atsirado žmonių, kurie mokė, kaip reikia dievus garbinti, tai burtininkai, žyniai, kriviai, vaidilos. Jie saugojo ir senovės papročius. Tikėjo, kad po mirties žmogaus vėlė keliauja i kitą pasaulį arba pereina į žoles, medžius, gyvulius. Mirusiuosius atiduodavo žemei arba degindavo kartu su daiktais, ginklais, papuošalais, žirgais, darbo įrankiais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-20 13:28:01',62,'','2010-09-20 13:41:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-20 13:28:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,294,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1637,'Dan Brown \"Meteoritas\"','dan-brown-qmeteoritasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prologas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Čia, atokiausiame pasaulio užkampyje, mirtis tykojo visur. Geologas Čarlzas Brofis šiose atšiauriose dykrose buvo išgyvenęs jau ne vienerius metus, tačiau nė nenutuokė gresiant tokio visiškai neįtikimo ir kraupaus galo. Ketvertas šunų, tempiančių jo roges su geologijos matavimo įranga per tundrą, ūmai sulėtino<br />žingsnį ir užvertė snukius į viršų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Kas nutiko, mergaitės? — paklausė Brofis, išsirisdamas iš rogių. Iš kyburiuojančių pažemiais audros debesų tarsi slapčia ilgai sėlinęs grobuonis, išniro krovininis<br />sraigtasparnis. Keista, pamanė Brofis. Tokioje gūdžioje šiaurėje sraigtasparnio jam nė su žiburiu nebuvo tekę matyti. Aparatas nutūpė už keliasdešimties metrų, pažėręs skaudžiai kapojančių ledokšnių krušą. Sunerimę šunys ėmė kaukti. Sraigtasparnio durys atsivėrė ir iš jo iššoko dvejetas vyrų, apsitaisiusių baltais kombinezonais ir nešinų automatais. Verdami žvilgsniais Brofį jie patraukė jo link.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-20 13:42:34',62,'','2010-09-20 13:45:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-20 13:42:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,293,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(1638,'Marcinkevičiaus eilėraščio „Prisipažinimas” analizė','marcinkeviiaus-eilraio-prisipainimas-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Viena dažniausiai pasitaikančių poezijoje temų yra žmogaus santykis su pasauliu. Poetas, atskleidžiantis šią temą, dažnai apipina ją alegorijomis ar palyginimais, tuo paslėpdamas pagrindinę mintį ir taip dažnai sustiprindamas eilėraščio įspūdį. Eilėraščio mintį slepia ir Justinas Marcinkevičius savo eilėraštyje „Prisipažinimas”, tuo lyg ir skatindamas kuo įvariapusiškiau interpretuoti kūrinį ir kantriau ieškoti tikrosios reikšmės. J.Marcinkevičiaus poetinė išraiška paprasta bei nuoširdi. Paprastais žodžiais, kuriais bendraujame kiekvieną dieną, J.Marcinkevičius šiame kūrinyje parodo eilėraščio žmogaus santykį su aplinka, parodo, kad jei ryšys tarp žmogaus ir pasaulio yra netobulas, jį reikia kurti tvirčiau ir stiprinti jį. Pasaulis jam – visų pirma gamta, į gamtą šiame eilėraštyje (o kaip beje ir visame eilėraščių rinkinyje „Gyvenimo švelnus prisilietimas) jis ir atsigręžia. Atsigręžia ne kaip jos užkariautojas, bet kaip mažytė jos dalis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">J.Marcinkevičius šiame kūrinyje – romantikas, parodantis asmenybę, ieškančią idealų, vaizduojantis jausmus ir vidinę eilėraščio žmogaus kovą. Vartodamas epitetus (mūsų akys – „grėsmingai plėšrios, alkanos ir baikščios”) bei palyginimus („kaip nešti šitą fakelą turiu”) autorius sukuria netikrovišką vaizdą, mažytę pasaką. Tuo pačiu ir vaizduojami dalykai – smulkučiai gamtos elementai skatina spręsti, kad šiame eilėraščių rinkinyje (ar bent šiame eilėraštyje) J.Marcinkevičiaus (ar eilėraščio žmogaus) požiūris yra romantiškas. Bet ne banaliai, ne vėjavaikiškai romantiškas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Eilėraščio žmogui gamta reiškia labai daug, kiekvieną savo žingsnį, kiekvieną judesį, kiekvieną sprendimą jis palydi palyginimu su tam tikru vaizdu gamtoje. Tačiau gamta yra ne tik jį supantis pasaulis, prie kurio jis prisirišęs („kas aš be medžio, be žolės, be paukščio”). Harmonija su gamta ir yra jo siekis, jo troškimas. Kiekvieną dieną jis supranta, kad turi į ją eiti ir eiti amžinai (su amžinybe yra lyginamas fakelas), siekti idealios meilės sampratos, ieškoti idealaus ryšio su aplinka ir pasauliu. Ne tik jis yra gamtos dalis, bet ir gamta yra dalis jo. Žodžiais „gėlele, tavo žiedas manyje” jis tarytum įkūnija savyje trapų ir švelnų žiedelį, mažytį stebuklą, už kurį jis yra pasiruošęs būti atsakingas, kuriam pasiruošęs būti ištikimas, kurį pasiruošęs gerbti ir saugoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Eilėraščio žmogaus gamta – harmonijų harmonija, susitaikymas ir ramybė, todėl išdraskytos strazdo gūžtos simbolis ir skaitančiajam skamba pakankamai grėsmingai ir žiauriai. Autorius strazdo gūžtą, dar vieną mažytį gamtos stebuklą, lygina su savo, su kiekvieno iš mūsų namais. Jam taip pat skaudu matyti išdraskytą paukščio lizdą kaip ir sunaikintą žmogaus pastogę. Nusivylimas yra hiperbolizuojamas - „per visą dangų liūdna buvo”, tuo labai sustiprindamas mūsų aplinkos, gamtos vertę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-20 13:46:10',62,'','2010-09-20 13:51:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-20 13:46:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,292,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1639,'Analizių santrauka','analizi-santrauka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naujoji novelistika. Vieno prozininko kūrybos aptarimas, T.A. Rudokas. Tomas Arūnas Rudokas – įvairaus žanro kūrinių kūrėjas. Jis žinomas savo liūdnais, net tragiškais eilrėraščiais (“Nežemiška meilė”), romanu, šokiravusiu visuomenę ir novelėmis, kurių rinkinys “Žvėrys eina miegoti” išėjo 1996.Šiame rinkinyje – buities ir meilės paradoksai, kartais  absurdiškos situacijos, išradingi siužetai. Novelėse būdingesni šiandieninės mūsų visuomenės vaizdai.T.A.R parodo dažniausiai miesto žmogų, besiblaškantį, besišaipantį, niekuo nebesistebintį. Tai pavargęs nuo įtampos, kovos už būvį jaunas žmogus, dažnai vienas ir tuo besidžiaugiantis. Tai ne atstumtas, o sąmoningai pasirinkęs vienatvę personažas, nes tikėti ir pasitikėti lyg ir nebėra kuo. Dažnai veikėjai savyje slepia sunkią nuodėmę, praradimą. Autoriaus pozicija aiški: tokių užsisklendusių vienišių dabartinėje visuomenėje daug.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Novelė “Madona be kūdikio” parodoma jauna bevardė dailininkė. Įkvėptai, netgi įnirtingai mergina tapo paveikslą. Atsiskyrusi nuo pasaulio, piktai užsitrenkianti duris visiems pažįstamiems, ji dirba, tarsi norėdama atpirkti kažkada padarytą nuodėmę. Mergina nyksta (cit.), senka, bet į nieką nekreipia dėmesio – dirba iki sąmonės netekimo. Deja, paveikslas neįvyksta. “ Ji tapė kūdikį, bet kūdikis neužgimdavo, nepavykdavo jo pradėti, jis negimdavo ir tiek.”. Priežastis šiurpiai paprasta: ši dailininkė pasidarė abortą, todėl paveikslas neįvykdavo. Novelės pabaiga tragiška. Kita novelė, primenanti absurdišką pasaką, - “Džiazistas”. Baisu išmesti žmogų - tarsi teigia autorius. Baisu išbraukti iš sąrašo ir pamiršti, nes tas žmogus vis tiek lieka. Taip atsitinka šioje novelėje. Vėlgi bevardis menininkas, vaikystėje pažymėtas idioto ženklu. Šis menininkas taip puikiai groja džiazą, jog sužavi visus melomanus. Tačiau jo muzika lieka tik jam. Kai susižavėję gerbėjai klausia, kas jis, džiazistas atsako: “Manęs – nėra. Yra tik muzika. Manęs – nėra”. Ir išnyksta. Novelės  pabaiga iš tiesų primena pasaką nors gyvenimas 100 kartų baisesnis nei pati sunkiausia pasaka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-21 09:11:15',62,'','2010-09-21 09:18:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-21 09:11:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,291,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1640,'Rašinys apie Maironį','rainys-apie-mairon','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sakoma, kad poetai būna dviejų rūšių: vieni miršta dar gyvi būdami, kiti nemiršta niekados. Maironiui esant gyvam, daugeliui atrodė, jog jis priklauso pirmajai poetų rūšiai. Gyvenimo gale jis buvo neginčijamas klasikas, bet drauge ir praėjusių laikų relikvija. Be to, nuo Stalino laikų vyravo nuostata, jog kiekvienai tautai reikia turėti savo klasiką, savo nedidelį Puškiną, reiškusį pažangias idėjas ir pranašavusį rytojų. Ukrainiečiai turėjo Ševčenką, gruzinai - Rustaveli, latviai - Rainą. Lietuvoje “mažojo Puškino” vietai geriausiai tiko Maironis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Maironio kūrybos pasaulis savo ištakas semia iš kūdikystės ir vaikystės dienų, iš tėvų, šeimos. Kartu su namų aplinka, su gimtinės peizažo detalėmis į jautrią vaiko sielą įsiliejo ta gaivi srovė, kuri vėliau padėjo subręsti žmogui ir rašytojui. Jo kūryba išsakė slapčiausius ir karščiausius lūkesčius, atspindėjo sielos istoriją, realybėje taip užgožtą uždaro būdo ir perdėto atsargumo, įprasmino būtį, atnešdama nemirtingą šlovę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Maironis daug kuo mūsų literatūroje yra pradininkas - ir idėjomis, ir tematika, ir menine kalba, ir eilėdara. Naujas jis ir poetiniu gamtos suvokimu. Ne dėl to, kad iki jo mūsų poezijoje nebūtų buvę gamtos motyvų. Gamtos stebėjimas ir išgyvenimas lydėjo visą lietuvių poezijos kelią. Valstietiška gamta iškyla Kristijono Donelaičio poezijoje, susipynusi su žemdirbio darbais, rūpesčiais ir džiaugsmais. Lyrizmu trykšta gamtos pajautimas Antano Strazdo, Antano Vienažindžio posmuose. Simonui Daukantui ir Antanui Baranauskui girių didybė ir grožis tampa Lietuvos metafora. Gamta darosi svarbi ir įdomi ne tik pati savaime, bet ir tuo, kad kreipia mintą ir vaizduotę į tautos istoriją ir likimą. Tačiau kaip ryškiausias ir giliausias tautos atgimimo reiškėjas iškyla tik Maironis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-21 09:18:38',62,'','2010-09-21 09:29:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-21 09:18:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,290,'','',0,101,'robots=\nauthor='),(1641,'Ignas Šeinius \"Kuprelis\"','ignas-einius-qkuprelisq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ignas Šeinius (tikroji pavardė Jurkūnas, 1889-1959), aktyvus ,,Vaivorykštės”, ,,Pirmojo baro” bendradarbis, meną laikė paslaptingu įkvėpimo vaisiumi, individo sielos išraiška, iškilusią virš laiko ir erdvės. Ši pažiūra sutapo su ano meto estetizmo programa ir individo kultu, o jos šaknų būtų galima ieškoti F. Ničės filosofijoje, kuri veikė Šeinių. Šeiniaus pasaulėžiūra formavosi ant pozityvistinio racionalizmo griuvėsių, kada, jo paties žodžiais tariant, susivokta, kad ,,Einšteinas ne tik fizinėje visatos sandaroje atrado reliatyvumą”. Reliatyvumo sūkuryje rašytojas matė vienintelę pastovią vertybę – žmogaus intuiciją ir išgyvenimus. Jis jau pačioje pradžioje nusigręžė nuo buitinio ir etnografinio aprašinėjimo ir kūrė meninius vaizdus, pasiremdamas prieštaringais, nuolat kintančiais ir sunkiai užfiksuojamais įspūdžiais, pagavomis, nuotaikomis. Pasakodamas Šeinius mėgdavo susilieti su herojaus jausena ir būsena (dažnai pasakodavo pirmuoju asmeniu), nedaryti iš šalies jokių sprendimų, todėl jo pasakojimas sukelia betarpiškai stebimo vyksmo iliuziją. Betarpiškumo iliuzijai sukurti ypač daug padeda savitas rašytojo stilius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šeinius – pirmas ryškus prozinės kalbos stilizuotojas ir eksperimentuotojas, siekęs pasakojimo grakštumo, lankstumo, poetiškumo, muzikalumo. Skaitytoją jis veikia pačiu kalbos būdu – inversijomis, užuominomis, nutylėjimais, sutrūkusiomis frazėmis, nervingai vibruojančia vaizdų tėkme, laukimo ir nežinios atmosfera, subtiliai pajaustais spalvų, garsų ir judesių niuansais, personifikuotais lyriniais peizažais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaip ir kiekvieno impresionisto, Šeiniaus kūrinių pasaulis suskilęs daugybę gabalų ir gabalėlių, apgaubtų kažkokio rūko. Kiekvienas toks gabaliukas rašytojui žadina naujas emocijas ir asociacijas, todėl vaizduojamas stambiu planu, lyg per didinamąjį stiklą: matomi smulkiausi bruoželiai, girdimi tyliausi šnabždesiai. Eidamas šiuo keliu, Šeinius neretai praranda saiką ir kūrinio visumos pajutimą, nukrypsta į nereikalingus ekskursus, nereikšmingas, pasikartojančias smulkmenas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Meilės, gamtos, gėrio, gyvenimo prasmės, grožio, dvasios harmonijos temas Šeinius traktavo romantiškai, pabrėždamas tragiškąjį momentą, bet į daug ką jau žiūrėjo modernisto akimis, teikdamas nemažą reikšmę nevalingiems pasąmonės impulsams. Jo herojai neretai savęs klausia – kodėl, bet autorius nei jiems, nei skaitytojui nesistengia aiškiai atsakyti: jis nesijaučia turįs raktą į visas moralines bei psichologines problemas. Logines išvadas Šeinius keičia emocinėmis: jis pasitenkina, sukėlęs skaitytojui eleginę nuotaiką, privertęs jį žiūrėti į pasaulį susirūpinusiu žvilgsniu. Vaizduodamas herojų santykius, rašytojas užgriebė ir aktualių socialinių, tautinių, visuomeninių, filosofinių klausimų, kūrė įdomius inteligentų, dvarininkų, miestiečių portretus, bet svarbiausias jo kūrybos tikslas – pademonstruoti žmogaus nuotaikų keitimosi kreivę ir trapiu impresionistiniu stiliumi sukurti poetišką atmosferą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-21 09:30:18',62,'','2010-09-21 10:05:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-21 09:30:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,289,'','',0,45,'robots=\nauthor='),(1642,'Algimanto Mackaus neornamentuota Lietuva','algimanto-mackaus-neornamentuota-lietuva','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Žemininkų” dvasinė patirtis susiformavo dar Lietuvoje. Jau išeivijos sąlygomis brendo tie poetai, kurie iš gimtinės nedaug ką teišsivežė. Jie vadinami “bežemių”, kartais ir “neornamentuotos” kalbos karta. Pagrindinis jos atstovas yra Algimantas Mackus. Jis jau nebegali atsiremti nei į namus, nei į gimtąją žemę, nes nebejaučia jų realumo. Suabejojama, ar apskritai žmogus turi kokį nors dvasinės atramos tašką, ar gyvenimas tik nykuma ir beprasmybė. Vienintelė, iš svetimos aplinkos išskirianti ir “kitur” vedanti yra tik lietuvių kalba. Todėl kalbai suteikiama itin daug dėmesio, bet siekiama matyti ne kalbos žiedus, o tarsi nuogas, nepridengtas žodžio šaknis. Lietuvių poezija darosi vis modernesnė, su šios kartos poetų kūryba, ypač su A. Mackaus, ji pasuka į tą patį kelią, kuriuo eina Vakarų poezija, subjektyvi, bet kartu apibendrintai filosofiška, daug dėmesio skirianti kalbai, tačiau dažnai nelengvai suvokiama, nevienareikšmiška.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A. Mackus atėjo po tų poetų, kurie išvyko iš Lietuvos jau subrendę. Jie išsivežė savo patirties ir atminties “žemę”. A. Mackus jau yra “bežemis”, kaip ir jo karta. Staigus besiformuojančio pasaulio sugriuvimas, tėvynės praradimas labiausiai paveikė jo pasaulėjautą. Ji yra skaudi, dramatiška, o kartais ir tragiška. Pirmą kartą lietuvių poezijoje taip atvirai žvelgiama į mirtį, į nebūtį. A. Mackus nebematė kelio, kuriuo jo žodis galėtų byloti tautai. Jis jautė tik egzilą (tremtį) ir manė, kad garbingiausia yra ne kuo nors guostis, o atvirai pripažinti padėties sunkumą: pripažinti, kad rašytojas be tėvynės yra vienišas, kad jis yra rašytojas be skaitytojo, taip pat – rašytojas be kalbos. A.Mackus, turėdamas galvoje save ir kitus jaunus poetus, sakė, kad “mes galime didžiuotis lietuvių poezijos tradicija ir viltis, kad kada nors ir mes būsime tos tradicijos dalis”. Bet savo kūryboje A. Mackus tas tradicijas siekė keisti, nenorėjo jomis tik sekti. Vienas jo rinkinys pavadintas “Neornamentuotos kalbos generacija ir augintiniai”. Pavadinimas svarbus suvokiant poeto pasaulėjautą. Kas yra neornamentuota kalba? Pirmiausia – tai kalba be ornamentų, be pagražinimų. Kas yra augintiniai? Tai ne vaikai – ne sūnūs, ne dukterys, tik priglausti, išauginti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaip ir kitiems emigracijos poetams, A. Mackui svarbi namų tema. Įsiklausykime, kaip ji išreiškiama viename ciklo “Hermetiškoji daina” eilėraštyje: Iš visur sugrįžtu neišėjęs./Naktimis ieškau gimtųjų namų./Jeigu rasčiau gimtuosius namus, - /niekas manęs iš jų neišneš/ne karste, ne mirty. Žmogaus būtis – uždara, pati savyje. Eilėraščio kalba iš tiesų “neornamentuota”: jokio epiteto, jokių perkeltinių prasmių. Žodžiai gryni, svarbiausia – netikėti jų tarpusavio ryšiai. Sugrįžimas yra ne fizinis, o dvasinis veiksmas mintyse, jo laikas – naktis. Dvasios budėjimu ieškoma gimtųjų namų. A. Mackui apskritai svarbus minties netikėtumas, iškalbumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A. Mackaus poezijoje dažna žmogaus vienišumo tema. Ji kiekviename rinkinyje vis labiau jaučiama. Vienišas žmogus, vieniša ir jo kapo vieta. Vienišumo tema beveik visada poezijoje pereina į mirties temą. A. Mackaus kūryboje mirties tema išplėtota tragiškai žuvusio įžymaus lietuvių išeivijos rašytojo Antano Škėmos atminimui skirtoje poezijoje knygoje “Chapel B”. Tai sunkia poezijos kalba parašytas, bet labai įspūdingas kūrinys. Vienas iš jo motyvų – bandymas apibūdinti mirtį. Pavartojama maldos intonacija, trokštama, kad senu lietuvišku papročiu mirusį apraudotų “senos lietuvės raudotojos”. Su mirties tema susiejamas ir kalbos likimas. A. Mackaus mirties jausmas kyla iš lietuviškos išeivijos patirties, iš žinojimo ir supratimo, kas dedasi pačioje Lietuvoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-21 10:06:37',62,'','2010-09-21 10:08:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-21 10:06:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,288,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1643,'\"Paryžiaus katedra\"','qparyiaus-katedraq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Viktoras Hugo romane “Paryžiaus Katedra” vaizduoja gyvenimą viduramžių Paryžiuje, jo sunkumus ir, šių laikų žmogaus požiūriu, gana niūrią realybę. Jis sukuria ištisą pasaulį, atskleisdamas pagrindinius gyvenimo principus per romano veikėjus. Norėdamas dar labiau paryškinti didžiausias vertybes, V.Hugo visus personažus kuria kontrasto principu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Turbūt kontrastingiausias yra Kvazimodas - Katedros varpininkas. Autorius nupiešia labai aiškų išorinį jo paveikslą.Jis vaizduojamas bjaurus, išsigimęs. Visi miestiečiai juo bjaurisi. Kvazimodas yra kuprotas, šlubas, kurčias, mato tik viena akimi. Jis buvo paliktas Katedroje ant pamestinukų gulto. Žmonės, pamatę kūdikį, stebėjosi ir baisėjosi juo. Niekas nenorėjo jo įvaikinti, o kai kurie manė, kad tai velnio vaikas, ir siūlė jį sudeginti. Kvazimodo laimė, jo pagailėjo Klodas Frolo - būsimasis archidiakonas. Jis įsūnijo vaiką. Tačiau, net ir užaugęs, Kvazimodas visur ir visada juto žmonių panieką, baimę, netgi pyktį. Dauguma netgi nelaikė jo tikru, pilnaverčiu žmogumi. Net ir Frolo davė jam vardą, reiškiantį “lyg ir”, “beveik”. Tuo jis tarsi norėjo pasakyti, kad “vienakis, kuprius, šleivys Kvazimodas tebuvo lyg ir žmogus”. Kvazimodo išvaizda tapo tarsi barjeru, užtvėrusiu jam kelią į normalų gyvenimą, neleidžiančiu bendrauti su kitais žmonėmis, atstumiančiu visus aplinkinius. Tačiau viduje varpininkas yra visiškai kitoks. Jo vidinis grožis nustelbia išorinį bjaurumą. Kvazimodo siela tarsi įrodo, kad jis taip pat yra žmogus. Tai patvirtina ašara, išriedėjusi, kai čigonė Esmeralda jam, stovinčiam prie gėdos stulpo, davė atsigerti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vėliau Kvazimodas išgelbsti nuo kartuvių Esmeraldą ir sako, kad tai padarė iš dėkingumo. Tačiau iš tikrųjų yra šis tas daugiau. Jis pamilsta čigonę. Bet jis neleidžia sau jos mylėti, suprasdamas, kad dėl jo išvaizdos Esmeralda niekada negalės pajusti jam to paties. Todėl Kvazimodas stengiasi ilgai nebūti su ja , nenorėdamas, kad jai tektų į jį žiūrėti ir bjaurėtis ar bijoti. Tačiau jis rūpinasi ja, negailėdamas savęs. Valkatoms užpuolus Katedrą, Kvazimodas, manydamas, kad jie nori Esmeraldą pakarti, kovoja dėl jos gyvybės, visiškai negalvodamas apie savąją. Tačiau galų gale čigonė vis tiek nužudoma. Jos kūnas nunešamas į Monfokono rūsį, ten, kur laidojami visi pakarti nusikaltėliai. Kvazimodas, neturėdamas tikslo ir negalėdamas toliau gyventi, miršta ten pat, ją apkabinęs.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-21 10:09:04',62,'','2010-09-21 10:11:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-21 10:09:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,287,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1644,'Kontrasto vaidmuo V. Hugo \"Paryžiaus katedroje\"','kontrasto-vaidmuo-v-hugo-qparyiaus-katedrojeq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Viktoras Hugo romane “Paryžiaus Katedra” vaizduoja gyvenimą viduramžių Paryžiuje, jo sunkumus ir, šių laikų žmogaus požiūriu, gana niūrią realybę. Jis sukuria ištisą pasaulį, atskleisdamas pagrindinius gyvenimo principus per romano veikėjus. Norėdamas dar labiau paryškinti didžiausias vertybes, V.Hugo visus personažus kuria kontrasto principu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Turbūt kontrastingiausias yra Kvazimodas - Katedros varpininkas. Autorius nupiešia labai aiškų išorinį jo paveikslą.Jis vaizduojamas bjaurus, išsigimęs. Visi miestiečiai juo bjaurisi. Kvazimodas yra kuprotas, šlubas, kurčias, mato tik viena akimi. Jis buvo paliktas Katedroje ant pamestinukų gulto. Žmonės, pamatę kūdikį, stebėjosi ir baisėjosi juo. Niekas nenorėjo jo įvaikinti, o kai kurie manė, kad tai velnio vaikas, ir siūlė jį sudeginti. Kvazimodo laimė, jo pagailėjo Klodas Frolo - būsimasis archidiakonas. Jis įsūnijo vaiką. Tačiau, net ir užaugęs, Kvazimodas visur ir visada juto žmonių panieką, baimę, netgi pyktį. Dauguma netgi nelaikė jo tikru, pilnaverčiu žmogumi. Net ir Frolo davė jam vardą, reiškiantį “lyg ir”, “beveik”. Tuo jis tarsi norėjo pasakyti, kad “vienakis, kuprius, šleivys Kvazimodas tebuvo lyg ir žmogus”. Kvazimodo išvaizda tapo tarsi barjeru, užtvėrusiu jam kelią į normalų gyvenimą, neleidžiančiu bendrauti su kitais žmonėmis, atstumiančiu visus aplinkinius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-28 07:43:19',62,'','2010-09-28 07:49:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-28 07:43:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,286,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1645,'Istorinė drama \"Mažvydas\"','istorin-drama-qmavydasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mažvydas kūrinyje iškyla pirmiausiai kaip etninių vertybių nešėjas, humanistas, o ja kaip dvasinės kultūros darbininko pirmosios lietuviškos knygos autoriaus, veikla atitraukta į gilesnę perspektyvą. Autorius jau pradinę situaciją prisodrina etinio turinio įveda Mažvydą į vargingą, užguitų, anaiptol ne dorybėmis pasižyminčių špitolninkų tarpą, ryškina jį kaip tauriausių humanistinių idealų skelbėją, geradarį. Kai Tirva suklumpa prieš Mažvydą, atgailaudamas dėl parduoto Cicerono tomo, Mažvydas pripuolęs kelia.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šitokia pažiūra į žmogų, kaip į didžiausią vertybę, būdinga visai Justino Marcinkevičiaus kūrybai, šiame kūrinyje ypač akivaizdi, pastoviai orientuota į konkretų žmogiškumo pasireiškimą, gerais darbais paremtą meile, iškelta prieš abstraktų humanizmą. Centriniai trilogijos personažai daug kuo artimi, konstantiški. Sieja juos meilė, tėvynei, noras aukotis dėl jos, istorinės visuomeninė būties poveikis individui, skaudus pažinimo kelias, kurį kiekvienam lemta nueiti. Mažvydo pastangos suvienyti kraštą žodžiu panašėja į vienijimą kalaviju. Mažvydas prieš pareigą teisus – jis privalėjo ginti žodį, suteikti Lietuvai balsą, nesiduoti įveikiamas nehumaniškų istorinių aplinkybių. Bet nusižengta etiniams principams -  moters, Tėvynės meilei; išdavystė atsigręžia tragiškais likimais. Tokių kolizijų pasirinkimą bus lėmusi istorinė medžiaga bei pats Justino</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Marcinkevičiaus santykis su Mažvydu, kaip etine ir estetine realybe. Mažvydo asmenybė ypač žmogiška, sutaurinta, netgi idealizuota. Jei Mindaugas, Laurynas rėmėsi į liaudišką išmintį, tai Mažvydas jau tiesiogiai atstovauja liaudiškiems pradmenims, iškyla kaip geriausių liaudies dvasinių jėgų išraiška. Nėra principinio skirtumo tarp jo ir varguolių, tikėjimas žmogumi atgaivina sielas, jausmus ima reikšti posmais. Mažvydas traktuojamas kaip esminių liaudiškumo raiškos momentų – tėvynės, kalbos, liaudies, darbo, gamtos – gynėjas, aukštintojas. Jo visuomeninis idealas švietėjiškas; kova už jį Mažvydui – kova už istorijos ir žmogaus tobulėjimą. “Mažvydas” – savotiška žmogaus filosofija. Žmogaus egzistencijos esmė atsiveria Mažvydo monologuose – dvasinio išgyvenimo akimirkose. Mažvydas giliau ir skaudžiau pajunta individualios egzistencijos esmę. Kankinantys klausimai – “kas aš?” “kam aš?”. Šie klausimai išplukdo tiesioginį savo ryšio su istorija pajautimą, pareigos įsisamonimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-28 07:49:33',62,'','2010-09-28 07:52:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-28 07:49:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,285,'','',0,48,'robots=\nauthor='),(1646,'Pasakos','pasakos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasakos – vieni ryškiausių ir žinomiausių tautosakos kūrinių. Pasakos yra skirstomos į daugelį tipų. Vienas žinomiausių ir įdomiausių tipų yra stebuklinės pasakos, kuriose pasakojamos neįtikinamiausios istorijos. Pasakų veikėjai yra skirstomi į teigiamus ir neigiamus personažus. Dažniausiai pasakų personažai yra idealizuojami. Kiekvienas jų pasižymi tik jiems vieniems būdingomis savybėmis ir charakterio bruožais. Pasakose vaizduojamos gėrio ir blogio kovos, kurios dažniausiai pasibaigia teigiamų, gerųjų personažų pergale. Išsamiausia gerąsias ir blogąsias žmogaus savybes atskleidžia pasakos apie pamočių ir našlaičių kovas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasakos apie našlaitėles ir pamotes pagal motyvus yra skirstomos į tam tikras grupes. Kartais pasakose pasakojama apie vyrą, po žmonos mirties vedusį kitą moterį, dažniausiai piktą raganą, kuri nori atsikratyti podukros. Šiai grupei galime priskirti lietuvių liaudies pasaką “Našlaitė ir karvė”. Pasaka “Elenutė ir pamotė” yra priskiriama grupei, kurioje pasakojama apie tai, kaip pikta pamotė nekenčia ir persekioja vargšę našlaitėlę. Trečioje grupėje yra pasakojama apie išsiųstą našlaitėlę, kuri už savo gerumą yra apdovanojama sutiktos demoniškos būtybės ar stebuklingos pagalbininkės. Šiai grupei būtų galima priskirti pasaką “Mergytė meškos trobelėje”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasakoje “Elenutė ir pamotė” pikta pamotė nori atsikratyti geros podukros.  Jai ji iškasa duobę ir pripila karštų žarijų. Apie baisią pamotės klastą našlaitėlei praneša šuo ir gaidelis. Kaip žinome, pasakos yra sukurtos tam, kad pašieptų žmonių ydas ir atskleistų lietuvių liaudies troškimus. Todėl piktoji pamotė, papūtus stipriam vėjui, sudega jos pačios iškastoje duobėje. Gali būti, kad ir dabar pagal šią pasaką liaudyje yra sakoma: nekask kitam duobės, nes pats įkrisi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasaka “Našlaitė ir karvė”, kaip ir daugelis pasakų apie našlaitėles, prasideda tuo, kad mirus motinai, tėvas parsiveda piktą pamotę. O podukros – geros, darbščios ir gražios. Podukra šioje pasakoje vaizduojama labai gera ir darbšti – “anksti  išgena, vėlai pargena”. Pamotės dukra tikra priešingybė, kaip diena ir naktis. Pamotė labai pavydi podukrai, todėl duoda jai sunkiausius darbus. Našlaitėlės užduočių vykdymas dar labiau pabrėžia podukros gerumą, bei darbštumą. Bet našlaitėlė už savo gerą būdą susilaukia pagalbos iš karvutės. Tai dar labiau sustiprina pamotės pavydą. Tokio tipo pasakose pamotės dažniausiai turėdavo neribotą valdžią, ir niekas joms negalėdavo pasipriešinti. Pamotė, norėdama įskaudinti našlaitėlę, sugalvoja nužudyti karvutę. Ir nors našlaitėlė sužino  pamotės sumanymą, nei ji, nei jos tėvas jau nieko nebegali padaryti. Bet prieš mirštant karvutei, našlaitėlei yra atskleidžiama karvutės paslaptis. Tiksliai įvykdžiusi karvutės nurodymus, našlaitėlė yra apdovanojama gražiu ir turtingu  jaunikaičiu, kuris veda našlaitėlę. Ir vėlgi gėris triumfuoja, ir pasaka baigiasi laimingai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-28 07:53:09',62,'','2010-09-28 07:55:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-28 07:53:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,284,'','',0,39,'robots=\nauthor='),(1647,'A. Nyka - Niliūnas \"Aklasis pasakoja apie namus\" ','a-nyka-nilinas-qaklasis-pasakoja-apie-namusq-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A.Nykos - Niliūno eilėraščiai, išaugę iš netekties, yra žmogaus susidūrimo su išnykimo ir tuštumos paslaptimi išraika, nuolat kintanti, pilna neišsprendžiamumo ir rūščiai skausmingo tono. Eilėraščiai parašyti Nemeikščiuose (A.Nykos - Niliūno gimtinėje) atskleidžia mums poeto įlgesį namams. Šis “Aklasis pasakoja apie namus” eilėraštis, taip pat parašytas Nemeikščiuose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Eilėraštis pradedamas klausimu, kuris be abejo reikalauja atsakymo. Tai antras ir trečias posmai. Lyrinis “aš” yra aklas, bet jam pažįstami visi keliai namo. Čia labai ryškus vėjo - palydovo motyvas. Jis veda už rankos lyrini “aš”. Subjektas girdi ir jam pažįstamo, bet nematomo paukščio giesmę, kuri prašo neliūdėt. Tai įaugę vaizdai, kurie neleidžia užsimiršti supančios aplinkos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kitose eilutėse subjektas pasineria į prisiminimus. Ką gali prisiminti aklasis? Tik garsus. Jis prisimena, kaip kadaise motina meldėsi. Meldimasis tai sakralinis momentas, kuris asocijuojasi su viltimi, tikėjimu, šiluma. Jis prisimena kiekvieną jos žodį, jam tai buvo ypač svarbu. Subjektas prisimena ir moterį, ta pačią kuri paklausė…”Ką radau parėjęs”, jos žingsnius. Žingsnius, kurie atrodė tokie nuostabūs ir šilti, tarp kambarių tuščių. Girdėdavo jisai lietaus oktavas. Kiekvieną garsą krintančio lietaus. Prisiminimai subjektui yra labai svarbūs. Jis gali atkurti tuos žingsnius, tas maldas bet kurią minutę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-28 07:56:50',62,'','2010-09-28 08:09:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-28 07:56:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,283,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1648,'Erichas Marija Remarkas ir “Vakaru fronte nieko naujo” analizes gabaliukai','erichas-marija-remarkas-ir-vakaru-fronte-nieko-naujo-analizes-gabaliukai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gimė Žemutinėje Saksonijoje knygrišio šeimoje. Nuo pat jaunystės jautė potraukį literatūrai, menui, muzikai ir priešiškumą biurgerių aplinkai. Lankė katalikiškąją mokytojų seminariją. Išlaikęs baigiamuosius egzaminus, 1916 m. išėjo savanoriu į karą. 18 m. jaunuolis pateko į Pirmojo pasaulinio karo frontą, kelis kartus buvo sužeistas. Po karo E.M.Remarkas pradeda reikštis literatūrinėje veikloje. Jau 1918 m. išleidžiami jo eilėraščiai bei trumpi prozos kūrinėliai. Pirmieji du romanai „Svajonių būstas\" (1920) ir „Sustojimas horizonte\" (1927-1928) liudija apie autoriaus susižavėjimą estetizmu ir gyvenimo filosofija. Savo esė „Dekadanso vadovas\" (1924) jis akcentuoja instinktų svarbą, sakydamas, jog „protas - tai nepavykęs instinktas\", o instinktai yra visuomet teisingi.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Būsimasis rašytojas brendo veikiamas ne tik literatūrinių bei filosofinių impulsų, bet ir išeidamas gyvenimo mokyklą. Išbandė įvairiausias profesijas, daug keliavo, bet iš tiesų rašytojas išgyveno baisią depresiją. Giliai į sielą įsirėžę fronto vaizdai ir dvasiniai sukrėtimai verčia rašytoją tai išsakyti kūryboje. Per keletą savaičių parašo romaną „Vakarų fronte nieko naujo\" (1929) ir susilaukia didžiulės sėkmės. Tačiau Hitleriui užėmus valdžią, knyga buvo sudeginta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Teko palikti tėvynę. 1931 m. jis persikėlė gyventi į Šveicariją, 1938 m. iš jo buvo atimta Vokietijos pilietybė. Rašytojas išvyko į Niujorką, nuo 1947 m. jis - JAV pilietis. Sukūrė 14 romanų, vieną pjesę, kelis apsakymų bei esė rinkinius. Mirė Šveicarijos mieste Lokarne. „Vakarų fronte nieko naujo\" pagrįstai laikomas reikšmingiausiu E.M.Remarko veikalu ir vienu iškalbingiausių ne tik vokiečių, bet ir pasaulinės literatūros kūrinių Pirmojo pasaulinio karo tema. Rašytoją domina tragiškas mažojo žmogaus likimas, jo konkrečios būsenos ir emocijos. E.M.Remarkas Pirmąjį pasaulinį karą vaizduoja ir kaip visos „prarastosios kartos\" egzistencinę tragediją. Paulius Boimeris ir kiti herojai tarsi turi išgyventi svetimą, jiems primestą likimą, pasiduoda rezignacijai, liūdesiui ir vienatvei.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Veiksmo foną sudaro karo įvykiai. Paulius Boimeris kartu su savo draugais tiesiai iš mokyklos pasiskelbęs savanoriu ir išėjęs karinį apmokymą netrukus patenka į frontą. Karas matomas eilinio kareivio akimis, ir ši perspektyva lemia idėjinį emocinį romano turinį. Boimerio santūrumas ir gyvenimo troškimas, jausmų subtilumas ir praktinė nuovoka, jumoras ir melancholija susilydo į vientisą paveikslą. Vienas ryškiausių E.R.Remarko romanų apie Pirmąjį pasaulinį karą ypatumų yra fronto draugystės poetizavimas. Eilinių kareivių draugystė - svarbiausia humaniškumo apraiška, vienintelė prasminga atsvara visa kas gyva naikinančiai karo stichijai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-28 08:18:06',62,'','2010-09-28 08:20:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-28 08:18:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,282,'','',0,51,'robots=\nauthor='),(1649,'Salomėja Nėris. Kūryba ir asmenybė','salomja-nris-kryba-ir-asmenyb','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Neblėstanti Salomėjos Nėries šlovė, jos nuostabių eilių užburianti sugestija pirmiausia rodo, kad didžioji mūsų poetė atspėjo lyrikos paslaptį ir jautriai suvokė, kur slypi poezijos magiškoji galia. Pavergiantis nuoširdumas, jaudinantis išgyvenimų gilumas, ištikimybė savo širdies balsui, skausmingai išnešiotai tiesai, tikėjimas gėrio bei humanizmo pergale išvedė ją per klaidžias istorijos kryžkeles.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">S. Nėris palyginti anksti suprato revoliucijos ir socializmo perspektyvą, savo nepralenkiamą talentą skyrė kovai už liaudies laisvę. Jos kelias nebuvo lengvas: tai dramatiška vidinė kova, ieškojimai, valingas ar net herojiškas pasipriešinimas ramaus ir sotaus gyvenimo pagundoms bei įvairioms kitoms kliūtims. Skaitydami geriausius S. Nėries eilėraščius, juntame jos jautrią, lengvai pažeidžiamą širdį, švelniausių emocijų subtilų plevenimą, tačiau kartu pajuntame ir jos valingą ryžtą, tvirtą tikėjimą gėriu, grožiu, teisingumu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kartais skaitytojai laiškais kreipdavosi patarimo. Apie vieną jų poetė rašė dienoraštyje: „Tu pradėjai apie mane kurti sau legendas, įsivaizduodamas, kad aš esu stipri moteris. &lt;...&gt; O tu nežinai, kad aš maža, silpna... Kaip dažnai aš drebu dėl kokio nors šiurkštaus kvailio žodžių“. Poetės nuomone, kiekvienas žmogus turi pats susirasti kelią, tik tada jis bus tikras. „Aš myliu savo kelią, nes jį pati susiradau.“</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">S. Nėries lyrika bei jos raida kartu yra ir poetės asmenybės, jos sielos gyvenimo istorija: poetas išorinį pasaulį, įvykius, reiškinius, idėjas, kitų žmonių išgyvenimus perleidžia per kitų žmonių išgyvenimo žaizdrą, jais remia savo patirtį. S. Nėris buvo ypač nuoširdi ir atvira, kalbėjo tik tai, ką jautė, nieko nenuslėpdama, neiškreipdama. Kartu ji išreiškė ir bendražmogiškus bruožus bei siekimus, būdingus apskritai žmogui visais laikais - štai kodėl talentinga poezija niekada nepasensta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-28 09:42:25',62,'','2010-09-28 09:47:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-28 09:42:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,281,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(1650,'Kūrinių analizių santrauka','krini-analizi-santrauka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">K Donelaitis “Metai”. Skaitydami Kristijono Donelaičio “Metus”, pastebime, kad nemažą kūrinio dalį sudaro Lauro, Selmo ir šaltyšiaus Pričkaus pamokančios bei patariančios kalbos, kuriose,  be abejonės, regime paties autoriaus pozicją. Todėl galime spręsti, kad vienas iš Donelaičio tikslų buvo parodyti žmonėms, kaip reikia teisingai elgtis, o tas, kuris teisingai elgiasi, yra ir išmintingas. Ne tik Pričkaus kalbomis, bet ir nedorų būrų bei ponų gyvenimo aprašymu Donelaitis parodo, kaip turėtų elgtis doras, moralus bei išmintingas žmogus. Idealų žmogų mes gautume sudėję kiekvieno iš viežlybųjų būrų savybes(Lauro bei Pričkaus išmintį, Selmo religingumą, Krizo darbštumą).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Manau, kad Selmo lūpomis tikėjimą skleidžiantis K.Donelaitis religingumą laiko viena ( bene svarbiausia) pasaulio pažinimo sąlyga. Tikintis žmogus laikomas teisingu. Tai įrodo ponų pavadinimas “bedieviais”, “glūpais”, “bėdžiais”, kai jie nepasimeldžoa prieš valgį. Aš manau, kad K. Donelaitis religingą bendruomenę laiko iš dalies protinga, nes netikinčiosius Dievas baudžia: “Ar nesibijotės, kad jūsų namus perkūns į plentą supleškins?” O jeigu netikintieji baudžiami, tai jie gyvena neišmintingai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ne veltui Pričkus yra būrų gerbiamas Vyžlaukio valsčiaus seniūnas, kadangi jis duoda išmintingus patarimus, kaip reikia dirbti ūkio darbus. Bet daugiausia išminties slypi Lauro kalbose. Jis teisingai įvertina to laiko padėtį, diskutuoja apie būrų ir ponų santykius, gyvenimo filosofiją. Pasak jo, šilkuose gimęs ponų vaikas yra toks pat kaip ant šiaudų verkiantis būriukas, bet jis supranta, kad to pakeisti negalima, todėl sako, kad “taip jau Dievulis surėdė” ir dėl to kiekvienas turi gyventi pagal savo socialinio sluoksnio įstatymus. Lauras pabrėžia, kad gyvenimas žemėje laikinas, todėl reikia su juo susitaikyti, koks jis bebūtų. Pasaulis Lauro akimis - vertikalus. Kadangi Kristijonas Donelaitis visai nekalba apie pragarą, todėl galime suvokti, kad pasaulio apačia - žemiškas gyvenimas, pilnas priešingybių, jų kovos. Viršuje būrai mato visai kitokį, harmoningą gyvenimą, kuriame jų nebevarys į baudžiavą, nebemuš. Taigi teisingu gyvenimu Donelaitis laiko tokį gyvenimą, kai žmonės elgiasi pagal savo bendruomenės įstatymus, papročius ir tradicijas. Kiekvienas gali gyventi laimingai, jeigu neišklys už savo bendruomenės ribų, todėl Krizas gyvenimo pabaigoje tampa elgeta ir galbūt todėl taip smerkiama germanizacija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-28 09:55:20',62,'','2010-09-28 09:57:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-28 09:55:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,280,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1651,'Dzūkijos koloritas V. Krėvės kūryboje','dzkijos-koloritas-v-krvs-kryboje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vincas Krėvė (Mickevičius) - universalių užmojų, įvairių žanrų kūrėjas, derinęs realistinį konkretumą ir romantinį pakylėtumą, jungęs savo tautos ir Rytų išmintį, istorinių veikalų kūrėjas, Biblijos interpretatorius. Labiausiai Vincas Krėvė mėgo savo vaikystės kaimą, paskendusį miškuose, apsuptą ežerų ir kalvelių. Apsakymų rinkinyje “Šiaudinėj pastogėj” ir apysakoje “Raganius” kaip tik ir iškyla spalvingas bei konkretus XIX a. pabaigos – XX a. pradžios Dzūkijos kaimo paveikslas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Senovinės dzūkų buities vaizdai yra etnografiškai tikslūs. V.Krėvė neidealizavo kaimo, kuriame buvo nemaža prietarų ir skurdo, apsileidimo ir nevalyvumo, turtingų “gaspadorių” ir varganų samdinių, amžiais diegto nuolankumo kunigams ir kitokiems ponams. Rašytojas matė, kad kaimas gyvena dviejų epochų kryžkelėje, kad į jį nepermaldaujamai skverbiasi kapitalistiniai santykiai, naujas gyvenimo būdas. Tačiau V.Krėvei rūpėjo ne tiek išorinė žmogaus buitis ar socialiniai reiškiniai, kiek jo psichologija, vidaus pasaulis, mąstysena, dvasiniai interesai, moraliniai principai, gėrio ir grožio supratimas. Dzūkijos kaimai, nutolę nuo didelių centrų, ilgiau išlaikė savitus bruožus ir davė rašytojui daug medžiagos stebėjimams ir apibendrinimams. Meniniais paveikslais V.Krėvė norėjo atsakyti į klausimus, kas būdinga liaudies žmogaus charakteriui, jo dvasinei kultūrai, kur tos kultūros ištakos ir šaknys. Įvairių tautų pažinimas leido ryškiau pajusti lietuvių savitumą, o gyvenimas toli nuo tėvynės vaizduojamąjį liaudies žmogų apgaubė poezijos skraiste. V.Krėvei rūpėjo pasekti, kas senajame kaime negrįžtamai slinko į praeitį ir ką nešė nauja epocha, kokios vertybės buvo prarandamos ir kokios įgyjamos, ką liaudis išlaikė pastovaus ir nekintamo, ką reikėjo branginti ir puoselėti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-28 09:58:24',62,'','2010-09-28 10:00:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-28 09:58:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,279,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1652,'Lietuvių mitologija','lietuvi-mitologija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Senoji lietuvių mitologija, religija yra vienas seniausių žmonijos dvasinės kūrybos reiškinių. Žmogaus prigimtyje užkoduota fantazija pakelia virš realybės ir suteikia neribotą laisvę. Tautosaka kuriama kasdienine kalba, kuri yra tautinės atminties liudijimas. Todėl  joje labai gausu mitologijos, išlikusios nuo senų senovės. Ypač daug senojo, pagoniškojo lietuvių tikėjimo yra mitologinėse sakmėse ir stebuklinėse pasakose. Tautosakai būdingas fantastinis pasaulio suvokimas, daug mitologijos ženklų: minimos laumės, velniai, aitvarai, dažnai kartojasi magiški skaičiai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Turbut dažniausiai tautosakoje minimas velnias. Sakmėse jis talkina dievui, kuriant pasaulį, o pasakose jis yra neatskiriamas žmogaus palydovas. Žmogus pasakose dažnai sudaro su juo sutartį, pasirašydamas krauju. Tačiau velnias dažniausiai lieka kvailio vietoje. Jis lengvai pasiduoda žmogaus valiai ir leidžiasi apgaunamas. Kartais jis nudirba už žmogų įvairiausius darbus, kartais neturtingą padaro turtuoliu. Jis nepastebi, kad žmogus jį apgaudinėja, ir klauso jo nurodymų. Tai išaukština žmogaus išmintį ir sumenkina patį velnią. Senovės lietuviai buvo įsitikinę, kad velnias gali padėti žmogui, jei tik su juo bus tinkamai elgiamasi. Reikia veikti ne jėga, bet protu. Gudrus valstietis visada nugali velnią. Kartais nelabajam pažadamas atpildas už darbą, naudingą žmogui, arba už išgelbėjimą nuo nelaimės. Bet dažniausiai jis tiesiog apgaunamas, įsipainioja savo paties pinklėse arba nesugeba įveikti išbandymo, skirto žmogui, kuris nori išsipirkti savo sielą. Tada velnias priverstas gėdingai pasitraukti ir atlyginti žmogui už padarytą skriaudą. Dažniausiai, pats to nenorėdamas, jis yra naudingas žmogui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-28 10:01:18',62,'','2010-09-28 10:16:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-28 10:01:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,278,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1653,'V. M. Putino \"Parafrazės\"','v-m-putino-qparafrazsq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bene vienas didžiausių vėlyvosios V. Mykolaičio - Putino poezijos kūrinys – lyrinis ciklas “Parafrazės”. Jis išleistas 1957 metais. Parašytas, parafrazuojant L. Bethoveno muzikines temas bei įvaizdžius, plėtojant vokiečių kompozitoriaus mintį apie žmogaus išsivadavimą iš sielvarto. Ši tema, skambėjusi daugelyje jo kūrinių (“Septynios dienos”, “Krintanti žvaigždė”), poeto gyvenime įgavo didžiausią reikšmę, nes aprėpė visą žmogiškosios būties esmę. Kaip sakė Eduardas Mieželaitis : ”Parafrazės” – tai “ilgai poeto brandintų minčių, ilgų jo kūrybinių ieškojimų apoteozė” (E. Mieželaitis. Čia Lietuva. V., 1986, p.204.).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sielvartas yra viena svarbiausių Mykolaičio-Putino temų.Aukštai iškeldamas žmogaus dvasią ir jos harmoniją, menininkas tikėjo gyvenimo idealais. Visada kūrybinis darbas ir jo vaisiai pasiekiami per skausmingą vidinę kovą, klaidas ir pralaimėjimus. Putino sielvartas ne pesimistinis ar religinis. Jis visur yra dvasinės stiprybės ir pažinimo galios išraiška.Tik per sielvartą žmogus išsprendžia savo prieštaravimų mįsles, ištrūksta iš išorinės ir vidinės priespaudos varžtų, siekia tiesos, gyvenimo prasmės, aukštesnių idealų, kol “skausmas džiugesio garsais prabyla”. V.Mykolaičio-Putino lyrikoje tik per skausmą ryškiausiai atsispindi pasaulis ir žmogus. Poetas skausmingos būsenos nevengia ir nebijo. Jo eilėse skausmas apvalo širdį nuo kasdienybės, ramaus pasitenkinimo, sukrečia, net atgaivina, priverčia eiti į priekį ir tapti tobulesniu. Tai klasikinių humanizmo tradicijų išpuoselėta  sielvarto filosofija. “Parafrazėse” sielvarto tema vystoma labai plačiai. Cikle išryškėja plati laiko perspektyva, poeto vidinių išgyvenimų vystymasis ir gyvenimo veiksmas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kūrinys susideda iš devynių dalių, kurių kiekviena turi po du skirtingus skirtingos struktūros poskyrius. Viename jų dažniausiai kalbama apie buitį, kai kur piešiama gyvenimo diduma, vaizduojamos aukštos erdvės, vandenynų gelmės. Kitame skamba intymesnis lyrinis monologas, švelniai skamba tyli sielos rauda ar meilės kuždesys. Per visą kūrinį plėtojami priešpriešiniai dalykai – gėris ir blogis, meilė ir neapykanta, džiaugsmas ir sielvartas, gyvybė ir mirtis. Visi šie dalykai tarsi pinasi i harmoningą gyvenimo paveikslą. “Parafrazių” struktūroje ryškūs muzikiniai dėsniai. Kaip pastebėjo A. Sluckaitė (Aušra Sluckaitė, Kritikos štrichai. V., 1963, p. 43.), kompozicija artima sonatinei formai. Kiekviena ciklo dalis susideda tarsi iš “ekspozicijos ir reprizos, pakartojančios temos šalutinį motyvą pagrindinėje tonacijoje” (A. Sluckaitė).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-28 10:16:47',62,'','2010-09-28 10:20:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-28 10:16:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,277,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1654,'Maironio \"Išnyksiu kaip dūmas\" analizė','maironio-qinyksiu-kaip-dmasq-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Eilėraštis “išnyksiu kaip dūmas” pasižymi ne jausmo veržlumu, bet giliu susimąstymu. Kiekvienas posmas turi vis kitokią “išnykimo” prasmę, atskleidžia vis naują vaizdą Be abejo, eilėraštis nenuteikia linksmai. Perskaitęs jį nejučia ir pats pagalvoji, kad kada nors ir pats numirsi, išnyksi… Ir anksčiau ar vėliau būsi visai užmirštas. Iš tiesų - išnyksi “kaip dūmas”…</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1888-1893 m. tarpsnis Maironiui buvo labai intensyvus. Maždaug per tą laiką susiformavo dvi pirmosios knygos: “Pavasario balsai” ir poema ”Tarp skausmų į garbę”. Pirmieji Maironio “Pavasario balsai” išėjo 1895 m. Juose jau buvo viskas, už ką taip vertiname Maironį: ir aiškiai suformuluotos kilnios idėjos, ir poetinės išraiškos grožis, paprastumas ir skambumas. Į pirmus “Pavasario balsus” įėjo ir eilėraštis “ Išnyksiu kaip dūmas”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Eilėraštyje laikas ir erdvė neribojami. Maironis eilėraštyje kalba ir apie tolimą praeitį, ir apie ateitį. Nuo eilėraščio pradžios iki vidurio poetas kalba apie praeitį, prisimena net senuosius laikus: Sardiniją,  Atėnus, Rymą. Kalba apie praeitį iki eilutės “Kuriems nebužilgo - kapai”. Tada Maironis pradeda rašyti apie ateitį apie kitus poetus kurie ateis po jo,  kad jį užmirš. Kad žmonės kaip “bangos ant marių”- atsiranda, iškyla ir išnyksta… Ir taip be perstojo, be galo…</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 08:37:21',62,'','2010-09-29 08:47:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 08:37:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,276,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1655,'Edgar Allan Poe ','edgar-allan-poe-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šulinys ir švytuoklė</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mane iškamavo – mirtinai iškamavo ta ilga agonija; ir kai pagaliau mane atrišo ir leido atsisėsti, pajutau, kad netenku sąmonės. Nuosprendis – šiurpulingas mirties nuosprendis – buvo paskutiniai žodžiai, kurie aiškiai pasiekė mano ausis. Po to inkvizitorių balsai ėmė grimzti į neryškų, nenusakomą gaudesį. Šitas triukšmas mano sieloje kėlė sukimosi vaizdinius – gal būt, todėl, kad mintyse sulyginau jį su malūno ratu. Tai truko labai trumpai, nes po akimirkos aš jau nieko nebegirdėjau. Tačiau kurį laiką dar mačiau – bet kaip siaubingai kitaip viskas atrodė!</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aš mačiau juodomis mantijomis apsisiautusių teisėjų lūpas. Jos atrodė man baltos – baltesnės už popieriaus lapą, ant kurio rašau šiuos žodžius,- ir groteskiškai plonos; jos suplonėjo nuo sukauptos griežtybės – nepajudinamo ryžtingumo – rūsčios paniekos žmogaus kančioms. Mačiau, kaip ištarmės, kurios buvo mano Likimas, liejosi iš tų lūpų: mačiau, kaip lūpos persikreipė, tardamos žodį “mirtis”. Mačiau kaip jos sakė mano vardo skiemenis, ir drebėjau, nes negirdėjau jokio garso. Per tas kelias beprotiško siaubo akimirkas aš taip pat regėjau, kaip lengvai, vos pastebimai bangavo juodos užuolaidos ant kambario sienų. Po to mano žvilgsnis užkliuvo už septynių aukštų žvakių, stovinčių ant stalo. Iš pradžių jos atrodė įsikūnijęs gailestingumas ir panėšėjo į baltus lieknus angelus, pasiųstus mane išgelbėti; bet paskui ūmai man dvasią užliejo mirtinas šleikštulys, ir aš pajutau, kaip suvirpėjo visos mano kūno skaidulėlės, lyg būčiau palietęs galvaninio elemento laidą, o angelų figūros pavirto į bereikšmes šmėklas liepsnos galvomis, ir aš supratau, kad iš jų nėra ko tikėtis pagalbos. Ir tuomet, kaip skambi gaida, į mano vaizduotę įsismelkė mintis, koks saldus turėtų būti kapų poilsis. Ši mintis atėjo tyliai, vogčiomis, ir man atrodė, jog gerokai laiko praslinko, kol protas pilnai ją suvokė; bet tą akimirką, kai mano sąmonė ją aiškiai ir tiksliai ėmė suprasti, teisėjų figūros, tarsi kerų paveiktos, dingo man iš akių; aukštos žvakės nugrimzdo į nebūtį, jų liepsnos užgeso; viską užliejo juoda tamsa; visus pojūčius tarsi prarijo beprotiškai greitas sielos kritimas į Hadą. Ir visas pasaulis – tiktai tyla, ramybė ir naktis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 09:03:05',62,'','2010-09-29 09:07:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 09:03:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,275,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1656,'J. Biliūnas \"Brisiaus galas\"','j-bilinas-qbrisiaus-galasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šaly dienadaržio durų, ant didžiulės spalių krūvos, guli senas Brisius - žilas, apžabalęs. Matyti jisai dar mato, bet tik kaip per dūmus, ir savo žmogaus labai dažnai nebepažįsta. Sunki senatvė ir jam: visų užmirštas, apleistas. Patsai gerai jaučia, kad mažai kam bereikalingas. Bet kiek galėdamas rūpinas dar būti naudingas. Nors nebeprigirdi, o sunkios blakstienos amžinai merkia jo traškanotas akis, tačiau vaiko nuo savęs snaudulį ir klausos. Beklausydamas apsnūsta... Ir girdi per miegą: šlama netoli, tartum eina kas svetimas... Sunkiai keliasi senas Brisius iš guolio ir loja užkimusiu, mieguistu balsu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 09:07:54',62,'','2010-09-29 09:12:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 09:07:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,274,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1657,'V. Krėvės kūryba apie dzūkus','v-krvs-kryba-apie-dzkus','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vincas Krėvė (Mickevičius) - universalių užmojų, įvairių žanrų kūrėjas, derinęs realistinį konkretumą ir romantinį pakylėtumą, jungęs savo tautos ir Rytų išmintį, istorinių veikalų kūrėjas, Biblijos interpretatorius. Labiausiai Vincas Krėvė mėgo savo vaikystės kaimą, paskendusį miškuose, apsuptą ežerų ir kalvelių. Apsakymų rinkinyje “Šiaudinėj pastogėj” ir apysakoje “Raganius” kaip tik ir iškyla spalvingas bei konkretus XIX a. pabaigos – XX a. pradžios Dzūkijos kaimo paveikslas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Senovinės dzūkų buities vaizdai yra etnografiškai tikslūs. V.Krėvė neidealizavo kaimo, kuriame buvo nemaža prietarų ir skurdo, apsileidimo ir nevalyvumo, turtingų “gaspadorių” ir varganų samdinių, amžiais diegto nuolankumo kunigams ir kitokiems ponams. Rašytojas matė, kad kaimas gyvena dviejų epochų kryžkelėje, kad į jį nepermaldaujamai skverbiasi kapitalistiniai santykiai, naujas gyvenimo būdas. Tačiau V.Krėvei rūpėjo ne tiek išorinė žmogaus buitis ar socialiniai reiškiniai, kiek jo psichologija, vidaus pasaulis, mąstysena, dvasiniai interesai, moraliniai principai, gėrio ir grožio supratimas. Dzūkijos kaimai, nutolę nuo didelių centrų, ilgiau išlaikė savitus bruožus ir davė rašytojui daug medžiagos stebėjimams ir apibendrinimams. Meniniais paveikslais V.Krėvė norėjo atsakyti į klausimus, kas būdinga liaudies žmogaus charakteriui, jo dvasinei kultūrai, kur tos kultūros ištakos ir šaknys. Įvairių tautų pažinimas leido ryškiau pajusti lietuvių savitumą, o gyvenimas toli nuo tėvynės vaizduojamąjį liaudies žmogų apgaubė poezijos skraiste. V.Krėvei rūpėjo pasekti, kas senajame kaime negrįžtamai slinko į praeitį ir ką nešė nauja epocha, kokios vertybės buvo prarandamos ir kokios įgyjamos, ką liaudis išlaikė pastovaus ir nekintamo, ką reikėjo branginti ir puoselėti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 09:13:10',62,'','2010-09-29 09:15:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 09:13:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,273,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1658,'O. De Balzako aforizmai','o-de-balzako-aforizmai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Dorovinė žmogaus prigimtis skiriasi nuo fizinės jo prigimties tuo, kad joje nėra nieko absoliutaus: poelgiai priklauso tiesiogiai nuo charakterio ar nuo idėjų, kylančių matant kokį nors reiškinį.”</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Du žmonės gali vienas kitą išgelbėti ten, kur po vieną žūva.” “Idealus grožis, žaviausia išvaizda nieko neverta, jeigu tuo niekas nesižavi.” “Gyvenimas – tai visokių kombinacijų kaitaliojimasis; jas reikia nagrinėti, sekti, kad visur liktume patogioje padėtyje.” “Visas žmogaus išmanymas yra ne kas kita, kaip kantrybės ir laiko junginys.” “Laikas – tai protinės veiklos darbuotojo kapitalas.” “Pomėgis kolekcionuoti – pirmoji proto sutrikimo pakopa.” “Azartikas žūklavimas valdininkams primena darbą kanceliarijoje.” “Sielvartas – i visų mūsų jausmų patvariausias.”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 09:16:16',62,'','2010-09-29 09:19:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 09:16:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,272,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(1659,'O. Baliukonytė','o-baliukonyt','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">O. Baliukonytė - poetė, atėjusi iš savo vaikystės tolimame Dzūkijos kaime, sunkiu skurdaus pokario vaiko gyvenime laimingai išgyvenusi ankstyviausią ir esminę žmogaus būties poeziją - draugystę su medžiu, gėlė, lauku, pieva, pavasario polaidžiu, pirmuoju sniegu. Būtiškos tiesos gamtoje atsiveria paprastai ir aiškiai. Įdėmiai į gamtą žiūrintį ir įsiklausantį jos moko atvirumo ir kalbos su savimi. Tos pamokos tęsiasi ir tada, kai nebelieka nei tos vienintelės prakalbinančios vietos, nei kasdieninio matymo nežiūrint. “Ką įsiurbei su motinos pienu, išgirdai iš jos lūpų, pirmą kartą atradai kaip kokį to paties kasdieninio žodžio stebuklą - tavyje jau visam laikui. Kaip ir tėviškės gamta: laukas, pieva, medis, akmuo, menkiausia žolelė iš gimtojo kiemo…”. Ta būtiškai išgyventa vaikystės poezija tampa ir kūrybos podirviu. Eilėraštyje “Sparnas, artėjantis elnias…” (rink “iš kelio dulkių”) sakoma: “dar pakuždėtų menkiausia žolelė iš gimtojo kiemo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 09:19:50',62,'','2010-09-29 09:28:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 09:19:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,271,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1660,'V. M. Putino eilėraščiai','v-m-putino-eilraiai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Margi sakalai<br /><br />Lydėdami gęstančią žarą, vėlai<br />Pakilo į dangų margi sakalai.<br />Paniekinę žemės vylingus sapnus,<br />Padangėje ištiesė savo sparnus.<br />Ir tarė margieji: negrįšim į žemę,<br />Kol josios kalnai ir pakalnės aptemę,<br />Sapnai ir šešėliai padangėse mums<br />Šviesiųjų į saulę kelių nebedrums.<br />Mes, skaisčiąją aušrą dangum pasiviję,<br />Iš josios vainiko nuskinsim leliją – <br />Ir miegančios žemės laukus ir uolynus<br />Paversime žėrinčiais saulės gėlynais.<br />Ir štai suplasnojo iš naujo sparnais,<br />Tolyn ir aukštyn, kolei kraujas užkais<br />Pavytosios saulės ieškota liepsna<br />Ir žemei užgims pranašauta diena.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Bet štai rytuose jau nuraudo dangus,<br />Jau nušvietė saulė uolas ir laukus,<br />Tačiau iš dangaus nei anksti, nei vėlai<br />Negrįžo į žemę margi sakalai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Rūpintojėlis<br /><br />Dievuli mano, kas per šviesios naktys!<br />Ir kas plačių padangių per aukštumas!<br />O žvaigždės, žvaigždės! Didelės ir mažos<br />Tai spindi, net graudu, Dievuli mano.<br /><br />Išeisiu, sau tariau, ant lygaus kelio:<br />Ant lygaus kelio tai valia valužė,<br />Ant lygaus kelio šviesiąją naktužę<br />Tai tik jaunam plačias dūmas dūmoti.<br /><br />Bet kam gi tu, budrus Dievuli mano,<br />Prie lygaus kelio rūpestėliu rymai?<br />Prie lygaus kelio, kur vargų vargeliai<br />Vieni per dieną dūsaudami vaikšto.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 09:28:25',62,'','2010-09-29 09:32:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 09:28:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,270,'','',0,135,'robots=\nauthor='),(1661,'A. Kamiu \"Kaligula\" egzistencialistinė drama','a-kamiu-qkaligulaq-egzistencialistin-drama','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Egzistencializmas - filosofijos kryptis, analizės išeities tašku laikanti žmogaus buvimą (egzistenciją) ir jo vietą bei vaidmenį pasaulyje.” “Egzistencialistų filosofavimo išeities taškas - kraštutinis individualizmas. Teigiama, kad tikrovė yra negrįžtamai suskilusi į dvi sritis: sąmonės ir daiktų. To neišvengiamas rezultatas - žmogaus susvetimėjimas.” Tai pastebime Kaligulos žodžiuose Helikonui: “Tiesiog staiga pajutau norą turėti tai, kas neįmanoma. Daiktai tokie, kokie yra, manęs nepatenkina. Man reikia mėnulio arba laimės, arba amžinybės, ko nors, galbūt ir beprotiško, bet ne iš šio pasaulio.” Čia jaučiamas žmogaus susvetimėjimas, jam šis pasaulis pasidaro svetimas, jo sąmonė ieško neįmanomų, nepasiekaimų kito pasaulio daiktų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Egzistencializme žmogus yra pasimetęs pasaulyje, neturinčiame jokios tvarkos ir prasmės, be tos, kurią jam suteikiąs pats žmogus.” Kaligula sako, jog “žmonės verkia todėl, kad viskas yra ne taip, kaip turėtų būti.” Jis tvirtina, kad beprasmiai yra visi įstatymai, visi dievų garbinimai, visos įsisenėjusios tiesos. Kad tai patvirtintų jis apsimeta dievu, ir tai supranta kaip įrodymą, kad tik žmogus pats tvarkosi savo gyvenimą, jokie dievai jam nepadeda. Kaligula taip pat supranta, kad žmogaus likimas “nepavaldus nei istorinei, nei socialinei determinacijai.” Žmogus yra visiškai laisvas ir pats kuria savo ateitį. Jis nebūtinai turi ją kurti pagal nusistovėjusius stereotipus, jis gali ją pasukti visai kitokia linkme. Imperatorius laisvės siekė savaip, per neįmanoma.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Egzistencializme žmogus egzistuoja tik savo pastangomis, kiekvienu momentu pats sau būdamas nauja egzistencijos galimybe. Jis pats sprendžia savo būties prasmę, todėl moraliai atsakingas už savo veiksmus.” Tai sukelia vienišumo, pasimetimo, nesaugumo, būties beviltiškumo jausmą, mirties baimę. “Kaip sunku, kaip negera būti žmogumi!” Paskutiniuosius savo gyvenimo metus baimę sėjęs po visą Romos imperiją, prieš mirtį Kaligula sako: “Aš bijau. Kaip bjauru, niekinus kitus, jausti sieloje tą patį silpnumą. Bet tai nieko. Baimė neilgai trunka.”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Nors individas negali išvengti bendravimo su kitais žmonėmis, autentiškas ryšys dėl susvetimėjimo esąs neįmanomas.” Tai iliustruoja Kaligulos ir jo meilužės Kesonijos santykiai. Kesonija bando suprasti jaunąjį imperatorių, bet tai jai nepavyksta. Kadangi “laimė esti dvejopa”, ir Kaligula, priešingai jo mylimosios, pasirinko “žmogžudžių laimę”. Tačiau imperatorius laimingas. Pasiekęs kančios viršūnę, jis pajunta “nuostabią, sterilią laimę”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 09:32:44',62,'','2010-09-29 09:35:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 09:32:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,269,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(1662,'Linas Urbonas \"Gyvasis vanduo\"','linas-urbonas-qgyvasis-vanduoq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jis įmetė į laužą dar vieną laukinės obels šaką, prieš tai nuskynęs nuo jos kelis mažyčius obuoliukus. Žali lapai ėmė raitytis liepsnoje, ugnis sušnypštė,protestuodama prieš tokią šventvagystę ir apdergė jį sodriais tirštais dūmais. Karalius atsitraukė , pasipurtė, tarsi iškratydamas iš barzdos dūmų likučius. Po to atsiduso ir, kiek pasvarstęs, suleido dantis į žalią laukinį obuoliuką. Rūgštis kirto, lyg nuodinga gyvatė. Karalius pasipurtė ir ėmė šluostytis ištryškusias ašaras. Obuoliukas nukeliavo šakai pavymui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 09:35:46',62,'','2010-09-29 09:37:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 09:35:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,268,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1663,'A.Vaičiulaitis santrauka','avaiiulaitis-santrauka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ANTANAS VAIČIULAITIS (1906-1992) Gimė 1906m. birželio 26 dieną, ūkininkų šeimoje. Didesnę savo gyvenimo dalį praleido ne Lietuvoje (Italijoje, Amerikoje). Baigęs Vilkaviškio gimnaziją. Buvo ateitininkas, “Šatrijos” meno kuopos veiklos narys ir pirmininkas. Šatrijiečiai katalikišką dvasią siekė suderinti su modernumu, manė, kad tolerancija yra visuomenės pamatas. A.Vaičiulaitis buvo ramus, įsiklausantis, tolerantiškas, nemėgo kritikuoti. Jis prozoje pasakojama ramiai, gerbiant kiekvieno žmogaus, medžio, daikto vietą. Jam svarbi tekste atsirandanti potekstė. Vertino Vydūną.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">KŪRYBA Pirmoji knyga skirta vaikams - “Vakaras sargo namelyje” (1932). Parašyta galvoje turint sesers dukrą. Apsakyme “Tešlinis žmogutis” atskleista ypatinga Didžiojo šeštadienio nuotaika. Šiek tiek panašu į V.Krėvės “Antanuko rytą”. A.V. grožis, kylantis iš harmoningo kalbėjimo, buvo svarbiau už mokymą, kritikavimą ar idėjų aukštinimą. Rašytojui svarbu, kad vaizduojamas žmogus būtų gyvas, kad jo kalba būtų tikra, siekiama, kad nebūtų paniekintos krikščioniškos vertybės. A.Vaičiulaitis rašė ir literatūros kritiką (“Knygos ir žmonės” 1992). Vienas iš “Visuotinės literatūros istorijos” autorių. Jam atrodė svarbu modernesnius atradimus jungti su savo tautos tradicijomis “TAVO VEIDO ŠVIESA” Viena gražiausių novelių iš rinkinio “Pelkių takas” (1939). A.Vaičiulaitis lietuvių novelės meistras. Gražiausios novelės: “Tešlinis žmogutis”, “Apaštalų iškeliavimas”, “Tavo veido šviesa”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 09:38:13',62,'','2010-09-29 09:47:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 09:38:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,267,'','',0,222,'robots=\nauthor='),(1664,'Grėtės paveikslas I. Simonaitytės romane \"Vilius Karalius\"','grts-paveikslas-i-simonaityts-romane-qvilius-karaliusq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Didžiojo Šiaurės karo metu Didžiojoje Lietuvoje ir Lenkijoje siautęs maras 1709 - 1710 m. pasiekė ir Mažąją Lietuvą. Po maro kraštas ištuštėjo, jame išmirė trečdalis visų gyventojų.Todėl tuometinis Prūsijos karalius paskelbė atsišaukimą į Vokietijos gyventojus, kviesdamas juos atvykti gyventi į savo valstybę, žadėdamas jiems paramos ir visokių lengvatų. Iš visur atsikėlę kolonistai nepasižymėjo nei geru ūkininkavimu, nei doru gyvenimu. Kaip teigiama, į Mažąją Lietuvą jie atnešė girtavimą, tinginystę, ir daugelį kitų lietuviams svetimų papročių. Be to valdžia, stengdamasi apsaugoti juos nuo sulietuvėjimo ir išlaikyti kolonistus kaip tvirtą vokietybės atramą, draudė pastariesiems mokytis lietuviškai kalbėti ir lietuviškai rengtis. Tuo tarpu tikrasis Mažosios Lietuvos vokietinimas prasidėjo tik 19 a. Tuo metu lietuvių kalba buvo visiškai pašalinta iš mokyklų bei kitų valstybinių institucijų, net iš bažnyčių. Be to lietuviai pradėti sąmoningai vokietinti per kariuomenę ( vyrai išvežami tarnauti į tolimus Vokietijos kraštus ). 1876 m. buvo išleistas įsakymas, kuriuo vienintele valstybine kalba buvo paskelbta vokiečių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš šio krašto kilusios Ievos Simonaitytės romane “ Vilius Karalius “ atskleistas lietuvininkų gyvenimas apima 20 a. pradžią - laikotarpį nuo 1903 m. iki Antrojo Pasaulinio karo pabaigos. Šį kūrinį I.Simonaitytė rašė dvidešimt metų. Jo idėjiniu pagrindu tampa genčių, kaimynų, atskirų personažų šeimų istorijos. Individualūs žmonių likimai, gyvenimai čia tarsi susipina į vieną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Romane vaizduojama daug moterų paveikslų, bet tik dvi iš jų buvo vertos Karalienės vardo: tai senoji motina Katrė Karalienė ir Grėtė Plonikė, vienintelė iš visų Viliaus Karaliaus moterų, išsikovojusi vietą Karalių šeimoje ir gavusi šalteikiškių Karalienės vardą. Grėtės vaikystė buvo skaidri ir šviesi, kol šalia jos būdavo vyresnysis brolis Mikis. Juos siejo ypatinga meilė, saugojusi Grėtę nuo sunkaus ir sudėtingo gyvenimo. …Kol Mikis buvo čia, ji gyveno kažkokį sielos ir grožio gyvenimą, visi žmonės jai buvo mieli ir brangūs. Visas jos pasaulis, neskaitant marių, - toks gražus… Plonikė gyveno skaidriame jaunatviškų iliuzijų pasaulyje, tačiau bijojo vieno - grėsmingo šalia tyvuliuojančių marių bangų ošimo.Grėtė neapkentė žvejų gyvenimo. Kiekvienąsyk jiems išplaukiant į marias ją apimdavo siaubinga baimė, ..ji su didesniu kerštu neapkęsdavo tų baisių vandenų su jų perkūnijomis ir audromis… Grėtė bijojo vandenų , nes bijojo audringo , nepastovaus gyvenimo. …ji nenorėjo prisitaikyti prie šiporiavimo..&lt;…&gt; svajojo būti ūkinike, toli nuo marių ir žvejybos. Grėtė norėjo turėti grėžų vyrą ūkininką, daug šeimynos, didelę bandą, gražių arklių, tvartus, pilnus kiaulių, kiemą, pilną vištų, kalakutų, ančių ir žąsų…Toks audringas jos priešinimasisgyvenimui prie marių buvo lyg kažkokios grėsmės nujautimas, grėsmės, laukiančios tolimesnėje ateityje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 10:47:09',62,'','2010-09-29 10:51:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 10:47:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,266,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1665,'Igno Šeiniaus kūryba','igno-einiaus-kryba','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rašyti Šeinius pradėjo labai anksti. Pirmas jo spausdintas rašinys pasirodė Šaltynėje (1907) metais. J.Tumo Vaižganto “atrastas” Šeinius ėmė intensyviai bendradarbiauti lietuvių periodinėje spaudoje (Viltyje ,Aušrinėje ,Vaivorykštėjė ,Lietuvos žiniose) ir per trumpą laiką savo knygomis Kuprelis , Nakties žiburiai , Bangos siaučia ir Vasaros vaišės užėmė vieną pirmaujančių vietų tuolaikinėje lietuvių beletristikoje. Šį kūrybinį gausos laikotarpį  sekė ilgas visuomeninės bei diplomatinės veiklos ir kūrybinės sausros periodas, kurio metu tepasirodė dvi švediškos knygos. Į literatūrinį gyvenimą Šeinius vėl aktyviai įsijungė 1932 m. naują Kuprelio laidą. Šiame antrajame kūrybos periode Šeinius dar parašė ir išleido antinacinės satyros romaną \"Siegfried Immerselbe atsijaunina\", apysakų rinkinį \"Aš dar kartą grįžtu\", komediją \"Diplomatai\", impresionistinių vaikystės atsiminimų knygą \"Tėviškės padangėje\" ir prieš vokietininkus nukreiptą publicistinį pamfletą \"Kas tu esi, lietuvi?\" (1938). Po 1940 metų t.y. trečiame kūrybos periode Šeinius rašė daugiausia švediškai. Jo švediškieji raštai nebepriklauso grynosios literatūros sričiai; propagandinis elementas juose aiškiai nustelbia estetinį. Lietuviški šio laikotarpio raštai paskelbti pomirtinėje knygoje Vyskupas ir velnias.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Amžiumi ir kūryba Šeinius priklauso estetizmo-impresionizmo-simbolizmo kartai, įvykdžiusiai nepaprastai reikšmingą lietuvių literatūros atnaujinimo revoliuciją. Šioje revoliucijoje Šeiniui teko prozos atnaujinimo vaidmuo. Jis pirmasis iš lietuvių prozaikų atsiplėšė nuo buitiškai, etnograviškai ir visuomeniškai angažuotos literatūros koncepcijos, savo kūrybos centre pastatydamas formą. Stiliumi bei realybės traktavimu Šeinius yra tipingas impresionistas. Jis operuoja nebe buitinėmis smulkmenomis, bet spalvų bei nuotaikų “dėmėmis”, “lokaline spalva” pakeisdamas nuolatos besikeičiančiais niuansais. Šeiniaus kalba yra nebe liaudinė, bet ryškiai individualizuota, ritmiškai perkeista paįvairinta pauzėmis bei ritminėmis cezūromis. Jo žmogus - komplikuota būtybė, savo vidiniu pločiu nebetelpanti liaudies tradicijoje ir nebeireiškiama buitinėmis kategorijomis. Šeinius savo ankstyvojoje kūryboje realizavo tai, ko Herbačiauskas ir Čiurlionytė siekė savo kritikoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 10:52:00',62,'','2010-09-29 10:59:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 10:52:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,265,'','',0,36,'robots=\nauthor='),(1666,'Santrauka apie K. Borutą','santrauka-apie-k-borut','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">KAZYS BORUTA (1905-1965). Gimė Kuldokų kaime Marijampolės apskrityje, stambių ūkininkų, suvalkiečių šeimoje. I pasaulinio karo metais tėvai pasitraukė į Rusiją. Baigęs Liudvinavo mokyklą, pradėjo mokytis Maskvos gimnazijoje. 1918 metais tėvai grįžo į Lietuvą. Pradėjo mokytis Marijampolės mokytojų seminarijoje. Negalėjo baigti, buvo pašalintas už dalyvavimą demonstracijoje. Eksternu laikė egzaminus (leidimą gavo sunkiai). Įstojo į VDU, studijavo literatūrą ir istoriją. Bestudijuodamas išleido pirmąjį eilėraščių rinkinį “Alio” (1925). Iš universiteto pašalintas nes dalyvavo pasipriešinimo prieš mirties bausmę Lietuvoje. Išvažiavo mokintis į Vieną, studijavo literatūrą, istoriją, filosofiją. Atostogoms grįždavo į Lietuvą, stengėsi suburti rašytojus. Išleido antrąjį eilėraščių rinkinį “Dainos apie svyruojančius gluosnius”. 1926 metais po perversmo įkalintas. Kai paleido, uždraudė gyventi Lietuvoje. Persikėlė į Rygą. Persikėlė į Vieną, studijuoja. Nelegaliai persikelia į Berlyną. Suimamas, grįžta į Lietuvą. Čia rašo, vertėjauja, dirba leidyklose, rašo straipsnius. Būnant 33 metų nuteisia 4 metus kalėti. Rašytojų prašoma valstybė paleidžia. Išeina rinkinys “Duona kasdieninė”. Parašo prozos kūrinių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sovietiniais laikais ištremiamas ir gauna 5 metus kalėjimo. 1965 metais kovo 9 dieną mirė Vilniuje. Nemėgo jokios valdžios. Padėjo daugeliui literatūros rašytojų: J.N. Baltušiui. POEZIJA Išleisti poezijos rinkiniai: “Dainos apie svyruojančius gluosnius”, “Kryžių Lietuva”, “Duona kasdieninė”, “Suversti arimai”. Savičiausi eilėraščiai: “Laisvo vėjo valia”, “Su viesulais ir su mylima”, “Su beržais prieš saulėtekį”, “Obelis iš Sūduvos sodo”, “Duona kasdieninė”. “OBELIS IŠ SŪDUVOS SODO” biografiško paveikslo eilėraštis. Eilėraščio pagrindas - biografinio motyvo interpretacija, išaugusi iki savito poetinio vaizdo. Tikrovės grubumas jungiamas su įprastu lyriniu švelnumu. Jaučiama tikrovės ir jos perkūrimo, būtinybės ir laisvės kaita. “DUONA KASDIENINĖ” suformuota socialinė ir moralinė, sotaus ir alkano dilema. Paliesta skaudi tema - didelė darbo ir duonos pritrūkusių žmonių emigracija. “LAISVO VĖJO VALIA” išreikštas poeto sielos neramumas, nerimas. Įrodinėjamas drumsčiančio, gaudžiančio žmogaus nerimo teisėtumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 10:59:38',62,'','2010-09-29 11:17:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 10:59:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,264,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1667,'O. De Balzakas \"Tėvas Gorijo\"','o-de-balzakas-qtvas-gorijoq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tėvas Gorijo, bemaž 69 metų senis, įsikūrė pas ponią Voke 1814 m., metęs savo verslą. Iš pradžių jis gyveno tame bute, kuriame dabar gyvena ponia Kutiur. Anuo laiku tėvas Gorijo buvo vadinamas ponu Gorijo, bet dėl jo nerūpestingumo, žmonės jį pradėjo laikyti kvailiu, kuris nemoka tvarkyti savo reikalų. Gorijo atvykdamas atsigabendavo drabužių. Paprastai jis vilkėdavo mėlyną ir baltą liemene, po kuria buvo kriaušės formos pilvas. Jo tabokinėje buvo medalionas, pilnas garbaeikių, kurios tartum liūdijo apie jo meilės nuotykius. Jo spintoje pridėliota daugybė sidabrinių indų, likusių iš jo apyvokos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Šitie, - tarė jis poniai Voke, čiupinėdamas vieną padėklą ir mažutį indelį, ant kurio dangtelio atvaizduoti du besibučiuojantys balandėliai, - yra pirmoji mano žmonos dovana per sutuoktuvių metines. Geroji mano vargšelė. Jiems nupirkti ji paaukojo visas savo mergautines santaupas. Aš geriau sutikčiau draskyti žemę nagais, negu su jais skirtis”. Gorijo turėjo aštuonių – dešimties tūkstančių frankų metinių pajamų. Jo išvaizda buvo maloni solidi, šukuosena penkiais kuokštais raitėsi aplink jo kaklą ie labai tiko prie jo veido. Jis buvo truputį netašytas, bet visada puošniai apsivilkęs ir dažnai uostė tabaką taip netaupiai, kaip uosto žmogus, kuris įsitikinęs, kad jo tabokinė visada bus pilna. Visi gerbė tėvą Gorijo, kol jis neatstūmė ponios de lAm-bermeuil. Nuo to momento ponia Voke pradėjo Gorijo laijyti savo nesėkmių kaltininku. “Jos neapykanta kilo ne dėl apviltos meolės, bet dėl sugriuvusių svajonių” Gorijo nebuvo didelių reikalavimų žmogus, užgyventi turtą savo triūsu, jam tapo įpro-čiu. Jis nepasidavė Voke prastam maistui, todėl Voke pradėjo šmeižti ir niekinti Go-rijo, prie jos prisidėjo ir kiti pensiono gyventojai. Visi pensiono gyventojai jį šmeižė: jiems Gorijo tapo makleriu, lošėju, šnipu, šykštuoliu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 11:17:34',62,'','2010-09-29 11:21:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 11:17:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,263,'','',0,64,'robots=\nauthor='),(1668,'Liudo Vasario išsivadavimo kelias','liudo-vasario-isivadavimo-kelias','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šioje knygoje sutalpintas ilgas žmogaus mąstymų, samprotavimų, sunkių apsisprendimų ir prieštaravimų kelias. Ne bet kokio žmogaus, o kunigo, ant kurio visą gyvenimą kris sunkus altorių šešėlis. Pradžią lemia senos valstietiškos tradicijos: vienas sūnus lieka prie ūkio, vienas išleidžiamas į mokslus, kitas turi tapti kunigu. Visiškai jauno, dar nesubrendusio nei fiziškai, nei tuo labiau dvasiškai vyro likimas įspraudžiamas už mūrinių seminarijos sienųų. Dar nesusiformavusios pažiūros ir idealai apvelkami juoda sutana, kuri simbolizuoja asketizmą ir yra tarsi kokie šarvai, daugiau saugantys ne patį kunigą nuo aplinkinio pasaulio, bet varžantys, tramdantys jį, kad jis nesupasaulėtų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visa tai įvyksta ir su Liudu Vasariu - lėtu, neryžtingo būdo, linkusiu į vidinį uždarumą, susimąstymą, turintį jautrią širdį, poetišką sielą, lakią vaizduotę, neabejotiną talentą, jautriu gėriui, gamtos grožiui, vidiniam sąžinės balsui. Savo beviltišką padėtį jis bando guosti didžiais kunigais rašytojais, tokiais kaip Maironis, kuria iliuzijas apie savo didžius kunigo kūrybos darbus.. Bet viskas vyksta visai kita linkme. Seminarijos rutina ėmė laužyti jo charakterį, skandinti jo asmenybę neišnarpliojamuose vidaus prieštaravimuose. Susidariusios aplinkybės stūmė jį gilyn į individualizmą ir uždarumą ne tik gyvenime, bet ir jo atrastoje kūryboje. Jam teko rinktis: arba protestuoti, maištauti, kovoti,arba užsidaryti savyje, tolti nuo kasdieniškos realybės. Vasaris ėjo antruoju keliu. Štai šis kelias, t.y.  kankinantis vienišumas, savęs graužimas, susvetimėjimas aplinkai, kompromisų ieškojimas - tai tie negalavimai, kurie kankina jį visą romaną. Nedaug  ką tenuveikdamas, vien pats save stebėdamas ir analizuodamas, herojus per visas tris romano dalis labai intensyviai ir darmatiškai išgyvena kiekvieną savo buities žingsnį, kiekvieną išorės pokytį savo sąmonėje. Šis jo vidinis dramatizmas kyla ne iš perdėto jausmingumo, o iš natūralaus poreikio ieškoti prasmingo gyvenimo kelio, kuo pilniau išskleisti savo individualybės žiedą ir talentą, gintis nuo gausių pavojų žmogiškajam orumui, glūdinčių tiek kasdieninėje aplinkoje, tiek savo paties prigimtyje, būdo ypatumuose, psichikos gelmėse.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 11:21:53',62,'','2010-09-29 11:23:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 11:21:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,262,'','',0,34,'robots=\nauthor='),(1669,'Analizės ir interpretacijos atmintinė','analizs-ir-interpretacijos-atmintin','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 11:48:54',62,'','2010-09-29 11:50:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 11:48:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,261,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(1670,'Juozo Erlicko \"Knygos\" kūrybos kelias','juozo-erlicko-qknygosq-krybos-kelias','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Knyga” - ne ta knyga, apie kurią lengva rašyti. Betgi yra posakis: “Kiek žmonių, tiek ir nuomonių”. Mano nuomonė bus gan skurdi, nes visų pirmą labai išsigandau likimo, kuris laukia manęs. O jei aš gausiu napatenkinamą pažymą? Gal iš tiesų geriau negadinti popieriaus?.. Suryjamas mano ir mokytojo brangus laikas, nukenčia ir nestora piniginė (juk popierius kainuoja), smegenys užverčiamos literatūrinėmis gudrybėmis ir vingrybėmis. Kas už tai atsakys?.. Bet kad visas pasaulis nėra tobulas, visi ką nors gadina, ir ne tik popierių. Ką jau padarysi. O antra - gimiau, turbūt, kiek per vėlai, tad nežinau, nei kaip rašyti gimnazinį darbą, nei kam to reikia. Ir dar - apie Juozo Erlicko “Knygą” beveik nėra kritikos, todėl labai bijau nukrypti nuo temos. Bet reikia. Liko dvi savaitės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Apie  “Knygą”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žinome daug gražių žodžių, tačiau tik retas tuos žodžius sugebame paversti tikra kūryba. Tokia kūryba, kuri visada yra su laiku: laikui bėgant, ji bėga, laikui stovint, ji stovi. Kas gali būti tokių kūrinių autorius? Tik vyras, kurio galingoji plunksna sugebėjo įlįsti į visus gyvenimo užkampius, pakraščius, skylutes. “Jau anos vergijos metais Juozas Erlickas giliai buvo įmynęs ir ne tik įmynęs, bet ir pauostęs, palietęs bei paragavęs. Jau tada skleidėsi talento sparnai, nekantriai plasnojo, tačiau į šiandienos viršūnes neleido pakilti okupantų grandinės”. Bet dabar, Nepriklausomos Lietuvos metais, mūsų herojaus visuomeninis svoris kasmet vis auga ir auga. Gal “ir vis liūdniau Tėvynėj tampa, ir vis toliau toliau Paryžius”, tačiau Juozas Erlickas tikrai lieka paskutinis anot jo paties, “XX amžiaus rašytojas realistas”, su kurio vardu susiję esminiai lietuvių tautos ir literatūros poslinkiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">O tuo tarpu apie Juozo Erlicko paskutinį veikalą, kuris vadinasi “Knyga”. Esu įsitikinęs, kad bet kam patiktų “Knyga” - stora, solidi, gražiai poligrafiškai išleista, su unikalia vizitine kortele ir tokiu pat žymekliu. Bet ne poligrafinė išvaizda traukia kiekvieną skaitytoją, o - turinys. Ją sudaro humoristinės novelės, trumpos pjesės, eiliuoti ir proza rašyti eilėraščiai, mokslinis fantastinis romanas “Petras Kurmelis”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 11:51:19',62,'','2010-09-29 12:03:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 11:51:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,260,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1671,'H. Radausko eilėraščio \"Mergaitė pajūry\" nagrinėjimas','h-radausko-eilraio-qmergait-pajryq-nagrinjimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Henrikas Radauskas - labai savitas poetas, netelpantis į įprastinius rėmus, išsiskiriantis iš visos lietuvių poetų virtinės. Saviti ir jo eilėraščiai - jie yra gerai apgalvoti, tarsi sukurti, “padaryti”. Juose nedominuoja autoriaus išgyvenimai ar emocijos, jausmai, viską stengiamasi paremti protu, intelektu bei vaizduote, daug dėmesio skiriant daiktams bei jų reikšmėms. Tai ir yra pagrindinis Henriko Radausko bruožas, išskiriantis jo kūrybą iš kitų tarpo. Ne išimtis yra ir dviejų strofų eilėraštis “Mergaitė pajūry”. Jau pačioje pirmojoje eilutėje mes sutinkame tokį būdingą Henrikui Radauskui gilinimąsi į daiktus, detales, o ne į nedalomą visumą. Mus šokiruoja “rausvos mergaitės kojos” - ne visa mergaitė, o tik jos detalė, jos kojos. Rausva kojų spalva - grožio spalva, teikianti estetinį pasigėrėjimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš pirmo žvilgsnio viskas atrodo gana paprasta - rausvos kojos nueina pajūriu. Tačiau skaitydami toliau mes matome, kad eilėraščio struktūra anaiptol nėra elementari, labai paprasta ir lengvai suvokiama. Jame yra tarsi dvi temos - viena konstatuoja įvykius, pasakoja atsitikimą, veiksmą, o kita - lyrinio “aš” tema, jo prisipažinimas, atsivėrimas. Aiškiai matosi, kad eilėraštis yra “padarytas”, kaip yra būdinga Henrikui Radauskui: pirmose dviejose kiekvienos strofos eilutėse gvildenama pirma tema, o paskutinėse dviejose - antra. Pirma tema - “rausvos mergaitės kojos”, veiksmas vyksta pajūry. Tačiau pastebime, jog kojos iš pradžių “nueina jūros krantu” o po to “eina tarp kriauklių, žolelių”. Tai akivaizdus distancijos neatitikimas laiko atžvilgiu - jos jau nuėjo, nutolo, ir staiga jos vėl čia pat, vėl eina. Tai verčia daryti išvadą, jog pasakojama ne apie veiksmą, ne apie tikrovėje vykstantį reiškinį, o apie kažką statiško, nekintamo. Kadangi Henriko Radausko kūryba siejasi su kultūros, meno vaizdais, tuomet pirmoji tema gali būti užfiksuota paveiksle arba vaizduotėje, o ne natūroje. Šiuo atveju viskas sutampa - kojos gali tuo pat metu ir nueiti, ir būti čia pat, “mindyti baltas putas”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sugrįžkime į dvi paskutines pirmosios strofos eilutes, antrosios temos pradžią. Čia mes sutinkame lyrinį “aš”, jo prisistatymą, kuris iš pradžios, kaip būdinga daugelyje eilėraščių, yra nukeltas į pirmosios strofos vidurį, tarsi ne toks svarbus, antrarūšis. Šis veiksmas vyksta neapibrėžtoje laiko erdvėje - “tiek naktų”, taip pat ne realybėje - “mano sapnas”. Su pirmąja tema lyrinio “aš” atsivėrimą, prisipažinimą jungia tas pats objektas - “kojos”, apie kurias šnekama abiejose temose. Antrosios strofos pradžioje įžvelgiamas ryšys su antikos mitu apie Afroditę, graikų grožio ir meilės deivę, laikomą grožio idealu. Šias asociacijas sukelia pakrantės vaizdas: “Jos eina tarp kriauklių, žolelių, / Jos mindo baltas putas”. Tai tarsi dar labiau sustiprina grožio, estetinio pasitenkinimo įspūdį eilėraštyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 12:03:46',62,'','2010-09-29 12:07:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 12:03:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,259,'','',0,56,'robots=\nauthor='),(1672,'Santrauka apie K. Donelaičio \"Metus\"','santrauka-apie-k-donelaiio-qmetusq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">K.Donelaičio “Metai”- europinės reikšmės poema. Tai vaizdingas pasakojimas apie lietuvių būrus, jų buitį, papročius, tikėjimą. Šie dalykai atskleidžiami per žmogaus ir gamtos paralelę: kiekvienas metų laikas turi atitikmenį žmogaus gyvenime. ”Žiemos rūpesčiais” baigiami “Metai”. Jie vainikuojami būro Selmo kalba. Selmas -  viežlybasis būras.Tikriausiai todėl jam leidžiama kalbėti - apibendrinti metus. Būras pirmaisiais sakiniais apibūdina savo ir kitų bendrų padėtį: gyvendami jie vargsta, prastai valgo. Norėdamas pasidalyti gyvenimo patirtimi, reikalauja jaunųjų dėmėsio. Vaikų nepatyrimas. Jis vaizdingai lygina su žindytais paršiukais. Norėdamas priversti patikėti kitus tuo, ką pasakoja, Selmas remiasi savo kartos patyrimu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Selmo žodžiai atspindi patriarchalinę santvarką šeimoje kai moteris, o ypač vaikai laikomi nevertais tarti žodį. Vasara ir ruduo viežlybojo būro kalboje nėra tik metų laikai. Tai tam tikri gyvenimo tarpsniai. Vasaros šventimas atspindi jaunatvišką nuotaiką tarsi džiugus, nerūpestingas laikas. Tačiau rudens būrai sulaukia jau “kumpo”. Atskleidęs jaunystės ir senatvės skirtumus, Selmas kalba apie laikinumą.Selmas supranta, jog žmogui subręsti reikia ne vienos dienos, žino,kad žmogus menkas ir “vos žydėti pradėjo”, jį tuoj ”vargai (...) pradeda stumdyt”. Gyvenimo laikinumas ir žmogaus menkumas liūdina Selmą. Jis su atsidūsėjimu šaukiasi jaunų dienų. Ieško vilties, užuojautos praeityje. Du jaustukai \"ak\", kalbant apie laikinumą, išryškina Selmo vidinę būseną. Ruduo ir žiema Selmo kalboje - tai vargas, sunkus darbas, negailestinga rutina. Šiuos metų laikus būras kaltina dėl jaunystės žūties. Tačiau netrukus jis ima kalbėti susitaikymo gaida. Selmas nusilenkia Dievui ir visai pasaulio tvarkai, nes žino, jog nieko neįmanoma pakeisti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 12:08:21',62,'','2010-09-29 12:16:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 12:08:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,258,'','',0,101,'robots=\nauthor='),(1673,'Apie Maironį','apie-mairon','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sakoma, kad poetai būna dviejų rūšių: vieni miršta dar gyvi būdami, kiti nemiršta niekados. Maironiui esant gyvam, daugeliui atrodė, jog priklauso pirmajai poetų rūšiai. Gyvenimo gale jis buvo neginčijamas klasikas, bet drauge ir praėjusuių laikų relikvija. Maironio kūrybos pasaulis savo ištakas semia iš kūdikystės ir vaikystės dienų, iš tėvų, šeimos. Kartu su namų aplinka, su gimtinės peizažo datalėmis į jautrią vaiko sielą įsiliejo ta gaivi srovė, kuri vėliau padėjo subręsti žmogui ir rašytojui. Jo kūryba išsakė slapčiausius ir karščiausius lūkesčius, atspindėjo sielos istoriją, realybėje taip užgožtą uždaro būdo ir perdėto atsargumo, įprasmino būtį, atnešdama nemirtingą šlovę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Maironis daug kuo mūsų literatūroje yra pradininkas – ir idėjomis, ir matematoka, ir menine kalba, ir eilėdara. Naujas jis ir poetiniu gamtos suvokimu. Ne dėl to, kad iki jo mūsų poezijoje nebūtų buvę gamtos motyvų. Gamtos stebėjimas ir išgyvenimas lydėjo visą lietuvių poezijos kelia. Valstietiška gamta iškyla Kristijono Donelaičio poezijoje, susipynusi su žemdirbio darbais, rūpesčiais ir džiaugsmais. Lyrizmu trykšta pajautimas Antano Strazdo, Antano Vienažindžio posmuose. Simonui Daukantui ir Antanui Baranauskui girių didybė ir grožis tampa Lietuvos metafora. Gamta darosi svarbi ir įdomi ne tik pati savaime, bet ir tuo, kad kreipia mintį apie vaizduotę į tautos istoriją ir likimą. Tačiau ryškiausias ir giliausias tautos atgimimo reiškėjas iškyla tik Maironis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Maironis pamato ne valstietiškąjį kaimo gamtos pasaulį, ne Žemaičių girias ar Anykščių šilelį, o visos Lietuvos gamtą. Jam gamta – tai visų pirma tėvynės gamta, tas kraštas, kur “broliai artojai lietuviškai šneka”, kur “mūsų sodybos, kur bočių kapai”. Maironis pirmasis mūsų literatūroje sukūrė Lietuvos peizažą, aprėmė gimtosios žemės visumą, su būdingiausiais jos geografiniais ir istoriniais požymiais, o atskiri to peizažo elementai bei detalės tapo tautiniais simboliais. : “pelėsiais ir kerpėm” apaugusi garbinga Trakų pilis, “Vilnius ant kalvos, graži sostinė Lietuvos’, Punios piliakalnis “pastogėj mėlyno dangaus sargyboj Nemuno ramaus”, tautine gėle pavadinta “rūta žalioji”. Tėvynės gamta Maironio poezijoje visados idealizuota, išaukš-tinta, žadinanti meilės ir pasididžiavimo jausmus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 12:16:22',62,'','2010-09-29 12:20:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 12:16:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,257,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1674,'V. M. Putino ciklas \"Vergas\"','v-m-putino-ciklas-qvergasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Būtiškai suvokta laisvės problema tapo kertine V. Mykolaičio - Putino humanistinės filosofijos atrama, atviru žmogaus prasmės rūpesčiu. Kaip teigia A.J.Greimas, \"laisvė ir humanizmas šia prasme yra sinonimai\". Taigi V. Mykolaitis - Putinas iškyla kaip humanistinės etikos atstovas. Poeto ciklas \"Vergas\" taip pat interpretuotinas ryškinant dvasios laisvės problematiką - žmogaus problematiką.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogaus dramatiškumas cikle gali būti remiamas biografinio motyvo, kurį apibrėžtume, kaip žmogaus, laisvo nuo bet kokių įžadų, motyvą. Noras jaustis kūryboje tik žmogumi galėtų psichologiškai pagrįsti vidinio maišto, kaip kelio į laisvę motyvą. Pirmasis konfliktas, įsibrovęs į V. Mykolaičio - Putino asmenybę, sugriovęs jos ramybę ir pusiausvyrą, buvo konfliktas su \"galingu ir didžiu\" pasaulio valdovu, su rūsčiuoju senojo testamento dievu. Uždarytas kunigų seminarijos mūruose, poetas turėjo priimti tokias religijos tezes: žmogus yra tik \"viešpaties\" vergas, o žemė - tik menka visatos dulkė. Vergo įvaizdžiu cikle išreikštas dramatiškas suvaržyto lyrinio herojaus jutimas. \"Vergo\" pradžioje patenkame į architektūrinę erdvę. Uždari rūmai turi ir atviros erdvės požymių: \"šviesūs rūmai\", \"Pažiūrėsi - temsta akys nuo žydrumo, / Palytėsi - skamba tūkstančiais aidų\", esama ryšio su atvira erdve: \" visur atverti vartų vartai\". Tie \"viešpačio namai\" tai ne tiek išoriniai varžtai, kiek paties susikurta nelaisvė, savo paties sąmonėje pastatytas kalėjimas, širdy tūnąs dvylipumas, paradoksalus likimo prieštaringumas: \"Visur atverti vartų vartai, bet išeit į plačią laisvę negaliu\". Galime manyti, kad išorinis spindesys yra susijęs su katalikišku dievybės vaizdavimu, jo meniniu įprasminimu. Tačiau išoriškai tvirtą, spindintį pasaulėvaizdį iš vidaus ardo disonansai, disharmonija, kylanti iš laisvės trokštančios žmogaus prigimties.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 13:03:17',62,'','2010-09-29 13:14:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 13:03:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,256,'','',0,49,'robots=\nauthor='),(1675,'Meilės tema Salomėjos Nėries lyrikoje','meils-tema-salomjos-nries-lyrikoje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įžanga</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Salomėja Nėris gyveno ir kūrė labai sudėtingu ir prieštaringu Lietuvai istoriniu laikotarpiu. Tai I - asis pasaulinis karas, Lietuvos nepriklausomybės paskelbimas, sugriauto ūkio atkūrimas, J. Stalino ir Hitlerio sandėriai, II - asis pasaulinis karas, baisus, sunkus pokaris. Daugelis menininkų nesuspėjo ar nenorėjo dėkoti ir paklusti įvairių “spalvų” vadams ir dėl to labai skaudžiai nukentėjo. Kai kurie blaškėsi tarp įvairių politinių krypčių, menini vėjų. Viena tokių buvo ir S. Nėris. Apie ką ji bekalbėjo - apie Eglę, alyvas, diemedį, apkasus, dienas pilnas sunkių išbandymų - kalbėjo aiškiai, paprastai, bet su didžiule menine jėga ir talentu. Profesiniu požiūriu S. Nėries eilėraščiai tobuli kūriniai- gražūs, išradingi sakiniai ir junginiai, aiški pagrindinė eilėraščio mintis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mano prisiminimai apie Salomėjos Nėries lyriką</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Salomėja Nėris - mano mylimiausia lietuvių poetė, gal dėl to, kad jos vienintelės poezija man lengvai skaitosi, nereikalauja didelio matematinio ar filosofinio mąstymo. Skaitant jos lyriką, aš atsipalaiduoju. Be to Salomėjos Nėries eilėraščiai labai dainingi, lyrinį subjektą supa graži gamta. Jos nagrinėjamos temos gal ir nuvalkiotos, bet vis tiek aktualios ir dominančios skaitytoją (bent mane). Ji atitinka mano lyrikės - poetės idealą. Jos lyrika plevenanti, lengva, klasikinė. S. Nėries lyrikoje pagrindinai dominuoja meilės, jaunystės, gamtos temos. Man jos labai patiko. Žinoma yra ir patriotizmo, mirties, visuomenės temų, tačiau šiuos eilėraščius aš tik perskaičiau ir per daug nesigilinant. XII klasės literatūros kursas- XX amžiaus autoriai, jų kūryba mane baugino nuo pat mokslo metų pradžios, tad gimnazinio tema liko viena - “Meilės motyvas Salomėjos Nėries lyrikoje”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 13:14:26',62,'','2010-09-29 13:21:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 13:14:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,255,'','',0,44,'robots=\nauthor='),(1676,'Moters dalis A. Vienuolio kūryboje','moters-dalis-a-vienuolio-kryboje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vienuolis - lietuvių literatūros klasikas, įsiklausęs į laiko dundesį, įsižiūrėjęs į žmones, žvilgsniu nusakęs jų likimus. Turbūt ryškiausiai rašytojo atmintin įstrigo baugus apviltos merginos paveikslas. Būta jų daug - nelaimingų, atstumtų, nesuprastų, neiškaulytų, o kartais išdidžių. A. Vienuolis atsigręžė ir įsižiūrėjo į moters likimą to skaudaus ir baugaus meto vingyje, ją vaizduodamas savito, o kartais ir žiauraus lietuviško kaimo buityje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vienas iš tokių pilnų kančios ir nežinios kūrinių yra “Paskenduolė”. Apsakymo centre yra jauna ir graži mergina Veronika. Tačiau vėliau ji tampa nelaiminga, vargo ir kančios griaužiama moterimi. Jos padėtis labai dramatiška. Jauzdama artėjančią gėdą ir “bėdą” mergina labai skaudžiai išgyvena, nes nežino, ko griebtis. Ji ima slapstytis nuo žmonių ir vengia su jais bendrauti. Rugiai, ir tie jai šnabžda apie artėjančią nelaimę: ”Veronika, Veronika, kokia tau gėda, kokia laukia tavęs bėda...” Norėdamas dar labiau išryškinti herojės vidinius išgyvenimus, A. Vienuolis sugretina ankstesnę Veroniką su dabartine, jau ištiktą “bėdos”. Ji buvo linksma, puikiai dainavo, gerai šeimininkavo, bet dabar tapo baikščia ir užsisklendusia. Būsima motina suprato savo situacijos neišvengiamumą, kad bus nuteista ir išniekinta kaimo žmonių, tačiau ji net nesapnavo, jog gimtasis kaimas gali būti toks beširdis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 13:22:16',62,'','2010-09-29 13:27:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 13:22:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,254,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1677,'M. Katiliškis \"Užuovėja\" ','m-katilikis-quuovjaq-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Albinas Vaitkus XX a. antrosios pusės rašytojas pasivadinęs Mariaus Katiliškio slapyvardžiu. Jis parašė novelių romaną ,,Užuovėja“. Viena iš tų novelių yra ,,Polaidis“, tai pasakojimas apie 76-erių metų vyriškį Juozapą Dryžą, jo šeimą, ūkį, jausmus, tradicijas ir papročius. Novelėje yra aiškiai nusakoma žmogaus savijauta. Senasis Dryža jau nebesijaučia kupinas jėgų, jis pavargsta nuo kasdieninių ūkio darbų: ,,Nusivarai žmogus per dieną paskui akėčias, tegul bala, kaip delnai pabūgsta nuo šakės mėžiant“. Taip pat kūrinyje atsispindi ilgaamžės kaimo tradicijos: ,,Metai iš metų ruošėsi tai šventei, darė alų ir kuopė kiemą...“. Alaus darymas Dryžų šeimoje, tai lyg savotiškas ritualas, kurį pats Juozapas Dryža atlikdavo labai atsakingai, tam atsidėjęs, su meile.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">M.Katiliškis didelį dėmesį skyrė žmogaus ir žemės santykiui. Ūkininkui Dryžai žemė buvo dalis jo gyvenimo: ,,... ir pagalvojo Juozapas Dryža, kad nėra gal piršto dėjimui vietos jo dirvose, kur nekrito šimtą kartų jo šešėlis“. Jis manė, kad tik dirbant žemę, galima su ja suartėti: ,,Tuo būdu įgyta amžina savastis žemei. Ne pinigais ar kuom nors kitu. Savo šešėliu nuklostyta, nučiupinėta pirštais, nulėtenta naginėm, iškilota kas metą į saulės šviesą. Nes ir jai reikalinga pakaita – dienos ir nakties. Ir kas šiemet paviršiuje – rudenį turi apsiversti ir atsigulti kantriam miegui. Ir žemei reikalinga atvanga, kaip žmogui“. Dryža susimąsto apie mirtį. Jis suvokia, kad nieko nėra amžino, kad tuos kurie miršta pakeičia jauni ir visą tai jis sulygina su žeme: ,,Nėra poilsio žemei – išeinančius turi pavaduoti jauni“. Gimtoji žemė jam yra pati gražiausia ir tik čia jis norėtų numirti:,, Niekur kitur, nes kaulus suėstų svetima rūdis ir slėgtų krūtinę molio luitas“. Taip pat Marius Katiliškis savo novelėje ,,Polaidis“ nagrinėja kartų konfliktus: ,,... kad buvo gadynė kita ir žmonės dievobaimingi. Sunkiai dirbo ir kąsniu sausu dalijosi. Ir sveiki buvo, ir Dievo, ir jo šventos bažnyčios prisakymų klausė. Ne taip kaip dabartės, kad pertekę ir ištvirkę“. Senasis Juozapas Dryža nemažai galvoja ir apie senatvę, pasijunta vienišas, bet guodžiasi mintimi, kad kai išauš nauja diena jis ir vėl bus reikalingas. Juk senam žmogui taip svarbu jaustis dar kažkam naudingu, svarbiu:,, Norėjo užmigti ir kartojo, kad ryte laukia darbai, nauja diena. Be jo neapsieis“. Bet po tokių minčių jis užmigęs susapnuoja savo mirtį, viską mato taip aiškiai ir tikroviškai, lyg kokią viziją. Ryte nubudęs jis jaučia silpnumą, giliai savyje jaučia artėjant mirčiai:,, Tik nežinia kas, labai judrus ir nepagaunamas, be formos ir dvasios, tai artėjo, tai traukėsi, skriedamas ratu ir sustodamas nejaukiu krabždesiu užpakaly“, bet protu nenori tuo tikėti ir nusprendžia truputį pagulėti, pailsėti. Ir tada Dryža vėl jaučia kaip artinasi mirtis kas kart vis greičiau ir greičiau, bet tai jis pergyvena lyg nesąmoningai, lyg per kliedesius:,, Pastangos jį pakirto, bet mintis skriejo dideliu greičiu virš laukų ir miškų. Ir sustojo virš kapelių. Žengė, leidosi į juos, jausdamas nuovargį gyslose, kuris traukte traukė kuo greičiau priklaupti šventoje žemėje“.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 13:28:24',62,'','2010-09-29 13:31:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 13:28:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,253,'','',0,70,'robots=\nauthor='),(1678,'Lietuvės moters paveikslas XIX a. pabaigos literatūroje','lietuvs-moters-paveikslas-xix-a-pabaigos-literatroje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">20 a. pradžioje lietuvių rašytojų gretas papildo garsiosios moterys: Žemaitė, G.Petkevičiūtė-Bitė, Lazdynų Pelėda, M.Pečkauskaitė - Šatrijos Ragana. Trys talentingos žemaitės ir panevėžietė Bitė kilusios iš bajorų šeimų, gavusios atitinkamus išsilavinimus. Moterys švietėjos. Visas jas literatūrinio ir kultūrinio gyvenimo vingiais lydėjo Povilas Višinskis. Nors ir savo vaikystę praleidusios bajoriškoje aplinkoje, auklėjamos lenkiška dvasia, šios rašytojos turėjo didelę gyvenimišką patirtį, matė daug vargo ir skausmo. Savo kūryboje jos ypatingai daug dėmesio skyrė moterims. Pagrindinis šių rašytojų kūrybos tikslas - sukurti turtingą lietuvės moters paveikslą, Žemaitė, Bitė ,Lazdynų Pelėda buvo rašytojos realistės. Jos viską aprašė realiai, tipizuodamos personažus. Visos šios rašytojos su meile pavaizdavo moterį, sunkiai nešančią šeimos naštą, moterį - beteisę šeimoje, moterį dvaro aplinkoje. Sunkaus ir kasdieniško gyvenimo aplinkoje rašytojos parodė, kokia iš prigimties graži lietuvė moteris. Ji dora, mylinti savo vyrą ir vaikus, tvarkinga ir darbšti, galinti išbristi iš bet kokių gyvenimo sunkumų, nors dažnai ir palūžta.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visi mes skaitėme Žemaitės “Marčią“. Apsakymo pagrindinis personažas Katrė gyvena pobaudžiaviniame Lietuvos kaime. Labai gerai pažinusi kaimo gyvenimą, ypatingai sunkią moters dalią, Žemaitė iš gausybės gyvenimo detalių sukūrė labai realų ir įspūdingą moters paveikslą. Man atrodo, kad Katrės paveikslas niekados neišnyks, kad ir kiek keistųsi Lietuvos kaimas, vis tiek jame sutiksime panašių likimų moterų kaip Katrė arba Vingienė. Skaitydamas Katrės gyvenimo dramą, skaudžiausiai pajunti moters beteisiškumą. Iš atskirų apsakymo detalių sužinome, kad Katrė labai švelnios prigimties, darbšti ir jautri moteris, bandanti bet kokia kaina sutvarkyti sunkų gyvenimą. \"Na padėk dieve! Nauja gaspadinė atsirado!... Ar seną paprotį varai? Šlavinėtis?!... Čia to nereikia. Jei purvų nebraidysi, duonos neėsi.\" Štai kokie baisūs Vingienės žodžiai. Katrė patriarchališkoje šeimoje tik marti, atėjusi į svetimus namus. Kur kas svarbiau marčios kraitis, žemė, pinigai. Katrė nenori pasiduoti, nenori asimiliuotis su Vingiais, taikstytis su senio Vingio gyvenimo būdu. Bet ji yra bejėgė prieš supuvusį, be sąžinės, iškreiptą Vingių gyvenimą. Marčios gyvenimo drama - tipiška daugeliui kaimo moterų, kurios ne savo noru buvo ištekintos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-29 13:32:28',62,'','2010-09-29 13:46:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-29 13:32:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,252,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1679,'V. Krėvės apsakymo \"Silkės\" analizė','v-krvs-apsakymo-qsilksq-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvių literatūroje gausu įvairaus žanro kūrinių, išaukštinančių gerąsias žmogaus savybes: tai pasakos, apysakos, apsakymai, romanai ir daugelis kitų. Darbštūs, nuoširdūs žmonės taip pat neužmirštami Vinco Krėvės kūryboje. Vienas iš tokių yra Kušlius. Apie jį rašytojas rašo viename iš rinkinio “Šiaudinėj pastogėj” apsakymų “Silkės”. Apsakymų rinkinio “Šiaudinėj pastogėj” pavadinimas jau iškart lyg perkelia į kaimą, imu įsivaizduoti jaukią pirkią, šiaudais dengtu stogu, šiltą krosnį. Tačiau apsakymo “Silkės” pavadinimas neleidžia mums taip greit nuspręsti apie šį kūrinį. Nenujaučiame nei apsakymo temos, nei nuotaikos, vyrausiančios jame. Tačiau i savotika nežinomybė kartu labai sudomina, paskatina skaitymui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaip viso rinkinio, taip ir šio apsakymo veiksmas vyksta kaime. Tai konkreti sodyba – Gerdviliaus troba. Veiksmo vieta nusakyta labai tiksliai – “…dabar jisai stovėjo po Gerdviliaus langu…”. Nors veiksmo laikas gana netrumpas, veiksmo vieta nekinta – viskas rutuliojasi Gerdvilių šeimoje. Ši nedidelė erdvė, žinoma, nulemia apsakymo apimtį. Ji nedidelė, tačiau V. Krėvė sugebėjo joje atskleisti tai, kas jam buvo svarbu – mieganti žmonijos sąžinė ir jos pabudimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Veiksmo laiką rašytojas atskleidžia jau pirmajame apsakymo sakinyje, sakydamas, jog “buvo pusiaugavėnis”. Tai išryškina pačio V. Krėvės ir jo aprašomų veikėjų religingumą, papročių laikymąsi. Kartu pamatome ir metų laiką – “Į pavasarį virto”. Čia irykėja rašytojo meilė gamtai. Ji perteikiama gražia, išraikinga kalba. Jausminga kalba kūrinį “lydi”, kaip minėjau, jau nuo pat jo ekspozicijos. Nuostabūs gamtos vaizdai pagyvinami ir pagražinami epitetais – “dienos buvo šiltos, saulėtos”. Tai sukelia iškilmingumo, begalinio džiaugsmo įspūdį. Rašytojas taip pat panaudoja personifikaciją, sakydamas, jog “upeliai šniokšdami pasakojo pavasario pasaką”. Šis gamtos gyvumas vaizduotėje sužadina malonius atgimstančios gamtos vaizdus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Toliau kūrinyje dominuoja taiklūs epitetai padedantys rašytojo pavaizduotus daiktus kuo tikroviškiau išvysti savo pasąmonėje: “žilas dievulis”, “drebančios rankos”, “pienuota suknelė” ir kiti. Be epitetų daug vaizdingumo kūriniui suteikia palyginimai. Nors dauguma jų skirti vieninteliam, tačiau svarbiausiam apsakymo akcentui – silkėms: “riebios kaip vištos”, “silkės kaip plokštės”, “menkos lyg mekšrukai”. Tačiau būtent silkės davė pradžią tolimesniam veiksmo rutuliojimuisi ir pagrindinei kūrinio minčiai. Apsakyme “Silkės” Vincas Krėvė norėjo mums parodyti, jog kiekvieną nedorą ir neapgalvotą poelgį lydi sąžinės graužatis. Tai svarbiausia šio kūrinio tema. Rašytojas nori parodyti, jog žmonijos sąžinė dar kruta. Geriausia tam priemonė – sapnas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-30 10:32:28',62,'','2010-09-30 10:35:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-30 10:32:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,251,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(1680,'I. Simonaitytės romano \"Vilius Karalius\" problematika ir veikėjų charakteriai','i-simonaityts-romano-qvilius-karaliusq-problematika-ir-veikj-charakteriai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Romano laikas – 2 pirmieji 20 a. dešimtmečiai. Biografinis (vienos šeimos) laikas slenka kartu su istoriniu. Laikui paklūsta ir Vilius Karalius ir kiti romano veikėjai. Kokios problemos išryškėja romane? Ir nacionalinės, ir socialinės, ir moralinės (kalba, turtas, dorumas). Jas autorė sprendžia per veikėjų charakterius. Veiksmo vieta – Mažoji Lietuva (Šalteikių kaimas). Germanizacija skaudžiausia problema. Jaunieji daug sunkiau išbandomi. Jaunosios kartos požiūris į germanizaciją kitoks: kas vokiška, tas madinga. Jaunasis Vilius Karalius nebenori būti motinos apkerpamas, jis nori būti madingas, turėti miestietiškų drabužių, šokti modernius šokius, o tai neišvengiamai konfliktuojama su senaisiais, tačiau Vilius nori būti geru lietuvininku kai giminaitis Tautrimas iš Berlyno užgauna paauglio ambiciją, o Vilius labai ambicingas vertinantis save.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antroje romano dalyje daug ryškesnė socialinė problema, glaudesni veikėjų ryšiai su socialine to meto tikrove. Vilius Karalius nebeniekina vokiečių, netgi žavisi jais. Auga jo pasipūtimas. Prasideda karas. Vilius, kaip ir broliai Anskis, Martynas išeina į karą, tačiau neilgam. Blaivus šeimininko protas išmokė Vilių prisitaikyti prie aplinkybių jis neturi sentimentų kaizeriui ir Vokietijai ir todėl tariamai sužeistas grįžta į Šalteikius. Visiškai nepasikeitusios jo tautinės pažiūros, jis sparčiai degraduoja, tampa spekuliantu. Viliaus Karaliaus charakteris labiausiai išplėtotas ir išbaigtas. Jis turėjo daug gerų bruožų (darbštus, aktyvus, protingas), bet troško tik pirmavimo garbės ir turto. Laisvai, be atsakomybės, elgėsi su jį mylinčiom moterim Šmito Anė, Barbė, Ilžė Karalikė, Grėtė. Priešingas Viliui yra jaunesniojo brolio charakteris, jam jautriam, vaikiškam, labiausiai motinos mylimam, rašytoja leidžia praeiti baisiausią karo pragarą – Verdeną ir sugrįžti namo. Martynas iš pažiūros trapus, švelnus, nepraranda žmogiškumo. Grįžta iš karo sukrėstas, tačiau įveikia tai, ko neįveikia kiti broliai. Moterų charakteriai: Senoji Karalienė – stipri savo atlikta pareiga: neapleido namų, pamilo nemielą, ne pačios išrinktą vyrą. Jai tenka patirti daug nelaimių, tačiau Senoji lieka išdidi ir ori, ištikima savo namams, mylinti vaikus. Grėtė išdidi, ambicinga, bet svajinga. Mergaitė iš žvejų kaimelio iš paskutiniųjų stengiasi įsitvirtinti Karalių šeimoje. Grėtės charakteris psichologiškai motyvuotas. Ji naudojasi paskutinėmis saviginos galimybėmis iškeldama jas iki besaikio išdidumo. Barbė – Grėtės vaikystės ir jaunystės draugė. Ji žmogus be orumo ir savigarbos, dėl to ji tampa suvedžiota Viliaus. Ilžė moka kovoti už save ir už sūnų, jai svarbiausia žmogaus garbė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-30 10:36:50',62,'','2010-09-30 10:51:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-30 10:36:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,250,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1681,'Santrauka apie stilistiką','santrauka-apie-stilistik','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Stilistika - kalbotyros šaka. Ji tiria kalbos vartojimo savitumą įvairiose žmonių bendravimo ir veiklos srityse:kasdieninėje, buitinėje situacijoje, mokslinėje literatūroje ir t.t. Viena iš svarbiausių stilistikos mokslo sąvokų yra stilius. Šiuo terminu nusakomas kalbos vartojimo būdas. Yra geras stilius ir prastas stilius. Prastas stilius gero stiliaus priešybė. Funkcinis stilius-bendrinės kalbos atmaina, kurios savitumą lemia vartojimo sritis, funkcijos ir turinys.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Stiliai. Šnekamasis stilius. Seniausias iš visų stilių. Vartijimo sritis. Vartojamas kasdieniniu bendravimo situacijose-namu, gatvės ir pan. Turinys. Kalbama apie nesudėtingus dalykus, aplinkos daiktus. Funkcija. Paprasto bendravimo funkcija. Kasdieninis kalbėjimas ir ne todėl, kad reikia pateikti kažkokią dalykinę informaciją. Ypatybės. Reiškimosi forma - sakytinė. Rašytinė forma - privatūs laiškai, dialogai. Sakytinei formai labai svarbu intonacija. Kitas požymis - glaudus ryšys su dialogu. Kitos ypatybės: neoficialumas, trumpinimas, išraiškingumas. Trūkumai. Parazitinių žodžių vartojimas (ta prasme, atseit, vadinasi). Barbarizmų, žargonizmo vartojimas, kitų stilių išraiškos priemonių vartojimas. Dalykiniai stiliai  skirti dalykinei informacijai. Administracinė veikla, mokslas, publicistika. Mokslinis stilius. Parašyti mokykliniai vadovėliai. Ypatybės. Kalba sausoka, be emocijų vaizdų. Žanrai.  Monografija - mokslo veikalas, nagrinėjama tema, problema. Straipsnis - nedidelis mokslinis rašinys, skelbiamas žurnale. Studija - nemažas mokslinis darbas, išleistas atskira knyga. Tezės - trumpai suformuluoti pagrindiniai pranešimo, paskaitos teiginiai. Vadovėlis - mokslo srities mokomoji knyga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-30 10:52:11',62,'','2010-09-30 10:59:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-30 10:52:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,249,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1682,'M. Meterlinko \"Nekviestoji viešnia\"','m-meterlinko-qnekviestoji-vieniaq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">M. Meterlinko “Nekviestoji viešnia” – tai bene žymiausias visų laikų simbolistinis dramos kūrinys. Kiekviename reiškinyje, veikėjų veiksmuose, pačiose veikėjų asmenybėse galima įžvelgti simbolinę prasmę. Vienas iš pagrindinių kūrinio personažų yra neįvardintas. Jo niekas nemato, o tik girdi ir jaučia. Jam įžengus į sodybą nustoja čiulbėjusios lakštingalos, pasibaido gulbių pulkas, įsivyrauja visiška tyla. Tai – mirtis, arba giltinė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaip ir gyvuliai, ją pajunta aklasis senelis, kuriam gamta pašykštėjo regėjimo dovanos, bet atsilygindama padovanojo daug jautresnę klausą bei nuojautą. Pajutęs artėjančią nelaimę, jisai ima blaškytis, klausinėti matančiųjų kas vyksta, tačiau šie nieko neįtaria ir nesupranta, kodėl senelis pasidarė toks įtarus ir keistas. Tuo tarpu jis įdėmiai klauso visų garsų ir to, ką jam sako nuojauta. Nors namiškiai jam dažnai kartoja, jog reikia pasitikėti matančiaisiais, tačiau jis supranta, kad kažkas čia ne taip. Galiausiai, giltinei įėjus į jų kambarį, jis visiškai nustoja tikėjęs jais ir pradeda visus įtarinėti. Paklausęs “kas sėdi va šičia ... čia, čia, tarp mūsų?” ir sulaukęs atsakymo, kad ten nieko nėra, jis nusprendžia, jog “tamsa, vien tamsa tarp manęs... ir jūsų visų...” tačiau “yra momentų, kai aš regiu daugiau negu jūs”. Šiais žodžiais jis nori pasakyti, kad nuo jo yra kažkas slepiama, namiškiai nekalba atvirai, galvoja, kad senelis senas, keistas, geriau palikti jį ramybėje. Tačiau iš tikrųjų jis yra daug protingesnis už visus kitus, ir galbūt dėl šios priežasties niekas jo nesupranta. Šį kartą jis geriau nei kiti pajuto į namus atėjusią mirtį. Senelis suprato, kad jo dukrai neilgai beliko gyventi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-30 10:59:34',62,'','2010-09-30 11:02:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-30 10:59:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,248,'','',0,55,'robots=\nauthor='),(1683,'Rašinys pagal J. Biliūno novelę \"Ant Uetlibergo giedra\"','rainys-pagal-j-bilino-novel-qant-uetlibergo-giedraq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Novelėje Jonas Biliūnas pavaizdavo kelionę. Kelionės tikslas - užlipti ant kalno. Lipti yra sunku ,bet tai yra artima žmonių gyvenimui. Jų gyvenimo tikslui - pažinimui. Pažinimui per kančias:  „Nors šiurpuliai kratė kūną, tačiau noras pamatyti nuo kalno saulę ir po savo kojų neregėtą paveikslą, pakvėpuoti grynu oru ir pasidžiaugti prigimties gražumu buvo  toks karštas…“ Noras atrasti, suprasti ir žinoti yra labai „karštas“. Dėl to žmogus pasiruošęs įveikti sunkumus ir pasiekti aukštus tikslus. Gyvenimas yra trumpas ,todėl visi skuba savo idėjas įgyvendinti: „Mąsčiau apie tai , kad nepasivėlinčiau, kad suspėčiau užlipti…</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiekvienas privalo tikėti savo jėgomis ir kilti gyvenimo keliu į viršų. Kas netiki, tas neišgyvena. O tik liūdnai nusirita žemyn: „Tik maži upeliukai šokinėjo nuo vieno akmens ant kito ir greitai skubėjo žemyn&lt;…&gt; kažin ką liūdnai pasakodami. “Pasiekusieji savo tikslą džiūgauja. Jie skelbia savo linksmą žinią ir taip stiprina kitų ryžtą: „…ir pasklido garsus džiūgaujančių vaikinų skardas. A! Tai ant kalno. Laimingi: jie jau aukštai!…“ Sąžiningumo kelias yra siauras. Lengvai galima nukrypti į blogio šalis :„…pradėjau ir aš ristis siauru, baltuojančiu takeliu,kuris vingiuodamas nyko rūke…“Niekas nežino savo gyvenimo ateities: „Kalno visai iš po rūko nebuvo matyti... “Bet žmogus sensta ir kuo daugiau jis nudirba, tuo daugiau išmano apie gyvenimą. Su amžiumi gyvenimo dėsniai jam vis aiškėja ir aiškėja: „ Bet juo aukščiau, rūkas visas labiau ir labiau retėjo, kvėpuoti buvo kaskart lengviau ir smagiau, dangus viršuje iš tamsaus pasidarė palšas, paskui melsvas, pagaliau šviesiai mėlynas.“</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-30 11:03:10',62,'','2010-09-30 11:15:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-30 11:03:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,247,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1684,'Skirgaila - žmogus ir valdovas','skirgaila-mogus-ir-valdovas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">V. Krėvės sukurta drama “Skirgaila” parodo XIV a. pabaigos situaciją Lietuvoje, kai valstybė atsiduria dviejų tikėjimų, kirkščionybės ir pagonybės, kryžkelėje. Tokiu momentu valstybės valdovas turi būti itin stiprus ir protingas, kad sugebėtų surasti patį geriausią problemų sprendimą visai tautai. Lietuvos kunigaikštis Skirgaila šioje situacijoje elgiasi savaip, stengdamasis, kad Lietuva išlaikytų savo žemes ir kad ji būtų gerbiama kaip stipri valstybė. Tačiau šiame kūrinyje mes matome valdovo žlugimą ir taip pat galime numanyti tragišką senosios Lietuvos ateitį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Svarbiausia autoriaus iškelta tema šiame kūrinyje - tai tikėjimo problema.  Dėl dviejų religijų susikirtimo išgyvena visa lietuvių tauta, tačiau daugiausiai dėl to kenčia Skirgaila. Iš čia ir kyla jo asmenybės tragizmas, nes jis ne tik turi nuspręsti, kokią jis renkasi pats sau, bet ir rasti geriausią išeitį valstybei. Skirgaila - “laukinės šalies laukinis valdovas.”  Veiksmo pradžioje jis supranta, kad pagonybės laikai jau praėjo, tačiau negali nuslėpti savo neapykantos krikščionybei, kitų tautų klastai ir suktybėms. Iš kitų veikėjų kalbų mes matome, kad jis yra šiurkštus, niūrus, piktas žmogus, taip pat dažnai girtas. Toks jis yra todėl, kad nori valstybei gero, tačiau nežino, kaip tai geriau padaryti: “&lt;…&gt; aš nevertas esu pagarbos. Aš visuomet noriu gero, bet nemoku jo pasiekti. Ką aš manau, kad gera yra, visuomet pasirodo, kad pikta, ir todėl nusiminimas mane graužia.”  Jis supranta, kad, norint apsaugoti Lietuvą nuo begalinių priešų užpuolimų, būtina pakeisti tikėjimą, ir tai nereiškia, kad jis atsižada lietuvių tautos papročių. Tačiau kuomet Stardas, žmogus, kuris palaikė tikėjimą Skirgailos sieloje, ragina jį eiti kariauti prieš kaimynus ir nepasiduoti jų įtakai, valdovas pasimeta savo mintyse. Jis - prieštaringa ir abejojanti asmenybė, kuri stengiasi pasaulyje surasti tikrąją galią, kuria galima būtų tikėti. Juk Perkūnas, matydamas naujojo tikėjimo skelbėjų apgaules,  nieko nedaro, o ar gali būti krikščioniškasis Dievas teisingas, jei jo pasekėjai tokie nedori?  Skirgaila yra draskomas šių didelių abejonių, juk žmogui tai yra būdinga, tačiau kaip valdovas Skrigaila negali svyruoti. Šalies šeimininkas turi tvirtai valdyti ir žinoti savo valdymo principus, o ne abejoti kaskart, kai atsiranda nauja galimybė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-30 11:43:36',62,'','2010-09-30 11:58:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-30 11:43:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,246,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1685,'Oskaras Vaildas \"Doriano Grėjaus portretas\"','oskaras-vaildas-qdoriano-grjaus-portretasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PRATARMĖ</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Menininkas yra gražių daiktų kūrėjas. Atskleisti meną, o menininką paslėpti - štai meno tikslas. Kritikas yra tas, kuris grožio sukeltus įspūdžius sugeba išreikšti kitu būdu ar nauja forma. Tiek aukščiausia, tiek ir žemiausia kritikos forma - savotiška autobiografija. Tie, kurie gražiuose daiktuose įžvelgia bjaurią prasmę, yra be žavesio pagedę žmonės. Tai yda. Tie, kurie gražiuose daiktuose įžvelgia gražią prasmę, yra išprusę žmonės. Jie teikia vilčių. Išrinktieji yra tie, kuriems gražūs daiktai reiškia tiktai Grožį. Nėra moralių ar nemoralių knygų. Knygos esti gerai arba blogai parašytos. Ir viskas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Devynioliktojo amžiaus neapykanta Realizmui, tai įniršis Kalibano, veidrodyje matančio savo atvaizdą. Devynioliktojo amžiaus neapykanta Romantizmui, tai įniršis Kalibano, veidrodyje nematančio savo atvaizdo. Moralinis žmogaus gyvenimas apima dalį menininko tematikos, tačiau meno moralumą sudaro tobulas netobulų priemonių vartojimas. Joks menininkas nenori nieko įrodyti. Įrodyti galima ir akivaizdžias tiesas. Joks menininkas neturi etinių simpatijų. Etinės menininko simpatijos - nedovanotinas stiliaus manieringumas. Joks menininkas nėra liguistas. Menininkas gali vaizduoti viską. Mintis ir kalba menininkui yra priemonės jo menui. Yda ir dorybė - menininkui medžiaga jo menui. Formos požiūriu, visų menų modelis yra muziko menas. Jausmo požiūriu - aktoriaus kūryba. Kiekvienas menas yra sykiu ir paviršius, ir simbolis. Tie, kurie skverbiasi pro paviršių gilyn, rizikuoja. Tie, kurie skaito simbolius, rizikuoja. Iš tikro menas lyg veidrodis atspindi ne gyvenimą, o žiūrovą. Nuomonių skirtumas, vertinant meno kūrinį, rodo, jog kūrinys naujas, sudėtingas ir gyvybingas. Kai kritikai nesutaria - menininko sieloje sandermė. Galima atleisti žmogui, kai jis daro naudingą daiktą, jei pats tuo nesižavi. Vienintelis pateisinimas padariusiam nenaudingą daiktą begalinis juo žavėjimasis. Kiekvienas menas visiškai nenaudingas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-30 11:59:28',62,'','2010-09-30 12:03:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-30 11:59:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,245,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1686,'J. Biliūno \"Liūdna pasaka\" apibūdinimas','j-bilino-qlidna-pasakaq-apibdinimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Šią apysaką J. Biliūnas rašė Zakopanėje, jau sunkiai sirgdamas. Akstiną parašyti apysaką, matyt, bus davę įspūdžiai, patirti 1906 m. vasarą besigydant Kačerginėje, stebint 1905 m. revoliucijos antslūgį ir reakcijos siautėjimą. 2. \"Liūdną pasaką\" sudaro dvi dalys, parašytos skirtinga intonacija. Pirmoji dalis - tartum lyrinė įžanga, sujungianti dabartį ir ateitį į nedalomą visumą. Kūrinio pradžioje iškyla pasakotojo paveikslas. Šią dalį persmelkia emocinis pasakotojo reagavimas į išorinį pasaulį, nepaisant logiško nuoseklumo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antrosios dalies ekspozicija - jaunos Banių šeimos gyvenimo istorija, jų šviesių svajonių atskleidimas. Veiksmo užuomazga - Petro rengimasis eiti į mišką, pas sukilėlius. Nerimo nuotaika dar labiau sustiprėja slapta išėjus Baniui. Nerimą keliačią laiko tėkmę J. Biliūnas pateikia keliais epizodais: baisus Juozapotos sapnas, kampininkės Urbonienės atnešta žinia, apsilankymas pas Damulius, senelės elgetos atėjimas, Juozapotos kelionė į miestą, skaudus susidūrimas su mylimo vyro mirtim miesto kartuvėse. Toliau seka epilogas - Juozapotos atsigavimas, žiaurios ligos pasekmės. 3. Kūrinio veiksmą J. Biliūnas nukėlė į 1863 m. sukilimo laikotarpį. Pirmasis sakinys iškelia lietuviams šią svarbią ir skaudžią datą. Petras išeina į sukilimą, jis trokšta gražesnio gyvenimo. J. Biliūnas pavaizduoja šio sukilimo tragiškas pasekmes: sukilėlių (net kunigų) sušaudymą, nekaltų žmonių (Damulio) sumušimą, uždarymą (net ir moterų) į kalėjimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-30 12:03:46',62,'','2010-09-30 12:06:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-30 12:03:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,244,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1687,'Tristanas ir Izolda','tristanas-ir-izolda','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ankstyvųjų viduramžių herojiniame epe “Rolando giesmė” mes regėjome rūstų riterį, kurio pagrindinis darbas – karas. Vienoje gražiausių viduramžių legendų apie Tristaną ir Izoldą išryškėja kitoks riterio idealas. Toks riteris turėjo mokėti ne tik gerai kautis, bet ir šokti, dainuoti, groti kokiu nors instrumentu, būti mandagus, išauklėtas, privalėjo itin gražiai elgtis su damomis. Riterio priedermė buvo tarnauti visoms moterims, bet ypač savo išrinktajai, kuri buvo vadinama riterio širdies dama.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Legendoje apie Tristaną ir Izoldą pasakojama, kaip be galo narsus jaunikaitis Tristanas, nukovęs nenugalimąjį Morholtą Airį ir padovanojęs Kornvalio žemėms laisvę, išvykęs ieškoti karaliui Markui auksaplaukės karalaitės, nugalėjęs baisųjį slibiną, įsimyli dieviško grožio Airijos karalaitę Izoldą Auksaplaukę. Jisai buvo prisiekęs savo motinos atminimu, kad be auksaplaukės karalaitės negrįš gyvas į Kornvalio žemes, tačiau tik išvydęs Izoldą Auksaplaukę jisai be galo ją pamilo. Izolda, negalėdama susitaikyti su mintimi, kad reikės ištekėti už didelio melagio ir bailio Senešalo, ir netikėdama, kad bailys, kuris net savo paties šešėlio bijo, galėjo nukauti baisųjį slibiną, nuėjo ieškoti to, kas iš tikrųjų jį nugalėjo. Jį rado gulintį prie upės, pargabeno namo ir ėmė slaugyti. Vienuoliktą dieną nuėmusi tvarsčius Tristanui nuo galvos, ji išvydo jaunikaitį tokį pat dailų, kaip ir drąsų. Iš pirmo žvilgsnio Izolda jį visa širdimi pamilo. Tristanas pasakė karaliui, kad jisai nukovė slibiną, o senešalas yra tiktai apsišaukėlis. Jisai paaiškino, kad Izoldą Auksaplaukę yra pažadėjęs Kornvalio karaliui Markui. Karalius sutiko atiduoti savo dukterį Markui ir nutraukti nesutarimus tarp Airijos ir Kornvalio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-30 12:06:38',62,'','2010-09-30 12:09:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-30 12:06:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,243,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1688,'J. K. Rowling \"Haris Poteris ir filosofijos akmuo\"','j-k-rowling-qharis-poteris-ir-filosofijos-akmuoq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Berniukas, kuris liko gyvas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ponia ir ponas Dursliai, gyvenantys ketvirtame Ligustrų gatvės name, išdidžiai sakydavo, jog jie, ačiū Dievui, normalių normaliausi žmonės. Nė nesitikėkite, kad jie įsiveltų į ką nors keista ar paslaptinga, nes tokių dalykų jie paprasčiausiai nepakenčia. Ponas Durslis direktoriavo „Graningso\" firmoje, gaminančioje grąžtus. Jis buvo stambus raumeningas vyras beveik be jokio kaklo, tačiau didžiuliais ūsais. Ponia Dursli buvo plonutė Šviesiaplaukė moterytė mažiausiai dukart už vyrą ilgesniu kaklu, kas labai praversdavo, mat ji baisybę laiko praleisdavo per sodo tvorą šnipinėdama kaimynus. Dursliai augino sūnų, vardu Dudlis, kuris, jų įsitikinimu, buvo nuostabiausias pasaulyje berniukas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dursliai turėjo viską, ko tiktai geidė, bet jie turėjo ir paslaptį ir labiausiai bijojo, kad jos kas nors neatkapstytų. Manė, jog neištvertų, jei žmonės sužinotų apie Poterius. Ponia Dursli buvo ponios Poter sesuo, bet jos nesimatė jau kelerius metus; iš teisybės, ponia Dursli apsimetė visai neturinti sesers, nes ta sesuo ir jos niekam tikęs vyras buvo visiška Durslių priešingybė. Dursliai net sudrebėdavo pagalvoję, ką pasakytų kaimynai, jei šioje gatvėje pasirodytų Poteriai. Dursliai žinojo, kad Poteriai irgi turi mažą sūnelį, bet jo nebuvo net matę. Jie nenorėjo giminiuotis su Poteriais ir dėl to berniuko: to dar betrūko, kad Dudlis žaistų su tokiu vaiku.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kai Dursliai pabudo pilką, apniukusį antradienio rytą, kurį prasidėjo mūsų istorija, debesimis aptrauktame danguje nebuvo nė menkiausio ženklo, kad netrukus visoje šalyje prasidės keisti ir paslaptingi dalykai. Ponas Durslis niūniuodamas išsirinko darbui savo pilkiausią kaklaraištį, o ponia Dursli, smagiai liežuvaudama, grūdo į aukštą kėdę žviegiantį Dudlį. Nė katras nepastebėjo, kaip pro langą nuplasnojo didelė rusva pelėda. Pusę devynių ponas Durslis pasiėmė portfelį, pakštelėjo pačiai skruostan ir norėjo pabučiuoti Dudlį, bet nepavyko, nes Dudlis įniršęs dribsniais drabstė sieną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-30 12:09:51',62,'','2010-09-30 12:12:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-30 12:09:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,242,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1689,'Lietuva Simono Daukanto akimis','lietuva-simono-daukanto-akimis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Simonas Daukantas gimė tais metais, kai Rusija, Prūsija, ir Austrija antrą kartą pasidalijo Lenkiją ir Lietuvą, tuo laiku, kai Gardine vyko Lenkijos ir Lietuvos Respublikos paskutinis seimas, tą mėnesį, kai Respublika prarado savarankiškumą, o kai mažajam Simonui suėjo dveji - ir valstybingumą. Ir vardą, ir titulus. Lietuva žlugo, Simonas Daukantas pradėjo gyvenimą. Valstybė - rusų, kalba mokykloje ir bažnyčioje - lenkų. Lietuvos Metrika - Peterburge. Viską skaito cenzoriai. Valstiečiai pasitinka prancūzus kaip išvaduotojus; jiems pralaimėjus, ruošiasi sukilimui, laukia desanto iš anglų laivyno prie Šventosios. Desantas neišsilaipina. Rusai įveda karo padėtį. O išsigelbėti reikia. O gyventi - reikia. Kad tau būtų gyvenime vietos, privalai prisitaikyti prie okupantų. Vienas nieko nepasieksi, turi įsiterpti į luomą, kuris turi teisę į tarnybą, privilegijas. Tas luomas - bajorų. &lt;…&gt;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Simonas Daukantas rūpinosi tarnybine karjerą tol, kol prasiskverbė į imperijos širdį, į Valdantįjį senatą, tapo Lietuvos Metrikos metrikanto padėjėju ir susikūrė galimybę tyrinėti pirminius Lietuvos istorijos šaltinius. &lt;…&gt; Severozapadnyj kraj. Nėr pasauly Lietuvos. Gerai gyvena tik tie lietuviai, kurie pagalba okupantei Rusijai verčiasi. Lietuvos Metrikos metrikantas Simonas Daukantas uždirba per metus 285,92 sidabro rublio ir 57,18 rublio maistpinigių. Užtenka ir tiek, kad Lietuvos viziją sukurtų. “Taip nusilpo nervai, kad krintatis žirnis mane gąsdina…” Anot Daukanto biografijos tyrinėtojo V. Merkelio, paskui Daukanto karstą ėjo kokios trys senės, o Papilės piliakalny pasitiko tik duobkasiai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Taigi, kaip matome iš šios įžangos, Simonas Daukantas gyveno sunkiu Lietuvai laikotarpiu, kai istorinės aplinkybės lėmė sunkią šalies padėtį. Dėl rusų priespaudos ir nuolatinių karų Lietuvos teritorijoje Daukanto tėvynė buvo nualinta ekonomiškai. Lietuva niekaip negalėjo atsikratyti savo praeities ryšio su Lenkija, ir dėl to patys lietuviai laikė lietuvių kalbą “mužikų kalba”, o lenkų kalbą - “ponų kalba”. Tikrąją kalbą išsaugojo tik lietuvių valstiečiai, kurie iki pat to laiko nepasidavė polonizacijai ir vartojo protėvių kalbą. Lietuviams buvo bandoma įpiršti, kad jie neturi garsios praeities, kuria daugels šalių didžiuojasi. S.Daukanto kūrinio “Būdas senovės lietuvių, kalnėnų ir žemaičių” paskirtis buvo ne tik parodyti Lietuvos praeitį ir istoriją, bet ir kelti lietuvių tautinės savimonės lygį, nacionalizmą gerąja prasme. Autorius nori “pakelti iš purvo” lietuvių didžiavimąsi savo tauta. Tai jis nori pasiekti sąmoningai, nematydamas blogųjų tautiečių ir Lietuvos bruožų, idealizuodamas juos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Savo kūrinį jis pradeda metaforomis apie tai, kad nieko nėra amžina “Ir taip, kur pirma pievos žėlė, plačios pilys, vaisingos dirvos buvo, ten šiandien palšų smilčių vilny, į trobesį aukštos, spiginamos nuo degančios saulės, po tyrus bangioja arba begalinės jūros užgulusios niūkso…”. Aš manau, jog autorius norėjo pasakyti, kad dabartinė Lietuvos būklė nėra amžina, ir kad ji anksčiau buvo didinga valstybė.Jis aukština lietuvių kalbą “…nesgi turi sau ypatingą kalbą, būtinai įvairią nuo kitų kalbų, o aiškesnę ir skaistesnę už visas šiandien kalbamas …”.Simonas pabrėžia, kad lietuviai turėjo ne ką blogesnius, o gal ir geresnius valdovus, bajorus ir kitus “ypatingus žmones” , gerus ryšius su kitomis tautomis, ir kad Lietuva taip pat buvo labai gerbiamas ir žinomas kraštas kaip ir kitos didžiosios valstybės  “…nuo tokios kalbos gali kožnas aiškiai  numanyti, jog angis (anais laikais) yra turėjusi savo ypatingą tikybą, rėdą, vyresnybę ir diduomenę, beje: savo viešpačius, rykius (valdovus, karalius) ir kunigaikščius, kurie viena kalba su svietu yra kalbėję; pati tauta plačiai gyvenusi ir didžias pažines (pažintis) yra turėjusi su tolimais kraštais…” Daukantas giria lietuvius, kad jie išlaikė savo kalbą iki šių dienų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-30 12:38:22',62,'','2010-09-30 12:42:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-30 12:38:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,241,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1690,'Pasakos podirvis romane \"Baltaragio malūnas\"','pasakos-podirvis-romane-qbaltaragio-malnasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Baugiame pasaulyje Kazys Boruta ryžosi rašyti romaną, kuriame atsivertų lietuvių tautos dvasios, jos kūrybingumo gelmės. Jos turėjo būti slaptos, svetima akim neįžvelgiamos - tautosakinės, gimusios po šiaudine pastoge ir dabar po ja vėl ieškančios prieglobsčio. Tai turėjo būti gynybinė siena, pastatyta iš pasakos mitologinių vaizdinių, iš dainos sudvasinto lyrizmo ir švelnaus žodžio, iš senovės papročių ir žmogaus - gamtos susiliejimų, sauganti svarbiausias tautos dvasines ir kultūrines vertybes nuo pražūties.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Hitlerinė okupacija nepaliko “Baltaragio malūne” jokių regimų ženklų. Dabartis nutekėjo į romano podirvį, neįstrigusi fabuloje ar detalėse. Tačiau “Baltaragio malūne” nėra paslėpto prasmių plano ir alegorinių schemų, kaip ir Salomėjos Nėries poemoje “Eglė žalčių karalienė.” Mitologinės būtybės, perkeltos į Lietuvos kaimo aplinką tampa visiškai realios, net kasdieniškos. Fantastiniai įvykiai, įsismelkę į žmonių likimus, įgauna grėsmingą įtampą ir jutimų tikrumą. Romane viskas konkretu, paprasta ir aišku. Keisčiausi nutikimai turi savo logiką, prasideda ir baigiasi ryškiai matomoje vietovėje, kaip ir liaudies pasakose. Tik “Baltaragio malūne” pasakos fabulą valdo psichologinė žmogaus būsena, visada prieštaringa, neišsprendžiama, bekraštė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuviai savo epo neturėjo. Ir Kazys Boruta ketino jį sukurti iš kaimo laukų mitologijos, atskilusios nuo valstybinio gyvenimo ir kultūrinių praeities klodų, nuskandintų užmarštin istorijos audrų. Jis ketino sukurti “paprastą epą”, kuriame susikerta žmogaus sąmonė ir pasąmonė, kuris “susijęs su gimtojo krašto vaizdu bei likimu. ”Mitologinis siužetas romane “Baltaragio malūnas” nubrėžia nenugalimo ir nepaaiškinamo apspręstumo sienas, į kurias daužosi žmogus. Kūrinio siužetinę spiralę išjudina tradicinė žmogaus ir velnio sutartis, pagrįsta pirmykščiais mitologiniais įsivaizdavimais: žmonių dukros gyvena su antgamtinėmis būtybėmis (pasakose velnias smaugia motiną arba laiko nutvėręs senį už barzdos, reikalaudamas jauniausios dukros; lenda pas mergas į klėtį, turi su jomis vaikų, kurie būna labai stiprūs).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-30 12:43:09',62,'','2010-09-30 12:45:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-30 12:43:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,240,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1691,'Trys motinos R.Granausko apysakoje “Gyvenimas po klevu”','trys-motinos-rgranausko-apysakoje-gyvenimas-po-klevu','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Apysakoje “Gyvenimas po klevu” autorius parodo jau žūstantį kaimą, jo tragišką likimą. Rašytojas nori pabudinti lietuvio sąmonę, suvokimą, kad tik pats žmogus yra sau šeimininkas. Tik žmogus gali susikurti sau aplinką ir namus, kuriuose jam būtų malonu gyventi. R.Granauskas - tai rašytojas žemaitis, kuriam “gyvenimas” - tai ne tik egzistavimas, plaukimas pasroviui ar prieš srovę, bet ir jo sodyba, vienkiemis. “Gyvenimas po klevu” - tai trumpos apimties apysaka, kurios pagrindinė veikėja yra senoji Kairienė. Apysakoje pasakojama jos kelionė iš sodybos į gyvenvietę ir atgal. Tačiau pati kelionė svarbios vietos apysakoje neužima. Didžiausią ir svarbiausią apysakos dalį sudaro Kairienės prisiminimai ir apmąstymai apie besikuriančias gyvenvietes, gatvių triukšmą ir žmonių nužmogėjimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sodyboje pasirodo pirmieji pavasario atšvaitai, todėl Kairienė susiruošia kelionei iš sutvarkytų savo namų į bejausmę, bedvasę ir nemielą gyvenvietę. Ji į miestą ir kojos nekeltų, jei ne tie pinigai, kurių per visą žiemą ji iš pašto neatsiėmė. Ir tada ji sužino, kad pinigų pašte jau nėra. Šiuos pinigus pasiėmė Kairienės anūkienė. Bus sunku senajai Kairienei juos atgauti, juk anūkienė jauna, jai šių pinigų reikia labiau. O Kairienei? Kam jai tų pinigų? Kad Kairienė nemirtų iš bado ir galėtų ramiai gyventi, jai bereikia tų kelių skatikų, už kuriuos galėtų nusipirkti duonos ir pieno.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kairienės kelionė - tai trys etapai į miestą. Pirmasis etapas - tai namų erdvė, kurią dar gaubia klevo galia. Klevas turi didelę reikšmę: juk mieste praleidžiamas tik pusiaudienis, o po klevu visas Kairienės ir jos artimiausio žmogaus gyvenimas. Kairienė, eidama į miestą, aplanko kapų kalnelį. Malda ir giesmėmis ji pagerbia mirusius: savo žmogų ir sūnų, kurį jau buvusi žmona seniai pamiršo, nebelanko jo kapelio, nesutvarko kryžiaus. Kapelių aplankymas Kairienei suteikia stiprybės, kurios senajai tikrai prireiks, nukeliavus į miestą. Antrasis etapas - tai plento ruožas, kuris keliaujančią Kairienę išmuša iš vėžių: ji neprigirdi mašinų ūžesio ir nespėja atsitraukti į kelkraštį. Trečiasis kelionės etapas - tai miestelis. Tai negyva, beveidė erdvė. Mažai ir medžių gyvenvietėje, ir namai ne mediniai, todėl Kairienei visa tai atrodo svetima ir nemiela. Neturi ji prie ko prisiglausti, kam pasiguosti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kelione Kaireinė negali pasididžiuoti. Apsilankymas pašte priverčia ją aplankyti anūkienę. Anūkienė Birutė nesutinka Kairienės maloniai, ji stengiasi greičiau ją išvaryti ir pasilikti sau. Nėra Birutė gera nei savo uošvienei, nei vyrui, nei sūnui. Jų sūnus Igvulis buvo ne visai sveiko proto, todėl Birutė nenori su šiuo vaiku terliotis, per prievartą verčia skaityti ir mokytis, pagaili skanesnio kąsnio, o galiausiai išsiunèčia į internatą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-30 12:46:20',62,'','2010-09-30 12:48:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-30 12:46:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,239,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(1692,'A. Miškinio eilėraščio \"Taip gera būtų pagyvent be rūpesčio...\" analizė','a-mikinio-eilraio-qtaip-gera-bt-pagyvent-be-rpesioq-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sarkastiška šypsena, kreivai žvelgianti į kiekvieną tradiciją, kiekvieną autoritetą, kiekvieną socialinę normą, maištingi žodžiai, užglaistyti skambiomis frazėmis, ironizuojantys posmai, smerkiantys sudaiktėjimą ir subanalėjimą… Jaunas poetas Antanas Miškinis sukelia konfliktą tarp visuomenės ir blaivesnio mąstymo, nepriklausomo nuo Kažkieno nuomonės, Kažkieno norų ar papročių. Eilėraštis „Taip gera būtų…”, mano nuomone, ir yra tas, labiausiai atspindįs, pirmąjį A.Miškinio kūrybos tarpsnį. Eilėraščio pradžia žada nuoširdžias, išdidžias eiles, tačiau jau greitai galima suprasti, kad autorius juokiasi. Juokiasi iš to, ką mes gerbiam, saugom ir kuo žavimės. Tam tikra prasme jis juokiasi iš mūsų visų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visas eilėraštis parašytas tariamąja nuosaka, tuo autorius tarsi parodo, kad šitas kelias – tikslo, meilės ir darbo atsisakymas yra nerealus. Eilėraščio nerealumo įspūdį ir artimumą svajonei sustiprina ir jau pirmieji eilėraščio žodžiai: „Taip gera būtų…” Tuo net eilėraščio žmogui nesuteikiama proga gyventi kupiname spalvų pasaulyje (čia – „teka pilkos upės”). Kita vertus, įdomu skaityti, kaip autoriui pavyko atskleisti savo kūrinyje ne tik svajonę, bet ir patį svajojimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A.Miškinis visame eilėraštyje kaip r visoje savo ankstyvojoje kūryboje yra artimas kaimui ir gamtai, tačiau šiuo tuo „Taip gera būtų” skiriasi nuo daugumos A.Miškinio kūrinių – būtent platesne eilėraščio erdve (greta kaimo ir jo gamtos atsiranda kurortas, parkai). Keturiuose posmeliuose mes tikrai galime išvysti lietuviško rudens kontūrus – pilkus debesis, šimtus žvirblių žagaruose, sušalusią žemę, gelstančius parkus, upę. Gamtos vaizdas tampa ir tarytum įžanga eilėraščio žmogaus tariamiems prisiminimams – žvirbliai skatina atsiminti vestuves, o gelsvėjantys parkai – verkiančias mergaites.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ypač ironiškai eilėraščio žmogus žiūri į jausmus („ko tos mergaitės verkia”) ir vestuves („apygirčiai jaunikiai” veža verkiančią nuotaką). Sulygindamas šias dvi situacijas (ašaromis) eilėraščio žmogus stengiasi parodyti nesibaigiantį užburtą ratą, kuriame neįmanoma rasti laimės, būtent dėl to jis ir siūlo pagyventi be tikslo ir be meilės. Tuo pačiu A.Miškinio žmogus nori parodyti, kad kartais, pasižiūrėjus į save iš šono, mūsų jaudulys atrodo absurdiškas ir kad jis gali pasibaigti labai greitai. Mergaitės praranda viltį ir paguodą sudužus pirmosioms meilėms, o eilėraščio „aš” šaltakraujiškai laukia jausmų jau-nežinia-kuriai garbinamajai užgesimo. Tuo A.Miškinis tarsi drąsina elgtis kaip jo herojus – žvelgti į viską blaiviau ir pernelyg nesikrimsti. Kita vertus, galbūt herojus niekada nėra turėjęs jausmų kaip tos puolamos mergaitės ir jau vien tuo jis yra skurdus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-30 12:48:31',62,'','2010-09-30 12:51:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-30 12:48:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,238,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1693,'Rėjus Bredberis \"Pienių vynas\"','rjus-bredberis-qpieni-vynasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">AUŠO TYKUS RYTAS; MIESTAS, APGAUBTAS TAMSOS, saldžiai miegojo. Ore dvelkė vasara, vėjas buvo vasariškas, pasaulis alsavo ramiai, šiltai ir tingiai. Užteko tik atsikelti, iškišti galvą pro langą, kad suprastum: štai ir atėjo pirmoji tikrosios laisvės, tikrojo gyvenimo akimirka, pirmasis vasaros rytas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dvylikametis Daglas Spoldingas ką tik atmerkė akis ir lyg į drungną upę pasinėrė į nedrumsčiamą rytmečio tylą. Jis gulėjo savo miegamajame, ketvirtame aukšte, po kupolu, ir jautė, kad šis puikiausias viso miesto bokštas, aukštai iškilęs birželio vėjyje, teikia jam nepaprastos galios. Naktimis, kai medžiai susilieja į tamsią masę, jo žvilgsnis tarsi švyturio spindulys klaidžioja aplinkui po vilnijančias guobų, ąžuolų bei klevų marias. O dabar...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Tai puikumėlis! —sušnibždėjo Daglas, Priešaky — visa vasara, daugybė dienų — vos ne pusė ka¬lendoriaus. Jis jau vaizdavosi tapęs daugiarankiu, kaip deivė Šiva iš kelionių knygutės, ir tik skina dar neprinokusius obuo¬lius, persikus ir tamsias it naktis slyvas. Nebeišviliosi jo iš miško, krūmų ar upės. O kaip bus gera kiek atvėsti, įlindus į apšerkšnijusią ledaunę, kaip linksma kepti senelės virtuvėje kartu su tūkstančiais viščiukų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-30 12:52:28',62,'','2010-09-30 12:54:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-30 12:52:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,237,'','',0,59,'robots=\nauthor='),(1694,'Seni ir maži V. Krėvės kūryboje','seni-ir-mai-v-krvs-kryboje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">V. Krėvė lietuvių literatūrą, realistinę kūrybą praturtino psichologiniais, intelektualiniais paveikslais. Pasak A. Zalatoriaus - \"Rašytojo asmenyje derinasi skvarbaus analitiko protas, nerami romantiko siela, blaivus valstiečio žvilgsnis į pasaulį.\" V. Krėvei rūpėjo žmogaus būties filosofinės problemos: kas yra laimė ir tiesa, koks gyvenimo tikslas ir kas svarbiausia žmogaus gyvenime? V. Krėvė šias problemas sprendė kurdamas konkrečius žmonių paveikslus, kuriais išreikšdavo savo idealus, atskleisdavo savybes tokio žmogaus, kokį jis norėjo matyti gyvenime.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">V. Krėve savo kūryboje nagrinėjo daug temų - gilinosi į romantinę - legendinę Lietuvos praeitį, į kaimiečio buities realybę ir į alegorinę išmintį, susietą su rytų tautų kultūra. Jo kūryboje tilpo daug skirtingų literatūros žanrų - nuo romantinių legendų, realistinių novelių ir apysakų, istorinių dramų, iki biblinės apysakos \"Dangaus ir žemės sūnūs\". Bet nemažoje dalyje savo kūrinių jis didžiausią dėmesį skyrė dviems visuomenės grupėms - seniems ir mažiems. Savo herojų prototipus V. Krėvė surado \"Šiaudinėje pastogėje\", liaudyje, taip pat įsivaizdavo gyvenusius gilioje senovėje. Tai romantiniai “Dainavos šalies senų žmonių padavimų” herojai, žinomų dramos kūrinių veikėjai, pagaliau Lapinas iš apsakymo “Skerdžius”, Gugis iš apysakos “Raganius” ir daugelis kitų. Daugelis Krėvės kūrinių herojų itin gyvybingi, stiprių aistrų, jie nebijo susikauti su priešingomis, kelią pastojančiomis jėgomis, ar tai būtų likimo, dievų jėgos, ar istorinė būtybė, ar tuščias žmonių egoizmas. Visi jie neramūs ir drąsūs žmonės, kuriems nebūdinga prisitaikymas ir susitaikymas, nuolaidos ir pataikavimas. Jie moka karštai mylėti, neapkęsti ir net keršyti. Prieš patį dievą kelia maištą Dvainis (“Dvainiai”), prieš kunigą ir bažnyčios papročius - Traibėnas (“Išsibarė”), prieš žmonos despotizmą - Budraitis (“Žmoną pamokė”). Krėvės “Šiaudinės pastogės” veikėjai nėra vien tik romūs ir geraširdiškai taikūs lietuvių liaudies žmonės, jie sugeba protestuoti ir maištauti, kovoti už teisingesnį likimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-30 12:54:59',62,'','2010-09-30 12:57:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-30 12:54:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,236,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1695,'Balys Sruoga biografija','balys-sruoga-biografija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1916 m. įstojęs į Maskvos universitetą studijuoti literatūros, pasidarė nuolatinis svečias J.Baltrušaičio literatūriniame salone, kur rinkdavosi garsiausios simbolistinio meno žvaigždės. Dar neseniai pajuokęs „modernizmą, simbolizmą, jėrundizmą\", dabar pradedantis poetas ir kritikas apsisprendė žengti modernaus meno keliu. Rusų simbolizmo poetinė kalba, sukūrusi savo autonomiją iš dematerializuotos tikrovės vaizdinių ir virtuoziškos melodingumo žaismės, B.Sruogai buvo fundamentalus atradimas savo eilėraščių rinkiniuose „Saulė ir smiltys\" (1920), „Dievų takais\" (1923) jis taip pat stengėsi sukurti tokią uždarą poetinio įstabumo erdvę iš nudaiktintų gamtos elementų, laisvai vartomų šėlstančios vaizduotės, kuri nujaučia nežinomus dydžius už regimumo ribos ir tikisi kažkokio stebuklo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvių lyrikoje B.Sruoga įteisino nepastovią, nuolat besikeičiančią sąmonės tėkmę, iš kurios kilo laki, lengva pustonių, asociacijų, nutylėjimų ir melodingų pakartojimų struktūra, būdinga naujųjų laikų moderniajai lyrikai. Ekspresionizmo meno aplinka, kurioje atsidūrė B.Sruoga 1921 m., atvykęs į Miuncheną tęsti literatūros studijų, atšaldė nuo perdėm gležnos, sensualistinio tono lyrikos, ir jis net supykdavo pavadintas simbolistu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuo 1924 m. Kauno universitete pradėjęs skaityti rusų literatūros istorijos kursus, išleido 2 t. veikalą „Rusų literatūros istorija\" (1931-1933). Įsteigęs teatro seminarą, savotišką diskusijų klubą, brandinusį būsimuosius teatro kritikus ir aktorius, paruošė monografiją „Lietuvių teatras Peterburge\" (1930). Pripažinęs tautinių, socialinių, moralinių vertybių pozityvų vaidmenį literatūros raidoje ir susitaikęs su realizmu, kurio ištobulinta charakterio ir aplinkos determinizmo analizė yra būtina pamoka kiekvienam kūrėjui, jis tuo pačiu metu griežtai neigė tikrovės kopijavimo užduotis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Eiliuotose istorinėse kronikose - „Milžino paunksmė” (1932), „Baisioji naktis\" (1935), „Kazimieras Sapiega\" (1938-1941), „Apyaušrio dalia\" (1941) - vaizduojami autentiški Lietuvos istoriniai įvykiai ir politiniai veikėjai. Istorijos šaltiniais grindžiami pagrindiniai konfliktai, aplinkos, papročių ir elgsenos koloritas, žinojimo ribos, kuriose gyvena to ar kito laikotarpio žmonės. Dramoje „Milžinų paunksmė\" lenkų magnatai ir vyskupai priešinosi Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio Vytauto karūnacijai, ir jų kalbose pakartojama XV a. metraštininkų užfiksuota argumentacija - Lietuva atskils nuo Lenkijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-30 12:57:27',62,'','2010-09-30 13:00:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-30 12:57:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,235,'','',0,42,'robots=\nauthor='),(1696,'J. Aisčio lyrikos savitumas','j-aisio-lyrikos-savitumas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lyrika neatskiriama nuo kuriančios asmenybės. Kaip gali būti eilės kitokios “nei aš pats?” Net vaidindamas tu negali išeiti anapus savo “galvos ribų”, anapus savo nuotaikos ir likimo. “Rašto žmogaus stiliun įeina visas žmogus.” Kūrėjo gyvenimas - neatskiriama “paties meno dalis.” Taip kalbėjo ir rašė J.Aistis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Poetas ieškojo meninio tobulumo paslapties “sakytiniame ir dainuotiniame lietuviškame žodyje”, stebėjosi kaimo žmogaus posakių “ vaizdiniu taiklumu ir pastabumu.” Tačiau J.Aistis nebandė perkelti į eilėraštį liaudies dainos veikėjų, ritualinių situacijų, kanoniškų frazių - kaip A.Miškinis ir K.Inčiūra. Pasigavo vos vieną kitą folklorinį įvaizdį (gegutėlė, vyšnių sodas, rūtų darželis, margas dvaras), kad eilėraštis atsidurtų Lietuvos kaimo ir lietuvių kultūrinės tradicijos aplinkoje, kurioje neoromantikams glūdėjo lyrikos ištakos ir paskirtis. Jį traukė ne citatos, o melodijos išglostytas poetinės kalbos švelnumas. J.Aistis išlygina visus frazės susigarankščiavimus, atplaišas ir įskilimus, kad susidarytų vientisas skambesys. Žodžiai nebeištariami pavieniui - jie banguoja harmoningose dermėse, pasidavę dar neišblėsusio meloso traukai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-30 13:00:28',62,'','2010-09-30 13:02:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-30 13:00:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,234,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1697,'Eilėraščio \"Dainuok, širdie, gyvenimą\" analizė','eilraio-qdainuok-irdie-gyvenimq-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1943m. Maskvoje buvo išleistas S.Nėries eilėraščių rinkinys \"Dainuok, širdie, gyvenimą\". Mano manymu, šiuose eilėraščiuose yra išsakyta tai,kas yra svarbu žmogui,kasdien žiūrinčiam mirčiai į akis. Pagrindinis viso rinkinio eilėraštis yra \"Dainuok,širdie,gyvenimą\". Jau pavadinimas – raktas į viso kūrinio prasmės suvokimą. Eilėraštis gimė,susimaišius išgyventiems karo įvykiams su Tėvynės ilgesiu.Jis tarsi neturi pradžios,yra tos pačios nuotaikos tąsa,o kartu ir priešprieša. Poetė atveria savo širdį ,išlieja susikaupusius jausmus:liūdesį,džiaugsmą.Išgirstame kreipinį,kuriuo pasakoma,kad bus kalbama apie jausmus,kurie žinomi ir suprantami tik pačiam lyriniam subjektui: Dainuok,širdie,gyvenimą...</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai ir liepimas ,ir reikalavimas,kuris susiformuoja tarsi ant ribos.Iš vienos pusės rūstūs laiko reikalavimai poezijai,o iš kitos labai asmeniškas,iškentėtas ir subrandintas įsakymas sau. Lyrinio herojaus jausmai tikri,nepameluoti,be abejo,išgyventi,patirti.Žodis “gyvenimas”simbolizuoja poetės patirtį.Širdis turi prabilti kitaip,kitu balsu,tvirčiau. ”Dainuok,širdie,gyvenimą” lyrinio subjekto kalbėjimas yra įsakmus vidinis liepimas,įmanomas  tik valingiems žmonėms.Prisiminkime,kad pati S.Nėris trapi,pažeidžiama,bet kartu ir ryžtinga. Čia kalbama apie gimtąją žemę,nes gimtinės vaizdas jaukus ir šviesus.’Padangę saulėtą ir gryną ir smėlio taką per pušyną \"Atrodo,eilėraštis karo tema,bet ,mano galva,čia kalbama ne apie mirtį,o apie gyvenimą “be švininio turinio”,ir apie “gyvenimą sugriautą,gyvenimą sudegintą”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-30 13:03:13',62,'','2010-09-30 13:08:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-30 13:03:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,233,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1698,'Kodėl šį kūrinį galima vadinti sakme?','kodl-krin-galima-vadinti-sakme','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš pirmo žvilgsnio sunku rasti argumentų, kad J. Baltušio romanas „Sakmė apie Juzą” sakmė. Tai parodo, nebent pavadinimas, be to, ir žodyno paaiškinimas: „sakmė - pasakojamosios tautosakos kūrinys, kuriame aiškinama pasaulio ir įvairių gamtos reiškinių kilmė, vaizduojamas žmogaus susidūrimas su mitinėmis būtybėmis” ne labai tinka romano apibūdinimui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tačiau romanas turo sakmiškų bruožų. Palyginus su tautosakinėmis sakmėmis, romano pagrindinis veikėjas irgi neturi pavardės. Jis vadinamas tik Juza. Sakmiškas ir keistas Juzos vidinis pasaulis, gyvenimas. Dėl meilės be atsako jis pasitraukia iš aktyvaus gyvenimo, atsiskiria nuo žmomių. Jo meilė Vinciūnei išlieka visą gyvenimą kaip simbolis, kaip Juzos gyvenimo idealas. Sakmiškas, mitologinis Juzos meilės išlikimas, artimas tautosakai. Juk liaudies sakmėse, padavimuose meilė viena pagrindinių temų. Keistas Juzos atsiskyrimas ir apsigyvenimas Kairabalėje. Čia jis susilieja su gamta. Juza romane kaip žiniuonis ar raganius tautosakoje. Jis vienintelis žino taką per Kairabalę, pažįsta visokias žoleles, žino gamtos reiškinių prasmę. Juza jaučia ir pažįsta gamtą ir žemę. Romane Kairabalė rgi turi sakmiškų bruožų. Žmonių nemėgstama, aplenkiama, netinkama gyventi, pilna pavojų. Adomo Adomėliui su Vasia pavyksta išsigelbėti tik persikėlus per Kairabalę. Juzos prisitaikymas Kairabalėje, išgyvenimas ir yra žmogaus sakmiškas susidūrimas su mitiniu pasauliu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-09-30 13:08:46',62,'','2010-09-30 13:16:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-09-30 13:08:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,232,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1699,'Žemaitės asmenybės bruožai','emaits-asmenybs-bruoai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nepaskendo buityje, norėjo šviestis, troško kultūrinės veiklos. Tai įrodo pirmiausia Žemaitės pažintys ir bendradarbiavimas su žymiais to meto visuomenės veikėjais - Povilu Višinskiu, Jonu Jablonskiu, Gabriele Petkevičaite - Bite ir kitais. Be to, Žemaitė, iš kiekvienos situacijos stengėsi sau išpešti naudos, ypač siekdama viestis. Kaip, pavyzdžiui, \"susipažino su Čiotkikio dvarininkais Požarskiais, kurie patys nustebo, iš kur prasta valstietė taip gerai lenkiškai kalba, susidraugavo. Ir vėl Julijai į naudą: prijunko prie jų bibliotekos, gavo lenkiškų knygų.\" Be to, Žemaitė dar tuomet, kai P. Višinskis buvo studentas, laukdavo jo parvežamų knygų. Ir tapusi rašytoja, Žemaitė neužsidarė prie savo sąsiuvinio, o skaitė, švietėsi, tobulėjo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Darbšti, mokėsi, tobulėjo. \"Pagerėjo gyvenimas, ir vėl prasiveržė potraukis knygai, taip sunkiai gaunamai. Prie spingsulės žlibino akis rudens naktimis. Skaitė ką gavo, be jokio pasirinkimo, tik nelipo prie sielos religinės, nepakentė gąsdinimo pragaro kančiomis, velniais. &lt;…&gt; Keista, nebežavėjo poezija, jausminga, pakili kaip jaunystės metais, kai gyveno pas dėdyną. Ir nuotykių romanas, pasakojimas apie senovės kunigaikščių žygius, kur daug egzaltuoto heroizmo, didybės, nesirėžė giliau. Jausmingumas nevirpino širdies. Kur gyvenimo druska? Druskos! Dabar traukė kitokio tipo knyga: kur rūstūs socialiniai vaizdai, skaudūs kontrastai, paprastas, be jokių vingrybių pasakojimas. Ir žmonės, paimti lyg iš kasdieninės tikrovės. Ar būtų kaimas, ar miestas. Vaizduose matė gyvą gyvenimą.\"</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-04 09:23:05',62,'','2010-10-04 09:27:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-04 09:23:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,231,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(1700,'J. Aisčio poezija. Eilėraščių analizė','j-aisio-poezija-eilrai-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuo Putino Aistis suko atgal į folklorą, žodį pervedė per sodiečio vaizduotei būdingas formas, pratęsė tą lyrizmo variantą, kurio ištakų ieškojome liaudies dainose. (Viktorija Skrupskelytė). Jonas Aistis pratęsė tyriausias lietuvių lyrikos tradicijas, į viršūnes iškėlė mūsų eleginę  (eleginis - graudus, liūdnas ) poeziją, suteikė jai formos preciziškumą, lankstumą ir spindėjimą, pagilino lietuvių poezijos kalbinį meistriškumą, parodė mums kuklų, o drauge pasakiškai gražų Lietuvos peizažą, šalia savo individualios gėlos atverdamas kosminę tragediją ir sielvartą. (A. Vaičiulaitis). 1937 m. J. Aistis (1904 - 1973 ), gavęs Švietimo ministerijos stipendiją, išvyko į Prancūziją. Studijavo  prancūzų viduramžių raštiją. Dramatiškai klostantis Lietuvos istorijai, namo nebegrįžo. 1946 m. persikėlė gyventi į jav, kur ir mirė. Išeivijoje poetas rašė : “ Būti poetu ir likti be žemės yra gal daugiau nei fizinė mirtis, ypač tokiam kaip aš.. “  šis begalinis tėvynės ilgesys ir paties, kaip poeto drama, atsispindėjo ir jo eilėraščiuose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaip poetas, rašydamas graudulingas eiles, atveria džiaugsmą?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visas realybės netobulumas ir pasaulio bei žmogaus egzistencijos tragiškumas yra gilioji Aisčio kančios priežastis.Kančią jis regi glūdint visoje pasaulio buityje, jos gelmėse. Tarytum kančia - pirmapradis visos būties principas. Visa būtis išvien yra tarsi pasaulio sielvarto aimana. Eilėraštyje “ Septynios psalmės “ visuotinis skausmas glūdi ir tvyro net saulėj - “ kaip aštrūs kalavijai “.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">… Septyni sopuliai , seotynios psalmės… Eilėraštyje skausmas prilyginamas psalmei  (psalmė - biblijinių giesmių pavyzdžiu sukurtas meldimo, padėkos ar šlovinamųjų motyvų lyrikos kūrinys, giesmė) . Sopulys tampa savotiška giesme, kūrėjo sielos psalme. (7 psalmės - atsikartoja septynių dienų motyvas - laikas, per kurį Dievas sutvėrė pasaulį.) Šį skausmo ir nevilties jausmą  poetas eilėraštyje įvardina kaip savo pirmąją meilę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-04 09:29:01',62,'','2010-10-04 09:33:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-04 09:29:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,230,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1701,'Lietuvių egzamino santrauka','lietuvi-egzamino-santrauka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Baltai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Indoeuropiečių šeimos baltų šakai priklauso lietuviai, latviai ir jau išnykusieji prūsai, jotvingiai, kuršiai, sėliai, žiemgaliai. Senovėje šios gentys bendro pavadinimo neturėjo. Romėnų istorikas Tacitas savo veikale “Germanija“ juos pavadino aisčiais. Šį vardą vartojo ir mūsų kalbininkai Jaunius ir Būga. Pirmasis baltų vardą pavartojo kalbininkas Neselmanas. Baltų vardas išvestas iš Baltijos jūros pavadinimo, jis išstūmė aisčių vardą. Baltų vardu kartais vadinamos visos tautos, gyvenančios prie Baltijos jūros: lietuviai, latviai, estai, suomiai. Tiktai kalbos moksle baltais vadinami lietuvių, latvių ir prūsų protėviai. Baltų prokalba kaip savarankiškas kalbinis vienetas, susiformavo antrojo tūkstančio prieš mūsų erą pradžioje, o 4 a. pr. mūsų erą suskilo į vakarų baltų (prūsų) ir rytų baltų (lietuvių - latvių) prokalbes. Vakariniai baltai buvo asimiliuoti germanų o Dniepro baltai - slavų. Savo tautybę išlaikė tik rytinių baltų palikuonys - lietuviai ir latviai. Lietuvių kalba laikoma seniausia iš vis gyvųjų indoeuropiečių kalb, nes ji daugiausia išlaikusi žodžių ir formų, artimų indoeuropiečių prokalbei.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Maždaug 5- 6 a. jau buvo susiformavusios visos šiandien žinomos baltų gentys: kūršiai, prūsai, jotvingiai, žiemgaliai, latgaliai, lietuviai, sėliai. Baltai gyveno atskiromis šeimomis ar gentimis. Apsigyventi stengdavosi prie upių, nes upėmis buvo galima keliauti ir susisiekti vieniems su kitais. Be to upėse veisėsi daug žuvų, tęsėsi didelės pievos, kur galėjo ganytis gyvuliai. Taigi gyventojai vertėsi gyvulininkyste, žemdirbyste, bitininkyste, medžiokle ir žvejyba. Sėdavo daugiausiai rugių ir avižų, daržovių beveik niekas nežinodavo. Daug sėdavo linų. Visa, kas buvo ūkiui reikalinga, gamindavosi patys. Pjautuvais kirto javus, namie verpdavo, ausdavo. Šeimos buvo patriarchalinės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-04 09:33:52',62,'','2010-10-04 09:48:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-04 09:33:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,229,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1702,'Motiejus Valančius','motiejus-valanius','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Motiejus Valančius – vienas iš žymiausių devynioliktojo amžiaus antrosios pusės lietuvių visuomenės ir kultūros veikėjų, istorikas, rašytojas didaktas, švietėjas, blaivybės sąjūdžio organizatorius, nelegalios lietuvių spaudos kūrėjas ir aukšto rango katalikų bažnyčios dvasininkas. Vienas iš pirmųjų M. Valančiaus rūpesčių buvo parapijinių mokyklų steigimas ir rėmimas. Jis reikalavo, kad prie kiekvienos bažnyčios būtų laikoma mokykla, kurioje gimtosios kalbos mokytųsi neturtingo luomo žmonių vaikai. Šį tikslą jis gana gerai įgyvendino – per 10 metų parapijinių mokyklų tinklas išsiplėtė beveik dvigubai. Vėliau, uždraudus lietuvišką raštą, M. Valančius ėmė raginti ūkininkus, kad pasisamdę daraktorių, sodžiuose savo vaikus mokintų skaityti. Taigi, M. Valančius buvo ir slaptųjų “vargo” mokyklų organizatorius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išvaręs plačią švietimo darbo vagą, M. Valančius pradėjo vieną masiškiausių blaivybės akcijų prieš skaudžią tautos piktžaizdę – girtavimą. Jo įsteigto blaivybės sąjūdžio veiklos pasekmės buvo milžiniškos: praėjus dvejiems metams nuo blaivybės sąjūdžio pradžios, degtinės gamyba sumažėjo 8 kartus; Kauno gubernijoje blaivininkai sudarė 83,2% visų katalikų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1864 m. uždraudus spaudą lietuviškais rašmenimis ir įvedus graždanką (lietuviškas tekstas rusiškomis raidėmis), vyskupas M. Valančius neliko abejingas lietuviškos spaudos likimui – ėmė organizuoti nelegalų lietuviškų knygų spausdinimą Rytų Prūsijoje. Knygnešiai pradėjo platinti politinio-religinio turinio knygeles, kurios buvo pirmieji politinės publicistikos pavyzdžiai mūsų literatūroje. Ši Motiejaus Valančiaus suorganizuota nelegali knygų leidybos ir platinimo akcija nurodė kelius savo raštui, kalbai ir kultūrai išsaugoti. Ir jais buvo vaikščiota iki pat spaudos atgavimo 1904 metais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Produktyviausio XIX a. vidurio lietuvių rašytojo M. Valančiaus kūrybinį palikimą sudaro 4 beletristinio pobūdžio knygelės: “Vaikų knygelė” (1868) , ”Paaugusių žmonių knygelė” (1868) , ”Palangos Juzė” (1869), ”Pasakojimas Antano tretininko” (1872) bei istorinis dviejų tomų veikalas “Žemaičių vyskupystė”(1848). M.Valančiaus plunksnai priklauso ir daugybė religinių bei publicistinų raštų, vyskupiški aplinkraščiai. M. Valančiaus kūrybą sunku apibrėžti: ji netelpa į jokius žanro rėmus, joje galima įžvelgti kelių žanrų atgarsius. Vieni kūrinėliai primena pasakėčias, pamokslus, pasakas, kiti artimi hagiografinei literatūrai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-04 09:48:51',62,'','2010-10-04 09:51:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-04 09:48:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,228,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1703,'Rašinys \"Šiapus ir anapus mirties ribos\"','rainys-qiapus-ir-anapus-mirties-ribosq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">MIRTIES PRASMĖS SUPRATIMO TRAUKA</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mus, gyvuosius, nuo jų, buvusių čia, kolei kas skiria riba - mirtis. Tačiau ji ir jungia, traukia link savęs. Sunku susitaikyti su ta mintimi, suvokti tai, kad viskas kinta ir vienąsyk baigiasi. Amžino pastovumo nėra. Na, nebent mirtis, bet nežinau apie ją iš tikrųjų nieko. Galiu šnekėti tik apie gyvenimą ir apie gyvuosius. Atrodytų, jog šiuolaikinis žmogus savo širdyje nejaučia, nesuvokia mirties. „Techniškai mes suvokiame, jog galime mirti, ir apdraudžiame gyvybę, kad apsaugotume saviškius nuo vargo. Tačiau iš tikrųjų širdies gelmėse jaučiamės esą nemirtingi“ (Ph. Aries „Mirties supratimas vakarø kultûros istorijoje“).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tik kartais, kai radikaliai pasikeičia gyvenimas, pajunti jo LAIKINUMĄ. Tą tikrąjį. Supranti, jog laukia dar vienas slenkstis - „mano“ mirtis. Tokia reali. Tačiau kodėl taip sunku ją suvokti? Kodėl nejunti savo mirtingumo, kodėl kiti artimieji neatrodo mirtingi, o mintis apie jų galimą ir tikrą laikinumą atrodo gąsdinanti, todėl varoma šalin? Netgi kai tikima pomirtiniu gyvenimu. Mirtis įgavo dramatišką ir labiau įtemptą pavidalą. „...asmeniškesnis ir intymesnis mirties jausmas, „mano“ mirties jausmas pasireiškė nepaprastu prisirišimu prie gyvenimo, be to - kančių pralaimėjimo ir drauge mirtingumo suvokimu: aistra būti, nerimu, kad nepakankamai būsi“ (ten pat). Šiuolaikinės civilizacijos žmogus lengvai sutinka melo pasaulį, teatrą, kūrybą ir lengvai patiki jais, bet tikėti mirtimi, natūraliausiu ir tikriausiu dalyku, yra baugu ir sunku. Mirties instinkto mums gamta nedavė? Tik instinktą gyventi? O juk iš pradžių mirtis buvo sutinkama lyg su pasyviu nuolankumu, tikint Lemtimi, kuriai nebuvo įprasta priešintis: „Mirtis - tai savo Lemties atpažinimas, kai kiekvienas suvokia, kad jo asmenybė, aišku, nėra sunaikinta, bet užmigusi - requies. (...) Toks požiūris į mirtį išreiškia susitaikymą su Lemtimi ir abejingumą pernelyg įvairioms ir savitoms asmenybės formoms“ (ten pat). Sugebėjimas ramiai numirti ir sutikti artimųjų mirtį - toks buvo mirties instinktas. Mūsų laikų racionalusis žmogus jį praranda, bet gyvenimas dėl to netampa begalinis, todėl susidūrimas su mirtimi atrodo vis tragiškesnis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-04 09:51:34',62,'','2010-10-04 10:01:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-04 09:51:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,227,'','',0,47,'robots=\nauthor='),(1704,'Rašinys \"Motinos paveikslas Žemaitės kūryniuose\"','rainys-qmotinos-paveikslas-emaits-kryniuoseq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ant kuklaus knygos pavidalo jos antkapio Marijampolės kapinėse iškaltas paprastas, bet labai prasmingas užrašas: ,,Liaudies rašytoja Žemaitė”. Tokiu vardu vadinti Žemaitę turime visišką teisę: ji iš tiesų taip sutapusi su liaudimi, su jos gyvenimu, kasdieniniais rūpesčiais ir kova už šviesesnę ateitį, kaip joks kitas lietuvių rašytojas. Iš jos kūrinių iškyla anuometinis (XIX a. pab. – XX a. pr.) etnografinis kaimas, niūrios tamsos ir giedrios šviesos reiškiniai, išnyra lietuvių – valstiečių tipai su savo rūpesčiais ir lūkesčiais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žemaitė – žymiausia lietuvių realizmo kūrėja, didžiausia Žemaitijos rašytoja. Ji sukūrė ryškių charakterių: Katrė, Petras Kurmelis, Vingių Jonas, Topylis. Bet pagrindinė kūrinių situacija – šeimos santykiai. Daugiausia dėmesio skyrė moters likimui. Kritiškai žvelgė į tradicinių moralinių normų pažeidimus. Kūrė teisingo ir gražaus gyvenimo vaizdą. Apsakymuose išryškėja pagrindinis Žemaitė rūpestis: meilė, šeima. Tai rašytojos kūrybos centras, tad apsakymų ciklas ir pavadintas - ,,Laimė nutekėjimo”. Atskiri šio ciklo kūriniai dar labiau pamaloninti - ,,laimelė”, ,,laimelės...”. Ištekėti, vesti, sukurti šeimą, pereiti į kitą šeiminę bendriją – tai svarbiausi žmogaus gyvenimo žingsniai nuo amžių. Bet ar tikrai joje moteris patyrė laimę?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Itin svarbus vaidmuo Žemaitės kūriniuos tenka motinėlėms. Jos, ilgą amželį nugyvenusios, turi sukaupusios didžiulę gyvenimo patirtį ir ja jos dalinasi su savo vaikais ir anūkais. Populiarų liaudies posakį – kokie tėvai, tokie ir vaikai – mes galime pritaikyti ir Žemaitės veikėjams. Senoji Vingienė (,,Marti”) yra tipiškas blogos motinos pavyzdys. Nevalyva, netvarkinga, mėgstanti išgerti, tinginė, rėksnė, grubios šnekos: ,,Tfu! tokios lengvadarbės neprašau! Man nereik cackų pacackų! man reik tokios pat purvabridės kaip ir aš pati”. Be to Vingienė šeimoje yra beteisė, neturi žodžio, ji pavaldi vyrui – šeimos galvai. Vingienė yra tikslus visos Vingių šeimos atspindys. Todėl nereikia stebėtis, kad ir jos sūnelis Jonas yra nesiprausęs, neapskalbtas, grubus ir išgeriantis stuobrys. Tokia motina savo atžalai negali parodyti tikrojo doros kelio, nes ji nežino, kaip jis atrodo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-04 11:33:35',62,'','2010-10-04 11:37:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-04 11:33:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,226,'','',0,49,'robots=\nauthor='),(1705,'S. Nėries eilėraščio \"Žydi saulė\" interpretacija','s-nries-eilraio-qydi-saulq-interpretacija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">M. K. Čiurlionis ir Salomėja Nėris, dvi pirmojo ryškumo žvaigždės lietuvių tautos kultūros padangėje, sakytum, prasilenkė savo gyvenimo orbitomis, kad maždaug po keturių dešimtmečių susilietų ir suskambėtų simfonija, gaivia, kupina gyvybės, virpančių jausmų, svarių minčių ir kūrybos polėkio, poetės šešių eilėraščių cikle. Poetė S. Nėris kartais ištisas valandas prastovėdavo prie M. K. Čiurlionio paveikslų. Kai kurie genialaus dailininko kūriniai davė impulsą gimti naujiems eilėraščiams; vienuose jų poetė atkuria sudėtingo žmogaus vizijas ir subtilų vidinį gyvenimą, kituose,  lyg galingos bangos pakylėta, užkliūva už vienos paveikslo detalės arba tik nuotaikos niuanso ir jį savaip interpretuoja. Analizuojamas  eilėraštis yra išspausdintas S. Nėries cikle “Iš M. K. Čiurlionio paveikslų”. “Žydi saulė” – pavadinimas įprasmina mintis apie grožį, gyvybę, šviesą ir kitokias malonias emocijas.Ar apie tai bus kalbama ir pačiame eilėraštyje?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jau pirmajame posme yra kontrastas (“Žydi saulė raudonais žiedais../ Man vienam ji pražydės juodai”). Taigi nesvarbu, kad antraštė skelbė apie gėrį, suvokiame, jog kiekviename gėryje yra lašelis blogio, kiekviename blogyje – truputis gėrio. Tamsą keičia šviesa, gyvybė baigiasi mirtimi ir vėl atsiranda nauja. Poetė metaforomis kalba apie meilę, kraują, kapą, mirtį. Neįprastas spalvų derinys: raudona – juoda. Pirmojoje eilutėje minima žydinti saulė – tai gyvybė, džiaugsmas, tačiau saulė žydi “paskutinį kartą”, ir dar “pražydės juodai…” Džiugias emocijas keičia niūrios mintys, jos nutrūksta ir pasigirsta impulsyvus retorinis kreipinys: “O gražus, dainuojantis pasauli” Taip išreiškiama meilė žemei, gyvybei. Lyrinis subjektas brangina gyvenimą “pasauly”, kuris apibūdinamas epitetais “gražus”, “dainuojantis”. Gera gyventi tokiame pasaulyje, tačiau jaučiamas lyrinio subjekto liūdesys, nes teks išsiskirti su viskuo, kas jame brangu. Jis jaučiasi bejėgis prieš lemtį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antrojo posmo pirmoje eilutėje pateiktas statiškas vaizdas (“Glaudžias gluosniai kiparisų bokštais”) – tai paralelė didžiuliam skausmui, graudumui ir liūdnai ramybei, nes teks užmigti amžinai. Artėjantis išsiskyrimas skausmingas todėl, kad teks palikti “dainuojantį” pasaulį ir išeiti taip tyliai, kaip “vysta nukirsta žolė” (žmogaus ir žolės paralelė). Tai liūdna ramybė, kai jau susitaikyta su nepermaldaujamu likimu, nes “nebeverks širdis ir nebemylės, - / Ir įpras ji nieko nebetrokšti”. Pasaulis “dainuos”, suksis amžinas gyvybės ratas, saulė augins medį, žolę, žmonės džiaugsis, liūdės ir kentės, tik nebetrokš jau nieko “užmigusi” širdis (perifrazė).<br /> Lyrinis subjektas suvokia, kad artėja išsiskyrimas su gyvenimu, todėl švelniai kreipiasi į mylimąją. Jis tartum pranašas pažvelgia į ateitį (apie tai byloja būsimojo laiko veiksmažodžiai, dominuojantys ir visame eilėraštyje).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Išbalus” mylimoji – stiprių jausmų išraiška. Kai išgyvenama artimo žmogaus netektis.Kitoje eilutėje minima “šalta urna” ir “šilti delnai” – mirtis ir gyvybė -, o žodis “glaus” susieja šiuos du kraštutinumus.“Šaltą urną - glaus šilti delnai.” “Šilti delnai” tartum paskutiniai saulės spinduliai savo meilės šiluma norėtų pašildyti tylinčią širdį. Ir nors urna šalta, tačiau jos viduje – “širdies karščiausias kraujo lašas”, “draugystės mūsų pelenai. Lyrinis subjektas prabyla jau ne vien savo vardu, jis teigia, jog “mūsų” draugystė buvo nuoširdi, tvirta, bet žemiška, todėl liko vien pelenai. Žmogus gimsta vienas, per gyvenimą keliauja vienas, tik trumpam susiranda draugą, kuris užpildo tuštumą. Draugystė – pačios gražiausios drauge praleistos akimirkos. Tačiau tenka išsiskirti, prarasti artimą, mylimą draugą, tuomet apima ilgesys ir palieka atmintis – “širdies karščiausias lašas.”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-04 11:38:20',62,'','2010-10-04 11:42:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-04 11:38:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,225,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(1706,'Robertas A. Heinleinas \"Durys į vasarą\"','robertas-a-heinleinas-qdurys-vasarq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vieną žiemą, prieš prasidedant Šešių savaičių karui, mano katinas Petronijus Arbitras ir aš gyvenome Konektikute, senoje sodyboje. Abejoju, ar ji tebestovi — raketa pataikė visai šalia miesto, o sodyba buvo netoli sprogimo zonos ribos. Tie senieji karkasiniai pastatai dega kaip rūkomasis popierius. Net jei namas ir išliko, kažin ar kas jį benuomoja — juk iškrito radioaktyvios nuosėdos; bet tuo metu mudviem su Pitu ten buvo gera gyventi. Nuomos mokėjau nedaug, nes nebuvo vandentiekio, o valgomajame prie šiaurinio lango pasistačiau stalą braižymui — ten buvo geras apšvietimas. Vienintelis namo trūkumas — vienuolika durų į kiemą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Netgi dvylika, jei priskaičiuosime dar ir Pito duris. Aš visad stengiuosi įtaisyti Pitui atskiras duris; šiuo atveju tam pasitarnavo nenaudojamo miegamojo lange įstatyta lenta, kurioje išpjoviau siaurą, vos katino ūsų pločio landą. Labai jau didelę savo gyvenimo dalį esu praleidęs atidarinėdamas katėms duris. Kartą paskaičiavau, kad nuo civilizacijos aušros šitaip jau sugaišta 97 800 žmogaus darbo metų. Galiu parodyti apskaičiavimus. Pitas paprastai vaikščioja pro savąsias duris, nebent — o tai jam labiau prie širdies — pavyksta priversti mane atidaryti kurias kitas. Bet jei lauke prisnigta, pro savo duris katinas neis už jokius pinigus. Būdamas dar visai mažas murkiantis pūkų kamuolėlis, Pitas susikūrė nesudėtingą filosofiją. Aš privalau rūpintis gyvenamuoju plotu, maistu ir oru; visa kita — jo darbas. Bet svarbiausia mano prievolė — rūpintis oru. Konektikuto žiemos gražios tik kalėdiniuose atvirukuose — tą žiemą patikrinęs savąsias duris Pitas vis nesutikdavo išeiti, nes už jų buvo pilna (o Pitas nekvailas!) nemalonios baltos masės, ir imdavo kaulyti, kad atidaryčiau didžiąsias duris.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Katinas tvirtai tikėjo, kad bent už vienų durų turi būti vasara. O tai reiškė, kad aš kaskart turiu apkeliauti su juo visas vienuolika durų, ir kiekvienas palaikyti atviras, kol Pitas įsitikins, kad ir čia žiema, vis labiau niaukdamasis dėl tokio netikusio mano šeimininkavimo. Po to jis pasilikdavo viduje, ir tik nenumaldomas hidraulinis spaudimas išvydavo jį lauk. Katinui sugrįžus, pėdelėse įšalęs, ledas kaukšėdavo ant medinių grindų tarsi mažytės klumpelės; Pitas rūsčiai žvelgdavo į mane ir jau nebemurkdavo, kol neišsilaižydavo... Tada atleisdavo man — iki kito karto. Bet jis taip ir nenustojo ieškoti Durų į Vasarą. 1970 metų gruodžio 3 dieną aš taip pat jų ieškojau. Mano paieškos buvo beviltiškos — kaip ir Pito sausio mėnesį Konektikute. Sniegas, kiek jo pasitaiko pietų Kalifornijoje, rezervuotas kalnų slidininkams, miestui nelieka; jis turbūt ir šiaip nepasiektų Los Anželo per smogą. Bet mano širdy buvo žiema.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-04 11:42:32',62,'','2010-10-04 11:48:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-04 11:42:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,224,'','',0,48,'robots=\nauthor='),(1707,'Marius Katiliškis','marius-katilikis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Marius Katiliškis (Vaitkus) gimė 1915 m. (kai kur nurodoma 1914m.) Gruzdžiuose prie Šiaulių. Jam būnant dar vaikui tėvai įsigijo žemės Katiliškių kaime, čia pradėjo ūkininkauti. Taip atsirado ir Mariaus Vaitkaus pravardė - Katiliškis. Šeimoje buvo 11 vaikų, jis - devintas. Skirtingai susiklostė jų likimai: vyr. brolis ištremtas, 4 seserys liko tėviškėj, 4 broliai emigravo. Tėvai mirė beveik vienu metu, praėjus dešimtmečiui po karo. Marius buvo labai gabus. Jau penkerių mokėjo skaityti, beganydamas labai pamilo gamtą, paaugęs apsodino medžiais tėvų sodybą. Mėgo piešti, drožinėti. Mokyklą lankė Žagarėje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Baigęs progimnaziją ir atitarnavęs kariuomenėje, Katiliškis dirbo Pasvalio bibliotekoje vedėju. Čia susitiko \"Miškais ateina ruduo\" prototipus. Vedė mokytoją E.Avižuonytę, tačiau prasidėjo karas ir jo eigoj jiems teko trauktis kartu su vokiečiais į Vakarus. Žmona pasimetė ir, klaidingai sužinojus apie Katiliškio mirtį, sukūrė naują šeimą. Katiliškis labai išgyveno, skausmą išliejo kūrynyje \"Prasilenkimo valanda\". Besitraukdamas Katiliškis pateko į anglų nelaisvę, pabėgo, pateko į prancūzų zoną. Čia susitiko su Jonynu, apsivedė su Z.Nagyte (Liūne Sutema). 1949 m. emigravo į JAV. Dirbo kur papuolė: baldų komise, pianinų fabrike, parduotuvėje. Laisvalaikiu piešė, drožinėjo, kūrė. Sulaukė sūnaus Sauliaus. \"Užuovėja\" 1952 m. Pradėjo statyti namus, vėliau nusipirko kapines. \"Miškais ateina ruduo\"-1957; \"Išėjusiems negrįžti\"-1958. Paskutinis romanas nebaigtas - \"Pirmadienis Emerald gatvėje\". Visą gyvenimą dirbo sunkiai, bet taip ir neprasigyveno… Paskutiniu gyvenimo laikotarpiu kartu su žmona dirbo Kazimieriečių pensione. Visą gyvenimą, o ypač 2-ąją jo pusę persekiojo ligos. Gangrena, kepenų cirozė, vėžys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-04 12:24:03',62,'','2010-10-04 12:35:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-04 12:24:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,223,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1708,'Žanrai','anrai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ŽINUTĖ - operatyvus, glaustas pranešimas apie įvykį, faktą, naujieną. Nedelsiant pranešti tai, kas yra svarbiausia. Pateikiama informacija išdėstoma atsakymu Kas? Kur? Kada? Vyko forma. Laiko atžvilgiu įvykis yra aprašomas trejopai: kas vyko, vyksta, vyks. Atspindi visuomeninio, politinio, ekonominio, politinio, kultūrinio gyvenimo įvykius. Pagal pateikiamos informacijos pobūdį jos skirstomos į įvykines- pranešimus, susijusius su konkrečiu įvykiu, ir neįvykines- nauja informacija apie kasdienybės pasikeitimus. Priklausomai nuo pateikiamos informacijos kiekio skiriamos kelios žinučių rūšys: kronikinė (kas, kur, kada. Pavadinime tik vienas žodis), paprastoji (prie kronikinės kas, kur kada pridedama kaip. Apie 4-5 sakinius),  ir išplėstinė (pridedama kodėl. Nebūtina pradėti kronikiniu modeliu, reikalinga papildoma informacija. Būtinas pavadinimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Citata “puošia” žinutę, bet nedaugiau 2 sakiniai. Mažiausiai 2 patikimi šaltiniai. Svarbiausi logiški faktai. Neperkrauti pavardėmis ir skaičiais). Lietuvoje yra 2 žinių tarnybos: ELTA ir BNS. Jos atlieka tarnybinę funkciją. Pasak V.B., “Apverstosios piramidės” principas iš tikrųjų tinka tik labai retais atvejais, nes tai per daug nuobodu. Dar vienas žinutės rašymo būdas : “Iškelto fakto principas”. Iškeliama pagrindinė naujiena, o toliau aiškinami faktai. Efektingas pavadinimas  pritraukia skaitytojo dėmesį. Stilius nebūtinai sausas, tačiau aiškus. Pirmas sakinys - maksimalus informacijos kiekis.Tai vienas seniausių žurnalistikos kūrinių. Atsirado XVII a pr. Laikoma pačiu objektyviausiu kūriniu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ATASKAITA - informacinis žanras, pateikiantis pranešimus apie renginius (suvažiavimus, konferencijas, mitingus, susirinkimus, pasitarimus ir kt.), kur veiksmas reiškiamas žodžiu. Pagrindinis šaltinis yra pranešėjų ar dalyvių kalbos. Atsakaitoje išsamiau ir detaliau negu žinutėje informuojama apie renginį.  Pagal pateikimo formą  skiriamos kelios ataskaitų rūšys: protokolinė(paprastoji), teminė (pagal temas, kurios labiausiai akcentuotos. Kartasi tik vienas pranešimas, o apie kitus tik labai trumpai), probleminė (pagal ginčus, kreipiamas dėmesys į diskusiją, ginčus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-04 12:36:20',62,'','2010-10-04 12:40:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-04 12:36:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,222,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1709,'Saulius Tomas Kodrotas \"Ir apsiniauks žvelgiantys pro langą\"','saulius-tomas-kodrotas-qir-apsiniauks-velgiantys-pro-langq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gyvenimas panašus į rūmą, turintį begalę erdvių kambarių ir ankštų kamarėlių, aibę paprastų ir slaptų koridorių, girgždančių laiptų, troškių užkaborių, drėgnų pripelijusių rūsių ir voratinkliais apžėlusių palėpių. Vienos ertmės gyvenamos, kitos — jau apleistos, ištuštėjusios, negyvos, nuplėšytais sienų išmušalais nelyginant barbarų aukos kūnas su karančiais odos skivytais. Visur — kažkokie šešėliai, kažkokie šmėsčiojantys pavidalai, kurių akis negali pagaut, sustabdyt, užfiksuot. Jie tirpsta, nyksta vos žvilgsnis juos kliudo. Iš visur sklinda tylus juokas ir atodūsiai, kvailas kikenimas, užslopinta rauda ir šnabždesiai, kurių prasmės neįmanoma suvokt, nes ausis neskiria pavienių garsų atskirų žodžių, tik vientisą šnarėjimą, tarsi už lango monotoniškai purkštų smulkus įkyrus lietus. Vyrų, moterų, vaikų šešėliai senių ir jaunuolių pavidalai, šunų, kačių, ožkų, pelių ir šikšnosparnių siluetai plevena pustamsiuose kambariuose. Galima įsivaizduoti, kaip jūs peržengiat horizontą ir atsiduriat praeity (lyg tos šulinių dugne radusios laimę našlaitės), einat ir einat, klaidžiojat painiais labirintais dieną, mėnesį, metus, sutikdami šešėlius, kurie smelkiasi jums pro pirštus, kai pabandot juos sučiupt, įsižiūrėt, atpažint, pasiklaust kelio (pirmyn arba atgal).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Galima įsivaizduoti, kaip jūs peržengiat horizontą ir atsiduriat praeity (lyg tos šulinių dugne radusios laimę našlaitės), einat ir einat, klaidžiojat painiais labirintais dieną, mėnesį, metus, sutikdami šešėlius, kurie smelkiasi jums pro pirštus, kai pabandot juos sučiupt, įsižiūrėt, atpažint, pasiklaust kelio (pirmyn arba atgal) sukat ir sukat ratus, kilpojat, blaškotės iš kambario j kambarį. Didelės skaisčios salės koridorių gale jums teikia vilties, kad tuoj išeisit į šviesą (tikrąja, metafizine prasme), kad tenai laukia vientisas ir nuoseklus jūsų kelionės paaiškinimas ar bent jau šių begalinių rūmų planas (koks pergamento ritinys, akmeninėse grindyse įrėžti ženklai, šachmatų lenta, gaidų sąsiuvinis ar kitkas), bet viltasi tuščiai (jūs tarsi sapne arba slaptingam pitagorietiškam labirinte), paprasta žemiška šviesa ten veržias pro plačius stiklinius langus, už kurių tačiau nieko nematyt, nei medžių, nei kelių, nei dangaus, nei neregio, nei piemens su švilpyne, nei vasnojančių paukščių, ir jūs tik žinot, kad yra dar kitas pasaulis, kita tikrovė, išvis jums nepažįstama ir bauginanti kaip tos žvaigždės gilaus naktinio dangaus prarajoj, į kurias negali žvelgt be šiurpo. Jūs klajojat ir klajojat vis labiau netekdami vilties suvokti rūmo tvarką, jūs skubat genami neaiškios nuojautos, kad nespėsit, jūs bėgat, iki netenkat kvapo ir išeikvojat jėgas, tuomet ropojat, šliaužiat vis pirmyn ir pirmyn (arba atgal, tai, žinia, lygiai tas pats), kol su baime pajuntat, kad liaujatės prisiminę tikslą, kurio šitiek laiko siekėt, jūs sėdatės (ar susmunkat) ant grindų, užsidengę delnais akis ir suspaudę tvinkčiojančius smilkinius, suvokiat, kad niekas jau nebegali jums padėti, kad jus taip pat vieni iš tų šešėlių, kurie kažko siekia, ieško kelio, prasmės ar tikslo. Ir laikas eina, bėga valandos, dienos, o jūs mąstot ir mąstot, žvelgdami į prošal judančius siluetus, kol galop jums ima rodytis, kad galvoj šviesėja, kad jau tuoj tuoj suvoksit kažką tokio, kas padės susigaudyti, kur jūs esat ir kodėl, ir ką reiškia tas beribis statinys... Bet ar taip kada atsitiko?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 07:26:54',62,'','2010-10-18 07:35:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 07:26:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,221,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1710,'Nakties vaizdinių prasmės V.Mykolaičio-Putino lyrikoje','nakties-vaizdini-prasms-vmykolaiio-putino-lyrikoje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nė vieno žmogaus gyvenimo kelias nebūna lygus, vienpusiškas arba  nuolatos ramiai sruvenantis kaip upė. Kiekviena diena vis kitokia, atnešanti naujų išgyvenimų, naujų jausmų, samonę audrina įvairios emocijos, todėl žmogus visą laiką tarsi keičia spalvotus akinius: skirtingose būsenose jis skirtingai vertina save, aplinką ir supančius žmones. Tai atsispindi ne tik mūsų gyvenimuose - poetų kūryboje ypač aiškiai galime pastebėti žmogaus sielos prieštaringumą, požiūrių į daiktus ar reiškinius skirtingumą. Pavyzdžiui, nakties vaizdiniai A.Baranausko \"Anykščių šilelyje\" lyriniam subjektui sukelia ramybės, dėkingumo pojūtį, o Maironio eilėraštyje \"Užmigo žemė\" tie patys tylios nakties vaizdai žmogui tėra ieškojimų, pasiklydimo fonas. Kitiems poetams dar kitaip, o ir tie patys kūrėjai skirtingose eilėse skirtingai vertina naktį. Šiame rašinyje bandysiu apžvelgti nakties vaizdinių prasmes vieno iš XXa. klasikų, Vinco Mykolaičio-Putino, lyrikoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pradėsiu nuo tradicinio požiūrio į naktį, kuriuo teigiama, kad naktis - tai tamsa, paslaptis, neigiama paros pusė. Tamsa siejama su nežinomybe, taipogi ir nenoru žinoti. Apie tai užsimenama eilėraštyje \"Užuojauta žmogui\":</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; padding-left: 30px;\"><br />Užuojauta žmogui,<br />Naktį gimusiam,<br />Šviesos nepažinusiam,<br />Aklam,<br />Žabalam.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naktimi čia vadinama žmogaus sąmonės tamsa, jo užsispyrimas, prie šinimasis naujovėms, žinioms, tiesai. Tamsa apima ne tik protą, bet ir žmogaus jausmus: naktį aplanko daug neigiamų pojūčių - tai baimė, skausmas, sielvartas, kančia. Dienos skausmai ima atrodyti didesni, magiškesni nakties šėšėlyje. Naktis neigia, naktis netiki šviesa, džiausmu, meile:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm; padding-left: 30px;\"><br />Dabar šią nykią naktį<br />Tarp murmančios gelmės<br />Ir sidabrinio Paukščių tako,<br />Kažkas palinksta ties manim<br />Ir, šaldydamas širdį<br />Žvarbiu atodūsiu,<br />Pakuždomis man sako:<br />-Tu meile netikėk!<br />Nėra šioj žemėj meilės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 07:35:55',62,'','2010-10-18 07:53:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 07:35:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',8,0,220,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1711,'Michailas Bulgakovas \"Šuns širdis\"','michailas-bulgakovas-quns-irdisq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ū - ū - ū - ū - ū - hū - hū - hūū! O, pažvelkite į mane, aš žūstu. Pūga tarpuvartėje staugia man amžiną atilsį, ir aš kaukiu su ja. Prapuoliau aš, prapuoliau. Nevidonas su nešvaria kepuraite - Centrinės liaudies ūkio tarybos tarnautojų Normalaus maitinimo valgyklos virėjas šliūkštelėjo verdančiu vandeniu ir nutvilkė man kairį šoną. Koks gyvatė, o dar proletaras. Viešpatie, dieve mano - kaip skauda! Iki kaulų nudegino. Aš dabar kaukiu, kaukiu, bet argi kauksmas pagelbės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kuo aš jam užkliuvau? Nejaugi aš apėsiu Liaudies ūkio tarybą, jeigu pasirausiu šiukšlyne? Gobšus nenaudėlis! Jūs pažvelkite į jo terlę: juk jis kiek paritus, tiek pastačius. Vagis su variniu snukiu. Ak, žmonės, žmonės. Vidurdienį pavaišino mane mulkis verdančiu vandeniu, o dabar jau sutemo, maždaug ketvirta valanda po pietų, sprendžiant pagal tai, kaip kvepia svogūnais iš Prečistenkos ugniagesių komandos. Kaip jums žinoma, ugnia¬gesiai vakarienei valgo košę. Bet tai - paskutinis daiktas, visai kaip grybai. Kita vertus, pažįstami Prečistenkos šunys pasakoja, kad Neglinajos „Baro\" restorane šeriama firminiu patiekalu - grybais su aštriu padažu po 3 rub. 75 kap. už porciją. Tai jau mėgėjams - tas pat kaip laižyti kaliošą... Ū - ū - ū - ū...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šoną skauda nepakenčiamai, ir visiškai aiškiai matyti mano perspektyvų tolumos: rytoj atsivers žaizdos, ir kyla klausimas, kuo aš jas gydysiu? Vasarą galima sulakstyti į Sokolnikus, ten auga ypatinga vaistažolė, be to, be vargo prisiėsi dešrų nuopjo¬vų, piliečiai primėto riebaluoto popieriaus - prisilaižysi. Ir jeigu ne kokia cyplė, laidanti gerklę mėnesienoje - „mylima Aida\" - taip, kad širdis apmiršta, būtų labai gerai. O dabar kur pasidėsi?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 07:54:06',62,'','2010-10-18 07:58:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 07:54:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,219,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1712,'Getė','get','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tais laikais, kai gyveno Getė dar nebuvo griežtų ribų tarp atskirų disciplinų, viena mokslo šaka lengvai pereidavo į kitą ir ne specialistai dažnai sėkmingai įsijungdavo į didįjį atradimų srautą. Toks Pristlis,su kuriuo Getė susidūrė per savo optinius darbus, teologas, pamokslininkas disidentų parapijose savo mažytėj privačioj laboratorijoj atranda deguonį, amoniaką, chloro vandenilį, anglies dvideginį ir tampa žymiausiu Lavuazje pirmtaku. Ruso rašo savo botaniką. Optikas praktikas Dolondas Londone padaro svarbų atradimą — iš įvairių stiklo rūšių sudėtus achromatinius lęšius — ir tuo padeda žengti visai naują žingsnį astronomijoj. Heršelis, muzikos mokytojas ir vargonininkas, tampa vienu didžiausių savo laikų astronomų. Spaustuvininkas Franklinas išranda žaibolaidį; popieriaus fabrikantas Montgolferas kyla su pirmaisiais balionais į orą, o Getės akyse ir Veimaro vaistininkas bando pakilti su tokiu balionu, tik šis nenori skristi, nes yra kvadratinės formos. Grafas Rumfordas, dėl kurio aforizmų optikos tema Getė karštai ginčijasi, kariškis, valstybės vyras, socialinių reformų vykdytojas, išradėjas, gerokai prisidėjo prie šilumos teorijos vystymo. Tokiame pasaulyje gyvena Getė. Jo pasąmonėj tebėra gyva senoji alchemikų mokykla, kurios veikalus kadaise studijavo su panele Kletenberg. Jis užsidegęs atradėjo aistra, kurią mato visur klestint; tai kodėl gi jis, turėdamas tokią ,,gerą galvą” negali padaryti vieno didžiausių šimtmečio atradimų? Kaip tik yra aptikęs vieno jų pėdsakus. Spalvų pasaulio dar niekas iki  šiol neaprašinėjo ir nesuvokė jo esmės. Dabar jis įmins tą mįslę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ir čia jam padeda atsitiktinumas. Getė pasiskolino iš  vieno Jenos profesoriaus keletą prizmių, ketindamas kada-ne-kada paeksperimentuoti. Įkišo jas į stalčių ir užmiršo. Profesorius primena skolą ir pagaliau atsiunčia žmogų paimti prizmių. Getė negaišdamas įteikia jam tuos nušlifuotus stiklelius. Bet paskutinę  akimirką, tiesiog ant slenksčio, paima vieną prizmę į rankas. Iš jaunystės kažkur šmėkso prisiminimas, kad, pažiūrėjus pro prizmę, galima pamatyti margiausią spalvų žaidimą. Viename name kompendijume jis skaitė Niutono tvirtinimą, kad prizmės pagalba šviesą galima išskaidyti į atskiras spalvas. Jis greit nukreipia prizmę į sieną. Siena balta, kambarį buvo neseniai liepęs išbaltinti. Ir žiūrėk: nematyti jokio margo spalvų žaidimo! Jis mato tik sienos baltumą. Jo galvoj žaibiškai sušvinta mintis Niutono teorija klaidinga. Šviesos negalima išskaidyti ir išskirstyti į dalis. Ji yra vientisa: ,,Paprasčiausia, nedaloma, homogeninė substancija, kokią žinome. Ji iš nieko nesusideda. “Juoba iš margų šviesų.\" Taip jis glaustomis tezėmis rašo savo ,patyrimų\" pradžioj. Šią akimirką jį labiausiai jaudina tai, kad padarė esminį atradimą: skaidytojai ir skirstytojai, kurių jis seniai negali pakęsti, klysta. Niutonas, didžiausias šimtmečio autoritetas, neteisingai stebėjo ir padarė neteisingas išvadas. Kas spręsdamas kardinalinį klausimą, gali įrodyti, kad visa teorija, visa mokyklinė išmintis klaidingai mąsto, klaidingai žiūri, tas atliko Koperniko žygį. Tas kaip Kolumbas atrado naują žemę. Getė vėliau tikrai lygins save su Kolumbu.<br />Nuo to įvykio prasideda kelis dešimtmečius trukusi, kaskart vis piktesnė jo kova su Niutonu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prizmių jis dabar nebegrąžina. Pasilieka jas ir išleidžia pasiuntinį, mandagiai atsiprašydamas. Kovai su nekenčiamu Niutono spektru, kurį jam nuolatos, visi primena, jis susikuria savo labai vaizdingą ir poetišką kalbą. Pagal lotyniškąją žodžio prasmę spektrą vadina ,,šmėkla\". Jis dėlioja klastingus šlifuotus stiklelius, iš langų stiklo pasidirba didelę sodo prizmę su mediniu stovu ir tuo būdu išeina pagaliau į gryną orą. Jis piešia, tapo, iš kartono karpo lenteles ir klijuoja ant jų savo pavyzdžius. Ir tučtuojau, nelaukdamas kol tyrinėjimai pasistūmės į priekį, pradeda publikuoti, ką yra patyręs, mat, jam neapsakomai skubu. Jis baisiausiai nekantrus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 07:59:06',62,'','2010-10-18 08:02:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 07:59:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,218,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1713,'S. Nėries biografija','s-nries-biografija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Neblėstanti Salomėjos Nėries šlovė, jos nuostabių eilių užburianti sugestija pirmiausiai rodo, kad didžioji mūsų poetė atspėjo lyrikos paslaptį ir giliai suvokė, kur lypi poezijos magiškoji galia. Pavergiantis nuoširdumas, jaudinantis išgyvenimų gilumas, ištikimybė savo širdies balsui, skausmingai išnešiotai tiesai, tikėjimas gėrio bei humanizmo pergale išvedė ją per klaidžias istorijos kryžkeles.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Salomėja Bačinskaitė gimė 1904 metais lapkričio 17 dieną Kiršų kaime, Alvito valsčiuje. Aplink driekėsi plačios ir derlingos Suvalkijos lygumos. Nedidelė upelė Širvinta buvo ne kartą minima jos eilėraščiuose. Kai tik Salomėja grįždavo į namus, eidavo prie Širvintos pasivaikščioti, pasvajoti, paskaityti mėgstamą knygą. Nuo pat mažens ji mėgo gamta, ypač gėles, žinojo jų vardus, graudžiai vergdavo, jei kas nuskindavo žiedą. Salomėja augo prieštaringoje aplinkoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nors Bačinskų šeima gražiai sugyveno – nebuvo girdėti grubaus žodžio, vieni kitus vadindavo mažybiniais vardais, - tačiau tėvas ir motina buvo labai skirtingo būdo. Tėvas, Simanas, staigus, judrus, karšto temperamento, ambicingas ir išdidus, mėgo juokauti, pasilinksminti, iškrėsti pokštų, pasišaipyti iš kitų. Jis buvo apsišvietęs žmogus, jaunystėje palaikė ryšius su knygnešiais, simpatizavo socializmo idėjoms. Visur jis norėjo pirmauti, išsiskitri iš kitų. Simanas Bačinskas mirė 1933 metais, paligdamas daug skolų. Ūkį pradėjo tvarkyti sūnus Viktoras, nespėjas baigti Žemės ūkio akademijos. Poetė jautriai pergyveno tėvo mirtį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Motina, Uršulė Žemaitytė-Bačinskienė, priešingai, buvo nuolaidi, tyli ir nuolanki, nemėgo triukšmo, su visais maloni, užjaučianti. Ji niekada nesiskųsdavo likimu, kantriai nešė savo naštą, buvo rūpestinga ir mylinti motina. Po stuburo sužeidimo nebevaldė kojos ir turėjo vaikščioti su lazdelėmis. Kurdama eilėraščius apie moters likimą buržuazinėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 08:02:28',62,'','2010-10-18 08:08:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 08:02:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,217,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1714,'Pirmykštė bendruomenė','pirmykt-bendruomen','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogaus atėjimas į pasaulį nuo pirmykštės bendruomeninės santvarkos laikų buvo nepaprastas įvykis. Ilgus šimtmečius jį supo įvairi magija, burtai, turintys apsaugoti naujagimį nuo visa, kas bloga, ir užtikrinti laimingą bei gerą gyvenimą. Jau nėštumo metu moteris dėl to laikydavosi įvairių draudimų, imdavosi burtų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gamta taip yra sutvarkiusi, kad kiekvienas žmogus trokšta palikti savo įpėdinį, kuris tęstų jo giminę, rūpintųsi tais pačiais darbais. Nevaisingumas šeimoje buvo laikomas didele nelaime. Į bevaikę moterį žmonės žiūrėdavo labai nepalankiai. Skaudžiausi jai metami žodžiai buvo “tu bevaikė”. Nuo senų senovės tokioje šeimoje visa kaltė buvo verčiama moteriai. Niekada žmonės negalvojo, kad dėl nevaisingumo gali būti kaltas vyras, todėl gydydavosi tik moterys: gerdavo įvairius žolių nuovirus, burdavo, kalbėdavo maldas ir aukodavo aukas. Šeimos, kurios turėjo daug vaik, taip pat būdavo nepatenkintos. Neturtingoms šeimoms tai buvo bėda, nes jos sunkiai pajėgė išmaitinti didelį vaikų būrį. Pasitaikydavo šeimų, turinčių 18-20 ir daugiau vaikų. Moterys, kurios nenorėjo turėti daugiau vaikų, pastojusios stengdavosi sunkiai dirbti, kad nutrauktų nėštumą, gerdavo įvairių žolių nuovirus. Bet stipriam ir vargo užgrūdintam organizmui retai kada tai padėdavo. Nutraukti nėštumą moterys stengdavosi retai, nes žmonės buvo įsitikinę, kad taip daryti yra nuodėmė: vaikai yra Dievo dovana ir juos reikia nesiskundžiant visus priimti. Priežodis sako: “Dievas davė dantis, duos ir duonos”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kadangi nuo patriarchalinių laikų vyrai buvo laikomi vertingesni už moteris, kiekviena šeima troško turėti daugiau berniukų negu mergaičių. Ypač norėdavo, kad pirmasis būtų sūnus, nes jis turėjo būti tėvo įpėdinis ir paveldėtojas. Jei moteris pirmąją pagimdydavo mergaitę, neretai kentėdavo skaudžius vyro ir jo giminių priekaištus. Dažnai nuo to priklausydavo tolesnis vyro ir žmonos sugyvenimas. Vyras imdavosi visokių burtų, kad tik gimtų sūnus - dažniausiai eidavo gukti su batais ir kepure. Nėštumo metu bandydavo spėti, kas gims. Būdavo sakoma: jei nėščios veidas dėmėtas, gimsianti duktė, o jei skaistus - sūnus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 08:22:00',62,'','2010-10-18 08:24:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 08:22:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,216,'','',0,65,'robots=\nauthor='),(1715,'Džeromas Deividas Selindžeris \"Rugiuose prie bedugnės\"','deromas-deividas-selinderis-qrugiuose-prie-bedugnsq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jeigu jūs tikrai norite pasiklausyti mano pasakojimo, tai visų pirma turbūt norėsit sužinot, kur aš gimiau ir kaip praleidau savo sumautą vaikystę, ir ką veikė mano tėvai, kai manęs dar nebuvo, ir visą kitą koperfildišką šlamštą, bet supraskit, neturiu ūpo kapstytis po tuos niekus. Pirma, baisiai nuobodu, o antra, abu mano tėvai gautų po porą infarktų, jeigu papasakočiau ką nors apie jų asmeninius reikalus. Jie tokius dalykus baisiai ima į širdį, ypač tėvas. Apskritai jie geri ir visa kita — aš nieko nesakau, — bet jautrūs kaip velniai. Be to, nesiruošiu čia jums pasakot visos savo autobiografijos ar panašiai. Daug nesismulkindamas papasakosiu, kokia velniava man atsitiko pernai prieš Kalėdas. Po to aš vos neužverčiau kanopų, ir mane atvežė šičia taisyti sveikatos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tą istoriją aš papasakojau ir D. B. o jis mano brolis ir taip toliau. Jis gyvena Holivude — ne per toliausia nuo šitos pašvinkusios gydyklos — ir aplanko mane, galima sakyt, kiekvieną savaitgalį. Sakė, pats parvešiąs mane namo, kai paleis — gal jau kitą mėnesį. Jis neseniai nusipirko ,,Jaguarą“ — tai toks angliškas automobiliūkštis, laisvai traukia du šimtus mylių per valandą. Arti keturių tūkstančių paklojo. Pinigo jis dabar turi kaip šieno. Ne taip kaip seniau, kai dar gyveno namie. Tada jis buvo normaliausias rašytojas! Jeigu nesat apie jį girdėję, tai pasakysiu, kad jis parašė klasišką apsakymų knygą — ,,Paslėpta žuvelė“. Ten geriausias apsakymas ir yra „Paslėpta žuvelė“. Apie vieną vaiką, kuris niekam neleisdavo pažiūrėti savo auksinės žuvelės, nes buvo ją pirkęs už nuosavus pinigus. Iš koto virsk! 0 dabar D. B. — Holivudo prostitutė, daugiau nieko. Jau kuo kuo, bet kinu tai tikrai šlykščiuosi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Apie filmus nebandykit man ir užsiminti. Pradėsiu pasakoti nuo tos dienos, kai išvažiavau iš Pensio. Pensis — tokia vidurinė mokykla Egerstaune, Pensilvanijos valstijoj. Tikriausiai žinot. Bent jau reklamas tai tikrai esat matę. Garsinasi kokiam tūkstanty žurnalų — ir amžiais demonstruoja tą patį švilpį ant žirgo, šokančio per kliūtis. Tartum niekas čia nieko daugiau neveikia, tik žaidžia ir žaidžia polo. 0 aš, pasakysiu, nesu matęs arti mokyklos nė nusususio arkliūkščio. 0 po tuo švilpiu ant arklio būna parašyta: ,Nuo 1888 metų mūsų mokykla išugdė daug puikių, sveikai protaujančių jaunuolių.“ Pasakokit bobutei! Nė velnio jie ten neišugdo — tas pats, kaip ir kitose mokyklose. Nepažinojau aš Pensy nė vieno puikaus ar sveikai protaujančio ar panašiai. Buvo gal pora vyrukų. Daugių daugiausia — pora. Bet jie turbūt ir atėjo į Pensį tokie.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 08:24:53',62,'','2010-10-18 08:31:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 08:24:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,215,'','',0,46,'robots=\nauthor='),(1716,'Henrikas Algis Čigriejus','henrikas-algis-igriejus','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Henrikas Čigriejus gimė 1933.03.06. Vidugirių kaime (Biržų raj.). Savo tėvo sodyboje baigė neblogą universitetą, kur filosofiją dėstė senelė; istoriją, teisę, ekonomiką - tėvas; pedagogiką, etiką ir baudžiamąją teisę - motina; laisvuosius menus - dėdė Balys. 1946 m. išvažiavo mokytis į Saločius. Mokydamasis Saločių progimnazijoje, gyveno pas smagius giminaičius nedidelėje trobelėje Brastos gatvėje. Ten jis labai mėgo skaityti knygas, kartais su kaimynų mergaite ligi giliausių vidurnakčių prie žibalinės lempos perskaitydavo storiausius tomus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">O paskui autobiografija tarsi nutrūko. Vėliau jis gyveno Vilniuje, tačiau kaip jis sako: “šiam miestui negaliu parašyti nė eilutės”. Dar kelerius metus praleido universitete. Henrikui Čigriejui knyga buvo antrieji namai, antroji gamta. “Kaip įžeisčiau knygą, sakydamas, kad mano sąmonėj ji nepaliko pėdsako. Žaliosios palaukės prie šaltinio ėriukas ir baltojo puslapio juodoji avelė - iš to paties pasaulio, kuriuo negaliu atsistebėti”. Autorius, aukštaitis, žavi subtilia peizažine lyrika, valstietiškai santūria mąstyseną. Pirmąjį rašymo impulsą eilėraštyje teikia kokia pamatyta, rodos, atsitiktinė detalė, sakysim, kokio paukščio susimėtymas virš galvos, suraibuliavęs vanduo, geltonas medis, pasirodęs tau kaip žibintas, biržietiško alaus stiklinę košimo dieną staiga priminusi storą žvakę. Šimtų šimtai atvejų. Nebūtų tokių “atsitikimų”, nebūtų ir eilėraščių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 08:31:35',62,'','2010-10-18 08:41:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 08:31:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,214,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(1717,'Liudas Radžius \"Valdovo ir žmogaus tragedija\"','liudas-radius-qvaldovo-ir-mogaus-tragedijaq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bent kiek susipažinus su Lietuvos istorija, darosi aišku, kad tautos laisvės sargyboje stovėjo labai stiprūs, valingi valdovai. Mes didžiuojamės savuoju karaliumi, Kęstučio drąsa.Gražų puslapį istorijoje įrašė ir Vytautas Didysis. Minėti Lietuvos valdovai žinomi herojiškais žygiais, bet ar jie, kunigaikščiai, buvo laimingi žmonės, mes galime tik bandyti įsivaizduoti.Gaila, bet dažnai šalies valdovas yra nelaimingas žmogus, bandantis savyje suderinti proto balsą su širdies troškimais.Tai mums ir parodo Vinco Krėvės draminis kūrinys “Skirgaila”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvos kunigaikščiui Skirgailai teko valdyti Lietuvą tik dvejus metus (1390-1392).Iš  istorijos žinome, kad tuo metu jau buvo priimta krikščionybė.Bet lietuviams ji dar nebuvo tapusi dvasine savastimi.Dar tebebuvo gyva pagoniškoji dvasia, todėl suprantami kunigaikščio Skirgailos jausmai senajam tikėjimui: jį guodžia bet ramina senosios dainos, stiprybės teikia senojo tikėjimo dievai, o Stardas bei Skurdulis yra artimiausi jo širdžiai žmonės. Bet valdovas supranta, kad krikščionybė yra istorinė būtinybė. Todėl prieš savo valią jis priverstas bendrauti su lenkais bei kryžiuočiais,  kurie kardu ir ugnimi neė į Lietuvą naująjį tikėjimą. Skirgaila privalo atremti Stardo maldavimus išvyti priešus iš savosios pilies. Valdovas, kreipdamasis į senąjį vaidilą, atsako: “aš maloniai klausiau tavo gražių dainų ir dar klausysiu, bet valdymo reikaluose tu man nepatarėjas. Skirgailos vidinį dramatizmą didina ir tai, kad jis suvokia, jog ir lenkai, ir kryžiuočiai, lankydamiesi kunigaikščio pilyje, siekia naudos-nori supjudyti lietuvius su kaimynais ir prisijungti Volynės bei Podolės žemes. O Skirgailos tikslas-apginti Lietuvos valstybingumą ir teritorijos neliečiamumą. Todėl kunigaikštis, motyvuodamas savo sprendimus bei poelgius, pirmiausia vadovaujasi valstybės interesais, o ne asmeniniais troškimais. Kad išsaugotų Lietuvos valstybingumą, jis, valdovas, privalo tapti negailestingu žmogumi. Todėl per prievartą sulaiko pilyje Oną Duonutę ir ją veda. Situacija darosi kėblesnė, nes Skirgaila pamilsta tą, kuriai tiek blogo padarė ir kuri prisipažįsta mylinti kitą. Užgauta vyriška ambicija neleidžia blaiviai mąstyti, todėl Duonutei prižada savo konkurento (Kelerio) galvą. Baisųjį pažadą kunigaikštis ištesi, bet tuo jis visam laikui užsitrenkia duris pas savo mylimąją žmoną ir užsitraukia aplinkinių panieką. Pasirodo, kad kryžiuotis Keleris sugeba būti tauresnis bei kilnesnis už Skirgailą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 08:42:21',62,'','2010-10-18 08:46:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 08:42:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,213,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1718,'Jaunimo gyvenimo tragedija J. Grušo dramoje \"Meilė, džiazas ir velnias\"','jaunimo-gyvenimo-tragedija-j-gruo-dramoje-qmeil-diazas-ir-velniasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">J.Grušo drama “Meilė, džiazas ir velnias” yra tragikomedija. Čia skausmas ir džiaugsmas persipynę tarpusavyje. Rašytojas gyvenimą vaizduoja sustingusį, nesivystantį, be žmogiškųjų vertybių, gėrio ir blogio sumaišytą. Pavadinimas, anot kritikų, yra tik simbolinis, tačiau, mano nuomone, jis puikiai atspindi pagrindines kūrinio mintis. Meilė simbolizuoja gėrį, kurio taip trūksta jauniesiems veikėjams, velnias – blogis, nuo kurio taip sunku pasprukti, o džiazas – tai šių jaunuolių gyvenimo būdas, jų protestas prieš suaugusiuosius. Autorius filosofuoja apie amžinus dalykus – apie gėrį, apie išsigimimo ir nužmogėjimo priežastis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">J.Grušas tuometinį jaunimą, jo problemas parodė ne per vieną, o per kelis paveikslus. Pažvelgus į kiekvieno iš jų vidinį pasaulį pastebime, kad šie atsiskleidžia vis kitomis spalvomis. Visų veikėjų charakteriai sudėtingi, nepanašūs, bet taip pat turi kažką bendro, ko iš karto, galbūt, ir nepastebėsime. Rašytojas jaunimą parodė Andriaus, Juliaus, Luko ir Beatričės paveikslais. Autorius mums ne tik parodo jų praeitį bei dabartį, tačiau atskleidžia jų minčių ir sielos pasaulį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dramos herojams likimas nedraugiškas, nelengvas. Nė vienas iš jų nepatyrė nei šeimos šilumos, nei motinos meilės. Tėvo užaugintas Andrius matė tik žiaurų ir negailestingą jo elgesį. Julius taip pat turėjo tik tėvą, kuris nors ir buvo filosofas, net parašęs knygą apie žmogaus tarpusavio santykius ir meilę, tačiau savo sūnui tos meilės nedavė, nesukūrė jaukaus šeimos židinio. Beatričė, palikta motinos, gyveno su senele, o ši nelabai anūkę mylėjo, kartais net ir į namus neįsileisdavo. Tačiau sunkiausias likimas teko Lukui: jis neturėjo nei tėvų, nei brolių, nei seserų. Šis herojus – visuomenės padugnių atstovas. Jam nebuvo iš kur pasisemti gėrio ir meilės. Veikėjų charakteriams įtakos turėjo ir laikotarpis, kuriame jie gyvena. Tai sąstingio metas, be žmogiškųjų vertybių, kur susipainioję gėris ir blogis. Visa, ką šis jaunimas darė, buvo smerkiama vyresniųjų, o platesnės erdvės, išskyrus “katilą”, jiems pasireikšti neduodama.Tad visiškai akivaizdu, kad herojų charakteriai susiformavo veikiami laiko, santvarkos ir namų aplinkos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 08:46:42',62,'','2010-10-18 08:49:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 08:46:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,212,'','',0,36,'robots=\nauthor='),(1719,'J. R. R. Tolkien \"Žiedų valdovas. Boromiro mirtis\"','j-r-r-tolkien-qied-valdovas-boromiro-mirtisq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aragornas bėgo į kalvą, vis pasilenkdamas prie žemės. Hobitai vaikšto lengvai, ir net Bastūnui nelengva susigaudyti jų pėdsakuose, tačiau netoli viršūnės taką kirto šaltinėlis, ir drėgnoje žemėje Aragornas rado, ko ieškojo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Aš teisingai supratau ženklus, — tarė jis pats sau. — Frodas bėgo į kalvos viršūnę. Ką jis ten pamatė? O grįžo tuo pačiu keliu ir vėl nusileido nuo kalvos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aragornas dvejojo. Jis norėjo pats atsisėsti į aukštąjį sostą, tikėdamasis išvysti kažką, kas išsklaidytų abejones, bet nebuvo laiko. Staiga jis puolė pirmyn ir laiptais aukštyn nuskubėjo į viršūnę. Ten, nuo sosto, jis apsidairė. Bet saulė buvo užtemusi, o pasaulis atrodė tolimas ir blankus. Aragornas apžvelgė viską aplink, bet, be tolimų kalnų, nepamatė nieko, galbūt tik didelį paukštį, panašų į erelį, tolumoje plačiais ratais lėtai besileidžiantį žemyn.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Besidairydamas Aragornas ūmai išgirdo garsus miške, apačioje, vakariniame upės krante. Jis sustingo. Tarp riksmų, savo siaubui, jis atpažino nuožmius orkų balsus. Staiga giliai ir garsiai sugaudė galingas ragas, jo garsas nusirito per kalvas ir atsimušė aidu daubose, nutildydamas net krioklių staugimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Boromiro ragas! — sušuko Aragornas. — Jam reikia pagalbos! — Jis šuoliais nulėkė laiptais ir nubėgo takeliu. — Kokia nelemta diena! Viskas, ką darau, nesiseka. Kurgi Semas? Jam bėgant balsai vis stiprėjo, o ragas skambėjo vis tyliau ir beviltiškiau. Orkai šiurpiai suklykė, ir ragas staiga nutilo. Aragornas įveikė paskutinįjį šlaitą, bet, nespėjęs pasiekti kalvos papėdės, išgirdo garsus tilstant. Jis pasisuko ir nubėgo į kairę, triukšmo link, tačiau šis traukėsi tolyn ir pagaliau visai nutilo. Aragornas išsitraukė savo švytintį kardą ir šaukdamas: „Elendilas! Elendilas!\" ėmė brautis pro medžius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 09:44:31',62,'','2010-10-18 09:51:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 09:44:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,211,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1720,'Ar Juza tragiškas herojus?','ar-juza-tragikas-herojus','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Sakmė apie Juzą” - geriausias J.Baltušio kūrinys, kuriame autorius bandė pavaizduoti lietuvio charakterį, sukaupusį savyje ilgaamžę patirtį. Šio kūrinio pagrindinis herojus Juza - įdomus, patraukiantis skaitytoją savo charakteriu ir likimu, nesuprantamas keistuolis, mažakalbis, bet giliai jaučiantis žmogus. Juza per tamsus, kad savarankiškai susigaudytų, kas vyksta pasaulyje, per daug nepaslankus, kad aktyviai dalyvautų gyvenimo permainose, bet darbštumu ir tvarkingumu, santūrumu ir pastovumu kelia tvirtą pasitikėjimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ar Juza tragiškas herojus? Manyčiau, kad taip. Juzos pasaulyje, tiek išoriniame, tiek vidiniame, įvyksta keletas tragiškų įvykių ir persilaužimų. Vienas jų - tai pasitraukimas iš namų. Svarbiausias žmogaus gyvenimo pagrindas yra namai ir žemė. Todėl didelis dėmesys skiriamas Juzos išėjimui iš jų. Juza negali susitaikyti su ta mintimi, kad prarado savo gyvenimo meilę - Vinciūnę. Dėl to kaip sužeistas žvėris pasitraukia gyventi į Kairablę, vengdamas kitų paguodos žodžių ir baimindamasis, kad pats neimtų guostis. Taip Juza apsigyvena vietoje, kurios kiekvienas kitas žmogus iš tolo lenkiasi. Tuo tarpu jis žino paslaptį, kaip pereiti į neįžengiamas pelkes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Juzos tragizmas nemažai susijęs su juo pačiu, jo jausmais ir vidiniu pasauliu. Juza be galo keistas, kai kuriuos jo elgesio motyvus taip pat sunku paaiškinti. Gal dėl to, kad jame susipina meilė ir neapykanta, dosnumas ir šykštumas, jausmingumas ir atžagarumas. Prisiminkim, karštai Juza myli Vinciūnę, bet kartu jaučia jai ir neapykantą. Jam be galo skaudu žiūrėti ir matyti, kaip padėjo Vinciūnė galvą kitam ant peties ir žydėjo, švietė, visa. Ir suprato tada Juza, kad jau viskas baigta. Šis skausmas ir buvo pagrindinė priežastis, dėl kurios jis paliko savo gimtus namus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 09:51:37',62,'','2010-10-18 10:00:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 09:51:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,210,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1721,'Mariaus Katiliškio \"Užuovėja\"','mariaus-katilikio-quuovjaq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietus - žmogaus prisiminimai, kuriuos sukelia debesys. Daug aprašomas peizažas. Pagrindinis herojus Antaniukas (diedas). Jis nusprendžia mesti darbus ir aplankyti savo gimtąjį Gružiškių kaimą. Pasiima lazdą(kad apsigintų nuo šunų, nes ten šunys palaidi).Beeidamas jis atpažįsta gimtas, nors ir pasikeitusias vietas. Jį paveža senas pažįstamas Vaitiškis. Kalbėdami jie užsimena apie daugelį tolimesnių romano veikėjų.Atrodo, kad jie apšneka kiekvieno romano situacijas. Vaitiškis prasitaria, kad neseniai palaidojo Juozapą Dryžą. Jie susitaria susitikti pas Vitkų ir pakalbėti daugiau….- iš to seka tolimesni romanai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Polaidis - žemdirbys J.Dryža labai myli žemę. Artėja jo patrono šventė, tai jis nutaria padaryti alaus. Jis eina apžiūrėti savo laukų, sutvarko kapinaites. Vieną naktį jis susapnuoja savo laidotuves, labai sunerimsta, ir nueina perkošti alų. Iš ryto jis neatsikelia, jam nesveika.Jis rūpinasi, kad viskas būtų aptvarkyta, išvalyta. Daktaras pasako, kad silpna širdis ir be to jau senatvė.Dryža netrukus miršta. Prieš mirtį jis prašo sūnų, kad palaidotų jį tik jų kapeliuose, po vinkšnom, jo vietoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Apyaušrė - žmonės mėžia mėšlą ir kalba už kokio vyro eis tos bobos pas kurią jie dirba dukra Kristina. Jie kalba, kad jos norėtų Stočkus, bet ji jo nenori , o nori tokio kalvio Elyzo, o jis neturtingas. Kristinos motina labai nori ją išleisti už Stočkaus, o apie kalvį ji nenori ir girdėti. Motina galvoja, kad Stočkus labai turtingas, kad Kristinai ten bus gerai . Ji net sutaria su Stočkumi dėl vestuvių datos . Kristina nekenčia Stočkaus ir su Elyzu sugalvoja vieną naktį pabėgti. Ji susideda savo daiktus. Atėjęs Elyzas klausia ar ji paėmė pinigus. Jis įkalba Kristiną paimti motinos pinigus ir bėgti į miestą.Jai gaila palikti namus. Kristina paima iš skrynios pinigus ir pamato, kad motina miega ant žemės. Ji ją pakelia ir motina pasako, kad sapnavo mirusį savo vyrą( Kristinos tėvą)ir jis buvęs labai piktas, liepęs neleisti Kristinos už Stočkaus. Be to iš vakaro ji sužino, kad Stočkaus ūkis užstatytas banke ir kad jis norėjo ženytis, kad padengtų savo skolas, kad jis nemoka gyventi. Ir sako, kad ji nevers Kristinos ženytis su Stočkumi, o ji galinti ženytis su tuo kalviu. Kristina dabar supranta, kad ir kalvis jos nemyli, o tik nori jos pinigų ir neina pas jį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 11:01:23',62,'','2010-10-18 11:04:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 11:01:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,209,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(1722,'Gėtės \"Faustas\": jo aprašymas,analizavimas','gts-qfaustasq-jo-apraymasanalizavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dar Strasburgo studentas J.V.Gėtė pradėjo rašyti „Faustą\". Su pertraukomis rašydamas, 1808 m. išleido pirmą dalį, o prieš pat mirtį ir antrą. Tai 60 metų darbas. Fausto tragedija. - Tragedijos tema ir mintis paskelbta didingame Dangaus prologe, kur angelai Gabrielius, Rafaelis ir Mykolas skelbia Viešpaties galybę ir tvarką, kuri rikiuoja saulės ir žemės, dienos ir nakties, jūros ir audros kelius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bet apie šitą pasaulio harmoniją ir didybę nieko nenori žinoti Mefistofelis. Jis žiūri tik į žmonių gyvenimą ir nemato tenai jokios harmonijos. Nors žmogus yra gavęs protą, bet gyvena, jis sako, kaip ir kiekvienas gyvulys. Viešpats pasitiki žmonėmis. Nors „žmogus tol klysta, kol žemėje gyvena \", bet „geras žmogus ir miglotuose siekimuose nujaus visad teisingą kelią\". Mefistofelis netiki. Tada Viešpats leidžia jam gundyti Faustą, tą nepaprastų siekių žmogų, kurio „nei toliai, nei artybė negali nuraminti siaudžiančios krūtinės\". Nors Mefistofelis įtrauks Faustą į nuodėmę ir klaidą, bet amžinai išlaikyti jo neįstengs. Kol teisingą kelią suras, turės pereiti daugybę klaidų ir kančių. Jis norės pažinti, naudotis, grožėtis, kurti. Tik kūryboje, darbe, pavesdamas save kitų gerovei jis pasijus laimingas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 11:04:59',62,'','2010-10-18 11:08:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 11:04:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,208,'','',0,97,'robots=\nauthor='),(1723,'William Gibson \"New Rose\" viešbutis','william-gibson-qnew-roseq-viebutis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Septynetas naktų tame karste, Sandii. \"New Rose\" viešbutis. Kaip aš trokštu tavęs. O kartais smogiu tau. Atkuriu tą atmintyje lėtai, pasigardžiuodamas ir be gailesčio, beveik jausdamas. Retkarčiais ištraukiu iš krepšio mažąjį tavo revolverį ir glostau glotnų, pigų chromuotą paviršių. Kinų gamybos dvidešimt antro kalibro žaisliukas; vamzdžio skylutė - siaurutė kaip tavo pranykusių akių vyzdžiai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Foksas nebegyvas, Sandii. Foksas patarė man užmiršti tave. Pamenu Foksą, palinkusį virš gelumbe aptraukto baro padūmavusiame Singapūro viešbučio hole Benkoleno gatvėje. Ir jo rankas, piešiančias įvairias įtakos sferas, vidinę konkurenciją, kažkieno karjeros lanką, silpną tašką, atrastą kokio nors proto tanko šarve. Foksas buvo svarbus žmogus protų karuose, tarpkorporacinių perėjimų organizatorius. Karys, dalyvavęs slaptose zaibatsu - tarptautinių korporacijų, kontroliuojančių ištisų šalių ekonomiką - grumtynėse.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Matau, kaip Foksas šypsosi, greitai kalba, ranka numodamas į mano hipotezes apie tarpkorporacinį šnipinėjimą. \"Viršūnė\", - sako jis. \"Reikia surasti Viršūnę\". JIs priversdavo mus išgirsti didžiąją V. Viršūnė buvo Fokso Gralio taurė, esminis, grynas žmogaus talento trupinėlis, kurio, uždaryto didžiausių pasaulio mokslininkų kaukolėse, neįmanoma parduoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 11:08:38',62,'','2010-10-18 11:11:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 11:08:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,207,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(1724,'V. Kudirkos eilėraščio \"Labora!\" analizė','v-kudirkos-eilraio-qlaboraq-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vincas Kudirka – įžymus lietuvių nacionalinio judėjimo liberalinės srovės ideologas bei vadovas, vienas iš žymiausių XIX a. paskutiniojo dešimtmečio lietuvių rašytojų bei kritinio realizmo atstovų, talentingas publicistas. Aktyvus lietuvių literatūros kritikas, kitų tautų rašytojų kūrinių vertėjas į lietuvių kalbą. “Būdą turėjo švelnų” – taip apie V. Kudirką sakė visi jį pažinoję XIX a. šviesuoliai. Buvęs taktiškas ir linksmas, tvirtų pažiūrų, savo idėjų ir “prižadėjimų jis niekados neatsisakydavo”. Pinigai V. Kudirkai buvo antraeilis dalykas. Gyveno ne “dėl trupinėlio aukso, gardaus valgio šaukšto.\"</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Poetas mokėsi Marijampolės gimnazijoje ir Seinų kunigų seminarijoje, Varšuvos universitete studijavo filologiją, vėliau mediciną. Baigęs mokslus , 1890 metais grįžo į Lietuvą. Universiteto baigimo proga V. Kudirkai kilo mintis parašyti eilėraštį “Labora!”. “Dirbk” – imperatyviai skelbė lotyniškas šio kūrinio pavadinimas. Eilėraštyje “Labora!”liečiami aktualūs visuomeninio gyvenimo klausimai: raginama šviestis ir pasiaukojamai dirbti gimtojo krašto gerovei, ugdyti tautinį susipratimą, smerkiamas savanaudiškumas, išsižadėjus tautinių interesų dėl “trupinėlio aukso, gardaus valgio šaukšto”, išsigandus galimų kliūčių ir sunkumų. Žmogus, ypač jaunas, raginamas dirbti visuomenės labui. Darbuotis visuomenei – doras, aukštas ir kilnus idealas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šis eilėraštis yra parašytas spaudos draudimo metais, todėl jame tiek daug raginimų dirbti, kovoti dėl savo mylimos tėvynės Lietuvos. “Labora!” yra tarsi šūksnis, kuris turėtų pažadinti jaunimą. Eilėraštis pulsuoja jaunatviška energija, gėrimasi jaunystės galiomis. Poetas ragina visus suskubti, nes gyvenimas vietoje nestovi, ir senatvėje žmogus sustingsta, ir darbas nevilioja. Antro posmo eilutė “ kol dega krūtinėj šventa ugnis toji,” byloja, kad jaunimas gali pasiekti daug, nes krūtinėje rusena noras ir užsispirymas, tik šiek tiek jaunimą reikia paskatinti, pastūmėti, nukreipti teisingu keliu. O kai pasieki savo trokštamo tikslo, taip būna gera, “juog menkas ir silpnas net milžinu stoji.” Svarbiausia jog liktų pėdsakas po mirties. Tave turi atsiminti, kad tu buvai žmogus, kad tu gyvenai ir pasiaukojai, darbavaisi žmonijos, tautos labui. O jeigu gyvenimas labai apsunks nuo sunkaus darbo, “tai žvilgtelk ant darbo jaunų draugų tavo.” Jaunimas turi ir pats dirbti, ir seniems būti širdies paguoda. Skatinimas dirbti vien pasižiūrėjimu į juos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 11:12:29',62,'','2010-10-18 11:15:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 11:12:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,206,'','',0,55,'robots=\nauthor='),(1725,'Nacionaliniai lietuvio bruožai','nacionaliniai-lietuvio-bruoai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvių tauta nuo neatmenamų laikų yra susijusi su kaimu.Manau,kad ir daugelio mūsų seneliai ar proseneliai gyvena kaime. Per amžius Lietuvos žmonės sunkiai dirbo žemę, džiaugėsi jos duodamais vaisiais, garbino ją. Gyvendami kaime, gamtoje, žmonės suprato daug gamtos paslapčių, išmoko mylėti žemę kaip savo motiną, savo maitintoją. Dabar, kai žmonės gyvena miestuose, o kaimą užgožia civilizacija,jis prasigeria,visiškai ‘nuvažiuoja’dėl ekonominių sunkumų,daugelis mūsų net nesusimąsto apie senovės Lietuvos kaimą - koks jis buvo, kokie buvo jo žmonės, kokie buvo tų žmonių papročiai, kasdienybė,nesupranta,kad visų mūsų šaknys,mūsų,lietuvių,nacionaliniai bruožai,kultūra iš ten,iš kaimo.Visa tai, kaip ir savo tautos kultūrą, galima labai greitai pamiršti. Nuo užmaršties mūsų praeitį gelbsti rašytojai, kurie savo kūriniuose įamžino senovės lietuvių papročius, tikėjimą, tarpusavio santykius. Skaitydami tuos kūrinius sužinome kaip gyveno mūsų protėviai, galime pasimokyti iš jų klaidų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvių literatūros klasikė Julija Beniuševičiūtė - Žemaitė (1845-1921) gimė nusigyvenusių bajorų šeimoje, bet gyvenimo kelias ją nuvedė į kaimą, apie kurio žmones ji ir rašė savo kūriniuose. Jau pirmasis Žemaitės apsakymas “Rudens vakaras” (“Piršlybos”) nukelia skaitytoją į 19-ojo amžiaus pabaigos sodžių, kur į valstiečio namus pasaulis “ateina” ir savo nedorais, tradicinei lietuvio moralei nepriimtinais paistalais, ir kultūros dalykais. Vėliau pasirodžiusiuose apsakymuose “Topylis”, “Marti”, “Sutkai” išryškėja pagrindinis Žemaitės rūpestis - meilė, šeima. Žemaitė pati buvo kaimo žmogus, todėl jos sukurti gamtos, kaimo ir žmonių  paveikslai labai tikslūs. Skaitydami mes į viską galime pažvelgti autorės akimis. Ji aprašė tai, ką matė, nesukdama galvos, ar tai patiks kitiems.<br />Beveik visus savo apsakymus Žemaitė pradeda gamtos aprašymu. Gamta sugyvinama: saulė žiūri į žemę, šypsosi, griaustinis taip spardosi, kad net žemė išsigandusi virpa. Visa gamta pateikiama labai tikroviškai. Aprašiusi gamtą, Žemaitė piešia trobas. O šios nevienodos: viena “sena, maža, sulinkusi, prastai iš lauko atrodo, bet viduj labai švaru”, kita - kaip Vingių - didelė, bet prišnerkšta. Visas trobos detales Žemaitė aprašo smulkmeniškai. Jei troba švari, tvarkinga - ji žavisi viskuo: iššluota asla, nušveistu stalu, baltai paklota lova. Jei troba netvarkinga, Žemaitė nesikuklindama parodo visą betvarkę, net truputi hiperbolizuoja: “Langeliai seni, maži, tie patys apkerpėję &lt;..&gt;. Palubiais voratinkliai per nosį braukia &lt;..&gt;” Žmones Žemaitė aprašo labai skrupulingai. Apie kiekvieno charakterį, išvaizdą galima spręsti ne tik iš autorės aprašymo, bet ir iš dialogų tarp veikėjų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 11:15:53',62,'','2010-10-18 11:18:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 11:15:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,205,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1726,'J. R. R. Tolkien \"Žiedų valdovas. Karaliaus sugrįžimas\"','j-r-r-tolkien-qied-valdovas-karaliaus-sugrimasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai yra trečioji Žiedų Valdovo dalis. Pirmoje dalyje - Žiedo Brolija - buvo pasakojama, kaip Gendalfas Pilkasis suprato, jog hobito Frodo turėtas žiedas iš tiesų yra Didysis Žiedas, visų Galios Žiedų valdovas. Joje buvo smulkiai išdėstyta, kaip, persekiojami Juodųjų Mordoro Raitelių, Frodas ir jo draugai bėgo iš savo namų Grafystėje, kol pagaliau su Eriadoro Pėdsekio Aragorno pagalba įveikę baisius pavojus pasiekė Elrondo Rūmus Rivendeile.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ten įvyko didysis Pasitarimas pas Elrondą, kur buvo nuspręsta sunaikinti Žiedą, o Frodas paskirtas Žiedo Nešėju. Ten buvo išrinkta ir Žiedo Brolija, turėjusi padėti jam įvykdyti Užduotį: pasiekti, jei pavyktų, Ugninį Kalną Mordore, paties Priešo krašte, - vienintelę vietą, kur galima sunaikinti Žiedą. Broliją sudarė Aragornas ir Gondoro valdovo sūnus Boromiras - nuo žmonių; nuo elfų - Gū-džiosios Girios elfų karaliaus sūnus Legolasas; Gimlis, Gloino iš Vienišojo Kalno sūnus, - nuo nykštukų; Frodas su savo tarnu Se-miumu bei du jauni jo giminaičiai Meriadokas bei Peregrinas nuo hobitų. Brolijoje buvo ir Gendalfas Pilkasis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš Rivendeilo Būrys slapčia patraukė į savo žygį. Jis nesugebėjo žiemą įveikti aukštosios Karadraso perėjos, todėl Gendalfas, ieško-damas kelio po kalnais, pro slaptuosius vartus įvedė juos į didžiąsias Morajos Kasyklas. Ten Gendalfas, kaudamasis su siaubinga požeminio pasaulio dvasia, įkrito į tamsią prarają. Tačiau Aragornas, kuris pasirodė esąs senovės Vakarų Karalių ainis, išvedė Būrį pro Rytinius Morajos Vartus ir nuvedė per elfų kraštą Lorieną, žemyn Anduino upe iki Rauroso Krioklių. Jie jau žinojo, jog yra stebimi šnipų ir padaro, vardu Golumas, kažkada turėjusio Žiedą, o dabar trokštančio jį susigrąžinti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 11:18:44',62,'','2010-10-18 11:21:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 11:18:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,204,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1727,'A. Škėmos palikimas ','a-kmos-palikimas-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Draminis Antano Škėmos (1911-1961) palikimas nėra didelis-devynios įvairaus dydžio ir nevienodo brandumo pjesės. Kai kurios jų (\"Živilė\", \"Vieną vakarą\", \"Pabudimas\", \"Šventoji Inga\", \"Vienas ir kiti\", \"Žvakidė\") yra vaidintos išeivių scenos terpėse, labai prieštaringai vertintos ir vėliau kiek primirštos. Autorius labiau garsėjo romanu \"Balta drobulė\", apysakomis ir apsakymais, nei savo draminiais veikalais, tačiau jie vis dėlto tiek savo problematika, tiek parašymo stiliumi yra vieni iš iškiliausių 20A. vidurio veikalų.  A.Škėmos labai sceniška dramaturgija, kupina teatrinės magijos ir dvasingumo , patraukianti drąsiais formos užmojais. Pats, A.Škėma, būdamas aktoriumi  ir režisieriumi, gerai perprato vidinio veiksmo politiką, personažų sielų santykiavimo ritmus. Jo pjesės - baladinio pobūdžio. Visa, kas jose vaizduojama - tartum pusiau sapnas, neaiški haliucinacija. Personažai -lyg iš kažkieno sudirgintos fantazijos rūko išplaukę gaivalai. Konfliktinės situacijos dažnai saistomos grėsmingų sukrėtimų, neišvengiamos žūties nuojautų ar kruvinos depresijos, per kurią einama į savęs atradimą, priešiškų širdžių santarvę, dvasinę harmoniją. Meilė, švelnumas, romantiškos meilės ilgesys čia susipynę su beveik siurrealistinėmis žiaurumo apraiškomis, kančia, melodramišku sielvartavimu dėl žmogiškųjų vertybių žlugimo. Ši estetinė tikrovė nėra realaus gyvenimo kopija, vis dėlto joje ryškiai šviečia ir istorinio laiko rodyklė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A.Škėmos dramatiškasis subjektas - 20a. smurtą, netikrumą, apgaules, išdavystes patyręs, save praradęs ir savęs ieškantias žmogus. Vienur jis viską iškenčiantis,  stoiškas, kitur krentantis į juodą nevilties bedugnę, kerštaujantis likimui ar maldaujantis dangaus malonės. Vienišas žmogus ir jį supantis susvetimėjęs pasaulis- svarbiausi A.Škėmos draminiai pradmenys. Jo herojai privalo stoti į vieną arba į kitą pusę žūtbūtiniame pasaulio lūžyje, jų pasirinkimą valdo amžinieji gėrio ir blogio principai, kuriems turi paklusti individuali būtis skaudžiai trupėdama, vyksmas grindžiamas \"mirties momentu\", kuris yra reikšmingiausia tikrovė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">\"Pabudime\"(1949-1950) mostalgiškas žmogiškumo susidūrimas su pasaulio beprotybe nepalyginamai realus ir psichologiškai motyvuotas. Veiksmas vyksta Vilniaus NKVD rūsiuose, tardymų bei kankinimų patalpose pirmaisiais stalinistinių represijų Lietuvoj metais. Šioje dramoje NKVD tardymų kamera tampa ta ervde, kurioje žmogus išbandomas mirtimi ir meile.  Laisvės kovotojų konfrontacija su nuožmiais smurto vykdytojais yra beatodairiška ir užsibaigia kruvinu finalu. Įtampą sustiprina meilės trikampis-komplikuotas dviejų skirtingų moksladraugių varžybos dėl moters. \"Pabudimo\" uždangai pakilus pirmiausia matome baimę ir maldą. Kun.Antanas neramiai miega, jo gyvenimą supa baisūs sapnai . Su kiekvienu \"Tėve mūsų\" kunigo širdy, smegenyse, visam kūne aidi žingsniai pas jį ateinančios mirties. Šiam Dievo pateptajam mirtis ateina kaip baimė gal todėl, kad jis, nors ir kunigas, vis dėlto yra kartu ir silpnas žmogus. Kazys tvirtas, ironiškas, bet irgi gyvena mirties šešėlyje, jis irgi suklumpa ir sako:\"Aš bijau, kunige. Aš labai bijau, kunige.\' Jis irgi dar neišmoko būti žmogumi, jo valanda dar ateis. Jo meilė Elenai susideda iš \"La Camprasita\", iš pabučiavimų ir iš jos nustūmimo nuo tikrai svarbių, bet ir pavojingų gyvenimo aspektų nežiūrint to, kad Elena yra jo žmona. Meilė yra laimėjimas, o jos nebuvimas- pralaimėjimas ir dvasios pražūtis. Tikroji meilė glaudžiai susijusi su mirtim, nes jei Kazys nori kad Elena tikrai būtų jo žmona, jis turi išdrysti pasmerkti tam pačiam pavojui, kuris jam jo darbe gresia. \"Pabudime\" mirtis ir meilė vaikščioja prisidengę keliais pavidalais: laimėjimas ir žmogiškumas, nusikaltimas ir išpirkimas. O savo aukščiausią prasmę įgyja jie tik paskutinę gyvenimo minutę ir tada pasidaro labai panašūs, lyg ir susilieja į vieną. Kartą A.Škėma yra pasakęs : \"Mirties momentas yra pati reikšmingiausia tikrovė\". \"Pabudimo\" personažai peržengia  empiriškosios realybės ribą, eina į individualybės esmę. Svarbiausia šios pjesės personažų nuostata yra etinio vientisumo ir tapatumo ieškojimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 11:22:15',62,'','2010-10-18 11:24:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 11:22:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,203,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1728,'Koks tas faustiškojo tipo žmogus?','koks-tas-faustikojo-tipo-mogus','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiekviena epocha ir kiekviena tauta turi nuomonę - stereotipus, koks turėtų būti žmogus. Tačiau kiekvienam žmogui būdingi bendri bruožai: jis turi būti gražus ne tik išore, bet ir vidumi, turi turėti gerą širdį. Šis Kalokagatijos idealas seniau buvęs labai aktualus ir dabar nesvetimas. Faustiškojo tipo žmogus labai intelektuali, bet ne mažiau prieštaringa asmenybė. Kiekvieno žmogaus krūtinėje gyvena dvi sielos, kurios viena nuo kitos nori atsiskirti. Viena jį kausto prie žemės, kita galingai kyla į erdves.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmonės gimsta, jie auga, mokosi. Jie nori tobulėti, trokšta žinių. Kai jau supranti, jog viskas gyvenime pasiekta, pasijunti toks vienišas ir nelaimingas. Paaiškėja, jog tos žinios dėl kurių tiek kovojai, tau negali suteikti laimės. Tada žmogus padeda kitiems, kad užlopytų tą tuštybės maišą. Kartais tarytum tos pirmosios sielos, kuri traukia prie žemės, sugundytas žmogus padaro tokių dalykų, dėl kurių nukenčia ne tik pats, bet svarbiausia kiti. Jis aiškiai supranta, jog savo blogais darbais įskaudino gal būt jam artimą žmogų, tačiau jau nebegali sustoti. Silpnas savo dvasia žmogus tiek nusivilia gyvenimu, jog gelbėdamasis griebiasi šiaudo: parduoda sielą. Tik laiku suteikta pagalba gali jį išgelbėti. Tai kas gi ta gyvenimo prasmė ir laimė. Manau, ne kiekvienas suranda laimę, nes laimė labai reliatyvus daiktas. Kaip pasakė Ernestas Hemingvėjus: “Jei būtų tiesa, ji būtų užrašyta į vieną storą knygą”. Faustiškojo tipo žmogus ieško harmonijos ir prasmės šiame padrikame ir pilname kliūčių gyvenime. Aplamai – tai žmogus ieškotojas norintis ir galintis daryti gėrį. Savaime aišku, nebūtų jis žmogus, jei bedarydamas gėrį padarys keletą klaidų, tačiau tik per klaidas galima pasiekti tobulybę. Tik faustiškojo tipo žmogus gali ištarti: \"Sustok, akimirksni žavingas”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 11:24:45',62,'','2010-10-18 11:26:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 11:24:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,202,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1729,'Žemaitės kūryba','emaits-kryba','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Julija Žymantienė - Žemaitė - viena žymiausių lietuvių realizmo kūrėjų, ryškiausia Žemaitijos rašytoja. Pagrindinis kūrinių motyvas – šeimos santykiai. Daugiausia dėmesio ji skyrė moters likimui. Apsakymuose išryškėja pagrindinis Žemaitės rūpestis: meilė, šeima. Jau pirmuosiuose savo kūriniuose ji nukelia skaitytoją į devynioliktojo amžiaus pabaigos sodžių. Žemaitė pati buvo kaimo žmogus, todėl jos sukurti gamtos, kaimo ir žmonių  paveikslai labai tikslūs. Skaitydami mes į viską galime pažvelgti autorės akimis. Ji vaizdavo tai, ką matė, nesukdama galvos, ar tai patiks kitiems.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jos kūryboje atsispindi tuometinė kaimo gyventojų buitis, jų papročiai, kultūra ir gyvenimo būdas. Žemaitės apsakymai dažnai primena atskirus gyvenimo įvykius, realias jo scenas. Ji pasakoja neįmantriai, paprastai ir aiškiai, siekdama, kad skaitytojas matytų vaizduojamus dalykus lyg gyvus. Tikrovė jai tampa tarsi tyrinėjimų objektu. Ji pastebi viską, kas yra teigiama ar neigiama. Pavyzdžiui, apsakyme “Marti” apstu neigiamų veikėjų. Tai ir Vingis, ir Vingienė, ir jų sūnus Jonas. Jie įkūnija tuometinio kaimo gyventojų tamsumą, neišsilavinimą, ribotumą. Jie yra savanaudžiai tinginiai, tačiau negali ir nenori to pripažinti ir bando viską suversti kitiems. Ypač nuo to kenčia Katrė - Jono žmona. Ji yra priešingybė visai Vingių šeimai. Joje išaukštinti visi teigiamieji valstietės moters bruožai: švelnumas, darbštumas, tvarkingumas, siekimas šviesesnio gyvenimo ir tikros meilės, žmogiškos šilumos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žemaitė taip įtikinamai vaizduoja tikrovę, kad, skaitydamas jos apsakymus, pasijunti tarsi pats būtum atpasakojamųjų įvykių dalyvis. Jos pasakojimai labai tikroviški. Juos dar papildo tiesioginė veikėjų kalba, išryškinanti kiekvieno personažo vidines savybes. Žemaitei geriausiai buvo pažįstamas valstiečių gyvenimas ir jo sunkumai, todėl dauguma jos kūrinių vaizduoja būtent šio socialinio sluoksnio atstovus. Rašytojai buvo artimos jų problemos, būdingos visam Lietuvos kaimui jos gyvenamuoju laikotarpiu. Todėl ji vaizdavo realią aplinką, tokią, kokią matė aplink save, ir tai, kas, jos manymu, buvo svarbu bei jį labiausiai jaudino.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-18 11:55:54',62,'','2010-10-18 12:03:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-18 11:55:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,201,'','',0,36,'robots=\nauthor='),(1730,'Vienatvės ėjimo į mirtį motyvas A. Mackaus kūryboje','vienatvs-jimo-mirt-motyvas-a-mackaus-kryboje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">\"Žemininkų\" dvasinė patirtis susiformavo dar Lietuvoje. Jau išeivijos sąlygomis brendo tie poetai, kurie iš gimtinės nedaug  ką teišsivežė. Jie vadinami \"bežemių\", kartais ir \"neornamentuotos\" kalbos karta. Pagrindinis jos atstovas yra Algimantas Mackus. Šie poetai jau nebegali atsiremti  nei į namus, nei i gimtąją žemę, nes nebejaučia jų realumo. Suabejojama, ar žmogus apskritai turi kokį nors dvasinės atramos tašką, ar gyvenimas tik nykuma ir beprasmybė. Labiausiai Mackaus pasaulėjauta pakeitė staigus besiformuojančio pasaulio sugriuvimas, tėvynės praradimas. Jo pasaulėjauta skaudi, dramatiška, o kartais ir tragiška. Todėl nenuostabu, kad Mackaus kūryboje dažna yra žmogaus vienišumo tema. Ji kiekviename rinkinyje vis labiau jaučiama.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vienišas žmogus, vieniša ir jo kapo vieta. Visa Mackaus bendražygių karta jautėsi esanti istorijos auka, kuriai atimta galimybė realizuoti savo jėgas, o žmogus  jau ne žmogus, tik praeities nuolaužų ir griuvėsių karta. Lieka vienintelis saviraiškos būdas, įprasminantis buvimą čia ir dabar - poezija. Ir labai dažnai ta poezija yra tarytum atausta įvairiomis mirties pasireiškimo formomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Viena iš mirties formų - gimtosios žemės praradimas. Dar mitinis mąstymas teigia, kad  negali būti žmogaus be jo aplinkos. Gimtoji žemė - šventoji erdvė, apgaubta saugumo aureole, sauganti \"mano\" pasaulį nuo kito, svetimo, paženklinto chaoso ženklu. Tik savoje žemėje įmanoma prigimtinė harmonija, iš jos kyla kūrybinės jėgos, ji - istorinių namų simbolis. Mackus viename eilėraštyje rašė: \"Aš niekada neturėjau žemės…\" Dėl to ir 1952 m. eilių rinkinys pavadintas \"Jo yra žemė\".  Žodžio \"jo\" vartojimas sukuria įtampą, išplečia poetinė erdvė, žadina netikrumo, svetimumo įspūdį. Žemės nėra, ji toli, šalta ir svetima, yra tik lengvai dūžtanti iliuzija, nuspalvinta banalia viltim.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-19 08:59:05',62,'','2010-10-19 09:17:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-19 08:59:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',8,0,200,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1731,'Antanas Kalanavičius','antanas-kalanaviius','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antanas Kalanavičius tragiško likimo poetas. Visą savo nelabai ilgą gyvenimą be pertraukos rašęs eilėraščius, parengęs spaudai keletą poezijos rinkinių ir keletą knygelių vaikams, gyvas būdamas nė vienos knygos taip ir nesulaukė. A.Kalanavičius gimė 1945 metų birželio 5 d. Sapiegiškės kaime netoli Nedzingės, Varėnos rajone. Poeto tėvas Zigmantas Kalanavičius - kalvis, motina - Petrė Miseliūnienė gyveno Sapiegiškės kaime, kur ir įsikūrė šeima. Antanas Kalanavičius - vienas iš keturių šeimos vaikų - baigė Nedzingės vidurinę mokyklą. 1965 - 1968 metais studijavo Lietuvių kalbą ir literatūrą Vilniaus universitete bei Vilniaus pedagoginiame institute.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rašyti pradėjęs paauglystėje, pirmąjį eilėraštį išspausdino Varėnos rajono laikraštyje “Raudonoji vėliava”. Nuo 1965 metų jo eilėraščius publikavo “Literatūra ir menas”, “Kultūros barai”, “Mūsų gamta”, “Jaunimo gretos”, “Kauno tiesa”, “Nemunas” ir kiti laikraščiai. 1967 - 1968 m. A. Kalanavičius bandė kurti dainas. Dalyvavo “Tarybinio mokytojo” paskelbtame konkurse “Skambėk, daina”. Taip pat poetas raė eilėračius, raė, “kad juos kur”, kaip pats sakė, sudarinėjo rinkinius, siūlė leidėjams. Rankračiuose yra eilėraščių, kurie pasirašyti slapyvardžiais – Antanas Dagilis, Dzūkijos iršinas, Antanas Kalana. Iš tėvo, kalvio, poetas paveldėjo talentą ir pomėgį kalti geležį, darė peilius, medžio dirbinius, papuošalus iš briedžio rago, gintaro, vario. Paskutiniuosius savo gyvenimo metus A. Kalanavičius praleido gimtajame vienkiemy su savo motina, o po jos mirties vienas. Kasdien daug rašė. Mirė Antanas Kalanavičius 1992 m. rugsėjo 13 d. – buvo rastas po ištikusio trečio infarkto. Palaidotas Sapiegiškės kaimo kapinėse.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-19 09:19:53',62,'','2010-10-19 10:50:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-19 09:19:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,199,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1732,'A. Vaičiulaitis \"Valentina\"','a-vaiiulaitis-qvalentinaq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">„Valentina”, – mano nuomone, pats graudžiausias lietuvių literatūros kūrinys. Galbūt pelnytai jis gali būti vadinamas gražiausia meilės saga ar jausmingiausiu lietuvio autoriaus romanu. Jis kupina svajonių, o būtent svajonės, kurios, žinome, neišsipildys, ir yra pats graudžiausias dalykas šiame romane (o gal ir apskritai visame plačiame pasaulyje).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mano pasirinkta ištrauka ir žavi Antano svajonių nuoširdumu bei graudumu. Skambant „giedrai” muzikai ir švelniam Valentinos balsui, jis nugrimzta į peizažą, nugrimzta į ramų bei lengvą Čiurlionio paveikslą, nugrimzta į vestuviniu maršu aidintį bažnyčios altorių. Tai, kaip A.Vaičiulaitis vaizduoja muzikos paveiktą Antaną, jo jausmų pasaulį ir patį požiūrį į ilgesingą muziką, rodo, kad jo kūrybą stipriai veikė impresionistinės srovės. Įspūdis, kurį jis sukuria palyginimais, gamtos vaizdais, epitetais ir pačiu svajonės turiniu, yra toks įtikinamas, kad nejučiomis išgyveni tą patį audringą jausmą, kurį patiria Antanas. Vieną akimirką Antano svajonės visiškai susilieja su muzika („Ilgas pabaigos gaudimas nusitęsė kaip baltas nuotakos šydas”), su muzika, kuri tarsi „bijo prabilti ir skambėti tam svetimam pasauly”, kuri sukuria gražiausias svajones ir įkvepia tauriausius jausmus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jausmingoji „Valentina” beveik nepažįsta šiuolaikinių technikos laimėjimų, kūrinio veiksmas galėjo vykti tiek prieš pusšimtį, tiek prieš trejetą šimtų metų, romane vaizduojama ir jo veiksmui nemažai reiškia gamta. V skyriaus pabaigoje, Valentinai giedant „Pastoralę”, pirmas dalykas, kurį prisimena Antanas, yra būtent gamtos vaizdas – jis „prisiminė piemenėlį, sėdintį su švilpyne tarp pirštų ir grojantį, klausant šitiems žaliems medžiams ir pilkiesiems ereliams”. Antanas, mano nuomone, yra žmogus, kuriam gamta reiškia labai daug, nes vos tik pabudus jausmams, jo svajonės susitapatina būtent su gamta. Jam gamta tai harmonijų harmonija, susitaikymas ir ramybė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>\r\n<div id=\"_mcePaste\" style=\"overflow: hidden; position: absolute; left: -10000px; top: 0px; width: 1px; height: 1px;\"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:HyphenationZone>19</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=\"false\" LatentStyleCount=\"156\"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <mce:style><!   /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:\"Table Normal\"; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-parent:\"\"; 	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:10.0pt; 	font-family:\"Times New Roman\"; 	mso-ansi-language:#0400; 	mso-fareast-language:#0400; 	mso-bidi-language:#0400;} --> <!--[endif]-->\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 14.2pt;\">Mano pasirinkta ištrauka ir žavi Antano svajonių nuoširdumu bei graudumu. Skambant „giedrai” muzikai ir švelniam Valentinos balsui, jis nugrimzta į peizažą, nugrimzta į ramų bei lengvą Čiurlionio paveikslą, nugrimzta į vestuviniu maršu aidintį bažnyčios altorių. Tai, kaip A.Vaičiulaitis vaizduoja muzikos paveiktą Antaną, jo jausmų pasaulį ir patį požiūrį į ilgesingą muziką, rodo, kad jo kūrybą stipriai veikė impresionistinės srovės. Įspūdis, kurį jis sukuria palyginimais, gamtos vaizdais, epitetais ir pačiu svajonės turiniu, yra toks įtikinamas, kad nejučiomis išgyveni tą patį audringą jausmą, kurį patiria Antanas. Vieną akimirką Antano svajonės visiškai susilieja su muzika („Ilgas pabaigos gaudimas nusitęsė kaip baltas nuotakos šydas”), su muzika, kuri tarsi „bijo prabilti ir skambėti tam svetimam pasauly”, kuri sukuria gražiausias svajones ir įkvepia tauriausius jausmus.</p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-indent: 14.2pt;\">Jausmingoji „Valentina” beveik nepažįsta šiuolaikinių technikos laimėjimų, kūrinio veiksmas galėjo vykti tiek prieš pusšimtį, tiek prieš trejetą šimtų metų, romane vaizduojama ir jo veiksmui nemažai reiškia gamta. V skyriaus pabaigoje, Valentinai giedant „Pastoralę”, pirmas dalykas, kurį prisimena Antanas, yra būtent gamtos vaizdas – jis „prisiminė piemenėlį, sėdintį su švilpyne tarp pirštų ir grojantį, klausant šitiems žaliems medžiams ir pilkiesiems ereliams”. Antanas, mano nuomone, yra žmogus, kuriam gamta reiškia labai daug, nes vos tik pabudus jausmams, jo svajonės susitapatina būtent su gamta. Jam gamta tai harmonijų harmonija, susitaikymas ir ramybė.</p>\r\n</div>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-19 10:50:51',62,'','2010-10-19 10:53:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-19 10:50:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,198,'','',0,111,'robots=\nauthor='),(1733,'Pasirinktų V. Mačernio eilėraščių analizė','pasirinkt-v-maernio-eilrai-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">V. Mačernio kūryba nėra gausi. Tačiau įvairi ir turiniu, ir formomis, ir žanrais. Tai liudija poeto didelį talentą. Jis rašė vizijas, sonetus, trioletus, giesmes, trumpus aforistinius eilėraščius, taip pat vertė artimus poetus. Tačiau užbaigė vienintelį ciklą “Vizijos” (1939 - 1942). Vizijos tai ypatingi dvasios regėjimai, vaizdiniai kurie išsiskleidžia žmogaus vaizduotėje. Poetinė vizija – tai menine kalba išsakytas vidinis regėjimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Vizijas” sudaro \"Įžanga\", 7 atskiros dalys ir \"Pabaiga\". \"Įžangą\" ir \"Pabaigą\" skiria 3 sudėtingiausių istorinių permainų metai. Prasidėjo karas. Dramatiškas laikas V. Mačernio lyrikoje pirmiausia atsiskleidė būties nerimu. \"Vizijos\" ir \"Įžanga\"  pažymėta dvigubu nerimo ženklu. Į žemę ateina svetimas ir neramus vakaras. Atgimsta ir vaizdai kaip vizijos, prisiminimai. Iš vakaro, iš nakties, iš klaikaus vidurnakčio, iš triukšmo jie eina į šviesą, į saulę, į vidudienį, į tylą, į rimtį. Į tėviškę taip pat ateina vakaras ir naktis, bet ateina po ryto, po šviesos – kaip rami palaima: ”Ramu jau tėviškėj. Mėnulis pro klevus į kiemą žiūri”. Namai yra vienintelė žemės vieta, globiama šviesos ir palaimos. Į gamtos ir namų misteriją, jos centrą V. Mačernis iškelia mirusią senolę kuri drąsiu mostu laukus palaimino (“Trečioji”). Tai yra tarsi apibendrintas moters galios simbolis, būdingas lietuvių pasaulėjautai. Senolė ypatingai brangi “Vizijų” lyriniam herojui. Su ja prasideda pasaulio pažinimas, jos ramybė sutelkta, guodžia. Tai apibendrinantis dvasingas simbolis, žymintis vaikystę. Namai, senolių sodyba, gamta, žemė – amžina gyvybė, nemirtinga, išdidi, gyva kartų ryšiais, į kuriuos sunku įsijungti dabarties blaškomam žmogui, iš namų išėjusiam į pasaulį, norinčiam, bet nebegalinčiam sugrįžti, bet žinančiam kas yra sugrįžimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-19 10:54:18',62,'','2010-10-19 11:17:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-19 10:54:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,197,'','',0,62,'robots=\nauthor='),(1734,'H. Hesė \"Paskutinė Klingzoro vasara\"','h-hes-qpaskutin-klingzoro-vasaraq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paskutinę savo gyvenimo vasarą dailininkas Klingzoras, sulaukęs keturiasdešimt dvejų metų, praleido netoli Pampambijo, Kareno ir Laguno, tose pietinėse vietovėse, kurias nuo seno mėgo ir kuriose dažnai lankydavosi. Ten gimė paskutiniai jo paveikslai, laisvos išorinio pasaulio formų parafrazės, tie keisti, žėrintys, tačiau tykūs, svajingai ramūs paveikslai su palinkusiais medžiais ir krūmus primenančiais namais; žinovai šiuos kūrinius labiau vertino, negu jo „klasikinius\" darbus. Jo paletėje tuomet vyravo kelios itin ryškios spalvos: geltonas ir raudonas kadmis, Veronezės žalis, emeraldas, kobaltas, kobaltas violetinis, prancūzų cinoberis ir geranijų lakas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žinia apie Klingzoro mirtį išgąsdino jo draugus vėlų rudenį. Kai kuriuose jo laiškuose buvo nuojautų arba mirties lūkesčio. Dėl to greičiausiai ir pasklido gandas, kad jis nusižudė. Kiti gandai, paprastai apraizgantys paslaptingą asmenybę, buvo taip pat nepagrįsti. Daugelis tvirtino, jog Klingzoras jau keli mėnesiai buvo psichiškai nesveikas, vienas neva įžvalgus menotyrininkas čia tariama beprotybe mėgino paaiškinti stulbinančius ir ekstaziškus elementus paskutiniuose jo paveiksluose! Tvirtesnį pamatą už visus tuos pliauškalus turi anekdotinė legenda apie Klingzoro potraukį išgerti. Šį pomėgį jis iš tiesų turėjo ir kuo atviriausiai vadino jį tikruoju vardu. Tam tikrais laikotarpiais, ypač paskutiniais savo gyvenimo mėnesiais, dažnokai išlenkdavo taurę ne vien malonumo dėlei, bet ir sąmoningai mėgindamas malšinti vynu savo skausmus ir sunkiai pakenčiamą melancholiją. Jo numylėtinis buvo Li Tai Po, prasmingų puotos dainų kūrėjas, įgėręs jis dažnai save vadindavo Li Tai Po, o vieną savo draugą — Thu Fu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-19 11:17:50',62,'','2010-10-19 11:21:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-19 11:17:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,196,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1735,'Gražinos paveikslas A. Mickevičiaus poemoje “Gražina”','grainos-paveikslas-a-mickeviiaus-poemoje-graina','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Adomas Mickevičius – poetas, kuriuo didžiuojasi ir Lenkijos, ir Lietuvos žmonės. Jo romantiška poema “Gražina ” mena lietuvių kovas su kryžiuočiais. Labiausiai žavi pagrindinė kūrinio herojė – Gražina. Tai Lydos kunigaikštytė, kunigaikščio Liutauro žmona, “už visas gražiausia mergina”. Nors “buvo jis nebe pirmos jaunystės ”, tačiau visus traukė jos “bružai išminties ir moterystės”. Jos išvaizda ir charakteris labai priminė vyrą, nes ji ne tik savo “rimtumu ir gaivumu patraukdavo”,  bet ir ūgiu nė kiek nuo Liutauro neatsiliko. Ji buvo ne vien Liutauro žmona, tačiau ir draugė, ir patarėja, o kai reikdavo, ji paguodavo savo vyrą.  Jos pomėgiai buvo kitokie nei kitų merginų. Jai labiau patiko “medžioklių triukšmas, kovos”, beje, “ant žemaituko susitikę ją, kaimiečiai manė vyrą susitikę”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-19 11:22:01',62,'','2010-10-19 11:24:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-19 11:22:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,195,'','',0,145,'robots=\nauthor='),(1736,'Kodėl V. Krėvė simpatizavo seniems žmonėms?','kodl-v-krv-simpatizavo-seniems-monms','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">V.Krėvė apsakymų rinkinyje \"Šiaudinėj pastogėj\" pavaizdavo XIX a. pabaigos - XX a. pradžios ūkininkų gyvenimą Lietuvos kaime. Rašytojas su didžiu talentu atskleidžia jų rūpesčius, išgyvenimus, darbus, apmąstymus. Viename apsakyme mes sutinkame seną žydą Kušlių, besistengiantį kuo pelningiau parduoti savo silkes, kitame - mažąjį Antanuką, smalsiai klausinėjantį mielosios senelės apie jį supantį pasaulį, tokį keistą ir nepažįstamą… Tačiau ypač mėgstami V.Krėvės personažai - seni žmonės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rašytojas supranta senosios kartos pranašumą, įžvelgia jos didžiulį ir nepaprastai turtingą dvasios lobyną, sielos taurumą… Štai apsakyme \"Bedievis\" V.Krėvė atskleidžia Vainoriaus, praminto kaimo filosofu, apmąstymus, išgyvenimus, troškimus. Šis žilas kaip obelis senelis, net neatmenantis savo nugyventų metų skaičiaus, yra daug jautresnis ir tauresnis už jaunus kaimo vyrus. Jis sugeba pajusti menkiausio vėjelio dvelkimą, išgirsti laibiųjų smilgų šnarėjimą, suprasti mažų paukštelių giesmininkų kalbą… Rašytojas suvokia, kad ir Vainoriaus tikėjimas yra daug gilesnis ir stipresnis negu jaunosios kartos. Senasis filosofas mano, kad \"pragaras ten, kur bloga žmogui, kur skriauda, skausmas, sopuliai, kur žmogus skursta.\"</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">V.Krėvė su didele pagarba ir švelnia meile vaizduoja senas bobules, plušančias, skubančias, laikančias ant savo silpnų pečių visą namų ruošos naštą, pro darbus šviesios dienos nematančias. Apsakyme \"Antanuko rytas\" rašytojas atskleidžia Antanuko senelės begalinę meilę savo anūkui, jos rūpesčius, namų apyvokos darbus, ypatingai turtingą vidinį pasaulį. Ši bobulė moko savo mylimą anūkėlį gerumo, paklusnumo, mandagumo, pamaldumo… Ji atsako į kiekvieną smalsaus Antanuko klausimą. O kiek įvairiausių pasakų sugeba paporinti ši senolė!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-19 11:24:57',62,'','2010-10-19 11:27:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-19 11:24:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,194,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(1737,'Vizijos (Septintoji) interpretacija','vizijos-septintoji-interpretacija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">V. Mačernis - poetas „žemininkas”. Jo kūrybos žmogui būdinga ypatinga žemės, savo protėvių jausena. Glaudus santykis su protėviais bei gimtąja kalba itin ryškus „Septintoje” vizijoje. „Vizija” pradedama erdvės pristatymu: tai „pavasario laukų ir žemės laiminimo” šventė. Laiminimo motyvas sakralizuoja erdvę. Tikriausiai protėviai nedalyvautų šventėj, jeigu jų maitintoja- žemė- nebūtų laiminama. Protėviai sugrįžta tik sakralioje erdvėje. Jų sugrįžimą paženklina džiaugsmas, laimė, šviesa. Šioje šviesoje namai atgyja:„pro langus pasipylė smagios šviesos,/ Ir pasigirdo juokas įstabus”. Lyrinis subjektas idealizuoja protėvius: „Ir jų gražuolės moterys, grakščiai palenkę galvas,/ Šypsojos vėl slaptinga šypsena”. Didžiausia vertybė senolių namuose- tėvų tarmė. Ja didžiuojamasi, o ji atėjusi iš praeities todėl galime numanyti, jog didžiuojamasi tuo, kas atėję iš praeities.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tamsaus vyno ir šviesių gėlių kontrastas( „Tąvakar vynas buvo toks tamsus, ir šviesios gėlės”) išryškina vakaro jausmingumą, užplūdusią pakilią nuotaikos bangą. Emocijos tarytum liejasi upe. Personifikuota upė murma apie „laimės stebuklus”. Akivaizdu, jog lyrinis subjektas džiaugiasi senolių sugrįžimu. Tačiau vidurnaktį puota pasibaigia. Vidurnaktis- neįprastas metas, depresinių išgyvenimų valanda. Pasibaigus pokalbiui nurimsta ir džiaugsmingas namų šurmulys: namai paskęsta „miego ir sapnų rimty”. Tačiau lyrinis subjektas nemiega, jį kankina nežinomas nerimas. Ir jis tik vienas mėnulio atspindį( „Vien mano kambario baltų užuolaidų kuteliais bėginėjo mėnesienos spindulys…”). Mėnulio įvaizdis geriausiai išreiškia lyrinio subjekto vienišumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kankinamas nerimo lyrinis „aš” išeina į sodą. Jo žvilgsnį patraukia „baltas kelias”. Kelio vaizdas-  tai, manau, eilėraščio žmogaus vaizduotės padarinys. Kelias nerealus, turi traukos ypatybę( „Tartum svajonė pakerėta traukė”). Atsiveria dar neregėta, paslaptinga erdvė: „šešėliuotos plačios lygumos, sumigę rugių kalvos, pievų miglos baltos”. Ji primena seną legendą apie karalių gėlę. Karalių gėlė- tai kūrybos versmės simbolis. Ją radęs kūrėjas prabyla žodžiais, panašiais į auksines bites, kurie pavergia paprastų „vargo ir kančios žmonių” širdis. Tada žmonės ima trokšti paslaptingo nemarumo. Vadinasi, karalių gėlė įprasmina gyvenimą, yra jo tikslas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-19 11:27:58',62,'','2010-10-19 11:30:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-19 11:27:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,193,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1738,'A. Nyka - Niliūnas referatas ir eilėraščio analizė','a-nyka-nilinas-referatas-ir-eilraio-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Alfonsas Čipkus lyg tikrąjį savo paties ženklą pasirinko Alfonso Nykos – Niliūno pavardę. Šis žmogus į lietuvių literatūrą įėjo kaip poetas, kritikas ir vertėjas. Tiksli jo gimimo data nežinoma, bet manoma, kad A.Nyka-Niliūnas gimė 1919 metais (kai kurioje literatūroje galima rasti 1920 m.) Nemeikščių kaime, Utenos apskrityje. Gimtinės kraštovaizdis – pakalnėj tekanti Upė, parkas, senų medžių alėja, – tėvo balsu skaitoma knyga formavo kiek kitokį būsimąjį poetą nei kiti to krašto kūrėjai. Visa tai darė jį modernesniu, filosofiškesniu, lavino lakią vaizduotę. Šį ramų gimtąjį kampelį skyrė visai nedidelis atstumas nuo A.Miškinio tėviškės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1938 – 1939 m. Kaune Vytauto Didžiojo Universitete (VDU) pradėjo studijuoti romanistiką ir filosofiją. Vėliau porą metų tęsė šias studijas Vilniaus Universitete (VU). Bet Niliūnui mokslo žinių dar nepakako, todėl 1946 – 1949 m. praleido Tiubingeno ir Freiburgo universitetuose. Čia gilinosi į meno istoriją ir filosofiją. A.Nyka-Niliūnas studijavo ir baigė vokiečių, prancūzų ir anglų literatūras. Tuo pat metu (1946 – 1947 m.) dėstė prancūzų kalbą Freiburgo meno ir amatų mokykloje. Baigęs studijas nuo 1949 m. apsigyveno JAV ir iki pat pensijos dirbo Kongreso bibliotekoje Vašingtone.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A.Nyka-Niliūnas savo kūryba individualus, todėl kitų poetų atžvilgiu jos vertinti negalima. Poezijoje debiutavo 1939 m. Pirmoji knyga “Praradimo simfonijos” išėjo 1946 m Tiubingene.. Buvo išspausdinti ir kiti poezijos rinkiniai: “Orfėjaus medis” (1953), “Balandžio vigilijos” (1957), “Vyno stebuklas” (1974), “Žiemos teologija” (1985). Ne vienas iš šių rinkinių buvo premijuotas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“A.Nykai-Niliūnui būdingi du eilėraščio modeliai – simfoniškas, pagrįstas sąskambiais, ir kalbinis, išaugantis iš kalbos principų ir jų taikymo būčiai.”  Skaitant A.Nykos-Niliūno poeziją chronologine tvarka jaučiamas intensyvus ieškojimas ir palaipsniui artėjimas prie tiesos. Autorius siekia pažinti tikrovę, nes tikrovė – paslaptis. Jo kūrybos žmogus, visapusiškai išgyvendamas, atskleidžia tą paslaptį protu, emocijomis, vaizduote. iškilusias problemas sprendžia remdamasis filosofija, jis įjungiamas į pažinimo veiksmą, praplečiami jo išgyvenimai. Taip pasireiškė poeto modernizmas. Pats A.Nyka-Niliūnas ieško tiesos per save. “Jis veržiasi pasiekti tą sąmonės gelmių pirminį tašką, kur žvilgsnį pasitinka tyros krištolinės formos – daiktai, supą mus tikrovėje, tačiau čia išsivadavę iš medžiagos kalėjimo”  ir prabylantys į mus autentiška kalba. Poetui būtis yra tarsi užkerėta, neišsprendžiama mįslė, todėl jo kūryboje sutinkame kaskart vis neaiškesnes, detališkesnes ir sunkiau suprantamas eiles.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-19 11:31:11',62,'','2010-10-19 12:45:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-19 11:31:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,192,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1739,'Frederic Beigbeder \"Meilė trunka trejus metus\"','frederic-beigbeder-qmeil-trunka-trejus-metusq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš pradžių viskas gražu, netgi jūs pats. Negalite atsipeikėti nuo minties, kaip smarkiai esate įsimylėjęs. Kiekviena diena atplukdo savo stebuklų krovinį. Dar niekas Žemėje nėra patyręs tokio malonumo. Laimė egzistuoja, ji paprasta: tai vienas veidas. Visata šypsosi. Kokius metus gyvenimas – vien saulėtų rytmečių virtinė, net tomis popietėmis, kai sninga. Apie tai rašot knygas. Vedat kiek įmanoma greičiau – kam svarstyt, kai esi laimingas? Galvojimas atneša liūdesį, o juk nugalėti turi gyvenimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antrais metais viskas ima keistis. Tampat švelnus. Didžiuojatės vienybe, kuri įsivyravo jūsų poroje. Suprantat savo žmoną “iš pusės žodžio”, ir koks džiaugsmas būti viena esybe. Gatvėje žmoną kažkas palaiko jūsų seserimi: tai glosto savimeilę, bet nieko gera nesako apie jus. Vis rečiau mylitės ir manot, kad čia nieko baisaus. Esat įsitikinęs, kad kiekviena diena sutvirtina jūsų meilę, nors pasaulio pabaiga jau arti. Stojat už vedybas ginčuose su viengungiais draugais, kurie jūsų nebeatpažįsta. O ar jūs atpažįstat save, kai kartojat atmintinai iškaltus žodžius, verčiančius nežiūrėti į jaunutes paneles, kurios tiesiog nušviečia gatvę?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Trečiais metais jau nebegalite susilaikyti nežiūrėjęs į jaunutes paneles, kurios tiesiog nušviečia gatvę. Nebesišnekat su žmona. Valandų valandas sėdit su ja restoranuose klausydamasis, ką kalba kaimynai prie gretimo stalo. Vis dažniau leidžiat vakarus ne namie, priežastis – daugiau nesidulkinti. Ateina akimirka, kai žmonos negalit pakęsti ilgiau nė sekundės – įsimylėjot kitą. Dėl vieno dalyko neklydot: iš tiesų lemiamą žodį taria gyvenimas. Trečiais metais atsiranda viena gera naujiena ir viena bloga. Gera: pasibjaurėjusi jus palieka žmona. Bloga: pradedate rašyti naują knygą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-19 12:46:08',62,'','2010-10-19 12:50:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-19 12:46:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,191,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1740,'Egzistencializmas santrauka','egzistencializmas-santrauka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">[EGZISTENCIALIZMAS]: po antro pasaulinio karo vakarų literatūroje reiškiasi dvi tendencijos literatūroje. Susijusi su rašytojų siekimu įprasminti karo patirtį, bei žmogaus būtį tik ką praėjusių ir ateityje galimų sukrėtimų akivaizdoje. Šis įprasminimas rėmėsi egzistencializmo filosofiniais principais. Absurdo, žmogaus vienatvės ir beprasmybės idėjose daugelis rašytojų atrado fašizmo ir bolševizmo, žvėriškų nusikaltimų paaiškinimą. Ši filosofija buvo plačiai propaguojama grožinėje literatūroje. Tai lėmė jos populiarumą literatūroje. Susilaukė daug šalininkų pavertusių egzistencializmą mada.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Egzistencializmas kelia būties ir žmogaus egzistavimo problemas - gyvenimo prasmės, mirties, kančios. Žmogaus egzistencijos problema yra pagrindinis egzisencialistų tyrinėjimo objektas. Egzistencijai jie teikia reikšmę prieš esmę. Egzistencija kuriama kiekvienu momentu konkrečioje situacijoje. Žmogus egzistencialistų suprantamas kaip subjektyvi esybė, laisvai pati save kurianti. Klaidinga būtų manyti, kad egzistencialistai žmogų nagrinėja izoliuotai nuo pasaulio ir visuomenės. Jie pripažįsta žmogaus ryšį su kitais ir jį supančiu pasauliu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmonių egzistavimo tarpusavio problema yra labai svarbi egzistencializmo filosofijoje. Neteisinga būtų tapatinti egzistencializmą su kokio vieno filosofo sukurta sistema todėl, kad ši filosofinė kryptis atstovaujama daugelio filosofų ir kiekvienas jų savitai sprendžia egzistencijos klausimus. Egzistencializmo pagrindėjais laikomi vokiečių filosofai Martynas Haidegeris ir Karlas Jaspersas (3-4 dešimtmetis). Prancūzijoje ir Italijoje įsigalėjo II pasaulinio karo ir ypač pokario metais. Prancūzijoje vyravo dvi kryptys: Žano Polio Sarto ateistinė ir Gabrielio Marselio katalikiškoji. Egzistencializmui būdingi bruožai matomi ir lietuvių filosofų Antano Maceinos ir Juozo Griniaus pasaulėžiūroje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-19 12:50:27',62,'','2010-10-19 13:01:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-19 12:50:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,190,'','',0,88,'robots=\nauthor='),(1741,'Trumenas Kapotė \"Pusryčiai pas Tifanę\"','trumenas-kapot-qpusryiai-pas-tifanq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mane visada traukia į tas vietas, kur kadaise gyvenau, į tuos namus ir apylinkes. Pavyzdžiui, vienoje iš septyniasdešimtųjų gatvių rytinėje miesto dalyje yra rudo smiltainio namas – jame aš gyvenau karo pradžioje, pirmąkart atvykęs į Niujorką. Turėjau vieną kambarį, pristatytą visokių griozdų; sofa ir pilvotos kėdės buvo apmuštos<br />raudonu šiurkščiu pliušu, kuris primena tvankias dienas traukinyje. Sienos tinkuotos, o jų spalva lyg tabako spjaudalai. Visur, net ir vonioje, kabojo Romos griuvėsių graviūros, dėmėtos nuo senumo. Vienintelis langas buvo į atsarginius laiptus. Bet vis vien aš iškart pažvalėdavau, vos tik užčiuopdavau kišenėje šio buto raktą. Nors ir niūrus, tai buvo mano butas, pirmasis; ten stovėjo ir mano knygos, ir vazelė pieštukų, kuriuos galėjau smailinti – viskas, ko, mano manymu, reikia rašytojui, o aš ir norėjau tapti rašytoju.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tomis dienomis man niekad nebuvo atėję į galvą rašyti apie Holę Golaitli ir galbūt nebūtų atėję dabar, jeigu ne pašnekesys su Džonu Belu, iš naujo sužadinęs visus mano prisiminimus. Holė Golaitli gyveno tame pat rudo smiltainio name – jos butas buvo po manuoju. O Džou Belas turėjo barą už kampo Leksingtono prospekte. Jis ir dabar jį tebeturi. Mudu su Holė užbėgdavome ten šešis septynis kartus per dieną, ne visada tik atsigaivinti, o ir skambinti telefonu, nes karo metais telefonas buvo sunkiai prieinamas daiktas. Be to, Džou Belas mielai pranešdavo, kas skambino ir ką prašė pasakyti, o Holėi tai buvo nemaža paslauga, nes jai baisiai daug kas skambindavo. Žinoma, visa tai buvo labai seniai, ir iki šios savaitės aš nebuvau matęs Džou Belojau keletą metų. Kartkartėmis mes susitikdavome – užsukdavau į jo barą, kai pasitaikydavo būti tame rajone, bet iš tikrųjų mudu nebuvome dideli draugai – nebent tik tiek, kiek abu draugavome su Holė Golaitli. Džou Belo būdas sunkus, jis pats tai pripažįsta. Taip esą todėl, kad jis viengungis ir kad jo blogas skrandis. Visi, kas jį pažįsta, pasakys, kad su juo sunku susišnekėti. Tiesiog neįmanoma, jei nekalbi apie tai, kuo jam galva pramušta. Vienas toks dalykas ir yra Holė. O kiti – ledo ritulys, veimaranerių veislės šunys, „Šventinė mūsų mergužėlė“ (sentimentali serijinė operetė, kurios jis klausosi jau penkiolika metų) ir kompozitoriai Gilbertas bei Salivenas – jis sakosi esąs giminė vienam iš jų, bet aš neprisimenu kuriam.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-19 13:01:35',62,'','2010-10-19 13:19:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-19 13:01:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,189,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1742,'Jurga Ivanauskaitė \"Placebas\"','jurga-ivanauskait-qplacebasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PRADŽIOJE — akinamai ryškus blyksnis. Paskui — ilgas krytis. Dunkstelėjimas, atsitrenkus į kažką kieta. Į žemę? Tai iš kur krista? Iš dangaus? Kas atsitiko? Lėktuvo katastrofa? Jeigu taip, tai kur ir kodėl skrista? Neįstengė prisiminti. Mirtis? Bet jei mąsto, vadinasi — egzistuoja. Nors ko vertos tokios mintys? Iš visos buvusios patirties galvoje sukosi vienas vienintelis įspūdis. Istorija apie moterį, kuri išliko gyva laineriui nukritus Sibiro taigoje ir, kelias paras laukdama gelbėtojų, sėdėjo užsikirtusiu saugos diržu prirakinta keleivio krėsle tarp lėktuvo skeveldrų, suniokotų medžių ir pradedančių irti lavonų. Julija irgi sėdėjo krėsle. Kaulai atrodė tarsi sulaužyti, o kūnas kaip guminis. Atsimerkė. Buvo uždaroje erdvėje. Kur ji? Koks čia kambarys? Kokiame mieste? Jei gimtajame Vilniuje, tai iš kur tas svetimumo jausmas? Kelinta dabar valanda? Kuri paros dalis? Vakaras? Vidurnaktis? Paryčiai? Koks metų laikas? Pavasaris? Vasara? Ruduo? Žiema? Ar ji čia viena? Jei viena, tai kodėl? Gal nutiko kažkas baisaus? Kas?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jau senokai teko busti šitaip ilgai ir sunkiai. Kažkodėl buvo užmigusi svetainėje, fotelyje. Stengėsi prisiminti, kas vyko vakar vakare. Gal išgėrė per daug vyno? Gal susirgo ir šitaip slopina vaistai? Tamsa buvo tarsi vanduo, kurio apsemti daiktai turėjo savo tikrąsias, dienos, spalvas. Jie atrodė sakytum nutapyti juodame fone, netgi itin ryškūs, lyg iš vidaus apšviesti. Julija neabejojo, kad vis dar naktis. Į jos apsunkusią sąmonę palengva grįžo tikrovės suvokimas. Pažvelgė į sieninį laikrodį. Buvo ketvirta valanda ryto. Keista, kad šalia nėra Bastetės, kad katė nepajuto pabudus šeimininkę, kad nesitrina apie kojas, nešoka ant kelių, nebaksnoja savo drėgna nosimi į jos nosį ir nereikalauja ėsti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Kac kac kac, — pašaukė, bet neišgirdo nei murkimo, nei miauktelėjimo, nei minkštų letenėlių tapenimo per parketą. Kas ir kodėl ją čia vakar šitaip paliko? Juk galėjo nunešti į lovą, net jeigu buvo visai smigusi. Atmintyje jautė didelę nejaukią spragą. Tačiau miglotai prisiminė, su kuo bendravo prieš užmigdama fotelyje. Jei tai tikrai buvo Angelas Sargas, kartu negalėjo kaip nors svaigintis. Jis negėrė nei vyno, nei kavos, nei arbatos, nerūkė, nevalgė mėsos, žuvies, kiaušinių, baidėsi česnako, svogūnų ir, kaip dera aukštesniųjų sferų būtybei arba vampyrui, turėjo dar daugiau įvairiausių keistenybių. Bet vis tiek Angelas Sargas vienintelis nusipelnė Julijos meilės — jausmo, kurį, bėgant metams, gali sau leisti tik kaip išskirtinę prabangą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ar vakar jie susipyko? Dėl kažko nesutarė? Susiginčijo? Julija staiga prisiminė: jie bučiavosi. O paskui sugulė. Nedora lytiškai santykiauti su Angelu Sargu! Jis turbūt užsirūstino. Ir Juliją paliko. Ji jau senokai nujautė, kad įvyks nelaimė. Toji nuojauta slapstėsi už rožinės gyvenimo regimybės lyg pikta katė už šilkinės užuolaidos. Naktį sapnavo tunelį, kurį, remiantis jų pačių liudijimais, regi mirštantieji, sugrąžinti atgal į gyvenimą. Sapnas buvo labai tikroviškas. Julija skriejo siauru tamsos pripildytu koridoriumi, kurio gale kaip taškas, kaip žvaigždė, kaip saulė, kaip amžiams sustabdytas atominis sprogimas tvieskė šviesa. Julija lėkė sukdamasi spiralinėmis įvijomis tarsi kulka šautuvo vamzdžiu, o prieš iššaudama į taikinį, į vaiskųjį švytėjimą akimirką sustingo. Tai buvo esminė riba. Akrobato lynas. Ašmenys. Jai už nugaros plytėjo aklina, spengianti tamsa, o priekyje plieskė nežemiškas švytėjimas. Svaigo galva. Stengdamasi išlaikyti pusiausvyrą, ji kaip ekvilibristė ištiesė rankas į šalis. Nors kur dar būtų galėjusi iš čia nukristi?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-19 13:20:03',62,'','2010-10-19 13:23:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-19 13:20:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,188,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1743,'Dan Brown \"Angelai ir demonai\"','dan-brown-qangelai-ir-demonaiq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Didžiausioje pasaulyje mokslo tyrimo istaigoje — Šveicarijos Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN) — neseniai pavyko sukurti pirmąsias antimedžiagos daleles. Antimedžiaga yra identiška iprastinei medžiagai, išskyrus viena ypatybe — jos dalelių elektros krūvis yra priešingas įprastinės medžiagos dalelių elektriniam krūviui. Antimedžiaga yra galingiausias žmonijai žinomas energijos šaltinis. Ji atpalaiduoja šimtą procentų medžiagoje slypinčios energijos, tuo tarpu branduolinės reakcijos efektyvumas tesiekia 1,5%. Antimedžiaga visiškai neterši ir nesukelia jokios radiacijos, o jos lašelio užtektų Niujorko miestą aprūpinti energija visą parą. Tačiau yra vienas „bet“...</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antimedžiaga labai nestabili. Ji išnyksta kontaktuodama su bet kokia kita medžiaga — netgi su oru. Vieno antimedžiagos gramo energija lygi ant Hirosimos numestos<br />dvidešimties kilotonų atominės bombos energijai. Iki šiol pavykdavo sukurti tik labai mažus antimedžiagos kiekius — vos po keletą atomų. Tačiau CERN pagaliau „pralaužė ledus“. Čia buvo sukurtas naujas antiprotonų lėtiklis — modernus antimedžiagos gamybos įrenginys, kurio pagalba galima pagaminti kur kas didesnius antimedžiagos kiekius.<br />Kyla klausimas: ar ši be galo nestabili substancija išgelbės pasaulį, ar ji bus panaudota kuriant patį mirtiniausią pasaulio istorijoje ginklą?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-19 13:23:52',62,'','2010-10-19 13:32:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-19 13:23:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,187,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1744,'V. Krėvės kūrybos bruožai','v-krvs-krybos-bruoai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">GALVAŽUDYS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Novelė sudaryta iš 3 dalių. Pirmoje ir antroje dalyje veiksmo laikas apima vieną dieną. Jis nurodytas jau pačiame pirmame sakinyje - tai vasaros metas. Novelės ekspozicijoje nurodyta ir veiksmo vieta - pamiškė. Susipažįstame su dviem veikėjais - Žvairių Petriuku ir Juknių Miku, ganančiais kiaules. Veiksmo užuomazga - įpykusio Pliaugos pasirodymas pamiškėje. Ir štai pirmas įvykis: Pliauga sušeria botagu užsisvajojusiems piemenukams už tai, kad jie praganė Kalpoko kiaulę, kuri iškniso bulves. V.Krėvė parodo, kaip vieno žmogaus pyktis iššaukia ir kito pyktį. Petriukas už patirtą skriaudą pasiryžta atkeršyti Kalpoko Žvinei, kuri nuolat pridaro piemenukams rūpesčių. Jis prisideda kišenes akmenų ir sviedžia vieną į kiaulę, kuri ramiai triauškia bulves. Žvinė nė nekriuktelėjusi griuvo ant šono ir nekrustelėjo, kai Petriukas ją čaižė botagu. Tačiau netrukus jo pyktį pakeičia išgąstis. Supranta, užmušęs kiaulę. Štai čia ir paaiškėja, kodėl novelė pavadinta \"Galvažudys.\" Juolab, kad ir bobulė, kuriai piemenukas pasiguodžia, pavadina jį galvažudžiu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Toliau svarbiausi novelės įvykiai yra tokie: bobulė, nenorėdama netekti piemens, pataria Petriukui prigrąsyti Miką, kad jis nesakytų, kas užmušė kiaulę, tačiau Mikas neiškenčia ir tą pačią dieną išplepa Kalpokienei, o įtūžęs Kalpokas ateina pas Žvairius skųsti piemenį ir ruošiasi jį prilupti. Tačiau bobulė gelbsti savo piemenuką ir prašo jo negąsdinti. Visą vasarą Petriukas bėga nuo Kalpoko keršto. Tokie įvykiai buvo I ir II dalysje. III dalis pradedama rudens peizažu. Čia matome Kalpoką, einantį mišku per lietų ir apmąstantį savo sunkią ūkininko dalią. Lietinga, niūri diena, tokios pat graudžios ir Kalpoko mintys. Ir štai kūrinio kulminacija - jis pamato Petriuką, užsiglaudusį už pušelės. Tačiau kaip nekeista, pykčio mažajam galvažudžiui Kalpokas jau nejaučia ir netgi norėtų, kad Petriukas, kaip visada, nuo jo pabėgtų. Bet vaikas nebėga, nors ir girdi ūkininko kosčiojimą. Pasirodo, piemenukas verkia užmuštos Žvinės ir žada atsilyginti Kalpokui, bet šis paglosto ir nuramina sulytą piemenuką. Taigi atomazga visai netikėta - du priešai susitaiko rudenėjančiame miške. Gamta paveikia jų jausmus, daro juos geresniais. Kaip matome, novelėje didelis vaidmuo tenka gamtos peizažui. Pirmoje dalyje, paveikti vasaros peizažo, peimenukai svajoja ir fantazuoja apie miškinius, laumes, antroje dalyje, po lietaus, nusigiedrijus, pakvipus orui, Petriukas atleidžia Mikui išdavystę, o trečiojoje - nei Kalpoko, nei Petriuko širdyje nelieka pykčio, nes taip juos paveikia rudeninis miškas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Novelės kalba vaizdinga, paprasta, atrodo, kad pasakoja apie tai, kas vyksta. Dzūkijos kaimo rašytojas meistriškai atskleidžia tiek Petriuko, tiek Miko, tiek bobulės, tiek Kalpoko psichologiją. Šioje novelėje, kaip ir kituose V.Krėvės kūriniuose matome, kad liaudies žmogus nėra blogas, glaudžiai susijęs su gamta, turi daugybę rūpesčių, darbų ir vargų, tačiau tai neužstelbia jo prigimties gerumo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">\"Galvažudyje\" keliama ne blogio, o kaltės problema, nes kaltę gali suvokti tik jautrios sielos žmogus. Pro grubų buities luobą sklinda nuoširdus jautrumas - didelė dovana žmonių gyvenime. Netikėta apsakymo pabaiga - susitaikymas, dovanojimas - išryškina tas vidines žmonių galias, kurias išjudino pirmas jų gyvenime toks rimtas moralinis kazusas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-19 13:33:26',62,'','2010-10-19 13:36:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-19 13:33:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,186,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1745,'J. Marcinkevičiaus eilėraščio \"Prisipažinimas\" analizė','j-marcinkeviiaus-eilraio-qprisipainimasq-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Viena dažniausiai pasitaikančių poezijoje temų yra žmogaus santykis su pasauliu. Poetas, atskleidžiantis šią temą, dažnai apipina ją alegorijomis ar palyginimais, tuo paslėpdamas pagrindinę mintį ir taip dažnai sustiprindamas eilėraščio įspūdį. Eilėraščio mintį slepia ir Justinas Marcinkevičius savo eilėraštyje „Prisipažinimas”, tuo lyg ir skatindamas kuo įvariapusiškiau interpretuoti kūrinį ir kantriau ieškoti tikrosios reikšmės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">J.Marcinkevičiaus poetinė išraiška paprasta bei nuoširdi. Paprastais žodžiais, kuriais bendraujame kiekvieną dieną, J.Marcinkevičius šiame kūrinyje parodo eilėraščio žmogaus santykį su aplinka, parodo, kad jei ryšys tarp žmogaus ir pasaulio yra netobulas, jį reikia kurti tvirčiau ir stiprinti jį. Pasaulis jam – visų pirma gamta, į gamtą šiame eilėraštyje (o kaip beje ir visame eilėraščių rinkinyje „Gyvenimo švelnus prisilietimas) jis ir atsigręžia. Atsigręžia ne kaip jos užkariautojas, bet kaip mažytė jos dalis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">J.Marcinkevičius šiame kūrinyje – romantikas, parodantis asmenybę, ieškančią idealų, vaizduojantis jausmus ir vidinę eilėraščio žmogaus kovą. Vartodamas epitetus (mūsų akys – „grėsmingai plėšrios, alkanos ir baikščios”) bei palyginimus („kaip nešti šitą fakelą turiu”) autorius sukuria netikrovišką vaizdą, mažytę pasaką. Tuo pačiu ir vaizduojami dalykai – smulkučiai gamtos elementai skatina spręsti, kad šiame eilėraščių rinkinyje (ar bent šiame eilėraštyje) J.Marcinkevičiaus (ar eilėraščio žmogaus) požiūris yra romantiškas. Bet ne banaliai, ne vėjavaikiškai romantiškas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Eilėraščio žmogui gamta reiškia labai daug, kiekvieną savo žingsnį, kiekvieną judesį, kiekvieną sprendimą jis palydi palyginimu su tam tikru vaizdu gamtoje. Tačiau gamta yra ne tik jį supantis pasaulis, prie kurio jis prisirišęs („kas aš be medžio, be žolės, be paukščio”). Harmonija su gamta ir yra jo siekis, jo troškimas. Kiekvieną dieną jis supranta, kad turi į ją eiti ir eiti amžinai (su amžinybe yra lyginamas fakelas), siekti idealios meilės sampratos, ieškoti idealaus ryšio su aplinka ir pasauliu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-19 13:36:25',62,'','2010-10-19 13:38:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-19 13:36:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,185,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(1746,'A. Škėmos kūrybos ypatumai','a-kmos-krybos-ypatumai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Draminis Antano Škėmos (1911-1961) palikimas nėra didelis-devynios įvairaus dydžio ir nevienodo brandumo pjesės. Kai kurios jų (\"Živilė\", \"Vieną vakarą\", \"Pabudimas\", \"Šventoji Inga\", \"Vienas ir kiti\", \"Žvakidė\") yra vaidintos išeivių scenos terpėse, labai prieštaringai vertintos ir vėliau kiek primirštos. Autorius labiau garsėjo romanu \"Balta drobulė\", apysakomis ir apsakymais, nei savo draminiais veikalais, tačiau jie vis dėlto tiek savo problematika, tiek parašymo stiliumi yra vieni iš iškiliausių XXa. vidurio veikalų.  A.Škėmos labai sceniška dramaturgija, kupina teatrinės magijos ir dvasingumo , patraukianti drąsiais formos užmojais. Pats, A.Škėma, būdamas aktoriumi  ir režisieriumi, gerai perprato vidinio veiksmo politiką, personažų sielų santykiavimo ritmus. Jo pjesės - baladinio pobūdžio. Visa, kas jose vaizduojama - tartum pusiau sapnas, neaiški haliucinacija. Personažai -lyg iš kažkieno sudirgintos fantazijos rūko išplaukę gaivalai. Konfliktinės situacijos dažnai saistomos grėsmingų sukrėtimų, neišvengiamos žūties nuojautų ar kruvinos depresijos, per kurią einama į savęs atradimą, priešiškų širdžių santarvę, dvasinę harmoniją. Meilė, švelnumas, romantiškos meilės ilgesys čia susipynę su beveik siurrealistinėmis žiaurumo apraiškomis, kančia, melodramišku sielvartavimu dėl žmogiškųjų vertybių žlugimo. Ši estetinė tikrovė nėra realaus gyvenimo kopija, vis dėlto joje ryškiai šviečia ir istorinio laiko rodyklė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A.Škėmos dramatiškasis subjektas – XXa. smurtą, netikrumą, apgaules, išdavystes patyręs, save praradęs ir savęs ieškantis žmogus. Vienur jis viską iškenčiantis,  stoiškas, kitur krentantis į juodą nevilties bedugnę, kerštaujantis likimui ar maldaujantis dangaus malonės. Vienišas žmogus ir jį supantis susvetimėjęs pasaulis- svarbiausi A.Škėmos draminiai pradmenys. Jo herojai privalo stoti į vieną arba į kitą pusę žūtbūtiniame pasaulio lūžyje, jų pasirinkimą valdo amžinieji gėrio ir blogio principai, kuriems turi paklusti individuali būtis skaudžiai trupėdama, vyksmas grindžiamas \"mirties momentu\", kuris yra reikšmingiausia tikrovė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">\"Pabudime\"(1949-1950) nostalgiškas žmogiškumo susidūrimas su pasaulio beprotybe nepalyginamai realus ir psichologiškai motyvuotas. Veiksmas vyksta Vilniaus NKVD rūsiuose, tardymų bei kankinimų patalpose pirmaisiais stalinistinių represijų Lietuvoj metais. Šioje dramoje NKVD tardymų kamera tampa ta ervde, kurioje žmogus išbandomas mirtimi ir meile.  Laisvės kovotojų konfrontacija su nuožmiais smurto vykdytojais yra beatodairiška ir užsibaigia kruvinu finalu. Įtampą sustiprina meilės trikampis-komplikuotas dviejų skirtingų moksladraugių varžybos dėl moters. \"Pabudimo\" uždangai pakilus pirmiausia matome baimę ir maldą. Kun.Antanas neramiai miega, jo gyvenimą supa baisūs sapnai . Su kiekvienu \"Tėve mūsų\" kunigo širdy, smegenyse, visam kūne aidi žingsniai pas jį ateinančios mirties. Šiam Dievo pateptajam mirtis ateina kaip baimė gal todėl, kad jis, nors ir kunigas, vis dėlto yra kartu ir silpnas žmogus. Kazys tvirtas, ironiškas, bet irgi gyvena mirties šešėlyje, jis irgi suklumpa ir sako:\"Aš bijau, kunige. Aš labai bijau, kunige.\' Jis irgi dar neišmoko būti žmogumi, jo valanda dar ateis. Jo meilė Elenai susideda iš \"La Camprasita\", iš pabučiavimų ir iš jos nustūmimo nuo tikrai svarbių, bet ir pavojingų gyvenimo aspektų nežiūrint to, kad Elena yra jo žmona. Meilė yra laimėjimas, o jos nebuvimas- pralaimėjimas ir dvasios pražūtis. Tikroji meilė glaudžiai susijusi su mirtim, nes jei Kazys nori kad Elena tikrai būtų jo žmona, jis turi išdrysti pasmerkti tam pačiam pavojui, kuris jam jo darbe gresia. \"Pabudime\" mirtis ir meilė vaikščioja prisidengę keliais pavidalais: laimėjimas ir žmogiškumas, nusikaltimas ir išpirkimas. O savo aukščiausią prasmę įgyja jie tik paskutinę gyvenimo minutę ir tada pasidaro labai panašūs, lyg ir susilieja į vieną. Kartą A.Škėma yra pasakęs : \"Mirties momentas yra pati reikšmingiausia tikrovė\". \"Pabudimo\" personažai peržengia  empiriškosios realybės ribą, eina į individualybės esmę. Svarbiausia šios pjesės personažų nuostata yra etinio vientisumo ir tapatumo ieškojimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-19 13:39:21',62,'','2010-10-19 13:42:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-19 13:39:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,184,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1747,'Jonas Mačiulis - Maironis','jonas-maiulis-maironis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Poetas prasideda anksti – vaiskiuose vaikystės toliuose, kai visada nežinoma ateitis ir būsimas pašaukimas. Jo pradžia slypi kažkur ten, už sąmonės ribos, kur panašus į neaprėpiamą okeaną tyvulioja dar nesuprastas pasaulis. Tik iš tolo pasiekia jo paslaptingas alsavimas. Retkarčiais išgirsti duslius bangų dūžius į krantą, bet pavojaus nesuvoki (juk nežinai nei gyvybės, nei mirties kainos). Visa tai tarsi neegzistuoja. Bet sąmonė netrukus pabus, apibrėš savo paskirtį ir tikslus. Žiūrėk – jaukioje vaikystės oazėje virš mažos vaiko galvos pasakų ir regėjimų sparnais jau sklando kūrybos dvasia.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Netinginiavo vaikai: vos paaugę, kiek išgali jau krutė padėdami tėvams. ,,Vasarojų nupjaudavo Mačiulytės: Pranciška, Kotryna ir Marcelė – dalgiukais, apsiuavusios vyžikėm”.(9, Nr. P 6510) Aleksandras Mačiulis savo vaikų nelepino ir neskyrė nuo kitų kaimo vaikų. Vyžomis, naginėmis apsiavę jie ėjo į Betygalos bažnyčia ( persiausdavo tik prie miestelio). Iš atsiminimų ir iš Maironio poezijos susidaro įspūdis, kad Mačiuliuose būta stiprių šeimyninių tradicijų, kažko šviesaus, senoviško. Visus Mačiulių vaikus siejo gerumo ir grožio jausmas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Parvykęs į tėviškę, kurioje po tėvų mirties liko gyventi visos seserys, paskui tik Kotryna su šeima ir Pranciška, Maironis atveždavęs visiems dovanų: ,,nė vieno samdinio neaplenkdavo: vyrams rūkalų ar dar ką, mergaitėms palaidinę, skarelę, piemenukui – vėl pagal amžių. &lt;...&gt; Kai Kaune buvusi pirmoji lietuviška paroda, tai Maironis atvažiavo su lengva mašina – nusisamdęs – ir nuvažė namiškius į tą parodą. O kurie netilpo, ant rytojaus buvo nuvežyi”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nors tėvas Jonukui atrodė rūstokas, neskatinąs atvirumo, jo atminimas sūnui išliko šviesus. Tėvas buvo Bernotų širdis. Jo energija, išmanymas varinėjo šių namų karaują. Motina tik pritarė vyro veiksmams. Vaikas tai jautė. Jį patį gamta apdovanojo panašiais į tėvą būdo bruožais. Sūnus,kaip ir tėvas, bus veiklos žmogus: kartą sumanęs ką, tvirtai sieks tikslo. Mėgs konkrečią veiklą, plačius užmojus. Net aukštus mokslus išėjęs, net poetas būdamas, mėgs fizinį darbą, širdyje taip ir liks valstietis. Ir valandėlę laisvo laiko turėdamas, tuoj puls ką sodinti. Mėgs staliaus darbus, varstotą, drožlių kvapą. Parvažiavęs į tėviškę, nesigėdys eti ganyti, pakeis piemanį, duos šiam poilsio. Nuėjęs į laukus, pradalgę išvarys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-19 13:42:49',62,'','2010-10-19 13:45:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-19 13:42:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,183,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1748,'Vaiko pasaulis Šatrijos Raganos kūryboje','vaiko-pasaulis-atrijos-raganos-kryboje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mano mama nepaliauja kartojusi, kad didžiausias jos turtas – aš ir mano brolis. Ji sako, kad mudu esame tai, dėl ko jos gyvenimas turi prasmę. Mama gyvena dėl mūsų. Ir aš manau, kad mano mama nėra tokia vienintelė. Daug tėvų savo vaikams stengiasi duoti viską, kas geriausia. Tačiau ne visi. tai kodėl vaikai neretai būna nelaimingi, negali gyventi pilnaverčio vaikiko gyvenimėlio.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Labai subtiliai vaiko pasaulį kuria Šatrijos Ragana savo kūryboje. Ji piešia pasaulį tokį, koks jis atrodo žvelgiant mažo vaiko akimis. Perskaičiusi novelę “Irkos tragedija” ir apysaką “Sename dvare” pamačiau, kad gyvendami panaioje aplinkoje, vieni vaikai gali būti laimingesni už kitą. Novelėje “Irkos tragedija” Šatrijos Ragana rašo apie mažą septynerių metų mergaitę Irką, kuri, nors ir gyvena apsupta idealios buities, yra nelaiminga. Apysakoje “Sename dvare” rašytoja vaizduoja pasaulį kitos mažos mergaitės – Irusios – akimis. Šių dviejų vaikų pasaulis visiškai skiriasi. Irusia gyvena apsupta motiniškos meilės ir globos, ji turi du jaunesnius broliukus. Namuose jai miela, ramu:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Už miškų, už upių, tarp daubų ir kalvų stovi seno dvaro medinis rūmas. Ne aukštas, bet ilgas ir platus, su dideliu prieangiu, ant baltų stiebų rymančiu, pilnas meilių kampelių, jaukus ir šiltas, ištikimas visų mūsų džiaugsmų ir liūdesių savo prieglobstin ėmėjas. ”Irusia – laimingas vaikas. Ji gyvena vaikikomis svajonėmis ir mintimis, neretai iš tikrovės nuklysdama į fantazijų pasaulį. Ji turi savo darbelių, įsipareigojimų, tikslų (prižiūrėti savo rožes, pasiūti staltiesėlę mamytės vardi dienos proga), tačiau visa tai jai malonu. Irusia stengiasi elgtis taip, kad mamytė būtų laiminga. Mergaitė mamą myli tyra, vaikiška meile. Ji rūpinasi, kad mama visada būtų laiminga, jaudinasi, kad tik ji neliūdėtų: “Gal ji labai liūdna… O gal net ir ašarų karolėliai rieda per jos mylimus skruostelius, kaip sekmadienį bažnyčioje per suplikacijas… Taip man sopa mamatės ašaros…”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-19 13:46:17',62,'','2010-10-19 13:49:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-19 13:46:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,182,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1749,'Skriaudos ir kaltės suvokimas J. Biliūno kūryboje','skriaudos-ir-kalts-suvokimas-j-bilino-kryboje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">I. J.Biliūnas - vienas žymiausių XX a. pradžios liūdnos prozos kūrėjų. II. Skriauda ir skausmas J.Biliūno kūrybos dėmesio centre. 1. Humanistinis idealas - giliai jaučianti asmenybė. a) skaudus Joniuko likimas. b) užuojauta nelaimingam padarui. c) mergaitės nuopuolio apmąstymas. d) Sabaliūno dvasios taurumas, meilė žmonėms. e) senelis Simanas - šviesus liaudies žmogus. 2. Atlaidumas - vienas iš būdingiausių mūsų žmonių bruožų. III. Pagrindinis J.Biliūno humanizmo bruožas - lyrizmas ir emocingumas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">J.Biliūnas - lietuvių literatūros klasikas. Jo kūrybos tematika: skriauda, kaltė, nuoskauda. Rašytojas daugiausia dėmesio skyrė moralinėms problemoms. J. Biliūno kūryba pasižymi aiškiu žmogaus vidinių išgyvenimų pavaizdavimu, tauriu humanizmu, jautriais ir lyriškais darbo žmonių paveikslais. Pamatinis visų kūrinių motyvas - žmogiškumas. J. Biliūnui didelę įtaką darė gyvenimo našta, kuri rašytoją slėgė visą amžių. Rašytojas aplinkui matė prislėgtus, išnaudojamus, skriaudžiamus ir niekinamus žmones, kurios ir aprašė savo kūriniuose. Skriauda ir skausmas - J.Biliūno kūrybos dėmesio centre.<br /> Rašytojas dėmesį pirmiausia kreipia į žmogų, į jo dvasinius išgyvenimus, nesirūpindamas tuo, kuriam luomui ar socialiniam sluoksniui tas žmogus priklauso. Mažą katytę ar seną šeimininko žudomą Brisių J.Biliūnas aprašo su tokiu pat liūdesiu, kaip graudų žąsiaganio Joniuko likimą. Apsakyme “Joniukas” pasakojami skaudūs našlaičio piemenuko išgyvenimai, susidūrus su neteisybe. Joniukas dar nesupranta aplinkinio pasaulio, jį supančių žmonių santykių. Tačiau šešių metų piemuo - gyvas, judrus vaikas, kuris viską stebi, ieško, kuo galėtų pasidžiaugti, visai užmiršdamas savo pareigas, ir todėl labai skaudžiai nukenčia. “Pirmą kartą gyvenimas parodė jam savo nagus, pirmą kartą jo maža širdelė atjautė žmonių neteisybę ir sunkią nelaimę...”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-20 08:49:05',62,'','2010-10-20 09:06:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-20 08:49:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,181,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1750,'Egzistencinė ir absurdo drama','egzistencin-ir-absurdo-drama','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Egzistencializmas susiformavo po II pasaulinio karo. Svarbiausia egzistencialistų mintis – paaiškinti žmogaus būvimą ir vietą pasaulyje. Egzistencialistai teigia, kad chaotiškas daiktų pasaulis yra priešingas žmogaus sąmonei. Aplinka žmogui neturi jokios prasmės. Individo likimas ir charakteris priklauso nuo pačio žmogaus, žmogus pats apsisprendžia ir atsako už savo poelgius, tačiau žmogus turi atskomybės ir pareigos jausmą. Žmonių santykiai yra tokie, kad juose nėra tarpusavio supratimo. Kiekvienas iš mūsų pasmerktas vienišumui, jokių moralinių vertybių nėra, žmogui negalima primesti jokių gyvenimo normų, negalima nurodinėti, kaip jam elgtis. Žymiausi egzistencialistai: Sartras, Kamiu, Anujis, Beketas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Absurdo drama susiformavo Prancūzijoje 20 a. viduryje. Jai būdinga dekoracijų nebuvimas, kaukės, choras. Dramoms imami kūriniai atitikdavo antikinius siužetus. Absurdo drama reiškia būties absurdiškumą, asmenybės vienatvę, žmonių bendravimo problemas. Dramose gausu absurdiškų situacijų, dialogai nerišlūs, veikėjų personažai prieštarauja logikai. Scenoje judesiai mechaniški, dialogai beprasmiai, į žmogų žiūrima kaip į marionetę. Būties tragizmas atsiskleidžia per komizmą. Vyrauja tragikomedijos žanras, personažų dialogams ir judesiams būdingas kluoniškumas, tačiau šie elementai perteikiami tragiškai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žanas Anujis – pranc. dramaturgas, rašęs absurdo dramas ir jas suskirstęs į 6 grupes: “rausvosios pjesės”,“juodosios pjesės”,“naujos juodosios pjesės”,“žvilgančios pjesės”,“dygiosios pjesės”,“  kostiumuotosios pjesės”. Svarbiausi kūriniai: “Antigonė”,“Medėja”,“Euridikė”,“Vyturys”,“Keleivis be bagažo”,“Vagių balius”. Albertas Kamiu – pranc. rašytojas ir filosofas, absurdo dramų kūrėjas. 1957m. jam suteikta Nobelio pramija už draminę kūrybą. Žinomiausi kūriniai: “Kaligula“. Samuelis Beketas – airių kilmės dramaturgas, rašęs angliškai ir prancūzišlai, jo kūryboje dominuoja sąmonės srauto forma. Pagrindiniai kūrybos motyvai: žmogus gali įsakinėti kitam, žmogus gali aklai paklusti įsakymams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-20 09:06:52',62,'','2010-10-20 09:09:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-20 09:06:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,180,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1751,'Mykoliuko - Mykolo paveikslas J. Tumo - Vaižganto apysakoje \"Dėdės ir dėdienės\"','mykoliuko-mykolo-paveikslas-j-tumo-vaiganto-apysakoje-qdds-ir-ddiensq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Juozas Tumas - Vaižgantas savo apysaką pradeda įžanga, kurioje pristato keistą ir sunkiai išų laikų žmogui suvokiamą socialinį tipą – “dėdes ir dėdienes”: “Man teks kalbėti apie tėvo brolį – nevedusį ir apie tėvo brolienę – našlę.” Vaižgantas pasakoja ne apie tokius dėdes ir dėdienes pas kuriuos drąsiai “užvažiuosi, drąsiai kalbėsies, nakvynės ir vaišių lauksi (…)”.  Jis pasakoja apie šeimoje “atliekamus”, neapmokamus samdinius, niekuomet dėkingumo nesulaukiančius gimines. Giliai širdyje vyksta aplinkiniams nematomos, bet skaudžiai ir giliai išgyvenamos asmeninės dramos. Šiam socialiniam tipui priklauso ir apysakos veikėjas Mykoliukas - Mykolas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mykoliuko personažas ypatingas tuo, kad jis ryškiai kinta visos apysakos metu. Skaitytojas seka jo asmenybės pasikeitimus ir išgyvenimus. Pirmą kartą Mykoliuką pamatome tokį: ”O “Mykoliukas” – jau visas Mykolas. Jam arti trijų dešimtų.” Keista, trisdešimties metų vyrą vadinamą mažybiniu vardu, galima būtų įsivaizduoti paliegusį, silpną ir dėl to taip šaukiamą, bet ne –“jis gražiai išaugęs, storas juosmenyje, pečiuitas, daugiau kaip vidutinio ūgio ir pagali.” Tai kodėl jis Mykoliukas? Tikrai ne iš meilumo jį taip šaukia: “niekas jo nepamalonino nei šiandien, nei bet kada per visą jo amžių; niekas jo darbštumo ir spartumo nepamatė ar tyčia nepasirodė matą; juoba nieks nė gražiu žodžių neatlygino.”  Tokioje aplinkoje žmogus turėtų jaustis įskaudintas, nevertinamas ir nelaimingas.  Tačiau Mykoliukas šypsosi, nors ir “visai ne šiam pasauliui”.  Būtent ta šypsena ir išreikia Mykoliuko susitaikymą su gyvenimo jam užversta nata, kurią jis neša nesiskųsdamas. Tai pagrindinė Mykoliuko charakterio savybė, didele dalimi nulėmusi jo gyvenimą. Pabrėžiamas ypatingas veikėjo ryšys su gamta. Kitiems neregimą bendravimo su kitu pasauliu būdą ryškiausiai atskleidžia paprastutė Mykoliuko smuiku čirpinama melodija: “ Lygiai taip pat (…) čirškia jo gamtos brolis žiogas, čia pat žolyne drauge prisigaužęs.”  Vienintelį kartą savo gyvenime Mykoliukas pabunda iš to pragaištingo sąstingio. Savo vertę suvokti jam padeda meilė. Mykoliukas, būdamas visai gražios išvaizdos: “juodi juodi plaukeliai(…) , tamsus tamsus veidelis (…), graži graži lietuviška noselė”, visai lengvai būtų galėjęs susitvarkyti savo gyvenimą, vesti mylinčią žmoną, susilaukti vaikų. Mykoliukas pasiaukoja dėl savo brolio šeimos. Jis suvokia, kad be jo ūkis neišsilaikys. Meilė jį paverčia iš Mykoliuko “dėde Mykolu”, subrandina ir užaugina. Vardo pasikeitimas dar kartą išreiškia Mykoliuko charakterio dvilypumą, kurį paryškina nelaimingos meilės jausmas. Jei jaunystėje jis buvo Mykoliukas, kitų nesuprastas, savo pasaulyje gyvenantis, visus darbus nudirbantis ir , regis, jokio vidinio orumo neturintis, tai po trisdešimties metų, užsitraukus širdies žaizdoms, matome jau nebe pastumdėlį Mykoliuką, o nepakeičiamą darbininką,  kiek iš aukto į visus žiūrintį, kitų pagarbos užsitarnavusį, nors vis taip pat nesuprastą ir dėkingumo nesulaukiantį dėdę Mykolą, Dzidorių Artoją. Tai meilė pakeičia pakopą, ant kurios stovi Mykoliukas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-20 09:09:46',62,'','2010-10-20 09:21:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-20 09:09:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,179,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1752,'Žemaitės apsakymų realizmas','emaits-apsakym-realizmas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Julija Žymantienė - Žemaitė - viena žymiausių lietuvių realizmo kūrėjų, ryškiausia Žemaitijos rašytoja. Pagrindinis kūrinių motyvas – šeimos santykiai. Daugiausia dėmesio ji skyrė moters likimui. Apsakymuose išryškėja pagrindinis Žemaitės rūpestis: meilė, šeima. Jau pirmuosiuose savo kūriniuose ji nukelia skaitytoją į devynioliktojo amžiaus pabaigos sodžių. Žemaitė pati buvo kaimo žmogus, todėl jos sukurti gamtos, kaimo ir žmonių  paveikslai labai tikslūs. Skaitydami mes į viską galime pažvelgti autorės akimis. Ji vaizdavo tai, ką matė, nesukdama galvos, ar tai patiks kitiems.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jos kūryboje atsispindi tuometinė kaimo gyventojų buitis, jų papročiai, kultūra ir gyvenimo būdas. Žemaitės apsakymai dažnai primena atskirus gyvenimo įvykius, realias jo scenas. Ji pasakoja neįmantriai, paprastai ir aiškiai, siekdama, kad skaitytojas matytų vaizduojamus dalykus lyg gyvus. Tikrovė jai tampa tarsi tyrinėjimų objektu. Ji pastebi viską, kas yra teigiama ar neigiama. Pavyzdžiui, apsakyme “Marti” apstu neigiamų veikėjų. Tai ir Vingis, ir Vingienė, ir jų sūnus Jonas. Jie įkūnija tuometinio kaimo gyventojų tamsumą, neišsilavinimą, ribotumą. Jie yra savanaudžiai tinginiai, tačiau negali ir nenori to pripažinti ir bando viską suversti kitiems. Ypač nuo to kenčia Katrė - Jono žmona. Ji yra priešingybė visai Vingių šeimai. Joje išaukštinti visi teigiamieji valstietės moters bruožai: švelnumas, darbštumas, tvarkingumas, siekimas šviesesnio gyvenimo ir tikros meilės, žmogiškos šilumos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žemaitė taip įtikinamai vaizduoja tikrovę, kad, skaitydamas jos apsakymus, pasijunti tarsi pats būtum atpasakojamųjų įvykių dalyvis. Jos pasakojimai labai tikroviški. Juos dar papildo tiesioginė veikėjų kalba, išryškinanti kiekvieno personažo vidines savybes. Žemaitei geriausiai buvo pažįstamas valstiečių gyvenimas ir jo sunkumai, todėl dauguma jos kūrinių vaizduoja būtent šio socialinio sluoksnio atstovus. Rašytojai buvo artimos jų problemos, būdingos visam Lietuvos kaimui jos gyvenamuoju laikotarpiu. Todėl ji vaizdavo realią aplinką, tokią, kokią matė aplink save, ir tai, kas, jos manymu, buvo svarbu bei ją labiausiai jaudino.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-20 09:21:46',62,'','2010-10-20 09:29:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-20 09:21:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,178,'','',0,49,'robots=\nauthor='),(1753,'Dvasinio išsivadavimo kelias romane \"Altorių šešėly\"','dvasinio-isivadavimo-kelias-romane-qaltori-elyq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">V. Mykolaitis - Putinas - mūsų literatūros klasikas, didelis žmogaus vidinio pasaulio žinovas. Jo romanas “Altorių šešėly” - tai sudėtingo žmogaus ėjimo į šviesą, į gėrį, į tiesą atspindys. Kūrinyje galima išskirti kelias temas: pagrindinio veikėjo paveikslas, veikėjo vidinio konflikto raida, klierikalizmo bei dvasininkijos kritika. Tačiau šalia šių temų Putinas savo romane “Altorių šešėly” sprendė ir poeto, poezijos bei kūrybinės laisvės problemą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinis kūrinio veikėjas - Liudas Vasaris. Vasaris - drovus, užsidaręs šešiolikmetis jaunuolis. Jis dar daug nežino gyvenime, o ir, stodamas į seminariją, jis nejaučia jokio noro būti kunigu. Jis tik svajoja būti naudingas kitiems, dirbti Lietuvos labui. Ir nežino Vasaris svarbiausio: kiekvienas žingsnis mūsų gyvenime yra lemtingas. Pagyvenęs keletą mėnesių seminarijoje, Liudas supranta, kad būti geru kunigu, reiškia turėti pašaukimą, o Vasaris jo neturėjo. Jaunasis seminarijos studentas stengiasi kuo geriau suprasti jį supančius žmones ir aplinką, kurioje jis gyvena. Vasariui kyla daug gilių ir skaudžių prieštaravimų. Tai, kas jį neramina, Vasaris pabando išlieti eilėmis. Jaunuolis, pats to nenujausdamas, parašė bendriausios prasmės elegiją, išsakė savo liūdesį ir skausmą. Po kelių dienų Liudas pamato išspausdintas savo eiles. To, aišku, niekas neturi žinoti - juk seminarijos vadovybės akyse jis yra nepriekaištingos reputacijos. Niekas seminarijoje net neįtaria, kad tarp jaunesniųjų seminaristų yra būsimas poetas. Vasaris ir toliau gyvena kaip gyvenęs, tačiau tas gyvenimas jam be galo sunkus. Liudas nori savyje suderinti kunigą ir poetą - gerą kunigą ir talentingą poetą. Jo maištinga asmenybė negali susitaikyti su šaltumu ir oficialumu, kuris dvelkia iš kiekvieno seminarijos kampelio. Poetiška jaunuolio siela veržte veržiasi į gėrį, į grožį, į kitą žmogų. Liudui taip reikia kažko artimo ir nuostabiai brangaus. Jo eilės alsuoja jaunystės veržlumu ir žmogiškos laisvės ilgėjimusi. Kaip duona, kaip oras, kaip vanduo Liudui reikalingas žmogaus, kuriam galėtum pasiguosti, ant kurio peties galėtum vyriškai išsiverkti. Bet Liudas tokio žmogaus neturėjo. Jis neturėjo nei draugo, nei patarėjo. Jis pats sau buvo ir teisėjas, ir gynėjas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-20 09:30:18',62,'','2010-10-20 09:45:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-20 09:30:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,177,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(1754,'Hamleto aktualumas šiandien','hamleto-aktualumas-iandien','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Viljamo Šekspyro kūrinys \"Hamletas\" tikrai aktualus ir šiandien.Prisiminkime dramos turinį: Šekspyro Hamletui rūpi ne tik atkeršyti už savo tėvą.Pagrindinis jo dėmesys sutelktas į opiausius gyvenimo moralinius ir filosofinius klausimus,kurie aktualūs ir šiandien. Sprendžiant iš to,kaip \"Hamleto\" veikėjų elgesys atitinka šiuolaikinių žmonių elgesį,matosi,kad Šekspyro mąstymas rašant šį kūrinį buvo pažengęs toliau už to laikmečio mąstymą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmonių turinčių tokius charakterius kaip \"Hamleto\" veikėjų,šiandien nereikėtų ilgai ieškoti.Visais laikais buvo padlaižių,išdavikų ir sukčių.Tačiau būna ir draugų, norinčių padėti.Be to, koks žmogus yra,ir kaip jis elgiasi,o gal,koks žmogus priverstas būti ir kaip priverstas elgtis, priklauso nuo jo padėties visuomenėje.Žmogus viską daro norėdamas sau gero.Galbūt jis norėdamas geriau gyventi,stengiasi įtikti savo ponui ir susilaukti iš jo malonių.Arba atvirkščiai.Žmogus visą gyvenimą buvęs nelaimingas,ar neseniai tokiu tapęs,ir nieko gero nebesitikėdamas iš gyvenimo,nebesistengia nieko keisti,todėl jis tampa visų užmirštas ir niekam nebereikalingas,nes kiti siekia gėrio sau. Būtent toks ir yra Hamletas.Jis jaučiasi visų išduotas(netgi motinos,kuri po tėvo mirties ištekėjo už jo dėdės),likęs vienas pasaulyje.Štai čia ir iškyla klausimas:\"būti ar nebūti?\".Surasti atsakymą į šį egzistencijos klausimą labai sunku.O suradus,žmogaus gyvenimas pasikreipia viena ar kita vaga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuo to laiko,kada buvo parašytas \"Hamletas\", iki šiandien, žmonių elgesys nelabai pasikeitė. Pasikeitė tik tiek,kiek pasikeitė žmonių mąstymas.Lygiai tiek pat pasikeitė žmonių jausmai ir išgyvenimai.Tačiau yra jausmų,kurie nesikeičia.Hamletas buvo tragiška asmenybė,ir tas jo tragiškumas išliko iki šių dienų.Tačiau vargu ar šiandien pasaulyje yra tokių tragiškų žmonių.Jeigu ir rastumėme,jie,kaip ir Hamletas,tokiais tapo ne savo noru.Jie pasijuto išduoti viso pasaulio ir su kiekviena akimirka tapdavo vis tragiškesni.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-20 09:46:19',62,'','2010-10-20 09:49:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-20 09:46:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,176,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1755,'I. Simonaitytės \"Vilius Karalius\" santrauka','i-simonaityts-qvilius-karaliusq-santrauka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">NAMAI. Šalteikių Šalteikis simbolizuoja senąją krikščioniškąją religiją, tautiškumą, papročius, valdžią - socialinį teisingumą, dorovę. Tautrimienė atsiveža kitokius papročius. Namai pasižymi senumu. Viskas, kas ateina, ateina iš aplinkinio pasaulio (Tautrimai). Nuo laiko apsisaugoti negalima. Vyksta ginčai dėl papročių (sakytojo). Sakytojo nebuvo. Laikas pakoregavo. Į namus atėjo naujas paprotys. Troba sukrypusi. Taip lietuvininkus įsivaizduoja kitos valstybės. Šalteikių Šalteikis saugojo senąsias vertybes. Naujausius laikus daugiausia atspindi Vilius. Šalteikių namuose nebuvo keliami klausimai. Vilius nenori automatiškai perimti vertybių. Vilius pradžioje perima kai kurias vertybes (be dorovinio turinio). Šokiai - naujas dalykas. Visa tai nereikalinga, nes be prasmės. Senieji lietuvininkai nekeldavo klausimo, kas lietuvininkuose gerai, o lietuvininkuose blogai. Vilius didžiuojasi, kad jis tokio ūkio savininkas. Jis atsiduria neaišku kur, nes jis perėmė ne visas vertybes. Jis pasidaro labai nesaugus. Asmenybės degradavimą rodo ištvirkimas, melavimas, prasiskolinimas, didžiavimasis, kerštavimas, vogimas, tyčiojimasis, prisitaikėliškumas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naujieji namai sutrukdo Anskiui sugrįžti. Šie namai senajai Karalienei jau nebe namai, nes ji neturi valdžios, nes tai - ne jos namai. Du laikai - biografinis ir istorinis. Dvasinis ryšys su daiktais. Naujuose namuose Grėtė norėjo išmesti laikrodį, bet senoji Karalienė jį pasikabina savo kambaryje. Martynas, grįžęs iš karo, nė karto nemiegojo naujuose namuose. Anskio buvusio kambario vietoje stovi siena. Grėtė bijo vandens, nori išeiti iš gimtų namų, su kuriais ją siejo tik brolis. Kai jis išėjo, niekas jau nebesiejo jos su namais. Tada ji tampa uždara, tvirta, kovoja už save. Šalteikiai vertino viską, kas sena, o Grėtė nori naujos tvarkos. Grėtės dėmesys sutelktas į smulkmenas. Grėtės pasąmonėje yra troškimas turėti namus, ir tas tvarkymas, naujų namų statymas yra tikslas pasistatyti sau namus. Ąžuolinis simbolizuoja puikybę, prašmatnumą, stiklas - nepatvarumą, papuošalai - tuštumą. Dideli langai, ąžuolinis rašomasis stalas, kėdė, pliušinė sofa, fotelis, sofos stalelis - svetimybės, įtaka svetimo žmogaus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">MIRTIS. Kartu su paskutiniu Šalteikiu miršta namų senovė, tradicijos. Į mirtį žiūrima realiai. Laiko tema susijusi su mirtimi. Šalteikis laidojamas lietuviškai, bet Tautrimai norėjo, kad laidotų vokiškai: vokiečiai į laidotuves žiūri kaip į renginį, nesupranta dvasinės prasmės. Laidotuvės - normalus nutikimas. Aukštesnė kultūra nustelbia žemesnę. Senosios lietuvių kultūros mirimas yra skaudus. Laikas viską numarina. Karas ir maras - katalizatoriai, jie padėjo blogom savybėms pasireikšti, pagreitino slaptų dalykų pasireiškimą. Karas - nenatūrali mirtis. Tautinė moralė miršta iš lėto. Karas pagreitina ir parodo esmę. Karas ir maras yra bausmė. Kare išlieka stipresnis, bet moraliniu požiūriu silpnesnis. Miršta tautos kultūra, žmonės, moralė, daiktai…</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-20 09:50:38',62,'','2010-10-20 09:53:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-20 09:50:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,175,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1756,'2000 metų analizės egzamino autorių santrauka','2000-met-analizs-egzamino-autori-santrauka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">K Donelaitis  “Metai”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaitydami Kristijono Donelaičio “Metus”, pastebime, kad nemažą kūrinio dalį sudaro Lauro, Selmo ir šaltyšiaus Pričkaus pamokančios bei patariančios kalbos, kuriose,  be abejonės, regime paties autoriaus pozicją. Todėl galime spręsti, kad vienas iš Donelaičio tikslų buvo parodyti žmonėms, kaip reikia teisingai elgtis, o tas, kuris teisingai elgiasi, yra ir išmintingas. Ne tik Pričkaus kalbomis, bet ir nedorų būrų bei ponų gyvenimo aprašymu Donelaitis parodo, kaip turėtų elgtis doras, moralus bei išmintingas žmogus. Idealų žmogų mes gautume sudėję kiekvieno iš viežlybųjų būrų savybes(Lauro bei Pričkaus išmintį, Selmo religingumą, Krizo darbštumą). Manau, kad Selmo lūpomis tikėjimą skleidžiantis K.Donelaitis religingumą laiko viena ( bene svarbiausia) pasaulio pažinimo sąlyga. Tikintis žmogus laikomas teisingu. Tai įrodo ponų pavadinimas “bedieviais”, “glūpais”, “bėdžiais”, kai jie nepasimeldžoa prieš valgį. Aš manau, kad K. Donelaitis religingą bendruomenę laiko iš dalies protinga, nes netikinčiosius Dievas baudžia: “Ar nesibijotės, kad jūsų namus perkūns į plentą supleškins?” O jeigu netikintieji baudžiami, tai jie gyvena neišmintingai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ne veltui Pričkus yra būrų gerbiamas Vyžlaukio valsčiaus seniūnas, kadangi jis duoda išmintingus patarimus, kaip reikia dirbti ūkio darbus. Bet daugiausia išminties slypi Lauro kalbose. Jis teisingai įvertina to laiko padėtį, diskutuoja apie būrų ir ponų santykius, gyvenimo filosofiją. Pasak jo, šilkuose gimęs ponų vaikas yra toks pat kaip ant šiaudų verkiantis būriukas, bet jis supranta, kad to pakeisti negalima, todėl sako, kad “taip jau Dievulis surėdė” ir dėl to kiekvienas turi gyventi pagal savo socialinio sluoksnio įstatymus. Lauras pabrėžia, kad gyvenimas žemėje laikinas, todėl reikia su juo susitaikyti, koks jis bebūtų. Pasaulis Lauro akimis - vertikalus. Kadangi Kristijonas Donelaitis visai nekalba apie pragarą, todėl galime suvokti, kad pasaulio apačia - žemiškas gyvenimas, pilnas priešingybių, jų kovos. Viršuje būrai mato visai kitokį, harmoningą gyvenimą, kuriame jų nebevarys į baudžiavą, nebemuš.  Taigi teisingu gyvenimu Donelaitis laiko tokį gyvenimą, kai žmonės elgiasi pagal savo bendruomenės įstatymus, papročius ir tradicijas. Kiekvienas gali gyventi laimingai, jeigu neišklys už savo bendruomenės ribų, todėl Krizas gyvenimo pabaigoje tampa elgeta ir galbūt todėl taip smerkiama germanizacija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išminčiai K.Donelaičio “Metuose”. Kas jie?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išmintis - patirties, supratimo ar mokslo turėjimas ir sugebėjimas taikyti juos praktikoje. Išminčius - žmogus, turintis išminties. Išmintingi žmonės pasižymi ne tik tuo, kad turi išminties, bet ir tuo, kad moka ją panaudoti. Išminties vaisiai yra dora, ištikimybė bažnyčiai, turtas. Būtent šios sąvybės yra bendros K.Donelaičio “Metų” išminčiams - “viežlybiems” būrams. “Viežlybųjų”, teigiamųjų personažų grupei “Metuose” priklauso Selmas, Lauras, Krizas ir Pričkus. Mažiausiai poemoje individualizuoti “viežlybieji” būrai yra Selmas ir Lauras. Selmas, kaip matyt iš jo kalbų ir poeto mums pateiktos charakteristikos, yra religingas ir apsišvietęs. Selmas ypač mėgo dievobaimingai pamokyti ir pagraudinti savo kaimynus. Tačiau svarbiausia Selmo išmintingumo ypatybė yra taupumas. Selmo taupumą ir gudrumą K.Donelaitis kaip pavyzdį rodo kitiems būrams: Į Selmą` panašus yra Lauras pakamorė, kuris taip pat mėgsta postringauti. Lauro pastoriškų kalbų temos yra mirtis, giltinė ir menkas gyvenimas. “Kytras pilosofas” visada postringauja “rymodams ant stripinio savo” arba “ant kumpos lazdos pasirėmęs”. Jis lygina žmones su pievų žolėmis, kurias nukerta dalgis, moko juos saikingumo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-20 09:54:02',62,'','2010-10-20 09:57:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-20 09:54:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,174,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1757,'Mitai ir tautosaka','mitai-ir-tautosaka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ar galima būtų įsivaizduoti tikrovėje ant aukšto Udruvės kalno stovintį Baltaragio malūną, jo šeimininką, pražilusį Baltaragį, gražuolę jo dukrą jurgą, pas kurią vis važiuoja piršliai su jaunikiais, bet niekas nedavažiuoja, nes jiems sukliudo Paudruvės pelkių velnias Pinčukas? Tikrovėje tokių dalykų nėra, taigi K.Borutos romane yra nemažai mitų ir tautosakos elementų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bene labiausiai išsiskiriantis mitinis veikėjas šiame romane – velnias Pinčukas. Jo istorija yra labai įdomi. Visą laiką snausdavo savo pelkėse, o tik kai miegoti nusibosdavo, kad gal ir neblogai būtų, jeigu turėtų pačią. Bet kur ją gausi? Jokia laumė ar ragana neis už tokio nusmurgusio velniuko. Tai ir teko Pinčukui tiktai sapnais ir svajonėmis pasitenkinti. Jeigu nėra pačios, tai ir nereikia. Tai ir buvo velnias patenkintas šitokiu savo gyvenimu ir būtų taip ir toliau nerūpestingai praleidęs likusias dienas, jei nebūtų nustojęs ūžti Baltaragio malūnas. Tai velniui labai nepatiko ir jis nuėjo pas savo kaimyną pasikalbėti. Jam buvo pažadėta Baltaragio dukra, tačiau susipratęs apgautas senelis nenorėjo atiduoti savo vienturtės ir taip pat apgavo velnią, įkišdamas jam už pačias seną bambeklę Uršulę. Ji, suvokus, kad su velniu turi reikalą, nepasimetė ir gerokai iškūlė vargšą velnią. Nuo tos dienos Pinčukas pradėjo bijoti moteriškų sijonų ir už tai, kad tik galėtų nevesti “Baltaragio dukros” Uršulės, sutiko tarnauti Baltaragiui septynis metus. Laimingas velnias buvo, ant malūno sparnų besisupdamas, tačiau suprato vieną dieną esąs apgautas ir pradėjo keršyti savo kaimynui. Nuo tos dienos nė viena piršlių karieta negalėjo į malūną atvažiuoti, išskyrus Girdvainį, su savo obuolmušiais žirgais atskriejusį pas Jurgą kaip viesulas. Tačiau velnias nebūtų velnias, jei savo keršto iki galo neįvykdytų. Jis išardė jaunųjų vestuves ir net išvedė juos iš proto. Girdvainis lakstė lyg pakvaišęs paskui savo žirgų žvengimą po laukus, ir nieko nepešęs buvo nutrenktas perkūno, beeidamas pas Jurgą atsiprašyti ir susitaikyti. Tragiškai baigėsi visų pagrindinių romano veikėjų likimai, neliko nenubaustas ir velnias Pinčukas. Jis, perkūno partrenktas, nugarmėjo į pragarą, kur jam ir vieta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-20 09:57:52',62,'','2010-10-20 09:59:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-20 09:57:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,173,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1758,'A. Čechovas \"Žmogus futliare\". Pamąatymai. Interpretacija','a-echovas-qmogus-futliareq-pamatymai-interpretacija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mano manymu, kiekvienas žmogus turi savo futliarą, t.y. rėmus, į kuriuos jis įsirėmina, tačiau skirtingo žmogaus yra ir skirtingi rėmai. Futliaras - tai riba, kuri saugo žmogų nuo kvailų poelgių, tai lyg kažkokia apsauga. Tačiau kiekvienas šią ribą supranta skirtingai: ką vienas žmogus padarytų nė nesusimąstydamas prieš pasekmes, tai kitam gi tai būtų neįmanomas dalykas. A. Čechovo kūrinyje “Žmogus futliare” matome asmenybę, kuri yra suvaržyta įvairiausių taisyklių, draudimų, pareigų ir per didelių atsakomybės jausmu. Iš tiesų jis net nėra asmenybė, nes neturi savo minčių, o tik gyvena pagal kitų žmonių sugalvotus draudimus. Belikovas savo elgsena man primena senas davatkas, kurios ir pačios negali ramiai gyventi, nes yra suvaržytos Dievo baimės, bet ir kitiems laisvai gyventi neduoda.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš tiesų net ir XX a. pabaigoje yra daug tokių žmonių, kurie įsitikinę, kad visi jų neapgalvoti poelgiai turės nemalonias pasekmes. Toks yra ir Bielikovas, graikų kalbos mokytojas, tačiau, mano manymu, autorius specialiai perdėjo jo užsidarymą savyje, norėdamas pabrėžti, kokie juokingi iš šalies atrodo tie žmonės. Šis žmogus jaučiasi esąs visiškai nesaugus aplinkiniame pasaulyje, todėl “nori apsupti save kiautu”, kuriame jis galėtų būti vienas, todėl iš nieko nelaukti jokių negarbingų poelgių. Jis net mintis ir samprotavimus užskleidė šiame futliare: “Ir savo mintis Bielikovas taip pat stengėsi slėpti į futliarą.” Bielikovas taip elgiasi todėl, kad bijo išorinio pasaulio, ir dėt to turbūt kalta yra aplinka, kuri jį supa. Savo baimę ir nuogąstavimą šis žmogus išreiškia viena fraze: “Kad kas nors neatsitiktų.”  Savo begaliniais aikčiojimais, draudimų priminimais jis įvaro baimę net ir aplinkiniams žmonėms: “Bijojom garsiai kalbėti, siųsti laiškus, susipažinti, skaityti knygas, bijojom šelpti vargšus, mokyti rašto…”. Žinoma, kurgi žmonės gali nebijoti tokio žmogaus, kurio net išvaizda parodo, kad jis mylėti nemoka ir visuomet atrodo “tartum iš manų replėmis ištrauktas.” Manau, Bielikovas tiek įtakos savo aplinkiniams turėjo todėl, kad tie žmonės neturėjo stipraus charakterio. Jie buvo pasyvūs bei pasiduodantys kito įtaka. Tačiau mes matome ir kitą žmogų, mokytoją Kovalenką Michailą Savičių, kuris neišsigąsta šio tirono ir gali jam išsakyti tai, ką jis mano: “&lt;…&gt; nesuprantu, kaip jūs galit kęsti tą skundiką, tą šunsnukį.”, “Aš doras žmogus ir su tokiu ponu kaip jūs nenoriu kalbėti. Aš nemėgstu skundikų.” Aš manau, kad būtent šis Kovalenkos maištavimas prieš Belikovą ir suardė jo ramybę, jo futliarą. Žmogus, kuris buvo užsidaręs “savame kevale”, dabar pereina į tikrą futliarą, iš kurio jis jau niekuomet nebeišeis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-20 10:00:19',62,'','2010-10-20 10:25:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-20 10:00:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,172,'','',0,55,'robots=\nauthor='),(1759,'Saulius Šaltenis \"Riešutų duona\"','saulius-altenis-qrieut-duonaq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ŠKAC, MIRTIE, ŠKAC</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tą dieną, kai gaisras nušvietė padanges, man sprogo užpūliavęs apendiksas ir užliejo visą pilvą. Mane paguldė ant stalo po didele lempa ir paklausė:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Andriau Šatai, ar jūs mokat skaičiuot?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">O tuo tarpu Kaminskų tvartas jau lieps¬nojo ir ugnis laižė dangų. Mano tėvo brolis Boleslovas Šatas nebuvo nei gaisrininkas, nei ugnies inspektorius, tačiau jis pirmas pasistatė švarko apykaklę ir šoko į liepsnos nasrus. Tą dieną aš įkvėpiau chloroformo ir nė nemirktelėjau, kai man išpjovė apendiksą ir ėmė valyti pilvą. Mano tėvo brolis Boleslovas Šatas nebuvo gaisrininkas, tačiau jis išgelbėjo nuo mirties vieną iš penkių paršiukų. Jam apsmilko švarkas ir nudegė antakiai, ir jis droviai, lyg teisindamasis ir gėdydamasis savo išsišokimo prieš visą miestelį, apgulusį tvoras, pasakė:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Kai vagis vagia — nors sienos lieka, bet kai ugnis — ničnieko nelieka. Ir tikrai, kai aš grįžau namo be apendikso, iš Kaminsko tvarto bebuvo likę vien prisiminimas ir pamatai. Bet vakare, tą pačią dieną, kai tebesmilko degėsiai, mano tėvo brolis Boleslovas nedrąsiai pasibeldė į Kaminsko namo duris. Jis tik norėjo paklausti, ar neatsirado jo akiniai, kuriuos jis pametė per gaisrą, nes be akinių kaip be rankų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-20 12:46:41',62,'','2010-10-20 12:50:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-20 12:46:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,171,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1760,'Sofoklis \"Antiguonė\"','sofoklis-qantiguonq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ateina Antiguonė pas Ismeną ir juodvi kalba apie brolius, apie Kreoto įsakymą. Antiguonė pareiškia, kad jos nenusilaikys jokie valdovų įsakymai. Ji pasiryžusi palaidoti Polineiką pagal šalies papročius, nors ir tektų jai mirti. Iš pradžių Antiguonė manė, kad šį žygį jos atliks kartu, bet Ismenė nuleidžia rankas teisindamasi, kad neturi tam jėgų ir valios. Ismenė dar bando aiškinti, kad jų tėvas pražuvo be garbės, išsidurdamas akis, motina negarbingai baigė kančias, broliai žuvo viens nuo kito rankos, šeimoje teliko jos dvi, moterys, ir jos taip pat gali žūti, jei nepaisys valdovo įsakymo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antiguonė nežada atsisakyti savo minties ir pareiškia Ismenei, kad jai nereikis jos pagalbos, nes ji viena palaidos brollį. Kreotas, kalbėdamas su sargybiniais įsako, kad Eteoklį palaidotų garbingai, pagal tradicijas, o Poloneoką, jo tikrąjį brolį, nelaidotų kapan, o paliti ant žemės paviršiaus, kad  puotautų šunys. Sargybinis praneša Kreontui, kad kažkas palaidojo numirėlį, apipildamas jį nei sauja smėliu. Jiss aiškina, kad nematyti nei kirviokirčių, nei kauptuko žymių, žemė kieta, kaip uola, o lavoną dengia  dulkių sluoksnis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sargybinis atveda Antiguonę pagauną laidojant broolį. Jis pasakoja, kad užėjo audra, o kai ji nurimo, visi sargybiniai išgirdo raudant mergaitę, kuri saujomis vėi užpylė kūną dulkėmis. Antiguonė prisipažįsta tai padariusi ir net nemėgina gintis. Ji atsako į Kreonto klausimą, kad ne Dzeusas ir ne požemių dievai jai davė tą įsakymą, kadangi jis buvo ištartas žmogaus lūpomis, ji drįso nusižengti jam nebijodama žmogaus rūstybės. Ji teigia, kad jei nebūtų  palaidojus savo motinos sūnaus, jai tai būtų daug skaudžiau už mirtį. Antiguonė didžiuojasi savo poelgiu ir didžiuotųsi kiti, jei jiems liežuviai nebūtų užrišti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš pradžių Ismenė prisipažįsta, jod jos abi tai padarė, bet Antiguonė  kilniadvasiškumu neleidžia sesriai prisiimti tos kaltės kurią padarė ji viena. Pirmiausiais savo žodžiais, Haimonas pasiduoda tarsi, atsisako savo meilės Antiguonei ir vedybų. Kreotui tai paglosto savimeilę, kad sūnus lieka ištikimas jam. Jis teigia, kad savus auginti reikia paklusnius, paklusnūs bus ir kiti. Po valdovo žodžių Haimonas pradeda prieštarauti. Jis bando įtikinti, kad žmonės jam nuo seno Kreontą peikia, o Antiguonės žygį šloviną ir piktinasi, kad ji atlikusi šaunų žygį turi mirti, kaip nusikaltėlė. Haimono nuomonei  pritaria ir Korifėjus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-20 12:51:30',62,'','2010-10-20 13:12:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-20 12:51:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,170,'','',0,74,'robots=\nauthor='),(1761,'Vytautas Mačernis','vytautas-maernis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vytautas Mačernis - vienas iš tų jaunų, talentingų, skaudaus likimo menininkų, kurie tik trumpam sužibėjo lietuviškos literatūros padangėje. Dabar sunku nujausti ar įsivaizduoti; kokias kūrybines aukštumas būtų pasiekęs šis poetas, tačiau net tas nedidelis palikimas yra labai vertingas ir įvairiaspalvis. Ypač ryškiai savo vidinį pasaulį, sielos virpesius atskleidžia eilėraščių cikle “Vizijos”. Nors tuo metu, kai buvo kuriamos šios eilės, pasaulyje vyksta sudėtingos istorinės permainos, V.Mačernis sugeba bent dvasios regėjimuose pamatyti gėrį, grožį, tiesą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmosios vizijos lyrinis veikėjas, nubudęs “vidurnakty klaikiam”, savo vaizduotės akimis pamato namus, gimtosios žemės gamtą. Jis, pamiršęs, jog širdyje - tamsa ir nerimas, nejučiomis ima grožėtis iškylančiais vaizdais. Ant klevo lapų lašantys spinduliai, perkūno oželiai, ištiesę giedančius sparnus, žaibai, rasotos pievos - visa tai taip be galo gražu, darnu, taip ramina sielą. Rodos, tikrai pradedi girdėti, kaip lyg mergaitės plepa lietaus čiurkšlėse. Gamta atrodo tyra, harmoninga, nepaliesta žmogaus, bet kartu tokia artima, suprantama ir neatsiejama nuo mūsų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaimo, o tuo pačiu ir gamtos tema, tęsiama ir antroje vizijoje. Čia poetas prieš save išvysta lietuvišką kaimą, jo tylų, prasmingą gyvenimą. Lyrinis subjektas tiki, kad namai -   tai vieta,”kur išeina kažin kur nakties tamsa&lt;...&gt;/ Vėl slepiasi po stogais šikšnosparniai juodi,/ Pabūgų rytmečio šviesos”. V.Mačerniui namai - lyg jauki ramybės salelė visuotinėje sumaištyje, kur žmogus, jausdamas žemės kvapą, dar gali pasijusti ramus, laimingas, apsaugotas nuo triukšmo, purvinų miesto gatvių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-20 13:12:17',62,'','2010-10-20 13:23:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-20 13:12:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,169,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(1762,'Kalbos vaizdinės raiškos priemonės','kalbos-vaizdins-raikos-priemons','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žodžiai, kurie skirtingai skamba, bet reiškia tą patį vadinami sinonimais. Antonimai - tai priešingos reikšmės žodžiai. Epitetas - tai meninis pažyminys, kuris pabrėžia esminį daikto ar reiškinio bruožą. Tokie epitetai, kurie pridedami prie tų pačių žodžių, vadinami nuolatiniais (močiutė sengalvėlė). Vieno daikto ar reiškinio sugretinimas su kitu daiktu - palyginimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Metafora - perkeltinės prasmės žodžiai ar posakiai, kurių vaizdai paremti daiktų ar reiškinių panašumu. Tokia metafora, kai negyviems daiktams suteikiamos gyvų būtybių ypatybės - personifikacija. Tokia išplėsta metafora, kai kūrinyje vaizduojamos būtybės, daiktai visada reiškia kitus asmenis, daiktus - alegorija. Daikto ar reiškinio pakeitimas poetinėje kalboje kitu pavadinimu yra metonimija (aš išgėriau dvi stiklines). Metonimijos rūšys, kai vienaskaita vartojama vietoj daugiskaitos ir atvirkščiai - sinekdocha. Tikrinio vardo vartojimas bendrine prasme ir atvirkščiai - antonomasija. Tropas - posakis, pavartotas perkeltine prasme. Tropas,kai daiktas, veiksmas ar reiškinys meniškai padidinamas, yra hiperbolė. Ji sustiprina vaizduojamo reiškinio įspūdį. Kartais žodis ar posakis minimą reiškinį ne padidina, o sumažina. Tai - litotė. Ironija - tox tropas, kai žodis pavartotas visai jam priešinga prasme. Sarkazmas - aštri, kandi pajuoka, pagrįsta kalbančiojo pranašumu prieš tą, apie kurį jis kalba arba į kurį jis kreipiasi. Groteskas - tam tikras meninio vaizdavimo būdas mene ir literatūroje, kai žmogus arba jo gyvenimas piešiamas, tyčia perdedant arba sumenkinant, kai tikrovė persipina su fantastika, kraupūs dalykai su juokingais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-20 13:24:49',62,'','2010-10-20 13:27:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-20 13:24:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,168,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(1763,'Vydūnas \"Ką reiškia \"būti sau žmogumi\"\"','vydnas-qk-reikia-qbti-sau-mogumiqq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vydūno filosofinių apmąstymų centras yra žmoniškumas, o svarbiausia tema - žmogaus ir tautos ryšys. Žmogaus esmė yra jo dvasia-siela, jo sielos kultūra, \"šventykla, iš kurios pareina visos tautos labas\". Šitą šventyklą kurti yra kiekvieno žmogaus uždavinys, o jai pagrindas turi būti padėtas pačioje sieloje pačio žmogaus, niekas kitas negali to įtakoti. Bet ta šventykla yra \"o ne vien sau, bet ir visai tautai. Čia kiekvienas savo tautai stato Dievnamį, iš kurio spindi nuolatinis palaiminimas jai ir žmonijai\".</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visko pradžia yra pats žmogus, žmogaus siela. O žmogumi žmogus tampa eidamas sunkiu moralinio tobulėjimo, savęs pažinimo keliu. Tapti žmogumi sau - reiškia suvokti, pažinti savąjį \"aš\", saugoti savo garbę, orumą, tobulėti. Tobulėja žmogus savo tautoje, \"perimdamas jos kalbą, būdą, kraują\", kaip sako Vydūnas. Jei žmogus atsiskiria nuo tautos, jei jis savo noru ar kieno nors verčiamas bando gyventi savą, uždarą gyvenimą, nesisemiant tautos išminties, nesinaudojant jos lobynais, tai toks žmogus yra tarsi ta šaka, kuri nudžiūsta, tik atkirsta nuo medžio, kai medžio syviai jos jau nebemaitina. Tik per savo tautą žmogus išeina į žmoniją, tampa sau žmogumi. Tačiau ne tautiškumas, kai aklai sekama tautos valia, kai nebejuntamas vidinis \"aš\" yra aukščiausia žmogaus kelio viršūnė. Aukščiausia viršūnė - buvimas sau žmogumi - yra žmoniškumas, žmoniškų įstatymų laikymasis, jų vykdymas, gyvenimas pagal juos, meilė artimui, sugebėjimas susikaupti, išgirsti save savyje, sugebėjimas pažinti save ir save suprasti, sugebėjimas protauti, kuo žmogus tik ir skiriasi nuo visų kitų gyvų sutvėrimų gamtoje. Raginimas tapti sau žmonėmis - tai raginimas tapti sąmoningais, oriais, išdidžiais, atskirti, kas žmoniška, o kas - ne, raginimas suprasti, kad \"žmogus tiktai iš vidaus teaug\", ir teauga tada, kai įveikia baimę, raginimas turėti švarią širdį, nebetarnauti vergiškai kitiems, raginimas žengti \"meniškumo taku\". Tokia, kaip sako Vysuomis, yra Dievo valia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-20 13:28:17',62,'','2010-10-20 13:31:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-20 13:28:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,167,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1764,'Saulius Tomas Kondrotas \"Meilė pagal Juozapą\"','saulius-tomas-kondrotas-qmeil-pagal-juozapq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">SENAS NAMAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šlapi, aplyti kaštonai, gatvė, lygi, tiesi ir ilga, kurioje nematyti nei žmogaus, nei šuns, nei sužvarbusios lietuje katės. Toks vasaros rytas, kai aušta, bet dangus debesuotas, apniukęs ir vos vos krapnoja, kai naktį girdėjai šniokščiant lietų, o dabar kvepia drėgna žeme, sliekais ir jazminais. Žolė už metalinių, surūdijusių tvoros virbų šlapia ir aštri. Ir rodosi, jog tuoj iš miglos tolumoje iškils žmogus, einantis asfaltu, tarytum bristų per žolę, ir bus vienišas tame keistame, vaiskaus rūko pilname pasaulyje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Taip turbūt atrodžiau aš, ankstų rytą atsiradęs dar tebemiegančioje gatvėje. Namas, kurios ieškojau, stovėjo kiek atokiau nuo šaligatvio, buvo apaugęs švelniai raudonomis gebenėmis, į jį vedė alėja, prasidedanti ties metaliniais, kažkada baltais vartais. Kurį laiką vaikštinėjau šaligatviu pirmyn ir atgal, vildamasis, jog kokiame nors iš aplinkinių namų pastebėsiu bent menkiausią bruzdesį, liudijantį, jog žmonės bunda, ir tuomet nebus nepatogu atverti tų senų geležinių vartų. Tyliai šiugždėdamas padangomis migloje pravažiavo pieno furgonas. Vėl tyla ir ramybė. Aš sustojau, atsirėmiau į rasotą metalinį stulpą ir užsidegiau cigaretę. Tabako dūmas ištirpo ore. Vis dar nedrįsau įeiti pro vartus į tiesią siaurą alėją. Nuo kaštonų krito lašai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atsirėmęs į stulpą laukiau, kol galėsiu lengvu stumtelėjimu atverti vartelius ir alėja nužingsniuoti iki namo. Cigaretė turėjo padėti laukti. Metalo šaltis prasiskverbė pro drėgną apsiausto audeklą, nuo skrybėlės kraštų lašnojo vanduo. Cigaretė sumirko ir iš baltos tapo geltona, bet žarija vis tiek sulig kiekvienu dūmu vis labiau artėjo prie šlapių pirštų. Kartkarčiais apsidairydavau, tačiau tiek aplinkiniuose namuose, tiek alėjoje buvo tuščia ir nejudru.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-20 13:31:52',62,'','2010-10-20 13:37:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-20 13:31:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,166,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1765,'Veronikos tragedija','veronikos-tragedija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vaižgantas žmoguje visada ieškojo užslėptų “deimančiukų”, ieškojo geriausių žmogiškų savybių. Todėl dabar, perskaičiusi A.Vienuolio “Paskenduolę”, prisiminiau šiuos žodžius, nes dabar aš turiu nuspręsti, ar Veronika kalta. Aš, skaitytojas, - jos teisėjas, ir man reikės paskelbti nuosprendį. Išteisinti ar pasmerkti? Kaip pasielgti? Gal išklausyti visų praeities liudytojų, kurių nuomonė ir nulems Veronikos likimą? Kokia svarstyklių lėkštelė nusvirs? Blogio ar gėrio, o gal sustos pusiaukelėje, abidvi lygiai? Ir taip - kalba “Paskenduolės” veikėjai, gyvi ir mirę, žmonės ir gamta.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-20 13:39:11',62,'','2010-10-20 13:46:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-20 13:39:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,165,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1766,'Dao De Dzing \"Knyga apie Dao ir De, parašyta Lao Dze\"','dao-de-dzing-qknyga-apie-dao-ir-de-parayta-lao-dzeq','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Dao, išreikštas žodžiais,<br /> nėra amžinasis Dao;<br /> vardas, kuriuo galima pervadinti,<br /> nėra amžinasis vardas;<br /> bevardė<br /> dangaus ir žemės pradžia<br /> įvardinta yra visų daiktų pramotė;<br /> todėl:<br /> kas sutramdo aistras,<br /> pamato daiktų paslaptį;<br /> kas aistrų nesuvaldo,<br /> temato daiktų paviršių;<br /> abiejų ta pati prigimtis,<br /> tik vardai skirtingi;<br /> abu drauge priklauso gelmei,<br /> kur už giliausios gelmės gelmė -<br /> visų paslapčių vartai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Kai visi sužino, kad grožis gražus,<br />atsiranda bjaurumas;<br />kai visi sužino, kad gėris - geras,<br />atsiranda blogis;<br />nes:<br />pilnas ir tuščias gimdo viens kitą,<br />lengvas ir sunkus sukuria vienas kitą,<br />ilgas ir trumpas sąlygoja vienas kitą,<br />aukštas ir žemas veikia viens kitą,<br />garsas ir tonas atitinka viens kitą,<br />pirmesnis ir paskesnis eina vienas po kito;<br />todėl išminčius veikia neveikdamas,<br />moko be žodžių,<br />ir daiktai juda nesustodami;<br />jis netrukdo jiems vystytis ir jų nesisavina,<br />jis kuria, bet nieko sau nereikalauja,<br />daro žygdarbius, bet sau jų nepriskiria,<br />o kai nieko neima,<br />tai nieko ir nepraranda.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-20 13:47:10',62,'','2010-10-20 13:50:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-20 13:47:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,164,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(1767,'V. Mačernio \"Vizijos penktoji I dalis\"','v-maernio-qvizijos-penktoji-i-dalisq','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Laukuose degė saulė. Buvo vasara. Ir augo didelė, švelni žolė miškų pavėsiuose,<br />Nuo upių pūtė šiltas vėjas atgalios.<br />Balti keliai, tartum svajonės vienišos, per lygumas beribėn tiesėsi,<br />Kai aš ėjau per žemę žydinčią, apsvaigęs saulės spinduliuos.<br /><br />Praeidamas mačiau artojų dideles šeimas, padrikusias laukų platybėse,<br />Regėjau jų nenykstančių darbų dienas ir neramias jų poilsio naktis.<br />Pribrendę buvo jau laukai, ir viršum jų, tartum rami dvasia,<br />Pleveno didelės pjūties rimtis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Paskui regėjau sunkų triūsą. Iš reto plakė šiurkščios darbininkų širdys,<br />Bronziniai jų veidai ir šaltos akys spinduliavo laisvės ir jėgos grožiu.<br /><br />Jų rankos buvio grubios, kietos, pajuodavę ir suskirdę,<br />Jų sielos – aiškios, šviesios, lyg mažų vaikų.<br /><br />Galvojau apie juos, parimęs pakelės žolėj, akis į mėlynas erdves įsmeigęs.<br />Galvojau apie jų gyvenimą ir būsimas kartas,<br />Kurios, atėję žemėn augs, subręs ir, kai jau bus diena šviesioji pasibaigus,<br />Mirtin nulenks be baimės galvas išdidžias.<br /><br />Aš supratau tada žydėjimo ir subrendimo prasmę gilią,<br />Ir buvo sieloj taip ramu, kai ūžė vėjas kalvose,<br />Kai žemė, upių vandenys ir mėlyni miškai giedojo tyliai:<br />Gyvenk per mus, kad mes galėtum amžinai gyventi per tave.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-20 13:51:28',62,'','2010-10-20 13:55:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-20 13:51:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,163,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(1768,'J. Biliūno \"Ubagas\" aprašymas','j-bilino-qubagasq-apraymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jono Biliūno apsakyme „Ubagas“ pavaizduotas labai svarbios šiuolaikiniam pasauliui būdingos problemos. Pagrindinis kūrinio veikėjas – Petras Sabaliūnas, savo išgyvenimais ir rūpesčiais panašus į daugelį iš mūsų senos kartos žmonių. Petras Sabaliūnas – žilas, geros širdies senelis, kaip ir daugelis senų žmonių, turintis savo pomėgį – bites. Senelis labai jas mėgo, gerai jomis rūpinosi ir visada kalbėjo, kad bitės geros ir paklusnios tik tada, kai „bičiuoliai nešykštūs ir vienybei gyvena“. Dėl to jis kiekvienam pasitaikiusiam žmogui nepamiršdavo medaus duoti. Bitės jam padėdavo tvirčiau žengti gyvenimo keliu ir įveikti gyvenimo sunkumus. Savo praeityje turėjęs jaukų būstą ir gražią šeimyną, vieną dieną Sabaliūnas suvokia, kad viską prarado. Atidavęs meilę, rūpestį, švelnumą savo vaikams, jis supranta labai skaudžią tiesą, kad pasenęs ir ligotas jis tampa niekam nereikalingas, net savo paties vaikams. Ir atrodo, tik vienintelės bitės ilgisi jo šilumos ir supranta jo skausmą. Suprasdamas, kad savo namuose laikomas nepageidaujamu, ir nenorėdamas būti našta, Petras Sabaliūnas išeina laimės ieškoti svetur.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sabaliūnui nelengva susitaikyti su ubago dalia, nelengva prašyti žmonių pagalbos ir sau pačiam pripažinti, kad jam jos iš tikrųjų labai reikia. Jis suprato, kad daug lengviau duoti, kai viską turi, nei imti, kai nieko neturi. Tačiau jis neturi kitos išeities, kaip tik prašyti išmaldos. Senukas – nepaprastas ubagas. Jis ne toks kaip kiti ubagai, jis kalba apie savo skausmą atvirai, neapsimesdamas ir nevaizduodamas nelaimėlio. Jo ašaros tyros, tekančios iš širdies gilumų, o senuko žodžiai – nuoširdūs. Pirmą kartą apsilankęs svečiuose namuose, Sabaliūnas supranta, kad ubago dalia nėra jau tokia lengva, kaip jis manė. Jo akyse pasirodo ašaros. Gal iš gėdos ar iš skausmo senukas slepia savo akis, kuriose slypintis skausmas ir neviltis užgožia jo laimę, gyvenimo prasmę bei džiaugsmą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasakotojas, duodamas seneliui duonos riekę, jaučiasi kaltas. Jis pajuto savyje „dalį amžinos vaikų kaltės“. Gal dėl to, kad mažai aplankydavo savo tėvus, ir tik po jų mirties suprato, kokie jie buvo jam svarbūs ir kaip jis juos mylėjo. O gal jis prisiėmė sau dalį Sabaliūno sūnaus kaltės, nes vaikystėje jie žaidė kartu, buvo geri draugai. Bet kad ir kiek skausmo Sabaliūnui suteikė jo sūnus, jis vis tiek nelaiko pykčio savo širdyje, o kaip tik savo pasąmonėje bando jį pateisinti. Skaitydami šį kūrinį mes galime pamatyti, kokie žiaurūs mes galime būti savo tėvams, ir kokie kartais atlaidūs tėvai gali būti savo vaikams. Iš šio apsakymo mes galime daug ko pasimokyti ir nedaryti tų pačių klaidų, kurias padarė senuko sūnus, ir kurias net šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje dažnai kartojame mes patys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-20 13:56:03',62,'','2010-10-20 13:59:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-20 13:56:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,162,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1769,'S. Nėries eilėraščio \"Dainuok, širdie, gyvenimą\" analizė','s-nries-eilraio-qdainuok-irdie-gyvenimq-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1943 m. Maskvoje buvo išleistas S.Nėries eilėraščių rinkinys \"Dainuok, širdie, gyvenimą\". Mano manymu, šiuose eilėraščiuose yra išsakyta tai, kas yra svarbu žmogui, kasdien žiūrinčiam mirčiai į akis. Pagrindinis viso rinkinio eilėraštis yra \"Dainuok, širdie, gyvenimą\". Jau pavadinimas – raktas į viso kūrinio prasmės suvokimą. Eilėraštis gimė,susimaišius išgyventiems karo įvykiams su Tėvynės ilgesiu.Jis tarsi neturi pradžios,yra tos pačios nuotaikos tąsa,o kartu ir priešprieša. Poetė atveria savo širdį, šlieja susikaupusius jausmus: liūdesį, džiaugsmą. Išgirstame kreipinį, kuriuo pasakoma, kad bus kalbama apie jausmus, kurie žinomi ir suprantami tik pačiam lyriniam subjektui: Dainuok, širdie, gyvenimą...</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai ir liepimas ,ir reikalavimas,kuris susiformuoja tarsi ant ribos. Iš vienos pusės rūstūs laiko reikalavimai poezijai, o iš kitos labai asmeniškas, iškentėtas ir subrandintas įsakymas sau. Lyrinio herojaus jausmai tikri, nepameluoti,be abejo, išgyventi, patirti. Žodis \"gyvenimas\" simbolizuoja poetės patirtį. Širdis turi prabilti kitaip, kitu balsu, tvirčiau. ”Dainuok, širdie, gyvenimą” lyrinio subjekto kalbėjimas yra įsakmus vidinis liepimas, įmanomas  tik valingiems žmonėms. Prisiminkime, kad pati S.Nėris trapi, pažeidžiama, bet kartu ir ryžtinga. Čia kalbama apie gimtąją žemę, nes gimtinės vaizdas jaukus ir šviesus. \"Padangę saulėtą ir gryną ir smėlio taką per pušyną\". Atrodo, eilėraštis karo tema, bet, mano galva, čia kalbama ne apie mirtį, o apie gyvenimą “be švininio turinio”, ir apie \"gyvenimą sugriautą, gyvenimą sudegintą\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-21 10:34:18',62,'','2010-10-21 10:42:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-21 10:34:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,161,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1770,'Kaimas ir jo žmonės A.Vienuolio apsakyme \"Arkliavagio duktė\"','kaimas-ir-jo-mons-avienuolio-apsakyme-qarkliavagio-duktq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A.Vienuolis rašė nuoširdžiai ir paprastai. Jo kūryboje nesutiksime modernistinių krypčių atgarsių. Rašytojas mums liko liaudiškas ir savitas. Pats buvo kilęs iš kaimo, todėl gerai suprato kaimo žmonių gyvenimą. Visus savo atsiminimus surinko į knygą \"Iš mano atsiminimų\". \"Arkliavagio duktė\" -viena tos knygos dalelė. A.Vienuolis apsakyme pavaizdavo 20a. pradžios Lietuvos kaimą, nepaliestą miesto civilizacijos, tamsų, turintį savus įstatymus. Kaimas to meto žmogui buvo svarbus dalykas, nes būtent jame prabėgdavo visas žmogaus gyvenimas, džiaugsmai ir kančios. Rašytojas aprašo savo gimtinę Užuožerius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Per ištisas dienas kaimiečiai dirba žemės ūkio darbus. Trumpomis žiemos dienomis darbo būdavo nedaug. \"...iki pietų vyrai eidavo klojimo šiečkos pjauti, kratinio kratyti, moterys triūsdavo gryčioje\". Po pietų vyrai apsiliuobdavo, o moterys pamelždavo karves. Vakarais moterys verpdavo, plėšydamos paukščių plunksnas, vyrai sukdavo pančius, virves vydavo. Tiesa, naktį apeidavo tvartus ir patikrindavo, ar kur vagies nebūta. Laisvalaikiu vieni pas kitus nueidavo. Miegodavo ilgai, nes daug darbų neturėjo. Kas sekmadienį daugelis kaimo gyventojų važiuodavo į bažnyčią. Žmonės būdavo labai religingi. Taip rašytojas atsimena savo motiną: \"Atsikėlusi ji tuojau nedegdavo balanos, o, apsigaubusi kailinėliais, klaupdavosi prie užšalusio lango ant suolo ir, baisiai žiovaudama ir čežėdama rožančium ir brotsvomis, kalbėdavo savo rytmetinius poterius.\" Vienuolis nešneka apie tai, ar visi tikrai tikėjo į dievą, ar tik atbarbendavo maldas, galvodami, jog tai reikalinga. Tačiau buvo ir nenaudėlių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmonių tarpusavio santykiai buvo labai draugiški. Vieni kitiems padėdavo įvairiuose darbuose. Bet vagių, girtuoklių kaimynai neapkęsdavo. A.Vienuolio kaimas pilnas prietarų, beraštiškumo. Žmonės neturtingi, tačiau yra turinčių pinigų. Keliasi jie tada, kai užgieda gaidžiai. Jie tiki įvairiais kerais, manydami, jog čigonas gali apkerėti mažą vaiką. Kaimas turi savus įstatymus, kurių privalo laikytis visi gyventojai. Tos nuostatos yra labai paprastos ir primityvios, bet jų nesilaikančius kaimas gali bausti, nusižengusiuosius išmesti iš savo \"obščestvos\". Panašiai atsitinka Pečiūrai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaimo žmonės bjaurisi Pečiūra. Jis-girtuoklis ir vagis. Jo išorinis ir vidinis paveikslas apsakyme keičiasi. \"Iš pradžių Pečiūra rėkė nesavu balsu, vis prašė dovanoti, šaukė pasigailėjimo, dievažijosi daugiau nebevogsiąs, bet vyrai jo nepaisė ir mušė tol, kol vagies nugara pasruvo krauju, o jis pats nebeteko sąmonės.\" Panaudodamas realistines detales, Vienuolis sukuria mušamo Pečiūros paveikslą. Vėliau rašytojas parodo Pečiūrą, vedamą į katorgą. A.Vienuolis kuria tipiškus personažus. Toks yra ir Pečiūra. Iš vienos pusės galima sakyti, jog jis neigiamas personažas. Jis yra vagis, melagis, žiaurus ir klastingas. Tačiau ir didžiausio nusikaltėlio viduje kažkada pasirodo teigiamos savybės. Psichologinės detalės padeda rašytojui atskleisti dvasinę būseną, kada žmogus ilgam laikui išsiskiria su savo vaikais. Jis pabučiavo mūkelę, bučiuoja žemę. Staiga jis \"pradėjo bučiuoti savo dukrelę į galvutę, veidelius, petelius ir vis baubti, negalėdamas nė žodžio ištarti\". Pečiūra yra nusiminęs, nelaimingas, tačiau užjaučiamas viso kaimo žmonių. Jis myli savo vaikus, užjaučiantis ir gailestingas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-21 10:42:30',62,'','2010-10-21 10:44:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-21 10:42:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,160,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1771,'Erich Maria Remark \"Trys draugai\"','erich-maria-remark-qtrys-draugaiq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dangus buvo geltonas it žalvaris ir dar neapsitraukęs dūmais iš kaminų. Anapus fabriko stogų jis itin švytėjo. Netrukus turėjo tekėti saulė. Aš pažvelgiau į laikrodį. Dar nebuvo aštuonių. Pasiskubinau ketvirčiu valandos. Atidariau vartus ir parengiau benzino siurblį. Apie tą metą visados jau atvažiuodavo viena kita mašina pasiimti degalų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Staiga išgirdau, kad užpakaly manęs kažkas kimiai sukranksėjo, - atrodė, lyg po žemėmis kas būtų sukiojęs kokius surūdijusius sraigtus. Sustojau ir ėmiau klausytis. Paskiau per kiemą sugrįžau prie dirbtuvės ir atsargiai pravėriau duris. Pustamsėje dirbtuvėje knapinėjo šmėkla. Ji buvo su nešvaria balta skarele, mėlyna prijuoste, storomis šlepetėmis ir mosavo šluota; svėrė jinai devyniasdešimt kilogramų: tai būta mūsų šlavėjos Matildos Stos. Valandėlę pastovėjau stebėdamas ją. Svirdinėdama tarp automobilių radiatorių ir dusliu balsu niūniuodama dainą apie ištikimąjį husarą, ji atrodė gracinga kaip begemotas. Ant stalo palei langą stovėjo du buteliai konjako. Vienas buvo pustuštis. Vakar vakare jis dar buvo pilnas. Aš užmiršau juos padėti į spintą ir užrakinti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-21 10:45:13',62,'','2010-10-21 10:51:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-21 10:45:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,159,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1772,'K. Donelaičio asmenybė, lietuviškumo gynimas \"Metuose“','k-donelaiio-asmenyb-lietuvikumo-gynimas-qmetuose','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">K.Donelaitis paliko ne tik savo kūrybą, bet ir nemirštamą asmenybės žavesį. Poetas K.Donelaitis buvo sąžiningas žmogus. Jis buvo puikus mechanikas, padaręs tris gražius klavesinus ir fortepijoną, mikroskopą ir daug visokių kitų dalykų. Donelaitis statė Tolminkiemio bažnytėlę būsimųjų laikų atminimui. Įtaisė joje nedidelius viduramžių kambarinius vargonus. K.Donelaitis - ne tik veiklos, bet ir intelekto žmogus. Jis gilinosi į didžiųjų praeities mąstytojų mintis, stengėsi susivokti pasaulyje ir savyje. Poetas bjaurėjosi, kad kalbos dažniausiai sukasi apie pajamas, jų padidinimą, o rimta, dievobaiminga kalba vis tylesnė. Jautria, aistringa prigimtimi svilino poetas veidmainius, gobšuolius ir dykinėtojus tiek gyvenime, tiek kūryboje. Smerkdamas lėbautojus ir šykštuolius, poetas buvo taupus, neigiąs palaidas pramogas ir linksmybes, manė, jog pastorius turi būti moraliniu pavyzdžiu kitiems.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Poetas tvirtai laikėsi moralinių nuostatų, nuolat tramdė savo prigimties karštį, polėkius ir aistras. Į gyvenimą žvelgė su menininkams būdingu sielos jautrumu, neretai poetiškai sutirštindamas spalvas. Poetas nebuvo tik kabinetų ir knygų žmogus. Jis stebėjo gyvenimą, gilinosi į ūkio reikalus. Donelaitis sielojosi dėl jaunimo ateities, lietuvių tautos, jos kalbos likimo rytų Prūsijoje. Lemiamą vaidmenį čia turėjo mokykla, o taip pat lietuvių kalbą moką ir mylį pastoriai. Gimtąja kalba poetas sakydavo pamokslus, bendraudavo su parapijos žmonėmis, rūpinosi mokyklų būkle.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Poetas buvo paprastas, nuoširdus, atviras, tiesaus būdo žmogus, nevengiąs pasakyti teisybės žodžio, stengėsi gerai ir naudingai patarti žmonėms. Vienas patraukliausių Donelaičio charakterio bruožų yra darbštumas. Visais savo gyvenimo laikotarpiais jis dirbo daug ir prasmingai. Be literatūros, muzika K.Donelaičiui buvo vienas mėgstamiausių dalykų, turėjo puikią muzikinę klausą. Mokėjo skambinti savo fortepijonu, komponavo savo tekstams melodijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Maždaug dešimtmetį K.Donelaitis rašė savo pagrindinį kūrinį \"Metai\", susidedantį iš keturių giesmių, atitinkančių metų laikus. Senąsias tradicijas \"Metuose\" dar yra išlaikęs kaimas. Jis grynai lietuviškas. Jame nėra kitataučių. Būrų (\"viežlybųjų\") paveikslais poetas teigia darbštumą, moralinį grožį. Būrai - papročių ir tradicijų saugotojai. Didžiausia materialinė vertybė, visuomenės išsilaikymo pagrindas yra darbas. Jis būtina žmogaus egzistavimo sąlyga. Poetas sukūrė nuotaikingų, šviesių darbo vaizdų (šienapjūtės vaizdas). Tokie vaizdai turėjo kelti būrų nuotaiką, žadinti geresnio gyvenimo troškimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Poemoje vaizduojamos ir mažos būrų šventės, pažintinės reikšmės turi aplinkos, įrankių, aprangos aprašymai. Tie vaizdai rodo dvasinį liaudies sveikumą, išskirtinas vestuvių aprašymas: tautiniai apdarai, liaudies muzika ir šokiai, dainas ir vestuvinės apeigos įpintos tarsi norint jas išsaugoti. Gindamas lietuvių kalbą ir papročius, poetas bara ir išjuokia tuos, kurie pasiduoda neigiamai kolonistų įtakai, išsižada savo kalbos. Žadindamas nacionalinę būrų savigarbą, stengdamasis apsaugoti juos nuo vokietinimo pavojaus, Donelaitis aukštino senovę. Poetas ją laikė tautybės grynumo idealu. Donelaičio kūryba, atskleidusi sudėtingus socialinius to metu santykius, kartu buvo protestas prieš lietuvių kalbos ir kultūros niekintojus. Poetui rūpi sužadinti užguitos ir paniekintos lietuvių liaudies ambicijas, savo vertės, tautinio savitumo pajautimą, kviečia pamilti lietuvišką kalbą, papročius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-21 10:51:29',62,'','2010-10-21 10:56:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-21 10:51:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,158,'','',0,94,'robots=\nauthor='),(1773,'Juozas Baltušis','juozas-baltuis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jo tėvas Karolis Juozėnas gimė ir augo netoli Svėdasų, Šventosios pakrantėje, reto gražumo Būtėnų kaime; o motina Marija Baltušytė – netoli Kupiškio, Puponių kaimo Kairabalės paraistėje. Šimtmečio pradžioje, visiškai nesusitarę, abu atvyko į Rygą ieškotis sotesnio duonos kąsnio, čia pamilo vienas kitą, čia susituokė švento Alberto bažnyčioje. Vėliau iš Rygos atsikėlė į Kupiškį. Prasidėjus pirmąjąm Pasauliniam karui pasitraukia. Juozas Baltušis buvo mažamokslis, nebaigęs pradžios mokyklos. Tačiau kiekvieną kartą kai turėdavo laisvo laiko skaitydavo knygas ir tokiu būdu šios knygos jam padėjo suprasti tai, ko nesužinojo mokykloje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Geriausias J. Baltušio kūrinys – romanas “Sakmė apie Juzą”, parašytas 1979m., įsiterpia į aktualius aštuntojo ir devintojo dešimtmečio literatūros svarstymus apie nykstančias tautas tradicines dvasines vertybes. Autorius romane pabandė sumodeliuoti lietuvio charakterį, sukaupusį savyje ilgaamžę patirtį. Kūrinio pavadinimas “Sakmė…” nurodo jo žanrinį savitumą. Tačiau tai ir romanas. Vadinasi, Juzos charakteris kuriamas dvejopa motyvacija: romaniška ir sakmiška. Romaniškieji kūrinio požymiai – tai konkreti, netolimą praeitį siekianti istorinė įvykių vieta ir laikas. Tokiomis aplinkybėmis veikia ūkininkas Juza. Tačiau Juzos charakteriui būdingesnis yra sakmiškasis pasaulis, mitinis laikas ir erdvė, kur viskas pastovu ir amžina.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Labai svarbi žmogaus gyvenimo sfera – namai ir žemė, ant kurios jie stovi. Neatsitiktinai toks didelis dėmesys romane skiriamas herojaus išėjimui iš namų. Tas išėjimas nėra netikėtas ar nepagrįstas. Gaivališkas, bet labai uždaras Juzos charakteris negali pakelti nerealizuotos meilės Vinciūnei. Jis stovi tarsi ant dviejų pasaulių ribos. Kairabalėje visam likusiam pasauliui jis tampa svetimas – miškų žmogus. Tačiau savo naują erdvę jis sukultūrina, padaro joje tvarką. Visi herojaus veiksmai, jo atliekami darbai sureikšminami, rituališki. Juzos susikurta erdvė – tai mažytis kosmoso modelis, mitologinis pasaulio medis, jungiantis tris sferas: požeminę, dabartinę ir dieviškąją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Juzai rašytojas suteikia mitinei pasaulėjautai būdingą laiko pojūtį. Jo laikas nesutampa su istoriniu laiku, jis nėra vienakryptis, linijinis, o spirališkas, cikliškas, pasikartojantis, nulemtas gamtos ritmo. Kairabalė Juzai tampa jo žmogiškumo patikrinimo vieta. Jau pačioje romano pradžioje įsitikiname, jog jis gana lengvai apsieina be žmonių. Tik materialiniai poreikiai verčia jį prekiauti ir pirkti pas Konelį druską, žibalą ir geležį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-21 10:56:26',62,'','2010-10-21 10:59:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-21 10:56:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,157,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1774,'Kristijonas Donelaitis','kristijonas-donelaitis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kristijonas Donelaitis – didis Mažosios Lietuvos dainius, ne tik padėjęs pamatus grožinei lietuvių literatūrai, bet ir padaręs didelį indėlį į Lietuvos istoriją. Žymiausias pasaulietinės literatūros pradininko Lietuvoje K.Donelaičio kūrinys yra „Metai”, kurį pats autorius skiria ir rašo ne karaliams, ne ponams, o paprastam lietuviui baudžiauninkui, kuris ir susilaukia daugiausiai dėmesio šiame giesmių cikle. K. Donelaičio „Metus” sudaro keturios dalys, papuoštos skambiais pavadinimais: „Pavasario linksmybės”, „Vasaros darbai”, „Rudens gėrybės” ir „Žiemos rūpesčiai” ir drauge sukuriančios ypatingai gražų Lietuvos kaimo peizažą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bene įtaigiausia ir daugiausiai palyginimų turinti „Metų” ištrauka yra K.Donelaičio pasakojimas apie vieną iš vasaros darbų – šienapjūtę, kurioje dalyvauja visi kaimo baudžiauninkai (išskyrus Plaučiūną). Labai vaizdingai K.Donelaitis aprašo šienapjūtės pradžią. Ją paskelbia putpelė: „Ik po meto vėl šienaut jau putpela šaukė”. Pati šienapjūtė yra metas, kuomet dirba absoliučiai kiekvienas – tam tikrą darbo dalį turi nudirbti ir šeimininkas, ir jo samdinys (jie vaizduojami lygūs). K.Donelaitis kiekvieną dirbantį baudžiauninką, ginkluotą „kardais ir šoblėmis”, įjungia it sraigtelį į didelę ir labai galingai dirbančią mašiną, pavadindamas ją skambiu žodžiu: giltinė. Giltinė nepasigaili nė vieno žaliosios augmenijos gyventojo: ji pakerta ir vos bepradedančius žydėti augalus („dar daug žiedų tikt vos žydėti pradėjo”) ir jau tuos, kurie „su žilomis barzdomis svyrinėjo”. Nors giltinė mums ir asocijuojasi su baisia šmėkla, K.Donelaičiui tai paprasčiausia galybė, sugebėjusi visiems baudžiauninkams „ištuštinti pievas” ir taip surinkti metų derlių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">K.Donelaitis vaizduoja ir žmogų, nesugebantį įsilieti į darbštų kaimo gyvenimą (kurį autorius sulygino su skruzdelynu). Tai yra Plaučiūnas, kurį K.Donelaitis priskiria prie „nenaudėlių” („Pačią su glūpais vaikais kone numušė smirdas”) būrų (gerieji būrai - „vėžlybieji”). Jis nevalyvas, nenori dirbti, netgi nekreipia dėmesio į tai, kad jo laukuose dergia kiaulės. Plaučiūnas vaizduojamas ne tik kaip tinginys, bet ir kaip girtuoklis, praganęs savo darbo įrankius ir tai pastebėjęs tik metams prabėgus. “Pernai […] Budę naują su dalgiu šakėtu prapuldė”. Net ir nuvažiavęs į Karaliaučių pirkti naujo dalgio, Plaučiūnas ne tik, kad jo nenusipirko („žioplinėdams vis bei būriškai šokinėdams/Budę su nauju dalgiu nusipirkti užmiršo.”), bet ir savo arklį karčiamoje pragėrė. Sukurdamas Plaučiūno asmenybę, autorius smerkia tokius baudžiauninkus, smerkia girtuoklystę, tinginystę. K.Donelaičio Plaučiūnas – lyg vokietis, ponas, nemėgstantis žemės ir lauko darbų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-21 10:59:48',62,'','2010-10-21 11:02:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-21 10:59:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,156,'','',0,62,'robots=\nauthor='),(1775,'K. Donelaičio asmenybė, vertybių sistema “Metuose”','k-donelaiio-asmenyb-vertybi-sistema-metuose','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">K. Donelaitis buvo temperamentingas,jautraus charakterio žmogus. Tai atsispindi ir jo kūryboje, ir archyviniuose dokumentuose. Poetas buvo aukštos moralės žmogus. Senatvėje jis rašė vokiškai “žinias” apie parapiją būsimajam Tolminkiemio klebonui. Be abejo, teisingai save taip apibūdino: “Aš iš prigimties buvau gyvo temperamento ir mokėjau dainuoti bei skambinti savo fortepijonu ir klavesinu, bet skambindamas ir dainuodamas būdavau moralus”. K. Donelaitis troško atsidėti kūrybai, mokslui. Spėjama, kad gyvsidabrio garai, kurių negalėjo išvengti dirbdamas barometrus, bus labai pakenkę jo sveikatai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ryškus K. Donelaičio asmenybės bruožas – nusistatymas prieš nuožmius ponus ir demokratiškas lietuviškumas. Labai gerbė paprastus kaimo žmones ir puoselėjo lietuvių kalbą. K. Donelaičio demokratiškumas, artimumas lietuviams baudžiauninkams meniškai išreikštas kūryboje. Tartum milžiniškas kalnas iškyla XVIII a. lietuvių literatūroje K. Donelaičio kūryba. Svarbiausias jo kūrinys – idilinė poema “Metai”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vokiečių kolonistų atnešamai vokiškai civilizacijai, K. Donelaitis stengėsi pastatyti priešais lietuvių tautinę kultūrą, senovinius lietuvių papročius ir taurų gyvenimo būdą. Jo pamokymai įterpti gamtos paveiksluose, gyvenimo scenose, darbų vaizduose. K. Donelaičio pamokymai: religiniai moraliniai ar praktiški ūkiški. “Vasaros darbuose” kalbama apie pupų ir žirnių rinkimą, avižapjūtę ir miežiapjūtę, kanapių, linų ravimą ir karšimą. Ir vis raginami būrai neapsijuokti prieš kitataučius. Nelieka užmirštas ir grybavimas, taip pat riešutavimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tačiau poetas neužmerkė akių ir prieš būrų ydas ir be pasigailėjimo jas pliekė. Jis parodo savo poemoj visą eilę neigiamų personažų, kaip girtuoklį mušeiką Enskį, tinginį Plaučiūną, nedorėlius Slunkių ir Pelėdą. Čia išryškinama ir smerkiama girtuoklystė, tinginystė, nedorumas. Bet nepalyginamai rūstesnis ir griežtesnis K. Donelaitis, smerkdamas ponų nevalyvumą bei nedorybes, šykštumą, žiaurumą ir baudžiauninkų išnaudojimą. Smerkdamas tas ponų ydas K. Donelaitis, teigia būrams, kad jie nebūtų tokie pat.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-21 11:03:14',62,'','2010-10-21 11:06:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-21 11:03:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,155,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1776,'Namai ir pasaulis lietuvių literatūroje','namai-ir-pasaulis-lietuvi-literatroje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Namai. Toks paprastas žodis. Nesudėtingas - tik penkios raidės. Šį žodį dažnai vartojame savo kasdienėje kalboje. Vartojame jo net nepastebėdami, net nesusimąstydami, ką jis iš tikro reiškia, neįsigilindami į šio, atrodo, paprasto žodžio prasmę. Bet ar jis toks paprastas kaip atrodo iš pirmo žvilgsnio? Jokiu būdu ne. Tai suprato mūsų literatūros klasikai: K. Donelaitis ir Žemaitė. Jie savo kūryboje įrodė, jog namai - tai ne tik mūsų būstas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kasdienėje kalboje žodį \"namai\" suvokiame siaurąja prasme. Bet Žemaitė ir K. Donelaitis įžvelgė tai, ko dar nebuvo įžvelgęs niekas. Jiems namai - tai visas gyventojo veidrodis, jo vidaus, sielos išraiška, charakterio ir būdo atspindys. \"Metų\", žymiausio K. Donelaičio kūrinio, veikėjai būrai yra spalvingos asmenybės, tad ir jį namai - charakterio ir gyvenimo būdo veidrodžiai, šeimininko vizitinė kortelė, tik pasakanti daug daugiau nei vardas ir pavardė. Štai kad ir dviejų tinginių, Slunkiaus ir Pelėdos, trobų aprašymas: \"Trobos smirdų tų, kad jas kas nor įsitėmyt, | Nei pūstynės iš visų pašalių pasirodo. | Kad aukštyn žiūri, pamatai sudriskusį kraiką, | Ant kurio sklypus nuplėštų klestina vėjai, | Kad viens čia, kits ten nuo stogo ritasi lopais.\"</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">K. Donelaitis pirmasis taip sureikšmina namų vaidmenį. Namai tapo neatsiejama būro dalele, nusakančia gyventojo vidų, visas gerąsias ir blogąsias charakterio savybes.<br />Būrams jų namai - tai tradiciškumo ir lietuviškumo židinys, todėl jie nenori įsileisti naujovių, svetimų papročių. Poetas neigiamai pasisako prieš didėjančius valstiečių buitinius poreikius ir jų patenkinimą: \"Ogi dabar, želėk dieve, tik gėda žiūrėt, | kad lietuvninkai kaip vokiečiai sopaguoti | ar su kurpėmis rudenį ant čėsnų pasirodo\". K. Donelaitis atvirai pasisako prieš užsieniečius kolonistus: \"Tu, prancūziškas žioply su šveisteriu storu, | ir kasdar daugiau susibastėt Lietuvą vargint, | kas jums liepė mus ir žmones mūsų paniekint? | Ar negalėjot ten pasilikt, kur jus nuperėjo | ir varles bei rupūžes jus ėst pamokino?\"</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Būrai net pyksta ant tų, kurie pasiduoda svetimšalių įtakai: \"Tarp lietuvninkų daugsyk tūls randasi smirdas, | kurs, lietuviškai kalbėdams ir šokinėdams, lyg kaip tikras vokietis mums gėdą padaro. | Daug tarp mūs yra, kurie, durnai prisiriję, | vokiškas dainas dainuot ir keikt paspartin | ir kaip vokiečiai kasdien į karčiamą bėga\". Tokias \"naujoves\" būrams visiškai nepriimtinos, jie patenkinti senuoju gyvenimo būdu, senosiomis tradicijomis, senaisiais namais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-21 11:06:35',62,'','2010-10-21 11:08:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-21 11:06:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,154,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1777,'S. Nėris \"Kada manęs nebus\"','s-nris-qkada-mans-nebusq','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Kalnuos  laisvi ereliai nardo, -   <br />Kalnuos ir mes abu -<br />Vai kas kartos tau mano vardą,<br />Kada kalnų nebus?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Mums vėjai laisvės dainą suokia,<br />Laisviem nerūpi nieks!<br />Vai kas primins tau mano juoką,<br />Kai vasara prabėgs?<br /><br />Diena su saule nusileido, - <br />Su saule vėl nubus -<br />Vai, kas pakeis tau mano meilę,<br />Kada manęs nebus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-21 11:09:07',62,'','2010-10-21 11:12:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-21 11:09:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,153,'','',0,41,'robots=\nauthor='),(1778,'Žmoniškumas šiolaikinėje lietuvių literatūroje pagal J. Aputį. Tezės','monikumas-iolaikinje-lietuvi-literatroje-pagal-j-aput-tezs','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Neapykanta - kaip emocinė potencija. 2. Genamas savisaugos instinkto, pagraužtas reliatyvizmo kirmino, pasiklydęs konformistinių poelgių tankmėje, kompleksų slegiamas ir išsigandęs žmogus labai mielai glaudžiasi prie tų, kurių pusėje yra jėga, o su ja ,žinoma, ir prievarta. 3. Kodėl taip dažnai tuos, kurie savo vikšrais negailestingai važiuoja per mūsų  nugaras paliekame nejudinę, priimame juos kaip savaime privalomus, lyg pats Dievas juos tokius būtų siuntęs? 4. Viskas priklauso nuo to, kiek tu esi savyje išsaugojęs žmoniškumo, kiek sugebi pajusti menkiausius smurto pasireiškimus ir kiek tavyje yra natūralaus poreikio tam smurtui priešintis. 5. Didžiulė simpatija kito žmogaus taurumui, mokėjimas persiimti jo kančią, pajusti jo emocijos virpėjimą, baimė jį įskaudinti ar paniekinti, kartu jam nepataikaujant ir pačiam nevaidinant.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">6. Žmogaus jautrumas toli gražu nėra pavaldus blaiviam apskaičiavimui. Jo neužslopinsi ir nenutildysi proto argumentais, jis maitinasi kitu jautrumu ir intuityviu suvokimu, kad bent kiek palengvinti kito dalią. 7. Jautrumo aspektas - sugebėjimas baisios asmeninės nelaimės akivaizdoje nepasiduoti niekingam kitų kaltės ieškojimui, kurio kartais - kaip priešingu jausmu - bandome amortizuoti slegiantį skausmą ar neviltį, kitaip sakant, pasilengvinti savo dalią, perkėlus jos gabaliuką ant kito pečių. 8. Tik spontaniškas ir aktyvus nenuolankumas, kylantis iš savo teisumo supratimo, gali laimėti dvikovą su smurtu. 9. Žmoniškumą J. Aputis laiko patikimiausią vertybę, kurią mes turėtume išsaugoti ir perduoti ateities kartoms, nes galbūt tik žmoniškumas tarp judėjimo ir pamišimo sutraukytų dienų ir naktų ir bus tas akmuo, prie kurio trupinių  bliaudamas kada nors šliesis žmogus? 10. \"Subtilus stiprumo įtaisas\" geriausiai ištobulina nuolatinius savo praeities apmąstymus ir pastovi reikšmė aukščiausiais humanizmo kriterijais matuoti visus sąmoningai ar nesąmoningai žengtus žingsnius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-21 11:13:22',62,'','2010-10-21 11:16:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-21 11:13:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,152,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1779,'Velnias lietuvių liaudies pasakose ir romane “Baltaragio malūnas”','velnias-lietuvi-liaudies-pasakose-ir-romane-baltaragio-malnas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kazio Borutos romane “Baltaragio malūnas” matome daug tautosakos motyvų, jo fabula pagrįsta antgamtinėmis jėgomis, kaip ir senieji nacionaliniai epai. Šiame kūrinyje dominuoja vienas lietuvių liaudies pasakų atstovas velnias Pinčukas, su kuriuo žmogus turi grumtis dėl savo laimės ir likimo. “Baltaragio malūnas” - tai ne tautosakos kopijavimo knyga, o individualus autoriaus mąstymo vaisius, pasiektas remiantis lietuvių liaudies kultūros elementais. Iš liaudies pasakų K. Boruta panaudojo tik  keistų, fantastinių įvykių seką, neapibrėžto laiko plotmę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Velnias tautosakoje yra dažnas žmogaus palydovas, lydintis žmogų visur ir visada. Mitologijoje velnias buvo laikomas tokiu pat svarbiu personažu kaip ir perkūnas. Ši būtybė įvardinama labai įvairiai: ji turi savo vardą tarsi žmogus, pasakose dažnai vadinama Nelabuoju, Piktuoju, Išpera ir kitais vardais. Romano “Baltaragio malūnas” velnias taip pat turi savo vardą, jį Kazys Boruta pavadino Pinčuku. Fantastinėse pasakose žmonės su velniu dažnai sudarydavo įvairias sutartis, pasirašydami krauju. Panaši sutartis su velniu išjudina “Baltaragio malūno” siužetinę liniją. Kaip ir pasakose, taip ir šiame romane velnias gyvena Paudruvės pelkėse ir raistuose, o  savo išvaizda jis analogiškas pasakų velniams. Pinčukas į romano puslapius įžengia ekstravagantiškas, šiek tiek juokingas, išsiskiriąs iš kasdieninės kaimo aplinkos, bet nekeliąs jokios grėsmės ir  nepiktas: jį net kaimo piemenys mėgdavo paerzinti, iš jo pasityčioti, prikelti iš gilaus miego. Pinčuko antgamtinę prigimtį gali pastebėti tik akyla akis, nes jo išvaizda labai panaši į žmogaus: “Striukas, bukas ponaičiukas, su kapelešiuku ant galvos ir dar su gaidžio plunksnele už kapeliušiuko”, primenantis dvaro ponaitį ar vokietuką. Pasakų velniai dažnai esti juokingi, nes juos pergudrauja žmonės, piemenys. Taip ir šiame romane Baltaragis pasirašęs pelningą sutartį su velniu,  nori jį apgauti, vietoje dukters atiduodamas samdinę Uršulę. Senovės žmonės buvo giliai įsitikinę, kad Nelabasis gali padėti nudirbti įvairiausius darbus. Tarsi pasakoje Baltaragis prijaukina Pinčuką, verčia ji sukti malūną. Taip pradeda Baltaragis civilizuoti Nelabąjį, pastarasis perima žmogaus jausmų ir veiksmų logiką: jis svajoja, įsimyli, pyksta ir keršija. Tačiau Pinčukas, padirbęs pas Baltaragį, supranta apgaulę, ir čia pasireiškia jo šėtoniška prigimtis, kuri yra pikta ir kerštinga: civilizuoti velnią galima, bet padaryti jį humanišku - ne. Dabar Pinčukas, kaip ir visi velniai, virsta svarbiausia blogio priežastimi, skelbiančia Baltaragiui kerštą tol, kol gyvenimas pasidarys nemielas. Kaip pasakose velniai keršija mergoms, nužudydami jų tėvus, o paskui jas pačias, taip ir Paudruvės pelkių velniūkštis, vykdo savo blogio misiją. Iš pradžių jis veikia pats, paskui susideda su socialinėmis padugnėmis Šešelga, Raupiu, kurie atlieka juodžiausius darbus. Šiuo būdu blogis romane įgyja visiškai įprastą formą. Darydamas bloga jis tarsi persikrausto į romano herojų sąmonę, sukeldamas dvasines kančias. Savo antgamtines jėgas jis parodo užtraukdamas rūką, sukeldamas vėtrą, sugriaudamas tiltelius. Vienas klastingiausių velnio darbų - tai Girdvainio obuolmušių vagystė, sugriovusi Jurgos ir Girdvainio likimus ir laimę. Dabar Pinčukas tampa stichiška, sunkiai pažabojama jėga, kuriai nepajėgia pasipriešinti romano herojai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-21 11:37:47',62,'','2010-10-21 11:40:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-21 11:37:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,151,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(1780,'M. Katiliškis','m-katilikis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Marius Katiliškis (Vaitkus) gimė 1915 m. (kai kur nurodoma 1914 m.) Gruzdžiuose prie Šiaulių. Jam būnant dar vaikui tėvai įsigijo žemės Katiliškių kaime, čia pradėjo ūkininkauti. Taip atsirado ir Mariaus Vaitkaus pravardė - Katiliškis. Šeimoje buvo 11 vaikų, jis - devintas. Skirtingai susiklostė jų likimai: vyriausias brolis ištremtas, 4 seserys liko tėviškėj, 4 broliai emigravo. Tėvai mirė beveik vienu metu, praėjus dešimtmečiui po karo. Marius buvo labai gabus. Jau penkerių mokėjo skaityti, beganydamas labai pamilo gamtą, paaugęs apsodino medžiais tėvų sodybą. Mėgo piešti, drožinėti. Mokyklą lankė Žagarėje. Baigęs progimnaziją ir atitarnavęs kariuomenėje, Katiliškis dirbo Pasvalio bibliotekoje vedėju. Čia susitiko \"Miškais ateina ruduo\" prototipus. Vedė mokytoją E. Avižuonytę, tačiau prasidėjo karas ir jo eigoj jiems teko trauktis kartu su vokiečiais į Vakarus. Žmona pasimetė ir, klaidingai sužinojus apie Katiliškio mirtį, sukūrė naują šeimą. Katiliškis labai išgyveno, skausmą išliejo kūrybą. \"Prasilenkimo valanda\". Besitraukdamas Katiliškis pateko į anglų nelaisvę, pabėgo, pateko į prancūzų zoną. Čia susitiko su Jonynu, apsivedė su Z. Nagyte (Liūne Sutema).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1949 m. emigravo į JAV. Dirbo kur papuolė: baldų komise, pianinų fabrike, parduotuvėje. Laisvalaikiu piešė, drožinėjo, kūrė. Sulaukė sūnaus Sauliaus. \"Užuovėja\" 1952 m. Pradėjo statyti namus, vėliau nusipirko kapines. \"Miškais ateina ruduo\" - 1957; \"Išėjusiems negrįžti\" - 1958. Paskutinis romanas nebaigtas - \"Pirmadienis Emerald gatvėje\". Visą gyvenimą dirbo sunkiai, bet taip ir neprasigyveno… Paskutiniu gyvenimo laikotarpiu kartu su žmona dirbo Kazimieriečių pensione. Visą gyvenimą, o ypač 2 - ąją jo pusę persekiojo ligos. Gangrena, kepenų cirozė, vėžys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Užuovėja”. Tai novelių romanas. Vaizduojamas tarpukario metų Aukštaitijos kaimas, žmonės, ūkio darbai per keturis metų laikus. Pirmoji novelė “Lietus”. Į ją telpa visos likusios vienuolika novelių. Tai įvadas į kūrinį. Novelę sudaro dvi skirtingos dalys - lyrinė (autorius atveria kūrybinio sumanymo paslaptį, pradinius impulsus) ir epinė. Suvokiame jog skaitysime prisiminimus. Autorius vaizduoja savo antrininką Antaniuką, jaunystėje išėjusį užkuriom iš Gružiškių į Pavirsnes. Po daugelio metų jis grįžta į gimtinę pasisvečiuoti. M.Katiliškis renkasi tokį vaizdavimo principą, kuris leistų “nepastebėti” istorinio laiko dinamikos ir uždarytų jo kaimą cikliniame metų laike. Metų laikai, kaip ir paros dalys, turi savo amžinąjį ritmą: gimimą - mirtį - prisikėlimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-21 11:40:41',62,'','2010-10-21 11:56:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-21 11:40:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,150,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1781,'A. Baranausko \"Anykščių šilelyje\"','a-baranausko-qanyki-ilelyjeq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antanas Baranauskas - žymiausias XIXa. vidurio lietuvių poetas, klasikinės poemos \"Anykščių šilelis\" ir kitų eiliuotų kūrinių autorius. Kurti jis pradėjo dar vaikystėje.Ganydamas bandą jis kūrė žaismingus eilėraštukus, išreiškiančius piemenuko mintis vaikiškus jo dżiaugsmus ir rūpesčius.Tačiau jo vardą įamżino poema \"Anykščių šilelis\" - patriotinių jausmų kupinas romantinis kūrinys apie poeto gimtųjų Anykščių girių grožį senovėje ir jų likimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Baranauskas poemoje pavaizdavo gerai pažįstamų gimtojo krašto gamtą. Anykščių šilelis - tai gražus miškas,nuo Anykščių miestelio siaura juosta nusitęsęs Šventosios pakrantėmis kelioliką kilometrų. Poetas, remdamasis atsiminimais ir patirtais įspudžiais, stengėsi visapusiškai išryškinti miško grožį. Vaizduodamas atskiras miško grożio apraiškas, jis laikėsi nuoseklumo. Pirmiausia perteikė regimuosius, paskui uodžiamuosius įspūdžius ir pagaliau garsinius vaizdus. Miškas užlieja poetą samanų, bruknių, medżių žiedų, lapų, skujų, pušelių sakų ir skruzdėlyno kvapais. Iš laukų ir pievų vėjelis atneša baltųjų ir raudonųjų dobilų, ramunių ir čiobrelių  kvapus. Detaliai pateikiamas miško garsų pasaulis. Pirmiausia skaitytojas įvedamas į slėpiningą vidurnakčio tylą. Vėliau ją sutrikdo bundančio šilo garsai: vėjo papūsto lapelio šlamėjimas, nubudusio paukštelio krustelejimas. Pagaliau išsiveržia paukščių giesmininkų sutartinė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-21 11:56:34',62,'','2010-10-21 12:10:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-21 11:56:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,149,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(1782,'J. Erlickas \"Prisimynimai\"','j-erlickas-qprisimynimaiq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Kaip gimiau, neprisimenu, nors gali būt - tai svarbus įvykis mano<br />gyvenime.<br />Paskui mokiaus. Kur mokiaus ir ko - neprisimenu. Ir kam -<br />vis tiek neišmokau.<br />O kas toliau? Dirbau? Man taip atrodo. Tačiau ką padirbau -<br />negaliu prisimint.<br />Dabar sėdžiu ir laukiu. Ko laukiu - neprisimenu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Svečių aš nelaukiu.<br />Betgi tas, kuris galėtų ateit, o neateina - man patinka. Tai<br />rimtas svečias. Užtat kai dvi paras niekas neskambina, lukteliu<br />dar pusvalandį, kad neapsirikčiau, ir atidarau.<br />Jų dar nėra!<br />(Tai ne mūsų rasės tipai. Daugelis gieda bažnyčios chore ar<br />net griežia strykiniais pas Jahvę.)<br />Bet eilinis svečias skambina garsiai ir dažnai: trys ilgi - devyni<br />trumpi. Klausaus ir galvoju: kodėl jis taip daro? Juk žino, kad<br />aš ne kurčias. Jei neatidarau, vadinasi, manęs - nėr.<br />Po kurio laiko jis jau telefonu skambina!<br />- Jūs namie?<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-21 12:11:15',62,'','2010-10-21 12:14:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-21 12:11:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,148,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1783,'Rašinys pagal Žemaitės apysaka “Sename dvare”','rainys-pagal-emaits-apysaka-sename-dvare','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šeimos meilė yra kantri maloninga, jinesielgia neteisingai, netinkamai, nepasiduoda piktumui, su džiaugsmu pritaria tiesai ir mylintiems šeimos žmonėms. Jos tarpusavio santykiai turėtų būti pagrįsti pasitikėjimu, pagarba, rūpestingu dėmesiu meile. Nuoširdūs ir gražūs šeimos santykiai – tai tiltas į didžiąją jos laimę. Perskaitęs apysaką “Sename dvare” iš nuostatos netekau žado. Toks gražus bendravimas , vienas kito supratimas pagarba ir tyri jausmai, privertė mane susimastyti. Tos šeimos santykiai, tas tvirtas ryšys vienijantis juos, gali būti puikus idealas kitoms šeimoms.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kūrinyje labiausiai patiko Mamatė. Ji trapi, žavi, romantiška ir atsidavusi menui asmenybė, kaip sakė Š. Ragana: “žemėje yra viena tikra vertybė, viena absoliuti vertybė – žmogaus siela.” Mamatės siela jautri atsidavusi vaikams ir muzikai. Ji viską išgyvendavo muzikoje. Pasinerdavo į jos melodijų skambesį, gėrėdavosi jomis. Mamatė nuostabi mama, žmona draugė. Vaikams visuomet pakaks jos meilės, supratimo dėmesio. Ji niekada nepakels nepakels balso prieš juos, o atvirkščiai  - pamokydama įskiepys jiems gyvenimo džiaugsmo. Mamatė jautė, kad menas taurina ir kelia žmogaus sielą. Veda jį toliau negu siekia šios dienos rūpesčiai. Ji ieško grožio , sugeba jį pamatyti ir bando parodyti sau  ir vaikams, ypač dukrelei Irutei . Savo pačios vaikystės aidui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Apysakoje sename dvare vaikai vaizduojami mokantys suvokti pareigas, supratimą, ugdantys pagarbos jausmą ir beribę meilę savo tėvams. Jie nejaučia skirtumo tarp vargšo ar turtingo. Noriai bendrauja senyvo amžiaus žmonėmis, klausosi jie pasakojimų, pasineria į pasakų padavimų pasaulį. Vaikai gražiai bendrauja su kūrinyje vaizduojamu griežtu tėvu. Jis daugiau linkęs prie ūkio darbų, bet taip pat atsidavęs šeimai. Mažyliai svajoja apie tai, kaip jie kartu gyvens užaugę. Su tėvais su jų meilę, globa.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-21 12:14:25',62,'','2010-10-21 12:17:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-21 12:14:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,147,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(1784,'V. M. Putino biografija','v-m-putino-biografija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vaikystė</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vincas Mykolaitis – Putinas gimė 1893 metų sausio 6 dieną Pilotiškių kaime, Prienų rajone. Abu poeto tėvai buvo katalikai. Tėvas buvo labai kieto charakterio, atkaklus, dažnai šiurkštus, tačiau siekė savo šeimos gero. Augino gerus arklius. Motina buvo kilusi iš pasiturinčios laisvųjų valstiečių šeimos. Ji buvo jautri, rūpestinga, tyli ir mandagi. Gerai  mokėjo austi ir verpti. Svarbiausias jos rūpestis – vaikai. Jų gimė devyni, tačiau ne visi išgyveno. Putinas savo būdu ir veidu buvo panašus į motiną. 1900 metais Vincas Mykolaitis – Putinas pradėjo mokytis Gudelių pradinėje mokykloje. Nuo mažens Putinui labiau prie širdies buvo knygos negu ūkis. Jis atrodė atitolęs nuo kasdienybės, namie kaip svečias, uždaro būdo. Šeimoje jam buvo skiriamas ypatingas dėmesys. Broliai prisimena, kad jis labai skyrėsi nuo jų: ,,Prie darbo tėvas nespaudė, jis vis su knyga tai seklyčioj, tai ant kalnelio. Su vaikais nežaisdavo. Tylus menkutis, vis vienas ir vienas.’’ Tėvai nusprendė jį leisti į kunigus ir sudaryti sąlygas mokytis toliau.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mokslai ir studijos</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1905 metais būsimasis poetas tęsė mokslus Marijampolės gimnazijoje. Didelę įtaką Putinui darė kai kurie mokytojai bei jų pamokos. Jaunuolį emociškai veikė nacionalinio išsivaduojamojo judėjimo idėjos. Putinas pirmąkart pamatė poetą Maironį, kai šis lankėsi Marijampolėje ir čia sakė pamokslą. Vėliau skaitė jo kūrinius, grožėjosi jais. 1909 metais įstojo į Seinų kunigų seminariją. Putinas  tikėjosi, kad būdamas kunigu galės dirbti tautinės kultūros srityje. Vėliau jis gan plačiai aprašė seminarijos aplinką romano ,,Altorių šešėly’’ pirmojoje dalyje. Seinuose jis išspauzdino vieną ankstyvųjų savo eilėraščių ,,Putinas’’. Šis pavadinimas tapo poeto slapyvardžiu. Seminarijoje poezija buvo jo didžioji meilė. Šio laikotarpio pirmiesiems kūrybiniems bandymams dar būdinga ryški Maironio įtaka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Putinui baigiant seminariją, 1914 metais prasidėjo Pirmasis pasaulinis karas. Kai buvo jau aukštesniojo kurso seminaristas, jau tada namuose nebuvo vadinamas vardu, o tik kunigėliu. Motinai jis buvo išskirtinis. Gabus jaunuolis pasiunčiamas studijuoti į Peterburgo dvasinę akademiją, kur anksčiau gilino žinias ar profesoriavo nemažai lietuvių inteligentų: Motiejus Valančius, Antanas Baranauskas, Maironis ir kiti. Peterburge poetas patyrė naujų įspūdžių, praplėtė akiratį. Čia 1917 metai buvo išleista pirmoji kūrybos knyga (eilėraščių rinkinys ,,Raudoni žiedai’’ ir poema ,,Kunigaikštis Žvainys’’). Ypač didelės reikšmės Putinui turėjo muzika ir rusų literatūra. Labiausiai jį traukė simbolistai, didelį įspūdį darė estetikos knygos. Akademijoje Putinas pasidarė žinomu, mėgiamu ir gerbiamu poetu. Svajojo apie studijas užsienyje. Vakarai. Naujovė. Svajonės pildėsi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-21 12:17:24',62,'','2010-10-21 12:21:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-21 12:17:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,146,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1785,'Omaras Čhajamas \"Rubajatai\"','omaras-hajamas-qrubajataiq','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">1<br />Kas išminties grąžtu prasmės žemčiugan smigo,<br />Svarbiausios paslapčių gijos dar neaptiko:<br />Ilgai kąlbėjo jie apie dangaus tiesas,<br />Bet po tuščių šnekų visi ramiai užmigo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">2<br />Tasai, kuriam nebėr šioj žemėj paslapčių,<br />Kuris išmintimi iškilo lig žvaigždžių<br />Suglumo priblokštas, suvokęs esmę Tavo,<br />Ir - kaip dangaus taurė - palinko nuo minčių.<br /><br />3<br />Ar jaunas tebesi, ar daug nugyvenai,<br />Po vieną mes visi išeisim iš čionai.<br />Paskui ateis kiti - ir vėl turės išeiti, -<br />Nė vienas šioj šaly nebūna amžinai.<br /><br />4<br />O Tu, kurs molį man maišei! Ką man daryti?<br />Kurs nulipdei mane gražiai! Ką man daryti?<br />Dorybes, kiek turiu, ir nuodėmes visas<br />Tu pats man ant kąktos rašei - ką man daryti?<br /><br />5<br />Gražuolėms Tu liepei šypsotis ir dainuoti,<br />O kenčiantiems liepei iš sielvarto dejuoti.<br />Tu duodi per mažai mums džiaugsmo, bet gana,<br />Nes tūkstančiams kitų tiktai vargus Tu duodi.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-21 12:21:36',62,'','2010-10-21 12:24:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-21 12:21:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,145,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1786,'Išminčiai K. Donelaičio “Metuose”. Kas jie?','iminiai-k-donelaiio-metuose-kas-jie','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išmintis - patirties, supratimo ar mokslo turėjimas ir sugebėjimas taikyti juos praktikoje. Išminčius - žmogus, turintis išminties. Išmintingi žmonės pasižymi ne tik tuo, kad turi išminties, bet ir tuo, kad moka ją panaudoti. Išminties vaisiai yra dora, ištikimybė bažnyčiai, turtas. Būtent šios sąvybės yra bendros K.Donelaičio “Metų” išminčiams - “viežlybiems” būrams. “Viežlybjų”, teigiamųjų personažų grupei “Metuose” priklauso Selmas, Lauras, Krizas ir Pričkus. Mažiausiai poemoje individualizuoti “viežlybieji” būrai yra Selmas ir Lauras.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Selmas, kaip matyt iš jo kalbų ir poeto mums pateiktos charakteristikos, yra religingas ir apsišvietęs. Selmas ypač mėgo dievobaimingai pamokyti ir pagraudinti savo kaimynus. Tačiau svarbiausia Selmo išmintingumo ypatybė yra taupumas. Selmo taupumą ir gudrumą K.Donelaitis kaip pavyzdį rodo kitiems būrams:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">“Ar ne gerai, kad Selmas kaip naudings gaspadorius<br />Rūpindams kokią mašnelę moka paslėpti?<br />Juk gi nereik visiems zopostą visą parodyt<br />Ar visiems pasakyt, kas čia bei ten pakavota.”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Į Selmą panašus yra Lauras pakamorė, kuris taip pat mėgsta postringauti. Lauro pastoriškų kalbų temos yra mirtis, giltinė ir menkas gyvenimas. “Kytras pilosofas” visada postringauja “rymodams ant stripinio savo” arba “ant kumpos lazdos pasirėmęs”. Jis lygina žmones su pievų žolėmis, kurias nukerta dalgis, moko juos saikingumo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-21 12:25:16',62,'','2010-10-21 12:35:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-21 12:25:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,144,'','',0,39,'robots=\nauthor='),(1787,'Alberas kamiu \"Nuopuolis\"','alberas-kamiu-qnuopuolisq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ar galiu jums, pone, pasiūlyti savo paslaugas, nerizikuodamas būti įkyrus? Bijau, kad kitaip nesugebėsite susišnekėti su garbinguoju gorila, valdančiu šios įstaigos likimus. Jis kalba tik olandiškai. Jei nepatikėsite man savo reikalo, jis nesusiprotės, kad norite džino. Na, štai, drįstu tikėti, jis mane suprato; šis linkčiojimas galva turi reikšti, kad mano argumentai jį įtikino. Jis iš tikrųjų nuėjo atnešti džino, net nuskubėjo su išmintingu lėtumu. Jums pasisekė, jis nesuurzgė. Kai jis atsisako aptarnauti, jam pakanka tik urgztelėti, ir niekas nieko nebereikalauja. Paisyti tik savo nuotaikų - tai didžiųjų žvėrių privilegija. Bet aš einu, pone, buvo malonu jums pasitarnauti. Dėkoju, priimčiau jūsų kvietimą, jei žinočiau, kad jūsų nevarginsiu. Jūs pernelyg geras. Tai aš pasistatysiu savo stiklą šalia jūsiškio.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jūs teisus, jo nešnekumas pritrenkiantis. Tai pirmykščių miškų tyla, panaši į patranką, užtaisytą iki žiomens. Kartais stebiuosi mūsų tyliojo bičiulio užsispyrimu pūstis prieš civilizuotų kraštų kalbas. Juk jo amatas priiminėti įvairių tautybių jūreivius šiame Amsterdamo bare, kurį jis, beje, nežinia kodėl pavadino \"Meksiko Sičiu\". Ar jūs nemanote, kad turint tokias pareigas tiesiog nepatogu būti tokiam nemokšai? Įsivaizduokite kromanjonietį, apsigyvenusį Babelio bokšte! Jis kankintųsi svetimoje vietoje. Bet šis - ne, šis nesijaučia tremtiniu, eina savo keliu, niekas jo nejaudina. Viena iš retų frazių, kurią girdėjau iš jo lūpų, skelbė, kad tai reikia priimti arba atmesti. Ką reikia priimti arba atmesti? Be abejo, patį mūsų bičiulį. Prisipažinsiu, mane traukia tokios vientisos būtybės. Kai iš pašaukimo ar pagal profesiją esi daug mąstęs apie žmones, kartais imi ilgėtis primatų. Jie bent neturi slaptų minčių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tiesą pasakius, mūsų šeimininkas keletą jų turi, nors ir puoselėja jas nesąmoningai. Nesuprasdamas to, kas prie jo sakoma, jis tapo nepatiklus. Todėl jo išraiška nuolat būna niūriai rimta, tarsi jis įtartų kad taip žmonių, šiaip ar taip, ne viskas einasi sklandžiai. Dėl tokio jo nusiteikimo sunku su juo užvesti kalbą apie ką nors kitą, ne apie jo amatą. Pažvelkite, pavyzdžiui, į galinę sieną, virš jo galvos, Į tą tuščią stačiakampį, kur anksčiau kabojo paveikslas. Ten iš tiesų kabojo paveikslas, ir nepaprastai įdomus, tikras šedevras. Tai va, aš buvau, kai namų šeimininkas jį įsigijo ir kai pardavė. Abiem atvejais jis tai darė su tuo pačiu nepasitikėjimu, keletą savaičių gromulavęs. Šiuo požiūriu reikia pripažinti, kad visuomenė kiek pagadino nuoširdų jo prigimties paprastumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-21 12:36:16',62,'','2010-10-21 12:38:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-21 12:36:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,143,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(1788,'Savos kūrybos novelė \"Saulės smūgis\"','savos-krybos-novel-qsauls-smgisq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sunki darbo savaitė buvo beeinanti į pabaigą, buvo ketvirtadienis. Mano galvoje jau kunkuliavo mintys kaip turiningai praleisti savaitgalį. Tėvai pasiūlė važiuoti kažkur į Aukštaitiją, prie ežerų, aš sutikau, nes kitų planų neturėjau, o ir pasimaudyti norėjosi po ilgo trūnijimo namuose. Jau grįžęs iš mokyklos, penktadienį, suskubau krautis daiktus ir po valandos mes išvykome. Kaip įprasta mūsų šeimoje per keliones kyla visokiausių barnių, šis kartas taip pat nebuvo išskirtinis. Tai mažajam broliukui neįdėtas ne tas drabužis, tai kažko nepaėmėme ir t.t. Aš pasistengiau tėvus nuraminti ir man tai pavyko. Nutaisiau gerą kelioninę nuotaiką ir važiuodamas skaičiau knygą, ir svajojau apie šaltą ežero vandenį ir kaitrią saulę. Pradžia, galiu pasakyti, buvo visai nebloga.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aš iš karto tikėjausi gerai praleisti savaitgalį. Atvažiavus į vietą, mūsų jau laukė mano tėvo brolio šeimyna. Jie jau buvo išsikepę šašlykus ir vakare visi skaniai pavalgėme. Nors jau buvo vienuolika valandų vakaro, tačiau aš ir mano tėtis šokome į ežerą maudytis. Prisimenu, jog pirmas įspūdis, įkišus koją į ežerą, buvo nekoks, kažkaip labai jau šaltas jis man pasirodė. Tačiau vėliau pripratau, ir man visai tai patiko. Pati pirmoji diena, tiksliau tik vakaras, buvo visai neįsimintina, tačiau gerai praleista.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuėjome gulti vėlai, o žadėjome keltis anksti. Ryte, apie septintą valandą aš netikėtai pabudau (matyt vidinis laikrodis suveikė, juk tokiu metu ir keldavausi darbo dienomis), pažiūrėjau į laikrodį ir norėjau miegoti toliau, tačiau mano šeimyna nusprendė keltis. Aš visą savaitę buvau anksti kėlęsis, todėl nutariau pasilepinti ir pamiegoti. Pabudau vienuoliktą valandą, kada jau visas namas buvo tuščias, nes visi buvo jau senai išsibėgioję. Buvau tikrai gerai išsimiegojęs ir vien tai man pakėlė nuotaiką. Į kelionę buvome pasiėmę nemažai maisto, todėl pabudęs užsimaniau nuo stalo nugriebti kokį skanėstą. Suvalgiau keletą sultingų obuolių, gurkštelėjau šiek tiek mineralinio vandens ir išėjau laukan.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vien jau mintis, kad ryte atsikėlus galima maloniai atsigaivinti įšokus į ežero vandenį kėlė man didžiausią džiaugsmą. Nuėjau prie kranto, saulė jau buvo aukštai pakilusi, o vanduo akinamai blizgėjo. Įkišau koją ir vėl pajutau šaltį. Tai kažkoks sunkiai paaiškinamas dviprasmiškas jausmas: ir nori nerti į vandenį, atsigaivinti, tačiau ir bijai, vanduo vis dėlto ne toks kaip duše. Be abejo, paskui pripratau, vanduo pasidarė šiltas šiltutėlis ir ištisą valandą kiurksojau ežere. Dar ilgai galima būtų pasakoti kaip žaidžiau tenisą, krepšinį ir kitais būdais smagiai leidau laiką, tačiau vienas dalykas tapo labai įsimintinas po kelionės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-21 12:38:47',62,'','2010-10-21 12:41:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-21 12:38:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,142,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1789,'V. Kudirkos asmenybė, biografija','v-kudirkos-asmenyb-biografija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vincas Kudirka, pasirašinėjęs daugiausia V. Kapso slapyvardžiu, yra vienas iš žymiausių XIX a. paskutiniojo dešimtmečio lietuvių rašytojų bei kritinio realizmo atstovų. V. Kudirkos kūryboje plačiai atsispindėjo nacionalinė lietuvių tautos priespauda, liaudies neapykanta carizmui, atskiri nacionalinio išsivadavimo reiškiniai (kova dėl lietuviškos spaudos, dėl gimtosios kalbos teisių ir kt.). V. Kudirka buvo žymus lietuvių nacionalinio judėjimo srovės (“varpininkų”) ideologas bei vadovas, vienas iš talentingiausių to meto lietuvių publicistų, propagavęs kylančios lietuvių buržuazijos siekimus įsitvirtinti krašto ekonominiame ir kultūriniame gyvenime.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">V. Kudirkos kūryba idėjiškai prieštaringa. Savo raštuose V. Kudirka kėlė aktualius politinius ir socialinius liaudies gyvenimo klausimus, griežtai demaskavo carinę santvarką, atskleidė kai kurias buržuazinės visuomenės negeroves, aštriai kritikavo buržuazinę lietuvių inteligentiją, tačiau jo kritika ir sprendimai dažnai buvo ribojami liberalinės ideologijos, jis ne iš esmės smerkė buržuazinę visuomenę, o tik siekė ją pataisyti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gyvenimas ir veikla</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">V. Kudirka gimė 1858 m. gruodžio 31 d. Vilkaviškio apskrityje, Paežerių kaime, pasiturinčių valstiečių šeimoje. Jo tėvas buvo sąmojingas ir pastabus žmogus, mokėjęs gerai pasakoti. Prisimindamas motiną, kurios jis neteko eidamas dešimtus metus, V. Kudirka rašė: “Mano motina davė man, ką apskritai motina lietuvė gali duoti savo vaikams, dargi daugiau, nes pati daugiau turėjo. Labai gražiai dainavo, labai puikiai margino margučius, labai dailiai sekė pasakas ir prie tų dailių dalykų mane pritraukė”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dešimties metų amžiaus V. Kudirka pradėjo lankyti pradinę mokyklą. Jau tuomet jis pasižymėjo gabumais, gražia rašysena ir muzikiniu talentu. 1871-1877 m., mokydamasis Marijampolės gimnazijoje, V. Kudirka su dideliu pamėgimu skaitė A. Mickevičiaus, M. Knopnickos ir kitų žymių lenkų rašytojų kūrybą, grojo smuiku mokinių orkestre, dainavo chore. Tuo metu V. Kudirka ėmė rašinėti ir eilėraščius lenkų kalba. Baigęs šešias klases ir tėvo verčiamas, 1877 m. V. Kudirka buvo įstojęs į Seinų dvasinę seminariją. Tačiau, būdamas linksmo ir gyvo būdo jaunuolis, nelinkęs tapti dvasininku, V. Kudirka negalėjo pakęsti slopaus seminarijos režimo bei tvarkos. 1879 m. jis buvo pašalintas dėl “pašaukimo stokos”. Dėl to V. Kudirka visam laikui neteko užsirūstinusio tėvo materialinės paramos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1879 m. V. Kudirka grįžo į Marijampolės gimnaziją, norėdamas ją baigti. Čia jis toliau rašinėjo eilėraščius ir straipsnelius lenkų kalba, buvo nelegalaus gimnazistų laikraštėlio “Klamstwo” redaktorius ir aktyviausias bendradarbis. Tuo metu Marijampolės gimnazijoje viešpatavo lenkiškumo atmosfera. Baigęs šią mokyklą (1881), V. Kudirka save irgi laikė lenku. Jis išvyko studijuoti ne į Maskvą, kur mokėsi nemažas jo draugų būrys, bet į Varšuvos universitetą, nors ir negalėjo ten gauti stipendijos. Vienerius metus paklausęs filologijos paskaitų ir nusivylęs menku dėstymu, V. Kudirka perėjo į medicinos fakultetą. Netekęs namiškių paramos, jis turėjo verstis privačiomis pamokomis, paskaitų perrašinėjimu, grojimu orkestre ir pan.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-22 08:01:24',62,'','2010-10-22 08:06:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-22 08:01:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,141,'','',0,57,'robots=\nauthor='),(1790,'Gamtos vaizdai A.Vienuolio apsakyme “Paskenduolė”','gamtos-vaizdai-avienuolio-apsakyme-paskenduol','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Peizažas A. Vienuolio apsakyme “Paskenduolė” atlieka nepaprastai didelį vaidmenį. Rašytojas nutapo nuostabius gamtos vaizdus, kurie atskleidžia skausmingus Veronikos išgyvenimus, padeda suvokti, suprasti sunkią merginos dalią, kurie paryškina ir tarsi padidina jos begalinį vidinį sielvartą. Apsakymo pradžioje sutinkame Veroniką rugių lauke besivartančią, besiblaškančią, dejuojančią dėl nelemtosios klaidos, kuri tapo tokia didelė bėda. Rami gamta - tai tarsi kontrastas nuolat besikeičiančiai, nepastoviai nelaimingosios merginos nuotaikai: “...viršum jos, apvožęs žemę, smego nepasiekiamose aukštybėse be galo gilus mėlynas dangus, kuriame linksmai raižė sparnais orą vikrutės kregždės, štarai, šalomojus grūdo mašalų spiečiai ir, tarytum ant neįžiūrimų siūlelių pakabinti, drebėjo čiulbėjo vieversėliai. Kvepėjo medumi, dobilais, ramunėmis. Aplink pievelę kaip mūras stovėjo ką tik išplaukėję rugiai ir, linguodami savo dar neišplaukiojusiomis varpomis, tarytum žiūrėjo į merginą ir tyliai šnibždėjo: “Veronika, Veronika, kokia tau gėda, kokia laukia tavęs bėda!..” Šioje vietoje mes supramtame, kad realusis pasaulis, kuriame rugiai nekalba, po truputį, nors dar ir nežymiai, traukiasi, užleisdamas vietą kitam, transcendentiniam pasauliui. Šių dviejų pasaulių, kuriuose ėmė gyventi Veronika, kaitą ir atspindi gamtos vaizdai, rugių kalba.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Labai daug dėmesio A. Vienuolis savo apsakyme skiria senajam pakrypusiam ąžuoliniam kryžiui aprašyti. Jis yra tarsi visų kaimo nelaimių, kančių, nepriteklių ir nuoskaudų išliejimo vieta. Po juo meldėsi lenkmety, trėmimo į Sibirą dienomis, taip pat po juo “...merdėjo, nesavu balsu šaukdama, dėdienė Adomienė, kai dvaro malūne amžinai sužeidė jos vyrą; čia pat vaitojo motulė, palaidojusi paskutinį savo sūnelį, verkė nuskriausta našlaitė, ir daug daug po šiuo kryžiumi ašarų išlieta ir bėdų išpasakota.” Šis kryžius - tai tarsi kaimelio peizažo dalis, jis tarsi susiliejęs, suaugęs su gamta. Po juo pasimeldus, paraudojus žmonėms tarsi pasidarydavo geriau, ramiau. Jie tarsi atrasdavo savyje norą gyventi, nes nesinorėjo tikėti, kad žmogus “...žydi pasaulyje tik vieną kartą ir kad nuskintas vysta ir nyksta...” kaip ir žiedai, kuriais visada būdavo apkaišytas kryžius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mistinę, paslaptingą, neįprastą nuotaiką padeda sukurti ir nakties peizažas: “...kažin ką negera prieš Veroniką tardamies, suūžė, sušnibždėjo viršūnėmis medžiai, per takelį šmėstelėjo paslaptingas šešėlis, miško gilumoje brakštelėjo sučiuravo į vienas kitą du medžiai...”, kuris paryškina Veronikos baimę, išgąstį: “Širdis jai apmirė, pakinkas pakirto, ėmė mušt į galvą kraujas. It baidyklės atrodė patamsyje eglės, stuobriams rankos ir kojos išaugo; kelmai meškomis ir vilkais pavirto; viršum jos galvos, ant pušies pakibęs, pradėjo maskatuoti kojomis pakaruoklis, ir baisios paslaptingos šmėklos tarytum sliuogė į ją iš visų pusių ir pridūrusios paskui ją sekė.”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įdomus brėkštančio ryto įvaizdis, kur “pritvinkusiuose rytuose Aušrinė, nardydama tarp mažučių, raudonai nusidažiusių debesėlių, čia dega, čia gęsta, čia liepsnoja, čia smilksta lyg žvakė, deganti vėjyje”, kuris net tris kartus pasikartoja. Šis nuostabus auštantis rytas nukelia Veoniką į tolimą prisiminimų pasaulį, į šviesiąją vaikystės karalystę, nesudrumstą nelaimių, vargų, gerosios mamytės globojamą. Šis rytas taip pat priminė liūdniausią jos gyvenime dieną - motulės laidotuves, ir “gaili ašarėlė nuriedėjo per Veronikos nelaimės ir nemigos nuvargintą veidelį.” O pati “gražuolė žvaigždė Aušrinė” čia yra tarsi dar vienas tiltas tarp konkrečiojo, žemiškojo ir transcendentinio, nežemiškojo pasaulio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-22 08:07:03',62,'','2010-10-22 08:09:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-22 08:07:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,140,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1791,'Antano Škėmos romano ,,Balta drobulė” ištraukos analizė ir interpretacija','antano-kmos-romano-balta-drobul-itraukos-analiz-ir-interpretacija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antanas Škėma - vienas iškiliausių dvidešimtojo amžiaus lietuvių literatūros modernistų išeivių, pasirinkęs gana savitą kūrybos kelią. Jis griežtai neigė egzodo literatūros konservatyvų uždarumą, stengėsi meninį žodį paremti Vakarų mentalitetu, taip išgaudamas radikalių modernumo apraiškų spektrą, nuspalvinusį ir lietuvių literatūros dramą, ir prozą. Škėmos kūriniams būdinga kūrybos būdų maišatis, apimanti postmodernizmo niuansus, siurrealizmo pasąmonės vaizdinių šėliones, ,,sąmonės srauto” antilogiką, kurie visi drauge kuria melodramatiškai kontrastingą ir kompoziciškai nevientisą, tačiau itin autentišką ir ekspresyvų stilių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Romanas ,,Balta drobulė” - vienas geriausių Škėmos kūryboje, tad nenuostabu, kad čia atsispindi visa rašytojo ypatumų gama. Romanas pulsuoja dinamika: čia, įrėminta detalizuoto aplinkos piešinio, nešama vidinių būsenų ir monologų - dialogų tėkmės, ,,košiama” per pasąmonės erdvę, gulasi vieno žmogaus gyvenimo istorija, svarstomos individo sielos, talento ir menkystės problemos šių dienų pasaulyje - visa tai atsispindi ir ištraukoje, kurią nagrinėsiu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Trys pirmieji ištraukos sakiniai - trumpos tezės, glaustai supažindinančios skaitytoją su pasakotojo vidine būsena. Pati pradžia - trapus ,,norėčiau”. Pasakotojas, kalbėdamas lyg ir pats su savimi, ,,apsinuogina” prieš skaitytoją, atveria savo svajų labirintus svetimai akiai, bendrauja betarpiškai, pirmuoju asmeniu. ,,Norėčiau būti akmeniu, vandeniu, mėnuliu, žvaigžde,”- ką sako toks troškimas susitapatinti su šiais gamtos motyvais? Tai- siekis atsiriboti nuo savęs, savojo fizinio, tačiau iš dalies ir dvasinio pavidalo, lyg atminimu apie buvusį kūną pasiliekant akis ir pojūčius, tačiau išsižadant jausmų, apsiribojant vien logišku aplinkos stebėjimu ir analize. ,,Tenoriu stebėti ir žinoti stebėjimą,” - ši būsena pati primytiviausia iš esančių visatoje, dar vadinama egzistencija arba vegetacija. Tai - lyg būsena augalo, pranašesnė vien regos pojūčiu. Tačiau pasakotojas staiga suvokia tokios būsenos siekio beprasmybę: ,,Bet man sunku pavirsti mašinos sraigtu”. Kažkas dar yra likę, kas trukdo ramia širdimi nutraukti visus ryšius su pasauliu ir atsiduoti nešališkai, objektyviai analizei. Tas ,,kažkas”- Elena. Jos kupini nepasitenkinimo kumščių dūžiai vis dar aidi pasakotojo pasąmonėje, neleisdami išeiti, palikti, atsiriboti. Tie dūžiai - lyg trapus ir plonas sąsajų siūlas, laikantis pririštą prie gyvenimo, kuris jau taip netoli nuo absurdiško egzistavimo ribos. Atsiveria tarsi du keliai (abu- beveik neįmanomi, įmanomas tik nuolatinis balansavimas tarp jų, stengiantis nenukristi vienon ar kiton pusėn); leistis kūniškų aistrų valdomam ir ,,išspausti” keletą kūrybos lašų iš savęs arba atsiriboti nuo pasaulio, likti su savimi ir stengtis iš egzistencijos be sukrėtimų išgauti nors ką nors panašaus į kūrybą, į kūrinį. Ryški retorika leidžia skaitytojui suprasti, kad pats pasakotojas - veikėjas - supranta abiejų situacijų neįmanomumą, ribotas galimybes bent pradėti kurios nors vienos siekti. ,,Tebenoriu rašyti”- visas būties tragizmas telpa šioje frazėje. Kūrėjas nori kurti, nesvarbu, kokia to kaina ar rezultatai, nesvarbu, kad galbūt nieko neišeis- niekas nesvarbu...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-22 08:10:11',62,'','2010-10-22 08:13:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-22 08:10:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,139,'','',0,65,'robots=\nauthor='),(1792,'Jonas Strielkūnas','jonas-strielknas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jonas Strielkūnas - gimė 1939.03.16 Putaskuose ( Panevėžio raj.), tarybinis poetas. 1957 m. baigęs Vabalninko vid. m-klą, iki 1960 m. dirbo Vabalninko, Biržų raj. laikraščių redakcijose. 1967-78 laikraščio “Literatūra ir menas” redakcijos darbuotojas. Eilėraščius pradėjo spausdinti 1958 m. Poezijos rinkiniai: “Raudoni šermukšniai” (1966 m.), “Vėjas rugiuos” (1971m.), “Varpo kėlimas” (1978 m. LTSR valstybinė premija 1979 m.), “Po tylinčiom žvaigždėm” (1982 m.), “Lapkričio medis” (1985 m.), “Rinktinė” (1986 m.).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vyrauja ryšio su gimtąja žeme, kaip žmogaus egzistencijos pagrindo, erotinių vertybių mato motyvas; J.Strielkūnas poetizuoja gimtinės gamtą, kaimo buities konkretybių vaizdais, istorinėmis ir kultūrinėmis reminiscencijomis reiškia patrijotinius jausmus. Poezijoje būdingas ramus susimąstymas, vaizdo skaidrumas, natūralus paprastumas, sąsajos su tautosaka; tradicinis dainiškas lietuvių lyrikos melodingumas, emocingumas derinamas su daiktiškojo konkretumo poetika. Išvertė A.Isahakijano, N.Nekrasovo (“Kam Rusioje gyventi gera” 1979 m.), F.Tiutčevo (“Lyrika” 1982 m.), A.Feto (“Poezija” 1984 m.) kūrinių. J.Strielkūno eilėraščių knyga išversta į rusų kalbą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-22 08:13:49',62,'','2010-10-22 08:21:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-22 08:13:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,138,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1793,'Žodžių žaismas K. Binkio poezijoje','odi-aismas-k-binkio-poezijoje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kazys Binkis gimė 1893 m. lapkričio  4 d. šiauriniame Lietuvos pakrašty – netoli Papilio miestelio esančiame Gudelių sodžiuje. Palei pat jį vinguriavo Rovėjos upeliūkštis, kurio pelkėtomis pakrantėmis driekėsi šilas. Vėliau poetas sakėsi, kad jo vaikystė iki keturiolikos metų prabėgusi parovėjy ir šilely. Naktigonių laužai, spiečiais į juodą nakties dangų lekiančios žerplėjančios kibirkštys, duslus supančiotų arklių šuoliavimas ir prunkštimas, drebulį varantys kaimo bernų pasakojimai apie velnius, raganas ir nutrūktgalviškas numirėlių išdaigas ilgam įsmigo į guvų berniuko protą. Vėliau su ironija poetas pastebėjo, kad vaikystėje “be galo mėgdavau gaisrus ir vaiduoklius”. Slėpiningą vasaros naktų vėsa, garsai ir spalvos ryškia gyja vėliau nusidriekė per visą K. Binkio lyriką. Net ir tada, kai jis kandžiai šaipėsi iš žydrųjų vaikystės svajonių ir savo švelnios gimtinės spalvomis alsuojančios poezijos, vasaros naktys jam žėravo kaip šviesus ir tolimas sapnas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1908 m. rudenį Kazys Binkis jau Kaune. “Saulės” mokytojų kursuose jis išsiskiria iš savo bendraamžių būrio oria laikysena, elgsena ir apsiskaitymu. Jo mokytoju “Saulės” kursuose buvo įžymus pedagogas, vadovėlių autorius Juozas Damijonaitis, raginęs domėtis gimtąja kalba, rinkti tautosaką, bandyti jėgas literatūroje. Vasaros mėnesiais K. Binkis grįždavo į gimtąjį Gudelių sodžių. Vėl su kaimo bernais jodavo nakties ar vėsių žvaigždėtų naktų prieblandos valandomis, žvelgdamas į mėnulio sidabru užlietas rasotas laukų tolumas, poetas kūrė nuostabiai vaiskią savo jaunystės lyriką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aštuoniolikmetis K. Binkis jau gerai valdo žodį, sklandžiai eiliuoja, jam nereikia, kaip kai kuriems XIX a. pabaigos eiliuotojams, norint surimuoti eilutę, kabinėti parazitinius žodžius, mėtyti skiemenis. K. Binkio frazė laki ir muzikali, nors poetas jau bando maironiškos intonacijos monumentalumui priešpastatyti šnekamosios kalbos žodyną ir ritmą. Jaunasis K. Binkis į lietuvių lyriką atnešė nežabotą jaunystės džiaugsmą, gyvybe ir jėga plazdantį entuziazmą, saulėtu pavasariu alsuojantį žodį. Žemės pabudimas jį džiugina taip natūraliai ir gaivališkai, tarsi pavasarį stebėtų pirmą kartą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">K. Binkis savo jaunystės lyrika ne tik praplėtė lietuviškojo lyrizmo horizontus, supoetino iš pažiūros pačius proziškiausius reiškinius, kaip “marguojanti banda žalų ir palšų drūtasprandžių galvijų”, arba kaip “kelniūkštes ligi kelių vaikai atsiraitę suvirto valkoje į klykiančią krūvą”, bet ir patobulino lietuviškojo eilėraščio garsinę instrumentuotę, jo muzikinį skambesį. Mėlynumo ir žalumo bangos čia pulsuoja tarsi jūrų potvyniai ir atoslūgiai anksčiau neregėtų spalvų intensyvumu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-22 08:21:40',62,'','2010-10-22 08:24:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-22 08:21:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,137,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(1794,'Žmogaus ir valdovo tragedija “Skirgailoje”','mogaus-ir-valdovo-tragedija-skirgailoje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">V. Krėvės gyvenimo ir kūrybos kelias ėjo per istorinį įvykių kupiną laikotarpį. Tai jis ir atskleidė savo kūryboje, ypač tai ryšku viename iš geriausių dramos kūrinių “Skirgaila”. “Skirgailoje” veiksmas vyksta tada, kai Lietuva, oficialiai priėmusi krikštą, buvo bejėgė kovoti su Dievo iškilimu. Gresia pavojus ir Lietuvos valstybingumui. Viduje maištauja kunigaikščiai, o lenkai ir kryžiuočiai, prisidengdami naujo Dievo vardu, siekia sunaikinti senąją Lietuvos kultūrą, religiją, papročius. Šių įvykių kryžkelėje ir atsiranda Didysis Lietuvos kunigaikštis Skirgaila. Jam buvo lemta sujungti du tikėjimus - krikščionybę ir pagonybę - į vieną. Skirgailai buvo lemta išgyventi praėjusią krašto šlovę ir prasidėjusį jos žlugimą. Jis visa siela atsidėjo Lietuvai. Matydamas, kad priešai nori suardyti Lietuvos vienybę, galybę, padalyti jos žemes, jis sukaupia visas jėgas tam keliui užkirsti. Skirgaila, kaip valdovas, ištikimai tarnauja Lietuvai, jis siekia šviesenės ateities. Norėdamas išsaugoti Lietuvos vienybę, jis prievarta veda Lydos kunigaikštytę Oną Duonutę. Kunigaikštis pasiryžęs viskam, kad tik galėtų išsaugoti Lietuvos vienybę: “ Aš myliu Lietuvą ir skaldyti ją dalimis niekam neleisiu: nei tau, nei broliui Jogailai, nė Kęstučio sūnui”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vedęs kunigaikštytę, Skirgaila supranta, kad jam gresia dar vienas pavojus ir konfliktas su Mozūrų valdovu bei Ona Duonute. Šioms vedyboms prieštarauja ir lenkai, ir kryžiuočiai, bet Skirgaila nepaiso jokių priekaištų. Lietuvos laisvė kunigaikščiui svarbesnė, todėl pasiryžta aukoti savo ir Onos Duonutės likimą, bet vyriška jo širdis dar nejaučia meilės moteriai poreikio, nes jis myli savo kraštą: “ Aš nežinau, kas toji moteriškės meilė ir kam ji vyrui reikalinga”. Skirgaila supranta, kad, prievarta vedus Oną Duonutę, jis suteikė kitam žmogui daug skausmo. Jis norėtų jai padėti, padaryti gera, bet visur jis susiduria su blogiu. Jo rūstus žvilgsnis, griežtas žodis yra bejėgiai, kad blogį paverstų į gėrį. Skirgaila ima nerimauti, jį apninka neviltis: “Aš visuomet noriu gero, bet nemoku jo pasiekti. Ką aš manau, kad gera yra, visuomet pasirodo, kad pikta”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skirgaila, tariamojo Stardo krikšto ir Skurdulio kalbų apie dievus paveiktas, pasijunta bejėgis prieš istoriją, nusivilia žmonėmis, kuriuos anksčiau gerbė ir mylėjo. Ypač Skirgailą sukrečia melaginga žinia, kad Stardas prieš mirtį apsikrikštijęs: “Sumelavo sakai? O kiti, kurie kovos metu apleido mane ir, pas Vytautą perėję, privertė mane pralaimėti, ar irgi netvirtino, kad nekenčia vokiečių?” Tokia melaginga išdavystė dvasiškai palaužia Skirgailą. “Tauta kaip žmogus auga ir rimtėja, o jos tikėjimas dievais - tai rūbai, kuriuos ji dėvi. Mūsų tauta buvo  vaikas, bet atėjo laikas tapti jaunuoliu, ir todėl ji keičia dievus”. Tokie krivio Skurdulio žodžiai dar labiau palaužia Skirgailos dvasią. Jis nusivilia žmonėmis, kurie buvo jo gyvenimo atrama, ir senaisiais dievais, nes jie “ neteko jau galios ir nesugeba nei keršyti, nei bausti”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-22 08:41:55',62,'','2010-10-22 08:58:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-22 08:41:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,136,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1795,'“Skirgailos konfliktas”','skirgailos-konfliktas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">V. Krėvės dramoje “Skirgaila” vaizduojami istoriniai įvykiai ir asmenys,- keturiolikto amžiaus pabaigos Lietuva, kova dėl jos savarankiškumo, kova tarp senosios, pagoniškosios religijos, ir ką tik atėjusios krikščionybės. Skirgaila - dramatiškas, istorinis asmuo, Jogailos brolis, paliktas valdyti Lietuvos Didžiąją kunigaikštystę. Veiksmą kūrinyje vysto vienas po kito besikeičiantys konfliktai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rašytojas kūrinyje siekė parodyti “dviejų pasaulių kryžkelėje” stovinčio žmogaus ir valdovo konfliktą. “Skirgailos” fabulos pagrindas - įvykiai Vilniaus pilyje. Čia atvyksta Lenkijos pasiuntiniai, vadovaujami gudraus vyskupo Henriko Mazoviečio, o netrukus pasirodo ir kryžiuočių ordino pasiuntiniai Vartembergas ir Keleris. Skirgaila sulaiko pilyje Lydos kunigaikštytę Oną Duonutę, kuri turi ištekėti už Mozūrų kunigaikščio. Su savo artimaisiais Skirgaila svarsto Lietuvos padėtį priėmus krikščionybę, sielojasi dėl jos ateities, ginčijasi dėl senųjų dievų ir naujo krikščionių dievo. Skirgaila nuspręndžia prievarta vesti Oną Duonutę, kad nereikėtų skaldyti krašto, atiduoti Mozūrų kunigaikščiui Lydą kaip kraitį. Dramos konfliktą dar labiau paaštrina skirtingų politinių jėgų susidūrimas. Lenkijos pasiuntiniai pritarų Skirgailos ir Onos vedyboms, jei jiems atitektų Podolė ir Volynė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kryžiuočių pasiuntinys Keleris įsimyli Oną Duonutę. Šioje vietoje nuosekliai plėtojamas veiksmas, pamažu stiprėja tragiškas konfliktas, užsimezga veikėjų siekiai. Jau dramos pradžioje matome Skirgailą besikalbantį su bajorais apie senus ir naujus laikus. Skirgaila supranta, kad atsisakyti senųjų dievų ir pripažinti krikščionybę yra istorinis įvykis, būtinybė, nes kitaip Lietuvą ištiks prūsų likimas. Tuo metu pats Skirgaila, atsidūręs kryžkelėje, supranta, kad senųjų dievų reikia atsisakyti, bet jis negali priimti naujo dievo, nes jis jam yra svetimas, niekina jo gerbėjus. O valdovas naująjį dievą įsivaizduoja kaip blogį, pikto nešėją, jo manymu, iš krikščionių dievo sklinda kruvini karai, kraujas, smurtas. Skirgaila nutaria priimti naująjį dievą, bet jis vis tiek stengsis laikytis senųjų papročių, tradicijų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-22 08:58:59',62,'','2010-10-22 09:01:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-22 08:58:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,135,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1796,'V. Mačernis - klausiantis poetas','v-maernis-klausiantis-poetas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vytautas Mačernis (1921- 1944) visą trumpą savo gyvenimą paskyrė žmogaus gyvenimo prasmės ieškojimui. Jis gilinosi į tokius sudėtingus būties klausimus kaip: kodėl jis gyvena Žemėje ? Kokia žmonijos misija joje ? Kodėl egzistuoja pasaulis, kupinas kančios, skausmo ir neapykantos. Jam pačiam teko tą skausmą išgyventi. Būdamas jautrios sielos, poetas negalėjo likti abejingas Lietuvą ir visą pasaulį sudrebinusiems įvykiams: pirmajai sovietinei okupacijai, vėliau fašistinės Vokietijos įsiveržimui, galiausiai antram pasauliniam karui, nusinešusiam tiek gyvybių. Todėl nenuostabu, kad jo poezijoje vyrauja niūri nuotaika, tamsios spalvos, pasaulio atšiaurumo tema. Ypač šia nuotaika persmelktas ,,Vizijų” ciklas, kur pasaulis įvardintas pikto vakaro, klajoklio vėjo, erdvėje pasiklydusio klajūno paukščio įvaizdžiais. Vytautui Mačerniui būdinga egzistencialistinė pasaulėjauta, kurios įdomiausias atstovas Vakarų Europoje Albertas Kamiu ir jo kūrinys ,,Svetimas”. Egzistencialistai teigia, kad žmogui jį supantis pasaulis priešiškas ir nepažinus, kad kad jame nieko nėra pastovaus, o asmenybė pasmerkta kovai, kančioms ir galiausiai pražūčiai. Tai patvirtina ir V.Mačernis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tačiau Mačernis nėra egzistencialistas. Jis tik nagrinėjo tuos pačius būties klausimus, kaip ir šios filosofinės krypties atstovai. Ypač ryškiai jaunojo poeto kūryboje atsispindi pagrindinė egzistencializmo tema – kančia, nes V.Mačernio kūriniuose lyrinis subjektas dažnai nelaimingas ir kenčiantis dėl pasaulio nepažinimo. Visą gyvenimą V.Mačernis siekė pažinti ir jį supantį pasaulį, nes tik ieškodamas gali surasti gyvenimo esmę. Einant pažinimo keliu, kyla daug ir įvairių klausimų, į kuriuos atsakymai ne visada surandami. V.Mačernis – vienas labiausiai klausiančių Lietuvos poetų. Klausimai būdingi visai jo lyrikai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Klausimai ,,Metų” sonetuose</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nemažai sonetų parašyti nepaisant pagrindinių taisyklių, kurios būdingos šiai poezijos rūšiai – keturiolika eilučių, aiški mintis, jos užuomazga ir pabaiga su apibendrinimu bei išvada. O Vytauto Mačernio sonetuose pagrindinė mintis dažnai paslėpta, neaiški, tęsiasi per visą sonetą (tai rodo strofos, arba visiškai neatskirtos, arba atskirtos ne taškais, o kableliais, pavyzdžiui, septintajame rudens sonete). Dažnai sonetas baigiasi be pagrindinės išvados ar apibendrinimo. Tai parodo ir savita skyryba – nemažai sonetų pasibaigia ne tašku, o daugtaškiu arba klaustuku. Daugtaškis parodo, kad sonete ne viskas išsakyta, kad daugiau pasakyti ar išsiaiškinti neįmanoma. Klaustuku besibaigiantis sonetas rodo, kad lyrinio ,,aš” eita ieškojimmų keliu, tačiau atsakymai taip ir nesurasti. Dažnai lyrinis subjektas ieško atsakymų, žinodamas, kad tiesos neras. Kartais poetas sulieja šių abiejų skyrybos ženklų reikšmes – tinka tiek klaustukas, tiek daugtaškis. Pavyzdžiui, dvidešimt aštuntajame žiemos sonete.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-22 09:01:47',62,'','2010-10-22 09:04:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-22 09:01:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,134,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(1797,'Kompiuteris ar gera knyga?','kompiuteris-ar-gera-knyga','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Informacija-tai žinios, kurias galima perduoti, priimti, įsiminti. Pastaruoju metu jos kiekiai smarkiai išaugo, tad nebeužtenka įprastų priemonių jai išsaugoti. Anksčiau ir dabar naudojamos knygos jau prarado dominuojantį vaidmenį duomenų kaupimo technologijose. Jos tapo nebe vienintelis informacijos šaltinis, o laisvalaikio praleidimo būdas. Taip įvyko dėl dviejų priežasčių-knygos turi blogą ypatybę, senti ir informacija jose pateikta nesuklasifikuotai, sunku atsirinkti būtent tai, ko reikia. Nieko panašaus nesutiksite kompiuteryje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai yra universalus prietaisas, kaupiantis žinias, atliekantis skaičiavimus ir t.t. visos jo galimybės toli gražu neatskleistos. Šio įrenginio pagalba mums atsiveria didžiulis, iš viso pasaulio surinktų, pastoviai atnaujinamų, duomenų šaltinis. Tačiau čia nerasit romanų, detektyvų ar kitokios literatūros, čia taipogi nėra bereikalingų sakinių, frazių ar netgi žodžių - viskas yra suspausta iki minimumo. Taip daroma tam, kad asmenys norintys surasti tai, kas juos domina, tai galėtų atlikti kuo greičiau. Internetas yra skubančių žmonių pasaulis, kuriame nėra vertinami jausmai ar emocijos, tai pasaulis, kuriame informacija stovi pirmoje vietoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kai buvo išrasta televizija skeptikai pranašavo galą knygoms, bet taip neįvyko, dabar, kai potencialus priešininkas yra kompiuteris išsigąsti tikrai nėra ko. Žmonės, ėję į bibliotekas, ir toliau tai darys, tie, kuriems skaitymas būdavo nemaloni būtinybė, ir ateity sėkmingai dirbs savo darbą. Tačiau vaikai, kurie tik pradės skaityti, yra tikrai dideliame pavojuje, nes televizijos pagalba jiems yra peršamas jau “sukramtytas” produktas. Taip jie atpratinami  nuo galvojimo, ir perskaičius literatūros kūrinį jiems jis gali pasirodyti nesuprantamas niekalas. Jo reitingai ir nuo jų dydžio priklausantys pinigai-svarbus dalykas, bet jeigu ir toliau bus rodomos apgailėtinos publicistinės laidos, pigios Lotynų Amerikos muilo operos ir morališkai pasenę amerikiečių filmai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kažkodėl įprasta televizorių lyginti su kompiuteriu, gal todėl, kad jų išvaizda labai panaši. Bet jų veikimas ir įtaka žmogui labai skirtingi. Televizoriuje žmonės žiūri tai, kas yra rodoma, ir priima tai, kaip  to nori patys autoriai. Tuo tarpu kompiuteryje pats pasirenki tai, ką nori matyti, ir kaip tau tai turi būti pateikta. Tame ir yra jo pranašumas-jis neperša kažkieno nuomonės, jis palieka šią užduotį jums. Argi knyga nedaro to paties?  Manau, kad tik tada, kai žmonės susipras, jog šie du gigantai siekia to paties, bus nuverstas didžiausias visų laikų didžiausias diktatorius - televizija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-22 09:04:59',62,'','2010-10-22 09:07:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-22 09:04:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,133,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1798,'Žmogaus jautrumo, dvasingumo tema lietuvių literatūroje','mogaus-jautrumo-dvasingumo-tema-lietuvi-literatroje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1) Biliūnas - trumpos lyrinės psichologinės novelės meistras. Pagrindinis jo dėmesys sukoncentruotas į etines psichologines problemas. Jis daugelį socialinių ir visuomeninių aktualijų nukėlė į antrąjį planą, paversdamas jas dvasinių konfliktų ir išgyvenimų motyvais, o ne tiesioginiu vaizdavimo objektu. Žmogaus skriauda iki J.Biliūno buvo siejama su materialiniu praradimu, fizine nuoskauda, o jo kančia, vaizduojama šiek tiek teatrališkai: pabrėžiamas nelaimės dydis ir išorinis kentėjimo pasireiškimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Biliūnas pirmiausia akcentuoja moralinę skriaudą, kuri jaudina ne nelaimės didumu, bet jos išgyvenimo gilumu ir intensyvumu (,,Ubagas“). Baudžiavos epocha - slogi praeitis, palikusi žmonių sieloje gilius pėdsakus (,,Žvaigždė“, ,,Lazda“). Žmogui ilgam išlieka atmintyje jam padarytas geras darbas. Už blogą nėra jokio pykčio ar keršto. Humanizmo principas. Svarbiausias J.Biliūno herojų bruožas - sugebėjimas pakilti virš skriaudos, atleisti skriaudėjui (,,Ubagas“, ,,Brisiaus galas“). J. Biliūno kūryba yra nuoširdi autoriaus išpažintis, abejonių ir kančių vaisius. Todėl joje nėra nieko atsitiktina, nesusieta su pagrindine tema ir vyraujančia emocija. Daugelio jo kūrinių pasakojama pirmuoju asmeniu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2) Vienuolis - impulsyvios prigimties rašytojas. Jautriai reaguodavo į jį sujaudinusį reiškinį staiga, be ilgesnių apmąstymų bei išankstinio tikslo. ,,Paskenduolėje“ mus stebina kaimo bendruomenės žmonių žiaurumas, abejingumas samdinės nelaimei, nejautrumas. Apie dvasingumą čia net kalbų negali būti. Klebonui rūpi parapijos ,,garbė“, o tėvą apakina jo skurdas ir aplinkinių nuomonė ir padarp jį žiaurų - jis išsižada dukters. Tai pastūmėja Veroniką į savižudybę. Priešingybė Vienuolio vaizduojamam kaimo žmonių nejautrumui - M.Katiliškio ,,Užuovėjoje“, novelėje ,,Kaitra“ pavaizduotas pribuvėjos (bobutės) Miklošienės ir senelio Vaitiškio rūpestis gimdančia suviliota mergina, o vėliau jos vaiku Petriuku.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3) Apsakymų cikle ,,Iš mano atsiminimų“ Vienuolį stebina kontrastingi dalykai : visiškas nužmogėjimas ir paprastas taurus žmogiškumas - vertybė, reikalinga visais laikais ir visomis aplinkybėmis, tačiau užslopusi materialinių išskaičiavimų ir tamsos pasaulyje. (,,Samdinė Alena“, ,,Mano krikšto tėvo kumeliukas“, ,,Arkliavagio duktė“).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-22 09:08:12',62,'','2010-10-22 09:11:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-22 09:08:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,132,'','',0,41,'robots=\nauthor='),(1799,'Profesija','profesija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Profesija tai žodis kuris nusako žmogaus pasirinkimą atliekant kokį nors darbą. Kiekvienas žmogus priėjęs gyvenimo kryžkelę žino kad jam reikės rinktis kas jis bus likusį gyvenimą. Vieni turi gabumu vienoje srityje kiti kitoje. Pagal šiuos potraukius žmogus ir renkasi ką jis dirbs. Bet nebūtinai pagal gabumus žmogus renkasi profesija. Dauguma renkasi šiuo momentu paklausiausią  profesiją. Profesiją rinkdavosi ir mūsų senoliai tiksliau ją paveldėdavo. Dar nuo senų senovės žinomos tokios profesijos kaip baldžiai, vyndariai, audėjai, tarnai, puodžiai ir t.p.t Profesijos kurios atsirado seniau tęsia savo protėvių tradicijas. Pavyzdžiui vyndariai kurie stengiasi tobulinti per amžius atrastus receptus. Baldžiai kurie kuria vis įmantresnius baldus. XX amžiaus antrosios pusės technikos stebuklas – kompiuteris. Jis pateikia glaustą informaciją, daug žinių, aprėpia viso pasaulio erdvę… Be abejo, tai žmogaus proto kūrinys.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1946 metais JAV sukurta pirmoji elektroninė skaitmeninė mašina. 1975 metais pagamintas pirmasis asmeninis kompiuteris “Altair 8000”. Asmeninių kompiuterių paplitimą galima laikyti kompiuterijos revoliucija. Įdomu pastebėti, kad revoliucijų metais, atrodo, praėjo ir kitose spartaus vystymosi srityse. Prieš trisdešimt metų pirmą kartą žmogus pasivaikščiojo Mėnulyje, bet šiandien mūsų piliečių kolonijų Mėnulyje nėra, dangaus kūno sidabras nevežamas į Žemę, turistai neskraido kosminiais laivais. Prieš keletą dešimtmečių dainavome, kad “ir Marse obelys žydės”. Ir šiandien galime dainuoti, bet obelys ten nežydi. Kompiuteris tiesiog verčia mus gyventi sparčiau. Kompiuteris diktuoja tokį gyvenimo tempą, kad fundamentaliosios tiesos praranda fundamentalumą, primityvus aiškinimas kelia nuobodulį spėjantiems su technologijos pažanga, o konkretūs pavyzdžiai pasensta greičiau nei parašoma knyga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Metų kaita revoliucijų nesukelia, tik dar labiau padidina gyvenimo tempą. Kompiuteriai vis “draugiškesni” mums, bet patys dirba vis sparčiau ir mums tinginiauti neleis. Kompiuterį sukūręs žmogus dabar sėdi prie jo ir labai dažnai užsimiršta, kur esąs. Kompiuterio pagalba gali užsisakyti prekių, įsigyti būtiniausių daiktų, susirasti draugų, žaisti, o pagaliau – net šeimą sukurti. Patogu ir greita.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sėdi taip žmogus prie šio stebuklo ir nebejaučia, kad katė prie kojų glaustosi, alkanas šuo ima staugti, o ir valgyti jau laikas. Mokslininkai apskaičiavo, kad taip bendraudamas su kompiuteriu per pusmetį žmogus gali prarasti ryšius su jį supančiu gyvuoju pasaulio. Pastebėta, kad jaunesnio amžiaus vaikai, ilgai žaidžiantys su kompiuteriu, atpranta nuo mylimų gyvūnėlių, žaislų, nebenori būti gryname ore, tampa irzlūs. Vienamu mokslininko straipsnyje teigiama, jog vaikas, prieš tai itin rūpinęsis žuvytėmis akvariume, po užsiėmimų prie kompiuterio įnirtingai ima daužyti stiklo indą. Kodėl ? Atsakymas vienas – nuovargis, išsekimas, susvetimėjimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-22 09:11:58',62,'','2010-10-22 09:15:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-22 09:11:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,131,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1800,'Įvairių rašytojų aforizmai (lentelė)','vairi-raytoj-aforizmai-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-22 09:15:36',62,'','2010-10-22 09:17:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-22 09:15:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,130,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1801,'Santrauka apie autorius','santrauka-apie-autorius','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">J.Aputis - šeštajame dešimtmetyje viduryje, būdinga lyrinė proza. Glaudus ryšys su praeitimi, istorija. Mėgsta vaizduoti kaimo žmonių gyvenimą, gamtą. Gilinasi į žmonių vidų. Pirmasis iškėlė atmintį. Turiningi tekstai. Jautrumas, taurumas, žmogiškumas (novelė \"Dobilė\", nesmagu kad liekat vienas). J. Biliūnas - lyrinio apsakymo kūrėjas. Apysaka - \"Liūdna pasaka\" apie 63 metų sukilimą. Viską vienija Juozapota. Tipas lyrinė apysaka. Pirmasis iškėlė žmogaus vidinį pasaulį. Gerumas, atlaidumas, užuojauta silpnesniam. Humanizmas. Atleidimas priešui, pasiaukojimas dėl kitų.(\"Ubagas\", \"Kliudžiau\", \"Brisiaus galas\". K. Donelaitis. Grožinės lietuvių literatūros pradininkas. Didžiausias XVIII a. lietuvių poetas klasikas. Poema - epinė - realistinis vaizdavimo būdas. Klasicizmą nusako didaktika. Metus išleido Rėza.(Baudžiavinis gyvenimas - smerkiami ponai. Būrai darbštūs, kalba lietuvių darbas. Šie vaizdai rodo dvasinį liaudies sveikumą. Neišsižadėti savo kalbos ir apsisaugoti nuo vokietinimo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-22 09:18:07',62,'','2010-10-22 09:39:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-22 09:18:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,129,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1802,'Rašinys K. Inčiūros sakmių pasaulis','rainys-k-iniros-sakmi-pasaulis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogaus prigimtyje užkoduota fantazija pakelia virš realybės ir suteikia neribotą laisvę. Nevaržomas individas sugeba kurti bet ką ir pateikti bet kaip. Poezijoje ir mitologijoje vartojamos formos yra paimtos iš kasdieninės kalbos, kuri yra tautinės atminties liudijimas. Čia iškyla kalbos universalumas, kadangi ji suteikia galimybę eiti į pasaulį per tautos kultūros ženklus. Neoromantikas K.Inčiūra perima romantikų laisvės mitą ir sulydo lietuvių tautos dvasią su pasauline kultūra. Šią mintį patvirtina visa poeto kūryba, o ypač “Beržyno sakmės”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">K.Inčiūros “Beržynų sakmių” pasaulis skyla į mitologišką ir legendinį. Mitinėms sakmėms būdingas fantastiškas pasaulio suvokimas, todėl ir čia struktūrinis ir vidinio vyksmo pagrindas yra mitologiniai veikėjai. Legendinės sakmės paremtos topologija ir istorija, jose minimos konkrečios istorinės vietovės ir asmenys. Dažnai K. Inčiūros sakmėse persipina realybės, pasakos ir mitologijos elementai. Pavyzdžiui, sakmėje “Šepetos ragana”, aiškinančioje Šepetos pelkių kilmę, vaizduojama tradicinė senovės lietuvių kaimo bendruomenė, į kurios gyvenimą įsimaišo antgamtinė būtybė. Ši būtybė nevienalytė, nuolat keičianti formą: iš pradžių tai pasakų karaliūnaitė, vėliau - mitinė ragana ir, galiausiai, realios namų erdvės atstovė - senelė. Karaliūnaitės įvaizdis simbolizuoja jaunystę ir grožį: “... vien grožybė įkūnyta...” Ragana - pavojinga būtybė: “Perveria naktį jos kerštas staigus...” Senelė - meilės, globos sinonimas. Įdomu, kad šios trys folkmito moterys jungiamos. Reikia manyti, kad poetas šitaip išsako moters prigimties kodą: gebėjimą žavėti, glūdinčią raganišką prigimtį ir globos, saugojimo pašaukimą. Sakmėse gausu mitologijos ženklų: minimos laumės (suvedžiotojos, nepastovumo dievaitės), gyvatės (pavojingi, klastingi gyviai), liūnas (baugi, priešiškų žmogui jėgų buveinė), dažni magišką galią reiškiantys skaičiai: dvylika, devyni, trys. Legendinis ir mitologinis pradai susilieja ir sakmėje “Ant Medeinės kalno”. Čia šalia realių mūsų protėvių pasaulio ženklų iškyla tviskantis “it žara vakarė” medžioklės deivės įvaizdis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-22 09:40:33',62,'','2010-10-22 09:53:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-22 09:40:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,128,'','',0,40,'robots=\nauthor='),(1803,'Orfėjo tema H. Radausko poezijoje','orfjo-tema-h-radausko-poezijoje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Radauskas yra turbūt vienintelis lietuvių poetas, kuriam apibrėžti nepadeda jokie įprastiniai kontekstai iš mūsų literatūros arba idėjų istorijos ir jokie apmąstymai apie didžiąją tremties katastrofą, mūsų tautos likiminę kryžkelę ir panašiai.“( R. Šilbajoris ). Gimęs Radauskas 1910 m. Krokuvoje. Vaikystė prabėgo Aukštaitijoje. Baigė Panevėžio mokytojų seminariją, studijavo Vytauto Didžiojo universitete.Didžioji jo kūrybos dalis parašyta ir išleista JAV, kur poetas ir mirė 1970 m.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Radauskas kartu su Škėma priskiriami vyresniųjų kartai. Pagal savo amžių jis būtų tarp romantikų ir žemininkų, bet nėra nei toks , nei anoks. Kūryboje jis galbūt artimas impresionistams.  Iš impresionistų jis perima pagrindinius principus : įspūdinga akimirka, judesys, spontaniška tikrovės sąsaja su fantazija ; laisvas gamtos pasaulio gyvenimas; perteikimo grožis - spalvos, garsai. Kaip ir impresionistai, Radauskas poezijoje ieško naujų grožio derinių. Poezijoje jis tarsi fiksuoja akimirką, bet ji yra ne išgyvenimo, o matymo akimirka (aš matau...) Kaip kūrėjas Radauskas yra absoliučiai antijausmiškas. Jo vizija ekspresionistinė, regėjimo įspūdis deformuotas. H.Radauskas - grynosios poezijos kūrėjas. Jis nepaiso istorinio laiko ir nepalankių aplinkybių. Jis - poetas. Meno ir tikrovės santykis skaudino neoromantiką Aistį (skausmas jam buvo pagrindinė kūrybos versmė). Tuo tarpu Radauskui tai - pagrindinė vaizduotės žaismės medžiaga. Tverdamas grožį, Radauskas kuria tokį efektą, lyg jis žaistų. Poetinį stebuklą Radauskas kuria be kančios. Čia vien džiaugsmas. Jis panyra į savo susikurtą grožio erdvę ir džiaugiasi, jog gali joje kurti. Kūrybos, meno pasaulis įsibrauna į gyvenimą ir jį sujaukia, dviejų pasaulių susiliejimas tampa chaotišku ir stebuklingu, eilėraštis tuomet kupinas paslaptingų vaizdų, ekstzės (dvasios kalba nesąmones, krūmai beprotiškai čiulba, lakštingala isterišku balsu juokiasi, fanatiški gėlių miškai) . Radausko viso meno esmė yra stulbinti. Iš literatūros srovių , mitų, juos maišydamas, tarsi alchemikas, tikėdamasis sukurti naują, dar nepažintą medžiagą,kurią naują , savitą kūrybinį pasaulį. Šiame nuolatiniame kūrybos procese veikia iš skirtingų kultūrų, literatūros tekstų atėję personažai : sirenos, neregiai, muzikantai, jūreivis, lekiantis olandas, undinės…Visa tai jis įveda į žaidybišką ir fantastišką savo poetinį pasaulį. “Radauskas yra stačiai apvaigęs Europa. Tradicine, amžina Europa, jos pastatais ir muziejais, jos viduramžiais ir ypač - Renesansu - ir dabartimi .” (T. Venclova)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-22 09:53:40',62,'','2010-10-22 09:57:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-22 09:53:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,127,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1804,'Paulius Širvys','paulius-irvys','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">P. Širvio poetinio kelio pradžia glūdi pokario metuose. Menkų mokslų, iš karo grįžęs kareivis, sužeistas, traumuotas. 1954 m. išėjo pirmasis eilėraščių rinkinys “Žygio draugai”. Jis labai mėgo dainuoti, dainuodavo savo sudėtas dainas. Mokėjo daug ir tautosakinių dainų, ypač romansinių, kur tokia ryški nelaimingos meilės, liūdesio, graudulio spalva. Jis sukūrė palyginti nedaug eilėraščių, bet jie žinomi ir mėgstami įvairaus amžiaus žmonių, deklamuojami ir dainuojami. P. Širvys savo kūrybą suprato kaip natūralų dainavimą. Daina auga iš ilgesio, ji yra didžiausia dvasinė vertybė kaip ir meilė, - be mylimų rankų šalta, be mylimos – nėra dainos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">P. Širvys – aukštaitis, gimęs 1920 m. Padustėlio kaime prie Dusetų (mirė 1979). Jis buvo kaimietis, gamtos vaikas, labai anksti neteko tėvų ir visą gyvenimą jautėsi našlaitis, ieškojęs ir neradęs tiek meilės ir šilumos, kad ji būtų numaldžiusi našlaitiškumą. Jis buvo kareivis, Antrojo pasaulinio karo dalyvis, sunkiai sužeistas, patekęs į nelaisvę, praradęs artimus draugus. Vėliau – jūreivis. P. Širvys – subtilių ir tikrų meilės eilėraščių autorius. Svarbiausias meilės kriterijus – jos tikrumas, priešingas apsimetimui. Vienas geriausių poetų meilės eilėraščių – “Kai brendu naktimi”. P. Širvys sukūrė palyginti nedaug, šiek tiek prozos, truputį išvertė. Bet savo eilėraščiais poetas pasakė labai daug. Jis galėjo kalbėti vieninteliais gimtosios kalbos žodžiais, kaip ir bevardžiai tautosakos kūrėjai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-22 09:57:34',62,'','2010-10-22 09:59:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-22 09:57:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,126,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1805,'H. Radausko \"Rytas geležinkelio stoty\" interpretacija','h-radausko-qrytas-geleinkelio-stotyq-interpretacija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">H.Radauskas visą laiką stengėsi nebūti toks,kaip kiti.Jis siekė,kad jo kūryba būtų originali,savita,o ne ką nors kopijuojanti.Jo eilėraščius sunku priskirti konkrečiai srovei.<br />H.Radausko kūryba tarsi atskira srovė,įvairių srovių samplaika. Ne išimtis ir eilėraštis ”Rytas geležinkelio stoty”. Jame naudojant simbolius sukuriama poetui taip artima laisvės dvasia,išreiškiamos H.Radausko idėjos,jo filosofija.Eilėraštyje labai aiškiai jaučiama,permainų,naujovių, laisvės dvasia.Vaizduojamas naujos eros,naujo pasaulio gimimas,veržlus naujovių atėjimas.Bet visos šios naujovės - tai ne dangaus dovana,tai atkaklaus darbo rezultatas. Juk H.Radauskas taip tikėjo žmogumi,jo sugebėjimu kurti,nestovėti vietoje.Jo manymu, visas šis pasaulis sukurtas žmogaus rankomis,jo ilgu ir atkakliu darbu.Taip ir eilėraštyje po truputi ryškėja vaizdas,kontūrai,nors dar ir tolimi,neryškūs.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-22 09:59:56',62,'','2010-10-22 10:03:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-22 09:59:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,125,'','',0,54,'robots=\nauthor='),(1806,'Rolando giesmė','rolando-giesm','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Rolando giesmėje” pasakojama apie septynerius metus trukusį Karolio Didžiojo žygį į Ispaniją. Jis “Lig jūros šalį užėmė kalnuotą. Neatsilaikė miestai nei tvirtovės, Neliko mūrų jo kely nei kuorų.” Persigandęs saracėnų karalius Marsilis nusprendė siūlyti prancūzams taiką, pasiųsti jiems begalę turtų, prisiekti Karoliui draugystę ligi grabo. Tačiau prancūzams pasiuntus vyčiu Ganeloną, jis išdavė savo posūnį Rolandą bei visą Prancūziją. Jis patarė maurams vykdyti savo pažadus ir kuomet prancūzai trauksis tėvynėn pražudyti Rolandą, visų karų kaltininką. Pasak Ganelono, mirus jam, bebaimiam jo draugui Olivjė bei kitiems Karolio perams, “stos Senolių žemėje ramybė”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Saracėnai jo paklausė ir, Rolandui stojus vadovauti saugai, užpuolė jį bei jo kariauną. Olivjė kelis kartus siūlė draugui pūsti Olifantą, tačiau šis, narsus būdamas, nusprendė verčiau mirti, negu užtraukti sau ir savo giminei gėdą. Narsiai kovėsi prancūzai prieš daug didesnę maurų kariuomenę, tačiau laimėti mūšio jiems nepavyko. Didvyriškai žuvo visi karaliaus vasalai. Prieš mirtį Rolandas dar spėjo papūsti Olifantą, kad išgirstų jį karalius ir atvyktų atkeršyti maurams. Karolis, išgirdęs gaudžiant ragą, suprato, kad jo mylimi vasalai pateko į bėdą ir nedelsdamas pasuko atgal. Sugrįžęs į Ronsevalį jis pamatė, kad jau per vėlu saviškiams padėti. Tuomet nusprendė bent atkeršyt niekšams pagonims. Prancūzai sparčiai pasivijo priešus ir kapojo nekrikštus kiek leido jėgos. Ir pagaliau visi niekšai gavo ko nusipelnė.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-22 10:03:50',62,'','2010-10-22 10:06:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-22 10:03:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,124,'','',0,53,'robots=\nauthor='),(1807,'Ką vaizdavo Kristjonas Donelaitis?','k-vaizdavo-kristjonas-donelaitis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Metus” Kristijonas Donelaitis kūrė sukaupęs didelę gyvenimo ir poetinio darbo patirtį. Rašė ilgai ir įdėjo į šį darbą savo sielos dalelę. “Metai” - keturių dalių poema, vaizduojanti to laikmečio būrų gyvenimą ir buitį. Manau, kad Kristijonas Donelaitis tapė šį margaspalvį paveikslą remdamasis tikrais įvykiais. Gali būti, kad autorius glaudžiai bendravo su baudžiavos prispaustais lietuviais valstiečiais, todėl jam puikiai pavyko perteikti to meto žmonių gyvenimo atspalvius: rūpesčius ir linksmybes, darbus ir gėrybes, būtį ir buitį. Štai šiuos įvykius ir vaizdavo K. Donelaitis savo kūrinyje “Metai”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ponų priespauda sunkiai slėgė baudžiauninkų gyvenimą, todėl šie džiaugėsi nepaprastai retomis linksmybių akimirkomis. Vieni vargai ir rūpesčiai temdė būrų nuotaiką. Ne dažnos linksmybių akimirkos būdavo susietos su gamta, kadangi žmonės buvo susilieję su ja. Malonu stebėti, kaip gamta bunda, keliasi, viskas, kas buvo sušalę atgyja, pradeda naują gyvenimą. “Tuo laukus orai drungni gaivindami glostė, Ir žoleles visokias iš numirusių šaukė”. Paprastas žmogus - valstietis džiaugdavosi nuostabiais vaizdais. Iš atsigaunančių, grįžtančių gyvūnų galime išskirti gandrą ir bitiną. Gandras “gaspadorius” kimba į darbą nelaukia nieko. Bitinas taip pat: “&lt;...&gt; šeimyną savo pabudint, Ir prie darbo siųst ką pelnyt ir užmiršo.”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šie du gyvūnai simbolizuoja darbą ir gėrį. Atbundant gamtai, atgyja ir garsai. Iš visų garsų simfonijos poeto ausiai maloniausia lakštintgala, kurios skardus balselis skamba K. Donelaičio širdyje. Autorius mano, kad tai Dievo dovana, kuria reikia gėrėtis ir džiaugtis. “Metuose” gana dažnai galime pastebėti, kad autorius beveik viską sieja su religija. Manau, kad taip yra todėl, kadangi Kristijonas Donelaitis buvo pastorius ir sakė pamokslus bažnyčioje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-22 10:06:57',62,'','2010-10-22 10:16:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-22 10:06:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,123,'','',0,46,'robots=\nauthor='),(1808,'Analizės planas','analizs-planas','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Teksto pobūdis:<br />1. ką rodo pirmieji teksto ženklai: grafinė forma, pavadinimas, pirmosios eilutės?<br />2. ar aišku kokio žanro, tipo kūrinys?<br />3. kokia problematika, kalbėjimo kryptis (apie tai ypač daug pasako pavadinimas, jei yra, paantraštė, epigrafas)?<br />4. koks teksto pradžios ir pabaigos vaidmuo kūrinio reikšmės struktūroje (“pradžia duoda kodą, pabaiga - mitą” Lotmanas)?<br />5. koks teksto statusas (programinis eilėraštis ar juodraštinis variantas, klasika ar debiutas, tipiškas rašytojui, srovei, laikotarpiui ar išimtis)?<br />6. kokia pasaulėžiūra, vertybių sistema ryškėja iš teksto. Kas jo autoriui labai svarbu?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Struktūra:<br />1. kas tekste kalba, kam tekstas adresuojamas, ar galima “apčiuopti” teksto teritoriją?<br />2. koks pasakotojas (lyrikoje - subjektas) - neutralus, visažinis (būtina atskirti pasakotoją ir autorių)?<br />3. ar įvykiai atpasakoti tokia tvarka kaip jie įvyko?<br />4. kokia teksto kompozicija?<br />5. koks laikas (fabulos ir pasakojimo) - istorinis ar neapibrėžtas ir pan.?<br />6. teksto erdvė: tikroviška - sąlygiška (fantastinė - mitinė), vertikalioji - horizontalioji, atvira - uždara, abstrakti - konkreti.<br />7. atlikėjai (veikėjai, personažai, herojai): subjektas - objektas, priešininkas - pagalbininkas, adresantas (lėmėjas: dievas, likimas, istorija, aistros) - adresatas (nebūtina ieškoti visų).<br />8. koks pasakotojo, kalbančiojo santykis su kitais veikėjais, aplinka?<br />9. koks teksto siužetas, veiksmas, jo etapai?<br />10. kokios  temos (pagrindinės ir šalutinės), idėjos, neišsakytos potekstės?<br />11. ar galima tekstą skaidyti, kas vyksta kiekviename epizode, fragmente atkirai?<br />12. ką tekstui duoda kalbinė raiška, kokie kalbos niuansai glūdi lyrikoje, metaforikoje?</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-22 10:17:22',62,'','2010-10-22 10:22:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-22 10:17:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,122,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1809,'A. Nyka - Nyliūnas - savičiausias dabarties poetas','a-nyka-nylinas-saviiausias-dabarties-poetas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A.Nyka - Niliūnas gimė 1920 m. Nemeikščių kaime (Utenos raj.). Kauno ir Vilniaus universitetuose studijavo romanistiką ir filosofiją. Pirmasis rinkinys “Praradimo simfonijos” išėjo 1946 m. Vakarų Vokietijoje. Kiti pagrindiniai Niliūno rinkiniai: “0rfėjaus medis” “Balandžio vigilija”, “Vyno stebuklas”. Poeto rinkinių pavadinimai susieti su muzika (simfonijos), su mitologija (Orifėjus), su Biblija (vyno stebuklas). Su kiekvienu nauju išleistu rinkiniu, eilėraščiai gilėja ir randama vis daugiau prasmių.  Ankstyvojoje jo lyrikoje eilėraščio subjektas visa širdimi ilgisi idealybės, todėl visus savo išgyvenimus perkelia į sapnų arba pasakų pasaulį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nyka - Niliūnas Tėvynės praradimo jausmą išreiškia sudėtingu praradimo simfonijos motyvu. Niliūno poetinė pasaulėjauta neapsiriboja vien tik tikrove ar gimtąja žeme, kaip kitų išeivių poetų, nors kalbama apie jos praradimą. Bet prarasdamas žemę, Niliūno poezijos žmogus praranda ir dar kai ką daugiau. Nyka-Niliūnas kuria tokią poetinę tikrovę, kurios lyg ir nėra, bet kuri yra taip trokštama, įsivaizduojama laimės šalis. Pačiame pirmajame A. Nykos-Niliūno rinkinyje atsiranda stebuklingos šalies- Eldorado įvaizdis. Vienas eilėraštis taip ir vadinamas – “Eldorado”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kokie budingi šio eilėraščio ir tuo pačiu visos A.Nykos-Niliūno kūrybos bruožai? Pirmasis akcentas- nuostabus, nerandamas pasaulis- tai pasaulis savy, bet kartu tai pasaulis, kuris turi savo erdvę, laiką, daiktus. Niliūno žmogus tame pasaulyje jaučia vienybę ir santarvę su daiktais ir su gamta. A.Nyka-Niliūnas sukūrė naują poetinį santykį su tikrove. Neigiamo poliaus, t. y. nebūties trauka, stipriai jaučiama visoje jo poezijoje. Kažin ar rastume kitą lietuvių poetą, kuris taip efektingai pagautų gyvybės išsekimo momentą, taip ryškiai kalbėtų apie pranykusius daiktus, mokėtų perduoti tiesiog regimą ir apčiuopiamą jų nebuvimą. Nebūties momentas Niliūno poezijoje yra toks stiprus ir savitas, kad iškyla klausimas, ar poetas tik mato mirties ženklus, ar jis jau jaučia artėjančią pabaigą…</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-28 11:08:28',62,'','2010-10-28 11:13:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-28 11:08:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,121,'','',0,40,'robots=\nauthor='),(1810,'J. Basanavičiaus biografija','j-basanaviiaus-biografija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Daktaras Jonas Basanavičius gimė 1851 metais lapkričio mėnesio 23 dieną Ožkabalių kaime, Bartininkų valsčiaus,Vilkaviškio apskrity.Štai paties Basanavičiaus žodžiai apie savo gimimą :</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“-Ant šio baltojo “kalno”svieto lapkričio 12/23 d. 1851m., 7-tą valandą vakare ateinant, dėl nežinomos priežasties , teko man gimti  i n  a s p h i x i a , taigi pusgyviu, ir tik su dideliu vargu tapęs atgaivintas.Ar trinant šepečiu mano kojų padus, ar per kokį, kaip tėvams rodėsi, stebūklą, po geros sako, valandos aš atsigaivalėjęs; tėvai jau tada mane, nors pusgyvį, prižadėjo į kunigus leisti, jei tik Dievas teiksiąsi dvasią įkvėpti į mano menką kūnelį. Lapkričio24 d, 4 h po pietųbuvau Bartininkų bažnyčioje klebono Jono Burdulio apkrikštytas, o kadangi tą dieną buvo Jono nuo kryžiaus, tai ir man Jono vardą suteikta. Bet tai buvo, rodos, nelemtas to šventojo vardas, kursai mano gyvenime, tarytum, man daug nelaimių atgabeno.”*</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Basanavičiai buvo pasiturintys ūkininkai, todėl mažasis Jonas augo be vargo-gerai tėvų prižiūrimas ir mylimas, kaip vienintelis sūnus. Gražiose Ožkabalių apylinkėse buvo daugybė piliakalnių, kur mažasis Jonas mėgdavo vienas arba su vaikais bėgioti;įdomūs pasakojimai apie garbingus Lietuvos laikus, kuriuos girdėdavo iš savo tėvų ir kitų senesnių žmonių – ugdė jame tautiškumo bei tėvynės meiles jausmą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“-I savo tėvo girdėjau pasakojant, kad mūsų sentėviai buvę ateiviai iš užnemunės iš kur tai nuo Vilniaus… Mano tėvo pavardė XVII - XVIII šimtmečio dokumentuose – metrikų knygose prie bartininkų Bažnyčios – i lenkiko yra gana įvairiai rašoma; taip randame užrašyta: Bosonoicz, Basanoicz, Bosonowicz, Bosenowicz, Basenowicz, Basianowicz, Basienowicz, Basiniewicz, Basinowicz, Basanowicz, Bassanowicz, Basonowicz, Bassonowicz, Basnewicz, Basawiecz, ir 1786 m. – Magdalena Basanowa. ita pravardė, be abejo, yra kilusi nuo liet. basas ir turi dar kitus žmonių ir vietų vardus nuo to žodžio pramintus.”** Jonui kiek paugėjus, tėvai parūpino jam kaimo mokytoją – daraktorių. Apie savo mokytojus ir i jų įgįtą mokslą jis sako:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“-Pirmu mano daraktoriumi buvo tūlas apysenis Kardokas , iš dzūkų ateivis, aukšto stuomens vyras, šleivakojis: nuo jo skaityti ir šiek tiek rašyti išmokau. Antras mano mokytojas buvo tūlas girtuoklis lenkelis iš vištyčio miestelio. Szymanowski’s, nuo kurio biskelį pramokau lenkiškai,vėliau mokinausi pas Bartininkų zakristijoną Naujoką, kursai išlenkiško Novakovskiu rašėsi. Nuo tokių menkų mokytojų neper daugiausiai galima buvo išmokinti, ir nors aš nuo 5 ar 6 metų pradėjau ,, į  mokslą eiti”, bet jau 12 metų būdamas galėjau tik gerai lietuviškai ir lenkiškai skaityti ir rašyti, biskelį buvau aritmetikos pramokęs ir prie ir prie mišių tarnauti, nors vargiai supratau, kas tai yra  i n t r o i b o   a d  a l t a r e .”*</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-28 11:14:06',62,'','2010-10-28 11:17:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-28 11:14:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,120,'','',0,37,'robots=\nauthor='),(1811,'Antanas Vienuolis','antanas-vienuolis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gimė 1882-04-07 Ažuožerių kaime, Anykščių rajone. Lankė Anykščių pradinę mokyklą, gyveno pas senelius Baranauskus. Vėliau mokėsi Liepojos gimnazijoje, po to - Seinuose pas A.Baranauską (kelis mėnesius). Po to - į Liepoją, baigia 4 gimnazijos klases. 1900 m. mokosi Maskvoje, lanko literatūros paskaitas. Sukuria nesudėtingus pirmuosius kūrinius. Išvyksta į Kaukazą, daug rašo. 1907 - 1918 grįžta, dirba ir kuria Maskvoje. Sukuria apsakymų ciklą apie inteligentus. Apsakymai \"Grįžo\", \"Pati\", \"Kūčių naktį.\" 1918 - 1957 m. Kaune. Kuria. 1922 - 1957 m. Anykščiuose gimsta jo romanai \"Puodžiunkiemis\", \"Kryžkelės\", Viešnia iš šiaurės\", \"Iš mano atsiminimų\"…</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A.Vienuolis - \"visapusiškas rašytojas.\" (visokie žanrai). Romantinės legendos, realistiniai romanai… Tęsė J.Biliūno tradicijas. Abu gilinosi į žmogaus pasaulį - psichologiškas paveikslas. Tęsia lyriškumo (kalba \"aš\") tradicijas. Nauja: išplečia tematiką: daug dėmesio skiria moters likimui, kelia inteligencijos (toli nuo Lietuvos) problemas.<br /> Apsakymus į vienumą jungia viena tema - apie inteligentus, apie jų sielojimusis.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-28 11:18:05',62,'','2010-10-28 11:21:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-28 11:18:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,119,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1812,'Salomėja Nėris','salomja-nris','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Salomėja Nėris – viena  talentingiausių lietuvių poečių. Ji - mūsų tautos lakštingala! S.Nėries kūryba - tai savotiškas lyrizmo simbolis lietuvių literatūroje. Jau pirmaisiais savo eilėraščių rinkiniais ji nusipelnė subtiliausios lietuvių lyrikės vardą.  S. Nėries poeziją galima pavadinti daina. Žinoti jos gyvenimo kelią turėtų būti kiekvieno, besidominčio jos kūryba, savigarbos reikalas. Taigi pasekime poetės likimo pėdsakais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rašytojos Salomėjos Nėries tikrasis vardas buvo Salomėja Bačinskaitė- Bučienė. Ji gimė 1904 11 17 Vilkaviškio rajone, Kiršų kaime. 1911 m. pradėjo lankyti Alvito pradinę mokyklą, o 1918 m. išlaikė egzaminus į Marijampolės gimnazijos antrąją klasę.1921-22 m., mokydamasi Vilkaviškio gimnazijos vyresnėse klasėse, Salomėja Nėris bendradarbiavo šapirografuotame laikraštėlyje ,, Ateities žiedai “. Ten ji spausdinamus savo eilėraščius pasirašinėdavo slapyvardžiais Jūratė ir Liūdytė. Tuo metu ji mokosi skambinti mandolina ir rojaliu, svajojo būti dailininke. 1920 ar 1921 m. birželio mėnesio pabaigoje Salomėja, būdama penktosios klasės gimnazistė, su moksleivių ekskursija nuvyko į Palangą ir pirmą kartą pamatė jūrą, kuri padarė jai didžiulį įspūdį. 1923 m. lapkričio mėnesį Nėris išspausdino pirmąjį savo eilėraštį periodinėje spaudoje. Nuo to laiko, o ypač nuo 1924 m., jos eilėraščiai, pasirašyti Nėries, o vėliau Salomėjos Nėries slapyvardžiais, pradeda dažnai rodytis spaudoje.  1924-28 m. ji studijavo Kauno universiteto Teologijos ir filosofijos fakultete (lietuvių litertūros istoriją, vokiečių kalbą ir literatūrą, pedagogikos specialybes). 1927 m. pavasarį, dar būdama studentė, išleido savo pirmąjį eilėraščių rinkinį – ” Anksti rytą “. Tais pačiais metais išleistas antrasis, sterotipinis, rinkinio leidimas. Tų pačių metų vasarą Salomėja Nėris išvyko į Palangą atostogauti. O jau 1928 m. vasarą rašytoja pirmą kartą keliavo po Vakarų Europą –  aplankė Vokietiją bei Šveicariją. 1928 m. Salomėja Nėris persikelė į Lazdijus: nuo 1928 m. rugsėjo mėnesio 1d. Švietimo ministerijos ji buvo paskirta Seinų  ” Žiburio “ gimnazijos neetatine mokytoja praktikantės teisėmis. Gyvendama Lazdijuose, Salomėja dėstė gimnazijoje vokiečių kalbą, vadovavo literatų būreliui, padėdavo mokiniams rengti vakarus, taip pat dėstė kursuose suaugusiems vokiečių kalbą. Iš Lazdijų kartu su mokytojų kolektyvu ji dažnai lankydavo įvairias Lietuvos vietas. Nuo 1930 m. rugpjūčio 1 d. švietimo ministro įsakymu ji laikoma Seinų  ” Žiburio “ gimnazijoje etatinėje tarnyboje. Mokytojaujant Lazdijuose, 1930 liepos 3 d., ” Mokytojų cenzo tikrinimo komisija “ pripažino Salomėjai Nėriai aukštesniosios mokytojos vardą ir teisę mokyti: a) aukštesniojoje mokykloje – lietuvių kalbos, b) vidurinėje mokykloje – lietuvių ir vokiečių kalbų. 1929 m. birželio mėnesio paskutinėmis dienomis Nėris išvažiavo į Vieną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-28 11:21:51',62,'','2010-10-28 11:24:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-28 11:21:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,118,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1813,'S. Nėris \"Žvaigždė - jaunystė\"','s-nris-qvaigd-jaunystq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">S. Nėris – tai didelio talento lietuvių lyrikė. Kūrybinį kelią poetė pradėjo anksti, būdama dvidešimt trijų metų. Jau pirmasis jos rinkinys įsitvirtino geriausiųjų gretose. S. Nėries eilėraštis “ Žvaigždė – jaunystė “ – tai naujojo romantizmo laikotarpio darbas. Eilėraštis išryškina poetės bandymą atskleisti tikrąjį savo gyvenimo troškimą – gyventi amžinai ir būti jaunai. Kūrinio žanras – eilėraštis. Tai įrodo jo sudarymas, rimavimas, žodžių galūnių derinimas ir strofų suskirstymas. Jau pirmoje eilėraščio strofoje poetė atskleidžia pagal eilėraščio mintį.Jos troškimas būti energingai ir pajusti gyvenimo teikiamus malonumus parodo, kad poetė tikrai rašo apie vieną bendrą žmogaus gyvenimo gražiausią dalį – jaunystę. Pirmoje strofoje pavartota metafora “ jaunystė – lyg žaibas “ įrodo poetės charakteryje susipynusius net kelis bruožus, kurie atskleidžia eilėraštyje perteiktą jos energiją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gal todėl, kad S. Nėris norėjo amžinai gyventi, jos eilėraštyje tiek daug pasitikėjimo savimi ir savo vertės aukštinimo. Juk ne kiekvienas poetas ryžtųsi rašyti taip atvirai apie mirties “nagus” kaip ji. S. Nėris nebijo paklysti miške, ar nuskęsti jūroje, nes tuo momentu jos širdį ir jausmus užvaldęs jaunystės vėjas, kuris neša jaunąją poetę pavasario laukais. Kūrinyje vyrauja laikas – konkretus, tai įrodo eilėraščio strofose minimas metų laikas ir giliai paslėptos minties – jaunystės ir šėlsmo laikotarpis. Laikas eilėraštyje užima didelę dalį poetės minčių , juk tai ir akimirka , ir momentas , ir amžinybė. Trys dalykai, kurie eilėraščio strofose išsidėstę vienas po kito. Eilėraštyje vyrauja vienintelė S. Nėries akimis spalva. Ji trykšta meile , džiaugsmu , nudažo viską pačia puošniausia ir artimiausia širdžiai spalva. Poetė drąsiai žvelgia į pasaulį, ketindama jį persmelkti savo pasiryžimu ir kova už gyvenimo amžinybę. Lyrinis “ aš “ – tai S . Nėries pasitikėjimas savimi . Ji pasirodo atvira savo forma, įsileidžia mus į savo dvasios gelmes , mėgindama įrodyti koks stiprus yra jos ryšys su jaunyste . Ji jaučiasi pati laimingiausia, drąsiai be baimės žvelgia į ateitį , nes “man žadėjo žvaigždė jaunystė niekad negęsti.” Šios mintys įrodo tikrą poetės širdies trapumą, grožį ir charakterio jungimąsi tarp tvirtumo ir ambicijų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-28 11:24:31',62,'','2010-10-28 11:32:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-28 11:24:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,117,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1814,'Akimirkos įspūdžiai A. Vaičiulaičio romane “ Valentina “. Emociniai virpesiai bičių kopinėjimo scenoje','akimirkos-spdiai-a-vaiiulaiio-romane-valentina-emociniai-virpesiai-bii-kopinjimo-scenoje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Valentina“ - tai vienas ryškiausių A. Vaičiulaičio romanų meilės tema, parašytų iki karo. Kūrinyje nėra ryškių įvykių grandinės, kuri betarpiškai liestų veikėjus ir būtų su jais susijusi , taip pat ir veikėjai neįtakoja romano įvykių eigos, tačiau čia visas dėmesys skiriamas jausminiam veikėjų santykiavimui su daugybe reiškinių iš karto. Išryškėja ypač gilus ir rafinuotas A. Vaičiulaičio žmogaus savojo “ aš “ pajautimas, į kurį, atrodo, sutelpa visas aplinkinis pasaulis. Siekdamas atskleisti intensyviai jaučiančio ( mylinčio ) žmogaus emocinio pasaulio kitimą, išorinės , žmogų supančios aplinkos poveikį jo vidinio pasaulio, jausmų kaitai, A. Vaičiulaitis romane akcentuoja akimirkos įspūdžio galią. Galėtume sakyti, jog čia jis artimas impresionistams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Svarbiausias romano herojus - Antanas ypač jautrus kiekvienai jį supančios tikrovės detalei, kiekvienam savo nuotaikos niuansui. Net mažas jį supančios tikrovės pasikeitimas atsiliepia jo viduje, pažadina jausmą. Visą romaną tarsi “ gaubia “ nuojauta. Daiktai ir reiškiniai slepia mistiškas prasmes, veikėjai tarsi gyvena simbolių pasaulyje, kur kiekviena  dalelė juos supančios aplinkos ir jie patys ( Antano ir Valentinos meilė ) tampa amžinybės atspindžiais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antano atmintyje vaizdas atgyja kaip begalės kadrų iš kino filmo juostos : vaizduotėje išlikusius fragmentus jis dėlioja tarsi atskirus paveikslėlius iš pabirų mozaikos gabalėlių. … Už rugių augo laukinė obelis, &lt; … &gt; po ja stovėjo aną vakarą, grįždami iš kunigo Motiejaus, Antanas ir Valentina  &lt; … &gt; Valentina laužė obels ūgį, kurį vadino vilku, ir rodė savo tėviškę: “ Tenai prie ežero -  mūsų namai “… Antano sąmonėje atsiveria mistiškas momentas - jis ir Valentina stovi po obelimi. Laukinė obelis lietuvių mitologijoje - pasaulio modelio simbolis; bernelio ir mergelės, besišnekučiuojančių po obelimi, motyvas lietuvių liaudies dainose turi kosmogoninę prasmę : simbolizuoja  pasaulio atsiradimą. Krikščioniškoje tradicijoje tai taip pat reikštų visa ko pradžią - pirmieji žmonės - vyras ir moteris rojuje. Belaužianti nuo obels ūgį Valentina  - tarsi pirmoji moteris - Ieva, skinanti uždraustą vaisių nuo pažinimo medžio. ( Valentina nuskina medžio ūgį - tarsi neleidžia medžiui augti į viršų, bando užkirsti kelią jam stiebtis į aukštyn - tai tarsi Valentinos ir Antano meilės likimo metafora ) Šia prasme rašytojas kuria savotišką nuorodą vėlgi į visa ko pradžią - į žmogaus išvarymą iš rojaus. Obelis  - tai tarsi sava sfera, jauki  ir pažįstama : … Ligi obels Antanui viskas buvo sava … Peržengus jos ribą atsiveria svetima, nepažįstama ir baugi plotmė: ..Atrodė, kad už šakų ir kamienų tankmės būtų kitas pasaulis, kiti žmonės, kiti balsai, pas kuriuos nyku ir drovu įžengti… Iš tikrųjų, Antanas tampa lyg pažinimo vaisiaus paragavęs pirmasis vyras, besidrovintis savo nuogumo, savo jausmų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-28 11:32:58',62,'','2010-10-28 11:36:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-28 11:32:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,116,'','',0,68,'robots=\nauthor='),(1815,'P. Cvirkos romanas \"Meisteris ir sūnūs\"','p-cvirkos-romanas-qmeisteris-ir-snsq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Petro Cvirkos romanas “Meisteris ir sūnūs” puikiai parodo, kokia kūrybinė galia slypi paprastuose kaimo žmonėse. Kaime išugdomi tikri menininkai. Tokiais galima laikyti siuvėją Krizą ir meisterį Deveiką. Tačiau ne vien jie yra liaudies meno atstovai. Kiekvienas liaudies žmogus yra savotiškas menininkas. Juk kaime galima pamatyti tiek nuostabių meno kūrinių. Pavyzdžiui, kiekvienoje kaimo sodyboje seniau galima buvo rasti kryžių su rūpintojėliu. Kryžius išraižytas nuostabiais ornamentais, o rūpintojėlis tarsi gyvas sėdi, parėmęs galvą.Dar ir dabar kai kur tie kryžiai tebestovi.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">O kaip išpuošti kaime įvairiausi namų rakandai: šaukštai, rankšluoščiai, skrynios, spintos! Paėmus tokį šaukštą ir valgyti smagiau. Negalima pamiršti ir lietuvių liaudies tautosakos. Tai padavimai, legendos, sakmės, dainos, patarlės. Kiek daug jų sukurta! Iš kartos į kartą, iš lūpų į lūpas perduodami šie kūriniai. Tai rodo, kokie puikūs menininkai buvo paprasti liaudies žmonės. Tačiau Krizas su Deveika - vieni talentingiausių liaudies menininkų. Kokie talentai slypi juose! Auksarankis meisteris Deveika - tikras stebukladaris. Iš medžio jis sukuria viską, ką tik įmanoma sukurti. O gal jis galėtų padaryti ir tai, kas neįmanoma? Meisteris dirba kaimo žmonėms. Jis gamina kraičio skrynias, stalus, lovas ir daug kitų daiktų. Tačiau labiausiai jis mėgsta drožti šventuosius. Atsikelia jis kartais naktimis, ir rankos tarsi pačios kyla. Paima meisteris medžio gabalą ir tarsi ima jį minkyti lyg molį. Atsiranda dievuko akys, nosis, galva, visas kūnas. Ir šventasis tarsi atgyja, pradeda kalbėti. Taip ir norisi jam išpasakoti savo bėdas. Tai įrodo ir žmonių pasakojamas nutikimas. Kartą Deveika nešęs dievukus į bažnyčią šventinti, bet jam buvę per sunku. Tada meisteris liepęs kiekvienam iš jų pačiam bėgti. Ir šventieji nuskubėję į bažnyčią.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tačiau ne tik šventuosius kuria meisteris. Jis gamina tiesiog stebuklingas lazdas. “Pirmą po ranka pakliuvusią nusitveri, - ne lazda, o gyvatė rangosi aplink šakotą medį, liežuvį iškišusi; prie antros - nedrįsk nagų kišti: raguotasis su arklio kanopomis, galbūt neseniai vėlę į pragaro gelmes nujojęs, rodo šėtonišką snukį”. Tos lazdos yra labai brangios, tiesiog neįkainojamos. Krizas, gavęs vieną, nežino, kaip atsilyginti. Jis net į kapą lazdą nori pasiimti. Tačiau meisteris tik kermošiui lazdas daro, nes turi daug kito darbo, šeimos narių nuomone, daug geresnio ir vertingesnio. Bet būtent tada, kai daugiausiai darbo, meisteris sugalvoja padaryti paukštį. Dėl jo Deveika pamiršta visus kitus darbus. Jis nori, kad dirbtinis paukštis būtų kaip gyvas. Jo manymu, paukštis ir skris, ir balsą turės. Į paukščio gamybą meisteris įdėjo labai daug darbo. Tačiau šiai jo svajonei nelemta išsipildyti. Deveikai nusvyra rankos, kai jis pamato, kad taip lengvai sugriautas jo daugelio dienų ir naktų darbas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-28 11:36:30',62,'','2010-10-28 11:39:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-28 11:36:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,115,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1816,'Rašytojų kūrybos bruožai','raytoj-krybos-bruoai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Henrikas Radauskas (pasauliu netikiu, o pasaka tikiu; Pasaulio pakeisti negalima!) Formalistas, egzistencialistas, estetikas. Antanas Škėma egzistencialistas prozoje (dramos, novelių rinkinys, romanai) (Sopenhauerio - kuo tobulesnis organizmas, tuo tobulesnis kentėjimas). Marius Katiliškis (panašu i Krėvę, Biliūną; regioninis) KALBA; \"Išėjusiems negrįžti\"(autobiografija), \"Paskendusi vasara\", \"Užuovėja\"(12 novelių) - cikliškumas, humaniškumas, paprastumas; kaim. trūkumai: ambicingumas, naudos siekimas, alkasai; Henrikas Nagys žemininkas (tėvynė), \"Prisijaukinsiu sakalą\", ekspresionistas; broliška, rupūs žodžiai, juoda spalva, nuosava mirtis, tamsumo jausmas, mistika, archaiškumas. Kazys Bradūnas žemininkas (dirva, prieglobstis), produktyvus - 13 rinkinių (Donelaičio kapas, Pėdos arimuos) paprastai apie žemę (ne gamta), religija, mitologija, pagonybė (ugnis). Vytautas Mačernis - egzistencialistas, žemininkas, dūžtanti būtis, filosofas. (Vizijos, Metų sonetai, eilėraščiai, vertimai).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A. Nyka - Niliūnas - žemininkas (filosofijos pradžia ir pabaiga). Laisvėjimas: Albinas Žukauskas pasakomoji poezija, skambi, dzūkiška, nenugludinta. Eduardas Mieželaitis \"Žmogus\", P+M+M=G. Paulius Širvys eilėraštis - daina. Juozas Grušas eruditas, romantikas, filosofas, antimiesčionis, etikos kodeksas, novelės (baimė ir nebaimė) dramos (Herkus Mantas, Svitrigaila, Unija, Rekviem bajormas, Barbora Radvilaite-poetine) \"Meile, dziazas ir velnias\"\'67 - tragikomedija. Jonas Mikelinskas analitikas, ekspresyvus novelistas (Paskutinis Liudvikas). Juozas Baltušis - antisajudietis, be vaizduotės, veiksmažodžių ir epitetų daug, \"Sakmė apie Juzą\" - senojo kaimo mirtis. Sakmė romanas protėvio autoritetas, gamta perspėja, antgamtinis pasaulis (politika), nebijoma mirties, prakeikimai veikia, neįprastas kasdieninis gyvenimas, superfizinė jėga, didelė pagarba mirusiems. Jonas Avyžius lietuviškas kaimas plėšomas socialinių santykių. Komunistinis pagrindas \"Sodybų tuštėjimas\" - epopėja.  Gedimino credo - \"mano laimė - mano dorumas\" Vytauto Didžiojo metų karta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-28 11:39:45',62,'','2010-10-28 11:51:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-28 11:39:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,114,'','',0,40,'robots=\nauthor='),(1817,'Kornelijus Platelis','kornelijus-platelis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kornelijus Platelis gimė 1951 m. Eilėraščio erdvę plečia pasaulio kultūros patirtimi. Kūrybą šis poetas suvokia kaip žmogaus galias sukaupiančią ir laisvinančią. “Poezija - kaip vėjas: nežinia, iš kur kyla, nežinia, kur nueina. Ir nežinia, ką reiškia”, - sako poetas. Tam vėjui nuolat statomos pinklės, norima jį pagauti. “Pinklės vëėui”,- taip vadinasi ir K. Platelio eilėraščių rinkinys. Kūryba ne iš įsitikinimų, o iš gyvenimo nuostabos “Poetai iš Dievo malonės” yra “žmonės, žodžiuose jungiantys svaiginantį žiedo kvapą ir standų vaisiaus paviršių…”. K. Platelis yra įsigyvenęs į meną, kultūrą. Kūrybos tradicijos jutimas kartais atrodo tarsi stabdantis jo paties plunksną.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš kitų kalbų poezijos įtakos jam darė angliškoji, pirmiausia - T.S Eliotas. Visada žavėjosi senąja poezija, sukurta Egipte ir Jeruzalėje, Graikijoje ir Aleksandrijoje, Romoje ir Babilone, Indijoje ir Kinijoje, Japonijoje ir Provanse… Nors poetas ir yra baigęs Vilniaus inžinerinį statybos institutą, tačiau poetinės filologinės kultūros poetui neprikiši. “Dienų ir žodžių” autorius, be abejonės, skaitė ir egiptiečių, ir senovės kinų bei japonų eiles, tačiau jo skonį ir supratimą greičiausiai bus suformavę gerai suręstas klasicistinis eilėraštis, Renesanso tapyba ir skulptūra. Klasicizmą mini ir K. Platelis, be klasicistinės poetikos, grožio, kompozicijos taisyklių sunku prasiskverbti į jo  poezijos labirintus. Kas kita, kad poetas ne visur nuoseklus, pirmoje jo knygoje nemažai eilėraščių, parašytų žalioje jaunystėje, jiems deklaruojama programa tiesiog netinka. K. Platelis, kaip pagal užsakymą, laikosi dviejų klasicistinės etikos doktrinų - imituoti gamtą ir imituoti senuosius kūrėjus. Jo poezijoje nerasime padrikų, tiesiog iš natūros kopijuojam vaizdų ir detalių. Vyrauja griežta architektūra, kontūrai, linijos, konstrukcijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-28 11:51:36',62,'','2010-10-28 12:29:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-28 11:51:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,113,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1818,'S. Nėries eilėraščio \"Tėvynei\" interpretacija','s-nries-eilraio-qtvyneiq-interpretacija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Salomėja Nėris — viena iš ryškiausių neoromantizmo atstovų. Poetė sukūrė ne tik herojiškų baladžių, dainų, bet ir meilės, išsiskyrimo elegijų, kurios iki ašarų jaudina ilgesio skausmu, tylia svajone greičiau pamatyti paliktą tėvynę ir artimus žmones. Viena iš tokių elegijų — eilėraštis “Tėvynei”. Šį eilėraštį S.Nėris parašė Antrojo pasaulinio katro metais ne Lietuvoje, nes prasidėjus karui patraukė į Rusiją. Poetę kankino širdį alinanti nostalgija, sunkiai pakeliamas gimtinės ilgesio jausmas, kurį ji išreiškė lyrinio subjekto išgyvenimais eilėraštyje “Tėvynei”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Eilėraščio žmogus personifikuoja tėvynę, nes ji yra brangi kaip motina maitintoja: ”Mane — kaip lauko žolę — girdė/ Gimtosios žemės syvai…”. Įasmeninimą ypač sureikšmina žūtbūtinis kalbančiosios pasiryžimas sugrįžti į tėvynę: “Šimtus aš mylių eisiu pėsčia,/ Kol gyvą pamatysiu”. Eilėraščio žmogui nėra svarbu, ar tėvynė bus graži, ar joje bus sunku gyventi. Jam svarbiausia bet kokia kaina sugrįžti į gimtąją žemę, numalšinti ilgesio skausmą ir įrodyti, kad neišdavė ir nepardavė tėvynės. Tarp lyrinio subjekto ir gimtinės yra didelis geografinis atstumas :”Šimtus aš mylių eisiu pėsčia”. Tačiau dvasinis ryšys yra glaudus, o pasiryžimas sugrįžt — begalinis: “Aš keliais į tave pareisiu/ Per lietų, gruodą, šaltį…”. Lyrinio subjekto nebaugina jokie pavojai, svarbiausia — galutinis tikslas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Eilėraščio žmogų slegia ne tik ilgesio skausmas, bet ir kaltė dėl išduotos tėvynės, kurioje jis yra tapatinamas su Judu, už trisdešimt sidabrinių išdavusiu Jėzų. Paskutinėje strofoje lyrinis subjektas retoriniu sušukimu (“Neišdaviau, mieloji!”) nori pateisinti save ir išpirkti kaltę, todėl yra pasiryžęs šimtus mylių eiti keliais, kol sugrįš į gimtąjį kraštą. Kalbančioji nepaisant to, kad tėvynė yra “sukruvinta ir apiplėšta”, vis tiek ketina grįžti, nes “širdis gi nemeluoja” — ji ilgisi gimtinės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Eilėraščio laikas yra nepastovus: nuo kalbėjimo apie esamą laiką pereinama prie būsimojo, kartais sugrįžtama į praeitį. Esamuoju laiku yra kalbama apie tėvynę ir nepaisant išsiskyrimo likusią meilę jai. Esamasis laikas parodo, kokia skaudi realybė — tėvynė yra “sukruvinta ir apiplėšta”. Būtasis laikas parodo, kokia anksčiau buvo gimtoji žemė, kaip ji “savo syvais girdė” kalbėtoją. Būsimuoju laiku išreiškiamas lyrinio subjekto pasiryžimas išpirkti savo kaltę ir sugrįžti į tėvynę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-28 12:29:43',62,'','2010-10-28 12:33:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-28 12:29:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,112,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1819,'I. Simonaitytės romano “Vilus Karalius” problematika ir  veikėjų charakteriai','i-simonaityts-romano-vilus-karalius-problematika-ir-veikj-charakteriai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Romano laikas – 2 pirmieji 20 a. dešimtmečiai. Biografinis (vienos šeimos) laikas slenka kartu su istoriniu. Laikui paklūsta ir Vilius Karalius ir kiti romano veikėjai. Kokios problemos išryškėja romane? Ir nacionalinės, ir socialinės, ir moralinės (kalba, turtas, dorumas). Jas autorė sprendžia per veikėjų charakterius. Veiksmo vieta – Mažoji Lietuva (Šalteikių kaimas). Germanizacija skaudžiausia problema. Jaunieji daug sunkiau išbandomi. Jaunosios kartos požiūris į germanizaciją kitoks: kas vokiška, tas madinga. Jaunasis Vilius Karalius nebenori būti motinos apkerpamas, jis nori būti madingas, turėti miestietiškų drabužių, šokti modernius šokius, o tai neišvengiamai konfliktuojama su senaisiais, tačiau Vilius nori būti geru lietuvininku kai giminaitis Tautrimas iš Berlyno užgauna paauglio ambiciją, o Vilius labai ambicingas vertinantis save.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antroje romano dalyje daug ryškesnė socialinė problema, glaudesni veikėjų ryšiai su socialine to meto tikrove. Vilius Karalius nebeniekina vokiečių, netgi žavisi jais. Auga jo pasipūtimas. Prasideda karas. Vilius, kaip ir broliai Anskis, Martynas išeina į karą, tačiau neilgam. Blaivus šeimininko protas išmokė Vilių prisitaikyti prie aplinkybių: jis neturi sentimentų kaizeriui ir Vokietijai ir todėl tariamai sužeistas grįžta į Šalteikius. Visiškai nepasikeitusios jo tautinės pažiūros, jis sparčiai degraduoja, tampa spekuliantu. Viliaus Karaliaus charakteris labiausiai išplėtotas ir išbaigtas. Jis turėjo daug gerų bruožų (darbštus, aktyvus, protingas), bet troško tik pirmavimo garbės ir turto. Laisvai, be atsakomybės, elgėsi su jį mylinčiom moterim Šmito Anė, Barbė, Ilžė Karalikė, Grėtė. Priešingas Viliui yra jaunesniojo brolio charakteris, jam jautriam, vaikiškam, labiausiai motinos mylimam, rašytoja leidžia praeiti baisiausią karo pragarą – Verdeną ir sugrįžti namo. Martynas iš pažiūros trapus, švelnus, nepraranda žmogiškumo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-28 12:40:10',62,'','2010-10-28 12:55:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-28 12:40:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,111,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1820,'Dž. R. R. Tolkinas \"Hobitas, arba ten ir atgal\"','d-r-r-tolkinas-qhobitas-arba-ten-ir-atgalq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">I SKYRIUS. NEKVIESTI SVEČIAI</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Giliai po žeme, oloje, gyveno hobitas. Ne kokioje bjaurioje, purvinoje, drėgnoje skylėje, kur iš sienų kyšo sliekų uodegos ir tvyro pelėsių tvaikas, ir ne sausutėlaičiame smėlėtame urvelyje, kur nėra ant ko atsisėsti nei ko sukrimsti: tai buvo hobito ola, vadinasi, įtaisyta ištaigingai. Durys buvo visiškai apskritos kaip laivo liukas, išdažytos žalia spalva, o pačiame vidury spindėjo varinė rankena. Durys vėrėsi į vidaus pusę, į holą, kuris buvo panašus į tunelį, irgi labai ištaigingą ir neprirūkusį; jo sienos buvo išmuštos paneliais, plytelių grindys išklotos kilimu, palei sienas pristatyta poliruotų kėdžių ir visur prikalinėta begalės kablių apsiaustams ir skrybėlėms — mat hobitas labai mėgo svečius. Tunelis vingiavo gilyn ir ėjo beveik po kalnu — po Kalva, kaip ją žmonės vadino per daugelį mylių aplinkui,— abiejose tunelio pusėse buvo daugybė nedidelių apskritų durelių. Hobitas ne-mėgo lakstyti laiptais: vonios, miegamieji, rūsiai, podėliai (begalės podėlių), rūbinės (jų irgi turėjo keletą), virtuvės, valgomieji buvo tame pačiame aukšte, ir visur patekdavai iš vieno koridoriaus. Geriausi kambariai įėjus buvo po kairei, nes tik jie turėjo langus — giliai kalvoje žibančius apskritus langelius su vaizdu į sodą ir pievas, kurios driekėsi pakalnėn ligi upės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Čia gyveno labai pasiturintis hobitas, pavarde Beginsas. Beginsai gyveno Kalvos apylinkėse nuo neatmenamų laikų, ir žmonės juos didžiai gerbė ne tik todėl, kad jie buvo turtingi, bet ir dėl to, kad niekuomet nesivėlė į jokius nuotykius ir nebuvo iškrėtę ką netikėta: visada nė nesiteiravęs galėjai atspėti, ką kuris Beginsas pasakys vienu ar kitu klausimu. Tačiau šioje istorijoje papasakosime, kaip vienas hobitas iš Beginsų šeimos vis dėlto įsipynė į nuotykį ir pasijuto bešnekąs ir elgiąsis taip, kaip iš jo nebūtum galėjęs tikėtis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gal dėl to jis neteko kaimynų pagarbos, bet užtat įgijo... beje, patys pamatysite, ar galų gale jis įgijo ką nors, ar ne. Mūsų hobito motušė... beje, o kas tas hobitas? Manyčiau, jog apie hobitus reikia papasakoti smulkiau, nes šiais laikais jie pasidarė didelė retenybė ir šalinasi Aukštaūgių Giminės, kaip jie vadina mus, žmones. Hobitai — nedidukai, žmogui maždaug iki pusės, ir mažesni už barzdočius nykštukus. Hobitai — bebarzdžiai. Jie neturi nieko stebuklinga, nebent geba greitai ir tylutėliai pranykti, kai išgirsta maknojant kokį didžiulį nevėkšlą kaip aš ir tu, nes tie nelyginant drambliai viską griauna aplinkui, kad net per mylią girdėti. Hobitai — storais pilveliais; jie rengiasi ryškiais drabužėliais (paprastai žaliais ir geltonais); batų nenešioja, nes jų kojos iš prigimties turi storus odinius padus ir apžėlusios tankiais šiltais rudais gauriukais, galvos irgi, bet jos būna garbanotos; hobitų rankos su ilgais mikliais tamsiais pirštais, veidai geraširdiški; jie juokiasi sodriai, tarytum iš pilvo (ypač po pietų, o pietauja jie dukart per dieną, jeigu pasiseka).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-28 12:56:49',62,'','2010-10-28 13:01:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-28 12:56:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,110,'','',0,40,'robots=\nauthor='),(1821,'Ieva Simonaitytė','ieva-simonaityt','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">I. Simonaitytė – Klaipėdos krašto rašytoja. Jos kūryba neatskiriama nuo Klaipėdos krašto, jo istorijos, socialinių, tautinių problemų. I. Simonaitytė, kaip asmenybė, buvo labai universali, visapusiška, sugebėjo su žmonėmis sugyventi taip, kaip jie sugyveno su ja. Romanas “Vilius Karalius” tai Mažosios Lietuvos lietuvininkų gyvenimo būdas, papročiai, tik deja jie toli gražu neišlieka tokie, kokie romano pradžioje. Svarbiausios veikėjos moterys: Motina (senoji) Karalienė, Grėtė Karalienė, Barbė, Marė, Ilžė Karalikė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Motina Karalienė – stipri, išdidi, ori. Gyvenimo prasmę mato vaikuose. Savo buitimi neišeina iš šeimos kasdienybės rėmų. Laikosi tvirtų moralinių principų. Stiprios socialinės ambicijos, dažnai ją įtraukia į konfliktą su aplinkiniais (Grėte, Ane), tačiau žavi jos dvasinis tvirtumas. Su Karaliene tarsi pasitraukia iš pasaulio senieji lietuvininkai su savo uždara buitimi. Motina Karalienė senųjų tradicijų, senosios moralės saugotoja, ji smerkia sūnų šmugelninką, tačiau nepajėgia jo išsaugoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Grėtė – pagrindinio, “Vilius Karalius” romano veikėjo, Viliaus Karaliaus, žmona. Jos paveikslas šiek tiek romantiškas. Ji išdidi, ambicinga, bet kartu ir svajotoja. Pirmasis jai skaudus smūgis – išvaromas Mikis. Tada mes matome Grėtę irzlę, šiurkščią, bet svajotoja, pasiilgusi švelnumo, tebėra širdies gilumoje. Grėtė išteka, išeina iš namų. Tokia jos didžioji svajonė. Bet moteris nėra laiminga. Bando būti savarankiška, pakeisti Vilių, visomis jėgomis stengiasi įsitvirtinti Karalių šeimoje, bet jai nuolat primenama, kad ji tik žvejo duktė. Santykiuose su Viliumi ji blaškosi tarp meilės ir nepasitikėjimo, su motina ir Karaliene – tarp prisirišimo ir neapykantos, su Barbe ir Ilže – tarp draugiškumo ir pavydo. Romano pabaigoje pasirodžius Mikiui, galime nujausti Grėtės dvasinį atbudimą, prisikėlimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-28 13:01:42',62,'','2010-10-28 13:17:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-28 13:01:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,109,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1822,'Stanislavas Lemas \"Soliaris\" ','stanislavas-lemas-qsoliarisq-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ATVYKĖLIS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Devynioliktą valandą laivo laiku aš praėjau pro susirinkusius aplink šulinį žmones ir nulipau metaliniais laiptais į kapsulės vidų. Joje buvo tiek vietos, kad tegalėjau pakelti alkūnes. Įsukau šlango antgalį į išsikišusį iš sienos antvamzdį, skafandras išsipūtė, ir dabar jau nebegalėjau padaryti nė mažiausio judesio. Stovėjau — tikriau tariant, kabojau — oro guolyje, susiliejęs į vieną visumą su metaliniu kiautu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pakėlęs akis, pro išgaubtą šulinio sienos langą pamačiau pasilenkusio Modardo veidą. Paskui veidas dingo ir pasidarė tamsu, nes viršuje kažkas uždėjo sunkų apsauginį konusą. Girdėjau, kaip aštuonis kartus sušvilpė elektriniai motorai, kurie baigė veržti sraigtus, paskui — leidžiamo į amortizatorius oro šnypštimą. Akys priprato prie tamsos. Jau išskyriau žalsvus universalaus indikatoriaus kontūrus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Pasiruošęs, Kelvinai? — pasigirdo ausinėse.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Pasiruošęs, Modardai, — atsakiau.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Niekuo nesirūpink, Stotis tave priims, — tarė jis. — Laimingo kelio!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nesuspėjus man atsakyti, kažkas džergžtelėjo viršuje, ir kapsulė suvirpėjo. Nejučia įtempiau raumenis, tačiau jau nieko nebeįvyko.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Kada startas?—paklausiau ir išgirdau čežėjimą, tarsi smulkučiai smėlio grūdeliai būtų birę ant membranos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Jau skrendi, Kelvinai! Lik sveikas! — prie pat ausies suskambo Modardo balsas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nespėjus kaip reikiant susivokti, prieš pat mano veidą atsivėrė platus plyšys, pro kurį išvydau žvaigždes. Veltui bandžiau surasti Vandenio alfą, kurios link nuskrido „Prometėjas\". Ši Galaktikos zona buvo man nežinoma, nepažinojau nė vieno žvaigždyno. Už siauro langelio mirguliavo žėrinčios dulkės. Laukiau, kada ims smilkti pirmoji žvaigždė. Nepastebėjau šito. Žvaigždės tik ėmė silpnėti ir išnyko, tirpdamos rusvame fone. Supratau, kad jau esu viršutiniuose atmosferos sluoksniuose. Pastėręs, apdėtas pneumatinėmis pagalvėmis, galėjau žiūrėti tik prieš save. Vis dar nebuvo horizonto. Aš skridau ir skridau, visai to nejausdamas, tik pamaži iš pasalų tvindė mano kūną karštis. Lauke kažkas tyliai, šaižiai sučerškė lyg metalui brūkštelėjus per šlapią stiklą. Jei ne skaičiai, mirgantys indikatoriaus angoje, nebūčiau numanęs, kaip smarkiai krintu. Žvaigždžių jau nebebuvo. Stebėjimo langelį užliejo ruda šviesa. Girdėjau sunkius savo pulso tvinksnius, veidai degė, sprandu jutau šaltą kondicionieriaus dvelksmą. Gailėjausi, kad nepasisekė pamatyti „Prometėjo\"— kai automatai atidarė stebimąjį langelį, jis jau tikriausiai buvo už matomumo ribos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-28 13:18:17',62,'','2010-10-28 13:23:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-28 13:18:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,108,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(1823,'Paulo Coelho \"Alchemikas\" ','paulo-coelho-qalchemikasq-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PROLOGAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Alchemikas paima į rankas knygą, kurią jam atnešė kažkas iš karavano. Leidinėlis be viršelio, tačiau jis netrunka nustatyti autorių: Oscar Wilde. Vartydamas lapus, užkliūva už Narcizo istorijos. Alchemikas žino legendą apie Narcizą - gražuolį, kuris kiekvieną dieną ateidavo prie ežero gėrėtis savo atspindžiu vandenyje. Visiškai apkerėtas savojo grožio, sykį jis įkrito vandenin ir paskendo. Toje vietoje išaugo gėlė, kuri buvo pavadinta narcizu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tačiau Oskaras Vaildas užbaigė istoriją kitaip. Jo pasakojime, mirus Narcizui, prie šio gėlo vandens ežero atėjo girių laumės oreadės ir nustebo pamačiusios, kad jis tapęs karčių ašarų urna.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Ko gi tu verki? - paklausė oreadės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Aš verkiu Narcizo, - atsakė ežeras.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Tai mūsų nestebina, - pasakė laumės. - Nors ir mes jį nuolat sekiojome miške, tik tu vienas galėjai iš arti gėrėtis jo grožiu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Vadinasi, Narcizas buvo gražus? - paklausė ežeras.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Kas gi geriau nei tu galėjo tai žinoti? - nustebo oreadės. - Juk jis prie tavo krantų rymojo ištisas dienas!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ežeras valandėlę patylėjo. Paskui atsiduso:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Aš verkiau Narcizo, bet niekuomet nebuvau pastebėjęs, kad jis gražus. Aš jo verkiau, nes kiekvieną sykį, kai jis pasilenkdavo ties manim, jo akyse aš galėjau matyti savo grožio atspindį.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-28 13:24:19',62,'','2010-10-28 13:28:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-28 13:24:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,107,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(1824,'Antanas Škėma “Balta Drobulė”(13-os dalies analizė)','antanas-kma-balta-drobul13-os-dalies-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Balta drobulė… Balta… Tai spalva, simbolizuojanti pasidavimą ir susitaikymą. O drobulė…? Šis audeklas artimas žmogui, juo apgobtas žmogus palieka gyvųjų pasaulį. Tad kas gi ta balta drobulė? Gal tai netekusio gyvenimo vilties žmogaus atsidavimas mirčiai? O gal jo pasidavimas gyvenimo upės tėkmei? {minties šuolis}</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tryliktoji dalis pradedama pokalbiu tarp Garšvos ir Elenos. Elena norėtų išvykti į Vilnių, pakeisti aplinką, (vėl) dirbti. Ji galvoja apie ateitį. O Antanas neturi ateities. Gyvendamas šia diena jis kovoja su vienišumo ir meilės, mirties ir amžinybės problemomis. Antanas sutrikęs, kalba trumpai: “Tu – – –”, “Ir?”, “Tu jį paliktum?”. Pagrindinis romano herojus trokšta meilės, bijo netekti savo mylimosios “Atleisk. &lt;…&gt; Suprask.”, “Ateik, aš lauksiu.” Jam nesmagu, kad viename kambaryje sėdi moteris, kuri lyg apsišarvavusi melsvu užklotu, ir beprotis. Tas beprotiškumas jau darosi ir paprasta akimi pastebimas: įsirėžusios poakių raukšlės, nusvirę lūpų kampai, drebantys pirštai. Garšva liečia savo veidą tais drebančiais pirštais. Jam baisu pačiam savęs. Garšvai reikia atsisakyti Elenos dėl to, kad jis –beprotis. Be to, jo poetiškai sielai nereikalinga šeimyniška ramybė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jis tęsia pokalbį apie būtį: “Bijau mirti, todėl geriu. Bijau mirti, todėl rašau. Bijau mirti, ryju tabletes. Viskas vardan mirti.” Antanas Garšva visiškai nesigėdi savo baimės mirčiai, ją pripažįsta. Herojus kalba poeto Vaidilionio žodžiais – jis lygina savo gyvenimą su ironiškais medžiais, apaugusiais šungrybiais. Lyg patvirtindamas tai, jis keliais sakiniais parodo “tikrojo” optimistinio rašytojo aplinką. Įsikišus Elenai Antanas patvirtina jos pastabą: “prieštarauju pats sau”. Garšva myli gyvenimą, bet tuo pačiu ir tyčiojasi iš jo. Šias savo išsakytas mintis poetas nuplauna stikline viskio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Belaukdamas Elenos Garšva stebi aplinką. Jo širdis nepastebi grožio: “Drėgna buvo lauke. Vėsoka.” Jo siela uždara kaip “gretimo namo langinės”. Žvilgsnis šokinėja kaip tikro bepročio: Antanas žvelgia tai į artimą namą, tai į tolimąjį liejyklos kaminą. Poetas supranta, kaip jam reikalinga Elena – “Jis atsirėmė rankomis į Elenos pečius” – ji jam yra atramos taškas. Vardan jos Garšva žada pasikeisti: “Aš nebegersiu ir mažiau rūkysiu.&lt;…&gt; Nebesityčiosiu daugiau.” Kalbėdamas su savo mylimąja Antanas prabyla pats į save, sprendžia išlikimo klausimą: “Keletas brūkšnių marmure, štai ko trokštu.” Jis nori išlikti, išsaugoti savo vardą tautos atminty. O marmuras – akmuo, saugantis tūkstantmečių paslaptis, todėl jame turi būti jo vardas ir žodis. Žodis – Antano Garšvos kūryba.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Staiga “išnyko laikas”. Garšva pirmą kartą apalpo. Grįžus sąmonei Antanas kliedi: “Mačiau juos. Van Gogho batai. Man buvo pikta”. Tuoj pat pasidomi, kaip jis atrodė apalpęs ir tartum romantikas lygina save su venecišku dožu, mirusiu nuo meilės ligos, su nukautu žvėrim “mėlyno kraujo klane”. Šis klanas gilus, jame lemta poetui paskęsti. Elena siūlo kviesti gydytoją, bet Garšvai daktaras nereikalingas: jis juk – beprotis. Ir mintys toliau liejasi srautu… “Trisdešimt aštuoni chalatai”, uždaros langinės “ir plevėsuojanti ugnis”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-28 13:29:06',62,'','2010-10-28 13:31:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-28 13:29:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,106,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(1825,'Herkus Mantas','herkus-mantas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">,,Herkus Mantas” yra pirmasis J.Grušo istorinis veikalas. J.Grušo dramos veikalai pagal tematines, problemines, ir žanrines ypatybes gali būti skirstomi į tragikomedijas ir istorines tragedijas. ,,Herkus Mantas” – istorinė tragedija. Šioje dramoje vaizduojama prūsų kova už savo tėvynės laisvę. Šio veikalo pagrindas yra konfliktas, užsimezgęs tarp prūsų ir kryžiuočių, pagonybės ir krikščionybės. Didelį vaidmenį šiame sukilime suvaidina Mantas. Savo protu jis pranoksta amžių, kuriame jis gyvena bei savo gentainius. J.Grušo veikalas grindžiamas Herkaus Manto asmenybės drama. Herkus Mantas – prūsų vadas. Svarbiausias jo bruožas yra humanizmas. Šiuo bruožu jis ir skiriasi iš kitų prūsų. Mantas supranta, kad žmonių žudymas yra betikslis. Jis deda visas pastangas, kad ir kiti žmonės tai suprastų. Tačiau tai sukelia jo pavaldinių nepasitikėjimą. Jie mano, kad vadas nori kryžiuočius užstoti, apginti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mantas labai myli savo šalį ir kovoja už jos laisvę: ,,Aš kovoju už Prūsijos laisvę. Mano tauta – už viską aukščiau.”— sako jis. Mantas visą savo gyvenimą atidavė Prūsijai. Kristinai, savo sužadėtinei, jis pasakė: ,,Aš kariauju už Prūsijos laisvę, bet ne už savo šeimą.” Herkus vardan Tėvynės išsižada ir savo asmeninio gyvenimo. Jis tvirtai tiki Prūsijos didžia ateitimi: ,,Mano tėvynės žemė! Mano broliai! Jūsų laisve ir didžia ateitimi aš tikiu. Dėl jūsų laisvės ir gyvensim ir mirsim!… Ir laimėsim!…” Bet jis suprato, kad ,,už laisvę reikia brangiai mokėti. Dovanai duodama tik vergija.” Manto meilę Tėvynei galime pamatyti ir pokalbyje su Sachse. Jis šlykštisi kryžiuočių ordinu, ,,kuris krikščionybę panaudojo plėšimui ir žudymui.”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sachsė sako, kad prūsų tauta yra maža ir germanai juos ,,sumins, sutryps, suvirškins”. Tačiau Herkus Mantas atsikerta: ,,Laisvės mintis nemiršta, kryžiuoti! Kai visa tauta supranta, kad mirti už laisvę – garbė, o gyventi vergijoj – gėda, tokios tautos nepavergsite!”. Mantas nesutinka su tuo, kad gali būti žmonių nelygybė. Jis tam priešinasi ir stengiasi ją pašalinti iš prūsų karių tarpo. Herkus priešinasi prūsų fanatizmui ir žiaurumui. Sudeginus Hirchalsą, susvyruoja Manto tikėjimas žmogumi. Jis žmoguje mato aklą tamsybę, žvėrį. Bet Mantas supranta, kad dėl to ne žmonės kalti, dėl to kalti – dievai. ,,Ne, ne Kolti! Ne tave reikia žudyti… Stabus, stabus reikia žudyti, kuriuos jūs pavadinote dievais… Temsta saulė ir miršta mintis jūsų stabų šešėlyje”. Mantas supranta, kas tai yra dievai, kad tai ,,mūsų pačių sudievintas žiaurumas, sudievinta vergija, sudievinta baimė.”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">,,Nepažinsite jūs laisvės, kol jūsų dievai ją žudys” – sako Mantas prūsams. Jis supranta, kad visos aukos dievams yra beprasmės. ,,Jūs sutinkate priešą, šiandien užmušate. Ir jūs ramūs. O aš matau priešą, kurį prūsai sutiks ryt, po metų, po šimtmečio.” Mantas netiki dievais, netiki prakeikimais. ,,Aš vedu prūsų sukilėlius per brangių žmonių pelenus ir nebijau prakeikimų. Aš tikiu gyvenimą”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-28 13:32:03',62,'','2010-10-28 13:35:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-28 13:32:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,105,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1826,'E. M. Remarkas \"Vakarų fronte nieko naujo\"','e-m-remarkas-qvakar-fronte-nieko-naujoq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mes stovime devyni kilometrai nuo fronto. Vakar mus pakeitė. Mūsų pilvai net braška nuo pupelių su jautiena, ir dabar mes sotūs bei patenkinti. Net ir vakarienei kiekvienas galėjo pasiimti po pilną katiliuką; be to, dar turime po dvigubą davinį dešros ir duonos,— vadinasi, gyventi galima. Tokio atsitikimo jau seniai nebuvo: mūsų virtuvės karalius, kurio galva raudonuoja kaip pomidoras, tiesiog bruka valgį; kiekvienam, kuris eina pro šalį, jis pamoja su savo samčiu ir smagiai įverčia atsakančią porciją. Jis visai nusiminęs,— nebeišmano, kaip ištuštinti savo pabūklą. Tjadenas ir Miuleris kažkur susirado porą praustuvių ir davė jas prikrauti lygmalas — atsargai. Tjadenas tai daro iš rajumo, Miuleris — iš apdairumo. Kur Tjadenas visa tai deda,— tikra mįslė. Jis kaip buvo, taip ir pasiliko liesas kaip silkė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bet svarbiausia — gavome ir po dvigubą davinį rūkalų. Kiekvienam teko dešimt cigarų, dvidešimt cigarečių ir po du gabalus kramtomojo tabako. Žodžiu, tai visai padoru. Aš savo tabaką iškeičiau su Katčinskiu į cigaretes ir dabar turiu keturiasdešimt cigarečių. Tiek jau užtenka vienai dienai. Tiesą sakant, visos šitos dovanos mums nepriklauso. Prūsai ne tokie jau dosnūs. Už tai turime dėkoti tik nesusipratimui. Prieš dvi savaites buvome pasiųsti į priešakines linijas pakeisti kitos kuopos. Mūsų bare buvo gana ramu, ir todėl mūsų grįžimo dienai maistininkas gavo normalų kiekį produktų ir parūpino maisto visai šimto penkiasdešimt vyrų kuopai. Bet kaip tik paskutinę dieną anglų artilerija netikėtai iš savo ilgavamzdžių pabūklų taip ėmė pilti sunkiaisiais sviediniais, kurie be paliovos daužė mūsų pozicijas, kad mes patyrėme didelių nuostolių ir grįžome tik aštuoniasdešimt žmonių. Mes atvykome į užnugarį naktį ir tuojau sugulėme norėdami pirmiausia gerai išsimiegoti; Katčinskis sako tiesą: kare visai<br />nebūtų jau taip bloga, jeigu žmogus galėtum kiek ilgiau pamiegoti. Juk priešakinėse linijose nėra kada apie tai ir pagalvoti, o dvi savaitės vis dėlto — ilgas laikas. Jau buvo pietūs, kai pirmieji mūsiškiai ėmė lįsti iš barakų. Po pusvalandžio kiekvienas pasičiupo savo katiliuką, ir visi susirinkome prie virtuvės, nuo kurios sklido riebus ir malonus kvapas. Priešakyje, aišku, sustojo alkaniausieji: mažasis Albertas Kropas, geriausia galva mūsų kuopoj ir todėl neseniai pakeltas į grandinius; Miuleris Penktasis, kuris dar tebetampo<br />su savimi vadovėlius ir svajoja apie lengvatinius egzaminus; uraganinės ugnies metu jis kala fizikos dėsnius; Lėras, kuris nešioja didelę barzdą ir kurio širdis linksta į merginas iš karininkų bordelio; jis dievagojasi, kad įsakymu armijai jos įpareigotos nešioti šilkinius marškinius ir, prieš priimdamos svečius nuo kapitono laipsnio ir aukščiau — išsimaudyti vonioje; ketvirtasis — aš, Paulius Boimeris. Visi keturi po devyniolika metų, visi keturi išėję į karą iš tos pačios klasės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-28 13:35:27',62,'','2010-10-28 13:41:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-28 13:35:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,104,'','',0,63,'robots=\nauthor='),(1827,'Maironis \"Pavasario balsai\"','maironis-qpavasario-balsaiq','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">AČIŪ TAU, VIEŠPATIE<br /><br />Ačiū Tau, Viešpatie, jogei mylėdamas<br />Sergėjai mano gyvenimo rytą:<br />Argi tai sykį per daug patikėdamas<br />Bėgau į tinklą, gudriai užrazgytą!<br />Žūti neleido tik šventas tikėjimas,<br />Tėviškas Tavo Apveizdos budėjimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Siela, suvarginta žemės kelionėje,<br />Žadinai \"sursum\" stebėtinais tonais;<br />Dainiumi pašaukei savo malonėje,<br />Menką paskaitęs su dvasios valdonais;<br />Ir iškentėjusioj mano krūtinėje<br />Meilę įžiebei šalies begaliniąją.<br /><br />Kuo už Apveizdę, už giesmę galingąją<br />Beatsilyginau? Tau suvartojau?<br />Skambančią giesmę ir širdį jausmingąją<br />Argi ne kryžkeliais kartais aikvojau?<br />Kaltas! Bet teisi taip daugel kentėjusį,<br />Tavo gerybėje viltį padėjusį!..</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-28 13:42:00',62,'','2010-10-28 13:44:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-28 13:42:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,103,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1828,'Referatas \"Šatrijos Ragana\"','referatas-qatrijos-raganaq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Svarbiausi gyvenimo faktai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Marija Pečkauskaitė, slapyvardžiu Šatrijos Ragana, į lietuvių literatūrą atėjo nesunkiai, tarsi savaime. Marija – Šatrijos Ragana. Šis vardas suartina priešybes ir jas sujungia. Tokia rašytojos forma gal ir niekieno nebuvo pavartota. Buvo – vien Ragana. Raganėle Mariją meiliai vadino Povilas Višinskis, kuris mokė ją lietuvių kalbos, padėjo žengti pirmuosius žingsnius į literatūrą. Ir labai Mariją mylėjo, bet nesulaukė iš jos tokio pat jausmo. Iš Raganėlės tikriausiai Ragana, o Šatrijos – pagal aukščiausiąjį Žemaitijos kalną, esantį netoli jos gimtųjų vietų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Būsimoji rašytoja gimė 1877m. kovo 8d. Mėdingėnų dvare (dabar Plungės raj., Žlibinų apyl.) savo motinos Stanislovos Šiukštaitės tėviškėje. Iki dešimties metų Marija augo Labūnavos dvare (dabar Kelmės raj., Kolainių apyl.). Jos senelis iš tėvo pusės Vincentas Pečkauskas, vedęs aštuoniolika metų už save jaunesnę Stanislavą Šiukštaitę ir susilaukęs keturių vaikų (dviejų dukterų ir dviejų sūnų), Labūnavoje gyveno iki 1887m. Tais pačiais metais jis iš kunigaikščio A. Druckio – Liubeckio išsinuomojo Užvenčio dvarą. Vaižgantas apie Anuprą Pečkauską rašo, kad “buvo žmogus ramus, niekur nėjo, su niekuo nesusidėjo, negėrė, tad pinigų veltui neskleidė”. Bet buvęs silpnas ūkininkas ir dar silpnesnio šiaip jau būdo žmogus. Kai buvę reikalinga ko nusipirkti, “tai vis dar pridėdavęs, ne nuderėdavęs; vis jam rodęsi, kad per pigiai užprašyta; rodęs Bajorišką savo dosnumą”. Lygiai duodavęs ir apgaunamas. “Tad Labūnavą visai nugyveno ir gavo paleisti iš savo rankų nuomininkui, o pats 1887m. išsinuomojo iš kun. Druckio – Liubeckio Užvenčio dvarą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Stanislava ir Anupras Pečkauskai buvo apsišvietę dvarininkai. Išsinuomoję Užvenčio dvarą, Anupras ir Stanislava Pečkauskai gyveno pasiturimai: samdė vaikams namų mokytojus, turėjo tarnų, dažnai svečiavosi bei priiminėjo pas save svečius. Prancūzų kalbos rašinyje “Mūsų šeima” Marija taip apibūdino savo šeimos narius: mama brunetė, aukšta, liesa; tėvas senesnis, blondinas ir jau žilas, dažnai serga; sesuo Sofija jaunesnė už ją, brunetė juodom akim; vyresnis brolis devynerių metų, taip pat brunetas, juodų akių, mokosi su mokytoju, kuris ateina kiekvieną dieną į pamokas, ir su guvernante Sofija gyvenančia kartu; brolis kadetas Vincentas septynerių metų, žemo ūgio, juodų plaukų ir juodų akių, mokosi su guvernante rašyti ir skaityti lenkiškai; motina ir tėvas ištisą dieną užimti ūkiu tik vakarais lošia kortomis su kunigu ir daktaru Baranauskiu; kai nebūna daktaro ir kunigo, kortomis lošia ir sesuo Sofija; kartu dar gyvena mamos sesuo teta Bronislava su dukterimi Janinka; ji pati rašinio autorė, esanti pirmus metus pensione ir labai džiaugiasi, kad, grįžusi namo, pamatysianti tėvus, apkabinsianti seserį, rytoj jau išvyksianti. Kitame panašaus gimnazistiško profilio rašinyje apibūdinama gyvenamoji aplinka: sodas, parkas, dvi alėjos, malūnas, vienoje alėjų stalas ir du suolai, ten geriama arbata, kai būna šilta; kitoj Ventos pusėj – mistelis, medinė bažnyčia, ligoninė, daktaras, daugybė žydų, mokykla ir vienas mokytojas; vienoj Ventos pusėj – kalnai, labai gražūs, ten dažnai vaikščiojanti, ieškanti gėlių; kiekvieną dieną einanti į Ventą maudytis; labai mylinti Užtventį ir nenorėtų jo palikti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-28 13:46:15',62,'','2010-10-28 13:49:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-28 13:46:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,102,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1829,'Lapino likimas V. Krėvės apsakyme \"Skerdžius\"','lapino-likimas-v-krvs-apsakyme-qskerdiusq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vinco Krėvės sukurtas herojus skerdžius savo kaime buvo seniausias ir garbingiausias, tačiau vis tiek mėgo papokštauti. Jo dirbamas darbas buvo svarbus visiem kaimiečiam, nes jis ganė galvijus. Be to, jis ganė karves tik miške, kad čia jos galėtų gerai prisiganyti, tačiau čia jas buvo galima labai lengvai pamesti iš akių. Lapinas buvo didžiausias melagių melagis, bet vis tiek juo patikėdavo ne tik vaikai, bet ir suaugę vyrai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Senis gerai prižiūrėjo gyvulius, todėl namų šeimininkės savo karvutes patikėdavo tik jam ir jo prižiūrimiems piemenukams. Lapinas žinojo, kokios žolės galvijams patinka ir varydavo juos į geriausias ganyklas, o grįždamas dar nuvarydavo karves prie vandens, kurio jos atsigėrusios atrodė pilnesnės ir riebesnės. Tuo labai džiaugdavosi šeimininkės. Beganydamas galvijus skerdžius dar sugebėdavo pririnkti įvairių uogų, skanių ir sveikų, taip pat skerdžius pririnkdavo daug vaistažolių, kuriomis vėliau gydydavo susirgusiuosius ar jau sergančius žmones iš kaimo. Senelis beveik vienintelis pažinojo daugumą žolių ir žolelių, todėl kitų prašymu pririnkdavo jų pilnas kišenes. O už tai moteriškės atsidėkodavo pasikviesdamos pietų. Lapinas, kad ir buvo senas, mokėjo gaminti gerus ir tvirtus namų  apyvokos įrankius. Moterys šiuos galėdavo gauti tik iš Lapino, nes savų vyrų ir sūnų išprašyti negalėdavo. O gavusios prašytų daiktų moteriškės kviesdavosi senelį pas save, kad galėtų duonos, kiaušinių ar dar kokio maisto įdėti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-29 12:36:42',62,'','2010-10-29 12:47:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-29 12:36:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,101,'','',0,43,'robots=\nauthor='),(1830,'Referatas apie Maironį','referatas-apie-mairon','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rašytojo gyvenimo faktai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dubysos paupio sritis davė lietuvių tautai poetą, kuris taip ilgesingai troško „ prikelti nors vieną senelį iš kapų milžinų ir išgirsti nors vieną, bet gyvą žodelį iš senųjų laikų“. Poeto tėvai , seneliai ir proseneliai buvo Betygalos apylinkių gyventojai, vadinamieji „karališkieji“ valstiečiai. Nežinia tuo tarpu, kur gyveno poeto prosenelis Juozapas Mačiulis. Reikia manyt, kad  jis kaip ir jo vaikai buvo valstybinio Maksvitų dvaro valstietis, turėjęs ūkį Didžkaimyje, kurį paveldėjo jo vyresnysis sūnus Kasparas Mačiulis, gimęs apie 1790 m. Čia jį gyvenant rodo 1851 – 1855 metų inventoriai. Jaunesnysis sūnus, Adomas Mačiulis, poeto senelis, gimęs apie 1800 m., tų pačių inventorių žiniomis, gyveno Steponkaimyje, kuris vėliau atiteko kaip dalis poeto tėvo Aleksandro Mačiulio seseriai, ištekėjusiai, rodos, už jono Lukino. 1851 m. sudarytuose Maksvitų dvaro planuose Bernotų viensėdis, poeto tėviškė, figūruoja kaip atsarginė žemė, ateityje priskirsima valstiečiams. Tik, matyt, vėliau pieštuku čia įrašyta Aleksandro Mačiulio pavardė. O apie poeto motiną galima pasakyti tik tiek: ji su šeima nuo seno gyveno Šimkaičiuose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Poeto tėvas, mažaraštis, bet valingas ir apsukrus valstietis, buvo laisvas nuo baudžiavos ir savo padėtim bei ambicijomis nenusileido smulkiems dvarininkams. Mačiuliai palaikė artimus ryšius su M. Valančiumi. Aleksandras Mačiulis vedė Oną Kurmauskaitę Betygalos klebono patartas. Bet ir taip Mačiulių ir Kurauskų šeimos nuo artimai bendravo. Betygalos bažnyčios metrikų knygų tėra išlikę fragmentai, bet iš jų matyt, kad, pavyzdžiui, 1802 01 19 m. Juozapas Maciulevičius (Mačiulis) krikštijo Kazimiero Kurausko iš Šimkaičių sūnų Adomą, o ir vėliau šių šeimų nariai yra ėję vieni pas kitus į kūmus. Pranciškus Kurauskas buvo ir poeto krikštatėvis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dar feodalinių santykiu gelmėje prasidėjęs valstiečių skaidymasis intensyviai vyko ir toliau, išsiskiriant ir labiausiai pasiturinčiam sluoksniui. Jam tad ir priklausė Aleksandras Mačiulis. Gaudamas dar baudžiavos laikais Bernotus – tarp privataus dvaro žemių išsklaidytų rėžių valaką,- jis jau, matyt, buvo turtingas žmogus. Atsiėmęs turbūt pinigais savo dalį iš tėviškės, kurią valdė, atrodo, iki ištekant seseriai, užsidirbęs dar ūkvedžiaudamas ar kokiais kitais būdais, jis jau skolina pinigų net apylinkės dvarininkams. Apie 1860 m. jam už skolas perleidžia 3 – 4 metams Pasandarį  Astrauskai, seni šio dvaro paveldėtojai. Palikęs Bernotuose Šeimininkauti giminaitę Palkevičienę, jis pats nusikelia į Pasandvarį su didžiuma inventoriaus. „stato ten devynis jungus, devynis artojus, gano savo gyvulius gerose dvaro ganyklose, ūkininkauja, pačius dvarininkus laikydamas savo įnamiais dalyje dvaro rūmų“.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-10-29 12:47:39',62,'','2010-10-29 13:57:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-10-29 12:47:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,100,'','',0,61,'robots=\nauthor='),(1831,'Šatrijos Ragana - gyvenimo ir kurybos faktai','atrijos-ragana-gyvenimo-ir-kurybos-faktai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Svarbiausi gyvenimo faktai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Marija Pečkauskaitė, slapyvardžiu Šatrijos Ragana, į lietuvių literatūrą atėjo nesunkiai, tarsi savaime. Marija – Šatrijos Ragana. Šis vardas suartina priešybes ir jas sujungia. Tokia rašytojos forma gal ir niekieno nebuvo pavartota. Buvo – vien Ragana. Raganėle Mariją meiliai vadino Povilas Višinskis, kuris mokė ją lietuvių kalbos, padėjo žengti pirmuosius žingsnius į literatūrą. Ir labai Mariją mylėjo, bet nesulaukė iš jos tokio pat jausmo. Iš Raganėlės tikriausiai Ragana, o Šatrijos – pagal aukščiausiąjį Žemaitijos kalną, esantį netoli jos gimtųjų vietų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Būsimoji rašytoja gimė 1877m. kovo 8d. Mėdingėnų dvare (dabar Plungės raj., Žlibinų apyl.) savo motinos Stanislovos Šiukštaitės tėviškėje. Iki dešimties metų Marija augo Labūnavos dvare (dabar Kelmės raj., Kolainių apyl.). Jos senelis iš tėvo pusės Vincentas Pečkauskas, vedęs aštuoniolika metų už save jaunesnę Stanislavą Šiukštaitę ir susilaukęs keturių vaikų (dviejų dukterų ir dviejų sūnų), Labūnavoje gyveno iki 1887m. Tais pačiais metais jis iš kunigaikščio A. Druckio – Liubeckio išsinuomojo Užvenčio dvarą. Vaižgantas apie Anuprą Pečkauską rašo, kad “buvo žmogus ramus, niekur nėjo, su niekuo nesusidėjo, negėrė, tad pinigų veltui neskleidė”. Bet buvęs silpnas ūkininkas ir dar silpnesnio šiaip jau būdo žmogus. Kai buvę reikalinga ko nusipirkti, “tai vis dar pridėdavęs, ne nuderėdavęs; vis jam rodęsi, kad per pigiai užprašyta; rodęs Bajorišką savo dosnumą”. Lygiai duodavęs ir apgaunamas. “Tad Labūnavą visai nugyveno ir gavo paleisti iš savo rankų nuomininkui, o pats 1887m. išsinuomojo iš kun. Druckio – Liubeckio Užvenčio dvarą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Stanislava ir Anupras Pečkauskai buvo apsišvietę dvarininkai. Išsinuomoję Užvenčio dvarą, Anupras ir Stanislava Pečkauskai gyveno pasiturimai: samdė vaikams namų mokytojus, turėjo tarnų, dažnai svečiavosi bei priiminėjo pas save svečius. Prancūzų kalbos rašinyje “Mūsų šeima” Marija taip apibūdino savo šeimos narius: mama brunetė, aukšta, liesa; tėvas senesnis, blondinas ir jau žilas, dažnai serga; sesuo Sofija jaunesnė už ją, brunetė juodom akim; vyresnis brolis devynerių metų, taip pat brunetas, juodų akių, mokosi su mokytoju, kuris ateina kiekvieną dieną į pamokas, ir su guvernante Sofija gyvenančia kartu; brolis kadetas Vincentas septynerių metų, žemo ūgio, juodų plaukų ir juodų akių, mokosi su guvernante rašyti ir skaityti lenkiškai; motina ir tėvas ištisą dieną užimti ūkiu tik vakarais lošia kortomis su kunigu ir daktaru Baranauskiu; kai nebūna daktaro ir kunigo, kortomis lošia ir sesuo Sofija; kartu dar gyvena mamos sesuo teta Bronislava su dukterimi Janinka; ji pati rašinio autorė, esanti pirmus metus pensione ir labai džiaugiasi, kad, grįžusi namo, pamatysianti tėvus, apkabinsianti seserį, rytoj jau išvyksianti. Kitame panašaus gimnazistiško profilio rašinyje apibūdinama gyvenamoji aplinka: sodas, parkas, dvi alėjos, malūnas, vienoje alėjų stalas ir du suolai, ten geriama arbata, kai būna šilta; kitoj Ventos pusėj – mistelis, medinė bažnyčia, ligoninė, daktaras, daugybė žydų, mokykla ir vienas mokytojas; vienoj Ventos pusėj – kalnai, labai gražūs, ten dažnai vaikščiojanti, ieškanti gėlių; kiekvieną dieną einanti į Ventą maudytis; labai mylinti Užtventį ir nenorėtų jo palikti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-02 11:09:52',62,'','2010-11-02 11:13:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-02 11:09:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,99,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(1832,'Švietėjai ir jų idėjos (lentelė)','vietjai-ir-j-idjos-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-02 11:14:26',62,'','2010-11-02 11:16:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-02 11:14:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,98,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1833,'Meilės motyvas S. Nėries eilėraščių rinkinyje \"Anksti rytą\"','meils-motyvas-s-nries-eilrai-rinkinyje-qanksti-rytq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Meilė - nuostabus, gaivalingas jausmas, uždegantis karšta ilgesio liepsna ir nuožmią, galingą širdį, ir jautrią, trapią, svajingą širdelę, priverčiantis jas sparčiau plakti, tačiau niekad neklausiantis, ar širdys pasiruošę kaitriai suliepsnoti, ar neįstengs žvarbūs, negailestingi vėjai užpūsti šios liepsnos, o galbūt ji išdegins širdyje gilią, skausmiingą žaizdą, kuriai visą gyvenimą nebu slemta užgesti… Šis svaigus jausmas užvaldė ir jauną, nepaprastai jautrią S.Nėries širdį. Jau pirmajame poetės rinkinyje “Anksti rytą” meilės motyvas suskamba gražiausiais akordais, sušvinta įvairiausiomis spalvomis ir nuotaikomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ypač gilūs jausmai ir išgyvenimai atskleidžiami eilėraštyje “Pavasario svaigulys”, susidedančiame iš dviejų dalių, tokių skirtingų savo nuotaika, bet siejamų bendros temos - karštos meilės, mylimo žmogaus ilgesio… Šias dalis sieja ir pavasario, simbolizuojančio ne tik naujos gyvybės atėjimą, bet ir naujų, nepatirtų jausmų, o ypač gaivališko meilės jausmo sužydėjimą širdyje, įvaizdis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmoji eilėraščio eilutė atskleidžia gražų, didelį, taurų jausmą: “Tau pirmą pavasario dainą aukoju.” Juk pirmoji pavasario daina - pati nuostabiausia, žaviausia, paslaptingiausia atbundančios gamtos daina, daina apie amžinai trunkančią draugystę, tyrą meilę, ištikimybę… Mes nežinome, kam šią nepakartojamą giesmę aukoja lyrinis subjektas, tik suvokiame, kad ji yra skirta be galo mylimim asmeniui. Antroji eilėraščio eilutė dar labiau pabrėžiašios meilės stiprumą ir galingumą: lyrinis herojus su didžiu nusižeminimu ir pagarba trokšta sudėti melsvus, gležnus žibuoklių, pirmųjų pavasario gėlių, žiedelius jam po kojų. Gali susidaryti įspūdis, kad lyrinis herojus yra vaikinas, dievinantis savo mylimąją. Šį įspūdį pagilina pirmosios strofos pabaiga:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tik skriskim kartu su pavasario vėju,</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Su jaunu kvapu sprogstančiųjų alėjų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-02 11:16:24',62,'','2010-11-02 11:20:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-02 11:16:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,97,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1834,'Neoromantikai','neoromantikai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Idealistinė orientacija , atgimusi techniškosios civilizacijos ir praktinės galvosenos amžiuje , Lietuvoje įgavo neoromantizmo vardą. Vaižgantas pirmasis pakrikštijo romantikais jaunuosius poetus, kurie avangardinio  ,,barbarizmo” aplinkoje išlaikė trapią svajonę , jausmingą ilgesį , harmoningą formą . Patys šios idealistinės orientacijos poetai taip pat laikė save romantikais. Kritika taipogi segė jiems romantikų etikėtes . J.Alesandriškis į literatūrą ateina kaip romantikas , ligi kaulų smegenų romantikas. Jei jis būtų gyvenęs senais gerais laikais , prieš kokį šimtą metų, tai būtų rašęs kaip koks Heinė, Lermantovas, - sakė A.Vaičiulaitis, vienas aktyviausių katalikiško žurnalo ,,Židinys” kritikų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Neoromantizmas nedavė savo šalininkams aiškių programinių direktyvų. Nereikalavo grupinės discilinos ir vieningų kolektyvinių veiksmų kaip avangardizmas, o leido šakotis jų individualiems keliams. Jis  tik sudarė vertybių skalę, pagal kurią orientavosi mintis, funkcionalo teigimo ir neigimo galią, klostėsi moralinis eilėraščio klimatas. <br /> Atsigręžę idealizmo ir katalikybės linkui, neoromantikai vis dėlto nebeturėjo metafizinės mąstysenos, kuria gyveno simbolizmas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Neoromantikų eilėraščiuose ,,tėvynės meilė” ir ,,tarnavimas tautai” buvo suvokiama kaip pati aukščiausia žmogaus gyvenimo prasmė. Šitoks žmogiškos būties pateisinimas Maironį vedė į žūtbūtinį konfliktą su viešpataujančia politine sistema, o neoromantikus stūmė į ramaus susitaikimo ir apologetikos padėtį, nes visos tautos ir atskiro žmogaus padėtis atseit nebesikirto su ,,tautine santvarka” ir todėl nebeturėjo jokių aukštesnių matavimų. Lyrikos nemaištingumas buvo deklaruotas net kaip principas ,,Pjūvis” turi tylomis pasakyti, kad jis visa širdimi prijaučia dabartiniam ,,reakciniam” mūsų politiniam režimui – lygiai jo principuose, lygiai taktikoje. Šitokiomis sampratomis ir konformistine pozicija neoromantikai iš tikrųjų naudingai pasitarnavo tautininkų diktatūrai, kuri skelbėsi svarbiausia tautos vienybės ir tautos egzistencijos  saugotoja.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Neoromantikų lyrikoje žmogaus psichika, užsklęsta tarp dviejų nepajudinamų vertės postulatų, turėjo gana nedidelę   svyravimų amplitudę. Katastrofizmo savijauta praplėtė nuotaikų skalę rezignacijos, ironijos, isteriško pranašavimo spalvomis . Bet neišjudino pasirinkto vertybių modelio. Neoromantikai bijojo nužengti nuo tvirto nusibėžtų tiesų amato. Bijojo atsidurti nežinioje, kurią Vakarų modernistai skelbė budingiausia šio amžiaus žmogaus situacija. Bijojo net pažvelgti į beprasmybės lauką, kuriame, anot egzistencialistų, uždaryta žmogaus būtis. Jie atkakliai kratėsi abejonių, vis labiau paversdami tautines, religines ir moralines vertybes apriorinėmis tezėmis, vis labiau toldami nuo nerimo, įtampos ir maišto dvasios, kuria alsavo avangardizmas. Tik viena S.Nėris išdrįso sulaužyti konservatyvų ir naivų socialinių revoliucijų amžiuje vertybių modelį (tėvynė-dievas), išvaduoti iš jos reglamento savo psichiką, pradėti dramatišką ieškojimą esminės tiesos, kuri per nauja suderintų atskiro žmogaus padėtį su katastrofiška XXa. dialektika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-02 11:20:23',62,'','2010-11-02 11:22:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-02 11:20:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,96,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1835,'Poezijos teksto analizė','poezijos-teksto-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Poezija – eiliuotinė, grožinė literatūra (eilėraščiai, baladės, poemos, odės). Lyrika yra poezijos dalis, tai siauresnė sąvoka. Lyrika – poezijos rūšis, kuri betarpiškai išreiškia žmogaus jausmus ir mintis. S. Neries eilėraščius vadiname lyrika, o K. Donelaičio “Metų” lyrika nepavadinsi. Eilėraštyje dažnai žodis įgija papildomą reikšmę. Negalima nagrinėti eilėraščio pažodžiui, nes yra daug poetinių figūrų (meninių priemonių), kurias kiekvienas skaitantysis suvokia savaip.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">EILĖRAŠČIO SKAITYMO PLANAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Norint tinkamai išanalizuoti eilėraštį, pirmiausia jį reikia gerai įsiskaityti (3-4 kartus). Paprastai tesingiausias yra pirmas įspūdis, kurį patiri perskaitęs eilėraštį. Eilėraščio skaitymas turėtų būti ir sunkus darbas, ir džiaugsmingas atradimas. Svarbu turėti savo nuomonę apie eilėraštį, tačiau nenutolti nuo teksto! Todėl vien perskaityti eilėraščio nepakanka, o reikia prisiminti ir rašytojo biografiją, ir kūrybą, ir literatūrinę srovę ir t.t. Analizuojant eilėraštį reikia prisiminti tai, kad eilėraštis išsako ne vieną mintį ir turi ne vieną prasmę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-02 11:22:53',62,'','2010-11-02 11:25:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-02 11:22:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,95,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1836,'Ar sunku būti jaunam?','ar-sunku-bti-jaunam','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jaunimo problemos rašytojus jaudino jau seniai. Antikos herojus Ikaras nepaklausė tėvo perspėjimų ir žuvo. Tėvų ir vaikų tarpusavio santykius gvildeno ne tik O.Balzakas romane ,,Tėvas Gorijo“. Tai amžina problema. Lietuvių rašytojus domino jauno žmogaus vieta visuomenėje. Jaunimo tema rašė V.Bubnys (,,Žalios sūpuoklės“, ,,Baltas vėjas“ ir kt.), A.Zurba (,,Integralas“, ,,Šimtadienis“), J.Grušas (,,Meilė, džiazas ir velnias“), J.Glinskis (,,Kingas“) ir daugelis kitų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Plečiantis literatūros tematiniams horizontams, gilėjant tiesos kriterijui, kaip moralinio vertinimo prielaidai, smarkiai išaugo literatūros socialinis aktyvumas. Rašytojai palaipsniui kratėsi iš pokario metų paveldėtos baimės svarstyti aktualius gyvenimo klausimus, kalbėti apie tikrovėje esančius trūkumus. Drąsiausias šia prasme turbūt yra R.Gavelis. Jo novelių knygų ,,Įsibrovėliai“, ,,Nubaustieji“ herojai - jauni šių dienų žmonės - stojasi prieš istorijos ir sąžinės teismą. ,,Visą Lietuvą pražudys tylėjimas“,- sako eiliniam viršininkui kasmet besikartojančiame sapne žynys. Stalinizmo dvasia ,,užkoduota“ košmariškuose sapnuose, labirintuose. Žmogus, pažeidęs žmogiškumo taisykles, priverstas žūti kaip asmenybė: jį atstumia net pati gamta (žudiko kambaryje nuvysta gėlės), jis darosi svetimas sau pačiam. Sunku, kai esi verčiamas viena mąstyti, kita kalbėti, o trečia daryti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">R.Gavelio romanas ,,Vilniaus pokeris“ šokiruoja natūralistinėmis scenomis: po kelis kartus aprašomi vyro ir moters lytiniai organai, lytinis aktas. Esame Visatos Subinėje, kur niekas mūsų nemato nuo 1940 m. vasaros (sovietų okupacijos pradžios). Tačiau tai autorius daro sąmoningai: po penkiasdešimties metų sovietinės hipnozės pabudinti ir priversti mąstyti savo galva įmanoma tik ,,šoko terapija“. Tardytojas enkavedistas romane ,,Vilniaus pokeris“ yra tikrasis socialistinės sistemos simbolis. R.Gavelis, šiame romane norėdamas parodyti visą šios sistemos žalą jauno žmogaus asmenybei, ypač jo laisvei, nevengia cinizmo, ,,naudoja ekshibicionistinę stilistiką, kuri skamba kaip antausis ,,geros visuomenės“ normoms ir lietuvių literatūros drovumui“ (V.Kubilius). Toks jauno herojaus laisvės problemos sprendimas pateisinamas, nes daugelis natūralistinių aprašymų ir lytinio akto bei organų ,,detalių“ vardijimas tarnauja šoko efektui. Tokioje beyrančioje sistemoje, kuri ,,ardo“ ir patį žmogų, jo paties jausmai virsta haliucinacijomis ir košmaru. Ar gali jaustis laisvas, kai tikrinamos tavo skaitomos knygos, kai tave stebi ne tik gatvėje ar kavinėje, bet ir į namus atsiunčia meilužę, kad iškvostų viską apie tavo slapčiausias mintis? Todėl jaunas kūrinio herojus homo lituanicus viskuo nusivylęs, jam dievai mirę (vietoj altoriaus pastatytas dvokiantis lovys), jis neturi jokios vilties ir prasmės gyventi. Vadinasi, sunku R.Gavelio kūrinių jaunam žmogui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-02 11:26:00',62,'','2010-11-02 11:28:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-02 11:26:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,94,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1837,'Gabriel Garcia Marquez \"Gyvenk, kad turėtum ką papasakoti\"','gabriel-garcia-marquez-qgyvenk-kad-turtum-k-papasakotiq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mūsų šeima laikėsi sunkmečio įpročių, ir man atrodė, jog mes tam tyčia anksti valgome vakarienę, kad visam gyvenimui įsiminčiau, jog tai mano gimtieji namai. Geroji naujiena prie stalo - sesuo Lichija laimėjo loterijoje. Viskas, jos žodžiais tariant, prasidėjo tada, kai mama papasakojo sapnavusi, jog senelis iššovęs į orą, gąsdindamas vagį, kurį užklupo nusikaltimo vietoje, mūsų senuose namuose Arakatakoje. Mama papasakojo sapną per pusryčius, kaip mūsų šeimoje įprasta, ir patarė nusipirkti bilietą su septyniuke, nes šitas skaičius esąs panašus į senelio revolverį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Deja, nieko neišėjo, nors mama ir nusipirko bilietą skolon, tikėdamasi susimokėti išlošusi. Tačiau Lichija, kuri tuo metu buvo vienuolikos, išprašė iš tėčio trisdešimt sentavų, nusipirko bilietą, nieko neišlošė, o kitą savaitę iškaulijo dar trisdešimt ir užrašė tą patį keistą numerį: 0207. Norėdamas išgąsdinti Lichiją, brolis Luisas Enrikė paslėpė bilietą, bet ir pats išsigando, kai kitą pirmadienį išgirdo, kaip ji įlėkė į vidų šaukdama, jog išlošė. Mat išdykaudamas brolis pamiršo, kur užkišo bilietą, tad teko išnaršyti visas spintas ir skrynias, aukštyn kojomis apversti namus nuo svetainės iki tualeto. Šiaip ar taip, keisčiausia, kad išlošis irgi atrodė kabalistinis: 770 pesų. Blogoji naujiena - tėvai galiausiai įgyvendino savo svajonę: išsiuntė Luisą Enrikę į Medeljiną, Fontiduenjo pataisos namus, įsitikinę, jog tai neklusnių vaikų mokykla, o ne tai, kas yra iš tikrųjų - itin pavojingų mažamečių nusikaltėlių kalėjimas. Tėtis galutinai apsisprendė tą dieną, kai nusiuntė Luisą Enrikę į vaistinę atsiimti skolos, ir jis, užuot parnešęs namo aštuonis gautus pesus, nusipirko puikią gitarą, kuria mokėjo meistriškai skambinti. Tėtis nepasakė nė žodžio, aptikęs gitarą namuose, ir pareikalavo aštuonių pesų, bet Luisas Enrikė atsakė, jog vaistininkė neturėjusi pinigų ir negrąžinusi skolos. Taip praslinko dar du mėnesiai, ir vieną dieną tėtis išgirdo, kaip, pritardamas gitara, Luisas Enrikė dainuoja improvizuotą dainelę: \"Aštuonis pesus man kainavo gitara\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išsiųsti vaiką į pataisos namus buvo galima tik gavus mažamečių nusikaltėlių teisėjo nutarimą, tačiau tėtis kreipėsi pagalbos į įtakingus draugus, gavo Medeljino arkivyskupo monsinjoro Garsijos Beniteso rekomendacinį laišką. Luisas Enrikė, savo ruožtu, nesipriešino ir gera valia iškeliavo į pataisos namus kaip į šventę. Atostogos be brolio pasikeitė iš pagrindų. Įsimiklinęs brunzginti gitara kaip tikras profesionalas, pritapau prie Filadelfo Veliljos, nagingo siuvėjo ir pasakiško gitaristo, ir, žinoma, prie maestro Valdeso. Smagumėlis! Būdavo, išeiname iš pobūvio, pagroję turčiams, ir tamsiame parke patykojusios iš visų pusių mus apspinta gerbėjos, visaip bandydamos sugundyti. Įsižiūrėjęs į vieną tokią, pasisiūliau užeiti pas ją, bet pasirodė, kad apsirikau, - ji buvo ne iš tų gerbėjų būrelio. Vis dėlto ji labai logiškai atsakė, jog negalima, nes vyras esąs namie. Šiaip ar taip, po poros dienų pasakė, jog paliksianti neužkištas duris triskart per savaitę, kad galėčiau įeiti nesibelsdamas, kai vyro nebūsią namie.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-02 11:29:01',62,'','2010-11-02 11:32:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-02 11:29:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,93,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1838,'Raganius Gugis - laimingas charakteris','raganius-gugis-laimingas-charakteris','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vinco Krėvės apysaka “Raganius” - tai tarsi santrauka visų jo kūrinių, nagrinėjančių lietuvio nacionalinio charakterio bruožus. “Raganius” - puikus šešių novelių rinkinys. Kazys Gugis - kaimo skerdžius, tikras senosios pasaulėžiūros šešėlis, vis dar slankiojantis po kaimus, skleisdamas senąją išmintį, sukauptą per ilgus metus. Gugį galima pavadinti senosios, pagoniškos Lietuvos siela: visada duos gerą patarimą, niekada neapgaus, nesumeluos. Nors kaimo gyvenime Gugis nėra autoritetas, bet sunkią minutę ne vienas prašo Gugio patarimo, juk jis “raganius”, o raganius kilęs nuo žodžio regėti, todėl žmonės nors ir kritikuodami, bet laikosi Gugio patarimų, o ką “gali žinot”. Galbūt jis su velniu susidėjęs ! Ne kartą Gugis klausėsi tokių kalbų, bet jis tik juokėsi iš jų. Joks jis raganius, jei gerai pažindamas gyvenimo subtilybes, žmogaus psichologiją, atspėdavo žmogaus ateitį ar paprasčiausiai nusakydavo kitos dienos orą, tai tik iš gilios patirties, išminties, kurios sėmėsi iš savo senelių ir prosenelių. Gugis niekada nesivaikė materialinių vertybių. Ganydavo gyvulėlius ir jam to pakakdavo. “O ko gali žmogui daugiau reikėt.” Dažniausiai pavalgęs, o jei liko pinigų nuo maisto, tai ir taurelę išlenkęs, linksmas traukdavo per kaimą. Gugis gyveno šia diena. Negalvojo apie ateitį, ką veiks rytoj. O kam sukti galvą dėl rytdienos, jei šiandien jam gera. Išlenkė taurelę, pėdina per kaimą įvairias dainas traukdamas, visus linksmindamas. Kartais jaunimo prispirtas ir smuikele pagrieždavo. Skerdžiui gera, jei ir kitiems gera. Niekada Gugis nelinkėjo žmogui blogio, jo kredo daryti kitiems gera. Kodėl napadėjus žmogui, jie dar jėgų ir proto turi?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gugis visada būdavo linksmas, net kai jį kritikuodavo ar užsipuldavo dėl dievobaimingumo, girtuokliavimo.  Paprastai jis atšaudavo  kokį nors sąmojį. Iš šių ginčų žmonės dažniausiai likdavo nieko nepešę. Raganiui Gugiui ir girtuokliavimas nebuvo nuodėmė. O kodėl tai turėtų būti nuodėmė, jei jis Dievulio niekada nepamiršdavo (net ir taurelę rankoj laikydamas jį garbindavo)? Gugis visuomet būdavo linksmas. Kodėl jis turėtų liūdėt? Juk nieko jam netrūkdavo, niekam jis bloga nebuvo padaręs, o jei padarė, tai tikrai to nenorėdamas. Gugis greit užmiršdavo jį įskaudinusius, jam nusikaltusius. Nemokėjo jis netgi pykt, todėl nepyko.  Juk pyktis ir kerštas niekada nebūna gėrio priežąstis. Skerdžiaus Gugio širdyje niekada nebuvo vietos pykčiui, blogiui ir liūdesiui. Gugis visada stengėsi būti žmonių būryje. Jis mylėjo gyvenimą, mylėjo žmones, pasaulį, gamtą. Nors raganius nebuvo visuomenės žmogus, bet be šios jis ir negalėtų egzistuoti. Jis stipraus charakterio, nepriima to, kas svetima, šalinasi nežinomų dalykų, bet visada žmonių apsuptyje. Nors žmogaus vertinimo kriterijus, pažiūros yra tikrai pasikeitę, tačiau Skerdžiui tai nerūpi, jis eina savo keliu, neseka paskui. Skerdžius netgi nesidomi tuo, kuo domisi dabartinis kaimas, jam nelabai aktualios jų problemos. Juk jis - paprasčiausias gamtos vaikas. Jis niekada nereikalavo iš gyvenimo neįmanomo. Pavalgiau, išgėriau ir gerai. Niekada nieko Gugiui netrūksta, o jei ir pritrūko, tai argi dabar čia liūdėsi, kai širdy gera ir linksma. Jo dvasinis pasaulis daug platesnis, nei atrodo kaimo žmonėms. Jo protas sukaupęs senąją patirtį, bet jos jis neslepia. Gugis šiek tiek gaila, kad žmogus užsimiršo, jog paleido vėjais tėvų žinias, patirtį. Skerdžiui nėra laiko gailėtis ar laukti mirties. Būdamas labai senas, jis netgi negalvoja apie mirtį. Gyvenimo džiaugsmas, laimė, kurią jis buvo susikūręs, užgožia mirties baimę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-02 11:33:22',62,'','2010-11-02 11:36:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-02 11:33:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,92,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1839,'Ernestas Hemingvėjus \"Senis ir jūra\"','ernestas-hemingvjus-qsenis-ir-jraq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">SENIS vienui vienas žvejojo su savo laiveliu Golfo srovėje, ir jau aštuoniasdešimt keturios dienos, kai jis nieko nepagauna. Pirmąsias keturiasdešimt dienų su juo buvo berniukas. Bet po keturiasdešimt dienų, kai seniui vis tiek nepasisekė sužvejoti nė vienos žuvies, tėvai pasakė berniukui, kad senis yra tikras salao, vadinasi, paskutinis nevykėlis, ir liepė pereiti į kitą laivelį, kuris jau pirmą savaitę parvežė tris puikias žuvis. Berniukui buvo gaila žiūrėti, kaip senis kasdien grįžta tuščiomis, ir jis visada nubėgdavo į pajūrį, padėdavo jam parnešti susuktas virves arba kobinį, žeberklą ir burę, suvyniotą ant stiebo. Burė buvo užlopyta maišais nuo miltų ir suvyniota atrodė tarsi amžino pralaimėjimo vėliava.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Senis buvo liesas ir suvargęs, giliomis raukšlėmis išvagotu sprandu. Nepavojingas odos vėžys, kurį sukelia saulės spinduliai, atsimušę nuo tropikų jūros paviršiaus, išmargino jo skruostus rudomis dėmėmis. Tos dėmės ėjo veidais žemyn ligi pat kaklo. Ant senio rankų juodavo gilūs randai, kuriuos išraižė virvė, traukiant didelę žuvį. Tačiau nė vienas iš šių randų nebuvo šviežias. Jie buvo seni nelyginant plyšiai išdžiūvusioje dykumoje. Viskas jo buvo sena, išskyrus akis, o jos buvo tokios pat spalvos, kaip jūra, linksmos ir drąsios.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Santjagai,— tarė jam berniukas, kai juodu kopė į krantą, ant kurio buvo ištrauktas senio laivelis,—Aš vėl galiu plaukti su tavim. Mes jau uždirbome truputį pinigų. Senis išmokė berniuką žvejoti, ir berniukas mylėjo jį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Ne, — tarė senis. — Tu pataikei į laimingą laivelį. Pasilik jame.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Nejaugi tu neprisimeni, kaip aštuoniasdešimt septynias dienas nieko nepagavai jūroje, o .paskui ištisas tris savaites mes kasdien ištraukdavom po didelę žuvį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-02 11:36:38',62,'','2010-11-02 11:39:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-02 11:36:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,91,'','',0,38,'robots=\nauthor='),(1840,'Lietuvių meninė raiška','lietuvi-menin-raika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Meninės raiškos priemonės</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Retoriniai klausimai-klausimai, kuriuos užduodant nesitikima atskymo.Klausdamas kalbėtojas netiesiogiai atsako-paskelbia, teigia, įrodo, įtikina. Sapnas-vaizdai, jausmai ir mintys, matomi, išgyvenami miegant.Sapno siužetas reiškiasi simboliais, vaizdais ir atspindi pagrindinius žmogaus elgesio motyvus ir gyvenimo nuostatas.Literatūroje sapnas paprastai atlieka meninę paskirtį-kaip ir peizažas, aprašymas.Sapno9 vaizdais rešytojas gali paryškinti kūrinio problemą, įdėją, veikėjo paveikslą ir panašiai. Satyra-aštrus, netgi piktas žmogaus bei visuomenės trūkumų, ydų ieškojimas. Stilizacija-specialus, sąmojingas kurio nors kūrinio, kurių nors bruožų mėgdžiojimas, imitavimas. Tragiškoji kaltė-ji slypi herojaus prigimtyje;jis negali elgtis ir gyventi kitaip.Tačiau ši sąvoka gali reikšti ir tikrąjį herojaus kaltumą, atsakingumą už savo veiksmus ir poelgius. Tragiškoji klaida-ne šiaip eilinis apsirikimas, o nepataisomas suklydimas,padarytas ne iš blogos valios, o nežinant kurių nors svarbių dalykų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Laipsniavimas-retorinė figūra, kai žodžiai, frazės, pasakymai išvardijami stiprėjančia tvarka.Tai viena populiariausių retorinių figūrų, nes retorikai reikia nuoseklaus argumentų, minčių, žodžių ir intonacijos augimo bei stiprėjimo.Laipsniavimas dažnai eina drauge su kartojimu ir išvardijimu. Onomatopėja-tropas, kurio pamatas-įvairių tikrovės garsų pamėgdžiojimas.Tai garsinis simbolis, kurį kalbėtojas vartoja vietoj tikrojo vardo ar pavadinimo. Licencija-retorinė figūra, kuria kalbėtojas atvirai, drąsiai reiškia savo mintis ir jausmus ir pavartoja kokį stačiokišką žodį, keiksmą ar posakį minties tikrumui ir aiškumui sustiprinti bei savo emocinei būsenai atskleisti. Anafora-to paties žodžio ar frazės kartojimas sakinių, eilučių ar pastraipų pradžioje.Tokia figūra į priekį iškeliamas žodis ar frazė kalbėtojui yra svarbiausi. Sinonimija-remiasitos pačios arba artimos reikšmės , bet skirtingo skambesio žodžių arba žodžių junginio kartojimu greta arbe netoli vienas kito. Retorinis sušukimas-viena iš emocingiausių stiliaus figūrų, kuria kalbėtojas stebisi, piktinasi, džiaugiasi, triumfuoja. Antitezė-kontrastingų reiškinių arba dalykų gretinimas, reiškiamas pralelinėmis sintaksinėmis konstrukcijomis. Analogija-skirtingų dalykų lyginimas, paremtas jų panašumu. Kontrastas-atvirkštinė analogija.Juo paryškinama lyginamų reiškinių priešybė. Sentencija-Tai glaustai suformuluota bei apibendrinta gyvenimo išmintis.Tekste ji gali atlikti keletą paskirčių:aiškinti, mokyti, kviesti, raginti imti pavyzdį, paskatinti veikti, gėdinti, priminti.Ji pati gali būti argumentas. Chiazmas-stiliaus figūra, kuri remiasi atvirkštiniu paralelizmu, kai kurio nors požiūriu vienodi sakinio elementai išdėstomi atbuline simetrija sudaro kryžmę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-02 11:43:16',62,'','2010-11-02 11:46:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-02 11:43:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,90,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1841,'Alfonso Nykos-Niliūno prarasties filosofija','alfonso-nykos-nilino-prarasties-filosofija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Keletas poetinio aš aspektų</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Literatūros studijos atsiskleidžia kaip tam tikrų mąstymo apie literatūrą formų pavyzdys, keliantis teksto perskaitymo galimybės klausimą. Tačiau ar įmanoma konkretizuoti, t.y. apibrėžti, tas galimybes? Jeigu orientuosimės i klasikinius filosofijos modelius, turbūt atsakysime, kad kiekviena galimybė yra savaime apibrėžta ir nurodo tam tikrą teksto analizės aspektą. Tokiu atveju tampame modelio, arba sukonkretintos galimybės, nurodymų vykdytojais. Tiesa, tikriausiai turėtume džiaugtis galimybe pasirinkti, juk filosofai pateikė ne viena, o daugybę teksto mąstymo būdu. Taigi, bet kuriuo atveju mūsų laisvę ar nelaisvę išsako tai, kaip mes šias sąvokas suvokiame. Atrodo, kad orientuojamės tik į save t.y. į savo norus. Tačiau ką pirmiau pažįstame  tekstą ar modelį? Ar tekstas nurodo perskaitymo būdą, ar modelis apibrėžia teksto kalbėjimo galimybę? Atrodo, tiktų abu panašiais atvejais vartojami žodeliai – “taip” ir “ne”. Juk esame laisvi pasirinkti. Neabejojame, kad intelektualinė erudicija dažnai yra vienintelė teksto perskaitymo galimybės nuoroda. Ji leidžia varijuoti teksto informacija. Ne veltui kalbama apie teksto perskaitymo būdų begalybę. Atrodo, jog ir vėl orientuojamės į save – tekstui visuomet pritaikome savo žinojimą. Ar įmanoma tokiu atveju teksto ir skaitančiojo komunikacija? Privalome priversti tekstą prabilti ar tiesiog turime pasakyti jam tai, ką žinome patys. Stigdami tam tikrų žiniu, nesuprastume teksto kalbos. Tačiau ar teisingas yra teksto suvokimas, kai “primetame” jam savo žinojimą?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiuo atveju pats klausimas diktuoja vienintelį galimą atsakymą – teksto suvokimas, grįstas intelektualine skaitančiojo erudicija, yra individualus, arba asmeninis. Vadinasi, bet kuris filosofų siūlomas teksto perskaitymo modelis sukuria objektyvią teksto kalbėjimo ir jo suvokimo erdvę. Tačiau ar tai reiškia, kad toks teksto suvokimas yra teisingas? Jis pagrįstas konkretaus metodo tiesa, taigi yra teisingas tiek, kiek teisingas pats metodas. Tad teksto suvokimo riba nustato ne mūsų asmeninis intelektualinis pasirengimas ir intuicija, t.y. ne mūsų asmeninė, bet konkretaus modelio tiesa. Todėl pasidaro  labai svarbu, ką pirmiau pažįstame – tekstą ar modelį; ar tekstas siūlo suvokimo būdą, ar modelis primeta jam objektyvų žinojimą? Negalime teigti, kad tuomet visiškai išnyksta subjektyvumas. Jis pasireiškia, tarkim, pasirenkant modelį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Savo teksto perskaitymo modelį dažnai nurodo pats autorius – jo estetinės pažiūros, išryškėjusios kritikos straipsniuose. Geriausias pavyzdys – lietuvių išeivijos poeto Alfonso Nykos Niliūno asmenybe ir jo “Eilėraščiai”(1996) bei kritikos straipsnių rinktinė “Temos ir variacijos”(1996). Literatūros kūrinys, A.Nykos Niliūno samprata, kuriamas racionaliai, įkvėpimas tėra dingstis sukurti meninį universalumą: “Spontaniškai išgyventa medžiaga dar nėra meno kūrinys. Jai sutvarkyti reikalinga sąmoninga statytojo ranka.” Taigi įkvėpimas išreikštų ontologinį kūrinio aspektą, tačiau jo kokybę, arba meninę vertę, nulemia racionalusis pradas. Toks supratimas leidžia ieškoti poetinio subjekto tuose etinės psichologijos bei psichoanalizės modeliuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-02 11:46:51',62,'','2010-11-02 11:59:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-02 11:46:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,89,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1842,'R. Kiplingas \"Apie katiną, kuris mėgo vaikščioti vienas\"','r-kiplingas-qapie-katin-kuris-mgo-vaikioti-vienasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dabar, mano mielasis skaitytojau, klausyk labai atidžiai ir stebėk, nes tai, apie ką bus pasakojama, vyko dar tada, kai naminiai gyvuliai visi tebebuvo laukiniai. Ir šuo buvo laukinis, ir arklys buvo laukinis, ir karvė, ir avis, ir kiaulė — visi buvo laukiniai, tokie laukiniai, kokie tik begalėjo būti — ir visi jie klajojo laukinėse giriose kiekvienas skyrium. Bet iš visų didžiausias laukinis buvo Katinas. Jis klajojo visur pats vienas ir visos vietos, kuriomis jis klajojo, buvo tokios pat vienišos, kaip ir jis. Žinoma, žmogus tada irgi buvo laukinis. Jis buvo tikrai laukinis. Jis net nemėgino mesti laukinių įpročių, kol sutiko moterį, kuri jam pasakė, kad ji nemėgstanti gyventi taip nejaukiai, kaip jis. Ji atrado gražų, sausą urvą vietoj šlapių lapų krūvos, išbarstė jį švariu smėliu, pakūrė jaukią ugnį urvo gale, pakabino išdžiovintą laukinio arklio odą uodega žemyn ant urvo angos ir tada pasakė:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Įeidamas valyk kojas, mielasis, dabar jau mes turėsime tikrus namus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tą naktį, mano mielasis skaitytojau, jie valgė laukinę avį, pakeptą ant karštų akmenų ir paskanintą laukiniu česnaku ir laukiniais pipirais; paskui jie valgė laukinę antį, prikimštą laukinių ryžių, čiulpė laukinių jaučių smegeninius kaulus ir ragavo kitus laukinius skanėstus. Po to vyras, laimingas, kaip niekad iki to laiko, atsigulė miegoti prie ugnies; moteris atsisėdo ir ėmė šukuotis plaukus. Ji paėmė avino peties kaulą, didelį, plokščią su briaunomis kaulą, pažvelgė į nuostabius ženklus jame, įmetė daugiau malkų į ugnį ir ėmė burti. Burdama ji ėmė dainuoti — ir tada suskambėjo pirmoji daina pasaulyje. Tuo tarpu drėgnose laukinėse giriose susirinko visi laukiniai gyvuliai ir sustojo taip, kad iš tolo galėtų matyti ugnies šviesą; jie žiūrėjo ir galvojo, ką visa tai reiškia. Laukinis arklys treptelėjo savo laukine koja ir tarė:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Mano draugai ir mano priešai! Kodėl vyras ir moteris pakūrė tokią didelę ugnį tame dideliame urve? Ar nepadarys jie mums žalos?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-02 11:59:58',62,'','2010-11-02 12:02:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-02 11:59:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,88,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1843,'Sigitas Parulskis \"Nesibaigianti vienatvė dviem\"','sigitas-parulskis-qnesibaigianti-vienatv-dviemq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vėluojantis prologas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">JIS, NESVARBU KAS: Taip būna po ilgo susilaikymo, po ilgos tarnybos tolimojo plaukiojimo laivuose, po laiko, praleisto kariuomenėje arba kalėjime. Vyras grįžta, ateina į barą, sėdi, žiūrėdamas į bokalą, stovintį priešais jį. Jis jaučiasi vienišas, nors apsuptas žmonių. Jis jaučiasi netgi blogiau nei vienišas - jis negali patekti į šį laiką. VYRAS: Aš negaliu sutapti su šiuo laiku, aš esu tarsi šalia jo, dveji metai, kuriuos praleidau velniai žino kur, dveji metai, kaip nematoma siena stovi tarp manęs ir tarp šių žmonių, šio baro, muzikos, alkoholio, kvapų ir spalvų. Veidai ir judesiai - jie prasilenkia su manimi, tiksliau, aš prasilenkiu su jais, aš jaučiuosi lyg bėgčiau šalia traukinio, į kurį negaliu įlipti, ir traukinio keleiviai žiūri į mane pro stiklą, lyg žiūrėtų ne į mane, o į nuobodų, įgrisusį peizažą, lyg aš niekuo nesiskirčiau nuo stiklo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">MOTERIS: Ir tuomet pasirodo mergina, ji pakankamai patraukli, nors ir ne gražuolė, ji prisėda šalia jo, jis prisimena matęs ją mokykloje visai dar mergaitę, jis sako -</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">VYRAS: Aš pažįstu tave, tu buvai dar vaikas, su dideliu žaliu kaspinu viršugalvyje, prisimenu...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">MOTERIS: Aš šiemet baigiau mokyklą, aš jau pilnametė. Nieko kvailesnio negalėjau sugalvoti, bet aš tikrai jaučiausi esanti moteris.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">VYRAS: Man nusispjauti jos metai, mačiau tik pilnas, nors ir ne per dideles, krūtis, o kalbėjau - Aš ką tik sugrįžau, matai, kokios vyriškos mano rankos. Ir paraudau, nes nežinojau, ką reiškia - vyriškas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">MOTERIS: Čia labai tvanku, išeikim į lauką. Jis žvalgėsi į šalis lyg užspeistas žvėris, nors akys, jo akys kiekvieną sykį kirste įsikirsdavo į mane.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">VYRAS: Norėčiau, kad tu man būtum durys. Bijojau, jog nesugebėsiu surasti durų. Nieko nebemačiau, tik pilkumą. Tai prarasto laiko spalva, bet ne dulkės, ne dulkės...</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-02 12:05:29',62,'','2010-11-02 12:11:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-02 12:05:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,87,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1844,'Kobas Abe \"Moteris smėlynuose\"','kobas-abe-qmoteris-smlynuoseq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PIRMA DALIS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">VIENĄ rugpjūčio dieną dingo žmogus. Per atostogas jis ketino nuvažiuoti į pajūrį,- ligi ten traukiniu buvo pusdienis kelio,- ir nuo to laiko niekas apie jį nieko negirdėjo. Nei policijos paieškos, nei skelbimai laikraščiuose nedavė jokių rezultatų. Žmonių dingimas apskritai ne toks jau retas reiškinys. Statistikos duomenimis, kasmet paskelbiama keli šimtai pranešimų apie dingusius be žinios. Keista, bet rasti jų tepavyksta nedidelę dalį. Žmogžudystės ir nelaimingi atsitikimai palieka įkalčius; pagrobimų motyvus visados galima atsekti. Bet jei žmogus dingo dėl kokios nors kitokios priežasties, aptikti jo pėdsakus labai sunku. Beje, jei dingimą pavadinsim pabėgimu, tai iš karto daugelis dingimo atvejų, matyt, bus priskirti prie tų paprasčiausių pabėgimų. Šiuo atveju irgi nebuvo nieko stebėtina, kad nerasta kokių nors pėdsakų. Apytikriai buvo žinoma vieta, kur išvažiavo tas žmogus, bet iš ten negauta pranešimo, kad aptiktas lavonas. Jo darbas nebuvo susijęs su kokiomis nors paslaptimis, dėl kurių jį būtų galėję pagrobti. O iš visų jo veiksmų, iš elgsenos anaiptol neatrodė, kad jis ketino pabėgti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pradžioje visi, žinoma, spėjo, kad čia įpainiota moteris. Policijos valdininkai ir bendradarbiai, iš dingusiojo žmonos sužinoję, kad jis išvažiavo rinkti vabzdžių savo kolekcijai, net kiek nusivylė. Iš tiesų, tampyti skardinę su kalio cianidu, graibštus vabzdžiams gaudyti - ir vien tam, kad nuslėptum pabėgimą su moterimi,- tai būtų pernelyg jau didelis apsimetimas. O svarbiausia - stoties tarnautojas pranešė, kad tą dieną S. stotyje iš traukinio išlipo vyras, sprendžiant iš drabužių, lyg ir alpinistas, per pečius kryžmais užsikabinęs medinę dėžę, kokias nešiojasi dailininkai, ir gertuvę; jis gerai atsimenąs, kad tas žmogus buvo visiškai vienas. Taigi ir ta prielaida atkrito. Kilo versija apie savižudybę iš mizantropijos. Jai pradžią davė vienas bendradarbis, didelis psichoanalizės mėgėjas. Jo manymu, pats faktas, kad suaugęs žmogus domisi tokiais niekais, kaip vabzdžių kolekcionavimas, jau rodo jo psichinį nepilnavertiškumą. Net jei vaikas pernelyg linkęs kolekcionuoti vabzdžius, ir tai jau dažnai rodo jį turint Edipo kompleksą. Trokšdamas kaip nors kompensuoti nepatenkintą geismą, jis su malonumu duria smeigtuką į nebegyvą vabzdį, kuris ir šiaip jau niekur negali pabėgti. O jeigu jis nemetė to užsiėmimo suaugęs, tai jau aiškus ženklas, kad jo liguista būsena dar pablogėjusi. Juk entomologai gana dažnai būna apsėsti kaupimo manijos, jie be galo uždari, serga kleptomanija, pederastija. O nuo šito iki savižudybės iš mizantropijos - vienas žingsnis. Be to, yra ir tokių kolekcionierių, kurie jaučia potraukį ne tiek kolekcionavimui, kiek kalio cianidui savo skardinėse, ir kurie niekaip negali to užsiėmimo mesti... Argi tas faktas, kad jam nė karto nekilo noras atvirai pasipasakoti apie savo pomėgį, nerodo, kad ir jis pats puikiai suvokė, kiek tai gėdinga? Bet kadangi lavono nerasta, visi šitie išprotavimai, kad ir kaip jie atrodė sklandus, sužlugo. Tikrosios priežasties niekas ir nesužinojo. Praėjo septyneri metai, ir, remiantis Civilinio kodekso trisdešimtuoju straipsniu, žmogus buvo pripažintas mirusiu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-02 12:11:29',62,'','2010-11-02 12:14:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-02 12:11:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,86,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1845,'Šalutiniai sakiniai A. Tatarės \"Pamoksluose išminties ir teisybės\" bei J. Dovydaičio apysakoje \"Šiaulėniškis senelis\" ','alutiniai-sakiniai-a-tatars-qpamoksluose-iminties-ir-teisybsq-bei-j-dovydaiio-apysakoje-qiaulnikis-senelisq-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">XIX amžius yra gan sudėtingas, vertas dėmesio laikotarpis. Lietuvių kalba niekinama visų: iš pradžių stiprėjo polonizacija, vėliau, po 1863m. sukilimo, vyko etnografinių sričių jau XVIII amžiuje ėmė išsiskiri žemaičiai, ypač istorinės žemaičių žemės vakarinė dalis, kur buvo susiformavusi žemaičių tarmė. Žemaičių kraštą mažiausiai paveikė lenkėjimas. Tačiau nuo jų neatsiliko ir aukštaičiai. Maždaug 1820 -1870 m. laikotarpiu atsiradusi grožinė kūryba   lietuvių prozos istorijoje  sudaro savitą reiškinį. Tai - specifiška proza, kurios esmė nusakoma termino reikšme įgavusiu epitetu \"didaktinė\". Kaip apibrėžtą  istorinę vietą   užimantis kūrybos tipas didaktinė proza - Šviečiamojo amžiaus produktas (V.Vanagas). Gyvenimo permainos tuo metu skatino rašyti žemesniems luomams. Stiprėjo liaudies reikšmės suvokimas. Atsirado liaudiška mokykla, jai skirtas vadovėlis. Viskas ribojosi parapine, pradine mokykla bei jos programa, kuri tereikalavo elementarių rašto pradmenų. Savo auklėtinius ši mokykla ugdė dievobaimingais (moralinio ugdymo reikalavimas) ir šiek tiek raštingais žmonėmis. Tokia - bendriausiais bruožais liaudies švietimo programa lėmė valstiečiui skirtos literatūros pobūdį. Ši literatūra mokė ir moralizavo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A. Tatarė ir J. Dovydaitis rašė būtent šiuo laikotarpiu. Pirmasis autorius - parašė proza pasakėčių rinkinį \"Pamokslai išminties ir teisybės\", pasaulietinio turinio knygą \"Pamokslai gražių žmonių\", porą religinio turinio knygų. A Tatarė rašė  savo gimtąja zanavykų šnekta. Jis kalba sklandžiai, laisvai, natūraliai, ilgokais, bet gyvai šnekai artimos konstrukcijos sakiniais. Kalbinė bei stilistinė jo prozos raiška turi neabejotinų individualumo žymių. Artimas A. Tatarei didaktinės prozos  kalbinis normatyvizmas, žodžio statika bei \"elementarumas\", tačiau kartu pasakytina, kad stilistinėje plotmėje jo literatūrinė individualybė reiškiasi bene aiškiausiai (V.Vanagas). Be įprastų ir žinomų jungtukų, santykinių prieveiksmių autorius pamoksluose vartoja senovinius žodelius, kurių nemažai buvo vakarų aukštaičių kalboje XIX amžiuje. Antrasis autorius parašė didaktinę apysaką \"Šiaulėniškis senelis\". Vaizdavo valstiečių buitį, skiepijo blaivybę, kovojo prieš valstiečių dvasines ydas. J. Dovydaitis  rašė savo gimtąja vakarų aukštaičių šiauliškių šnekta su žemaitybėmis ir rytietybėmis, taip pat tradicinės raštų kalbos elementais. Šiam autoriui paklūsta ir emocingesnė kalba bei retoriškesnis sakinys, ir gyvos liaudies šnekos intonacija, ir poetinę gaidą slepiantis pasakymas, ir buitis ar gamtos scenovaizdį medžiaginantis štrichas (V.Vanagas).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Abiejų rašytojų sakiniai yra gana įdomūs ne tik savo turiniu, bet ir konstrukcija, kurią vertėtų detaliau aptarti. Tiek A. Tatarė, tiek J. Dovydaitis rašė  lietuvių kalba bei beveik tuo pačiu metu, todėl gana įdomu palyginti jų sakinius, o ypač, šalutinius. Pastarieji sakiniai atspindi to laikotarpio rašomosios kalbos sintaksę. Lietuvių kalbos bendriausio šalutinių dėmenų     modelio elementas (nuolatinis), kuris skiriasi nuo pagrindinio dėmens, yra tik jungiamasis žodis. Be abejo, greta to jungiamojo žodžio predikatinis centras turi būti numanomas bent iš situacijos, nes be predikacijos nėra ne tik savarankiško sakinio, bet ir sudėtinio sakinio dėmens. Predikacija, būdama kalbėtojo ir adresato psichikos aktas, gali būti numanoma. Bet jungiamasis žodis, kuris yra šalutinio dėmens struktūrinis elementas, numanomas negali būti. Tad be jo nėra ir sudėtinio prijungiamojo sakinio (V.Būda). Šalutinis sakinys primena vientisinio sakinio dalis, bet skiriasi nuo jų tuo, kad turi svarbiausius sakinio požymius - predikatyvumą, predikatinį sakinio centrą. Salutinio dėmens modelyje turi atsispindėti tarnybinių žodelių homonimija, be viso kito, dar dėmens (šalutinio, pagrindinio)  ir tariamojo dėmens (šalutinio ir pagrindinio) priešpriešą. Sudėtiniam prijungiamajam   sakiniui būtinas reikšminis žodis ar bent jo ekvivalentas, kaip pagrindinio dėmens atstovas, ir jungiamasis žodis - kaip šalutinio dėmens atstovas (V.Būda).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-02 12:15:26',62,'','2010-11-02 12:19:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-02 12:15:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,85,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(1846,'Stilių sąveika','stili-sveika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tos pačios kalbos stiliai nėra uždari ir veikia vienas kitą. Uždariausia, griežčiausia sistema – kanceliarinis stilius. Kitus stilius jis veikia, o pats svetimų raiškos priemonių neįsileidžia. Ypač tai būdinga įstatymams, dokumentams. Didesnę stiliaus laisvę gali turėti skelbimas – tai priklauso nuo jo turinio, adresato, vietos. Ataskaita gali būti perdėm sausa, dalykiška, tinkama tik į bylą segti – tokios būna administracinės ir mokslinės ataskaitos. Tačiau esama ir kitokių ataskaitų – ataskaitinių pranešimų, skirtų skaityti susirinkime, suvažiavime. Informacija tuose pranešimuose pinasi su poveikiu, kanceliarinis ar mokslinis stilius – su publicistiniu. Tai pereinamas, tarpinis žanras. Stilių sąveika yra ryškiausia tokiuose žanruose, jie tarytum grandys, jungiančios skirtingus stilius į visumą – bendrinę kalbą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mokslinio stiliaus teksto laisvė didesnė, bet čia irgi paprastai vengiama kitų stilių (publicistinio, šnekamojo) priemaišų. Tik tada, kai mokslinis pranešimas skaitomas žodžiu, sakytine forma, dažniau pasirodo ir gyvesnių, vaizdingesnių žodžių – mat pranešimo funkcija nebetenka grynumo, gyvi klausytojai prieš akis žadina ir bendravimo bei poveikio funkcijas. Mokslinį stilių su publicistiniu sieja mokslinė publicistika. Būdingi jos pavyzdžiai yra visuomenei skirtos grožinių kūrinių, spektaklių, kino filmų recenzijos. Tarpinę padėtį tarp mokslo ir publicistikos užima populiarinamoji literatūra. Ypatingas yra šnekamasis stilius, Jis veikia kitus stilius, daugiausia meninį, taip pat publicistinį, mokslinio stiliaus sakytinę formą, o savo ruožtu – pats patiria stiprų dalykinių (knyginių) stilių poveikį. Dalykinėje kalboje, publicistiniame rašinyje šnekamosios kalbos žodžio ar pasakymo pasigriebiama tada, kai norima prabilti neoficialiai, gyviau, vaizdingiau. Pvz.: Dabartiniai kalbininkai į tokią vartoseną taip pat kreivai žiūri. Visi įsiskolinimai turi būti išlaikyti iki vasario 25 d., tačiau pageidautina apsivalyti šią savaitę, t.y. iki vasario 18 d. Būdingas ir priešingas stiliaus reiškinys – į buitinius pokalbius veržiasi dalykinių stilių raiškos priemonės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Felicija, jūs dirbate kambuze ir jums nevalia liesti šitų paukščių. Jie platina parazitus, nekalbant apie ornitozes, smulkiau jums nedėstysiu, bet patikėkite, tai žalinga. Jeigu šitoks polinkis imtų gožti visus kitus, šnekamasis mūsų kalbos stilius ilgainiui netektų gyvumo, sumedėtų. Kad taip neatsitiktų, reikia neprarasti ryšio su dar gyvomis tarmėmis, su tautosaka, klasikine literatūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-02 12:19:56',62,'','2010-11-02 12:22:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-02 12:19:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,84,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(1847,'R. M. Rilkė','r-m-rilk','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">R. M.Rilkė - žymus lyrikas, prozininkas bei vertėjas. Jo kūryba veikė pagrindiniu XIX a. pab. - XX a. pr. krypčių - simbolizmo, impresionizmo, neoromantizmo - poetika. Rilkės poezijos tonacija - klausianti, ieškanti, apmąstanti esminius žmogaus ir menininko egzistencijos klausimus. Ji aprėpia individo mikro- ir makro- pasaulį, teigia būties reiškinių sąryšingumą, įsiskverbia į giliausius dvasios ir intelekto klodus. Rilkė pisižymėjo puikia intuicija, dideliu jautrumu subtiliausiems nuotaikų, spalvų, formų ir garsų niuansams, filosofine mąstysena bei gebėjimu visa tai išreikšti įtaigia, plastiška kalba. Jis išplėtė meninio žodžio raiškos  galimybes, sukūrė naują poetinį universumą. Savo kūryboje Rilkė susintetino trijų Europos kultūrų - germanų, romanų ir slavų - elementus, buvo atviras viso pasaulio būties formoms.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Rilkė gimė Prahoje, geležinkelio tarnautojo šeimoje. Būdamas 11 metų, pradėjo mokytis realinėje karo mokykloje, tačiau kentėjo dėl griežtos drausmės, žiauraus pedagogų elgesio. Būsimas poetas lankė Prekybos akademiją Lince, o nuo 1895 m. Prahos universitete studijavo filosofiją, vokiečių literatūrą, meno istoriją, teisę, aktyviai dalyvavo kultūriniame Prahos gyvenime. 1896 m. Rilkė išvyko tęsti studijų į Miuncheną. Tolesnis poeto gyvenimas buvo turtingas įvairių permainų, pažinčių, kelionių. Tarp 1896 - 1919 m. Rilkė pakeitė arti 100 gyvenamųjų vietų. Poetas artimai bendravo su žymiais žmonėmis, gyveno turtingų mecenatų rūmuose, aristokratų pilyse. Tačiau visa išorinė ir vidinė jo būtis buvo skiriama vieninteliam tikslui - meninei kūrybai. 1899 m. ir 1900 m. Rilkė aplankė Rusiją. Susipažino su L. Pasternaku, I. Repinu, L. Tolstojumi. Rilkė teigė, jog nuo kelionės į Rusiją prasidėjo jo tikrasis poeto kelias. 1900 - 1902 m. jis gyveno netoli Bremeno įsikūrusioje menininkų kolonijoje Vorpsvedėje. Čia jis vedė skulptorę Klarą Vesthof, tačiau greitai įsitikino, jog vedybinis gyvenimas nesuderintas su poeto laisve ir likimu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-02 12:22:48',62,'','2010-11-02 12:33:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-02 12:22:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,83,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(1848,'Žvilgsnis į S. Nėries gyvenimą ir kūrybą','vilgsnis-s-nries-gyvenim-ir-kryb','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įžanga</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">,,Imkite mane ir skaitykite...“ kadais bylojo pirmoji lietuviška knygelė. Dabar šį pasakymą norėčiau perfrazuoti: ,,Imkite ir gilinkite savo žinias“. Taip, ši frazė puikiai atspindi mano darbo tikslą. Pasirinkau šią temą paskatinta noro praturtinti savo literatūrines žinias dar viena romantizmo epochos atstove. Jūs paklausite, kodėl būtent Salomėja? Ir klausimas būtų visai teisingas, juk yra daugybė šios epochos atstovų, kurie gal netgi daugiau darė įtaką lietuvių literatūrai. Tačiau daugelį jų aš jau pažįstu, o Salomėja Nėris – tai dar netyrinėta asmenybė, kuri domina kiekvieną. Mano darbą sudaro keturios dalys: pirmojoje dalyje yra nurodomas darbo tikslas, antrojoje – pateikiama S. Nėries biografija ir kūrybai būdingi bruožai. Išsamiau analizuojamas pirmasis eilėraščių rinkinys ,,Anksti rytą“. Trečiojoje dalyje yra išvados, o ketvirtojoje – pateikiamas literatūros sąrašas. Taigi kviečiu kartu su manimi pažvelgti į Salomėjos Nėries gyvenimą, kūrybą. Pažinti poetės jausmus, mintis ir neribotas poetinės fantazijos ribas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Biografija ir kūrybos apžvalga</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Salomėja Nėris - ryškiausia nepriklausomybės laikais išaugusi poetė, pasiekusi meno aukštumų. Savo jausmo grynumu, formos lengvumu, melodingumu ji yra tikra čiulbanti lakštingala, nesudėtinga minties gelmėmis, bet patraukianti širdies atvirumu. Tačiau S.Nėries įsipainiojimas į bolševikų pinkles ir duoklės komunizmo propagandai atidavimas meta dėmę jos asmeniui ir kūrybai. Salomėja Nėris (tikroji pavardė Bačinskaitė, vėliau – Bučienė) gimė 1904 metų lapkričio 17 dieną Kiršų kaime (dabartinis Vilkaviškio rajonas). Augo pasiturinčių Suvalkijos ūkininkų šeimoje. 1919-1924 metais mokėsi literatūrinėmis tradicijomis garsėjančioje Vilkaviškio gimnazijoje; čia parašė ir pirmuosius eilėraščius. Pirmuosius eilėraščius pasirašinėjo Liūdytės ir Juraitės slapyvardžiu, nuo 1923m. - Salomėjos Nėries slapyvardžiu Gimnazijoje pasižymėjo kaip dailininkė ir poetė, dalyvavo ateitininkų kuopos veikloje. Šios organizacijos leidinyje ,,Ateitis“ 1923 metais išspausdintą eilėraštį ,,Pajūry“ pirmą kartą pasirašė slapvardžiu Nėris. 1924 metais įstojo į Kauno Vytauto Didžiojo universitetą. Teologijos ir filologijos fakultete studijavo lietuvių literatūrą, vokiečių kalbą ir literatūrą bei pedagogiką. Čia įsitraukė į ,,Šatrijos“ – studentų ateitininkų meno draugijos veiklą. Tai buvo pirmoji literatūrinė poetės mokykla. ,,Šatrijos“ nariai organizuodavo susirinkimus (dažnai jie vykdavo poeto Vinco Mykolaičio-Putino bute), kuriuose skaitydavo ir aptardavo literatūrinę kūrybą, klausydavo muzikos, studijuodavo dailės kūrinius. Daugeliui šatrijiečių buvo artima romantinė pasaulėjauta. 1927 metais Nėris išleido pirmąjį eilėraščių rinkinį ,,Anksti rytą“ , po kurio iš karto sulaukė pripažinimo. Rinkinyje dominuoja džiaugsmingas jaunystės svajonių, jausmų išsakymas. Poetinis vaizdas supina polinkį į pasakiškumą ir iš simbolizmo paveldėtas abstrakcijas (tokias kaip baltoji gulbė, sutemų viešnia, juodasis svečias). Poetė kuria grakštų, melodingą lyrinį eilėraštį, atsiremiantį į įvaizdžių sistemą, paveldėtą iš tautosakos, visų pirma liaudies dainos. Šis bruožas išlieka ir vėlesnėje Nėries kūryboje. Ryškų pėdsaką ir poetės biografijoje,ir kūryboje paliko nelaiminga meilė germanistikos profesoriui Juozui Eretui, su kuriuo susipažino taip pat ,,Šatrijos“ draugijos susirinkimuose. Už ,,nelegalią“ meilę ištekėjusiam vyrui Nėris buvo ,,nubausta“ – 1928-aisiais ji išsiųsta mokytojauti į Lazdijus, tolimą Lietuvos užkampį. Gyveno neseniai mirusio poeto Motiejaus Gustaičio kambaryje, kuris jai priminė krstą, ir dienoraštyje taip išsakę savo savijautą:,,Mano jaunos dienos čia palaidotos. Mano jaunystė čia uždaryta, kaip jaunas paukštelis blaškos ir ilgais vakarais suokia šiurpią vienumos dainą.“ Iki 1931 metų Lazdijų gimnazijoje ji dėstė vokiečių kalbą, o 1931-aisias grįžo į Kauną, kur gyveno iš redaktorės, vertėjos darbo. Tais pačiais metais išėjo antrasis poetės eilėraščių rinkinys ,,Pėdos smėly“. Jis dramatiškesnis nei pirmasis, ryškesnė individo ir miesčioniškos visuomenės priestata (eil. ,,Sudeginkit mane“, ,,Be bažnyčios“, ,,Paspausiu šaltą plieną“). Kaip ir pirmojoje knygoje rški romanso poetika (eil. ,,Raudona rožė“, ,,Paskutinė Donžuano meilė“, ,,Baisus tavo Dievas“).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-02 12:34:33',62,'','2010-11-02 12:37:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-02 12:34:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,82,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(1849,'Antanas Vaičiulaitis','antanas-vaiiulaitis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Biografija:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antanas Vaičiulaitis gimė 1906m. birželio mėn. 23d. Didžiųjų Šelvių kaime ,netoli Vilkaviškio geležinkelio stoties ,gausioje šeimoje. Mokslo poreikis Vaičiulaičių šeimoje ruseno visą laiką. 1919 – 1927m. A.Vaičiulaitis mokėsi Vilkaviškio “Žiburio”gimnazijoje. Čia pradėjo rašyti poeziją. 1927m. įstojo į Kauno universiteto Teologijos – filosofijos fakultetą, kur studijavo lietuvių literatūrą ,prancūzų literatūrą, pedagogiką ir psichologiją. Pramokęs kalbas galėjo laisvai skaityti vokiškai , prancūziškai , angliškai. Dalyvavo “Šatrijos” būrelio veikloje, visus stebino apsiskaitymu. 1934 – 1935m. baigęs universitetą dėstė Kauno jėzuitų gimnazijoje. Deja, mokytojo darbas netraukė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1935 – 1938m. studijas gilino Grenoblio ir Sarbonos universitetuose . Iš Prancūzijos 1938 – 1940m. grįžo į Lietuvą ir dirbo Eltoje(ELTA) , dėstė Kauno universitete naujosios literatūros kursą. 1940m. išvyksta dirbti į Lietuvos pasiuntinybę Italijoje(Lietuvos Ambasada Romoje). 1940m. gruodžio mėn. Persikelia į JAV. 1941 – 1945m. dėstė lietuvių kalbą Marianapolio koledže , dirbo periodikoje. 1947 – 1951m. profesoriavo Skrantono universitete ,dėstė prancūzų kalbą. 1950 – 1964m. redagavo “Aidų” žurnalą. Nuo 1951m. perėjo dirbti į “Amerikos balsą”. Gyveno Niujorke , vėliau Vašingtone. Išėjęs į pensiją , atsidėjo tik kūrybiniam darbui ir Lietuvos recepcijos prancūzų tyrinėjimui. Mirė 1992m. JAV.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Charakterio bruožai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vaikystėje buvo intravertiško charakterio vaikas. Jaunystėje nemėgo kompanijų , nelakstė po vakarėlius , visada atrodė susikaupęs, bendravo su klierikais. Tėvai norėjo ,kad jis taptų kunigu. Subtilaus charakterio:ramus, įsiklausantis, tolerantiškas , nelinkęs nei ko stebinti, nei ką neigti , kritikuoti. Tai jungiančio ,telkiančio žmogaus bruožai ,kuriam svetimas kito neigimas , žeminimas. Tvirtai eina savo keliu , nekliudydamas kitų. Suvalkietiško būdo: tvarkingas , pareigingas , korektiškas, savikritiškas , kuklus , šiek tiek asketiškas žmogus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 08:28:49',62,'','2010-11-03 08:32:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 08:28:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,81,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1850,'A. Vienažindis','a-vienaindis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pulsuojančioje ir trūkinėjančioje lietuvių romantizmo literatūroje tarp Antano Baranausko ir Maironio pasigirsta skaidrus Antano Vienažindžio poetinis balsas. Prasiveržęs sudužusios meilės rauda, trykštąs skausmu ir liūdesiu iš Dusetų, Krinčino ir Laižuvos, jis sklido ne tik po visą Lietuvą, bet buvo girdimas ir Lenkijoje, ir Amerikos lietuvių emigranto bei Samaros tremtinio pastogėje. Spalvinga, tauri A. Vienažindžio asmenybė ir emocijomis trykštanti lyrika šiandien mums įdomi keliais aspektais. Literatūros istorikui rūpi nustatyti jos vietą XIX a. antrosios pusės lietuvių poezijoje, tautosakos tyrinėtoją jaudina vienas unikaliausių reiškinių – autorinės dainos tautosakėjimas , o menininką poeto asmenybės tragizmas, iš kurio jis gali semtis įkvėpimo savo kūriniams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A.Vienažindžio kūrinių poetinė vertė matuojama ne objektyviosios tikrovės vaizdų platumu, o tuo, kad kūryba buvo lietuviškosios lyrikos pradžia su visais būdingaisiais jos bruožais – emocionalumu, liaudiškumu, žmogaus ir epochos, žmogaus ir gamtos, meilės, grožio skausmingu apdainavimu, tauriu išaukštinimu, su tuo asmenybės kūribiškumo matu, būtinu meniniam kūriniui išlikti liaudies lūpose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žanrų evoliucijoje A. Vienažindys užima savitą vietą. Jis nesukūrė nei odės, nei poemos, nei pasakėčios, juo labiau epigramos ar eiliuoto laiko. Jo lyrikosios asmenybės saviraiškai artimiausia buvo daina, melodinga improvizacija. A. Vienažindžio daina kaip žanras užima išskirtinę vietą XIX a. individualiojoje poezijoje. Ji pasižymi tokiu intymumu, kokiu skamba graudulingosios liaudies dainos, bet ir skiriasi nuo jų griežta vaizdų komponavimo logika, neturi to padrikumo, vaizdų atsitiktinumo įspūdžio, kuris jaučiamas liaudies dainose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išraiškos požiūriu A. Vienažindžio dainų yra grynai lyrinių, išsakančių intymius jausmus, ir stilizuotų, kuriose gausu tautosakos motyvų. Dainos “Žirgeliai sukinkyti”, “Še, motule, galionėlis”, “Neik už to bernelio”, “Pabalnokit man žirgelį”, “Ar negaili, sesutėle, rūtelių, rūtelių?” yra savotiški liaudies dainų stilizacijos pavyzdžiai. Subjektyvusis turinys tarsi prislopintas, fragmentiškas, - jį nustelbia nereikšminga buitinio gyvenimo detalė – motinos ir dukters pasikalbėjimas ar tautosakoje itin dažnas jaunamartės atsisveikinimo su tėvų namais motyvas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 08:33:34',62,'','2010-11-03 08:37:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 08:33:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,80,'','',0,57,'robots=\nauthor='),(1851,'M. Katiliškio \"Užuovėja\"','m-katilikio-quuovjaq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">UŽUOVĖJA - novelių romanas. Visos novelės tarpusavyje yra susijusios ne tik  išorinėmis, bet ir idėjinėmis jungtimis. Čia vaizduojamas tarpukario metų Aukštaitijos kaimas, žmonės, ūkio darbai per keturis metų laikus. Užuovėjos probleminis centras - lietuvis ir žemė.Čia slypi mūsų savitumo, savęs atpažinimo ir išlikimo galimybė M.Katiliškio prozoje paprastumas yra apgaulingas. Katiliškiui svarbiausia parodyti jausmą. Jį išreiškia per daikto ir gamtos apraiškas. Atrodo, kad jausmas ne žmogaus, o gamtos ir jį apibūdinti neįmanoma. Jausmas ateina iš išorės. Atpažinime - gyvenimo prasmės supratimas. Tikslas - nukloti žemę savo šešėliu- visur ir visada. Pagrindinė mintis - žmogus daug praranda prarasdamas ryšį su žeme, su namais. Vyrauja jausmas, panašus į žinojimą. Veikėjai priima žmones ir pasaulį tokius, kaip jie yra.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">M. Katiliškio kaimas  gyvena bendrais rūpesčiais, kolektyvine išmintimi, gamtos, net kosmoso ritmu. Senieji kaimo žmonės natūraliai priima pastovią amžinybės rato tvarką. Tačiau jaunoji karta jau ardo mitologinio pasaulėvaizdžio ribas ir veržiasi į naują laiko sampratą. Su žiema pasibaigęs metų ciklas palieka viltį sulaukti pavasario, tačiau ar pajėgs žmogus įsilieti į gamtos darną taip, kad galėtų pasakyti, kaip pasako rašytojas apie savo vaikystės kaimą:,,Viskas savo vietoje”. Ryšys su žeme. Tik ryšyje su žeme žmogus įsiamžina. Pavasario novelės - šviesios, vasaros - brandžios, ruduo - niūresnė nuotaika. Rašymo stilius primena eilėraštį. Žmonės pavaizduoti idiliški.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Svarbiausia jausmas. Jausmus išreiškia per darbus ir gamtos apraiškas. Jausmas pirmiausia išgyvenamas gamtoje, o paskui žmoguje. Tai, ką jaučia, ne visiškai turi savo pavadinimą. Išgyvenimai išsakomi per gamtą, jausmas ateina ne iš žmogaus, o iš gamtos. Viskas, ką rašo, yra tik prisiminimai. Debesys - priemonė, padedanti nusikelti į prarastą laiką. Atpažinimo momentas yra tik jausmas, laikų susidūrimas. Iš debesų išplaukia praeities kaimas, žmonės. Debesyse yra atsiminimai. Iš to atpažinimo išplaukia gyvenimo prasmė. Viskas, kas vyksta, nepraeina be pėdsakų. Gyvenimo prasmė: dirbti žemę, su ja susigyventi ir ką nors palikti, kad ir šešėlį. Praranda ryšį su savo žeme, namais. Mirtis - dalis gyvenimo prasmės. Vyrauja jausmas, panašus į žinojimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 08:38:18',62,'','2010-11-03 08:41:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 08:38:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,79,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1852,'E. M. Remarkas \"Laikas gyventi ir laikas mirti\"','e-m-remarkas-qlaikas-gyventi-ir-laikas-mirtiq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pats mirties kvapas Rusijoje buvo kitoks negu Afrikoje. Afrikoje, kai ilgai nesiliaudavo smarki anglų ugnis, lavonai tarp fronto linijų kartais taip pat gerokai pagulėdavo nelaidoti. Tačiau saulė darbavosi greitai. Naktį vėjas atnešdavo šleikštu, troškų ir slogų dvoką, negyvėliai išpūsdavo nuo dujų ir pakildavo it šmėklos svetimų žvaigždžių šviesoje, tarytum dar sykį ruošdamiesi į mūšį, tylomis, be vilties, kiekvienas skyrium; bet jau kitą dieną jie pradėdavo trauktis, glaustis prie žemės, be galo pavargę, lyg norėdami į ją įlįsti. Ir kai vėliau galima būdavo juos surinkti, kai kurie jau barkšodavo lengvi ir išdžiūvę. Kai kuriems tekdavo pagulėti po keletą savaičių, ir iš jų likdavo beveik vieni griaučiai, baršką ūmai padukslėjusiose uniformose. Tai buvo sausa mirtis — smėlis, saulė, vėjas. Rusijoje mirtis buvo purvina, dvokianti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kelinta diena lijo. Sniegas tirpo. Prieš mėnesį jo buvo dar kokiais dviem metrais daugiau. Sunaikintas kaimas, kurį iš pradžių, rodos, sudarė vieni apanglėję stogai, kas naktį, sniegui dumbant, po truputį augo be garso. Pirmiausia išniro langų karnizai, po kelių naktų — durų staktos, pagaliau gonkų pakopos, einančios į pūvantį baltą purvą. Sniegas tirpo ir tirpo, o iš po jo rodėsi lavonai. Tai buvo seni lavonai. Kaimas ne kartą ėjo iš rankų į rankas — lapkričio, gruodžio, sausio mėnesiais ir dabar, balandžio mėnesį. Čia vieni, čia kiti jį užimdavo ir palikdavo, palikdavo ir vėl užimdavo, o pakilusi pūga taip užnešdavo lavonus, jog po keleto valandų sanitarai daugelio nebegalėdavo rasti. O paskui kone kiekviena diena tiesdavo naują baltą apklotą ant nusiaubtos žemės, kaip medicinos sesuo kad kloja drobulę ant kruvinos lovos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmiausia pasirodė sausio negyvėliai. Jie gulėjo paviršiau ir ėmė rastis balandžio pradžioj, sniegui pradėjus dubti. Jų kūnai buvo kietai sušalę, o veidai — lyg iš pilko vaško nulipdyti. Kareiviai vertė juos į duobę kaip rąstigalius. Ant aukštumėlės už kaimo, kur mažiau sniego, jis buvo nukastas ir iškirsta duobė sušalusioje žemėje. Tai buvo sunkus darbas. Prie gruodžio negyvėlių pasitaikydavo ginklų, priklausančių sausio negyvėliams. Šautuvai ir rankinės granatos giliau grimzdo į sniegą negu kūnai; pasitaikydavo kartais ištraukti ir šalmų. Šių lavonų atpažįstamuosius žetonus lengviau buvo iškirpti iš po mundurų, nes drabužiai jau buvo spėję išmirkti. Vandens prisirinko ir atvirose burnose, dėl to lavonai atrodė kaip skenduolių. Vienas kitas lavonas jau buvo kiek atsileidęs. Tokius nešant, kūnas dar būdavo sustiręs, bet ranka jau tabaluodavo nukarusi, tartum kam modama, pasibaisėtinai abejingai ir mažne begėdiškai. Visiems, kurie pagulėdavo saulėje, pirmiausia atsileisdavo akys. Jos nebespindėdavo kaip stiklas, ir jų lėlytės būdavo apglitusios. Ledas tirpdavo ir pamažu tekėdavo iš akių; atrodydavo, kad jos verkia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 08:41:44',62,'','2010-11-03 08:48:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 08:41:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,78,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor=');
INSERT INTO `jos_content` VALUES (1853,'Kodėl nelaimingos moterys romane \"Vilius Karalius\"','kodl-nelaimingos-moterys-romane-qvilius-karaliusq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Romane “Vilius Karalius” Ieva Simonaitytė pateikia daug įvairių žmonių charakterių. Kiekvienas veikėjas kūrinyje aprašomas daugiau ar mažiau sklandžiai. Autorė nuodugniai išnagrinėja herojų vidinius išgyvenimus, skaudžias likimo peripetijas. Skirtingai negu asmens, kuris yra romano centre, o jo paveikslas yra vientisas ir išplėtotas, moterys vaizduojamos tarsi lygiagrečiai Viliaus Karaliaus pakilimams ir nuosmukiams. Visuomeninės padėties atžvilgiu kūrinio veikėjas yra viena į kitą nepanašios ir savitos asmenybės, kurios skirtingai gyveno, vargo ir buvo skaudžiai apviltos, vienišos, tačiau žengė toliau likimo posūkiais. Taigi kodėl nelaimingos moterys romane “Vilius Karalius”? Į šį klausimą galime atsakyti tik supratę rašytojos vaizduojamų veikėjų dalią, būtį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ievos Simonaitytės kūryboje ypatingu būdu tarsi atsiliepia senoji matriarchalinė pasaulėvoka. Gyvenimas ir egzistencija prasideda iš moters, ji yra svarbiausia būties saugotoja, globėja. Būtent tokią rašytoja vaizduoja senąją Karalienę, kuri romano pradžioje yra apsuptą vyro meilės, šiltų jausmų ir tylios, skaidrios ramybės. Katrė - viena iš dviejų paskutinių Šalteikių Šalteikio dukrų. Kaip pasakos herojė Eglė, Karalienė augina vieną dukrą ir tris sūnus. Eidama savo likimo vieškeliu ši veikėja yra laiminga, tačiau auganti karta savo problemomis nustelbia ramų, juakų gyvenimą. Ji bando saugoti Karalių namų židinį, garbę, numarina tėvą, vėliau vyrą. Motinai tenka kentėti dėl sūnų moralinių ir fizinių nuosmukių. Ši moteris stipri tuo, kad gražiai gyveno artimųjų apsuptyje. Ji stebi vyriausiojo sūnaus brendimą ir nuosmukį, Anskio būties idiliją ir Martyno kilnią egzistenciją. Po Karaliaus mirties supranta, kad ji - vienintelė lietuviškojo šeimos židinio sergėtoja. Po karo moteris suvokia, kad Vilius nepakeičiamai ir negrįžtamai nuriedėjo į tamsią bedugnę. Nelengva motinai, kuri užauginusi vaikus ir juos išleidusi į gyvenimą, pripažinti sau ir išrėžti sūnui į akis, kad jis yra “šmugelninkas” - menkas ir niekingas žmogus. Visa tai plėšo seną Karalienės širdį. Taigi galima teigti, kad motinos liūdesys, kančia yra lygiagretus Viliaus nuosmukiui. Todėl, manau, kad šios moters skausmą ir nusivylimą įtakojo vyriausiojo sūnaus klaidos. Rašytoja veda Katrę Karalienę, orią ir išdižią ūkininkę, sunkiais praradimo keliais, bet suteikia paskutinį džiaugsmą, užuojautą - sugrįžusį Martyną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Priešingas, sudėtingas ir prieštaringas yra Grėtės Plonikės charakteris. Gyvendama kartu su tėvais ir broliu Mikiu, kuris meiliai ir palaimingai rūpinosi seserimi, ji patyrė būties pilnatvę: “Kol Mikis buvo čia, ji gyveno kažkokį sielos ir grožio gyvenimą. Visi žmonės jai buvo mieli ir brangūs. Visas jos pasaulis, neskaitant marių, - toks gražus.” Tačiau praradusi vienintelę jaunystės ir širdies atramą ši veikėja tampa išdidi ir atžagari. Grėtė - svajotoja, trokštanti būti ūkininke, turėti gražų vyrą, moteris, kuri veržiasi nuo matių, gimtųjų namų. Jaunas sielos prasiskleidimas - romantiška svaja, kaip S. Nėries posmuose: Plaukia Plaukia baltos burės per marias.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 08:48:40',62,'','2010-11-03 08:51:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 08:48:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,77,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1854,'“Kalnai kelmuoti, pakalnės nuplikę” - kaip daugiaprasmė metafora','kalnai-kelmuoti-pakalns-nuplik-kaip-daugiaprasm-metafora','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiekvienas žmogus grybaudamas, uogaudamas ar šiaip klaidžiodamas senais Lietuvos miškais norom nenorom turėtų prisiminti A. Baranausko poemą “Anykščių šilelis”. Ir štai žmogus sėdasi ant “minkštučiukų samanų patalų” ir bando pajausti tai, ką taip norėjo pajausti A. Baranauskas. Tačiau prieš akis iškyla “kelių apykreivių pušelių” ir “nenaudingo ploto vaizdas” - tai pradedama poema “Anykščių šilelis”. Tačiau tuojau pat detalė po detalės nuo apačios iki pat viršūnių piešiamas praeities šilelis pragiedrina nuotaiką ir žmogus ima suprasti poeto būseną, mintis. Bene ryškiausiai mes galime suprasti, kad žodžiais šilelis, miškas poetas kalba apie Lietuvą, o senovinis šilelis atskleidžia idingą Lietuvos praeitį. Ir be praeities idealizavimo “Anykščių šilely” galime surasti daug romantizmui būdingų bruožų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Be gamtos sureikšminimo kūrinyje ryškiai pastebimas Dievo suabsoliutinimas, taip pat iškeliami jausmai (ypač ramumas, malonumas). Kai ir daugelis romatikų, gamtoje A.Baranauskas įžvelgia paslaptingą jėgą, kuri vėl ir vėl traukia lietuvį į mišką. Miške atgaivinamos “lietuvių dūšios senais miškais penėtos.” A. Baranauskui patinka toks sielos poilsis, ramybė, tačiau mes visa tai galime sieti su pagonybe. Tai pat A. Baranauskas vaizduoja vis atgyjantį šilelį, kuris gali simbolizuoti lietuvių tautą, kartas, todėl būdamas miške žmogus tarsi atsiduria šalia savo protėvių - savotiškam rojuje - greičiau pagoniškame, nei krikščioniškame. Bet jau “kalnai kelmuoti, pakalnės nuplikę”, nebėra sielai nusiraminti kampelio, nebėra šventos vietos, nebėra rojaus - miško. Tą A. Baranauskas supranta ir, nors giliai tiki krikščionišku Dievu bei ruošiasi tapti kunigu, gailisi pagonybės laikų, krikščionybę sieja su neteisingu miško kirtimu - “maž ir vierą įvedęs Jogaila išskynė”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 08:52:15',62,'','2010-11-03 09:05:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 08:52:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,76,'','',0,51,'robots=\nauthor='),(1855,'Justino Marcinkevičiaus tezės','justino-marcinkeviiaus-tezs','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogus - kaip raidė knygoje, kurios pavadinimas - Žmonija. Tiktai pažindami raides, pradedame skaityti. Žmogus negali suvokti Nebūties - todėl, kad jis yra Būtis. Tragiškiausias žmogaus būties aktas - mirtis. Žmogus įgyja vertę, tiktai realizuodamas savo kūrybinį ir moralinį turinį. Nereikia dievinti žmogaus - tai jį demoralizuoja, paralyžuoja moralines ir kūrybines pastangas, t.y. nužmogina jį. Kiekvienas supranta žmogų tik tiek, kiek randa savyje, kiek turi savyje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Suprasti save - suprasti kitą, suprasti kitą - suprasti save. Žmogus yra \"dievo\" ir \" velnio\" dialektinė vienybė. Žmogus - gamtos valdovas. Kiekvienas žmogus - tai vis naujas kontinentas ar bent jau sala. Žmogus yra viso istorinio vyksmo priežastis ir tikslas. Žmogus vienintelis iš visos gamtos pažįsta laiką, tačiau dažnai juo nemoka naudotis. Kiek gražus žmogus, tiek jam gražus pasaulis. Žmogus nesuvokiantis savęs istorijoje ir istorijos savyje - nuogas, silpnas, bejėgis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 09:06:20',62,'','2010-11-03 09:09:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 09:06:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,75,'','',0,39,'robots=\nauthor='),(1856,'A. Škėmos kūryba','a-kmos-kryba','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Draminis Antano Škėmos (1911-1961) palikimas nėra didelis-devynios įvairaus dydžio ir nevienodo brandumo pjesės. Kai kurios jų (\"Živilė\", \"Vieną vakarą\", \"Pabudimas\", \"Šventoji Inga\", \"Vienas ir kiti\", \"Žvakidė\") yra vaidintos išeivių scenos terpėse, labai prieštaringai vertintos ir vėliau kiek primirštos. Autorius labiau garsėjo romanu \"Balta drobulė\", apysakomis ir apsakymais, nei savo draminiais veikalais, tačiau jie vis dėlto tiek savo problematika, tiek parašymo stiliumi yra vieni iš iškiliausių 20A. vidurio veikalų.  A.Škėmos labai sceniška dramaturgija, kupina teatrinės magijos ir dvasingumo , patraukianti drąsiais formos užmojais. Pats, A.Škėma, būdamas aktoriumi  ir režisieriumi, gerai perprato vidinio veiksmo politiką, personažų sielų santykiavimo ritmus. Jo pjesės - baladinio pobūdžio. Visa, kas jose vaizduojama - tartum pusiau sapnas, neaiški haliucinacija. Personažai -lyg iš kažkieno sudirgintos fantazijos rūko išplaukę gaivalai. Konfliktinės situacijos dažnai saistomos grėsmingų sukrėtimų, neišvengiamos žūties nuojautų ar kruvinos depresijos, per kurią einama į savęs atradimą, priešiškų širdžių santarvę, dvasinę harmoniją. Meilė, švelnumas, romantiškos meilės ilgesys čia susipynę su beveik siurrealistinėmis žiaurumo apraiškomis, kančia, melodramišku sielvartavimu dėl žmogiškųjų vertybių žlugimo. Ši estetinė tikrovė nėra realaus gyvenimo kopija, vis dėlto joje ryškiai šviečia ir istorinio laiko rodyklė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A.Škėmos dramatiškasis subjektas - 20a. smurtą, netikrumą, apgaules, išdavystes patyręs, save praradęs ir savęs ieškantis žmogus. Vienur jis viską iškenčiantis,  stoiškas, kitur krentantis į juodą nevilties bedugnę, kerštaujantis likimui ar maldaujantis dangaus malonės. Vienišas žmogus ir jį supantis susvetimėjęs pasaulis- svarbiausi A.Škėmos draminiai pradmenys. Jo herojai privalo stoti į vieną arba į kitą pusę žūtbūtiniame pasaulio lūžyje, jų pasirinkimą valdo amžinieji gėrio ir blogio principai, kuriems turi paklusti individuali būtis skaudžiai trupėdama, vyksmas grindžiamas \"mirties momentu\", kuris yra reikšmingiausia tikrovė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">\"Pabudime\"(1949-1950) nostalgiškas žmogiškumo susidūrimas su pasaulio beprotybe nepalyginamai realus ir psichologiškai motyvuotas. Veiksmas vyksta Vilniaus NKVD rūsiuose, tardymų bei kankinimų patalpose pirmaisiais stalinistinių represijų Lietuvoj metais. Šioje dramoje NKVD tardymų kamera tampa ta erdve, kurioje žmogus išbandomas mirtimi ir meile.  Laisvės kovotojų konfrontacija su nuožmiais smurto vykdytojais yra beatodairiška ir užsibaigia kruvinu finalu. Įtampą sustiprina meilės trikampis-komplikuotas dviejų skirtingų moksladraugių varžybos dėl moters. \"Pabudimo\" uždangai pakilus pirmiausia matome baimę ir maldą. Kun.Antanas neramiai miega, jo gyvenimą supa baisūs sapnai . Su kiekvienu \"Tėve mūsų\" kunigo širdy, smegenyse, visam kūne aidi žingsniai pas jį ateinančios mirties. Šiam Dievo pateptajam mirtis ateina kaip baimė gal todėl, kad jis, nors ir kunigas, vis dėlto yra kartu ir silpnas žmogus. Kazys tvirtas, ironiškas, bet irgi gyvena mirties šešėlyje, jis irgi suklumpa ir sako:\"Aš bijau, kunige. Aš labai bijau, kunige.\' Jis irgi dar neišmoko būti žmogumi, jo valanda dar ateis. Jo meilė Elenai susideda iš \"La Camprasita\", iš pabučiavimų ir iš jos nustūmimo nuo tikrai svarbių, bet ir pavojingų gyvenimo aspektų nežiūrint to, kad Elena yra jo žmona. Meilė yra laimėjimas, o jos nebuvimas- pralaimėjimas ir dvasios pražūtis. Tikroji meilė glaudžiai susijusi su mirtim, nes jei Kazys nori kad Elena tikrai būtų jo žmona, jis turi išdrysti pasmerkti tam pačiam pavojui, kuris jam jo darbe gresia. \"Pabudime\" mirtis ir meilė vaikščioja prisidengę keliais pavidalais: laimėjimas ir žmogiškumas, nusikaltimas ir išpirkimas. O savo aukščiausią prasmę įgyja jie tik paskutinę gyvenimo minutę ir tada pasidaro labai panašūs, lyg ir susilieja į vieną. Kartą A.Škėma yra pasakęs : \"Mirties momentas yra pati reikšmingiausia tikrovė\". \"Pabudimo\" personažai peržengia  empiriškosios realybės ribą, eina į individualybės esmę. Svarbiausia šios pjesės personažų nuostata yra etinio vientisumo ir tapatumo ieškojimas. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 09:09:34',62,'','2010-11-03 09:12:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 09:09:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,74,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1857,'Santrauka apie J. Aputį','santrauka-apie-j-aput','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">J.Aputis gimė 1936m Raseinių rajone. Prozaikas: 1960m baigė VU, literatūrą. Dirbo “literatūra ir menas”, “girios” redakcijose. Pradėjo spausdinti 1960m. rinkiniai: “žydi bičių duona”, “rugsėjo paukščiai”, “keleivio novelės”, “horizonte bėga šernai”. Lėtoko, ramaus pasakotojo detalei skirtas ypatingas vaidmuo. Šykštokas poetinėms puošmenoms. Mėgsta šnekamosios kalbos žodžius, posakius, intonacijas. Nesibijo pavartoti viena kitą barbarizamą, laiko padiktuotą naujadarą. Sėkmingai naudojasi “ne savo vietoje atsidūrusio žodžio efektu”. Ironija - retas svečias, bet blyksteli laiku ir vietoj.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tenkinasi pačiu menkiausiu epitetu, mažybinėm, maloninėm formom. Nuotaikos (pirmiausiai liūdnos) meistras. Tematikos atžvilgiu - kaimo rašytojas. Savotiška atsvara kompromisui su sąžine, žmogaus susmulkėjimui, per visas Apučio knygas eina žmogaus orumo, savo vertės jutimo, aukštesnių, ne visada aiškiai suvokiamų ir įvardijamų dvasinių siekių idėja. Idėjinę, estetinę įtaigą ir reikšmę lemia autoriaus saikas ir taktas. Giliausią įspūdį palieka nuolat stiprėjanti tolstančios vaikystės, paauglystės, ankstyvosios jaunystės gaida.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išvados: taupus, tikslus, efektyvus poetinių raiškos priemonių vartojimas yra svarbi Apučio prozos ypatybė.meninė kūryba be kitų savo ypatybių turi dar ir tą, kad pro nepakartojamai individualų reiškinį, pro nepamėgdžiojamai savitą`kūrėjo likimą visada prasišviečia ir universalesni dėsningumai, visuotinė patirtis. Aputis filosofiškai sprendžia žmogiškąsias problemas. Rašo ne sau, bet žmogui ir apie žmogų (stengiasi užčiuopti jautriausias stygas, sužadinti norą matyti, girdėti vienas kitą). Dominuoja kaimo tema, autobiografinė tema, grįžimo į vaikystę, tėvu namus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 09:13:15',62,'','2010-11-03 09:16:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 09:13:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,73,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1858,'Ar sunku būti karaliumi? (pagal B. Sruogos \"Milžino paunksmė\") ','ar-sunku-bti-karaliumi-pagal-b-sruogos-qmilino-paunksmq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Karalius – tai aukščiausias valstybės žmogus, valdantis visą karalystę. Jis gyvena prabangiuose rūmuose, apsuptas dvariškių. Jam nieko netrūksta, kiekvienas karaliaus noras yra tuoj pat vykdomas. Atrodytų idealus karaliaus gyvenimas B. Sruogos dramoje nužvelgiamas iš visiškai kitos, tamsiosios pusės, parodomi tokio gyvenimo trūkumai, bėdos, intrigos. Vyriausias karaliaus sūnus, sosto įpėdinis, nuo pat gimimo yra laikomas būsimu karaliumi. Nuo pat mažens jam rodoma ypatinga pagarba, jį moko geriausi šalies mokytojai. Užaugęs jis būna gerai išsimokslinęs, susipažinęs su valstybės padėtimi ir pasiruošęs perimti tėvo sostą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">B. Sruogos aprašytame Jogailos gyvenime viskas buvo kitaip. Jis buvo tarsi prirakintas prie karaliaus sosto ir su juo kaip su marionete žaidė visi, kas panorėjo. Jį “ištrėmė” iš tėvynės į svetimą, širdžiai nemielą šalį, apgaulingai suteikus jam garbingą karaliaus titulą, uždėjus aukso karūną, kuri jam neatnešė garbės, o tik gėdą. Jis buvo tarsi žaisliukas milžino rankose: jis nebuvo savarankiškas, visus spremdimus už jį priimdavo kiti. “Tau įsakys, ką tu turi daryti. Kalbėti ką. Mylėti. Vesti…”. Jo ketvirtoji žmona Sonka jam buvo neištikima, nes jie vienas kito nemylėjo. ”Sutuoks tave. Vaikų tau prigimdys”,”Šeima manoji… Dieve, kam mane taip rūsčiai nubaudei!”. Dauguma aplinkinių jam veidmainiavo, melavo, “laiške ne tai parašo, ką tau skaito, ir skaito man ne tai, kas parašyta!”. Jogaila jautėsi nesavas lenkų kompanijoje. Jis ilgėjosi tėvynės Lietuvos, tačiau buvo įkalintas Lenkijoje iki gyvos galvos ir net norėdamas negalėjo pasirinkti norimų kalėjimo sargų-patarėjų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvos didysis kunigaikštis Vytautas siekė karaliaus titulo. Tas titulas nebūtų nieko pakeitęs, o tik suteikęs jam daugiau šlovės. Jis ir toliau būtų vadovavęs savo gimtajai šaliai, į kurią jis įaugęs nuo pat šaknų. Jis buvo valdingas žmogus, sugebantis vadovauti didžiulei valstybei. Todėl jam, savarankiškam ir nuo nieko nepriklausančiam žmogui, būti karaliumi nebūtu sunku. Mūsų pasaulyje, kuriame kiekvienas gyvas padaras viską daro tik tam, kad išpeštų naudos sau, karaliumi būti yra sunku. Tiktai ypatingai tvirtam ir valdingam žmogui, apsuptam ištikimų ir dorų žmonių, gali pavykti įgyvendinti tai, ką padarė per savo valdymo metus Vytautas. Tokiam asmeniui kaip Jogaila, įstatytam į karaliaus sostą ir labai priklausančiam nuo aplinkinų, karaliauti nėra nei lengva, nei malonu, nei garbinga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 09:16:39',62,'','2010-11-03 09:20:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 09:16:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,72,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1859,'Moterys I. Simonaitytės kūryboje','moterys-i-simonaityts-kryboje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">I. Simonaitytė – Klaipėdos krašto rašytoja. Jos kūryba neatskiriama nuo Klaipėdos krašto, jo istorijos, socialinių, tautinių problemų. I. Simonaitytė, kaip asmenybė, buvo labai universali, visapusiška, sugebėjo su žmonėmis sugyventi taip, kaip jie sugyveno su ja. Romanas “Vilius Karalius” tai Mažosios Lietuvos lietuvininkų gyvenimo būdas, papročiai, tik deja jie toli gražu neišlieka tokie, kokie romano pradžioje. Svarbiausios veikėjos moterys: Motina (senoji) Karalienė, Grėtė Karalienė, Barbė, Marė, Ilžė Karalikė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Motina Karalienė – stipri, išdidi, ori. Gyvenimo prasmę mato vaikuose. Savo buitimi neišeina iš šeimos kasdienybės rėmų. Laikosi tvirtų moralinių principų. Stiprios socialinės ambicijos, dažnai ją įtraukia į konfliktą su aplinkiniais (Grėte, Ane), tačiau žavi jos dvasinis tvirtumas. Su Karaliene tarsi pasitraukia iš pasaulio senieji lietuvininkai su savo uždara buitimi. Motina Karalienė senjų tradicijų, senosios moralės saugotoja, ji smerkia sūnų šmugelninką, tačiau nepajėgia jo išsaugoti. Grėtė – pagrindinio, “Vilius Karalius” romano veikėjo, Viliaus Karaliaus, žmona. Jos paveikslas šiek tiek romantiškas. Ji išdidi, ambicinga, bet kartu ir svajotoja. Pirmasis jai skaudus smūgis – išvaromas Mikis. Tada mes matome Grėtę irzlią, šiurkščią, bet svajotoja, pasiilgusi švelnumo, tebėra širdies gilumoje. Grėtė išteka, išeina iš namų. Tokia jos didžioji svajonė. Bet moteris nėra laiminga. Bando būti savarankiška, pakeisti Vilių, visomis jėgomis stengiasi įsitvirtinti Karalių šeimoje, bet jai nuolat primenama, kad ji tik žvejo duktė. Santykiuose su Viliumi ji blaškosi tarp meilės ir nepasitikėjimo, su motina ir Karaliene – tarp prisirišimo ir neapykantos, su Barbe ir Ilže – tarp draugiškumo ir pavydo. Romano pabaigoje pasirodžius Mikiui, galime nujausti Grėtės dvasinį atbudimą, prisikėlimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 09:42:05',62,'','2010-11-03 09:56:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 09:42:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,71,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1860,'Graikų mitologijos testas','graik-mitologijos-testas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 10:41:50',62,'','2010-11-03 10:44:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 10:41:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,70,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(1861,'\"Užuovėja\"','quuovjaq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">UŽUOVĖJA - novelių romanas. Visos novelės tarpusavyje yra susijusios ne tik  išorinėmis, bet ir idėjinėmis jungtimis. Čia vaizduojamas tarpukario metų Aukštaitijos kaimas, žmonės, ūkio darbai per keturis metų laikus.Užuovėjos probleminis centras - lietuvis ir žemė.Čia slypi mūsų savitumo, savęs atpažinimo ir išlikimo galimybė M.Katiliškio prozoje paprastumas yra apgaulingas. Katiliškiui svarbiausia parodyti jausmą. Jį išreiškia per daikto ir gamtos apraiškas. Atrodo, kad jausmas ne žmogaus, o gamtos ir jį apibūdinti neįmanoma. Jausmas ateina iš išorės. Atpažinime - gyvenimo prasmės supratimas. Tikslas - nukloti žemę savo šešėliu - visur ir visada. Pagrindinė mintis - žmogus daug praranda prarasdamas ryšį su žeme, su namais. Vyrauja jausmas, panašus į žinojimą. Veikėjai priima žmones ir pasaulį tokius, kaip jie yra.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">M.Katiliškio kaimas  gyvena bendrais rūpesčiais, kolektyvine išmintimi, gamtos, net kosmoso ritmu. Senieji kaimo žmonės natūraliai priima pastovią amžinybės rato tvarką. Tačiau jaunoji karta jau ardo mitologinio pasaulėvaizdžio ribas ir veržiasi į naują laiko sąmpratą. Su žiema pasibaigęs metų ciklas palieka viltį sulaukti pavasario, tačiau ar pajėgs žmogus įsilieti į gamtos darną taip, kad galėtų pasakyti, kaip pasako rašytojas apie savo vaikystės kaimą:,,Viskas savo vietoje”. Ryšys su žeme. Tik ryšyje su žeme žmogus įsiamžina. Pavasario novelės - šviesios, vasaros - brandžios, ruduo - niūresnė nuotaika. Rašymo stilius primena eilėraštį. Žmonės pavaizduoti idiliški.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Svarbiausia jausmas. Jausmus išreiškia per darbus ir gamtos apraiškas. Jausmas pirmiausia išgyvenamas gamtoje, o paskui žmoguje. Tai, ką jaučia, ne visiškai turi savo pavadinimą. Išgyvenimai išsakomi per gamtą, jausmas ateina ne iš žmogaus, o iš gamtos. Viskas, ką rašo, yra tik prisiminimai. Debesys - priemonė, padedanti nusikelti į prarastą laiką. Atpažinimo momentas yra tik jausmas, laikų susidūrimas. Iš debesų išplaukia praeities kaimas, žmonės. Debesyse yra atsiminimai. Iš to atpažinimo išplaukia gyvenimo prasmė. Viskas, kas vyksta, nepraeina be pėdsakų. Gyvenimo prasmė: dirbti žemę, su ja susigyventi ir ką nors palikti, kad ir šešėlį. Praranda ryšį su savo žeme, namais. Mirtis - dalis gyvenimo prasmės. Vyrauja jausmas, panašus į žinojimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 10:45:29',62,'','2010-11-03 10:48:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 10:45:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,69,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1862,'Santrauka apie J. Biliūną','santrauka-apie-j-bilin','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">\"Kai skaitai trumpus, bet prasmingus, nuostabaus žavesio kupinus apsakymus, negali net įsivaizduoti į kokias aukštumas būtų įkopęs šis talentas, jei nebūtų taip anksti suklupęs, kopdamas į laimės kalną.\" /K.Umbrasas/</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">1) Niūronys 1879-1891<br />2) Liepoja, Tartu 1891-1901<br />3) Šiauliai, Panevėžys 1901-1903<br />4) Leipcigas, Ciurichas 1903-1905<br />5) Zakapanė 1905-1907.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 10:49:00',62,'','2010-11-03 10:51:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 10:49:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,68,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1863,'Liūnės Sutemos eilėraščio “Tėvo nukaltu raktu” interpretacija','lins-sutemos-eilraio-tvo-nukaltu-raktu-interpretacija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvių kalba laikoma viena sunkiausių dėl jos žodžių įvairovės. Įvairiai parinktos frazės, motyvai ar sąskambiai gali sukurti įvairiausią atmosferą, sukelti asociacijas, priversti skaitytoją fantazuoti. Labiausiai tai išreikšti sugeba poetai, rašydami tai, ką įsivaizduoja, ką jiems liepia širdis. Tokios mintys yra tikros, nuoširdžios ir be veidmainystės šydo. Liūnė Sutema – viena iš tokių poetų; jos slapyvardis iš skambesio sukelia gilumą ir tamsą. Tai atsispindi ir rašytojos poezijoje – gausu vaizdų, jausmų, prisiminimų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Eilėraštis “Tėvo nukaltu raktu” aprašo būseną, kuomet žmogus nori užsidaryti savyje, atsiriboti nuo jį supančio pasaulio, džiaugtis tik vidinėm mintim ir prisiminimais. Tai ne jo kaltė, kad jis toks užsidaręs – taip jį išauklėjo ir užaugino tėvai (“Tėvo nukaltu raktu užrakinau duris”), tačiau vaikystę jis prisimena kaip mielą žaislą (“žaisliniu vaikystės skydu”), kuriuo galima apsisaugoti nuo baimės ir realybės. Širdies sustojimas reiškia mirtį, o užsisklendimas – ramybę, kuri gali trukti visą gyvenimą (“ir ramu – ir taip gyvenu”). Atsiribojama nuo visų jutimo organų – akių, ausų, širdies, dvasios.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Eilėraštyje pažymimi pagrindiniai ramybės ir saugumo drumstėjai – įsiskverbimas į vidinį gyvenimą, liūdesys, skundai, auksmai. Kiekvienam blogam jausmui randamas atsakas geru jausmu (“migla aptraukiau akis, kad nematyčiau liūdnų veidų”, “perkūnu užtrenkiau ausis, kad negirdėčiau skundų ir šauksmų”). Visa eilėraščio poetinė struktūra sudaro savotišką piramidę: uždaromos durys, kad niekas neįeitų – tai virūnė, arba visiškas atsiribojimas dvasiniam gyvenimui; migla aptraukiamos akys – iek tiek mažiau svarbus momentas, nes regėjimas yra svarbiausias jutimo organas; užtrenkiamos ausys – žmogus nebegirdės aplinkinių garsų; saugomasi mirties, kuri įvertinama kaip pati žemiausia pakopa, siekiant atsiriboti nuo pasaulio. Dvasinis gyvenimas svarbiausias, jis laikomas kiekvieno asmeniniu jausmu, kurio kiti negali keisti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atsiribojus nuo pasaulio ir realybės visais įmanomais būdais, pasiekiama ramybė, stagnacija, kuri tęsiasi amžinai (nėra nurodytas laikotarpis, todėl susidaro įspūdis, kad tai tęsis be galo – “ir taip gyvenu”). Tačiau ši ramybė nėra mirusi – ji gyva, nes plaka irdis (“kad i baimės nesustotų plakus širdis”), pagrindinis organas gyvybei palaikyti. Protas skirtas mąstymui, galvojimui, tačiau tiesiogiai gyvybę reguliuoja “varikliukas”, esantis kiekvieno žmogaus krūtinėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 10:52:05',62,'','2010-11-03 10:54:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 10:52:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,67,'','',0,39,'robots=\nauthor='),(1864,'Santrauka apie Šatrijos Raganą','santrauka-apie-atrijos-ragan','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gimė Medingėnuose, Plungės rajone. Motina - nepaprastai tikinti. Vaikystė prabėgo linksmai, džiaugsmingai. Vėliau apsigyveno Užvenčio dvarely - čia ji formavosi kaip rašytoja. Mokė tėvas, samdė mokytojus. Įstojo į Peterburgo gimnaziją. Grįžo po pusės metų. Toliau mokėsi namuose. Skambino pianinu, dainavo. Susidomėjo bitininkyste, išvyko mokytis bitininkystės Varšuvoje. Susidraugavo su P.Višinskiu. Bet nepamilo. Višinskis išrūpina stipendiją, ir Ragana išvyksta į Ciurichą. Studijavo: filosofiją, psichologiją, pedagogiką, literatūrą (2m.). Per karą nesievakuavo, grįžo į Židikus, pas savo motiną ir seserį, kur ir mirė. Čia ir sukūrė savo brandžius kūrinius. Gyvenimas suformavo krikščionišką pasaulėžiūrą: labdara, asketiškas gyvenimas ir kūryba, paremta krikščioniška morale.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 10:54:40',62,'','2010-11-03 10:56:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 10:54:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,66,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1865,'S. Nėries jaunystės polėkis (\"Anksti rytą\")','s-nries-jaunysts-polkis-qanksti-rytq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">\"Anksti rytą\" buvo pirmasis išleistas Salomėjos Nėries eilėraščių ciklas, parašytas poetei dar esant studente. Poetė buvo pilna stipraus gyvenimo džiaugsmo ir gyveno jaunystės pojūčiais. S. Nėris norėjo paprastai, nuoširdžiai ir dainingai perteikti jaunystės polėkį. Ji norėjo aplinkinius įtikinti, koks laimingas yra jaunas žmogus ir parodyti, kokių stebuklingų galių suteikia jaunystė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 10:57:18',62,'','2010-11-03 10:59:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 10:57:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,65,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1866,'J. Avyžius \"Sodybų tuštėjimo metas\" 3-4 dalys','j-avyius-qsodyb-tutjimo-metasq-3-4-dalys','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">TREČIOJI  DALIS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1944 metai. Vyksta mobilizacija į tarybinę armiją. Atsiranda žmonių, kurie priešinasi rusams ir jie nutaria pereiti per fronto liniją. Išvykstant miršta Adomo Vainoro motina. Keliaujantiems paspendžiama pasala ir jie išžudomi. Adomas lieka gyvas. Grįžta namo Gediminas. Išrenkami valdžios atstovai. Akvilė sugalvoja palikti Keršį ir išvažiuoti į miestą su Mariumi. Marius tampa apskrities pirmininku, Juodasis Bigė - apylinkės pirmininku. Tačiau Marius pradeda konfliktuoti su Žemažiūrevu ir Linartu. Jam pakvimpa partinio bilieto netekimu. Jam siūlo palikti Akvilę, bet jis nesutinka. Gediminas mokytojauja. Bet vėliau jį nušalina, atseit jis vaikus blogai mokina.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš fronto grįžta Jurgis Vainoras be kojos.Milicininkas Kęstumieras myli Justę Vainorytę. Jis gaudo žmones ir juos išveža. Žemažiūrevas išsikviečia žmones tardymui, nes įtaria juos susidėjus su banditais.Iškviečia Keršį, Gediminą, Marių.Marių iškviečia už tai , kad jo biografijoje yra spragų- jo meilužė yra Akvilė- jos brolis Adomas partizanas, o tėvai priešinosi rusams. Gediminui siūlo laisvę, jeigu jis sutiks eiti į mišką ir būti informatoriumi. Bet jis nesutinka. Žemažiūrevui patinka kalbėti su žmonėmis, juos tardyti. Juos paleidžia, o Keršį laiko ilgiau. Akvilė grįžta į kaimą. Marius persirengia elgeta Nikodemu ir aplanko Akvilę. Jurgis įkalba Keršį padėti partizanams. Bekraunant maistą į valtį, Gediminą pagauna.Bet jis sugeba pabėgti su arkliais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 11:00:16',62,'','2010-11-03 11:03:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 11:00:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,64,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1867,'Antanas Škėma','antanas-kma','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Antanas Škėma - vienas iškiliausių dvidešimtojo amžiaus lietuvių literatūros modernistų išeivių, pasirinkęs gana savitą kūrybos kelią. Jis griežtai neigė egzodo literatūros konservatyvų uždarumą, stengėsi meninį žodį paremti Vakarų mentalitetu, taip išgaudamas radikalių modernumo apraiškų spektrą, nuspalvinusį ir lietuvių literatūros dramą, ir prozą. Škėmos kūriniams būdinga kūrybos būdų maišatis, apimanti postmodernizmo niuansus, siurrealizmo pasąmonės vaizdinių šėliones, ,,sąmonės srauto” antilogiką, kurie visi drauge kuria melodramatiškai kontrastingą ir kompoziciškai nevientisą, tačiau itin autentišką ir ekspresyvų stilių. Romanas ,,Balta drobulė”- vienas geriausių Škėmos kūryboje, tad nenuostabu, kad čia atsispindi visa rašytojo ypatumų gama. Romanas pulsuoja dinamika: čia, įrėminta detalizuoto aplinkos piešinio, nešama vidinių būsenų ir monologų- dialogų tėkmės, ,,košiama” per pasąmonės erdvę, gulasi vieno žmogaus gyvenimo istorija, svarstomos individo sielos, talento ir menkystės problemos šių dienų pasaulyje- visa tai atsispindi ir ištraukoje, kurią nagrinėsiu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Trys pirmieji ištraukos sakiniai- trumpos tezės, glaustai supažindinančios skaitytoją su pasakotojo vidine būsena. Pati pradžia- trapus ,,norėčiau”. Pasakotojas, kalbėdamas lyg ir pats su savimi, ,,apsinuogina” prieš skaitytoją, atveria savo svajų labirintus svetimai akiai, bendrauja betarpiškai, pirmuoju asmeniu. ,,Norėčiau būti akmeniu, vandeniu, mėnuliu, žvaigžde,”- ką sako toks troškimas susitapatinti su šiais gamtos motyvais? Tai- siekis atsiriboti nuo savęs, savojo fizinio, tačiau iš dalies ir dvasinio pavidalo, lyg atminimu apie buvusį kūną pasiliekant akis ir pojūčius, tačiau išsižadant jausmų, apsiribojant vien logišku aplinkos stebėjimu ir analize. ,,Tenoriu stebėti ir žinoti stebėjimą,”- ši būsena pati primityviausia iš esančių visatoje, dar vadinama egzistencija arba vegetacija. Tai- lyg būsena augalo, pranašesnė vien regos pojūčiu. Tačiau pasakotojas staiga suvokia tokios būsenos siekio beprasmybę: ,,Bet man sunku pavirsti mašinos sraigtu”. Kažkas dar yra likę, kas trukdo ramia širdimi nutraukti visus ryšius su pasauliu ir atsiduoti nešališkai, objektyviai analizei. Tas ,,kažkas”- Elena. Jos kupini nepasitenkinimo kumščių dūžiai vis dar aidi pasakotojo pasąmonėje, neleisdami išeiti, palikti, atsiriboti. Tie dūžiai- lyg trapus ir plonas sąsajų siūlas, laikantis pririštą prie gyvenimo, kuris jau taip netoli nuo absurdiško egzistavimo ribos. Atsiveria tarsi du keliai (abu- beveik neįmanomi, įmanomas tik nuolatinis balansavimas tarp jų, stengiantis nenukristi vienon ar kiton pusėn); leistis kūniškų aistrų valdomam ir ,,išspausti” keletą kūrybos lašų iš savęs arba atsiriboti nuo pasaulio, likti su savimi ir stengtis iš egzistencijos be sukrėtimų išgauti nors ką nors panašaus į kūrybą, į kūrinį. Ryški retorika leidžia skaitytojui suprasti, kad pats pasakotojas- veikėjas- supranta abiejų situacijų neįmanomumą, ribotas galimybes bent pradėti kurios nors vienos siekti. ,,Tebenoriu rašyti”- visas būties tragizmas telpa šioje frazėje. Kūrėjas nori kurti, nesvarbu, kokia to kaina ar rezultatai, nesvarbu, kad galbūt nieko neišeis- niekas nesvarbu...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 11:03:40',62,'','2010-11-03 11:06:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 11:03:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,63,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(1868,'Čiurlionio kūryba','iurlionio-kryba','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">KŪRYBA: Čiurlionio kūrybinis palikimas yra ne tik gausus-jis paliko apie 300 įvairių žanrų muzikos kūrinių. Būdingas šio kompozitoriaus muzikos bruožas yra jos liaudiškumas, susijęs su meile gimtajam kraštui ir gamtos poezijai. Muzikos nuoširdumą lemia vyraujanti lyrinė jo kūrinių nuotaika. Čiurlionio muzikai būdingas ir filosofinis susimąstymas optimistinė nuotaika, šviesi pažiūra į gyvenimą. Visoje savo kūryboje Čiurlionis ypač didelę reikšmę teikė jos idėjiniam turiniui. Jis gerbė klasikines tradicijas, giliai jas analizavo ir panaudojo naujiems kūrybiniams ieškojimams. Čiurlionis pirmasis nurodė teisingas gaires kitiems lietuvių kompozitoriams, vystantiems nacionalinį lietuvių muzikos stilių. Jis pirmasis panaudojo liaudies dainų intonacijas savo originaliuosiuose kūriniuose. Liaudies dainų motyvai ir nuotaika daro jo muziką liaudišką.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nesitenkindamas įprastinėmis meninės išraiškos priemonėmis, kompozitorius ieškojo būdų muzikinei kalbai praturtinti. Todėl  jo kūriniuose neretai matome savitai vedamą melodinę liniją, naujas harmonines spalvas, išradingai panaudotas daugiabalsės muzikos formas-fugą, imitaciją, kanoną ir kt. Tematinės medžiagos vystymui jis dažnai pritaiko variacijų principą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">FORTEPIJONINĖ MUZIKA: Čiurlionis yra parašęs daugiau kaip 150 kūrinių fortepijonui, daugiausia preliudų. Greta jų minėtos fugos, kanonai, sonatos, mazurkos, polonezai, noktiurnai, variacijos liaudies dainų temomis ir kt. Pirmuosius savo kūrinius fortepijonui Čiurlionis sukūrė, studijuodamas Varšuvos muzikos institute. Tai buvo daugiausia preliudai, parašyti Šopeno įtakoje ir atspindintys svajingą, jautrią, lyrišką jauno kompozitoriaus prigimtį. Didelę reikšmę Čiurlionio fortepijoninio, o ir apskritai muzikinio stiliaus formavimuisi turėjo studijos Leipcigo konservatorijoje. Jo to meto preliuduose ryški liaudies motyvų įtaka. Jomis pagrįstas ir mažas preliudas a-moll, kurio melodija skamba varpų garsus primenančios, pastoviai kartojamos boso melodijos fone. Nuo 1904m. Ima reikštis visai savitas Čiurlionio fortepijoninis stilius. Nuo buvusio ramaus Šopeniško lyrizmo kompozitorius kaskart vis labiau pereina į dramatizmą, veržlumą, melodinės slinkties neįprastumą. Čiurlionis visada domėjosi lietuvių liaudies menine kūryba, stengėsi pajusti visą liaudies dainų grožį ir jį atkurti savo muzikoje. Kompozitorius parinko apie 20 lietuvių liaudies dainų, iš kurių vienas tiesiog pritaikė fortepijonui, o kitų temomis parašė po keletą variacijų. Įdomiausios variacijos fortepijonui, kuriose nepaprastai puikiai išreiškiama dzūkų rugiapjūtės liaudies dainos nuotaika, yra “Bėkit, bareliai”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 11:06:46',62,'','2010-11-03 11:08:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 11:06:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,62,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1869,'Laimingasis - tai aš','laimingasis-tai-a','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Juozo Grušo noveles galima skirti į dvi pagrindines grupes: vienos yra lyrinio-intelektinio pobūdžio (\"Mergaitė ir vienišas žmogus\", \"Karalaitė nebuvo protinga\", \"Baimė ir nebaimė\" ir kt.), kitos - paradoksinės, atvirai sąlygiškos, simbolinės (\"Tu mušei Adomą\", \"Nuogi atrodo negražiai\", \"Trys paradoksinės novelės apie švarą\" ir kt.).<br />Brandžiausios novelės pasižymi psichologinės analizės gilumu, žmogaus vidinių prieštaravimų vaizdavimu, netikėtomis sąmonės kitimų kolizijomis. Čia pirmiausia iškeliamas dvasinis pasaulis, žmogaus santykis su žmogumi. Paradoksinėse novelėse pasakojamos absurdiškos istorijos, siekiama sužadinti perkeltinės prasmės sugestijas, kuriami paraboliški tikrovės modeliai. Rašytojas kontrastingai ryškina žemuosius žmogaus instinktus bei socialinio išsigimimo reiškinius, piešia groteskinį buities paveikslą, panašų į žvėrių cirko areną.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nedideliuose novelės rėmuose J.Grušas sutelkia visą didelį pasaulį, įkurdina jame žmogų su visa jo socialine patirtimi ir prigimties sudėtingumu. Geriausiose rašytojo novelėse dažnai glūdi tokios būties problemos ir kolizijos, kurių pakaktų didelei dramai, tragedijai ar komedijai. Mažoje kūrinio erdvėje rašytojas siekia gilios meninės sintezės, jungdamas psichologo įžvalgumą, mąstytojo intelektą, drąsią meninę vaizduotę ir nerimastingą dvasinį išgyvenimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">TRYS PARADOKSINĖS NOVELĖS APIE ŠVARĄ</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Liūdna novelė apie beprotę Konstanciją</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mūsų nedidelio miesto gyvenimas ilgą laiką sukosi apie vieną keistą, periodiškai besikartojantį įvykį. Žmonės jaudinosi, piktinosi, keikėsi gatvėje, smuklėje, tyliai kalbėjosi bažnyčioje, kūrė legendas, pagaliau pajuto savotišką malonumą, kažką panašaus į laimę, be kurios jau būtų buvę nuobodu. Tas besikartojąs įvykis buvo juokingai kvailas: kažkokia beprotė Kiaulių gatvėje padeginėjo pirtis. Padeginėjo beveik viešai ir tuo pat metu paslaptingai, vaiduokliškai. Prieš kiekvieną padegimą policija gaudavo gana protingą, kaligrafiškai parašytą laišką: Šią naktį degs pirtis to, kuris praėjusį kartą juokėsi, kad kaimyno pirtis sudegė. Po tokio laiško policija, kaip sakoma, būdavo pastatyta ant kojų, bet policininkai nežinojo, kurią būtent pirtį saugoti. Be to, turėdami klaidingą garbės supratimą, jie laikė negarbinga per naktį stovėti prie kažkokios pašiepiamos vanojimosi įstaigos. Savininkai taip pat nesiryžo per naktį vaikščioti apie savo pirtis. Jie daugiau stengdavosi slaptai pažvelgti, ar kaimynas nevaikšto apie savąją. Ir pirtis tą naktį tikrai supleškėdavo, nušviesdama visą miestą jaudinančia pašvaiste, mesdama iš lovų vaikus, gindama iš namų besižegnojančias senes, prikeldama iš anksto įspėtus ugniagesius - piktus, nerangius, galvojančius, kad visa tai daroma pasityčioti iš jų nelengvo darbo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 13:03:22',62,'','2010-11-03 13:08:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 13:03:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,61,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(1870,'Egzamino tekstai interpretacijai','egzamino-tekstai-interpretacijai','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">1 TEKSTAS<br />K. Donelaitis<br />METAI<br />(ištrauka)<br />,,Rods, – tarė Lauras, ant kumpos lazdos pasirėmęs, –<br />Dievui būk garbė! sveiki pavasarį baigiam<br />Ir visi drūti pargrįžtant vasarą matom.<br />Vei! kaip vėl aukštyn saulelė kopti paliovė<br />Ir, aukščiaus savo žėrintį nuritusi ratą,<br />Ant dangaus išgaidryto sėdėdama žaidžia.<br />Vei! kaip jos skaistums, kūrendams žiburį karštą,<br />Žemės vainikus pamaži jau pradeda vytyt<br />Ir grožybes jų puikias su pašaru maišo.<br />Ak! kaip tūla mūsų žolelių taip nusirėdė,<br />Kad nei boba jau didei sukrošusi kumpso.<br />O kiek jų darže žmogaus ranka nusiskynė<br />Ir, grožybėms jų margoms trumpai pasidžiaugus,<br />Jaugi suvytusias ir nederingas išmetė laukan.<br />Bet taip ir paukšteliams mūs linksmiems pasidarė.<br />Ką gegužė pakukavo, ką lakštingala suokė<br />Ir ką vieversiai poroms lakstydami žaidė, –<br />Tai jau baigias vis ar jau visai pasiliovė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Daug gyvų daiktų, kurie lizde prasidėjo,<br />Tėvą su moma prastoję penisi patys<br />Ir dainas savo tėvų atkartodami čypsi.<br />Taip trumpam čėse1 nei naujas sviets pasidarė.<br />Tokius aš dyvus, kaip sens žmogus, pamatydams<br />Irgi dūsaudams iš širdies, tuo šūkteriu graudžiai:<br />Ak! tariu, kaip visai niekings mūsų veikalas amžio.<br />Mes, silpni daiktai, kaip švents mums praneša Dovyds,<br />Nei žolelės ant laukų dar augdami žydim.<br />Kožnas viens žmogus užgimdams pumpurui lygus,<br />Iš kurio žiedelis jo pirmiaus išsilukštin,<br />Ik po tam jis, peržydėjęs ir nusirėdęs,<br />Užaugin vaisius ir amžį savo pabaigia.<br />Taip iš viso taip ir mums biedniems pasidaro.<br />Mes (taip pons, kaip būrs), lopšyj verkšlendami bėdžiai,<br />Amžio būsiančio tikt blogą pumpurą rodom.<br />O paskui, kad čėsas jau žydėti pareina,<br />Štai viens kaip ponatis poniškai šokinėdams,<br />O kits būriškai kaip būrvaikis bėginėdams,<br />Jaunas savo dienas glūpai2 gaišydami lošta.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 13:08:43',62,'','2010-11-03 13:11:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 13:08:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,60,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(1871,'K. Borutos \"Baltaragio malūnas\" ištrauka','k-borutos-qbaltaragio-malnasq-itrauka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ar galima būtų įsivaizduoti tikrovėje ant aukšto Udruvės kalno stovintį Baltaragio malūną, jo šeimininką, pražilusį Baltaragį, gražuolę jo dukrą jurgą, pas kurią vis važiuoja piršliai su jaunikiais, bet niekas nedavažiuoja, nes jiems sukliudo Paudruvės pelkių velnias Pinčukas? Tikrovėje tokių dalykų nėra, taigi K.Borutos romane yra nemažai mitų ir tautosakos elementų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bene labiausiai išsiskiriantis mitinis veikėjas šiame romane – velnias Pinčukas. Jo istorija yra labai įdomi. Visą laiką snausdavo savo pelkėse, o tik kai miegoti nusibosdavo, kad gal ir neblogai būtų, jeigu turėtų pačią. Bet kur ją gausi? Jokia laumė ar ragana neis už tokio nusmurgusio velniuko. Tai ir teko Pinčukui tiktai sapnais ir svajonėmis pasitenkinti. Jeigu nėra pačios, tai ir nereikia. Tai ir buvo velnias patenkintas šitokiu savo gyvenimu ir būtų taip ir toliau nerūpestingai praleidęs likusias dienas, jei nebūtų nustojęs ūžti Baltaragio malūnas. Tai velniui labai nepatiko ir jis nuėjo pas savo kaimyną pasikalbėti. Jam buvo pažadėta Baltaragio dukra, tačiau susipratęs apgautas senelis nenorėjo atiduoti savo vienturtės ir taip pat apgavo velnią, įkišdamas jam už pačias seną bambeklę Uršulę. Ji, suvokus, kad su velniu turi reikalą, nepasimetė ir gerokai iškūlė vargšą velnią. Nuo tos dienos Pinčukas pradėjo bijoti moteriškų sijonų ir už tai, kad tik galėtų nevesti “Baltaragio dukros” Uršulės, sutiko tarnauti Baltaragiui septynis metus. Laimingas velnias buvo, ant malūno sparnų besisupdamas, tačiau suprato vieną dieną esąs apgautas ir pradėjo keršyti savo kaimynui. Nuo tos dienos nė viena piršlių karieta negalėjo į malūną atvažiuoti, išskyrus Girdvainį, su savo obuolmušiais žirgais atskriejusį pas Jurgą kaip viesulas. Tačiau velnias nebūtų velnias, jei savo keršto iki galo neįvykdytų. Jis išardė jaunųjų vestuves ir net išvedė juos iš proto. Girdvainis lakstė lyg pakvaišęs paskui savo žirgų žvengimą po laukus, ir nieko nepešęs buvo nutrenktas perkūno, beeidamas pas Jurgą atsiprašyti ir susitaikyti. Tragiškai baigėsi visų pagrindinių romano veikėjų likimai, neliko nenubaustas ir velnias Pinčukas. Jis, perkūno partrenktas, nugarmėjo į pragarą, kur jam ir vieta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 13:12:09',62,'','2010-11-03 13:14:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 13:12:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,59,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(1872,'J. Baltušio \"Sakmė apie Juzą\" analizė pasirinktu aspektu','j-baltuio-qsakm-apie-juzq-analiz-pasirinktu-aspektu','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">J. Baltušio “Sakmė apie Juzą” analizė pasirinktu aspektu. Geriausias J. Baltušio kūrinys – romanas “Sakmė apie Juzą”. Šiame romane rašytojas bandė sumodeliuoti lietuvio charakterį, sukaupusį savyje ilgaamžę patirtį. Koks gi tas sakmiškasis ir realusis Juza – pagrindinis romano veikėjas? Juza – darbščių, tvarkingų, pasiturinčių ūkininkų antrasis sūnus. Darbštus, sumanus, mažakalbis žmogus. Iš šeimos jis gauna dideles ir neįkainojamas gyvenimo pamokas, ypatigai iš senelio Jokūbo. Jaučiam koks tvirtas jo žinojimas, pasitikėjimas savo jėgomis. Juza nemoka dirbti atmestinai, nes žino, kad toks darbas yra bevertis. Tai romantiškasis Juza. Šio veikėjo charakteriui būdingesnis yra sakmiškasis pasaulis. Ne veltui J. Baltušis nesuteikia Juzai pravardės ir lygina jį su savotišku žyniu, lyg šventą ugnį saugojančiu ateinančioms kartoms. Juzai suprantamas ir priimtinas ne istorinis laikas, o amžinasis gamtos ciklo laikas. Jis nesupranta istorinės kaitos. Juza skaudžiai išgyvena mylimos merginos netektį, mylimos, bet jo nemylinčios. Atsiskiria nuo šeimos ir apsigyvena naujoje vietoje, kur iš savotiško chaoso arba kuria iš nieko namus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Visi veikėjo darbai Kairabalėje sureikšminami, rituališki. Rituališkumas pasireiškia tuo, kad kiekvienas darbas atliekamas jį įvardijant. Kiekvienas judesys reikšmingas, apgalvotas. Pamažu Kairabalė tampa namais. Bekasdamas šulinį aptinka kareivių kaulus. Taip Juza erdvė  prasiplėčia susiedama su požeminiu pasauliu. Nepasisekė Juzai su vandeniu, tai lyg ženklas, kad nebus ramybės Kairabalėje, tokių ženklų yra ir daugiau. Juzai kūrimosi vaizdai, rituališka herojaus veikla, žmonių požiūris į keistuolį, artimųjų rūpinimasis. Juzai susikurtas pasaulis – tai mažytis kosmoso modelis, mitologinis pasaulio medis, jungiantis visas 3 sferas: požeminę, darbinę ir aukštąją, dieviškąją. Harmoningai sujungti gyvųjų ir mirusių pasauliai į darnią visumą ženklina būties pilnatvę. Juzai darbai – tai žmogaus gyvenimą įprasminanti kūryba. Bet ar kūryba turi vertę, kai ji yra pati sau? Juza palieka žmonių pasaulį. Vadinasi ryšiai su išoriniu pasauliu nutraukiami. Kairabalė netampa ramybės vieta. Pasikartojanti frazė “O Juza buvo vienas. Visiškai vienas” išduoda, kad Juzai negerai. Nepavyksta jį pamilusiai ateiti į jo gyvenimą, nepriima jos. Už ką vertinamas romanas? Už teisingumą, gamtos ir darbo vaizdus, kupiškėnų tarmę, sudėtingą veikėjų charakterį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 13:15:29',62,'','2010-11-03 13:36:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 13:15:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,58,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(1873,'Rašytojų nuopelnai (lentelė)','raytoj-nuopelnai-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 13:43:45',62,'','2010-11-03 13:45:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 13:43:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,57,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(1874,'K. Bradūno poezija. Pasirinktų eilėraščių analizė','k-bradno-poezija-pasirinkt-eilrai-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">K. Bradūnas ( g. 1917 m. ) - ko gero pats tikriausias žemininkas. Karui baigiantis K. Bradūnas su šeima pasitraukė į Vakarus. Kurį laiką gyveno Vokietijoje, nuo 1949 m. įsikūrė JAV. Čia nepaprastai intensyviai kūrė, vieną po kitos išleisdamas šešiolika knygų. Lietuvių kultūros istorijoje svarbus K. Bradūno , kaip bendrų darbų organizatoriaus, telkėjo vaidmuo. K. Bradūnas suredagavo antologiją “ Žemė “, V. Mačernio “ Poeziją “, yra vienas iš “ Lietuvių egzodo literatūros 1945 - 1990 “ redaktorių. Svarbus K. Bradūno vaidmuo ir “ Literatūros lankuose “.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai lietuvių kraujo, žemės ir mito poetas. Tai poetas, turintis žemės šventumo jausmą. Jo žodynas nesudėtingas, jam primityvi aplinka įgyja kosmines dimensijas. Dar iš vaikystės K. Bradūnui visam gyvenimui išlieka jausmas - supratimas, kad viskas yra čia pat, kur tu gyveni. Tavo žemėje. Po tavo kojomis - žemė. Bet ne šiap sau žemė, o gimtoji, šventoji, pats žmogaus žmogiškumo pamatas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kazio Bradūno žodis žemininkų tarpe skambėjo itin reikšmingai. Niekas kitas nėra taip giliai išreiškęs švento žmogaus ryšio su savąja žeme. Į dirvą įsmigęs žemdirbio plūgas, iš gelmės ištryškę amžinųjų šaltinių vandenys, šviesėjančiame danguje skambantys vyturiai, laukų platybė, kur “ smilksta žemė tartum aukuras gražus “ - tai K. Badūno žmogaus pasaulis, kuriame glūdi jo esaties šaknys. Likiminis ryšys su tėvų ir protėvių žeme yra jo laimės, gyvybės, vilties, paties jo buvimo versmė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dvi pirmosios K. Bradūno poezijos knygos išėjo dar Lietuvoje karo metais. Jau Vokietijoje - “ Svetimoji duona “. “ Maras “, “ Apeigos “. Jo kūryboje atsiveria ir universalios kultūrinės, istorinės sąsajos, tačiau žemės akcentas yra svarbiausias. Taip išreiškiamas žemininko įsipareigojimas gyvenimo prasmę susieti su prasme gyventi savo žemėje. K. Bradūno poezijos liūdną nuotaiką lemia atsiskyrimas nuo žemės , gyvenimas svetur. “ Svetimoj duonoj “ ( 1945 ) jam įvairiausiais pavidalais vaidenosi tušti paliktieji namai, iš po kojų išslydusi gimtoji žemė. Pagrindinis emocinis išgyvenimas šiame rinkinyje yra intymus prarastos buities atpažinimas svetimo krašto detalėse, kurios užuot paguodusios, dar giliau žeidžia savo aiškiu ir galutiniu įrodymu, kad  poetas tikrai tėviškės neteko. Kad jis jau neatšaukiamai tremtinys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 13:46:16',62,'','2010-11-03 13:48:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 13:46:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,56,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(1875,'Liaudies dainos atšvaitai Salomėjos Nėries kūryboje','liaudies-dainos-atvaitai-salomjos-nries-kryboje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Literatūra daug skolinga tautosakai. Tautosakoje glūdinčios išminties semiasi daugelis dabarties ir praeities menininkų. Lietuvių literatūros šaltiniais naudojamasi daug daugiau negu bet kuriais. Pagrindinis bruožas, kuris patraukia rašytojus, yra lyrinių dainų sentimentalumas. Ankstyvojoje S.Nėries lyrikoje atstumas iki tautosakos didelis: tik atskiri pasakų įvaizdžiai, pasakiška aplinka. Liaudies dainų atšvaitų nerasime. Artimesni saitai su liaudies daina užsimerkė nuo rinkinio “Mūsų pasakos” redagavimo. Šiame rinkinyje jau jaučiama tautosakos įtaka.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gal dainiško pasaulėvaizdžio aiškumas ir paprastumas tapo psichologiškai artimesnis kartu su metais, su atrandama vidine pusiausvyra. Liaudies dainos atgarsiai pasigirsta toje Nėries lyrikos dalyje, kur aiškėja poetės nesutarimas su tikrove, realybe. Tada tautosakinių įvaizdžių ir elementų panaudojimas siejasi su rudens simbolika: “rudenio vėtros”, “vieškelio audros”, “pamotė vėtra”. Pasinaudodama liaudies dainomis, tas neatitikimas tarp realybės ir jos yra neatitikimas tarp įvaizdžių, kurie reiškia šiurkštumą, šaltumą. Gražiausi dainiški, liaudiški Nėries posmai gimė tėvynei karo metais. Poetė visur su savimi nešiojasi iš Juškos rinkinio išrašytas dainas, kurios turėjo didelės įtakos jos kūrybai. S.Nėries posmuose atsiranda natūralus santykis su vertybėmis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 13:49:11',62,'','2010-11-03 13:56:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 13:49:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,55,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1876,'\"Valentina\"','qvalentinaq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">„Valentina”, – mano nuomone, pats graudžiausias lietuvių literatūros kūrinys. Galbūt pelnytai jis gali būti vadinamas gražiausia meilės saga ar jausmingiausiu lietuvio autoriaus romanu. Jis kupina svajonių, o būtent svajonės, kurios, žinome, neišsipildys, ir yra pats graudžiausias dalykas šiame romane (o gal ir apskritai visame plačiame pasaulyje).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mano pasirinkta ištrauka ir žavi Antano svajonių nuoširdumu bei graudumu. Skambant „giedrai” muzikai ir švelniam Valentinos balsui, jis nugrimzta į peizažą, nugrimzta į ramų bei lengvą Čiurlionio paveikslą, nugrimzta į vestuviniu maršu aidintį bažnyčios altorių. Tai, kaip A.Vaičiulaitis vaizduoja muzikos paveiktą Antaną, jo jausmų pasaulį ir patį požiūrį į ilgesingą muziką, rodo, kad jo kūrybą stipriai veikė impresionistinės srovės. Įspūdis, kurį jis sukuria palyginimais, gamtos vaizdais, epitetais ir pačiu svajonės turiniu, yra toks įtikinamas, kad nejučiomis išgyveni tą patį audringą jausmą, kurį patiria Antanas. Vieną akimirką Antano svajonės visiškai susilieja su muzika („Ilgas pabaigos gaudimas nusitęsė kaip baltas nuotakos šydas”), su muzika, kuri tarsi „bijo prabilti ir skambėti tam svetimam pasauly”, kuri sukuria gražiausias svajones ir įkvepia tauriausius jausmus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jausmingoji „Valentina” beveik nepažįsta šiuolaikinių technikos laimėjimų, kūrinio veiksmas galėjo vykti tiek prieš pusšimtį, tiek prieš trejetą šimtų metų, romane vaizduojama ir jo veiksmui nemažai reiškia gamta. V skyriaus pabaigoje, Valentinai giedant „Pastoralę”, pirmas dalykas, kurį prisimena Antanas, yra būtent gamtos vaizdas – jis „prisiminė piemenėlį, sėdintį su švilpyne tarp pirštų ir grojantį, klausant šitiems žaliems medžiams ir pilkiesiems ereliams”. Antanas, mano nuomone, yra žmogus, kuriam gamta reiškia labai daug, nes vos tik pabudus jausmams, jo svajonės susitapatina būtent su gamta. Jam gamta tai harmonijų harmonija, susitaikymas ir ramybė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nors vėliau lėtai skambančias natas pakeičia „neramūs ir greiti” garsai, harmonija ir susitaikymas išlieka – žalia ir pilkšva spalvos (kurias Antanas mato M.K.Čiurlionio paveiksle) irgi simbolizuoja ramybę. Tai lyg ir kužda, kad Antano vidinis gyvenimas šiuo metu yra be jokių didesnių neramumų ar audrų. Kiek keistai Antanas pradeda jausti pavydą Valentinai – dėl jos muzikinio išsilavinimo – „suvokia ji kitokią prasmę visų šitų andantino, allegretto ar staccato”. O ir visame romane Antanas atrodo esąs tikras egocentrikas, jaučiama, kad jis yra svarbiausia asmenybė – netgi Valentina, jo mylimoji, prieš kurią, rodos, jis turėtų nuolatos nusižeminti, turi paklusti jo norams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 14:04:16',62,'','2010-11-03 14:06:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 14:04:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,54,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(1877,'Mike Resnick \"Manamuki\"','mike-resnick-qmanamukiq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prieš daugelį amžių pirmojo Kikuji protėvio Gikuji vaikai įsikūrė šventojo Kirinijagos kalno, dabar vadinamo Kenijos Kalnu, papėdėje. Jo šlaituose veisėsi daugybė gyvačių, tačiau Gikuji vaikams bei vaikaičiams jos pasirodė bjaurios, ir jie netrukus pastarąsias išnaikino. Gyva liko tik viena. Vieną dieną toji gyvatė atšliaužė į jų kaimą ir, nutvėrusi mažytį vaikelį, surijo jį. Gikuji vaikai kreipėsi į savo gydytoją ir kerėtoją - mundumugu - prašydami pašalinti grėsmę. Mundumugu išmetė magiškuosius kauliukus, paaukojo ožką ir galiausiai paruošė nuodus gyvatei sunaikinti. Jis perskrodė pilvą dar vienai ožkai, jos viduriuose paslėpė nuodus ir viską paliko po medžiu. Jau kitą dieną gyvatė, prarijusi radinį, nugaišo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Dabar, - tarė mundumugu, - sukapokite gyvatę į šimtą gabalėlių ir išmėtykite juos ant šventojo kalno, idant joks demonas nebegalėtų jos atgaivinti. Gikuji vaikai viską padarė, kaip buvo liepta, ir išbarstė gyvatės gabalus Kirinijagos šlaituose. Tačiau naktį tie gabalai atgijo ir virto gyvatėmis, tad netrukus visi kikuji išsigandę nebedrįso peržengti savo boma slenksčių. Mundumugu pakilo į kalną ir, pasiekęs jo viršukalnę, kreipėsi į Ngai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Mus užplūdo gyvatės, - tarė jis. - Jeigu tu nesunaikinsi jų, Kikuji tauta tikrai žus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">- Aš sukūriau gyvatę, o taip pat Kikuji bei visa kita, - atsakė Ngai, sėdėdamas savajame auksiniame soste Kirinijagos viršūnėje. - Tai, ką aš sukūriau: ar tai būtų žmogus, ar gyvatė, medis ar netgi mintis - man nėra šlykštūs. Šį kartą aš jus išgelbėsiu, nes esate jauni ir nepatyrę, tačiau nevalia pamiršti, jog negalima naikinti vien to, kas atrodo šlykštu. Jei bandysite šitą sunaikinti, susilauksite šimtąkart didesnės nelaimės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 14:07:01',62,'','2010-11-03 14:09:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 14:07:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,53,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1878,'Kokias vertybes teigia šiuolaikiniai novelistai?','kokias-vertybes-teigia-iuolaikiniai-novelistai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Daugelis kūrėjų gilinosi į vidinius žmogaus slėpinius, siekė pažinti pasaulį bei moralines ir dvasines vertybes. Būtent lietuvių literatūros šiuolaikiniai novelistai savo kūryboje pateikė daug aspektų, kurie įprasmina ir apibendrina tobulą žmogiškąją egzistenciją. Tačiau norėdami suvokti ir savitai apibendrinti šias vertybes turime išanalizuoti kiekvienos B. Radzevičiaus, J. Apučio, R. Lankausko ar A. Pociaus novelės meninį stilių, savitą filosofinį ir gilų minčių srautą, kurio pirmapradė jėga teikia dvasinės stiprybės, nepriklausomybės nuo išorinio pasaulio.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Manau, jog visa tai atsispindi pirmiausia Romualdo Lankausko kūryboje, kiek lakoniškoje ir ironiškoje. Šis novelistas savitai bandė atgaivinti skaitytojo atmintyje praeities svarbias vertybes, kurias užgožė sovietinė idealogija, šaltos ir nepriimtinos dogmos. R. Lankauskas niūrioje kasdienybėje ieškojo to gyvenimiškojo prado, siekė vėl atrasti minties polėkio laisvę, sakralių jausmų nevaržomumą. Jaunas architektas novelėje “Balta, juoda ir mėlyna” sutelkė visas savo vertybes darbe, kūryboje. Pagrindinis herojus nuobodžioje aplinkoje siekė išlaikyti savąjį moralinį ir dvasinį stabilumą, išgyvenimų ir jausmų stabilumą, tačiau visuomenė ir pati būtis viską totaliai paneigdavo, sunaikindavo. Taigi, manau, jog Romualdas Lankauskas savo kūryboje vaizdavo asmens laisvę, vidinių nuostatų ir siekių didingumą šioje susvetimėjusioje egzistencijoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kitas novelistas, kuris ieškojo žmogiškosios būties tikslo, buvo Algirdas Pocius, visa tai vaizdavęs savitai ir originaliai. Savo kūryboje jis įprasmino visa tai, ką galime pavadinti kaip laisvės troškimą ar individualių nuostatų “neliečiamumą”. A. Pociaus novelėje “Šunys mėnesienoje” pastebimi glaudūs dvasiniai ryšiai, o tiksliau vienpusė žmogiška meilė ir potraukis į laisvę, kurią šiuo atveju įprasmina globojamų šunų nevaržoma ir paprasta lemtis. Manau, jog tai rašytojas perteikė savotišku dualizmu, šiuo atveju pasireiškusiu tarp šeimininko ir gyvūnų. Anaiptol novelėje “Tik du sūnus” interpretuojamas kitoks, visiškai žmogiškas savitarpio ryšys - brolių tarpusavio supratimas, pirmapradė meilė, suteikianti gyvenimo tikslą. Motina myli abu sūnus, tačiau labiau rūpinasi tuo, kuris miške. Tuo tarpu broliai ir jų tikslai bei moralinės nuostatos yra priešingos būties. Vienas motinos sūnūs tarsi įkūnija vidinio pasaulio ir realybės opoziciją, visiškai suskaldančią jaukią namų erdvę į dvi dalis. A. Pocius taip bandė pavaizduoti visos to meto visuomenės susiskirstymo idėję. Taigi, manau, logiška yra teigti, jog pagrindinė šio novelisto mintis - pateikti skaitytojui tas dorovines ir filosofines vertybes, kurias svarbu išlaikyti mūsų monotoniškame, pernelyg paprastame gyvenime.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-03 14:10:00',62,'','2010-11-03 14:12:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-03 14:10:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,52,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1879,'S. T. Kondrotas \"Ir apsiniauks žvelgiantys pro langą\" I dalis','s-t-kondrotas-qir-apsiniauks-velgiantys-pro-langq-i-dalis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gyvenimas panašus į rūmą, turintį begalę erdvių kambarių ir ankštų kamarėlių, aibę paprastų ir slaptų koridorių, girgždančių laiptų, troškių užkaborių, drėgnų pripelijusių rūsių ir voratinkliais apžėlusių palėpių. Vienos ertmės gyvenamos, kitos — jau apleistos, ištuštėjusios, negyvos, nuplėšytais sienų išmušalais nelyginant barbarų aukos kūnas su karančiais odos skivytais. Visur — kažkokie šešėliai, kažkokie šmėsčiojantys pavidalai, kurių akis negali pagaut, sustabdyt, užfiksuot. Jie tirpsta, nyksta vos žvilgsnis juos kliudo. Iš visur sklinda tylus juokas ir atodūsiai, kvailas kikenimas, užslopinta rauda ir šnabždesiai, kurių prasmės neįmanoma suvokt, nes ausis neskiria pavienių garsų atskirų žodžių, tik vientisą šnarėjimą, tarsi už lango monotoniškai purkštų smulkus įkyrus lietus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vyrų, moterų, vaikų šešėliai senių ir jaunuolių pavidalai, šunų, kačių, ožkų, pelių ir šikšnosparnių siluetai plevena pustamsiuose kambariuose. Galima įsivaizduoti, kaip jūs peržengiat horizontą ir atsiduriat praeity (lyg tos šulinių dugne radusios laimę našlaitės), einat ir einat, klaidžiojat painiais labirintais dieną, mėnesį, metus, sutikdami šešėlius, kurie smelkiasi jums pro pirštus, kai pabandot juos sučiupt, įsižiūrėt, atpažint, pasiklaust kelio (pirmyn arba atgal). Jūs sukat ir sukat ratus, kilpojat, blaškotės iš kambario j kambarį. Didelės skaisčios salės koridorių gale jums teikia vilties, kad tuoj išeisit į šviesą (tikrąja, metafizine prasme), kad tenai laukia vientisas ir nuoseklus jūsų kelionės paaiškinimas ar bent jau šių begalinių rūmų planas (koks pergamento ritinys, akmeninėse grindyse įrėžti ženklai, šachmatų lenta, gaidų sąsiuvinis ar kitkas), bet viltasi tuščiai (jūs tarsi sapne arba slaptingam pitagorietiškam labirinte), paprasta žemiška šviesa ten veržias pro plačius stiklinius langus, už kurių tačiau nieko nematyt, nei medžių, nei kelių, nei dangaus, nei neregio, nei piemens su švilpyne, nei vasnojančių paukščių, ir jūs tik žinot, kad yra dar kitas pasaulis, kita tikrovė, išvis jums nepažįstama ir bauginanti kaip tos žvaigždės gilaus naktinio dangaus prarajoj, į kurias negali žvelgt be šiurpo. Jūs klajojat ir klajojat vis labiau netekdami vilties suvokti rūmo tvarką, jūs skubat genami neaiškios nuojautos, kad nespėsit, jūs bėgat, iki netenkat kvapo ir išeikvojat jėgas, tuomet ropojat, šliaužiat vis pirmyn ir pirmyn (arba atgal, tai, žinia, lygiai tas pats), kol su baime pajuntat, kad liaujatės prisiminę tikslą, kurio šitiek laiko siekėt, jūs sėdatės (ar susmunkat) ant grindų, užsidengę delnais akis ir suspaudę tvinkčiojančius smilkinius, suvokiat, kad niekas jau nebegali jums padėti, kad jus taip pat vieni iš tų šešėlių, kurie kažko siekia, ieško kelio, prasmės ar tikslo. Ir laikas eina, bėga valandos, dienos, o jūs mąstot ir mąstot, žvelgdami į prošal judančius siluetus, kol galop jums ima rodytis, kad galvoj šviesėja, kad jau tuoj tuoj suvoksit kažką tokio, kas padės susigaudyti, kur jūs esat ir kodėl, ir ką reiškia tas beribis statinys... Bet ar taip kada atsitiko?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-04 09:54:11',62,'','2010-11-04 10:22:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-04 09:54:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,51,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(1880,'Žmogaus kelias visuomenėje','mogaus-kelias-visuomenje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogus - tai nuostabiausias sutvėrimas, egzistuojantis žemėje. Jis mąsto, dirba, kuria savo asmenybę. Žmogus nėra tobulas, bet siekia tobulybės. Jis yra individualybė, unikali asmenybė. Pirmą kartą žmogus pasveikina pasaulį savo klyksmu. Tai- kūdikio klyksmas. Iš bejėgių kūdikių išsivysto žmonės, kurie sugeba kovoti ne tik už save, bet ir už artimą, Tėvynę. Nuo pirmų dienų jie įtakoja visuomeninį gyvenimą. Kaip asmenybės formavimui daug įtakos turi vaikystė. Ne tik smėlio dėžė, kurioje mažylis žaidė, bet ir tėvų meilė, auklėjimas, bendravimas, pirmasis ištartas žodis ir net, pirmasis žengtas žingsnis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogus nedrąsiai žengia visuomenės keliu. Jis su nerimu laukia tos dienos, kai pirmą kartą įžengs į klasę, išvys pirmąją mokytoją, parašys pirmąjį žodį. Kiekvienas naujas vaiko poelgis (išmoktas naujas žodis, eilėraštis) - tai žingsnis į visuomenę. Kol vaikas lanko mokyklą, jį su gyvenimo tikslais, gudrybėmis supažindina ne tik svetimi žmonės, tėvai, bet ir nuolat koja į koją su juo žengianti mokytoja. Mokytoja - tai antroji mama, kuri moko pakelti nuo tako akmenėlį, kad, einant gyvenimo keliu, neužkliūtų vaiko kojytės. Moko mylėti gėlę, žolę, medelį, išlikti negailestingame gyvenime. Mokykla - tai tik vienas žingsnis į gyvenimą. Kuo tolyn, tuo tie žingsniai yra sunkesni ir sunkesni. Žmogus neretai palūžta ir, žengdamas vieną žingsnį į priekį, padaręs klaidą, grįžta du žingsnius atgal. Vis sunkiau ir sunkiau žingsniuoti gyvenimo keliu, užvėrus mokyklos duris. Kiekvienas žmogus nevienodai prisitaiko prie visuomenės. Vieni linkę vadovauti, kiti - likti nuošalėje. Vieni būna visada linksmi, kiti pyksta ant viso pasaulio. Kai kurie mato laimę piniguose, prabangoje, kiti - knygose, gamtoje, monotonijoje. Tikras žmogus pasirenka dorą ir teisingą gyvenimo kelią. Žmogaus darbas - duoklė visuomenei. Asmenybė žengia teisingu gyvenimo keliu, tik turėdama tikslą ir vykdydama jį besąlygiškai. Žmogus turi gyventi ir džiaugtis gyvenimu. Jis turi palikti po savęs prisiminimą. O tai gali padaryti aktyviai dalyvaudamas visuomenės gyvenime, žengdamas teisingu gyvenimo keliu, klupdamas, bet kartu ir pasimokydamas iš savo klaidų. Reikia gyventi, kad tave prisimintų, bet tik geruoju: ,,Kai tu gimei verkei, o pasaulis juokėsi iš tavęs. Gyvenk taip, kad mirdamas juoktumeis, o pasaulis verktų dėl tavęs‘‘.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-04 10:55:24',62,'','2010-11-04 11:17:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-04 10:55:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,50,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1881,'Michailas Bulgakovas \"Meistras ir Margarita\"','michailas-bulgakovas-qmeistras-ir-margaritaq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">NIEKADA NEKALBĖKITE SU NEPAŽĮSTAMAIS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Karštą pavasario pavakarę prie Patriarcho tvenkinių pasirodė du piliečiai. Pirmasis, – maždaug keturiasdešimtmetis, apsivilkęs pilka vasarine eilute, – buvo mažo ūgio, juodbruvas, gerai įmitęs, praplikęs, savo dailią laiveliu suplotą skrybėlę nešėsi rankoje, o jo švariai nuskustą veidą dengė neapsakomai dideli akiniai juodais rago rėmais. Antrasis – pečiuitas, rusvaplaukis jaunas garbanius nusmaukta ant pakaušio languota kepurike – vilkėjo margais marškiniais, baltomis suglamžytomis kelnėmis, avėjo juodais bateliais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmasis buvo ne kas kitas, kaip Michailas Aleksandrovičius Berliozas, storo literatūros žurnalo redaktorius ir vienos iš stambiausių Maskvos literatūrinių asociacijų, sutrumpintai vadinamos MASSOLIT\'u, valdybos pirmininkas, o jaunasis jo palydovas – poetas Ivanas Nikolajevičius Ponyrevas, pasirašinėjantis Benamio slapyvardžiu. Pasiekę vos sužaliavusių liepų pavėsį, rašytojai pirmiausia puolė prie margai dažytos būdelės su užrašu „Alus ir vanduo“. Taigi reikia paminėti pirmą šio baisaus gegužės vakaro keistenybę. Ne tik palei būdelę, bet ir visoje alėjoje, nusidriekusioje lygiagrečiai su Malaja Bronaja gatve, nebuvo nė vieno žmogaus. Tuo metu, kai, rodės, nebėr kuo nė kvėpuoti, kai saulė, įkaitinusi Maskvą, smigo pro sausas miglas kažkur už Sodų žiedo – niekas nesiglaudė po liepomis, niekas nesėdėjo ant suolelių, alėja buvo tuščia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">– Duokit narzano, – paprašė Berliozas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">– Narzano nėra, – atsakė moteris būdelėje ir kažkodėl įsižeidė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">– O alaus? – kimiu balsu pasiteiravo Benamis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-04 11:18:23',62,'','2010-11-04 11:24:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-04 11:18:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,49,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1882,'Vaikystės pasaulis B.Radzevičiaus romane “Priešaušrio vieškeliai”','vaikysts-pasaulis-bradzeviiaus-romane-prieaurio-viekeliai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Broniaus Radzevičiaus romanas “Priešaušrio vieškeliai” yra vienas iš originaliausių ir reikšmingiausių kūrinių lietuvių literatūroje. Romanas yra savitas ne vien savo pasakojimo forma, kada charakteriai atskirai sukuriami, o pavaizduoti atskirų įvykių, aplinkos detalių dėka, bet yra įdomūs ir patys veikėjai, jų gyvenimai, mintys. Beveik pusė romano veikėjų yra vaikai - besiformuojančios, augančios asmenybės. Jų charakterių raidą nulemia vyresnieji žmonės - jų tėvai, giminės, kaimynai. Dar augančiam vaikui yra svarbu viskas, ką jis mato aplink save. Kas nėra aktualu suaugusiam žmogui, tas dažniausia užsifiksuoja ją stebinčio mažo vaiko pasąmonėje. Tai būna pačios smulkiausios detalės, įvykiai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dažnai romane pasirodantis vaikas yra Daukinčių Juzukas. Dar penkerių metų nesulaukęs, Juzukas jau buvo gyvenęs keliose šeimose. Nelaiminga našlaičio dalia ginė mažą vaiką iš namų į namus, kartais pasirodantis tėvas keldavo jį naktimis. Ir prie viso to šis vaikas jau baigia priprasti. Jis domėdavosi viskuo, kas jį supo, ir kai atėjo laikas važiuoti į jau tikruosius savo namus, Juzukas abejoja. Jis nori būti miestietis, nors mielai sugrįžtų į namus, todėl mums nelabai suprantamas šio mažo vaiko mąstymas.<br /> Skaitydami kūrinį, mes negalime nesistebėti, koks įdomus, paslaptingas ir nenuspėjamas vaikų pasaulis. Iš kur kyla įvairūs klausimai, kur jie išmoko vieno ar kito dalyko. Ir net nesusimąstom, kad mokykla buvo aplinka, kurioje jie auga, žaidžia. Mažųjų poelgiai yra nenuspėjami, jų eigos negalima nustatyti iš anksto. Labai yra keista, kad tik vienas Juzukas pastebi mašinistą ir visai netikėtai paklausia, ko jis toks liūdnas. Jis kalba su mašinistu visai kaip suaugęs ir kaip lygus su lygiu. Tik vienas Juzukas sugeba pastebėti, kad mašinistas “labai labai toli nuo kažko”. O suaugusieji negali pasakyti, iš kur tokios mintys vaiko galvoje, kodėl jis taip paklausė. Mes per dažnai nuvertiname vaikus sakydami, kad jis dar per mažas, jis dar vaikas. Bet tai yra neteisinga mažųjų atžvilgiu. Juk suaugę - taip pat vaikai, tik žaidžia kitokiais, sudėtingesniais žaislais ir kalba “protingesniais” žodžiais. Broniaus Radzevičiaus romane vaizduojami kaimo vaikai. Juos nuolat supa gamta, gyvūnai. Jie yra užaugę pasaulyje, kuris yra mažiau civilizuotas, bet kartu ir mažiau sugadintas. Šie vaikai moka pastebėti ne tik gamtos grožį, bet ir darbo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-04 11:25:24',62,'','2010-11-04 11:39:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-04 11:25:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,48,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1883,'Teisingo ir išmintingo gyvenimo samprata  “Metuose”','teisingo-ir-imintingo-gyvenimo-samprata-metuose','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaitydami Kristijono Donelaičio “Metus”, pastebime, kad nemažą kūrinio dalį sudaro Lauro, Selmo ir šaltyšiaus Pričkaus pamokančios bei patariančios kalbos, kuriose,  be abejonės, regime paties autoriaus pozicją. Todėl galime spręsti, kad vienas iš Donelaičio tikslų buvo parodyti žmonėms, kaip reikia teisingai elgtis, o tas, kuris teisingai elgiasi, yra ir išmintingas. Ne tik Pričkaus kalbomis, bet ir nedorų būrų bei ponų gyvenimo aprašymu Donelaitis parodo, kaip turėtų elgtis doras, moralus bei išmintingas žmogus. Idealų žmogų mes gautume sudėję kiekvieno iš viežlybųjų būrų savybes (Lauro bei Pričkaus išmintį, Selmo religingumą, Krizo darbštumą).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Manau, kad Selmo lūpomis tikėjimą skleidžiantis K.Donelaitis religingumą laiko viena (bene svarbiausia) pasaulio pažinimo sąlyga. Tikintis žmogus laikomas teisingu. Tai įrodo ponų pavadinimas “bedieviais”, “glūpais”, “bėdžiais”, kai jie nepasimeldžia prieš valgį. Aš manau, kad K. Donelaitis religingą bendruomenę laiko iš dalies protinga, nes netikinčiuosius Dievas baudžia: “Ar nesibijotės, kad jūsų namus perkūns į plentą supleškins?” O jeigu netikintieji baudžiami, tai jie gyvena neišmintingai. Ne veltui Pričkus yra būrų gerbiamas Vyžlaukio valsčiaus seniūnas, kadangi jis duoda išmintingus patarimus, kaip reikia dirbti ūkio darbus. Bet daugiausia išminties slypi Lauro kalbose. Jis teisingai įvertina to laiko padėtį, diskutuoja apie būrų ir ponų santykius, gyvenimo filosofiją. Pasak jo, šilkuose gimęs ponų vaikas yra toks pat kaip ant šiaudų verkiantis būriukas, bet jis supranta, kad to pakeisti negalima, todėl sako, kad “taip jau Dievulis surėdė” ir dėl to kiekvienas turi gyventi pagal savo socialinio sluoksnio įstatymus. Lauras pabrėžia, kad gyvenimas žemėje laikinas, todėl reikia su juo susitaikyti, koks jis bebūtų. Pasaulis Lauro akimis - vertikalus. Kadangi Kristijonas Donelaitis visai nekalba apie pragarą, todėl galime suvokti, kad pasaulio apačia - žemiškas gyvenimas, pilnas priešingybių, jų kovos. Viršuje būrai mato visai kitokį, harmoningą gyvenimą, kuriame jų nebevarys į baudžiavą, nebemuš.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-04 11:39:44',62,'','2010-11-04 11:56:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-04 11:39:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,47,'','',0,37,'robots=\nauthor='),(1884,'J. Marcinkevičiaus trilogijos santrauka','j-marcinkeviiaus-trilogijos-santrauka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Mindaugas”. Drama pradedama dviejų metraštininkų - juodojo ir baltojo, dialogu. Jie diskutuoja apie istoriją ir kokią ją reikia rašyti. Juodasis atsižvelgia tik į faktus, o baltasis metraštininkas jaučia didžiulę atsakomybę rašydamas istoriją, atsižvelgia į jausmus. Jam rūpi žmonės, o ne faktai. Baigus kalbėti metraštininkams, veiksmas vyksta Vismanto pilyje, kur susitinka kunigaikščiai. Diskutuoja apie neramumus Lietuvoje ir kaip užpuldinėjamos jų pilys. Mindaugas sako, ką Lietuvai reikia žmogaus, kuris paimtų viską į savo rankas, suvienytų Lietuvos valstybę. Visi nusprendžia, kad tą darbą geriausiai galėtų atlikti Mindaugas. Sužinoma, kad Mindaugas ir Morta (Vismanto žmona) myli vienas kitą. Mindaugas nusprendžia per prievartą išleisti savo dukrą už Galičo kunigaikščio, kurio ji labai nenori, nes yra jauna ir nenori išvažiuoti į kitą šalį. Mindaugas pasako, kad ji vis tiek turės ištekėti. Pas Mindaugą ateina Vilikaila. Jis buvo nusikaltęs ir Mindaugas jį ištremia į Slonimą, kurį neseniai buvo užkariavęs. Mindaugas turi brolį Dausprungą. Jis yra Mindaugo patarėjas. Labai poetiškos sielos žmogus. Jam nepatinka, kad Mindaugas bando jėgą priversti mylėti Lietuvą, įbauginti žmones, kad jie jo klausytų. Jis teigia, kad žmonės turi patys mylėti valstybę, tada paklusti jam, nes iš tokios krauju sulipdytos Lietuvos nieko gero nebus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mindaugas perkelia Vismantą pas save į pilį, padaro Vismantą savo patarėju, kad jie gyventų arčiau. Iš tikrųjų jis tai daro dėl Mortos. Vismantas ir Morta neturėjo vaikų, o po tai, kai jie atsikėlė į pilį - Morta pastojo. Vismantas labai džiaugėsi. Kai vaikas gimsta, Mindaugas eina jo lankyti, padovanoja vaikui pilį. Mindaugą graužia sąžinė. Jis nori išsiųsti Mortą su vaiku į vaikui padovanotą pilį. Vismantas išgirsta Mindaugo ir Mortos pokalbį, supranta, kad sūnus ne jo ir jis nusižudo. Vyksta karūnavimas. Mindaugas apsikrikštija. Po Vismanto mirties jis veda Mortą, kuri išprotėja dėl sąžinės graužaties, pasineria į krikščionybę. Toje pilyje gyvena puodžius, kuriuo Mindaugas labai pasitiki. Mindaugui visi priekaištauja dėl naujo tikėjimo. Jo brolis jį palieka. Mindaugas susikrimtęs eina pas puodžių. Po kiekvieno nukariauto ploto jis klijuoja prie molinės Lietuvos naują molio gabalą. Pas Mindaugą atvykstą žemaičių pasiuntiniai, nori su juo pasitarti, kaip užpulti kryžiuočių ordiną. Mindaugas sako, kad jis to daryti negali. Po to Mindaugas sutinka kariauti prieš kryžiuočius. Kad parodytų, kaip reikia elgtis su kryžiuočiais jis pakaria rūmų vienuolį. Mindaugas nueina pas puodžių į dirbtuvę. Gailisi dėl savo gyvenimo. Kad tėvams nebuvo geras sūnus, kad nebuvo geras tėvas savo vaikams. Kai jis šnekasi, įbėga Daumantas (kunigaikštis, kuris nekentė Mindaugo) ir kerta kirviu. Mindaugas prisidengia moline Lietuva, bet jį sužaloja mirtinai. Mindaugas pašaukia metraštininką. Ateina juodasis, bet Mindaugas nori baltojo. Jam pasakoja apie tai, kaip jis dėl Lietuvos, dėl tėvynės visus trėmė, žudė, vertė jo klausyti jėga… Mindaugas miršta. Juodasis metraštininkas nužudo baltąjį, nes juodojo istorija netenka prasmės dėl baltojo, ir tada juodasis rašo savo istoriją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-04 11:57:07',62,'','2010-11-04 12:10:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-04 11:57:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,46,'','',0,50,'robots=\nauthor='),(1885,'Maironio biografija','maironio-biografija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jonas Mačiulis, pasirašinėjęs Maironio slapyvardžiu, gimė 1862 m. lapkričio 2 d. buv. Raseinių apskrityje, Šiluvos valsčiuje, netoli nuo Tytuvėnų, laisvų nuo baudžiavos, vadinamųjų “karališkųjų”, valstiečių šeimoje. Jo tėvas buvo mažaraštis, bet apsukrus turtėjančių kaimo sluoksnių atstovas. Nesitenkindamas dviem savais ūkiais, už suteiktą paskolą jis gavo valdyti gretimą Pasandravio dvarą, kuriame ir gimė būsimasis poetas. Namų aplinkoje buvo vartojama lietuvių kalba, nors tėvai, bendraudami su vietos dvarininkais mokėjo ir lenkiškai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Namie įgijęs pradinių mokslo žinių ir pramokęs lenkų kalbos, Jonas Mačiulis, dokumentuose “subajorintai” vadinamas Maciulevičium, įstojo į Kauno gimnaziją 1873 m. Rašyti pradėjo mokydamasis šeštoje klasėje. Pirmuosius eilėraščius jaunas poetas rašė lenkų kalba; vėliau šiuos bandymus jis sunaikino. Gimnazijoje Maironis susipažino su lenkų poetų – A. Mickevičiaus, J. Kraševskio, J. Slovackio – kūryba, kuri jam padarė didelę įtaką: romantinis patosas, praeities tematika tapo ryškiomis tuometinės ir vėlesnės Maironio poezijos savybėmis. Baigęs gimnaziją 1883 m., Maironis išvyko į Kijevo universitetą studijuoti literatūros. “Literatūra, ypač savoji, - vėliau rašė jis, - nuo jauniausių studentavimo dienų mane ypatingai traukė prie savęs”. Maironiui Kijeve naujai ir plačiai atsivėrė A. Puškino, M. Lermontovo ir kitų rusų, taip pat ukrainiečių poetų kūrybos lobiai; klasikinės rusų poezijos įtaka pastebima Maironio tematikoje bei eilėdaroje. Kijeve poetas išbuvo vienerius metus. Čia sustiprėjo Maironio patriotinė nuotaika. Įtakingame to meto rusų laikraštyje “Novoje Vremia” (“Naujasis laikas”), prisidengęs Liaudies Mokytojo slapyvardžiu, jis paskelbė straipsnį lietuvių kalbos teisių gynimo klausimu. Metus studijavęs literatūrą Kijevo universitete, Maironis, atsižvelgdamas į tėvų norą, taip pat paveiktas savo bičiulio A. Vytarto (vėliau redagavusio klerikalinį \"Šviesos\" laikraštį), įstojo į Kauno dvasinę seminariją (1884). Lietuvių kalbą ir literatūrą seminarijoje tuo metu dėstė A. Baranauskas. Jaunąjį Maironį stipriai ir teigiamai veikė \"Anykščių šilelis\", taip pat vėlesnis gilus A. Baranausko susidomėjimas lietuvių kalba. Maironis dedikavo A. Baranausko savo pirmąją poemą \"Lietuva\", kuri liko nespausdinta. Lietuvių kalbos žinių Maironis nemaža sėmėsi ir iš įžymaus kalbininko K. Jauniaus, dėsčiusio tuo metu seminarijoje. Maironis tapo aktyviu lietuvių nacionalinio judėjimo dalyviu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-04 12:10:41',62,'','2010-11-04 12:14:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-04 12:10:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,45,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1886,'Švietimas Mažojoje Lietuvoje','vietimas-maojoje-lietuvoje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">XVIII amžiaus pradžios dokumentai liudija vargingą pradinio švietimo būklę Mažojoje Lietuvoje. Siekiant pakeisti šią padėtį pamokslininkai, mokytojai buvo skatinami su atsidėjimu eiti savo tarnybą, grasinant piniginėmis baudomis, tėvams įsakoma siųsti vaikus į mokyklas, kunigai verčiami tobulai išmokti lietuvių kalbą. 1717m. Karaliaučiaus universiteto Teologijos fakultete įkuriamas lietuvių kalbos seminaras, turintis rengti gerai lietuvių kalbą. 1734m. net norėta įvesti visuorinį privalomą mokymą. XVIII amžiuje kultūrinis krašto lygis pakilo, valdžios domėjimasis lietuviais, jų kalba padėjo ugdyti lietuviškas mokyklas bei prisidėjo prie gausių lietuviškų raštų atsiradimo. Aiški Švietimo epochos idėjų įtaka jaučiama ir Metuose; poemoje ne kartą kalbama apie mokyklas, mokytojus, bet taip pat ir apie prieštaringą ponų skleidžiamo mokslo įtaką būrų ar apskritai lietuviško kaimo moralei.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pietistinis judėjimas. Kai kurios Donelaičio veiklos bei kūrybos ypatumus paaiškina ir tuo metu Mažojoje Lietuvoje plitęs pietistų sąjudis. Tai buvo religinis judėjimas, kurį palaikė krašto valdžia. Jis kėlė raliginio gyvenimo ir religinio švietimo idealus, pabrėžė nusigręžimą nuo pasaulio apaštalavimo svarbą. Donelaičio kūryboje aiškiai išsakyta pasipriešinimą žemesnio luomo žmogaus paniekinimui baudžiaviniame kaime. Pietistams artimi ir pamokslaujančių “viežlybųjų” poemos būrų paveikslai, kurie primena šiam religiniam judėjimui būdingus sakytojus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-04 12:14:25',62,'','2010-11-04 12:20:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-04 12:14:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,44,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(1887,'Haris Harisonas \"Vikingas Kolumbas\"','haris-harisonas-qvikingas-kolumbasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">IŠLIKUSI PLANETA</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Bet juk šis karas pasibaigė dar gerokai prieš mano gimimą! Kam dar galėtų rūpėti viena roboto valdoma torpeda, paleista taip seniai? Delas Jaunesnysis buvo velniškai užsispyręs, ir jam pašėlusiai pasisekė, kad laivo vadas Lainas Steinas dėl temperamento ir patirties turėjo geležinę kantrybę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Jau penkiasdešimt metų praėjo, kai Didžioji Vergokratija buvo nugalėta, bet visiškai nesunaikinta, — pasakė vadas Steinas. Jis žiūrėjo pro laivo iliuminatorių į šmėkšinčią tarp žvaigždžių imperiją, su kuria jie taip ilgai kovojo, norėdami sunaikinti. — Daugiau kaip tūkstantį metų Vergokratija plėtė savo valdas, niekieno nekontroliuojama! Nors ir pralaimėjo karą, bet tas procesas nesustojo, tik atskiros planetos pasidarė mums prieinamos. Mes stengiamės pakeisti vergovinę jų ekonomiką, bet kolei kas esame tik įpusėję šį darbą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Apie tai aš žinau viską, — įsiterpė Delas Jaunesnysis, sunkiai atsidusęs. — Juk tarpplanetinėse trasose dirbu nuo pat tos dienos, kai įstojau į kosminį laivyną. Bet kuo čia dėta mozaikinė torpeda, kurią mes vaikomės? Per karą veikiausiai milijonai jų buvo pagaminta ir paleista. Po tiek metų kuo mus gali dominti viena?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Jei sektum techninius pranešimus, — tarė Steinas, rodydamas storoką aplanką ant šturmano stalo. — viskas būtų aišku. Tai buvo pats griežčiausias pabarimas, kokį galėjai iš vado išgirsti. Delui Jaunesniajam pakako mandagumo šiek tiek parausti ir išklausyti vadą su deramu dėmesiu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Mozaikinė torpeda — kosminio karo ginklas; taip sakant, kosminis laivas, kontroliuojamas roboto. Gavęs nurodymą, jis ieško taikinio, o jei reikia — sugeba apsiginti; susidūręs su laivu, į kurį buvo pasiųstas, sudūžta pats ir sunaikina tą laivą, nes prasideda nekontroliuojama atominė reakcija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Niekad nemaniau, kad jas valdydavo robotai, — tarė Delas. — Buvau tikras, kad jie nesugeba žudyti žmonių, nes ne taip sukonstruoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Tiksliau sakant, užprogramuoti, — pataisė Steinas. — Roboto smegenys — tai itin sudėtingi mechanizmai be jokių moralės normų. Jos suteikiamos vėliau. Jau prabėgo daugel metų, kai buvo sukonstruoti žmogaus pavidalo robotai su žmogaus tipo smegenimis. Dabar specializacijos amžius, ir robotai gali būti daug puikesni specialistai už žmones. Mozaikinės torpedos smegenys neturi moralės principų, priešingai, jos yra psichopatinės, apimtos mirties troškimo. Nors, žinoma, egzistuoja kontrolinis aparatas, lemiąs žudymo objektų skaičių. Visose torpedose, naudotose kare abiejų pusių, buvo masės detektoriai, kurie jas iškraudavo, priartėjus prie objekto, turinčio planetos tipo masę, antraip torpedos sukelta reakcija lengvai galėjo sunaikinti ištisą planetą, ne tik laivą. Galite suprasti mūsų susidomėjimą, kai paskutiniais karo mėnesiais suradome torpedą, kurios paskirtis susprogdinti planetą. Visi jos smegenų duomenys buvo surinkti ir neseniai iššifruoti. Torpedos būta nukreiptos į ketvirtąją planetą žvaigždės, prie kurios mes dabar artėjame.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-04 12:21:10',62,'','2010-11-04 12:24:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-04 12:21:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,43,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1888,'H. Radausko poezija pasirinktų eilėraščių analizė','h-radausko-poezija-pasirinkt-eilrai-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">H.Radausko poezija. Pasirinktų eilėraščių analizė. H. Radausko didžioji kūrybos dalis parašyta ir išleista JAV, kur poetas mirė 1970. Pirmąjį eilėraščių rinkinį “Fontanas” išleido 1935 Lietuvoje. Jis pirmasis iš lietuvių poetų siekė eilėraštį konstatuoti. Jis labiau pasikliovė ne jausmu, o intelektu ir vaizduote. Buvo be galo reiklus žodžiui, jo parinkimui. Jausmas kūryboje liejasi laisvai, tačiau H. Radausko poezijoje vyrauja intelektas ieškantis pastovesnių, griežtesnių formų. Rinkinio “Fontanas” pirmasis eilėraštis – “Pasaka” – bendroji poeto nuostata. Lyrinis subjektas keliauja į pasaką, nes pasaulis priešiškas žmogui. Tas pasaulis – lyg išbandymas: šaltas, žiaurus, klastingas. Žiauriai tikrovės būtinybei piešiama Pasaka. Joje galima viskas. Tačiau pasakoje išreiškiami netik taurieji žmogaus siekimai, joje atsiskleidžia ir tamsiosios žmogaus jėgos  Nusivylęs pasauliu, poeto lyrinis aš pasineria į pasaką. Negalėdamas paklusti tikrovės dėsniams poetas tikroviškai žvelgia tiek į save, tiek į tikrovę. Savo pasaką atranda gamtoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Pasaka” griežtos formos. Stiprios, suvaldytos vidinės konstrukcijos. Tą paliūdija konstruktyvi eilėraščio kompozicija, turinti 3 logiškas dalis. 1950 Čikagoje išėjo antras eilėraščių rinkinys “Strėlė danguje”, po 5 metų – “Žiemos daina” . Paaiškėja, kas yra H. Radausko pasaulis. Nuostata artima Kamiu nuostatai: gali būti, kad dangus tuščias, kad žvaigždynai šalti, bet žmogus turi gyventi taip, lyg būtų ir viltis, ir prasmė. Gyventi taip, lyg gyvenimas būtų gražus. Iš visų H. Radausko išgyvenimų, svarbiausias estetinis išgyvenimas. Poetas tikrovę mato tarsi keliais žvilgsniais. Vienu metu ta tikrovė ir skaudi ir dramatiška ir šiek tiek juokinga, banali (“Krautuvės pardavėja”). Nors H. Radausko poezijoje nemaža gamtos vaizdų bei įvaizdžių, bet dominuoja ne natūros, o kultūros pasaulis, tiksliau natūros ir kultūros sankirta žmoguje. Daug antikinių įvaizdžių jo poezijoje paliudija šią sankirtą. Tėvynės  ilgesys – bendra išeivijos poetų tema – H .Radausko kūryboje tarsi nepriklauso vienam žmogui, o yra visuotinė. Tačiau kalbama “mes” vardu. Prarasta tėvynė yra amžinai žmonijos besiilgimas “Prarastas rojus”. Lietuva kurios nebėra tuo pačiu pavidalu jau nebebus, ilgam laikui įrašyta H. Radausko puslapiuose. Poetas išdidžiai atsisakė skųstis išeivio dalia, svetimumu. H. Radausko eilėraščius veikia pagrindinės lietuviško eilėraščio programos. Žodžių ryšiai, dažniausiai pagrįsti spalvos ir garso asociacijomis, pagrindžia netikėtas, gražias spalvines metaforas. (“Raudoni medžiai”). Įdėmi netikėta spalva, netikėtas palyginimas “Gėlė ir vėjas”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-04 12:24:57',62,'','2010-11-04 12:46:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-04 12:24:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,42,'','',0,282,'robots=\nauthor='),(1889,'Rašytojų kūrybos ypatumai','raytoj-krybos-ypatumai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">K.Donelaitis. Svarbiausia - tikrovė, gyvenimas, visuomeninė aplinka. Vaizdas, įvykis, poelgis, gyvenimo detalė buvo suaugusi su žodžiu, kurį sukūrė liaudis. “Metai” -didaktinis. Daug pamokymų, patarimų. Autorius parodo savo požiūrį į pasaulį: būrą, jo santykį su aplinka, gamta. A.Baranauskas. Davė pradžią lyrinei gamtos lietuvių poezijai. Poemos niūri dabartis kontrastiškai gretinama su senovės Lietuvos miško grožiu, atskleidžiamos liaudies žmogaus dvasinės vertybės, protestuojama prieš carizmą, socialinę ir nacionalinę priespaudą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Maironis. Aiškiai suformuluotos kilnios idėjos ir poetinės išraiškos grožis, jos paprastumas ir skambumas. Žmogus, jo veržimasis į laisvę, į būties pilnatvę, jo klystkeliai sudaro poeto kūrybos išeities tašką ir centrą. Gyvenimo kaip aukos samprata poeto kūryboje viena esminių. Maironis lietuvių lyrikoje įtvirtino tam tikrą meniškumo etaloną, vertinimo kriterijų, atskaitos tašką. Nuo Maironio prasideda lietuviškos lyrikos istorija. Žemaitė. Svarbiausia - tikrovės iliuzija ir gyvas pokalbis, dialogas. Bet yra ir papročiai, žemės pirmenybė tarp kitų vertybių, šeima, kaip pagrindinė gyvenimo linija, ir moters vieta joje. Žemaitės apsakymai dažnai primena gyvenimo gabalus, realias jo scenas ir tikrovės įvykius. Ji piešia labai neįmantriomis priemonėmis, pasakoja paprastai, aiškiai, siekdama, kad skaitytojas matytų aprašomus dalykus lyg gyvus. Žemaitė viena pirmųjų lietuvių beletristikoje aprašė peizažą, suteikdama jam savarankiškos gyvybės. Lazdynų Pelėda. Lazdynų Pelėdos apsakymuose ir apysakose plačiai vaizduojami dvaro ir kaimo socialiniai prieštaravimai pobaudžiaviniu laikotarpiu, antihumaniški dvarininkų santykiai su valstiečiais. Svarbiausia socialinio blogio moraliniai aspektai, vaikų ir moterų dramatiškas likimas, žmogaus asmenybės degradacija. Būdinga dinamiškas veiksmas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-04 12:46:49',62,'','2010-11-04 13:50:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-04 12:46:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,41,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1890,'Carlos Castaneda \"Laiko ratas\"','carlos-castaneda-qlaiko-ratasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Apie autorių ir knygą</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mums nepaprastai pasisekė, kad turime Carloso Castanedos knygas. Visos kartu jos sudaro vieną geriausių antropologijos mokslo veikalų. Carloso Castanedos yra vienas giliausiu ir įtakingiausių XX a. mąstytojų. Jo įžvalgos praskina kelią naujai žmogaus sąmonės evoliucijai. Antropologas Carlos Castaneda pašventė 30 savo gyvenimo metų senovės Meksikos šamanų pasaulio tyrinėjimams. Mokydamasis pas jakių indėnų šamaną don Juaną Matusą ir vėliau, ta tema jis parašė 10 knygų. Ši knyga yra ištraukų iš jų visų rinkinys. Ištraukas jungia tęstinumo gija, padiktuota ne mokytojo don Juano Matuso ir ne studento Castanedos. Tai nuo autoriaus nepriklausoma prasmės tendencija, įdiegta pačių senosios Meksikos šamanų. \"Galutinis kovotojo tikslas - per esmingai disciplinuotą veiksmą, sukoncentruoti savo neblaškomą dėmesį į laiko ratą, kad priverstų jį suktis. Kovotojai, sugebėję pasukti laiko ratą, gali žvelgti į bet kurią vagą ir ištraukti iš jos ką tik nori. Nepasiduodamas apkerinčiai galiai, verčiančiai spoksoti tik į vieną vagą, kovotojas gali žvelgti abiem laiko kryptimis: kaip laikas traukiasi arba kaip artėja jo link. Taip laiko ratas įgyja milžinišką poveikį, persmelkiantį kovotojo gyvenimą. Jos tarsi surištos viena gija, kuri gyvena savo gyvenimą. Ta gija yra \"laiko ratas\".</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Don Juano mokymas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Galia priklauso nuo to, kokį žinojimą esi įvaldęs. Kokia prasmė išmanyti nenaudingus dalykus? Jie neparuoš mūsų neišvengiamam susidūrimui su nežinomybe. Niekas šiam pasauly neduodama dovanai. Kad ir ką reiktų išmokti, tenka mokytis per vargą. Žmogus žengia į pažinimą tarsi į karą: labai budrus, su baime, su pagarba ir visiškai savim pasitikėdamas: bet kuriuo kitu būdu eiti į žinojimą ar į karą yra klaida, ir kas taip elgsis gali neišgyventi, kad ją apgailėtų. Kai žmogus išpildo visus keturis reikalavimus-būti budriam, turėti baimę, pagarbą ir visišką pasitikėjimą,-jis nebedarys klaidų, už kurias turėtų atsiskaityti; jo elgsenoje nebeliks vietos chaotiškiems kvailio veiksmams. Jei jam nepasiseks ar patirs pralaimėjimą, jis pralaimės tik pačią kovą ir nekils dėl to niekingų apgailestavimų. Per ilgas susitelkimas į save sukelia baisų nuobodulį. Tokioje būsenoje žmogus yra kurčias ir aklas viskam kitam. Paties nuobodulio verčiamas, jis nustoja matyti stebuklus aplink save.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiekvieną kartą pasiryžęs mokytis, žmogus turi stengtis iš visų jėgų, o jo sugebėjimų ribas nubrėžia jo prigimtis. todėl nėra prasmės kalbėti apie pažinimą. Pažinimo baimė natūrali; visi ją patiriame, ir nieko čia nepadarysi. Tačiau, kad ir koks gąsdinantis būtų mokymasis, daug baisiau įsivaizduoti žmogų be pažinimo. Pykdami ant žmonių, sureikšminame jų veiksmus. Privalu atsikratyti šito jausmo. Žmonių veiksmai negali būti tokie reikšmingi, kad nusvertų vienintelę prasmingą mūsų alternatyvą: neginčytiną susidūrimą su begalybe. Bet kuris kelias yra tik vienas iš milijonų. Todėl kovotojas niekada neturi pamiršti, jog kelias tėra kelias; jei jaučia, kad neturėtų juo eiti, jokiu būdu nereikia pasilikti. Jo sprendimas apleisti kelią ar likti jame negali priklausyti nuo baimės ar ambicijos. Į kiekvieną kelią reikia žvelgti įdėmiai ir apdairiai. Kovotojas turi paklausti savęs: Ar šitas kelias turi širdį? Visi keliai vienodi: jie veda į niekur. Tačiau kelias be širdies niekada nebus malonus. Kelias su širdim, priešingai, yra lengvas-kovotojui nereikia stengtis jį pamėgti; jis žada linksmą kelionę; jei tik seksi juo, su juo susiliesi. Yra džiaugsmo pasaulis, kur nėra skirtumų tarp dalykų-todėl, kad nėra nieko, kas paklaustų apie skirtumus. bet tai ne žmonių pasaulis. Kai kurie žmonės iš tuštybės tiki, jog gyvena dviejuose pasauliuose, bet tai tik jų tuštybė. Mums tėra vienas vienintelis pasaulis. Mes esame žmonės ir turime pasitenkinti žmonių pasauliu. Žmogus turi keturis tikrus priešus: baimę, aiškumą, galią ir senatvę. Baimę, aiškumą ir galią įmanoma nugalėti, tačiau senatvės-ne. Jos poveikis gali būti atidėtas, bet nugalėtas-niekada.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-04 13:50:42',62,'','2010-11-04 13:54:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-04 13:50:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,40,'','',0,39,'robots=\nauthor='),(1891,'Žmogus ir gamta A. Baranausko “Anykščių Šilelyje”','mogus-ir-gamta-a-baranausko-anyki-ilelyje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvių tautos atmintyje A. Baranauskas yra pirmiausia “Anykščių šilelio” kūrėjas. Ši poema vienas iš gražiausių lietuvių literatūros kūrinių. Sukurti “Anykščių šilelį” paskatino daugelis aplinkybių. Tai ir protestas prieš lietuvių kalbos menkinimą, kurį teko A. Baranauskui girdėti per paskaitas Varnių kunigų seminarijoje, ir lenkų romantikų, ypač poemoje minimo A. Mickevičiaus skaitymas. Tačiau šitoje, prieš diskriminaciją parašytoje, poemoje gausu jausmų, kylančių iš sielos, širdies gelmių. Niekas taip giliai neužjautė, neišgyveno širdimi ir neparodė lietuviui gamtos neišsemiamumo, turtingumo ir spalvingumo kaip A. Baranauskas. Būtent šioje poemoje galime perskaityti tarp eilučių poeto meilę gimtajam kraštui, jo žmonėms.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A. Baranauskas puikiai perteikė gamtos paveikslą, kurį jis matė tuo metu. Jo sugebėjimas jausti gamtos grožį iškėlė net menkiausius, rodos, nevertingus dalykus. Tikram lietuviui miškas yra šventa vieta. Juk nuo senų senovės baltai kūreno aukurus girioje, prie medžių. Vaidilutės prižiūrėdavo amžinąją ugnį. Visos šios apeigos rodo, kad prieš daugelį šimtų metų žmogus ir miškas buvo viena visuma, todėl ryšiai tarp gamtos ir žmogaus, dvasinis jų bendravimas nepaprastai glaudūs. Pulsuoja miško gyvenimas - plaka žmogaus širdis. Tai išaukština visus, kurie jaučia tokius jausmus savyje. Būtent tai galime perskaityti “Anykščių šilelyje”. Manau, A. Baranauskas šia poema norėjo pasakyti, kad lietuvis ir gamta nedalomi. Jų gyvenimai persipynę garbės, globos, meilės saitais. Giria - skriaudžiamo, engiamo, pavergto lietuvio prieglobstis. Miškas jau daugelį metų gausiai žerdavo gamtos dovanas žmogui, kuris tada tik mokinosi gyventi. Senoliai narsiai kovėsi su kryžiuočiais, kurie norėjo įteigti svetimą tikėjimą. Tačiau priespauda nesužlugdė lietuvių savigarbos, kadangi miškas buvo toji šventovė, ramstis kiekvienam pavergtam, engiamam. Bet kas galėdavo išsigydyti savo žaizdas ir kūno, širdies, įkvėpęs į plaučius miško esybės, pagonių laužų dūmų. A. Baranauskas tai primena.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-04 13:55:18',62,'','2010-11-04 14:11:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-04 13:55:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,39,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(1892,'V. Krėvės apsakymo \"Kūčių vakaras\" analizė','v-krvs-apsakymo-qki-vakarasq-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vincas Krėvė – lietuvių rašytojas, kūręs įvairiomis temomis. Parašęs nemažai kūrinių istorine, Rytų kraštų tematika rašytojas gilinosi ir į kaimo, buities problemas. Jis parašė apsakymų rinkinį “Šiaudinėj pastogėj”. Jame V. Krėvė nagrinėjo kaimo žmonių gyvenimą, buitį. Rašytojas pergyveno du pasaulinius karus, todėl rinkinyje yra kūrinių ir karo tema. Toks  apsakymas yra “Kūčių vakaras”. Apsakymo pavadinimas nieko nesako apie kūrinio tematiką, tačiau parodo veiksmo laiką. Veiksmas vyksta Kūčių vakarą Rambių pirkioje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Apsakymas pradedamas gamtos vaizdu. Jis tamsus, prislėgtas, niūrus: “Mėnesiena, kieme šalta, žverbla ir tylu. Tik tvora kai kada sutreška nuo šalčio, tai uo kieme suamsi kartą kitą ir vėl nutyla, tai sniegas sugurgžda einančiam po kojų.” Norėdamas paryškinti niūrią nuotaiką rašytojas vėliau šį gamtovaizdį įterpia kūrinyje. Tarsi gamtovaizdžio atkartojimas aprašoma Rambio: “Rambio pirkioj buvo niauru ir tamsu. Pas krosnį žibinte rūko skala ir leido mirgančią, nuksnėtą šviesą”.  Autorius po kelis kartus naudoja žodžius “šalta”, “žverbla”, “tylu”, “niauru”, “gūdu”, “tamsu”, “nelinksma”. Šie būdvardžiai sukuria niūrų ir baisų vaizdą. Lauke mėnesiena – Rambio pirkioje rūksta skala. Tarsi šuns lojimas ar sniego girgždėjimas lauke, troboje girdisi Rambienės poteriavimas ir Alenos malda. Šiomis paralelėmis autorius sugretina gamtos ir žmonių nuotaikas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Baisų įspūdį palieka Alenos akys: “akys, įsmeigtos vienon vieton, lyg ji stengėsi toli, kažkur už šaltos lygumų bekraštės, pamatyti kažin ką, buvo užsiašarojusios. Ji nieko nei matė, nei girdėjo, kas darėsi aplinkui”. Skaitytojas jaučia, kad kažkas atsitiko. Pagaliau raytojas atskleidžia viso šio kraupaus vaizdo priežastį. Alena guodžia sūnų: “užmik, užmik, vargdienėli mano mažas, užmik, našlaitėli, prisiverksi, bus dar laiko tėvelio netekusiam”. Aišku, kad šeima neteko tėvo. Autorius nieko nepasako tiesiogiai. Užuominomis ir niūriais vaizdais jis duoda suprasti skaitytojui , kad šeimą ištiko skaudi nelaimė: “gedula ir skausmas skraidė aplinkui, šaipėsi iš tamsių kampų, šešėliais mirgėjo ant sienų”. Žiauria personifikacija rašytojas parodo nelaimę, užgulusią veikėjų pečius. Tarsi viesulys ioje “aarų pakalnėje” sužiba Kūčių stalas. Senis Rambys pagal lietuvių papročius ant iaudų patiesia baltą staltiesę, Rambienė paruošia dvylika patiekalų. Senis Rambys visų patiekalų įdeda į stalo gale stovintį dubenį. Jis skirtas gyvuliams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-04 14:11:45',62,'','2010-11-04 14:15:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-04 14:11:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,38,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1893,'A. Nyka - Niliūnas referatas ir eilėraščio analizė','a-nyka-nilinas-referatas-ir-eilraio-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Alfonsas Nyka – Niliūnas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Alfonsas Čipkus lyg tikrąjį savo paties ženklą pasirinko Alfonso Nykos – Niliūno pavardę. Šis žmogus į lietuvių literatūrą įėjo kaip poetas, kritikas ir vertėjas. Tiksli jo gimimo data nežinoma, bet manoma, kad A.Nyka-Niliūnas gimė 1919 metais (kai kurioje literatūroje galima rasti 1920 m.) Nemeikščių kaime, Utenos apskrityje. Gimtinės kraštovaizdis – pakalnėj tekanti Upė, parkas, senų medžių alėja, – tėvo balsu skaitoma knyga formavo kiek kitokį būsimąjį poetą nei kiti to krašto kūrėjai. Visa tai darė jį modernesniu, filosofiškesniu, lavino lakią vaizduotę. Šį ramų gimtąjį kampelį skyrė visai nedidelis atstumas nuo A.Miškinio tėviškės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1938 – 1939 m. Kaune Vytauto Didžiojo Universitete (VDU) pradėjo studijuoti romanistiką ir filosofiją. Vėliau porą metų tęsė šias studijas Vilniaus Universitete (VU). Bet Niliūnui mokslo žinių dar nepakako, todėl 1946 – 1949 m. praleido Tiubingeno ir Freiburgo universitetuose. Čia gilinosi į meno istoriją ir filosofiją. A.Nyka-Niliūnas studijavo ir baigė vokiečių, prancūzų ir anglų literatūras. Tuo pat metu (1946 – 1947 m.) dėstė prancūzų kalbą Freiburgo meno ir amatų mokykloje. Baigęs studijas nuo 1949 m. apsigyveno JAV ir iki pat pensijos dirbo Kongreso bibliotekoje Vašingtone. A.Nyka-Niliūnas savo kūryba individualus, todėl kitų poetų atžvilgiu jos vertinti negalima. Poezijoje debiutavo 1939 m. Pirmoji knyga “Praradimo simfonijos” išėjo 1946 m Tiubingene.. Buvo išspausdinti ir kiti poezijos rinkiniai: “Orfėjaus medis” (1953), “Balandžio vigilijos” (1957), “Vyno stebuklas” (1974), “Žiemos teologija” (1985). Ne vienas iš šių rinkinių buvo premijuotas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“A.Nykai-Niliūnui būdingi du eilėraščio modeliai – simfoniškas, pagrįstas sąskambiais, ir kalbinis, išaugantis iš kalbos principų ir jų taikymo būčiai.”  Skaitant A.Nykos-Niliūno poeziją chronologine tvarka jaučiamas intensyvus ieškojimas ir palaipsniui artėjimas prie tiesos. Autorius siekia pažinti tikrovę, nes tikrovė – paslaptis. Jo kūrybos žmogus, visapusiškai išgyvendamas, atskleidžia tą paslaptį protu, emocijomis, vaizduote. iškilusias problemas sprendžia remdamasis filosofija, jis įjungiamas į pažinimo veiksmą, praplečiami jo išgyvenimai. Taip pasireiškė poeto modernizmas. Pats A.Nyka-Niliūnas ieško tiesos per save. “Jis veržiasi pasiekti tą sąmonės gelmių pirminį tašką, kur žvilgsnį pasitinka tyros krištolinės formos – daiktai, supą mus tikrovėje, tačiau čia išsivadavę iš medžiagos kalėjimo”  ir prabylantys į mus autentiška kalba. Poetui būtis yra tarsi užkerėta, neišsprendžiama mįslė, todėl jo kūryboje sutinkame kaskart vis neaiškesnes, detališkesnes ir sunkiau suprantamas eiles.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-04 14:16:01',62,'','2010-11-04 14:19:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-04 14:16:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,37,'','',0,115,'robots=\nauthor='),(1894,'R. A. Heinleinas \"Durys į vasarą\"','r-a-heinleinas-qdurys-vasarq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vieną žiemą, prieš prasidedant Šešių savaičių karui, mano katinas Petronijus Arbitras ir aš gyvenome Konektikute, senoje sodyboje. Abejoju, ar ji tebestovi — raketa pataikė visai šalia miesto, o sodyba buvo netoli sprogimo zonos ribos. Tie senieji karkasiniai pastatai dega kaip rūkomasis popierius. Net jei namas ir išliko, kažin ar kas jį benuomoja — juk iškrito radioaktyvios nuosėdos; bet tuo metu mudviem su Pitu ten buvo gera gyventi. Nuomos mokėjau nedaug, nes nebuvo vandentiekio, o valgomajame prie šiaurinio lango pasistačiau stalą braižymui — ten buvo geras apšvietimas. Vienintelis namo trūkumas — vienuolika durų į kiemą. Netgi dvylika, jei priskaičiuosime dar ir Pito duris. Aš visad stengiuosi įtaisyti Pitui atskiras duris; šiuo atveju tam pasitarnavo nenaudojamo miegamojo lange įstatyta lenta, kurioje išpjoviau siaurą, vos katino ūsų pločio landą. Labai jau didelę savo gyvenimo dalį esu praleidęs atidarinėdamas katėms duris. Kartą paskaičiavau, kad nuo civilizacijos aušros šitaip jau sugaišta 97 800 žmogaus darbo metų. Galiu parodyti apskaičiavimus. Pitas paprastai vaikščioja pro savąsias duris, nebent — o tai jam labiau prie širdies — pavyksta priversti mane atidaryti kurias kitas. Bet jei lauke prisnigta, pro savo duris katinas neis už jokius pinigus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Būdamas dar visai mažas murkiantis pūkų kamuolėlis, Pitas susikūrė nesudėtingą filosofiją. Aš privalau rūpintis gyvenamuoju plotu, maistu ir oru; visa kita — jo darbas. Bet svarbiausia mano prievolė — rūpintis oru. Konektikuto žiemos gražios tik kalėdiniuose atvirukuose — tą žiemą patikrinęs savąsias duris Pitas vis nesutikdavo išeiti, nes už jų buvo pilna (o Pitas nekvailas!) nemalonios baltos masės, ir imdavo kaulyti, kad atidaryčiau didžiąsias duris. Katinas tvirtai tikėjo, kad bent už vienų durų turi būti vasara. O tai reiškė, kad aš kaskart turiu apkeliauti su juo visas vienuolika durų, ir kiekvienas palaikyti atviras, kol Pitas įsitikins, kad ir čia žiema, vis labiau niaukdamasis dėl tokio netikusio mano šeimininkavimo. Po to jis pasilikdavo viduje, ir tik nenumaldomas hidraulinis spaudimas išvydavo jį lauk. Katinui sugrįžus, pėdelėse įšalęs, ledas kaukšėdavo ant medinių grindų tarsi mažytės klumpelės; Pitas rūsčiai žvelgdavo į mane ir jau nebemurkdavo, kol neišsilaižydavo... Tada atleisdavo man — iki kito karto. Bet jis taip ir nenustojo ieškoti Durų į Vasarą. 1970 metų gruodžio 3 dieną aš taip pat jų ieškojau. Mano paieškos buvo beviltiškos — kaip ir Pito sausio mėnesį Konektikute. Sniegas, kiek jo pasitaiko pietų Kalifornijoje, rezervuotas kalnų slidininkams, miestui nelieka; jis turbūt ir šiaip nepasiektų Los Anželo per smogą. Bet mano širdy buvo žiema.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sveikata (jei nepaisysim vis sunkėjančių pagirių) nesiskundžiau, mano amžius pats tas — be kelių dienų trisdešimt, ir toli gražu nebuvau bankrutavęs. Manęs neieškojo nei policija, nei apgauti vyrai, nei pareigūnai — jokios bėdos, nuo kurios neišvaduotų lengva amnezija. Bet mano širdy buvo žiema, ir aš ieškojau durų į vasarą. Jei manot. kad pernelyg savęs gailiuosi — neklystat. Planetoje geri du milijardai žmonių tikriausiai gyvena kur kas prasčiau nei aš. Bet aš vis vien ieškojau Durų į Vasarą. Daugumas mano išbandytųjų pastaruoju metu buvo besisukančios durys — prieš tokias aš kaip tik dabar ir stovėjau. Užrašas skelbė: Baras-restoranas “Be rūpesčių”. Įėjau, išsirinkau tolimesnę kabiną, atsargiai padėjau ant kėdės kelioninį krepšį,įsitaisiau šalia ir pakviečiau padavėją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-04 14:19:53',62,'','2010-11-04 14:25:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-04 14:19:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,36,'','',0,35,'robots=\nauthor='),(1895,'Referatas \"Simonas Daukantas\"','referatas-qsimonas-daukantasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įžanga</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Simonas Daukantas gyveno audringu lietuvių nacionalinei istorijai laikotarpiu. Lenkijos - Lietuvos valstybės padalijimas 1795 m., Napoleono žygis į Rusiją 1812 m., Vilniaus Universiteto suklestėjimas XIX a pr. ir filomatų byla 1823 m., 1831 m. sukilimas ir Vilniaus Universiteto uždarymas, 1863 metų sukilimas it t. t. Šie įvykiai reikalauja nepaliaujamo dėmesio, išsamesnių žinių apie to meto kultūrą, literatūrą. Daukanto gyvenime bei kūryboje taip pat yra likę nemaža neaiškumų. Taip pat daug klausimų istorikams kelia ir besikeičiantis šiandieninis mūsų gyvenimas. Tačiau kaip ten bebūtų į istorijos puslapius Simonas Daukantas įėjo kaip garsus lingvistas, tautosakos rinkėjas ir publikuotojas, istorikas, elementoriaus autorius ir kitų populiarių knygelių vertėjas, tautinio atgimimo skatintojas ir įkvėpėjas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gimtinė.  Vaikystės aplinka</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gimė S. Daukantas 1793 m. spalio 29 d. Kalviuose, už keturių kilometrų nuo mažo Lenkimų miestelio (dab. Skuodo raj.) valstiečių šeimoje. Jo krikšto metrikai skelbia: “1793 m. spalio mėn. 29 d. aš, Simonas Lopacinskis, Lenkimų altaristas, apkrikštijau sūnų, vakar gimusį, vardu Simonas Daukantas, iš teisėtos moterystės tėvo bajoro Jurgio Daukanto ir motinos bajorės Kotrynos Odinaitės. Krikšto tėvai buvo: Antanas Neugavičius su Rozalija Norvydiene iš Kalvių”. Simono Daukanto seneliai buvo vietiniai žemaičiai. Tėvas Jurgis gimė 1759 m balandžio 22 d., o motina Kotryna Odinaitė - 1757-1762 m. Jurgis Daukantas jai buvo antras vyras. Simonas buvo vyriausias sūnus, po jo ėjo duktė Anastazija, gimusi apie 1795 m., gal trejetą metų už Simoną jaunesnė sesuo Ona ir sesuo Konstancija. Jauniausias vaikas - buvo sūnus Aleksandras. Dėl Daukantų šeimos šviesumo, sūnų išmokslinimo ir padėties visuomenėje ilgą laiką manyta, kad jie priklausė kilmingųjų luomui. Motiejus Valančius Daukantą irgi vadino bajoru, bet vėlesni biografijos tyrinėtojai suabejoja šiais tvirtinimais ir metrikais. A. Janulaitis rašė: “Klebonas atliko gerą darbą užrašęs jį bajoru, ne mužiku: neužkirto jam kelio kilti aukštyn prie esančių tuomet visuomenės pažiūrų ir santykių. Bene bus labiau pamatuotas tvirtinimas, užsilikęs tarp Daukanto giminių, jog Daukantas bus buvęs mužikų kilimo, jog jo tėvai - buvę karališki žmonės”. V. Merkys rašė: “Daukantų šeima rasta Skuodo dvaro nekilmingųjų sąrašuose; taigi galima tvirtinti, kad Daukantai buvo baudžiauninkai nėję savaitinio lažo, o mokėję dvarui piniginę duoklę - činšą”. Simono tėvai nebuvo turtingi, bet iš kaimynų buvo vieni šviesiausių ir šiek tiek turtingesni už kitus. S. Daukanto mama buvusi beraštė, o tėvas, kadangi buvo neeilinis valstietis, o dvaro eigulys, galima numanyti mokėjo ne tik skaityti, bet ir šiokius tokius raštus parašyti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-04 14:25:42',62,'','2010-11-04 14:40:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-04 14:25:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,35,'','',0,60,'robots=\nauthor='),(1896,'Santrauka apie Kristijoną Donelaitį','santrauka-apie-kristijon-donelait','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvių literatūra jau buvo nuėjusi ilgoką kelią kai XVIII a. viduryje Mažojoje Lietuvoje iškilo Kristijonas Donelaitis – pirmųjų lietuviškų pasakėčių ir poemos “Metai” autorius. Nė vienas iš ankstesnių amžių rašytojų neprilygsta jam nei meniškumu, nei turinio gilumu todėl K. Donelaitis užima išskirtinę vietą – jis pirmas didelis lietuvių poetas. Jo kūryba priklauso pereinamajam laikotarpiui, kai dar nebuvo pasibaigusi Baroko epocha, bet tolydžio stiprėjo švietimas. Religija ar mokslas, jausmas ar protas – kas svarbiau? Šie klausimai jaudina Europos visuomenę. Atėjo galas ir feodalinių ponų savivaliavimui. Kristijoną Donelaitį daug kas sieja su Bardu, pirmiausia, krikščionikoji pasaulėžiūra ir moralė. Bet jaučiame “Metuose” ir švietimo dvelksmą – lietuvių tautos, vilkusios baudžiavos jungą, panieką ir rūstybę prispaudėjams. Patyrė poetas ir antikinės literatūros poveikį. K. Donelaitis gimė 1714m. sausio 1d. Lazdynėlių kaime, netoli Gumbinės Nūnai Lazdynėliai – visiškai išnykusi sodybvietė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lazdynėlius įkūrė, kaip dabar spėjama, poeto senelis valstietis. Prieš ateinant į pasaulį Kristijonui, visas kraštas pergyveno siaubingą maro epidemiją (1709 – 1711m.). Lazdynėliai, įsikūrę didelėje girioje, gal liko jos nepaliesti. Po maro prasidėjo Mažosios Lietuvos apgyvendinimas kolonistais. Poeto jaunystės metais joje gyveno jau maždaug po lygiai lietuvių ir vokiečių. Vidurinį išsilavinimą K.Donelaitis gavo Karaliaučiuje. Kada atvyko į tą miestą vaikas ar paauglys – nežinia eidamas mokslus kaip našlaitis, gyveno bendrabutyje. Jau tuo metu gerai išmoko lotynų kalbą, gyvendamas vokiškame mieste, po metų kitų laisvai kalbėjo vokiškai. 1736m. baigė kolegiją ir tų pačių metų rugsėjo 27d. buvo įrašytas į Karaliaučiaus universiteto studentus. Būsimasis poetas tada buvo metų dvidešimt dviejų – taigi į universitetą įstojo kiek “senstelėjęs”. Iš to turime daryti išvadą, kad prieš tai ne visą laiką mokėsi. Matyt Karaliaučiuje keletą metų teko pabūti “gizeliuku” (mokiniu) pas būsimą meistrą vyriausią brolį Fridriką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Karaliaučiaus universitete K. Donelaitis ketverius metus studijavo teologiją. Ir vėl gyveno bendrabutyje, valgė kaip neturtingas studentas, bendrojoje valgykloje.  K. Donelaitis lankė lietuvių kalbos seminarą, nes tikėjosi po studijų grįžti į gimtąjį kraštą. Mokslui atsidėjo labai rimtai. Apie įtemptas studijas, atsiliepusias net sveikatai, atsiminė net senatvėje. Be teologijos ir lietuvių kalbos, mokėsi dar daugiau kalbų: lotynų, graikų, hebrajų, prancūzų. Per retorikos pratybas gilinosi į antikinę literatūrą. Lietuvių kalbos seminare pastudijavo lietuvių raštiją. Suprantama, universitete K. Donelaitis buvo mokomas krikščionikos dorovės. Dorybių šaltinis esąs dievas, o iš žmogaus atsiranda nuodėmės. K. Donelaitis gavo ir muzikinį išsilavinimą. Vėliau jo gyvenime muzika užėmė svarbią vietą. Jis mokėjo dainuoti, daryti fortepijonus, kuriais pats grojo. Poetui negalėjo būti žinomas Baroko muzikos klasikas, vokiečių kompozitorius J. S. Bachas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-04 14:41:07',62,'','2010-11-04 14:48:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-04 14:41:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,34,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1897,'Dainuojamoji tautosaka','dainuojamoji-tautosaka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Daina - vienas seniausių kūrinių. Lietuvių tauta nėra sukūrusi herojinio epo, todėl manoma, kad lietuvių liaudies dainos galėtų būti savotiška herojinio epo atmaina; juk dainose atsiskleidžia seniausia tautos dvasinė patirtis, žmonių  buitis, papročiai, senojo tikėjimo ženklai, pasaulėjauta. Daina - tai dvasinės kultūros atrama, taurių idealų reiškėją. Dainos gražios ir savitos, jos: Lyriškos; alsuoja pastovia namų, šeimos gyvenimo tvirtybe.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lietuvių liaudies dainoms būdinga formos kultūra. Dainų pasaulis skaidrus ir erdvus. Jose vyrauja tikroviški vaizdai, bet įterpiami ir idealizuoti, fantastiški regėjimai. Dainose buities ar gamtos vaizdai dažniausiai lakoniški, grakštūs, giedri, o svarbiausi dainų simboliai yra lyg dieviškos šviesos nutvieksti. Lietuvių tautai būdinga intymi, švelni dainų nuotaika; dainų kalba krištolinio skambėjimo. Dainose, kaip ir visoje tautosakoje, matyti, kaip bręsta tautinė savimonė. Lietuvių liaudies dainų lobynas milžiniškas. Rinkti ir užrašinėti dainos pradėtos 19 a., stiprėjant tautiniam sąjūdžiui, kuomet į l.l. dainas imta žiūrėti kaip į esminę tautos dvasinio turto dalį, tautos prigimties reiškimosi būdą. 1825 m. L. Rėza išleidžia pirmąjį rinkinį. Lietuvių liaudies dainų melodijoms būdingas lyriškumas ir meniškumas. Melodijai daugiausia įtakos turėjo dainų tekstai; ji priklauso nuo dainos žodžių, o tuo paąiu - ir nuo dainų tipo. Mergvakario, karo, advento dainų melodija liūdna. Šiose dainose kalbama apie mergelės sunkią dalią, apie bernelį, negrįžtantį iš karo, apie antgamtiškų jėgų paslaptingą įtaką žmonių pasauliui ir jo tvarkai. O jaunimo, darbo ,kai kurios darbo dainos yra linksmesnės, jose apdainuojama meilė, šventės, darbo džiaugsmas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-04 14:48:55',62,'','2010-11-04 14:52:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-04 14:48:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,33,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1898,'P. Cvirkos \"Uogelė\" interpretacija','p-cvirkos-quogelq-interpretacija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Petrui Cvirkai būdingas domėjimasis žmonių socialiniu gyvenimu. Kūrinius jis rašė labai realius, išanalizuodamas kiekvieną, net ir smulkiausią detalę. Apsakymas “Uogelė” – tai pasakojimas apie kampininkę Uogelę, gulinčią mirties patale, ir apie ūkininką Japoną, kurio sąžinė jau seniai mirusi, o vieninteliai jį dominantys dalykai – pinigai ir aplinkinių nuomonė. Rašytojas tiesiogiai nesmerkia žmoniškumą praradusio ūkininko, bet visą šį uždavinį palieka skaitytojui. Apsakymas niūrus, parodantis kaimo žmonių skurdą, jų tarpusavio santykius. Didelis dėmesys skirtas spalvoms – jos ne tik išryškina žmogaus vidinę būseną, bet ir padeda sukoncentruoti skaitytojo dėmesį: “Jos kojos kybojo ilgos, apautos raudonomis kojinėmis”. Rašytojas taip pabrėžia Uogelės išskirtinumą. Labai taikliai įvedama spalva, kai Japonas sužino apie Uogelės tariamus turtus: “Japono akyse įžiebė rainai žalias liepsneles”. Žalios liepsnelės – lyg blogis, rusenantis žmoguje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Norėdamas pasigerinti Uogelei, Japonas ją netgi parsiveža namo. Bet pats prieš buvusią samdinę nesižemina, žmonai liepia prašyti atleidimo. Apsakyme puikiai matoma žmogaus veidmainystė. Tačiau kaimynė Žilienė pasako bene teisingiausius žodžius :”Ji dovanos (Uogelė), o dievas nedovanos”. Cvirka savo apsakymo vaizdus pateikia tarsi kino kadrus – vieni vaizdai labai pritraukti, parodomi stambiu planu:”Senutės vokai išspaudė didelę ašarą, kuri įstrigo smakro gyvaplaukiuose”. Kiti vaizdai rodomi i įprastos stebėtojo pozicijos. Daug šiame apsakyme buities elementų – jie gana svarbūs. Japono pinigų troškimas netgi truputį komiškas, bet atkaklus: “Tarp godžių Japono moters pirštų slinko kiekvienas Uogelės skarmalo lopas, mazgelis.” Veiksmas pasisuka kita linkme, kai Uogelė prasitaria neturinti pinigų, kurių Japonas taip troško. Anksčiau ūkininko žmona sakė Uogelei:”Žilagalvėle, atleisk, dovanok”. Dabar viskas pasikeitė:”A jos brudo nevalysiu!”. Uogelė palyginama su gyvūnais:”Uogelė kranksėjo, godžiai lekuodama orą”. Nežmoniškumas pasirodo pradedant ignoruoti senutę:”Visai nepaisydami smilkstančios gyvybės, krovė ant jos pakulas, verpalus”. Uogelė labai gražiai palyginama su smilkstančia žvake – juk žvakė, tai šilumos, gėrio simbolis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-04 14:52:57',62,'','2010-11-04 14:56:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-04 14:52:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,32,'','',0,45,'robots=\nauthor='),(1899,'S. T. Kondrotas \"Ir apsiniauks žvelgiantys pro langą\" II dalis','s-t-kondrotas-qir-apsiniauks-velgiantys-pro-langq-ii-dalis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kas nutiko, ko gi jūs sustojot, kas verčia jus neryžtingai trypčiot vietoj užuot skubėjus pirmyn? Koks ten tamsus daiktas užtveręs jums kelią? A, tai žmogus. Pusiau sėdi, pusiau guli. Pečiai ir pakaušis atremti į sieną, kojos tyso kiek pražergtos. Porcelianinės akys, vaškinės rankos, skylė krūtinėj. Negyvas kūnas. Nė vienas iš jūsų neprikišo čia nagų, neprisidėjo prie jo mirties. Tai iš kur tas kartėlis burnoj, slegiantis kaltės jausmas? Nejaugi staiga jūs būtumėt supratę, kad pražudėt jį egzaltuotu pasitikėjimu, kurį reiškėt velionio broliui dar tada, kai šis ėmė statyt tiltą per upę (o po teisybei Tiltą per prarają, skiriančią gyvenimą ir mirtį, ateitį ir praeitį)? Nejaugi staiga jūs būtumėt pajutę, kad pražudėt Dovydą griausmingu savo juoku, savo svaigiu siautuliu, kai tas tiltas buvo pastatytas? O ne, jūs niekados neprisiimsit kaltės. Kaltas vien tik likimas, vien tik jisai ir niekas daugiau. Bet vis dėlto kažkas laiko jus prikaustytus vietoj, kažkokia jėga neleidžia lengvai ir paprastai peržengt šios mirties ir skubėti priekin. Jūs stovit ir dairotės lyg skalikai, pametę šiltus pėdsakus. Užsitvenkė jūsų prisiminimų upė, sustojo veržlus putojantis srautas. Vanduo kyla ir kyla, apsemdamas vis didesnius atminties plotus. Potvynis. Prisiminimų potvynis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Taip. Etaną nemėgo švenčių. Jam per jas beveik niekada nebūdavo linksma. Jį slėgė ir erzindavo gausybė smagiai išsišiepusių burnų, karštligiškai spindinčių akių, tušti juokai. Jam patikdavo laimingi žmonės. Bet laimė, kurią teikia šventės, jam atrodė dirbtinė kaip tas jaunatviškas veido šviežumas, kurį nebejaunos pavargusios moterys mėgina padirbti raudylais. Vienas dalykas, kai laimingas žmogus imasi švęst, ir kitas dalykas, kai žmogus imasi švęst vildamasis šitaip tapti laimingas. Ko tu juokies, moteriške? Juk tavo vyras guli girtas ir visas sudaužytas karčemos patvory. Ko tu, seni, vartai akis prieš merginą? Juk šunvotės tau trukdo atsisėst. Ko tu rodai dantis, gražuole? Tavo kūdikio viduriai jau keturios dienos su krauju.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">— Čia aš, tėve, neišsigąsk,— Konradas šįsyk neišdygo netikėtai, kaip kad buvo įpratęs. Jis įėjo į Etanos lūšną kojos spyriu atlapojęs duris, įnešdamas savo apsiausto klostėse šalto ir drėgno oro debesį, nors buvo dar tik rugsėjo pradžia, orai neatvėsę kaip rudenį: Konrado viduj jau po truputį brendo žiema.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tėvas seniai nebuvo matęs jo tokio pagyvėjusiu. Rodės, Konradas ilgai sprendė kažin kokius kamuojančius uždavinius ir dabar pagaliau išsprendė (rado vijokliais užžėlusius vartelius į ateitį, kurių be galo ilgai apgraibom ieškojo). Jau kiek laiko Etaną sutikdavo jį tik prislėgtą, pabjurusios nuotaikos, nebeturintį jokio entuziazmo, optimizmo. Konradas nieko tėvui nekalbėjo, neaiškino, bet šis suprato, kad sūnui nesiseka, kad greičiausiai (kaip visada atsitinka tokiems žmonėms) jį kamavo sparčiai bėgantis laikas, kuris neatneša taip laukiamų permainų, nepriartina prie savojo tikslo. Greičiausiai Konradą kankino delsimas, laukimas, noras veikt ir pareiga skaitytis su kažkokiom sąlygom, priklausomybė Sąjungai, kuri iš pradžių įkvėpė jam tolimų perspektyvų jausmą (davė totališką Tikslą, prie kurio Konradui nesunku buvo priderint ir savo tikslus), bet nenurodė radikalių, veiksmingų būdų perspektyvoms pasiekt, ir jis kankinosi ieškodamas tų būdų, o kai pagaliau pradėjo juos užčiuopt, tai dar nebuvo įsitikinęs, ar čia tie tikrieji, kurių reikia korporacijai, ir taip toliau, ir taip toliau; trumpiau tariant, jo sieloj po truputį vėrėsi plyšys, kuris suabejojusį savo religija kunigą paverčia tos religijos fanatiku, jėzuitu, persekiojančiu menkiausias laisvamanybės apraiškas, savo paties ir bendruomenės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 11:04:47',62,'','2010-11-05 11:12:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 11:04:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,31,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(1900,'Fransuaza Sagan \"Sveikas, liūdesy\"','fransuaza-sagan-qsveikas-lidesyq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šis jausmas toks didelis, toks egoistiškas, kad beveik gėdinuosi jo, o liūdesys man visada kėlė pagarbą. Anksčiau aš nežinojau, kas tai yra; buvau patyrusi nuobodulį, kartėlį, rečiau — sąžinės graužimą. O dabar mane gaubia kažkas dirglus ir švelnus kaip šilkas ir atskiria nuo kitų. Tą vasarą man suėjo septyniolika metų, ir aš buvau visiškai laiminga. „Kiti\" — tai mano tėvas ir Elzė, jo meilužė. Noriu iš karto paaiškinti situaciją, nes ji gali pasirodyti dviprasmiška. Tėvui tada sukako keturiasdešimt, ir jis jau penkiolika metų našlavo; tai buvo jaunas, energingas, patrauklus vyriškis, ir, grįžusi iš pensiono prieš dvejus metus, aš kaipmat supratau, kad jis turi moterų. Sunkiai susitaikiau tik su tuo, kad jos kas pusmetį keitėsi.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bet netrukus jo žavesys, naujas nerūpestingas gyvenimas ir mano pačios polinkiai padėjo apsiprasti su ta mintimi. Mano tėvas buvo lengvabūdis žmogus, bet apsukriai tvarkė savo reikalus; jis lengvai susižavėdavo ir greit atšaldavo, ir patiko moterims. Aš iškart jį pamilau, ir visa širdimi, nes jis buvo geras, dosnus, linksmas ir labai prisirišęs prie manęs. Neįsivaizduoju geresnio draugo ir įdomesnio pašnekovo. Šios vasaros pradžioje jis pasiekė mandagumo viršūnę: paklausė, ar atostogaujant manęs neerzintų Elzė, dabartinė jo meilužė. Aš kaipmat jį nuraminau, nes žinojau negalintį apsieiti be moterų, o antra vertus, maniau, kad Elzė mums nekliudys. Tai buvo aukšto ūgio, rudaplaukė mergina, puskekšė iš demimondo, kuri dirbo statiste Eliziejaus laukų studijose ir baruose. Ji buvo miela, gana paprasta ir be ypatingų pretenzijų. Be to, mes su tėvu per daug džiaugėmės galėdami kuo greičiau ištrūkti iš miesto, kad į ką nors kreiptume dėmesį. Jis buvo išnuomojęs didelę baltą vilą prie Viduržemio jūros, nuošalią ir žavią, — apie ją mes tik ir svajojome, kai užėjo pirmieji birželio karščiai. Ji stovėjo iškyšuly, aukštai virš jūros, nuo kelio gožiama pušyno; siauras takelis statmenai leidosi į mažytę aukso smiltim nužertą įlankėlę, apsuptą rusvų uolų, tarp kurių bangavo jūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmosios dienos buvo nuostabios. Valandų valandas drybsojome pliaže, alpdami nuo karščio, ir pamažu sveikai, rudai įdegėme; tik Elzė baisiai kentėjo, nes oda jai paraudo ir ėmė luptis. Tėvas darydavo sudėtingą kojų gimnastiką, norėdamas nusimesti pilvuką, kuris jau ėmė augti, o tai visai nesiderino su jo donžuaniškais<br />polinkiais. Nuo ankstyvo ryto sėdėdavau vandeny, vėsiam ir skaidriam vandeny, nardydavau ir taškydavausi iš visų jėgų, kad neliktų jokio Paryžiaus pėdsako, nė vienos miesto dulkės. Išlipusi iš vandens, išsitiesdavau ant kranto, pasisemdavau pilną saują smėlio ir stebėdavau, kaip pro pirštus teka gelsvašvelni srovė; galvodavau, kad panašiai bėga laikas, kad ta mintis visiškai paprasta ir kad paprastos mintys labai malonios. Buvo vasara.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šeštąją dieną pirmąkart pamačiau Sirilį. Jis plaukė nedidele burine valtimi palei krantą ir ties mūsų įlanka apsivertė. Aš padėjau jam išsikapanoti ir, mums abiem juokiantis, sužinojau, kad jo vardas Sirilis, kad jis studijuoja teisę ir dabar atostogauja su motina gretimoje viloje. Jis turėjo romėnišką profilį, buvo tamsaus gymio, atviro veido, šviečiančio savotišku globėjišku ramumu, kuris man patiko. Šiaip aš vengiau universiteto studentų, grubių, susirūpinusių savimi, ypač savo jaunyste, kurioje jie sėmėsi dramatiškų pergyvenimų arba ieškojo preteksto nuoboduliui. Aš nemėgau jaunimo. Man kur kas labiau tiko mano tėvo draugai, keturiasdešimtmečiai vyriškiai, kurie būdavo švelnūs ir galantiški ir rodydavo man tėvo ir meilužio dėmesį. Bet Sirilis man patiko.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 11:12:48',62,'','2010-11-05 11:20:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 11:12:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,30,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1901,'Džekas Londonas \"Baltoji iltis\"','dekas-londonas-qbaltoji-iltisq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PIRMOJI DALIS. MĖSOS PĖDSAKAIS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tamsus eglių miškas rūsčiai niaukstėsi abipus užšalusios upės vagos. Neseniai praūžęs vėjas nudraskė nuo medžių baltą šerkšno apdarą, ir jie tarsi glaustėsi vienas prie kito, juodi ir grėsmingi blėstančioje dienos šviesoje. Neaprėpiama tyla gaubė visą kraštą. O patsai kraštas atrodė nyki dykuma - be gyvybės, be judėjimo - toks vienišas ir šaltas, jog net per maža būtų pasakyti, kad jis liūdnas. Jame šmėžčiojo juoko užuomina, bet tas juokas buvo daug baisesnis už bet kurį liūdesį, - juokas, toks nedžiaugsmingas, kaip sfinkso šypsena, juokas, šaltas kaip speigas, ir persunktas begalinio siaubo. Tai buvo valdinga ir nenusakoma amžinybės išmintis, amžinybės, besijuokiančios iš gyvybės menkumo ir gyvybės pastangų. Tai buvo Tyrai - žiaurūs, iki pat gelmių įšalę šiaurės Tyrai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bet čia buvo gyvybė - atkakli, visame krašte pasklidusi gyvybė. Užšalusios upės vaga plūkėsi vilkinių šunų vorelė. Gauruoti jų kailiai buvo apšerkšniję nuo šalčio. Jų alsavimas šalo ore, vos išsiveržęs iš nasrų garo kamuoliais, kurie čia pat leidosi ant jų nugarų, pavirsdami šerkšno kristalais. Šunys buvo pakinkyti odos viržiais ir vilko roges, kurios neturėjo pavažų. Jos buvo padarytos iš storos beržo tošies ir visu paviršiumi gulė ant sniego. Rogių pirmagalis buvo užlenktas tartum koks rietinys, kad jos neklimptų minkštame sniege, kuris lyg banga kilo prieš jas. Rogėse tvirtai pririšta, stovėjo ilga bei siaura dėžė. Buvo dar ir kitokių daiktų - antklodės, kirvis, kavinis ir keptuvė, bet didžiumą vietos vis dėlto buvo užėmusi toji ilga siaura dėžė. Priešaky šunų plačiomis pašliūžomis sunkiai žengė žmogus. Paskui roges plūkėsi antras žmogus. Rogėse, dėžėje, gulėjo trečiasis, kuris jau liovėsi plušėjęs, - žmogus, kurį Tyrai jau įveikė ir parbloškė, kad jis nebegalėtų judėti ir kovoti. Ne, Tyrų prigimtis nepakenčia judėjimo. Gyvybė ją įžeidžia, nes gyvybė yra judėjimas; o Tyrų tikslas - sunaikinti bet kokį judėjimą. Jie sušaldo vandenį, neleisdami jam tekėti jūron; jie gena sultis iš medžių, kol tie pagaliau sušąla iki pat šerdžių gelmių. O nuožmiausiai ir su didžiausiu įnirčiu Tyrai stengiasi palaužti ir sugniuždyti žmogų, - žmogų, kuris yra pats neramiausias visoj gyvybėj, amžinai maištaująs prieš dės¬nį, pagal kurį kiekvienas judėjimas turi pagaliau nurimti. Ir vis dėlto priešaky ir užpakaly, neįbauginami ir nenuramdomi, plūkėsi du vyrai, kurie buvo dar gyvi. Jų kūnus dengė kailiai ir minkšta išdirbta oda. Blakstienos, skruostai ir lūpos buvo taip sušalusio jų kvapo kristalų apdengtos, jog net veidų nebūtum galėjęs įžvelgti. Dėl to jie atrodė panašūs į pamėklių pasaulio šmėklas, duobkasius vaiduoklio laidotuvėse. Bet vis dėlto tai buvo žmonės, žmonės, įsiskverbę nykumos, patyčių ir tylos kraštan, - menkučiai nuotykiautojai, leidęsi i milžinišką nuotykį, pasipriešinę galingam pasauliui - tolimam, svetimam ir be jokio gyvybės ženklo, kaip erdvių bedugnė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 11:20:40',62,'','2010-11-05 11:24:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 11:20:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,29,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(1902,'Monikos paveikslas - lietuvių literatūros tradicijų tęsinys','monikos-paveikslas-lietuvi-literatros-tradicij-tsinys','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skaitydami lietuvių rašytojų kūrinius, dažnai atrandame nuostabiai pavaizduotą jausmingą ir jautrų lietuvės motinos paveikslą. Moteris - tai mūsų gyvenimo pradžia ir subrendimas, pagalba sunkią valandą ir paguoda. Kaip nebūtų dienos be saulės šviesos, taip nebūtų žmogaus be moters, motinos. Petras Cvirka, kurdamas būtent tokias moters, Monikos, paveikslą, sudėjo ir supynė į jos jausmų bei išgyvenimų pynę visus gražiausius ir tauriausius charakterio bruožus. Jeigu nekreipsime dėmesio į tuo metu būdingą tamsumą, kuris dažnai veda prie naivumo ir nesupratimo paprasčiausių gyvenimiškų tiesų, galėsime teigti, kad Monika - tai moters idealas, kuris išgyvena kiekvienai moteriai likimo skirtus džiaugsmus ir skausmus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jau pirmuose romano puslapiuose prieš mus iškyla jautrios ir nuoširdžios būtybės, kuri sugeba visa širdimi ir siela reaguoti į ją supantį pasaulį, išgyventi kiekvieną džiaugsmo ir liūdesio akimirką, paveikslas: “Viskam jautri, greit priimanti kiekvieną smulkmeną, paprastos sielos moteriškė Monika ūmai užsidegdavo užuojauta, patvindavo ašaromis, išsiliedavo juoku. Jos tas staigumas reaguoti į ją supančius reiškinius, įvykius dažnai būdavo perdėtas, per ankstyvas, per greitas gal tik todėl, kad ji viską ėmė širdin.” Šiuo nedideliu epizodėliu P. Cvirka meniškai atskleidė visą Monikos vidinio pasaulio tyrumą ir grožį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Monika neįsivaizduoja gyvenimo be to nedidelio lopinėlio žemės - vilties, kad ji, vyras, vaikai galbūt dar bus sotūs ir laimingi. Šalia meilės vyrui ir sūnums, ji nešioja savoj širdy didelę meilę žemei, kuri kaip motina rengia ir peni žmogų. Tik dirbdama savo sklypelyje, Monika sugeba užmiršti gyvenimo realybę. Šios dvi motinos - žemė ir Monika - neatsiejamos viena nuo kitos. Ji pasiilgsta žemės: “Nušvitau kaip diena, pamačiusi tuos gyvylėlius, dirbančius žmones. Ar čia pripratimas, ar kas - dienelę nebuvau, o traukia prie žemės, ir gana.”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tačiau Monika nėra stipri moteris. Jai reikalinga vyriška ranka, kuri galėtų vesti ir išvesti iš sudėtingų ir sunkių situacijų. Tas moteriškas silpnumas labai suartina Moniką ir Tarukį, padeda susilieti sieloms, visiems išgyvenimams tapti bendriems. O kiek džiaugsmo patiria abu, mokydamiesi skaityti: “Monikos širdis plakė, šnervėmis ir burna ji gaudė orą, juokėsi ir skaitė vis naujus žodžius kažkokiu skambiu, dar negirdėtu, virpančiu balsu.” Ir visgi pats svarbiausias Monikos bruožas yra motinystė. Tai visa jos gyvenimo esmė ir prasmė. Lyg ekrane bėga vaizdai, kuriuose Monika visą save atiduoda meilei, vyrui, vaikams, namų židinio sergėjimui. Ji lyg geroji namų dvasia: “Miela, gera išraiška vargų išvagotame ir spėjusiame ne laiku pasenti veide nešė palengvėjimą visiems namams.”</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 11:24:52',62,'','2010-11-05 11:27:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 11:24:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,28,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1903,'Z. Stankus \"Kaip tampama albinosais\"','z-stankus-qkaip-tampama-albinosaisq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įžanga arba epilogas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išėjome į armiją jauni, suaugusiųjų kūnais, bet dar vaikišku protu. Paaugliai... Palikę gyvenimą be rūpesčių, iš viskuo pasirūpinančių tėvų glėbio, kiti tiesiog iš mokyklos suolo, nežinodami gyvenimo prasmės ir visų jo sunkumų, papuolėme į sistemą, kurioje kiekviena diena - tai kova už būvį, kurioje tik jėga ir sumanumu galima ko nors pasiekti, kartais net išlikti. Naudodamiesi mūsų nesusiformavusia psichika, valstybės politikai pajungė mus nešvariems darbams. Iš mūsų lipdė robotus žudikus. Tik nedaugelis galėjom suprasti, ką mes iš tikrųjų darome,- manėm, kad karas lieka karu ir jame galioja tik karo įstatymas: stipresnis neteisiamas. Karas išdarkė ne tik mūsų kūnus, bet ir sielas. Grįžome namo pavargę, bet žinojome, kas yra tikra draugystė, kur riba tarp gyvenimo ir mirties.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">O visuomenė gyvena - vagia, girtuokliauja, paleistuvauja, myli, gimdo vaikus, eina į darbą. Visi patenkinti, nes jų tas karas nepalietė, jie jo net nepastebėjo... Mes nesuprasime pūvančios visuomenės,jie - mūsų. Norėjosi šaukti, kad netiesą šneka politikai ir žurnalistai -juk ten mūsų vaikinai žūva,- žmonės, ką darote?! Blaškysimės nerasdami vietos, daugelis iš ten grįžusių prasigers, kiti sugniuš ir prisitaikys prie visų. Nuskęsime tūkstančius kartų didesnėje viskam abejingoje minioje, taip ir neįrodę savo tiesos. O visuomenė žiūrės į mus kaip į albinosus, tarytum jie buvo teisūs iš pat pradžių. O mums bus dar sunkiau, nes jausimės ne tik apgauti, bet ir nesuprasti, ir tarytum sumelavę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Po labai šaltos 1979 metų žiemos prasidėjo kaip reta ankstyvas pavasaris. Gegužės mėnesio pabaigoje karščiai vis laikėsi. Birželio 1 gaunu šaukimą į armiją. Po poros dienų gėrimo, kurį vadindavo išleistuvėmis, su giminėmis, tėvais, draugais ir artimaisiais, skusta galva, paruošta kelionei kuprine, senais drabužiais ir 25 rubliais kišenėje, birželio 4 d. išvykau į traukiančią ir bauginančią, nenorimą, bet neišvengiamą arm iją. Buvau jaunas, stiprus, institutui per kvailas, mokslas atrodė reikalingas tiktam, kad mokėčiau suskaičiuoti gautus pinigus. Tėvams seniai buvau įkyrėjęs su savo išdaigomis, jie laukė nesulaukė, kada mane paims tarnauti, kad galėtų lengviau atsipūsti. O man atrodė, kad turiu nemažą gyvenimo patirtį: turėjau mergų-duodančių irne, žinojau, kas alaus barai, restoranai ir šiaip vietos, kur galima ištuštinti vyno butelius. Ėjau į armiją savo noru, nes bijojau padirbti kokiai kvailei vaiką ar nusigerti. Anksčiau ar vėliau vis tiek reikės eiti, o laukti \"kada pakvies Tėvynė\", yra be galo bjauru. Be to, maniau esąs pranašesnis prieš kitus, nes man buvo ne 18, o 19 metų, ir buvau gerai pasiruošęs fiziškai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 11:27:52',62,'','2010-11-05 11:33:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 11:27:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,27,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1904,'Referatas \"V. M. Putino \"Parafrazės\"\"','referatas-qv-m-putino-qparafrazsqq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bene vienas didžiausių vėlyvosios V.Mykolaičio-Putino poezijos kūrinys – lyrinis ciklas “Parafrazės”. Jis išleistas 1957 metais. Parašytas, parafrazuojant L. Bethoveno muzikines temas bei įvaizdžius, plėtojant vokiečių kompozitoriaus mintį apie žmogaus išsivadavimą iš sielvarto. Ši tema, skambėjusi daugelyje jo kūrinių (“Septynios dienos”, “Krintanti žvaigždė” ), poeto gyvenime įgavo didžiausią reikšmę, nes aprėpė visą žmogiškosios būties esmę. Kaip sakė Eduardas Mieželaitis : ”Parafrazės” – tai “ilgai poeto brandintų minčių, ilgų jo kūrybinių ieškojimų apoteozė” (E. Mieželaitis. Čia Lietuva. V., 1986, p.204.).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sielvartas yra viena svarbiausių Mykolaičio-Putino temų.Aukštai iškeldamas žmogaus dvasią ir jos harmoniją, menininkas tikėjo gyvenimo idealais. Visada kūrybinis darbas ir jo vaisiai pasiekiami per skausmingą vidinę kovą, klaidas ir pralaimėjimus. Putino sielvartas ne pesimistinis ar religinis. Jis visur yra dvasinės stiprybės ir pažinimo galios išraiška.Tik per sielvartą žmogus išsprendžia savo prieštaravimų mįsles, ištrūksta iš išorinės ir vidinės priespaudos varžtų, siekia tiesos, gyvenimo prasmės, aukštesnių idealų, kol “skausmas džiugesio garsais prabyla”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">V.Mykolaičio-Putino lyrikoje tik per skausmą ryškiausiai atsispindi pasaulis ir žmogus. Poetas skausmingos būsenos nevengia ir nebijo. Jo eilėse skausmas apvalo širdį nuo kasdienybės, ramaus pasitenkinimo, sukrečia, net atgaivina, priverčia eiti į priekį ir tapti tobulesniu. Tai klasikinių humanizmo tradicijų išpuoselėta  sielvarto filosofija. “Parafrazėse” sielvarto tema vystoma labai plačiai. Cikle išryškėja plati laiko perspektyva, poeto vidinių išgyvenimų vystymasis ir gyvenimo veiksmas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kūrinys susideda iš devynių dalių, kurių kiekviena turi po du skirtingus skirtingos struktūros poskyrius. Viename jų dažniausiai kalbama apie buitį, kai kur piešiama gyvenimo diduma, vaizduojamos aukštos erdvės, vandenynų gelmės. Kitame skamba intymesnis lyrinis monologas, švelniai skamba tyli sielos rauda ar meilės kuždesys. Per visą kūrinį plėtojami priešpriešiniai dalykai – gėris ir blogis, meilė ir neapykanta, džiaugsmas ir sielvartas, gyvybė ir mirtis. Visi šie dalykai tarsi pinasi i harmoningą gyvenimo paveikslą. “Parafrazių” struktūroje ryškūs muzikiniai dėsniai. Kaip pastebėjo A. Sluckaitė (Aušra Sluckaitė, Kritikos štrichai. V., 1963, p. 43.), kompozicija artima sonatinei formai. Kiekviena ciklo dalis susideda tarsi iš “ekspozicijos ir reprizos, pakartojančios temos šalutinį motyvą pagrindinėje tonacijoje” (A. Sluckaitė).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 11:34:04',62,'','2010-11-05 11:37:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 11:34:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,26,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1905,'Vytauto Mačernio pasaulis','vytauto-maernio-pasaulis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vytautas Mačernis - vienas iš tų jaunų, talentingų, skaudaus likimo menininkų, kurie tik trumpam sužibėjo lietuviškos literatūros padangėje. Dabar sunku nujausti ar įsivaizduoti; kokias kūrybines aukštumas būtų pasiekęs šis poetas, tačiau net tas nedidelis palikimas yra labai vertingas ir įvairiaspalvis. Ypač ryškiai savo vidinį pasaulį, sielos virpesius atskleidžia eilėraščių cikle “Vizijos”. Nors tuo metu, kai buvo kuriamos šios eilės, pasaulyje vyksta sudėtingos istorinės permainos, V.Mačernis sugeba bent dvasios regėjimuose pamatyti gėrį, grožį, tiesą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmosios vizijos lyrinis veikėjas, nubudęs “vidurnakty klaikiam”, savo vaizduotęs akimis pamato namus, gimtosios žemės gamtą. Jis, pamiršęs, jog širdyje - tamsa ir nerimas, nejučiomis ima grožėtis iškylančiais vaizdais. Ant klevo lapų lašantys spinduliai, perkūno oželiai, ištiesę giedančius sparnus, žaibai, rasotos pievos - visą tai taip be galo gražu, darnu, taip ramina sielą. Rodos, tikrai pradedi girdėti, kaip lyg mergaitės plepa lietaus čiurkšlėse. Gamta atrodo tyra, harmoninga, nepaliesta žmogaus, bet kartu tokia artima, suprantama ir neatsiejama nuo mūsų. Kaimo, o tuo pačiu ir gamtos tema, tęsiama ir antroje vizijoje. Čia poetas prieš save išvysta lietuvišką kaimą, jo tylų, prasmingą gyvenimą. Lyrinis subjektas tiki, kad namai - tai vieta,”kur išeina kažin kur nakties tamsa&lt;...&gt;/ Vėl slepiasi po stogais šikšnosparniai juodi,/ Pabūgų rytmečio šviesos”. V.Mačerniui namai - lyg jauki ramybės salelė visuotinėje sumaištyje, kur žmogus, jausdamas žemės kvapą, dar gali pasijusti ramus, laimingas, apsaugotas nuo triukšmo, purvinų miesto gatvių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 11:37:31',62,'','2010-11-05 11:45:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 11:37:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,25,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1906,'Rašinys \"Lapino paveikslas V. Krėvės \"Skerdžiuje\"\"','rainys-qlapino-paveikslas-v-krvs-qskerdiujeqq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Apsakymas “Skerdžius” – vienas gražiausių V. Krėvės kūrinių. Jo herojus skerdžius Lapinas – ities įdomus žmogus. Apsakyme ir pasakojama apie jį. Skerdžius Lapinas - seniausias Pagirių kaimo gyventojas. Jis “it ąžuolo kelmas” stiprus, tačiau “nors žemo ūgio, bet drūtas”. Lapinas su žmona gyveno sodžiaus gale, vargingoje dūminėje pirkaitėje. Stalas, lentynos ir suolas buvo jo menkučiai vargingo žmogaus baldai. Lapinas vilkėdavo sena skylėta gunčele, turėdavo kepurę, o kelnes juosta ridavosi. Daiktai, su kuriais niekada nesiskirdavo, buvo botagas, trimitas, ir duonkrepis. Jie įrodydavo Lapiną esant skerdžiumi.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pats kūrinio pavadinimas “Skerdžius” jau pasako mums iskirtinę Lapino “profesiją”. Būtent dėl jo amato žmonės jį dar truputį gerbia, nes kaimui būtų sunku išsiversti be vyriausiojo piemenukų “vado” skerdžiaus. Lapinas, kitų gyventojų nuomone, yra keistuolis, paslaptingas, bet tuo pačiu ir didelis melagis. Nors Lapinas ir nebuvo turtingas, jam netrūkdavo jumoro jausmo. Ūkininkai pavydėdavo jam tokio linksmumo. Kaime Lapiną visi nerimtu laikydavo, kvailučiu vadindavo. Lapinas nesupykdavo, kad iš jo truputį ir pasišaipydavo.Visiems jis buvo reikalingas: vieniems trūktžolių, kitiems skujinę, tretiems vantą surišdavo. Juokinga jam būdavo, kai neišgalėdavo vaikas jo trimito padumti. Sekdavo jis pasakas apie “laumes, kurios pirtyse gyvena, pabaliuose vakarais, saulei nusileidus, audeklus velėja siuva maišus, gaudo vaikus ir balosna juos murkdo, ypač tuos, kurie vyresnių neklauso”. Kaimo piemenukams “kia aukliuką, kitam rėknę, trečiam margintą lazdelę, o tam vėl dūdelę”. Savaip Lapinas žiūri į gamtą, mišką. Jis jam ventas. Kaip ir visi seni žmonės, jis idealizuoja mikus. Su Grainio liepa jį sieja ypatingas gyvybės – mirties ryys. Lapinas nuolat grožėdavosi Grainio liepa, mylėjo ją kaip vienintelį anų laikų palikimą. Net nukirtus ją, savo sapne liepą  jis susapnavo kaip savo žmoną. Vadinasi, kūrinyje Grainio liepa ir skerdžius Lapinas vaizduojami paralelikai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 11:46:09',62,'','2010-11-05 11:51:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 11:46:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,24,'','',0,135,'robots=\nauthor='),(1907,'Rašinys \"Baltaragio malūnas\"','rainys-qbaltaragio-malnasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Bet kai įsisiaučia audra, užgroja pušynų vargonai, nušvinta Baltaragio akmuo ir vėl sustingsta. Iš ežero gelmių pakyla baltakarčiai obuolmušiai žirgai, ir lekia su jais kaip su vėjo sparnais jaunikis su nuotaka.” Tai - Girdvainis su Jurga. Pagaliau kartu jie skrenda į savo laimę. Kad būtų laimingi, jie turėjo atsisakyti gyvenimo žemėje, kai Jurga buvo “viso Paudruvės kaimo pati smagiausia mergina, kuri savo skambiu juoku, linksmų akių gundančiais žvilgsniais ne vieną jaunikį buvo išvedusi iš proto ir ketino dar ne vieną išvesti”. Gyveno ji tada kartu su tėvu, buvo laiminga, ir dar nežinojo, kad tėvelis ją pažadėjęs Pinčukui, Paudruvės pelkių velniui, ir kad dėl to jai teks daug skausmo patirti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“O tuo metu už septynių mylių nuo Paudruvės krašto, Daugnorų kaime, gyveno Jurgis Girdvainis, šaunus ir išdidus jaunikis, kuris niekaip negalėjo sau mergos susirasti”. Kaltas čia buvo pats Girdvainis. Važinėjo jis pas visas mergas, bet ilgai savo išrinktosios nesurado. Turėjo jis du obuolmušius, kuriuos buvo jam tėvas palikęs, ir rūpinosi tik jais. Dėl žirgų Girdvainis buvo visą ūkį apleidęs. Važiuodamas pirštis, pakinkydavo jis savo obuolmušius į mėšlavežį ir apsirengdavo išverstus kailinius. Jis ieškojo tos savosios, kuri žiūrėtų ne į jo turtus ar išvaizdą, o į sielą. Dėl to ėmė visos merginos juoktis ir viena kitą tokiu jaunikiu gąsdinti. Bet kartą Girdvainis išgirdo apie</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Baltaragio Jurgą - gražiausią Paudruvės krašto merginą. Pirmą sekmadienį susiruošė jis su ja susitikti. Vos tik ją pamatęs suprato, kad Jurga jam skirta, ir pažadėjo pirmą šeštadienį atvažiuoti su piršliais. ”Girdvainis, nieko daugiau nelaukdamas, apsuko savo obuolmušius ir išvažiavo su tokiu džiaugsmu širdyje, kurio, rodos, net jo obuolmušiai nepavežtų, nors ir lėkė šuoliais”. Tačiau iki šeštadienio dar buvo marios laiko. Girdvainiui jis slinko ypač lėtai. Jis abejojo, ar sutiks Jurga už jo tekėti. Jis netgi galvojo pakinkyti žirgus ne į mėšlavežį, o į karietą ir apsirengti pačiais gražiausiais drabužiais. Kankinosi Girdvainis, norėdamas nugalėti savo išdidumą, bet nenugalėjo. Šeštadienį pasikinkė jis obuolmušius į mėšlavežį, apsivilko tuos pačius išverstus kailinius ir išvažiavo su piršliu Anupru pas savo išrinktąją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 11:52:13',62,'','2010-11-05 11:55:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 11:52:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,23,'','',0,89,'robots=\nauthor='),(1908,'R. M. Rilkė \"Laiškai jaunam rašytojui\"','r-m-rilk-qlaikai-jaunam-raytojuiq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Didžiai gerbiamas pone,</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jūsų laiškas pasiekė mane vos prieš kelias dienas. Noriu padėkoti Jums už jame pareikštą didelį ir mielą pasitikėjimą. Daugiau ne ką ir tegaliu. Negaliu gilintis į Jūsų eilėraščių pobūdį; mat bet kokie kritiko ketinimai man pernelyg svetimi. Nėra nieko, kas paliestų meno kūrinį menkiau nei kritinis žodis: pabaiga čia visuomet būna tik daugiau ar mažiau pavykęs nesusipratimas. Daiktai nėra tokie apčiuopiami ir nusakomi, kaip mes dažniausiai esame įtikinėjami; dauguma įvykių yra nenusakomi, jie vyksta erdvėje, kurion žodis niekados nėra įžengęs, o labiau už viską nenusakomi yra meno kūriniai, slėpiningi padarai, kurių gyvenimas tveria greta mūsų laikino gyvenimo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pradėdamas laišką tokiomis pastabomis, galiu tiktai dar pasakyti, kad Jūsų eilėraščiai nėra saviti, tačiau juose esama tylių ir paslėptų asmenybės užuomazgų. Labiausiai tatai jaučiu paskutiniam eilėrašty \"Mano siela\". Jame šis tas savita ieško žodžio ir išraiškos. O gražiame eilėrašty \"Skiriu Leopardi\" galbūt bręsta tam tikra giminystė su tuo didžiuoju vienišium. Ir vis dėlto tie eilėraščiai savaime dar yra niekas, jie dar nesavarankiški, taip pat ir paskutinysis, ir Leopardi skirtasis. Eiles palydėjęs Jūsų malonus laiškas tikrai padėjo man suprasti vieną kitą ydą, kurią, nors ir negalėdamas apibūdinti žodžiais, jaučiau, kai skaičiau Jūsų eilėraščius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Klausiate, ar Jūsų eilės geros. Klausiate mane. Anksčiau klausėte kitus. Siuntinėjate jas žurnalams. Lyginate jas su kitais eilėraščiais ir nerimaujate, kai kuri nors redakcija Jūsų eilių atsisako. Tai štai (kadangi leidote man Jums patarinėti), prašau Jus, liaukitės. Jūs dairotės išorėn, o dabar to Jums visų pirmiausia nevalia daryti. Niekas negali Jums patarti ir padėti, niekas. Yra tiktai vienas būdas. Eikite į save. Ištirkite priežastį, verčiančią Jus rašyti; ištirkite, ar ji suleidusi savo šaknis giliausioje Jūsų širdies vietoje, prisipažinkite pats sau, ar mirtumėte, jeigu Jums būtų neleidžiama rašyti. Tatai visų pirmiausia: paklauskite pats save tyliausią savo nakties valandą - ar privalau rašyti? Kaskitės į save, iki rasite gilų atsakymą. Ir jeigu jis būtų teigiamas, jeigu galėtumėte atsiliepti į šitą rimtą klausimą tvirtu ir paprastu \"Privalau\", tai kurkite savo gyvenimą vadovaudamiesi šia būtinybe. Jūsų gyvenimas ligi pat savo nereikšmingiausios ir menkiausios valandos turi tapti to siekio ženklu ir liudijimu. Tada artinkitės prie gamtos. Tada pamėginkite, lyg būtumėt pirmasis žmogus, pasakyti, ką matot ir patiriat, ką mylit ir ką prarandat. Nerašykite meilės eilėraščių; iš pradžių venkite tų formų, kurios pernelyg dažnos ir įprastos: jos pačios sunkiausios, nes reikalinga didi, subrendusi galia duoti šį tą sava ten, kur esama gausios ir geros, iš dalies tiesiog puikios tradicijos. Tad gelbėkitės nuo bendrųjų motyvų ir imkitės tų, kuriuos Jums pateikia Jūsų pačių kasdiena; vaizduokite savo liūdnumus ir troškimus, šmėkštelinčias mintis ir tikėjimą kokiu nors grožiu - vaizduokite visa tai su meiliu, tyliu, nuolankiu nuoširdumu, o išreikšti save naudokite savo aplinkos daiktus, savo sapnų vaizdus ir savo prisiminimų objektus. Jeigu Jūsų kasdiena pasirodytų Jums skurdi, nekaltinkit jos; kaltinkit save, sakykite sau, kad esat per menkas poetas, jei nesugebat prisišaukti jos turtų; mat kuriančiam žmogui neegzistuoja skurdas ir nėra skurdžių neįdomių vietų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 11:55:30',62,'','2010-11-05 11:58:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 11:55:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,22,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1909,'Vaikystės pasaulis lietuvių literatūroje','vaikysts-pasaulis-lietuvi-literatroje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vaikai yra gyvenimo tikslo įprasminimas. Būtent jie užtikrina ilgaamžį ir nenutrūkstamą kartų tęstinumą. Todėl nepaprastai svarbu ugdyti ir globoti šias jaunas ir gležnas asmenybes. Manau, kad visa tai savo kūryboje nuostabiai interpretavo viena iš lietuvių literatūros rašytojų Šatrijos Ragana, kuri dėka subtilių moteriškų nuostatų sugebėjo tiksliai apibūdinti ir perteikti vaikiškojo pasaulio pirmapradį nekaltumą ir paprastumą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vienas iš jos kūrinių - apsakymas “Irkos tragedija”. Čia autorė išaukština kilniuosius meilės ir supratimo pradus. Moralinių vertybių sumenkinimas yra perpinamas su vaikiškosiomis nuostatomis, susikurtomis dogmomis. manau, jog Šatrijos Ragana šiame kūrinyje subtiliai analizuoja vaikų psichologiją, nekaltą ir nesuterštą moralę. Skaudūs išgyvenimai perteikia visą situacijos dramatiškumą. Šiuo atveju pagrindinė apsakymo “Irkos tragedija” herojė yra tarsi jungiamoji grandis, kuri jungia dvi priešingas erdves. Taigi, manau, jog Šatrijos Ragana tobulai pavaizdavo vaikystės pasaulio įvairiapusiškumą, kurį perteikė dėka orginalios moteriškos nuojautos. Kiek kitokią vertybių skalę rašytoja pateikia apysakoje “Sename dvare”. Pagrindinė veikėja- mamatė Marija- dvaro ponia, trijų vaikų motina, vargšų globėja, mokytoja, labai subtilios dvasios žmogus. Moteris labai myli savo vaikus, stengiasi, kad jie augtų teisingi ir dori. Ji neišleidžia iš namų dukros Irutės, atsisakydama tolesnių perspektyvų, didesnių galimybių jai mokytis, kurias siūlo turtingi giminaičiai. Svarbiausia - nesužaloti vaiko.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vaikiškame pasaulyje pirmiausia pasirodo  svarbiausias aspektas, nekaltos meilės objektas - mamatė, kuri yra tarsi pasakiška fėja, apgaubta nematomos aureolės, rožių žiedų debesimi:”&lt;...&gt; ėjo nuo vieno krūmelio prie kito &lt;...&gt;”. Irutės pasaulėjautoje ši situacija susilieja su fantazijų ir svajų erdve, suteikiančia palaimą ir harmonijos jausmą. Kasdienybėja visa tai perteikiama su meile, rūpinantis gėlėmis: ”&lt;...&gt; ji lytėjo rožes savo plonais pirštais ir traukė jų nuostabų kvapą”. Vaikiškoje pasaulėvokoje šie nuostabūs augalai simbolizuoja ieškojimą ir dar nerastą Eldorado, kuriame vyrauja absoliuti tobulybė, nesuardomas vientisumas. Motinos žodžiai, kalba apie amžinybę randa atgarsį žingeidaus ir supratingo vaiko širdyje. Mamatė kreipiasi į Irutę žinodama, jog dukrelė morališkai ir dvasiškai pasiruošusi žengti į vizijų pasaulį, kur sklando tokios svajos,” kokių niekada nėra mačiusios žmonių akys”, kur visa valdo gėrio ir darnos deivės. Tačiau, manau, jog vaikiškasis supratimas vistiek siejasi su realybės ribomis, kurios šiuo atveju Irutei yra kita tvenkinio pusė. Būtent ten yra spindintys ir žvilgantys vaiko namai - visiška opozicija susiduria su vaikiško pasaulio įprasminimu. Motinos lūkesčiai tarsi perteikia kuriančių ir ieškančių vaikų įvaizdį, kibirkšiuojantį skaidruma Irutės akyse: ”&lt;...&gt; vis dėlto žmonės daug laimės patiria”. Vaikas supranta moterį, manau, todėl mergaitė taip gražiai susilieja su mamatės vizijomis. Taigi galime daryti logišką ir pagrįstą išvadą, jog Šatrijos Ragana apysakoje “Sename dvare” siekė pavaizduoti idiliškus vaikystės aspektus, suprasti žmogaus gyvenimo problematiką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 12:21:30',62,'','2010-11-05 12:23:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 12:21:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,21,'','',0,47,'robots=\nauthor='),(1910,'Našlaitės motyvas','nalaits-motyvas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasakos – vieni ryškiausių ir žinomiausių tautosakos kūrinių. Pasakos yra skirstomos į daugelį tipų. Vienas žinomiausių ir įdomiausių tipų yra stebuklinės pasakos, kuriose pasakojamos neįtikinamiausios istorijos. Pasakų veikėjai yra skirstomi į teigiamus ir neigiamus personažus. Dažniausiai pasakų personažai yra idealizuojami. Kiekvienas jų pasižymi tik jiems vieniems būdingomis savybėmis ir charakterio bruožais. Pasakose vaizduojamos gėrio ir blogio kovos, kurios dažniausiai pasibaigia teigiamų, gerųjų personažų pergale. Išsamiausia gerąsias ir blogąsias žmogaus savybes atskleidžia pasakos apie pamočių ir našlaičių kovas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasakos apie našlaitėles ir pamotes pagal motyvus yra skirstomos į tam tikras grupes. Kartais pasakose pasakojama apie vyrą, po žmonos mirties vedusį kitą moterį, dažniausiai piktą raganą, kuri nori atsikratyti podukros. Šiai grupei galime priskirti lietuvių liaudies pasaką “Našlaitė ir karvė”. Pasaka “Elenutė ir pamotė” yra priskiriama grupei, kurioje pasakojama apie tai, kaip pikta pamotė nekenčia ir persekioja vargšę našlaitėlę. Trečioje grupėje yra pasakojama apie išsiųstą našlaitėlę, kuri už savo gerumą yra apdovanojama sutiktos demoniškos būtybės ar stebuklingos pagalbininkės. Šiai grupei būtų galima priskirti pasaką “Mergytė meškos trobelėje”.  Pasakoje “Elenutė ir pamotė” pikta pamotė nori atsikratyti geros podukros.  Jai ji iškasa duobę ir pripila karštų žarijų. Apie baisią pamotės klastą našlaitėlei praneša šuo ir gaidelis. Kaip žinome, pasakos yra sukurtos tam, kad pašieptų žmonių ydas ir atskleistų lietuvių liaudies troškimus. Todėl piktoji pamotė, papūtus stipriam vėjui, sudega jos pačios iškastoje duobėje. Gali būti, kad ir dabar pagal šią pasaką liaudyje yra sakoma: nekask kitam duobės, nes pats įkrisi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasaka “Našlaitė ir karvė”, kaip ir daugelis pasakų apie našlaitėles, prasideda tuo, kad mirus motinai, tėvas parsiveda piktą pamotę. O podukros – geros, darbščios ir gražios. Podukra šioje pasakoje vaizduojama labai gera ir darbšti – “anksti  išgena, vėlai pargena”. Pamotės dukra tikra priešingybė, kaip diena ir naktis. Pamotė labai pavydi podukrai, todėl duoda jai sunkiausius darbus. Našlaitėlės užduočių vykdymas dar labiau pabrėžia podukros gerumą, bei darbštumą. Bet našlaitėlė už savo gerą būdą susilaukia pagalbos iš karvutės. Tai dar labiau sustiprina pamotės pavydą. Tokio tipo pasakose pamotės dažniausiai turėdavo neribotą valdžią, ir niekas joms negalėdavo pasipriešinti. Pamotė, norėdama įskaudinti našlaitėlę, sugalvoja nužudyti karvutę. Ir nors našlaitėlė sužino  pamotės sumanymą, nei ji, nei jos tėvas jau nieko nebegali padaryti. Bet prieš mirštant karvutei, našlaitėlei yra atskleidžiama karvutės paslaptis. Tiksliai įvykdžiusi karvutės nurodymus, našlaitėlė yra apdovanojama gražiu ir turtingu  jaunikaičiu, kuris veda našlaitėlę. Ir vėlgi gėris triumfuoja, ir pasaka baigiasi laimingai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 12:24:05',62,'','2010-11-05 12:26:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 12:24:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,20,'','',0,42,'robots=\nauthor='),(1911,'Romantizmo literatūra','romantizmo-literatra','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pulsuojančioje ir trūkinėjančioje lietuvių romantizmo literatūroje tarp Antano Baranausko ir Maironio pasigirsta skaidrus Antano Vienažindžio poetinis balsas. Prasiveržęs sudužusios meilės rauda, trykštąs skausmu ir liūdesiu iš Dusetų, Krinčino ir Laižuvos, jis sklido ne tik po visą Lietuvą, bet buvo girdimas ir Lenkijoje, ir Amerikos lietuvių emigranto bei Samaros tremtinio pastogėje. Spalvinga, tauri A. Vienažindžio asmenybė ir emocijomis trykštanti lyrika šiandien mums įdomi keliais aspektais. Literatūros istorikui rūpi nustatyti jos vietą XIX a. antrosios pusės lietuvių poezijoje, tautosakos tyrinėtoją jaudina vienas unikaliausių reiškinių – autorinės dainos tautosakėjimas , o menininką poeto asmenybės tragizmas, iš kurio jis gali semtis įkvėpimo savo kūriniams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">A.Vienažindžio kūrinių poetinė vertė matuojama ne objektyviosios tikrovės vaizdų platumu, o tuo, kad kūryba buvo lietuviškosios lyrikos pradžia su visais būdingaisiais jos bruožais – emocionalumu, liaudiškumu, žmogaus ir epochos, žmogaus ir gamtos, meilės, grožio skausmingu apdainavimu, tauriu išaukštinimu, su tuo asmenybės kūribiškumo matu, būtinu meniniam kūriniui išlikti liaudies lūpose. Žanrų evoliucijoje A. Vienažindys užima savitą vietą. Jis nesukūrė nei odės, nei poemos, nei pasakėčios, juo labiau epigramos ar eiliuoto laiko. Jo lyrikosios asmenybės saviraiškai artimiausia buvo daina, melodinga improvizacija. A. Vienažindžio daina kaip žanras užima išskirtinę vietą XIX a. individualiojoje poezijoje. Ji pasižymi tokiu intymumu, kokiu skamba graudulingosios liaudies dainos, bet ir skiriasi nuo jų griežta vaizdų komponavimo logika, neturi to padrikumo, vaizdų atsitiktinumo įspūdžio, kuris jaučiamas liaudies dainose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Išraiškos požiūriu A. Vienažindžio dainų yra grynai lyrinių, išsakančių intymius jausmus, ir stilizuotų, kuriose gausu tautosakos motyvų. Dainos “Žirgeliai sukinkyti”, “Še, motule, galionėlis”, “Neik už to bernelio”, “Pabalnokit man žirgelį”, “Ar negaili, sesutėle, rūtelių, rūtelių?” yra savotiški liaudies dainų stilizacijos pavyzdžiai. Subjektyvusis turinys tarsi prislopintas, fragmentiškas, - jį nustelbia nereikšminga buitinio gyvenimo detalė – motinos ir dukters pasikalbėjimas ar tautosakoje itin dažnas jaunamartės atsisveikinimo su tėvų namais motyvas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gvildendami A. Vienažindžio dainų tautosakėjimą, operuoujame trimis terminais: liaudies daina, autorinė daina ir literatūrinė daina. Šias dainų grupes jungia melodija ir panašūs motyvai, nuotaikos situacijos. Skirtinga jų genezė. Liaudies daina nuėjo ilgą šimtmečių kelią, prarasdama vienų, įgydama kitų kūrėjų ir atlikėjų mintis, emocijas bei meninį apipavidalinimą ir mūsų dienas pasiekė pačiu tauriausiu pavidalu. Autorinė daina yra su XIX a.  pradžios lietuvių raštija atėjęs reiškinys, kai melodija pritaikoma autoriniams kūriniams, visai nepakitusiems autentiškiems tekstams. Krašte, kur ypač gyvos etnografinės tradicijos, A. Vienažindžio, A. Strazdo, A. Baranausko ir kitų autorių tekstai, įgiję fonetinių ir leksikinių tarmybių, veikiami kitų tautosakėjimo dėsnių – trumpėjimo ir kontaminacijos – greitai kinta. Skambėję lūpose daugybės individualių atlikėjų su skirtinga menine nuovoka, psichika ir gyvenimo pažinimu, šie tekstai įgauna tų kūrėjų minčių, emocijų ir meninės išraiškos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 12:26:39',62,'','2010-11-05 12:29:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 12:26:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,19,'','',0,37,'robots=\nauthor='),(1912,'Žmogaus ir gamtos ryšys M.Katiliškio romane “Užuovėja”','mogaus-ir-gamtos-ryys-mkatilikio-romane-uuovja','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mariaus Katiliškio “Užuovėja” - dvylikos novelių knyga. Savarankiškos novelės sujungtos į vientisą kūrinį. Vientisumą rodo veiksmo erdvės ir laiko brandumas, autoriaus sumanymas ir jo kūrybinė idėja. Romane “Užuovėja” vaizduojamas tarpukario metų Aukštaitijos kaimas, jo žmonės, įvykiai, natūrali ūkio darbų seka per keturis metų laikus. Tai šiek tiek panašu į K.Donelaičio “Metus”, kurių keturias dalis į vientisą kūrinį jungia gamta, žmonės ir jų darbai. Autoriui nėra labai svarbūs atsitikimai, Katiliškiui daug svarbiau parodyti, kaip jie bendrauja tarpusavyje. Pasibaigęs metų ratas susijungia su pradžia.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Romane “Užuovėja” žmogus - tai neatsiejama žemės dalis taip, kaip žemė yra neatsiejama žmogaus gyvenimo dalis. “Atrodo, lyg kentėjimas, džiaugsmas ar ilgesys, būtų ne žmogaus, o pačios gamtos savybės, užgimusios vėjo dvelkimu ir gėlių žydėjime ir perduotos į mūsų sąmonę, kad mes ją saugotume, tobulintume”. (R.Žilbajoris) Mus su viso romano epizodu sujungia viena novelė “Lietus”. Novelėje matome, kaip išeivis, besiilgintis prarastų namų, prabėgusios vaikystės, parkrenta ant žolės po svetima padange ir, stebėdamas debesis, juos lyg ir atpažįsta. Išeivio antrininkas Antaniukas po daugelio metų apsilanko gimtajame Gružiškių kaime. Jis sutinka seną kaimyną Vaitišką, kuris, paveždamas Antaniuką, ir papasakoja įdomiausius praėjusių metų įvykius. Novelės pavadinimas “Lietus” nėra atsitiktinis. Lietus šioje novelėje turi svarbią prasmę. Lietaus lašai sujungia žemę su dangumi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 12:30:01',62,'','2010-11-05 12:39:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 12:30:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,18,'','',0,36,'robots=\nauthor='),(1913,'\"Baltaragio malūno\" ištrauka','qbaltaragio-malnoq-itrauka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Bet kai įsisiaučia audra, užgroja pušynų vargonai, nušvinta Baltaragio akmuo ir vėl sustingsta. Iš ežero gelmių pakyla baltakarčiai obuolmušiai žirgai, ir lekia su jais kaip su vėjo sparnais jaunikis su nuotaka.” Tai - Girdvainis su Jurga. Pagaliau kartu jie skrenda į savo laimę. Kad būtų laimingi, jie turėjo atsisakyti gyvenimo žemėje, kai Jurga buvo “viso Paudruvės kaimo pati smagiausia mergina, kuri savo skambiu juoku, linksmų akių gundančiais žvilgsniais ne vieną jaunikį buvo išvedusi iš proto ir ketino dar ne vieną išvesti”. Gyveno ji tada kartu su tėvu, buvo laiminga, ir dar nežinojo, kad tėvelis ją pažadėjęs Pinčukui, Paudruvės pelkių velniui, ir kad dėl to jai teks daug skausmo patirti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“O tuo metu už septynių mylių nuo Paudruvės krašto, Daugnorų kaime, gyveno Jurgis Girdvainis, šaunus ir išdidus jaunikis, kuris niekaip negalėjo sau mergos susirasti”. Kaltas čia buvo pats Girdvainis. Važinėjo jis pas visas mergas, bet ilgai savo išrinktosios nesurado. Turėjo jis du obuolmušius, kuriuos buvo jam tėvas palikęs, ir rūpinosi tik jais. Dėl žirgų Girdvainis buvo visą ūkį apleidęs. Važiuodamas pirštis, pakinkydavo jis savo obuolmušius į mėšlavežį ir apsirengdavo išverstus kailinius. Jis ieškojo tos savosios, kuri žiūrėtų ne į jo turtus ar išvaizdą, o į sielą. Dėl to ėmė visos merginos juoktis ir viena kitą tokiu jaunikiu gąsdinti. Bet kartą Girdvainis išgirdo apie Baltaragio Jurgą - gražiausią Paudruvės krašto merginą. Pirmą sekmadienį susiruošė jis su ja susitikti. Vos tik ją pamatęs suprato, kad Jurga jam skirta, ir pažadėjo pirmą šeštadienį atvažiuoti su piršliais. ”Girdvainis, nieko daugiau nelaukdamas, apsuko savo obuolmušius ir išvažiavo su tokiu džiaugsmu širdyje, kurio, rodos, net jo obuolmušiai nepavežtų, nors ir lėkė šuoliais”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 12:39:21',62,'','2010-11-05 12:49:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 12:39:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,17,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1914,'Klaipėda - Lietuvos uostas','klaipda-lietuvos-uostas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Knygos struktūra: šis Petronėlės Žostautaitės leidinys sudarytas iš pratarmės, trijų stambių skyrių (jie sudaryti iš keleto smulkesnių skyrelių) ir baigiamojo žodžio. Pratarmėje trumpai apžvelgiamas knygos turinys ir įžengiama į knygos esmę t.y. Klaipėdos krašto istoriją 1923-1939 metais.  Pirmasis iš stambesniųjų skyrių,  tai “Klaipėdos uostas Lietuvos Respublikos sudėtyje”. Jame trumpai aprašoma Klaipėdos krašto istorija nuo XIIIa. iki pirmojo pasaulinio karo, kurio metu Klaipėda yra atimama iš Vokietijos. Vėliau yra rašoma apie uosto vystymąsį, jį atgavus. Antrasis skyrius: “Prekybos laivyno kūrimas”. Čia aprašomas Lietuvos laivyno (prekybinio truputį vėliau) kūrimas ir vystimasis. Trečiasis skyrius - “Prekių apyvarta per Klaipėdos uostą”. Šiame skyriuje rašoma apie Lietuvos prekybinių santykių gerėjimą su kitomis valstybėmis. Į Lietuvą pradeda plaukti didesnių valstybių laivai su verslo pasiūlymais ir t.t. Knygos  “Baigiamajame žodyje” trumpai aprašoma situacija po II pasaulinio karo, kai Klaipėdos kraštas buvo prijungtas prie Lietuvos, o Lietuva prie  Sovietų sąjungos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinė knygos tema: Leidinyje apžvelgiama Klaipėdos krašto istorija. Daugiausia dėmesio skiriama Klaipėdos uosto gražinimui Lietuvos Respublikai bei jo raidai 1923 - 1939m. Aptariamos Lietuvos vyriausybės pastangos Klaipėdą paversti Lietuvos užsienio prekybos centru, išplėsti Klaipėdos krašto ryšius su visa Lietuva. Rašoma apie sunkumus, kai klaipėdiečiams teko gintis nuo vokiečių priespaudos ir uosto niokojimo. Knygoje taip pat rašoma apie Lietuvos laivyno kūrimą. Finansų stygius buvo bene didžiausia kliūtis kurti laivyną. Laivų statyba kainavo baisius pinigus, o pirkimas ne ką mažesnius. Tačiau velniškomis vyriausybės pastangomis, bendradarbiaujant su kitų šalių bendrovėmis, laivynas pradėjo augti. Pradžioje laivai buvo ne tokie patvarūs, kad galėtų plaukioti jūromis, bet vėliau jie buvo tobulinami. Pirmiausia buvo kuriamas prekybos laivynas, nes Lietuvai reikėjo didinti šalies biudžetą, bei garsinti savo vardą Europoje. Klaipėdos uosto kilimui maišė vokiečių kėslai. Vokiečių bendrovės, įsikūrusios uoste, kiršino leituvių darbuotojus ir niokojo kraštą. Iki 1939m. kovo 22d.,  kai vokiečiai užėmė Klaipėdos kraštą, lietuviai gana sėkmingai susidorodavo su negandomis. Tą pačią dieną 23val. 55min. buvo pasirašyta Lietuvos Respublikos ir Vokietijos sutartis dėl Klaipėdos krašto perdavimo Vokietijai. Sutarties pirmasis straipsnis skelbė, jog Klaipėdos kraštas vėl sujungiamas su Vokietija. Antruoju straipsniu Lietuvos vyriausybė įsipareigojo tuojau pat iš Klaipėdos krašto išvesti savo kariuomenę ir pasienio policiją. Uosto netekimas sukrėtė visą Lietuvos ekonomiką. Vienu žodžiu mūsų šalis neteko vartų į pasaulį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 12:49:30',62,'','2010-11-05 12:52:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 12:49:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,16,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1915,'Menininkas ir visuomenė (lentelė)','menininkas-ir-visuomen-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 12:52:57',62,'','2010-11-05 12:54:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 12:52:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,15,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1916,'Tas begalinis motinos skausmas ir rūpestis pagal P.Cvirkos romaną \"Žemė maitintoja\"','tas-begalinis-motinos-skausmas-ir-rpestis-pagal-pcvirkos-roman-qem-maitintojaq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Maža lietuvi literatūroje kūrinių, kuriuose nebūtų vaizduojama moteris, jos gyvenimas, likimas. Maža rašytojų, kurie neminėjo motinos, neaprašė jos širdies gerumo, rankų švelnumo. Kaip ir dabartinės, taip ir senesnės kartos kūrėjams moteris - motina - dažnai viena iš pagrindinių kūrinio veikėjų. Tokia ji buvo Žemaitei, Vaižgantui, Vienuoliui, Biliūnui ir kt.. Šią tradiciją pratęsė ir P.Cvirka savo romane “Žemė maitintoja”. Pagrindinė kūrinio herojė Monika - paprasta kaimo moteris. Jos gyvenimo pagrindas - motinystė, jos laimė - vaikai. “Žemės  maitintojos” įtaigumą labiausiai nulėmė nuoširdžiai ir meniškai papasakota Taručių šeimos istorija. Kūrinyje pavaizduoti svarbiausi žmogaus gyvenimo įvykiai - meilė, vaikų gimimas, kova už asmeninius siekius ir jų žengimas, artimjų mirtis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jau pirmuose romano epizoduose, kai Monika susitinka su Juru, rašytojas parodo jos jautrumą, švelnumą, rūpestingumą. Mergina, pamačiusi praplyšusį savo mylimojo švarką, su moterišku stropumu skuba tvarkyti kareivio drabužį. “Tas jos tvarkos ir moteriškumo požymis Jurą labiau jaudino negu ašaros”. O Monika mato Tarutį jau ne tik kaip vaikiną, bet ir kaip būsimo kūdikio tėvą. Dėl nesantuokinio vaiko mergina iškenčia daug patyčių, bet pati sako: “Nebijau liežuvių, kalbų, nieko, kad tik sveikas ateitų”. Meilė mažyliui didesnė negu noras nusikratyti juo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Su nerimu ir nekantrumu laukia jaunieji Taručiai šeimos padidėjimo. Gimus sūneliui, visas dėmesys jam ir atitenka. Po gimdymo monika pirma “akimis surado vaiką, paskum vyrą”. Ir šypsosi ji jau ne Jurui - savo vyrui, o mažylio tėvui. Kaziukas tampa motinos ir tėvo paguoda. “Mano mažiukas, mano ašara”, - vadina jį. Monika džiaugiasi kiekvienu sūnelio šyptelėjimu ar kryptelėjimu, o pirmieji Kaziuko žingsniai ją taip sujaudino, kad Monika “basa, palaidomis kudlomis, skietriodama rankomis”, bėga apie tai pranešti Jurui: “Koks džiaugsmas tas mūsų vaikelis”. Dabar ji nebegali suprasti, kaip kažkada galėjo eiti skandintis ar gerti paraką, kad užmuštų vaisių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 12:54:33',62,'','2010-11-05 13:06:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 12:54:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(1917,'Jonas Basanavičius','jonas-basanaviius','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Daktaras Jonas Basanavičius gimė 1851 metais lapkričio mėnesio 23 dieną Ožkabalių kaime, Bartininkų valsčiaus,Vilkaviškio apskrity.Štai paties Basanavičiaus žodžiai apie savo gimimą: “-Ant šio baltojo “kalno”svieto lapkričio 12/23 d. 1851m., 7-tą valandą vakare ateinant, dėl nežinomos priežasties , teko man gimti  i n  a s p h i x i a , taigi pusgyviu, ir tik su dideliu vargu tapęs atgaivintas.Ar trinant šepečiu mano kojų padus, ar per kokį, kaip tėvams rodėsi, stebuklą, po geros sako, valandos aš atsigaivalėjęs; tėvai jau tada mane, nors pusgyvį, prižadėjo į kunigus leisti, jei tik Dievas teiksiąsi dvasią įkvėpti į mano menką kūnelį. Lapkričio24 d, 4 h po pietųbuvau Bartininkų bažnyčioje klebono Jono Burdulio apkrikštytas, o kadangi tą dieną buvo Jono nuo kryžiaus, tai ir man Jono vardą suteikta. Bet tai buvo, rodos, nelemtas to šventojo vardas, kursai mano gyvenime, tarytum, man daug nelaimių atgabeno.”*</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Basanavičiai buvo pasiturintys ūkininkai, todėl mažasis Jonas augo be vargo-gerai tėvų prižiūrimas ir mylimas, kaip vienintelis sūnus. Gražiose Ožkabalių apylinkėse buvo daugybė piliakalnių, kur mažasis Jonas mėgdavo vienas arba su vaikais bėgioti;įdomūs pasakojimai apie garbingus Lietuvos laikus, kuriuos girdėdavo iš savo tėvų ir kitų senesnių žmonių – ugdė jame tautiškumo bei tėvynės meiles jausmą. “-I savo tėvo girdėjau pasakojant, kad mūsų sentėviai buvę ateiviai iš užnemunės iš kur tai nuo Vilniaus… Mano tėvo pavardė XVII - XVIII šimtmečio dokumentuose – metrikų knygose prie bartininkų Bažnyčios – i lenkiko yra gana įvairiai rašoma; taip randame užrašyta: Bosonoicz, Basanoicz, Bosonowicz, Bosenowicz, Basenowicz, Basianowicz, Basienowicz, Basiniewicz, Basinowicz, Basanowicz, Bassanowicz, Basonowicz, Bassonowicz, Basnewicz, Basawiecz, ir 1786 m. – Magdalena Basanowa. ita pravardė, be abejo, yra kilusi nuo liet. basas ir turi dar kitus žmonių ir vietų vardus nuo to žodžio pramintus.”**</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 13:06:35',62,'','2010-11-05 13:09:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 13:06:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,13,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(1918,'Literatūros rūšys ir žanrai','literatros-rys-ir-anrai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">I. LYRIKA – kūriniai (paprastai eiliuoti), perteikiantys individo išgyvenimus, įspūdžius, nuotaikas, mintis. Baladė – trumpas eiliuotas istorinių ar liaudies motyvų kūrinys, vaizduojantis intriguojančius, paslaptingus, dažnai šiurpius įvykius, tragiškus žmonių likimus; ypač buvo paplitusi romantizmo literatūroje. Daina – rašytinės lyrikos žanras, kurio charakteringos žymės – melodinga intonacija, refrenai, atsikartojantys kupletai, kreipinių – atsakymų paralelizmas. Eilėraštis – labiausiai neapibrėžtas, universaliausias lyrikos žanras, dominuojantis nuo romantizmo laikų. Elegija – rimto turinio, susimąstymą reiškiantis kūrinys, kuriame kalbama liūdno prisiminimo ar skundo tonais; kilusi iš laidotuvių raudų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Enkomionas – giesmė, šlovinanti didvyrį arba sportinių varžybų nugalėtoją. Epigrama – aforistinio tipo kūrinys, pagrįstas sąmoju, paradokso logika, netikėtu baigmės smūgiu. Epitafija – eleginiu distichu parašytas eilėraštis mirusiojo garbei. Epitalama – panegirinio pobūdžio eilėraštis, skirtas vestuvių iškilmėms; vestuvių daina. Idilė (pastoralė, bukolika) – dažniausiai lyrinio monologo forma parašytas kūrinys, tematiniu požiūriu susijęs su piemenų, žemdirbių, žvejų, medžiotojų buitimi. Madrigalas – trumpas meilės tematikos eilėraštis, kuriame kreipiamasi į moterį, sakomi jai rafinuoti ir sąmojingi hiperbolizuoti komplimentai, supinti su pastoraliniais ir mitologiniais motyvais. Odė – iškilmingas, patetiškas eiliuotas kūrinys, kuriame šlovinamas žymus asmuo, svarbus istorinis įvykis, didi filosofinė, etinė ar politinė idėja. Satyra – hegzametru parašytas laisvo pašnekesio formos, pamokančio ar smerkiančio turinio kūrinys, kuris temų sėmėsi iš visuomenės papročių, politikos ir literatūros. Sonetas – 14 eilučių eilėraštis, sudarytas iš 2 ketureilių su 2 rimais ir 2 trieilių (italų ir prancūzų sonetas) arba iš 3 ketureilių ir 1 dvieilio (anglų sonetas).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 13:10:03',62,'','2010-11-05 13:12:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 13:10:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,12,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1919,'A. Vaičiulaitis','a-vaiiulaitis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagrindinis Vaičiulaičio kūrybos bruožas yra orientacija į amžinus, pastovius dalykus, nuvalytus nuo laiko apnašų, išgrynintus ir patikrintus. Tai meilė, supratimas, užuojauta, tolerancija, tikėjimas geraisiais žmogaus pradais. Rašytojas daug dėmesio skiria ir rašymo būdui - aiškiam, skaidriam, elegantiškam stiliui, meniškumas Vaičiulaičiui - pagrindinė sąlyga. Jo tekste estetinį pasigėrėjimą kelia taisyklingas ir švarus sakinys, prasminga metafora, muzikalus pasakojimo ritmas, išraiškingos detalės, didelis autoriaus pastabumas ir psichologinė nuovoka, graži spontaniškumo ir racionalumo dermė, pasireiškianti tie kūrinio kompozicijoje, tiek bendroje meninio pasaulio sąrangoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Romano “Valentina” žodis yra pakilus, poetiškas, kupinas meilės viskam, prie ko prisiliečiama, apgaubtas nerimo dėl visko, apie ką kalbama. Daug abstraktumo ir simbolių, tikrovės elementai nėra tokie suverenūs ir aiškūs, jie tartum susilieję vienas su kitu. Septintoji dalis “Aviliai” prasideda sakiniu “Už rugių augo laukinė obelis, viena tarp dirvų ir pievų, kresna ir šlamanti tamsžaliais lapeliais.” Ši obelis tarsi simbolizuoja pačią Valentiną, jos pasaulį, kuriame ji jaučiasi vieniša. Ji simbolizuoja tarsi tą ribą tarp Valytės ir išorinio pasaulių, nuo kurios ji jau “nepaklysianti ir neišsigąsianti kiškio.” Po šia obelim “stovėjo aną vakarą, grįždami iš kunigo Motiejaus, Antanas ir Valentina.” Jie kalbėjosi, ir ta vieta jiems abiem liko širdyje kaip pirmoji jų pasišnekučiavimo, pabendravimo toli nuo kitų akių vieta. Prie šios obels Valentina ištarė: “Tenai prie ežero - mūsų namai”, tuo tarsi pristatydama dar nelabai pažįstamam jaunuoliui savo tėviškę, tarsi kviesdama jį užeiti kurią dieną jos aplankyti. “Ir paskui ji nuėjo, ir vakaro tyla snaudė šitoj girių lygumoj, snaudė miežiuos ir žydinčiose bulvėse - tose nedrąsiose, niekeno neminimose taurelėse su geltonais taškasi viduryje.” Mes matome ir jaučiame puikiai autoriaus perteiktą taip mielą kiekvienai lietuvio širdžiai tikrą kaimo peizažą, tylią gamtą, kuri lyg dar labiau prityla ir pasineria į ramybę išejus Valentinai. Šiame sakinyje mes sutinkame miežius ir žydinčias bulves, kurių žiedai išradingai palyginti su taurelėmis. Šios žemės gėrybės - tai vėl simbolis, vaizduojantis tikrą lietuvišką kaimą, jo žmonių darbą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Ir jinai nuėjo taku, paskendus rugių lauke - ir javai skyrėsi jai iš kelio ir linkčiojo.” Čia Antano poetiška siela mato jau visai kitą Valentiną - ne tą realią kaimo merginą, bet jo įsivaizduojamą meilę, kuriai Valentina suteikia tik kūnišką pavidalą. Ir šiai jo suidealizuotai dvasios meilei “javai skiriasi iš kelio ir linkčioja.” Jai neegzistuoja jokios kliūtys, kadangi, įsimylėjusio vaikino akimis žiūrint, jų ir negali būti. Ir tarsi pati gamta tai patirtina: “Pirmi debesėliai ją pasivijo, žaidė aplink ją ir buvo tokie linksmi.” Ir jos vienplaukė galva “buvo šviesi kaip ta nokstanti žiemkenčių jūra.” Vaičiulaitis visus palyginimus sieja su motule gamta, kaimo vaizdais, kadangi nėra gamtoje disharmonijos ir viskas yra gražu, idealu, kaip ir atrodo romano pagrindiniams veikėjams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 13:13:09',62,'','2010-11-05 13:15:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 13:13:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,11,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(1920,'Pranešimas \"Remarkas ir jo romanas \"Vakarų fronte nieko naujo\"\"','praneimas-qremarkas-ir-jo-romanas-qvakar-fronte-nieko-naujoqq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Erichas Marija Remarkas – vienas populiariausių XX amžiaus vokiečių rašytojų. Į literatūros istoriją jis įėjo pirmiausia kaip įtaigus „žemojo sluoksnio“ likimo vaizduotojas. Remarkas priklauso rašytojų kartai, patyrusiai dramatiškus XX amžiaus istorinius įvykius: Pirmąjį pasaulinį karą, politinę ir ekonominę Veimaro respublikos krize, Antrąjį pasaulinį karą, sunkų pokario laikotarpį... Viskas kas susiję su tragiškais žmonių likimais, tapo svarbiausia Remarko kūrybos tema. Erichas Marija (Paulius) Remarkas gimė 1898 metų birželio 22 dieną Osnabriuke, knygrišio šeimoje. Jaunystėje labai mėgo skaityti knygas ir svajojo apie turtingą gyvenimą, tačiau jo luomo žmogui tai nebuvo įmanoma. Rašytojas mirė 1970 metų rugsėjo 25 dieną Šveicarijoje. Remarkas parašė keturiolika romanų, vieną pjesę, kelis apsakymų ir esė rinkinius. Žymiausi romanai: „Vakarų fronte nieko naujo“, „Juodasis obeliskas“, „Triumfo arka“, „Trys draugai“, „Laikas gyventi ir laikas mirti“.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1929 metais pasirodęs Remarko romanas „Vakarų fronte nieko naujo“ tapo viena populiariausių knygų ne tik Vokietijoje, bet ir visame pasaulyje. Šioje knygoje labai realiai atvaizduoti Pirmojo pasaulinio karo žiaurumai, parodoma jo beprasmybė. Tai sukelia ažiotažą valdžioje. 1933 metais kartu su daugeliu kitų pasaulinės literatūros šedevrų Remarko romanas degė fašistų sukurto laužo liepsnose. Vėliau rašytojui, kaip „literatūriniam pasaulinio karo išdavikui“ buvo atimta Vokietijos pilietybė. Nuo 1947 metų jis – JAV pilietis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skandalingajame romane „Vakarų fronte nieko naujo“ atvaizduojamas žiaurus Pirmasis pasaulinis karas. Kūrinio pasakotojas, jaunas savanoris Paulius Boileris, kartu su savo bendraklasiais, išėję į karinį apmokymą patenka tiesiai į 1917‘ūjų metų frontą. Nieko apie karą nenutuokiantys vaikai priversti kęsti negailestingą būtį netoli fronto linijos. Taip prasideda pasakojimas. Knygoje yra istorinių ir geografinių realijų, tačiau Autorius sąmoningai atsiriboja nuo karinių ir politinių klausimų. Karas vaizduojamas paprasto kareivio akimis, taip kūrinys tampa dar emocionalesnis ir išryškiną pagrindinę savo idėją – negailestingo ir žiauraus karo beprasmybę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paulius Boimeris, pagrindinis veikėjas, - patrauklaus charakterio asmenybė. Jis santūrus, trokštantis gyventi ir kupinas subtilių jausmų. Jo pasakojimas ir išsireiškimai atitinka dvidešimtmečio kareivio pasaulio suvokimą. Pagrindinius romano veikėjus jungia ne tik karo baimė, bet ir žmogiški ryšiai, draugystė. Visi jie susieti vienas su kitu taip, jog galima pastebėti, kad tikrasis kūrinio herojus yra ne „aš“, o „mes“. Iš negausaus veikėjų būrio išsiskiria Pauliaus draugai ir klasiokai: „filosofas“ Kropas, rajūnas Tjadenas, gudrusis Kačinskis, kaimietis Dėteringas, Katas ir dar keletas kitų. Nors visi jie skirtingi, tačiau kara vertina vienodai priešiškai, todėl juos galima apibūdinti kaip kolektyvinį veikėją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Boimeris su draugais – karo aukos. Kariauti jie išėjo dar nesubrendę, susižavėję skambiais karo šūkiais. Karo lauke jie susiduria su žiauria realybe: krauju lavonais ir neapsakoma mirties baime. Remarkas karą vaizduoja be romantikos ir didvyriškumo. Jis parodo kareivių išsekimą, alkį, baimę. Meistriškai kuria kautynių vaizdus, nenuslėpdamas žiauriausių detalių. Karo, o taip pat ir romano pabaigoje Paulius Boimeris praranda paskutinįjį savo draugą Katą ir jaučiasi visiškai vienas, be jokios ateities perspektyvos. Laiko save prarastąja karta. Nors Vokietijos gilumoje jo laukia mirštanti motina, tėvas, bei sesuo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 13:15:42',62,'','2010-11-05 13:18:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 13:15:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,42,'robots=\nauthor='),(1921,'Maironis \"Dvi žvaigždės\" analizė','maironis-qdvi-vaigdsq-analiz','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nesunkiai suradęs savo Žemaitiškąjį kelia, lietuvių romantikas Jonas Mačiulis – Maironis visą gyvenimą ieškojo ir kito, daug reikšmingesnio vedančio į pažinimą ir žmogaus vertes suvokimą. Pats savo kūrybą daugeliui nušvietęs kelią, jis eilėraštyje ‘Dvi žvaigždės” atskleidžia žmogaus ilgesy ir tokiu šviesiu buvimo svarbą bei  prasme. Jau soneto pavadinimas pasako, kas yra žmogui svarbiausia. Skaičius ‘du’ žymi, jog niekas nepasitenkina vienetais, o trokšta daugiau, bent daugiau nei minimumo. Taigi jau čia prabyla maksimalistas – Maironiui būdingas lyrinis žmogus. Žmogus, kurio monologu ir paremtas eilėraštis. Pasakojimas pradedamas nesistengiant nuleisti atkakliai į aukštybes žvilgsnio, ieškančio kažko į ką galėtų stiebtis. To simbolis yra žvaigždė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žvaigždė kuri užgimė namuose, pavadintuose “dangus”. Norima parodyti begalinė, beribė erdvė ir išreiškiamas lyrinio subjekto tikėjimas, kad ten už “aukštybių” yra gal ir kitas dangus, kuris gali viską paaiškinti. O gal padėti žmogaus mintims, kad nebedrebėtų nuo menko vėjelio. Drebėjimas – silpnumas, abejonės. Juk jeigu neabejos žmogus, bus tvirta ir žvaigždė – fantazijos padarinys. Ryški metafora apibūdina tai – “uždegė Dievas’. Lyrinis subjektas pripažįsta esant didelė jėga, sugebančią daryti žygdarbius. Pažinti kalnus – tvirtumo ir aukštumo simbolį,  pievas – kupiną smulkios gyvybės pasaulį. Paskutinėje posmelio eilutėje lyg kontrastas gamtos vaizdams – deimantas. Atsiskleidžia įvairiapusė eilėraščio žmogaus pasaulėjauta. Žmogus, kuris išdrįsta prakalbinti savo minčių gyventoją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Piešiamos vaizdo spalvos – ryškios, švelni(os, o žibutė – trapumo ir grožio simbolis. Begalinio dangaus papildinys – marios. Tai – žemiškoji begalybė. Ta erdvė savo paslaptimi traukianti, viliojanti todėl dažnai pastebima poeto kūryboje. Žvaigždė lyginama su angelu, gelbstinčiu kiekvieną  ir vadinamu globos bei gėrio simboliu. Paklydęs keleivis – tai lyg savo būsenos pripažinimas ir lyrinio subjekto tipų. Suvokimas – jog visi žemėje yra keliautojai, ir visi paklydusieji. Dauguma paklydusiu dėl to, kad užgeso. Metaforiškas krūtinės apibūdinimas – gęstanti taikoma kiekvienam, kurį apleido tai, kas palaiko gyvybe – viltis. Dar vienu įvardijimu baigiamas dangiškos žvaigždės – nepasiekimo idealo apibūdinimas. Trečiame soneto posmelyje lyrinis subjektas, lyg pajutęs sunkią žemės ranką ant peties, nuleidžia akis. Jau nebe taip entuziastingai skamba jo balsas, nors ta išsvajota viltis rusena. Eilėraštyje žmogus kalba, jog žemėja galima surasti laime. Žvaigždė – kūrybos ,darbo ir pasiaukojimo kitiems, prasmės suradimo simbolis. Ją autorius įvardija metafora ‘uždegė krūtinę’ lyg norėdamas atskleisti tų dviejų žvaigždžių panašumus. Stebuklas – meilė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 13:18:55',62,'','2010-11-05 13:23:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 13:18:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,9,'','',0,79,'robots=\nauthor='),(1922,'Žanas Kokto \"Orfėjas\"','anas-kokto-qorfjasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Svetainė Orfėjo viloje. Keista svetainė. Gerokai panaši į fokusininkų svetaines. Giedras balandžio dangus ir skaisti jo šviesa neperveikia nuojautos, kad svetainėje viešpatauja paslaptingos jėgos. Net įprastiniai baldai atrodo įtartini. Pačiame vidury, lyg ir nišoje, stovi baltas arklys. Jo kojos labai panašios į žmogaus kojas. Į kairę nuo arklio - kita nedidelė niša. Toje nišoje, apipintoje laurais, stūkso plikas postamentas. Už postamento, dar kairiau, durys į sodą. Kai tos durys atidarytos, jos užstoja postamentą. Į dešinę nuo arklio - fajansinė prausyklė. Už prausyklės, dar dešiniau - stiklinės durys vilą supančios terasos pusėn, jų langas kiek pradaras į lauką.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmame plane, kairėje, prie sienos didelis veidrodis. Antrame plane knygų spinta. Dešiniosios pertvaros vidury atviros durys į Euridikės kambarį. Scena su nuožulniomis lubomis atrodo kaip uždara dėžė. Kambaryje du stalai ir trys baltos kėdės. Kairėje rašomasis stalas ir viena kėdė. Scenos dešinėje antrasis stalas, užtiestas grindis siekiančia staltiese, ant jo vaisiai, lėkštės, grafinas, stiklinės, panašios į kartotininius žonglieriaus mėtomus daiktus. Už šito stalo, priešais, kėdė; prie jos kairėje - kita. Nereikėtų padidinti ar sumažinti kėdžių skaičiaus nei kitaip išdėstyti langų ir durų, nes tokia dekoracija naudinga ir kiekviena detalė vaidina savo vaidmenį kaip įtaisai akrobatų numeryje. Be žydro dangaus ir tamsiai raudono aksomo juostos virš gardo durelių, užstojančių arklį iki liemens, jokios spalvos. Dekoracija atrodo dirbtinė kaip mugės fotografo aeroplanas ar laivas. Beje, ši dekoracija, kaip fonas pjesės personažams ir įvykiams, atrodo tokia naivi ir grubi kaip tapytos drobės fonas modeliui fotoportretuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 13:23:47',62,'','2010-11-05 13:26:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 13:23:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(1923,'H. Hesė \"Stepių vilkas\"','h-hes-qstepi-vilkasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Leidėjo pratarmė</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šioje .knygoje spausdinami mums likę užrašai žmogaus, kurį mes, naudodamiesi jo paties ne kartą pavartotu posakiu, vadinome „Stepių Vilku\". Sunku pasakyti, ar reikia jo rankraščiui įvadinio žodžio; aš, šiaip ar taip, jaučiu poreikį prie Stepių Vilko lapų pridėti keletą savų, kuriuose mėginu užrašyti savo prisiminimus apie jį. Aš nedaug apie jį težinau, o jo praeitis ir kilmė man visai nežinoma. Bet jo asmenybė man padarė stiprų ir, turiu pasakyti, malonų įspūdį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Stepių Vilkas buvo arti penkiasdešimties metų žmogus, kuris kartą prieš keletą metų užėjo į mano tetos namus, ieškodamas mebliuoto kambario. Išsinuomojęs palėpėje mansardą ir gretimą miegamąjį kambarėlį, jis po kelių dienų vėl pasirodė su dviem lagaminais, didžiule knygų dėže ir išgyveno pas mus devynis ar dešimt mėnesių. Gyveno jis labai tyliai, užsisklendęs, ir jei mūsų miegamieji nebūtų buvę greta, jei dėl to mums nebūtų reikėję kai kada susitikinėti ant laiptų ir koridoriuje, mes gal ir nebūtume susipažinę, nes bendrauti šis žmogus nemėgo, tokio bendrauti nemėgstančio žmogaus aš kaip gyvas nebuvau matęs, jis iš tiesų buvo Stepių Vilkas, kaip retkarčiais save vadindavo — svetima, laukinė ir baugšti, netgi labai baugšti būtybė iš kitokio pasaulio, negu mano. Kaip jis buvo apsipratęs su savo vienišumu dėl-savo charakterio ir savo likimo ir kad jis sąmoningai priėmė šį vienišumą kaip savo likimą, aš sužinojau tik iš jo čia paliktų užrašų; bet ir anksčiau, trumpų susitikimų ir pokalbių dėka, aš jį šiek tiek pažinau ir manau, kad paveikslas, kurį susikūriau iš jo užrašų, iš esmės sutampa su tuo, tiesa, blyškesniu ir ne tokiu pilnu vaizdu, kurį susidariau iš mūsų asmeninės pažinties.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 13:26:41',62,'','2010-11-05 13:29:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 13:26:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,38,'robots=\nauthor='),(1924,'Lyrinio subjekto pasaulėjautos įpatumai Vytauto Mačernio “Vizijose”','lyrinio-subjekto-pasauljautos-patumai-vytauto-maernio-vizijose','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vytautas Mačernis, skirtingai nuo kitų to meto poetų ir rašytojų, savo mintis kreipė ne į vykstančių įvykių bei aplinkybių nagrinėjimą, aprašymą bei išaukštinimą ar pažeminimą, pasmerkimą, bet į filosofinius, tiesiogiai neatsakomus, daugiareikšmius dalykus. Jo poezija - filosofinė, ji remiasi ne socialinių tiesų nagrinėjimu, bet prasmės ieškojimu gyvenime, gamtoje, galų gale pačiame žmoguje. Vytautas Mačernis vieninteliame pilnai užbaigtame cikle “Vizijos” ir ieško atsakymų į būties klausimus, norėdamas chaoso, karų bei nuoskaudų kupiname pasaulyje rasti filosofinę tiesą, įžvelgti gėrį, grožį bei palaimą, rasti nusiraminimą bei džiaugsmą, norėdamas suprasti pasaulį ir pamatyti jį sielos akimis. “Vizijos” sudarytos iš septynių dalių, “Įžangos” bei su ja susijusios “Pabaigos”. Lyrinis “aš” jose keliauja nevaržomas jokių laiko pančių, jis laisvai palieka dabartį ir pasineria į malonią ir saugią praeitį, žvelgia į šviesią ateitį ir vėl grįžta į niūrią, tamsią dabartį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Su praeitimi siejasi šviesa, vasara, ramybė bei rimtis. Vytauto Mačernio žmogus ten randa atgaivą, jis tarsi pasisemia jėgų toliau kovoti su atšiauria dabartimi. Labai dažnai atsiminimai jį nukelia į gimtuosius namus, į tą vietą, kurioje galima pailsėti, kuri primena ramią ir saugią vaikystę, kur jokios negandos nebaisios, kur jis turi savo gynėją, saugotoją bei globotoją - senolę. Namai - tai vieta, apie kurią galima žinoti neabejojant jos egzistavimu (“Žinau, kad žemėje yra vieni namai”). Namai - tai tarsi tvirtovė, pilna gėrio, už kurios sienų jau prasideda blogis (“Bet aš vidun jo niekad neįleisiu, / Duris užversiu dar tampriau…”) Lyrinis “aš” pasiilgęs namų, tėviškės, tos nepasiekiamos, tolimos ir geidžiamos ramumos (“Ramu jau tėviškėj”). Taip pat jis pasiilgęs senolės (“Senole mano, jei žinotum, kaip tavęs aš pasiilgau…”), kuri irgi jo laukia nesulaukia (“Kiek aš dienų pralaukiau čia…”). Ir senolės, ir namų ilgesys tampriai susijęs su praeities ilgesiu - ilgesiu laimingų, nerūpestingų dienų, kurių jau niekad daugiau nebebus (“Visi mes ėjom išdykaudami pagal saulėtą laiko upę”). Tarsi priešprieša namams pastatoma dabartis, niūri ir slogi. Tai tarsi praeities ir dabarties konfliktas - praeitis šviesi, malonių prisiminimų kupina, o ateitis - rūsti, tikroviška. Galutinis tikslas - sugrįžti į namus, arba į tą jaukią būseną, kurioje dar nebuvo patirtas išorinio pasaulio priešiškumas, jo kančios ir išbandymai, kurioje viską sergėjo senolė, “Vizijose” vaizduojama tarsi transcendencinė būtybė, kurioje viską lydėdavo vien sėkmė (“O ašen tuoj, į kiaurą luotą įsisėdęs, / Nuplaukdavau net į toliausius ežero krantus…”).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šis grįžimas atgal, kelionė laiku pasitelkiant prisiminimus ir yra ta prasmė, kurios ieško Vytauto Mačernio žmogus “Vizijose”. Tačiau ar gali žmogus iš dabarties, kuri yra tokia niūri ir jam visiškai nepriimtina, negyva, pasiekti gyvenimu pulsuojančią ir tokią mielą širdžiai praeitį? Žemė, gamta - kita pagrindinė Vytauto Mačernio poezijos tema. Tik žmogaus ir gamtos harmonijoje lyrinis “aš” gali pažvelgti į save, save įprasminti ir pabandyti suprasti gyvenimo (arba būties) esmę. Iš gamtos mes visi esame kilę, harmonijos su ja ir turime siekti. Praeities, namų, senolės bei gėrio simboliai sustiprinami tekančios saulės, “purėtos” obels, baltučių žiedlapių įvaizdžiais, šilta naktim bei spindinčiom žvaigždėm. Tai irgi teikia nusiraminimo, harmonijos jausmą lyriniam subjektui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 13:30:08',62,'','2010-11-05 13:31:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 13:30:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,45,'robots=\nauthor='),(1925,'D. Keyes \"Gėlės Eldžernonui\"','d-keyes-qgls-eldernonuiq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. įvykių apžvalga - kovo 5</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Daktaras Štrausas sako, kad nuo šios dienos aš privalau užrašyti viską ką galvoju ir darau. Aš nežinau kam to reikia bet jis sako, kad tai svarbu nes nori pažiūrėti ar jie mane panaudos. Aš tikiuosi, kad jie mane panaudos. Mis Kinianė sako, kad jie padarys mane protingą. Aš noriu būti protingas. Mano vardas Čarlis Gordonas. Man 37 metai. Daugiau neturiu apie ką todėl šiandieną baigiu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. įvykių apžvalga - kovo 6</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiandieną mane tyrė testu. Atrodo, kad man nepasisekė. Ir dabar aš manau, kad jie manęs nepanaudos. O atsitiko taip, kad kambaryje sėdėjo jaunas gražus žmogus ir turėjo keletą baltų kortelių ir visos jos buvo suteptos rašalu. Jis paklausė, Čarli, ką tu matai šioje kortelėje. Aš labai išsigandau nežiūrint tai, kad kišenėje turėjau kiškio kojelę, nes kai buvau dar visai vaikas niekada mokykloje neišlaikydavau testų ir visada išliedavau rašalą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 13:32:18',62,'','2010-11-05 13:38:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 13:32:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,5,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1926,'K. Donelaitis \"Metai\"','k-donelaitis-qmetaiq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ĮVADAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kristijono Donelaičio Metai – neįprastas kūrinys šiandieninio skaitytojo akiai; neturi jis aiškios pradžios ir aiškios pabaigos. Šiame kūrinyje nėra pagrindinio įvykio – kulminacijos. Metų kalba sunkoka. Metai yra pirmasis didesnės apimties grožinės lietuvių  literatūros tekstas ir kartu – bene vertingiausias kūrinys mūsų literatūros istorijoje. Metuose vertina NE PAGAL ISTORINIUS NUOPELNUS, o pagal gebėjimą dorai gyventi. Donelaičio kūrinyje tarytum teigiama, jog, norint išsaugoti tautiškumą, bū-tina laikytis krikščioniško gyvenimo normų. Metų stilius imtas vadinti grubiu beveik proziniu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Bendras Donelaičio Apibūdinimas (Metų)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Donelaičio Metus nelengva susieti su kuria nors literatūrine epocha; šiame kūrinyje randama Renesanso epochos užuominų, stiprią baroko įtaka, klasicistinio racionalizmo bruožų, ir Švietimo idėjų atgarsių, o aki kas šioje poemoje atrodo visai originaliai. Pagal klasicizmo estetiką Metai neatitinka “gero skonio” nes autorius labai plačiai vartoja paprastą kaimiečio kalbą. Aptardami Metų poetika tam skiriama ypatingą dėmesį. Donelaičio Metai yra  poetinis pasakojimas apie keturis metų laikus. Daug dėmesio skiriama gamtos aprašymams, valstiečių darbų, papročių vaizdams. Metuose panaudota antikinės pasakėčios forma gyvai siejasi su aistringu pamoksliniu žodžiu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 13:39:02',62,'','2010-11-05 13:41:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 13:39:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,133,'robots=\nauthor='),(1927,'Pasakotojo žvilgsnis novelių triptike „Ak, Teofili” (J. Aputis)','pasakotojo-vilgsnis-noveli-triptike-ak-teofili-j-aputis','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ak, Teofili” pasakotojas lyriškai, kartais su lengva ironija, pastebi Beno, Vilijos, Mildos ir kitų veikėjų tarpusavio santykius, veiksmus. Dažniausiai pastebimas Benas - pagrindinis veikėjas, atvežęs į kaimą dvi matininkes. Su malonumu ir ironija aprašoma Beno kelionė su matinikėm. Benas atsidūręs tarp panelių jaučiasi nepatogiai, rūpinasi dėl kiekvienos smulkmenos: „drebėk sulaikęs kvapą, kad arklys neimtų kelti uodegos arba kad nepradėtų po pilvu leisti alų”. Ironizuojamas jaunatviškas Beno drovumas, nedrąsumas. Visa kelionė namo papasakojama smagiai, su ilgesiu prisimenant tą dieną.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Lyriškai aprašomi Mildos - Beno - Vilijos pokalbiai, jausmai, išdaigos darbe: „Benai, ką tu padarei abi tave įsimylėjom!”. Pastebimi šilti jaunatviški santykiai. Viskas pastebima tokiu pačiu smagiu, lyrišku žvilgsniu. Išvažiavus Mildai, Benas artimiau susipažįsta su Vilija. Žvilgsnis į juos po lietaus rimtesnis, pastebima Beno ir Vilijos užsiliepsnojusi meilė, kuriai labai padėjo lietus. Visose novelėse žvilgsnis, kaip ir nuotaika, pakilus, pastebintis mielus dalykus ir praslenkantis pro tamsias vietas. Pasakotojas maloniai apžvelgia Vilijos, Mildos, Beno paauglystę, filosofišką Teofilio patirtį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 13:41:35',62,'','2010-11-05 13:48:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 13:41:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,261,'robots=\nauthor='),(1928,'\"Altorių šešėly\" trumpas konspektas','qaltori-elyq-trumpas-konspektas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">„ Altorių šešėly“ - trumpas konspektukas 2-3 dalies.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Liudas atvyksta į Kalnynu parapiją. Atremontuojamas jam vikariatas. Klebonas Platūnas ir vikaras Stripaitis nebuvo patenkinti jo, kaip antro vikaro atvykimu.  Platūnas - klebonas, užsiėmęs ūkiu. Stripaitis - vikaras, užsiėmęs dviem kooperatyvinėm parduotuvėm „ Žagre“ ir „ Laime“. Julė - klebonijos šeimininkė davatka. 2. Atvyksta Vasaris su tėvu ir iškart pajunta, kad jis nelaukiamas. Sekančią dieną jis sužino, kad laikys laidotuves su pamokslu (aišku jis to nemoka) ir nutaria nesikišti į„ Žagrės“ reikalus. Žiodelis - Kunigo Stripaičio priešas vis prašantis, kad tas sušauktų kooperatyvo susirinkimą ir išmokėtų jiems pinigus. 3. Sunkiai atlaikę mišias, nes vis klydo. Nepatiko jam nešvari bažnyčia. Klausėsi išpažinčių (davatkos net iš kito kaimo pas jį atvažiuodavo). Kažkoks Piktupių Andrius iš tų, kurie ėjo išpažinčių neprileido prie Komunijos, bet jis nuėjo. Aišku ir vėl jis apie tai galvoja.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 13:49:12',62,'','2010-11-05 13:56:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 13:49:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,2,'','',0,116,'robots=\nauthor='),(1929,'Tautosaka','tautosaka','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Folkoloras – folk liaudies, lore – išmintis. Tautosaka – tradicinis sakomo ar dainuojamo įvaizdžio menas. Jam priklauso dainos ir raudo, pasakos, sakmės, padavimai, anekdotai, patarlės, priežodžiai, mįslės ir minklės, greitakalbės, skaičiuoklės, gamtos garsų pamėgžiojimai, užkalbėjimai, maldelės, šūksniai ir dar kitų žanrų kūriniai. Kūrėjo požiūriu tautosak aiškia skiriasi nuo individualios kūrybos. Esminis tautosakos  bruožas, skiriąs ją nuo individualaus meno, yra kūrybinis kolektyvikumas. Kitas svarbus tautosakos bruožas – tradiciškumas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Senoji lietuvių literatūra</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nacionalinė literatūra ne tik grožiniai bet ir kita raštija ir istoriniai veikalai, įstatymų rinkimai(statutai), etnografiniai aprašymai, senosios religinės knygos. Sinkretinis menas (susilieja žodis, muzika ir šokis). XIII a. atsirado raštija lotynų kalba. Vėliau po 1387m. (Lietuva priėmė krikštą) atsiranda religinė raštija Lietuvių kalba. XVI a. atsirado spausdintos lietuviškos knygos.Vytauto laikais kanceliarinė buvo slavų kalba. XVI a. buvo įkurti Karaliaučiaus ir Vilniaus universitetai. 1547 m. Martynas Mažvydas išleido pirmąją lietuvišką knygą. Mažoji Lietuva apytikriai Kaliningradosritis priklausė vokiečių valdomai Prūsijos kunigaikštystei. Nemuno ir Šešupės žemupyje gyveno lietuviai. XVII a. pradėjo rašyti gramatikas ir žodynus. XVIII a. viduryje iškilo kitas lietuvių rašytojas K.Donelaitis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,60,'2010-11-05 13:57:00',62,'','2010-11-05 14:00:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-05 13:57:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,59,'robots=\nauthor='),(1930,'Trigonometrijos formulės','trigonometrijos-formuls','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-10 19:02:13',62,'','2010-11-10 19:06:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-10 19:02:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,85,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1931,'Terminų bei sąvokų kilmė (referatas)','termin-bei-svok-kilm-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Statusis kampas - viena seniausių geometrijos sąvokų. Ji siejama su žmogaus ir kitų aplinkos daiktų vertikalios padėties vaizdiniu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teiginys, kad dviejų gretutinių kampų suma lygi dviem statiesiems kampams, t. y. 2 d (d - prancūziško žodžio droit ,,status” pirmoji raidė), buvo daug kartų patikrintas praktikoje, jį suformulavo dar senovės babiloniečiai ir egiptiečiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip pasakoja Eudemas Rodietis (IV a. pr. m. e.), parašęs pirmąją pasaulyje matematikos istoriją, kryžminių kampų lygybę pirmasis įrodė įžymus senovės graikų filosofas ir matematikas TALIS MILETIETIS (VII - VI a. pr. m. e.).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trikampis - paprasčiausia uždara tiesinė figūra, viena pirmųjų, kurios savybes žmogus pažino dar žiloje senovėje. Su šia figūra dažnai būdavo susiduriama praktiniame gyvenime. Nuo amžių statyboje taikoma trikampio standumo savybė įvairiems statiniams ir jų detalėms sutvirtinti. Trikampių brėžinių ir trikampių uždavinių randama papirusuose, senose indų knygose ir kituose senovės dokumentuose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Senovės Graikijoje trikampių mokslą plėtojo Jonijos mokykla, kurią įkūrė Talis VII a. pr. m. e., ir Pitagoro mokykla. Jau Talis įrodė, kad trikampį nustato viena kraštinė ir du prie jos esantys kampai. Vėliau visą trikampių teoriją plačiai išdėstė Euklidas savo pirmojoje ,,Pradmenų” knygoje. Trikampio sąvoka istoriškai rutuliojosi turbūt šitaip: iš pradžių buvo nagrinėjami tik taisyklingi, paskui lygiašoniai ir pagaliau įvairiakraščiai trikampiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lygiašonis trikampis pasižymi tokiomis geometrinėmis savybėmis, į kurias žmogus atkreipė dėmesį dar senovėje. Ahmeso papiruse esančiuose trikampių uždaviniuose svarbią vietą užima lygiašonis ir statusis trikampis. Praktikoje dažnai buvo taikoma lygiašonio trikampio pusiaukraštinės savybė. Ši pusiaukraštinė kartu yra ir aukštinė, ir pusiaukampinė. Daugelyje kalbų vartojamas terminas ,,mediana” (pusiaukraštinė) kilęs iš lotyniškojo žodžio ,,mediana”, reiškiančio ,,vidurinė” (linija). Kad lygiašonio trikampio kampai prie pagrindo lygūs, senovės babiloniečiai žinojo jau prieš 4000 metų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Talis Miletietis, kilęs iš pagrindinio Jonijos  miesto, laikomas graikų filosofijos ir mokslo pradininku. Filosofiškai jis aiškino, kad pasaulis ne chaotiškas, o dėsningas. Jis manė, kad vanduo yra visko pradžia. Iš vandens atsirado visa, kas egzistuoja, ir juo galų gale vėl viskas pavirsta. Talio filosofinės veiklos istorinė reikšmė yra ta, kad jis žengė ryžtingą žingsnį nuo mitologinės pasaulėžiūros prie mokslinės materialistinės pasaulio sampratos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Beveik visi senovės graikų filosofai     kruopščiai darbavosi matematikoje, ypač     geometrijoje. Proklas nurodo, jog Talis Miletietis įrodė, kad skersmuo dalija     skritulį pusiau, kad kampas, įbrėžtas į     pusapskritimį, yra status, kad kryžminiai     kampai lygūs, kad lygiašonio trikampio     kampai prie pagrindo lygūs ir kt. Šiuos teiginius iš dalies jau buvo atskleidę     babiloniečiai ir egiptiečiai. Tačiau babiloniečių ir egiptiečių geometrija buvo daugiausia praktinio ir taikomojo pobūdžio, o graikų geometrija siekė     įrodyti, kad geometriniai teiginiai teisingi ne tik atskiru, atsitiktiniu, bet ir kiekvienu atveju. Taikydami bendro pobūdžio įrodymus, pamažu eidami nuo vienos tiesos prie kitos, graikų matematikai  sukūrė geometrijos mokslą. Griežta logine kryptimi geometriją pirmieji pasuko Jonijos mokyklos geometrai. Šią mokyklą     įkūrė Talis.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-10 19:08:06',62,'','2010-11-10 19:16:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-10 19:08:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,84,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(1932,'Logoritminės ir rodyklinės lygtys','logoritmins-ir-rodyklins-lygtys','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-10 19:18:24',62,'','2010-11-10 19:20:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-10 19:18:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,83,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(1933,'Analitinė geometrija','analitin-geometrija','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-10 19:21:12',62,'','2010-11-10 19:23:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-10 19:21:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,82,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1934,'Geometrija ir algebra','geometrija-ir-algebra','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-10 19:23:53',62,'','2010-11-10 19:27:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-10 19:23:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,81,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1935,'Išvestinių skaičiavimo formulės','ivestini-skaiiavimo-formuls','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-10 19:29:37',62,'','2010-11-10 19:31:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-10 19:29:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,80,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1936,'Ribinės teoremos','ribins-teoremos','','<p>Plati tema apie ribines teoremas</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-10 19:32:38',62,'','2010-11-10 19:35:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-10 19:32:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,79,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1937,'Tikimibių teorijos','tikimibi-teorijos','','<p>Tai mokomoji knyga apie tikimybių teoriją ir statistiką\r\n','\r\n{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',0,5,0,61,'2010-11-10 19:36:11',62,'','0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-10 19:36:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',1,0,78,'','',0,0,'robots=\nauthor='),(1938,'Diskrečioji matematika','diskreioji-matematika','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Grėjaus kodai - tai taip sugeneruotos poaibes, kai bet kokios dvi gretimos poaibės skiriasi 1 elementu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pilnas grafas - tai toks grafas, kurio viršunės sujungtos su visomis kitomis to grafo viršunėmis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tuščias grafas - tai grafas turintis n viršūnių ir neturintis briaunų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dvipusis grafas tai toks grafas kurio viršūnes galima iškaidyti i du poaibius A ir B taip, kad kiekvienos grafo briaunos galai priklausytų skirtingiems poaibiams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Multi grafas - tai toks grafas turintis bent viena viršūnių pora sujungta keliom briaunom.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Grafas G yra plokštusis, jei ji galima pavaizduoti plokštumoje taip, kad jo briaunos kirstųsi tiktai viršūnėse.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Medis - tai jungusis grafas neturintis ciklų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Grafo jungiančiuoju medžiu vadinamas toks medis, kuris jungia visas pradinio grafo viršūnes ir jo briaunos yra grafo briaunos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei G yra jungusis svorinis grafas, tai tarp visų grafo G jungiančiųjų medžių yra vienas arba keli, kurio bendrasis svoris yra mažiausias. Toks grafas vadinamas grafo G minimaliuoju jungiančiuoju medžiu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-10 19:41:21',62,'','2010-11-10 19:53:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-10 19:41:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,77,'','',0,62,'robots=\nauthor='),(1939,'Diferencinės lygtys','diferencins-lygtys','','<p>Tai špargalkė apie diferencines lygtis</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-10 20:00:36',62,'','2010-11-10 20:02:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-10 20:00:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,76,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1940,'VDU namų darbų užduotys','vdu-nam-darb-uduotys','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. V.Vykė - Freiberga kalba apie savo vizitą į Maskvą gegužės 9-ąją</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Stalinas ir jo propagandos mašina nuolat kalbėjo apie sovietų imperijos siekius prisijungti Baltijos šalis. Neabejoju, jog sužinojęs apie nepriklausomos Latvijos vadovo vizitą į Maskvą, jis labai supyktų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Apeliacija į liaudį vietoj to, kad pagrįsti tezę objektyviais argumentais, kreipiamasi į klausytojų nuomonę, jausmus, nuotaikas. V. Vykei nelieka nieko kita kaip apsimesti, kad ji kerštauja Stalinui, taip aiškindama savo vizitą. V.Vykė - Freiberga sako jog sužinojęs apie nepriklausomos Latvijos vadovo vizitą į Maskvą, Stalinas būtų labai supykęs ,bet iškilmėse jo garbei buvo atidengtas paminklas, ir jis kone garbinamas kad laimėjo karą prieš nacius, bet visa tai Latvijos prezidentė  nutyli, nes tai nėra paranku.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,62,'2010-11-15 08:15:10',62,'','2010-11-15 08:20:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 08:15:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,10,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1941,'N. Lomanienė \"Logikos uždavinynas\"','n-lomanien-qlogikos-udavinynasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PRATARMĖ</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Logikos mokslas nuo seno laikomas neatsiejama gero išsilavinimo dalimi. Mūsų krašte, dėl nelemtų istorinių aplinkybių penkiasdešimt metų iškentėjusi nusenusios ir nevaisingos giminaitės vaidmeny, formalioji logika pagaliau sugrįžo į Lietuvos universitetus. Sakyčiau, labai laiku. Ilgus metus bandę išgrįsti kelius į garantuotą tiesą, šiandien filosofai pripažįsta, kad vienintelis kelias į ją - kritiškas svarstymas, atvira ir argumentuota diskusija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Logika nesiima pasverti mūsų argumentų teisingumo - tam visada reikės empirinio tyrimo ar tiesiog gyvenimiškos patirties, tačiau tik loginė analizė gali atskleisti mūsų (ar oponentų) samprotavimų nenuoseklumą, mūsų (ar oponentų) įsitikinimų tarpusavio prieštaravimus. Formalus loginis išvedimas yra tas instrumentas, kuris išskleidžia mūsų turimų žinių turinį ir leidžia numatyti savo sprendimų padarinius. Logika daro visa tai pagal geležinį - loginį būtinumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žinia nenorėdami sutikti su šia išvada, galime suabejoti argumentų teisingumu, pagaliau galime apsispręsti, kad svarbiau ne proto tvarka, o daugybė kitų, iš ties nemenkesnių žmogaus siekinių, tokių kaip draugystė, ištikimybė, solidarumas, teisingumas, grožis ir pan. Tačiau visais tais atvejais, kai siekiame tiesos, būtent logika nustato svarbiausius riboženklius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,62,'2010-11-15 08:20:29',62,'','2010-11-15 08:50:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 08:20:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,9,'','',0,65,'robots=\nauthor='),(1942,'Logikos teorijos špera','logikos-teorijos-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">SUTRUMPINTOS TEISINGUMO LENTELĖS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mes naudojame teisingumo lenteles, kai norime nustatyti ar formulė tapačiai teisinga, ar iš duotų formulių išplaukia kita formulė. Tačiau, kad įrodyti, ar formulė yra tapačiai teisinga, ar formulė logiškai išplaukia, dažnai yra paprasčiau taikyti teoremas. Jeigu mums reikia įrodyti, kad formulė nėra tapačiai teisinga ar logiškai išplaukia, mums nereikia sudarinėti pilnos teisingumo lentelės. Tereikia surasti tinkamą eilutę, kuri tai įrodytų. Jeigu vis dėlto tenka atlikti daug skaičiavimų pagal teisingumo lenteles, tai galima panaudoti metodą, pagreitinantį skaičiavimą. Jo esmė tokia, kad t ir k reikšmės priskiriamos vienintelei raidei. Raidė pasirenkama ta, kuri dažniausiai naudojama formulėje. Tuomet formulė supaprastėja. Po to t ir k reikšmės priskiriamos kokiai nors kitai raidei. Panagrinėkime kokio nors dvejetainio ryšio σ pradinę teisingumo lentelę. Jeigu mes formulei A priskiriame reikšmes t arba k, tai esant fiksuotoms A reikšmėms A σ B lentelė tampa vienetinio ryšio, priklausančio nuo B, lentele.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,62,'2010-11-15 09:01:00',62,'','2010-11-15 09:04:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 09:01:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,35,'robots=\nauthor='),(1943,'Elementarių logikos užduočių pratybos','elementari-logikos-uduoi-pratybos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvadiniai paaiškinimai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Praeitų metų darbo su VDU neakivaizdinių studijų studentais patirtis parodė, jog studentams, atliekantiems namų darbų ar žinių patikrinimo užduotis, neretai trūksta paprasčiausių, tų užduočių atlikimui reikalingų, techninių įgūdžių. Todėl ši metodinė medžiaga ir yra skirta padėti studentams suprasti, kaip turi būti pateikiamas uždavinio sprendimas, kad dėstytojas galėtų objektyviai įvertinti studento žinias. Visa pateikiama medžiaga suskirstyta į 4 skyrius, pagal logikos užduočių temas – teiginių, savybių, santykių ir klasių logika. Kiekviename skyriuje yra po pora pavyzdžių, kaip reikia pateikti elementariausių tipinių užduočių sprendimus. Sprendimai palydimi minimaliais komentarais, kiekvieno užduoties tipo pradžioje trumpas jos pristatymas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">TEIGINIŲ LOGIKA</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Sudėtingų loginių išraiškų teisingumo reikšmių nustatymas ir lentelių sudarymas. Tam kad būtų galima spręsti šio tipo uždavinius, reikia mintinai mokėti pagrindines teiginių logikos jungtis – konjunkciją, silpnąją ir griežtąją disjunkcijas, implikaciją ir ekvivalentiškumą apibrėžiančias teisingumo lenteles.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Pavyzdys: Užduotis: Sudarykite teisingumo lentelę išraiškai: ~[(p Λ q) V (~p Λ ~q)].</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sprendimas: Sudaryti sudėtingos loginės išraiškos teisingumo lentelę tai reiškia nustatyti, kokios yra tos išraiškos teisingumo reikšmės visoms galimoms kintamųjų reikšmių kombinacijoms. Užduoties sprendimo eigą pavaizduosime smulkiais žingsneliais. 1. Lentelės parengimas. Nusibraižome lentelę, kurios viršutinė eilutė skirta antraštei, o likusios skirtos galimoms kintamųjų kombinacijoms. Mūsų atveju, esant dviems kintamiesiems – p ir q turėsime 22 = 4 kombinacijas. Jeigu būtų 3 kintamieji, tai reikėtų skirti 23 = 8 eilutes. Antraštėje surašome kintamųjų pavadinimus ir pačią loginę išraišką, ir pridedame dar vieną eilutę, kurioje pasižymėsime žingsnio numerį. Kiekvienoje eilutėje įrašome jos kintamųjų teisingumo reikšmių kombinaciją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,62,'2010-11-15 09:04:39',62,'','2010-11-15 09:10:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 09:04:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,7,'','',0,70,'robots=\nauthor='),(1944,'Ką reiškia mąstyti logiškai?','k-reikia-mstyti-logikai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ką reiškia mąstyti logiškai? Kad atsakytume į šį kalusimą turime išsiaiškinti kas yra logika. Logika – mokslas apie samprotavimo taisyklingumą. Čia ir vėl iškyla klausimas: „Ką reiškia žodis „samprotavimas“?“. Samprotavimas yra naujo teiginio arba sakinio, kurį galima pakeisti teiginiu, gavimas iš turimų sakinių. Teiginiu vadinamas sakinys, kuris yra arba teisingas, arba klaidingas. „Teisinga“ ir „klaidinga“ yra teiginio reikšmės. Sakinys, kuris nėra nei teisingas, nei klaidingas, nėra teiginys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.  „V. Putinas – Rusijos prezidentas.“ – teiginys, nes teisingas. 2. „Elžbieta II – Lietuvos karalienė.“ – teiginys, nes neteisingas.  „Nusikaltimas yra tyčinis.“ – ne teiginys, nes nei teisingas, nei klaidingas. Bet šis sakinys gali būti teiginiu, jei pakeisime žodį „nusikaltimas“ nuoroda į konkretų įvykį. Klausimą reiškiantis sakinys „Kiek dabar valandų?“ ne tik nėra teiginys, bet ir negali būti teiginiu pakeistas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Samprotavimų būna įvairių. Logika skiria dedukcinius ir indukcinius samprotavimus. Jeigu tarp gaunamo sakinio teisingumo ir turimų sakinių teisingumo yra būtinumo ryšys, samprotavimas vadinamas dedukciniu. Jei gaunamo sakinio teisingumas nėra tikėtinas, samprotavimas vadinamas indukciniu. Pvz.: 1.  „Jei šviečia saulė, tai šilta. Šviečia saulė. Taigi šilta.“ – dedukcinis. 2. „Jei šviečia saulė, tai šilta. Šilta. Taigi šviečia saulė.“ – indukcinis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Taigi logika, nagrinėdama mąstymo kelią nuo sąvokų susidarymo iki teorijų formavimo tiria, kaip reikia taisyklingai mąstyti. Logikai tiesa rūpi tiek, kiek jos siekimas yra susijęs su mąstymo taisyklingumu. Mūsų mąstymas yra laisvas, priešingai nei tikrovės reiškiniai, kurie yra būtini. Tad galime sugalvoti daug ką. Tarkime studentas negali išspręsti uždavinio, nors ir žino atsakymą. Tai galima atlikti, tik įvėlus klaidą į sprendimą. Tokiu atveju studento žinomas ir gautas atsakymai sutaps. Tačiau dėstytojas tikrindamas darbą klaidą aptiks ir perpras studento gudrybę. Bet kodėl negalima šitaip „spręsti“ uždavinių? Jei atsakymas nebus iš anksto žinomas, tokio „sprendimo“ veiksmai neleis pakeisti tiesos. Tad sprendimas turi būti teisingas, o ne bet koks. Kiekviename mąstymo etape gali atsirasti klaidų. Logikoje vienas iš uždavinių yra ištirti minčių struktūrą, minčių ryšių dėsningumus. Kadangi mintys reiškiamos kalba, tai logika tiria kalbą kaip pažinimo priemonę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Logikos teorijų ir jomis pagrįstų taisyklių bei metodų patikimumą padeda užtikrinti dirbtinės kalbos, kuriomis reiškiami pagrindiniai logikos terminai, teorijos, taisyklės bei metodai. Šios dirbtinės kalbos turi savo sintaksę, semantiką, jų išraiškos turi tikslias reikšmes. Be to, tokiose teorijose taikomas aksiominis dedukcinis metodas, kuriuo remiantis svarbiausios loginių tyrimų išvados tampa teorinėmis, išvedamos iš logikos aksiomų – nenuginčijamų teisingų logikos teorijos teiginių. Logika, kurioje taikomas dirbtinės kalbos ir aksiominis dedukcinis teorinių tyrimų metodas, vadinama simboline logika. Ji dar kitaip vadinama matematine logika. Taip yra dėl to, kad matematikos metodai perkelti į logiką. Simbolinė, arba matematinė, logika kartais vadinamas logistika. Simbolinė, arba matematinė, logika, logistika – tai tik skirtingi pavadinimai tos pačios logikos, kurios dar kitaip gali būti pavadintos šiuolaikine formaliąja logika. Formalus logikos pobūdis reiškia tai, kad ji tiria tokius minčių ryšių dėsningumus, kurie priklauso ne nuo mąstymo turinio, bet nuo mąstymo formos, nuo minčių struktūros.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,62,'2010-11-15 09:11:11',62,'','2010-11-15 09:17:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 09:11:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(1945,'VGTU dėst. Biržys \"Logika\"','vgtu-dst-birys-qlogikaq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Logika – termino kilmė graikiška (logikė), nuo žodžio l o g o s – žodis, sąvoka, tvarka, persmelkianti ir būtį ir žmogaus sąmonę. Šia prasme terminą Logika pradėjo vartoti dar Herakleitas (apie 544 – 483 m. pr. Kr). Taigi etimologiškai – logiškas, vadinasi sąmoningas, atsakingas prieš Būtį, žmogaus mąstymas. Mąstymas tik tuomet logiškas, kai savimi išreiškia didžiąją Kosminę pasaulio tvarką, Būties tvarką. Taigi Herakleitas logikos kaip filosofinio termino autorius suteikia šiai sąvokai ontologinį turinį. Vėliau pas naturfilosofus, sofistus, Platoną, Aristotelį terminas logika praranda fundamentalų ontologinį turinį ir virsta formaliąja logika – mokslu, nagrinėjančiu žmogaus mąstymą. Mąstymas visuomet turi turinį ir formą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Turinys – tai objektų, apie kuriuos mąstome, vaizdai, suvoktis, sąvokos. Mąstymo objektai nebūtinai tik natūralūs pasaulio daiktai (medžiai, debesys, kalnai, gyvūnai ir pan.), bet ir kultūros, sąmonės dalykai: grožis, tiesa, Don Kichotas, sapnas, laimė, valia, gėris, informacija, kaina, vertė, Tėvynė ir pan. – t. y. metafiziniai objektai. Kai sakome “Dabar šioje auditorijoje vyksta logikos paskaita”, tai mąstymo turinį sudaro sąmonėje operuojami objektai “dabar”, “paskaita”, “vyksta”, “logika”.  Logika atsižvelgia į mąstymo turinį (į tai, ką operuojamos sąvokos išreiškia), tačiau tai nėra jos tikslas. Logika tiria mąstymo proceso formą. Formalioji logika, tai mokslas apie visuotinai reikšmingas logines minties formas ir priemones, būtinas racionaliam pažinimui bet kokioje pažinimo srityje ir veiklos produktyvumui. Norėdami suprasti, kas yra loginė mąstymo forma, panagrinėkime šiuos samprotavimus: Jei dabar diena, tai ateis naktis. Dabar diena. Vadinasi, ateis naktis. Teiginį “Dabar diena” pažymėkime raide p, teiginį “Ateis naktis” – raide q. G</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,62,'2010-11-15 09:17:43',62,'','2010-11-15 09:22:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 09:17:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,5,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(1946,'R. Bubelis, V. Jakimenko \"Logika\"','r-bubelis-v-jakimenko-qlogikaq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PRATARMĖ</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sugebėjimas samprotauti toks įprastas, kad spręsdami buities ir darbo problemas, mėgindami susivokti, ko norėtume pasiekti gyvenime, ginčydamiesi su kitais žmonėmis ir grįsdami savo požiūrį nedvejodami juo pasinaudojame. Lyg ir savaime žinome, kad samprotavimas mums padės. Tačiau ne visi žino, kad samprotavimas padeda tik tuomet, kai nepažeidžiamos jo taisyklės, o taisykles pažeidžiantis samprotavimas klaidina. Samprotavimo taisykles ir taisyklingumo nustatymo būdus grindžia logikos mokslas, kuris jau daugiau kaip du tūkstančius tris šimtus metų yra neatsiejama žmonijos kultūros dalis. Logikos mokslo pradžia laikoma antikinės Graikijos filosofo Aristotelio kategorinio silogizmo teorija. Ši teorija pagindžia samprotavimo taisykles ir vieną iš samprotavimo taisyklingumo nustatymo metodų. Aristotelio teorija leidžia patikrinti tik tam tikros rūšies samprotavimo taisyklingumą. Šiuo metu logikos mokslas apima keletą teorijų, pagrindžiančių samprotavimo taisykles ir jo taisyklingumo nustatymo būdus. Jais galima patikrinti daug įvairesnių, negu Aristotelio aprašytieji, samprotavimų taisyklingumą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Naujaisiais laikais logikos mokslas iš matematikos perėmė dirbtinės kalbos ir teorijų aksiomatizavimo metodus. Logikos mokslo pakraipa, šiuos metodus taikanti logikos teorijoms formuluoti, vadinama simboline logika. Simbolinė logika nenusileidžia matematikai savo pagrindinių teorijų bei jomis pagrįstų loginės analizės metodų griežtumu. Mūsų informaciniame amžiuje simbolinė logika tapo neatsiejama logikos mokslo dalimi: jos teorijos taikomos kuriant programavimo kalbas, o metodai - tiek matematiniams, tiek humanitariniams įrodinėjimams analizuoti. Knyga, kurios pratarmę skaitote, yra pirmoji leidinio, skirto logikos studijoms, dalis. Šioje knygoje yra du skyriai. Pirmą skyrių parengė Lietuvos teisės universiteto Valstybinio valdymo fakulteto Filosofijos katedros asistentas Rimgaudas Bubelis, o antrą- šios katedros docentė Virginija Jakimenko. Pirmasis skyrius supažindina su viena svarbiausių simbolinės logikos teorijų - dvireikšme teiginių logika bei dvireikšmės teiginių logikos metodų taikymu analizuojant samprotavimą, taip pat su dirbtine kalba, logikos formulių validumo įrodymu, samprotavimo taisyklingumo įrodymu tiesos matricų bei natūraliosios dedukcijos metodais, natūraliosios kalbos tekstų formalizavimu. Antras skyrius supažindina su praktine logika: argumentacija, argumentavimo specifika konkrečiose protinio darbo srityse bei taisyklėmis, lemiančiomis argumentacijos tikslumą bei įtikinamumą. Daugiausia dėmesio knygos skyriuose kreipiama į galimybę taikyti teiginių logikos metodus ir žinias gyvenime bei socialini ir humanitarinių mokslų specialisto darbe.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,62,'2010-11-15 09:22:30',62,'','2010-11-15 09:29:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 09:22:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,4,'','',0,138,'robots=\nauthor='),(1947,'Logikos konspektai','logikos-konspektai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. LOGIKOS SAMPRATA.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.1. Logikos apibrėžimas. Logos (graikų k.) –  mintis, kalba, protas. Yra labai daug logikos apibrėžimų: 1. logika – mokslas apie samprotavimo būdą; 2. logika – mokslas, kuris nukreipia mūsų proto veiksmus taip, kad jis gali siekti tiesos tvarkingai, lengvai ir nuosekliai (proto veiksmai: sąvokos, sprendimai ir samprotavimai); 3. logika – mokslas, tiriantis mūsų mintis jų struktūros požiūriu. Apibrėžimas – Logika yra mokslas apie mąstymo dėsnius ir formas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.2. Logikos mokslas. Žinojimo sritis yra mokslas, jeigu ji turi savo tyrimų objektą, tyrimų metodą ir savus dėsningumus. Logikos tyrimo objektas yra žmogaus mąstymas. Žmogus mąsto mintimis. Mintis, tai mąstymo turinį sąmonei pristatantis mąstymo elementas. Apie mintis kalbame: • man į galvą šovė mintis; • niekaip negaliu surasti minčių, išreikšti tam, ką jaučiu; • mane stebina jos minčių gilumas, …</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Logika tyrinėja ne viską apie žmogaus mąstymą ir jo mintis, o tik mąstymą tuo aspektu, kuris susijęs su mąstymo ir minčių prasmingumu ir teisingumu. Logikoje, kaip ir kiekviename moksle, bendriausia ir svarbiausia tyrimų priemonė yra žmogaus mąstymas. Todėl logika yra ypatinga tuo, kad čia tyrimų objektas sutampa su tyrimų priemone, o svarbiausias logikoje naudojamas tyrimų metodas yra formalizacija. Bet kurio mokslo dėsningumai visados nustato tam tikras priklausomybes ar ryšius tarp to mokslo objekto struktūrinių elementų. Todėl pirmas žingsnis, prieš pradedant ieškoti dėsningumų, teisingai išskirti tos žinojimo srities elementarius objektus, nustatyti iš tų elementų sudarytus paprasčiausius struktūrinius darinius. [Pvz., alchemija virto chemijos mokslu tik tada, kai buvo nustatyta cheminių elementų visuma, o jos vidinė tvarka išreikšta Mendelejevo lentelės pavidalu. Panašiai ir biologija ar fizika gali kalbėti apie savo mokslo dėsningumus tik nustačius tų mokslų objektų elementarias sudedamąsias dalis]. Mąstymui ir tiesos pažinimui taip pat yra būdingos tam tikros elementarios formos, iš kurių yra konstruojamos tam tikrų tipų sudėtingesnės struktūros, ir tai vyksta pagal savus, mąstymo procesui būdingus dėsningumus. Tokių įvairių mąstymo formų, struktūrų, procesų ir dėsningumų nagrinėjimui ir skirtas visas šis būsimas logikos kursas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,62,'2010-11-15 09:30:05',62,'','2010-11-15 09:34:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 09:30:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,3,'','',0,58,'robots=\nauthor='),(1948,'Logikos įvadas','logikos-vadas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Semiotika. Logikos vieta mokslų sistemoje</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Logikos objektas ir apibrėžimas. Praktinė užduotis: suformuluoti apibrėžimą. Logikos objektas – mąstymas. Kokiu atžvilgiu? Mąstymo taisyklingumo atžvilgiu. Reikia skirti atradimo ir pagrindimo kontekstą. Kas kita kaip mintis randasi, kas kita - kaip ji pagrindžiama. Daugelis minčių atsiranda, bet mes jas atmetame, remdamiesi tam tikrais normatyviniais kriterijais. Logika tiria koks mąstymas turi būti (normatyvinis mokslas), psichologija - koks mąstymas yra (empirinis mokslas). Akivaizdu, kad tokio mokslinio projekto bendra prielaida turi būti supratimas, kad kalba, kaip ir jąja realizuojami samprotavimai, yra prieinama racionaliai analizei ir yra reguliuojama tam tikrų dėsningumų, taisyklių, normų, o apie tų dėsningumų prigimtį kalbos vartotojai dažniausiai turi tik intuityvų supratimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Logikos kryptys</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šiuolaikinėje logikoje skiriame dvi dideles sritis: matematinę logiką ir filosofinę logiką. Matematinė ar simbolinė logika yra loginio skaičiavimo teorija. Jai rūpi atlikti tokį griežtą formalizavimą, kad ženklais (simboliais) galima būtų \"skaičiuoti\", laikantis nustatytų operavimo taisyklių (kaip matematikoje). Tam visiškai abstrahuojamasi nuo bet kokio turinio ir eliminuojama (dažnai netiksli) kasdienė kalba. Tad loginis skaičiavimas yra \"ženklų sistema su jai priklausančiomis operavimo taisyklėmis\" (Bochenski-Menne). Pvz. šachmatai arba algebra yra toks skaičiavimas. Filosofinėje logikoje aiškinamasi loginio skaičiavimo prielaidos. Tai reiškia, kad, prieš sudarant loginio skaičiavimo sistemą ir joje \"logiškai skaičiuojant\", turi būti išsiaiškinta ženklų reikšmė ir vartojimas. Šią funkciją tradiciškai sau prisiima mokslas, vadinamas semiotika (iš gr. semeion = ženklas). Skiriama trys ženklo matmenys ir atitinkamai, trys semiotinės disciplinos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Semiotika: trys ženklo matmenys</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">J.M.Bochenskis: \"Pagrindinė semiotikos idėja, kuri kartu yra pagrindas semiotikos suskirstymui, gali būti suformuluota taip: jeigu žmogus kažką sako kitam žmogui, tuomet kiekvienas jo pavartotas žodis liečia tris skirtingus dalykus: a) pirmiausia žodis priklauso kalbai, vadinasi, turi tam tikrus santykius su kitais tos kalbos žodžiais. Pvz., sakinyje jis stovi tarp dviejų kitų žodžių (tarkim žodis \"ir\") arba sakinio pradžioje ir t.t. Šie santykiai vadinami sintaksiniais; tai žodžių santykiai vienų su kitais; b) antra, tai, ką šis žmogus sako, turi reikšmę: jo žodžiai ką nors reiškia, jais norima kitam perteitki ką nors konkretaus. Taigi be sintaksinio santykio dar turime reikalą su kitu santykiu, būtent žodžio ir to, kas juo yra mąstoma, santykiu. Šis santykis vadinamas semantiniu; c) pagaliau žodį kas nors ištaria ir kam nors jį skiria. Taigi yra dar trečia santykių rūšis - tarp žodžio ir žmonių, kuriems jis reikalingas. Šie santykiai vadinami pragmatiniais.\"</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,62,'2010-11-15 09:35:31',62,'','2010-11-15 09:38:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 09:35:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(1949,'R. Plečkaitis \"Logikos įvadas\"','r-plekaitis-qlogikos-vadasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">S A V Y B I Ų T E O R I J A</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Yra samprotavimų, kurių išvadų negalima pagrįsti teiginių logikos priemonėmis. Pvz.: Kiekvienas Jono draugas yra Petro draugas. Martynas nėra Petro draugas. Vadinasi, Martynas nėra Jono draugas. Šio samprotavimo loginį korektiškumą galima pagrįsti, tiriant prielaidų ir išvados struktūrą. Teiginių logikoje teiginys laikomas nedaloma visuma. Tačiau loginį teiginį galima nagrinėti ir jo struktūros požiūriu, panašiai kaip gramatika nagrinėja gramatinį sakinį, surasdama sakinio dalis - veiksnį, tarinį, pažyminį ir kt. Žinoma, loginio teiginio struktūra visai kitokia, negu gramatinio sakinio. Predikatų logika yra logikos teorija, nagrinėjanti vidinę teiginio struktūrą. Teiginį sudaro objektas ir požymis, kuris tam objektui priskiriamas arba nepriskiriamas. Plačiausia prasme objektas yra tai, ką galima pavadinti. Požymis yra tai, kuo objektai panašūs arba kuo jie skiriasi vienas nuo kito. Teiginyje ,,Klaipėda yra Lietuvos TSR uostamiestis\" teiginio objektas yra Klaipėda, kuriai priskiriamas požymis „būti Lietuvos TSR uostamiesčiu\". Teiginio objektas kartais dar kitaip vadinamas subjektu, o požymiai dar k i t a i p vadinami predikatais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skiriami tokie požymiai: savybės, santykiai ir pavadinimai. Savybė yra toks požymis, kurį galima priskirti bent vienam objektui. Savybę „būti baltu\" gali turėti ir vienas objektas, pvz., sakome „Sniegas yra baltas\", „Pienas yra baltas\" ir pan. Tai prasmingi ir teisingi teiginiai. Santykis yra toks požymis, kurį galima priskirti mažiausia, dviem objektams. Požymiai „būti broliu\", „būti didesniu\" yra santykiai. Teiginys „Jonas Petro brolis\"-prasmingas teiginys. Tuo tarpu teiginys ,,Jonas yra brolis\" j au beprasmiškas, nes požymis „būti broliu\" yra santykis, ir vienam objektui jo negalima priskirti. Dėl to, kad savybes galima priskirti vienam objektui, o santykius galima priskirti mažiausiai dviem objektams, savybės vadinamos vienviečiais predikatais, o santykiai - daugiaviečiais predikatais. Pavadinimas taip pat yra požymis, nes viena objektą nuo kito galima atskirti pagal jų pavadinimą. Pavadinimai nagrinėjami ne predikatų logikoje, bet loginėje semantikoje. Predikatų logika nagrinėja savybes ir santykius. Pagal tai predikatų logika skirstoma į dvi dalis - savybių teoriją ir santykių teoriją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,62,'2010-11-15 09:38:47',62,'','2010-11-15 09:43:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 09:38:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,98,'robots=\nauthor='),(1950,'Lotyniškų žodžių žodynėlis','lotynik-odi-odynlis','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,63,'2010-11-15 11:58:42',62,'','2010-11-15 12:00:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 11:58:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(1951,'Cicerono gyvenimas','cicerono-gyvenimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Markas Tulijus Ciceronas (Marcus Tullius Cicero) gimė 106 m. pr. Kr. sausio 3 d. Arpino kaime (apie 150 km nuo Romos). “Cicer” lotynai vadina žirnį, o Cicerono prosenis, matyt, ant nosies galo turėjo randą kaip žirnio užuomazgą, nuo kurios ir gavo tą pravardę. Jis nesigėdijo šios pavardės ir pažadėjo ją išgarsinti. Ciceronas sulaukęs mokyklinio amžiaus, įrodė, ko iš tiesų vertas jo vardas. Parodęs nepaprastus gabumus, jis taip pagarsėjo ir tokį vardą įgijo tarp vaikų, kad jų tėvai ateidavo į mokyklą, norėdami savo akimis pamatyti Ciceroną ir patys įsitikinti tuo, kas buvo kalbama apie jo mokslumą ir tūleriopus gabumus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vaikystėje jis dar tetrametru parašęs nedidelę poemą “Poncijus Glaukas”. Jo motina Helvija, kilusi iš garbingos giminės ir gražiai gyvenusi. Cicerono tėvas priklausė raitelių  luomui, kurio reikšmė Romos diduomenės gyvenime I a. pr. Kr. ėmė aiškiai didėti, o senatorių luomo autoritetas, atvirkščiai, smuko. Naujų visuomenės santykių formavimąsi, tam tikrą lūžį nusistovėjusių tradicijų, mąstymo ir moralės srityse rodo tai, kad Cicerono žemietis Gajus Marijus, nekilmingas ir nemokytas žmogus, tapo garsiu kimbrų bei teutonų nugalėtoju ir net septynis kartus (107, 104-100, 86 m. pr. Kr.) buvo išrinktas konsulu. Jo sūnus, taip pat Gajus Marijus, tapo rimtu priešininku nusigyvenusiam patricijui Liucijui Kornelijui Sulai, o jų tarpusavio kova baigėsi pirmąja Romos valstybėje Sulos diktatūra, kuri tęsėsi nuo 82 m. pr. Kr. iki 79 m. pr. Kr. Galimas daiktas, jog visi šie pokyčiai, raitelių luomo žmonėms atsiveriančios galimybės Cicerono tėvą paskatino savo sūnus – vyresnįjį Marką ir jaunesnįjį Kvintą – rengti politinei karjerai, o tai padaryti vienintelis būdas – suteikti jiems gerą išsilavinimą retorinėje mokykloje. Todėl apie devyniasdešimtuosius metus jis persikėlė į Romą, užmezgė ryšius su Romos aristokratais  ir savo sūnus atidavė į garsiausių to meto oratorių Marko Antonijaus ir Liucijaus Licinijaus Kraso mokyklą. Iš jų Markas Tulijus Ciceronas gavo ne tik retorikos mokslo žinių, bet ir pirmąsias politinės veiklos pamokas. Gerokai vėliau parašytame veikale “Apie oratorių” ( 55 m. pr. Kr.), remdamasis savo mokytojų autoritetu, Ciceronas sukūrė idealaus oratoriaus paveikslą, nepanašų į tuos žodžio amatininkus, kuriuos rengė kai kurios retorikos mokyklos. Cicerono oratorius – tai politikos veikėjas, graikiškojo   άυήρ    πολιτιχòς     analogas. Jo tikslas - ne gražios iškalbos išmokti, o sugebėti deramai ja pasinaudoti. Todėl, be retorikos, jis turi išmanyti daugelį kitų dalykų: graikų filosofinę teoriją ir romėnų politinę praktiką, etiką ir psichologiją, teisę ir istoriją. Oratoriaus kaip filosofo ir politiko derinį Ciceronas stengėsi pateisinti visu savo gyvenimu bei politine veikla.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,63,'2010-11-15 12:01:09',62,'','2010-11-15 12:04:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 12:01:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1952,'Kai kurie lotynų kalbos žodžiai','kai-kurie-lotyn-kalbos-odiai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,63,'2010-11-15 12:05:29',62,'','2010-11-15 12:07:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 12:05:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(1953,'Lotynų kalbos gramatika','lotyn-kalbos-gramatika','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,63,'2010-11-15 12:07:26',62,'','2010-11-15 12:08:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 12:07:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,58,'robots=\nauthor='),(1954,'Tarptautiniai žodžiai','tarptautiniai-odiai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,63,'2010-11-15 12:09:13',62,'','2010-11-15 12:10:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 12:09:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(1955,'Cicerono gyvenimas, veikla, kūryba','cicerono-gyvenimas-veikla-kryba','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Markas Tulijus Ciceronas (Marcus Tullius Cicero) gimė 106 m. pr. Kr. sausio 3 d. Arpino kaime (apie 150 km nuo Romos). Jo tėvas priklausė raitelių  luomui, kurio reikšmė Romos diduomenės gyvenime I a. pr. Kr. ėmė aiškiai didėti, o senatorių luomo autoritetas, atvirkščiai, smuko. Naujų visuomenės santykių formavimąsi, tam tikrą lūžį nusistovėjusių tradicijų, mąstymo ir moralės srityse rodo tai, kad Cicerono žemietis Gajus Marijus, nekilmingas ir nemokytas žmogus, tapo garsiu kimbrų bei teutonų nugalėtoju ir net septynis kartus (107, 104-100, 86 m. pr. Kr.) buvo išrinktas konsulu. Jo sūnus, taip pat Gajus Marijus, tapo rimtu priešininku  nusigyvenusiam patricijui Liucijui Kornelijui Sulai, o jų tarpusavio kova baigėsi pirmąja Romos valstybėje Sulos diktatūra, kuri tęsėsi nuo 82 m. pr. Kr. iki 79 m. pr. Kr. Galimas daiktas, jog visi šie pokyčiai, raitelių luomo žmonėms atsiveriančios galimybės Cicerono tėvą paskatino savo sūnus – vyresnįjį Marką ir jaunesnįjį Kvintą – rengti politinei karjerai, o tai padaryti vienintelis būdas – suteikti jiems gerą išsilavinimą retorinėje mokykloje. Todėl apie devyniasdešimtuosius metus jis persikėlė į Romą, užmezgė ryšius su Romos aristokratais  ir savo sūnus atidavė į garsiausių to meto oratorių Marko Antonijaus ir Liucijaus Licinijaus Kraso mokyklą. Iš jų Markas Tulijus Ciceronas gavo ne tik retorikos mokslo žinių, bet ir pirmąsias politinės veiklos pamokas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gerokai vėliau parašytame veikale “Apie oratorių” (De oratore ad Quintum fratrem libri tres, 55 m. pr. Kr.), remdamasis savo mokytojų autoritetu, Ciceronas sukūrė idealaus oratoriaus paveikslą, nepanašų į tuos žodžio amatininkus, kuriuos rengė kai kurios retorikos mokyklos. Cicerono oratorius – tai politikos veikėjas, graikiškojo   άυήρ    πολιτιχòς     analogas. Jo tikslas - ne gražios iškalbos išmokti, o sugebėti deramai ja pasinaudoti. Todėl, be retorikos, jis turi išmanyti daugelį kitų dalykų: graikų filosofinę teoriją ir romėnų politinę praktiką, etiką ir psichologiją, teisę ir istoriją. Oratoriaus kaip filosofo ir politiko derinį Ciceronas stengėsi pateisinti visu savo gyvenimu bei politine veikla.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ciceronas studijavo filosofiją pas epikūrininką Faidrą, klausė paskaitų pas Platono akademijos vadovą Filoną iš Larisos, bendravo su jo namuose gyvenusiu stoiku Diodotu, dažnai lankėsi garsaus teisininko Liucijaus Scevolos Auguro namuose, savarankiškai studijavo graikų filosofus ir istorikus. Taigi pasirodyti forume Ciceronas rengėsi gana ilgai ir pirmąją kalbą, ginančią Sekstą Roscijų iš Amerijos, apkaltintą tėvažudyste, pasakė 80 m. pr. Kr., būdamas 26 metų amžiaus. Čia jis napabūgo pasisakyti prieš diktatoriaus Sulos atleistinį Chrizogoną ir bylą laimėjo, tačiau netrukus, tarsi išsigandęs galimų represijų, išvyko į Graikiją ir ten išbuvo dvejus metus (79-77). Iš pradžių studijavo filosofiją Atėnuose, Platono akademijoje, pas Antiochą iš Askalono, vėliau išvyko į Rodo salą pas retorikos mokytoją Moloną, padariusį jam didžiulį poveikį tobulinant iškalbos įgūdžius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Grįžęs iš Graikijos, Ciceronas aktyviai įsijungė į politinę veiklą: 76 m. pr. Kr. buvo išrinktas kvestoriumi (mokesčių rinkėju ir metus gyveno Sicilijoje, kur pelnė didelę gyventojų pagarbą. Po Cicerono dirbęs kvestoriumi Veris išgarsėjo kaip kyšininkas bei lupikautojas, ir gyventojai jį padavė į teismą, o Ciceronas pasakė kaltinamąją kalbą “Prieš Verį” (In Verrem, 70 m. pr. Kr.). Su  triumfu laimėjęs šį procesą ir įveikęs savo varžovą Hortenzijų, gynusį Verį, Ciceronas pelnė garsiausio Romos oratoriaus vardą ir 69 m. pr. Kr. buvo išrinktas edilu, o 66 m. pr. Kr. – pretoriumi. Tais metais, reikalaudamas  Pompėjui suteikti aukščiausią valdžią kovoje su Mitridatu, jis pasakė ir pirmąją politinę kalbą – “Apie Gnėjaus Pompėjaus karinę valdžią” (De imperio Cn. Pompei, 66 m. pr. Kr.). Tai buvo svarbus politinis žingsnis: raitelių luomo atstovai su Pompėjaus pergale siejo savo įtakos stiprėjimą, tad, reikalaudamas Pompėjui syteikti aukščiausią karinę valdžią, Ciceronas gynė raitelių luomo interesus. Kartu jis išsaugojo optimalų palankumą sau, nes, jų manymu,  užsitęsęs karas Azijoje grėsė respublikos gerovei. Tai buvo naudinga ir visai romėnų tautai, todėl savo kalba  Ciceronas pelnė visų luomų pritarimą. Tad nenuostabu, kad 64 m. pr. Kr., iškėlęs savo kandidatūrą  konsulų rinkimuose, Ciceronas – homo novus – įveikė net penkis pretendentus ir buvo išrinktas konsulu 63 m. pr. Kr. kadencijai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,63,'2010-11-15 12:11:06',62,'','2010-11-15 12:15:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 12:11:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,48,'robots=\nauthor='),(1956,'Salotos 1','salotos-1','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">ŽALIOSIOS SALOTOS SU ŠPROTAIS<br /><br />Reikia:<br />2 gūžės salotų;<br />160 g. šprotų;<br />2 mėlynieji svogūnai;<br />150 g. virtų bulvių;<br />160 g. šviežių agurkų;<br />120 g. šviežių pomidorų;<br />180 g. mišrainės padažo.<br /><br />Salotų lapus suplėšome ir sudedame į užkandines lėkštutes. Ant salotų lapų dedame recepte nurodytus produktus: šprotus, svogūnus, bulves, agurkus, pomidorus. Supjaustyti juos galime norima forma.Taip paruoštas salotas užpilame mišrainės padažu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">BROKOLIŲ IR ŽIEDINIŲ KOPŪSTŲ SALOTOS<br /><br />Reikia:<br />500 g. brokolių;<br />700 g. žiedinių kopūstų;<br />1 raudona paprika;<br />½ stiklinės išgliaudytų pistacijų.<br />Padažui:<br />1 nepilnas arbatinis šaukštelis druskos;<br />½ arbatinio šaukštelio cukraus;<br />¼ arbatinio šaukštelio juodųjų pipirų;<br />5 šaukštai aliejaus;<br />5 šaukštai obuolių acto;<br />1 ½  stiklinės vandens.<br /><br />Brokolius ir žiedinius kopūstus nuplauname ir palaikome sūriame vandenyje. Tada supjaustome nedideliais žiedeliais. Papriką supjaustome šiaudeliais. Daržoves sudedame į stiklainį, užpilame paruoštu padažu, uždengiame ir bent valandą (galima ir ilgiau) laikome šaldytuve. Prieš patiekiant nupilame didžiąją dalį padažo ir salotas sumaišome su riešutais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,64,'2010-11-15 12:16:22',62,'','2010-11-15 13:17:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 12:16:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,9,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1957,'Skonio prekės. Maisto prekių mokslas','skonio-preks-maisto-preki-mokslas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skonio prekės</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skonio prekės yra skirtingos prigimties produktai. Jų svarbiausias komponentas - fiziologiškai veikliosios medžiagos, kurios žadina žmogaus nervinę sistemą ir veikia visą organizmą arba tik jutimo organus, virškinamąjį traktą, todėl gerina maisto įsisavinimą. Daugelis skonio prekių maistinės vertės neturi, nes jose beveik nėra pagrindinių maistinių medžiagų. Šiai grupei priskiriama arbata, kava, jų gėrimai, prieskoniai, pagardai, alkoholiniai ir nealkoholiniai gėrimai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Arbata</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai labiausiai paplitęs gėrimas pasaulyje. Arbata pradėta gerti daugiau kaip prieš 5 tūkst. metų  Azijoje, iš pradžių žalioji, o vėliau ir juodoji arbata. Skiriamos dvi arbatmedžių rūšys: kiniškasis ir indiškasis. Kiniškasis arbatmedis užauga iki 4 m aukščio, o indiškojo arbatmedžio aukštis gali siekti daugiau kaip 20 m aukštį. Lapai trumpakočiai, standžiu paviršiumi, pailgi arba ovalūs, dantytu pakraščiu. Apatinė žiedpumpurių ir jaunų lapelių pusė padengta pūkeliais ir blizga kaip šilkas. Indiškojo arbatmedžio lapai daug didesni už kiniškojo. Arbata dažniausiai auginama saulėtuose kalnų šlaituose. Arbatos ūgliai skinami rankomis ir per vieną dieną viena arbatos skinėja nuskina nuo 10 tūkst. iki 30 tūkst. lapelių ir pumpurų. Arbatos ūgliai skinami nuo balandžio iki spalio mėnesio. Geriausios kokybės arbata gaunama liepos - rugpjūčio mėnesiais. Arbata yra auginama daugelyje pasaulio šalių. Dažniausiai arbata yra auginama Kinijoje, Indijoje (Asame, Dardžilinge), Šri Lankoje, Taivanyje, Vietname, Indonezijoje, Afrikos šalyse, Kenijoje, Mozambike, Malavijoje, Tanzanijoje, Kamerūne, PAR. Šiek tiek arbatos auginama P. Amerikoje, ypač Gvatemaloje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,64,'2010-11-15 12:21:02',62,'','2010-11-15 12:53:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 12:21:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,8,'','',0,83,'robots=\nauthor='),(1958,'Mėsos prekės ','msos-preks-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ĮVADAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prekių mokslas - tai specialybinis dalykas, reikalingas studentui, norinčiam dirbti verslo vadybininku bet kurioje prekybos įmonėje. Didesnė studijas baigiančių studentų dalis įsidarbina maisto prekių parduotuvėse arba supermarketuose. Todėl jie turi gerai žinoti maisto prekių asortimentą, suvokti įvairių produktų gamybos ypatumus, žinoti produktų kokybės rodiklius, gebėti vertinti produktų kokybę jusliškai, žinoti, kokie kokybės rodikliai svarbiausi vienos ar kitos grupės produktams. Šis konspektas - apie mėsos prekių grupę. Šiai grupei priskiriama įvairių gyvulių mėsa, jų perdirbimo produktai. Konspektas supažindina su šių produktų pagrindinėmis technologinėmis operacijomis, mėsos produktų asortimentu, jų skiriamaisiais požymiais, kokybe, pakavimu, ženklinimu ir laikymu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">TIKSLAI</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Susipažinę su mėsos prekių grupe, studentai turi:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. žinoti mėsos ir mėsos prekių veterinarinius reikalavimus;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. mokėti šifruoti veterinarinius spaudus;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. žinoti kodėl dedami spaudai ant skerdienų;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">4. žinoti mėsos gaminių asortimentą, atskirų gaminių skiriamuosius požymius;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">5. mokėti įvertinti produktų kokybę, naudotis standartais;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">6. žinoti, kokie dokumentai reikalingi, priimant mėsos prekes;</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">7. žinoti mėsos prekių laikymo sąlygas ir terminus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,64,'2010-11-15 12:54:15',62,'','2010-11-15 13:16:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 12:54:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,7,'','',0,36,'robots=\nauthor='),(1959,'Salotos 2','salotos-2','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">SALOTOS “PIENĖS ŽIEDELIS”<br /><br />Reikia:<br />300 g. svogūnų laiškų;<br />1 stiklinė pienių žiedlapių;<br />Padažui:<br />1 šaukštas citrinų sulčių;<br />aliejaus;<br />truputis druskos, cukraus.<br /><br />Svogūnų laiškus nuplauname, nusausiname ir supjaustome smulkiais gabalėliais. Pienių žiedlapius užplikome verdančiu vandeniu ir palaikome porą minučių. Tada nugriebiame į paviršių iškilusius nešvarumus. Pienių žiedlapius nusausiname ir sudedame į svogūnus. Į puodelį supilame padažui skirtus produktus ir išplakame. Užpilame salotas ir gerai išmaišome.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">MĖLYNŲJŲ SALOTŲ LAPŲ SALOTOS<br /><br />Dvejoms porcijoms reikia:<br />1 salotų gniūžtė;<br />1 mėlynasis svogūnas;<br />5 _ 6 ridikėliai;<br />5 _ 6 marinuoti pievagrybiai;<br />2 šaukštai saulėgrąžų branduolių;<br />1 šaukštas citrinų sulčių;<br />2 šaukštai aliejaus;<br />1 šaukštas vandens;<br />truputis pipirų, druskos.<br /><br />Svogūnus ir ridikėlius supjaustome griežinėliais, susmulkiname pievagrybius, įberiame saulėgrąžų branduolių, išmaišome ir užpilame padažu, pagamintu iš citrinų sulčių, vandens, aliejaus, druskos ir pipirų. Salotas sudedame ant lėkštėse išdėliotų salotų lapų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,64,'2010-11-15 13:17:06',62,'','2010-11-15 13:19:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 13:17:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,6,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1960,'Whirlpool maisto gaminimas mikrobangų krosnelėje','whirlpool-maisto-gaminimas-mikrobang-krosnelje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Gerbiamas vartotojau,</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šioje knygelėje pateikti receptai  tai ilgametis mūsų kompanijos kauptų duomenų, kaip gaminti maistą mikrobangų krosnelėje, rezultatas. Šioje knygelėje, Jūsų pageidavimu, yra aprašyti nesudėtingi maisto gaminimo būdai. Vadovaudamiesi pateiktais gaminimo režimų aprašymais ir receptais, Jūs galėsite greitai ir kokybiškai pagaminti pageidaujamą patiekalą. Negailėkite laiko perskaityti šiuos rekomenduojamus receptus, ir Jūs įsitikinsite, kad net ir Jums įprasti patiekalai yra žymiai paprasčiau paruošiami mikrobangų krosnelėje. Šioje knygelėje neapsiribota vien paprastų patiekalų receptūra; yra siūlomi ir keli sudėtingesni patiekalų receptai bei gaminimo būdai. Kiekvieno puslapio pabaigoje yra palikta vietos Jūsų pastaboms bei naujiems receptams pasižymėti. Sėkmės gaminant skanius ir kokybiškus patiekalus!</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kas yra mikrobangos?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mikrobangos  tai aukšto dažnio elektromagnetinės bangos, analogiškos televizijos ir radijo bangoms. Mes negalime jų matyti, bet galime stebėti jų poveikį. Kaip saulės šviesa pereina per stiklą, plastmasę ar orą, mikrobangos pereina per popierių, stiklą, porcelianą ar plastmasę. Vanduo, aliejus ir riebalai absorbuoja mikrobangas. Mikrobangų kosnelėje įtaisyto magnetrono generuojamos mikrobangos priverčia vibruoti maisto produktuose esančio skysčio molekules. Vykstant šiam procesui, išsiskiria šiluma, įgalinanti atšildyti, pašildyti ir kepti maisto produktus. Maistas mikrobangų krosnelėje paruošiamas gana greitai, kadangi mikrobangos į maisto produktus patenka iš visų pusių. Be to, mikrobangų energija panaudojama labai taupiai. Pavyzdžiui, gaminant maistą ant elektrinės viryklės, pirmiausiai reikia įkaitinti viryklės kaitvietę. Dėl šios priežasties prarandama daug šilumos. Pasibaigus gaminimo procesui, gaminamą maistą rekomenduojama kelioms minutėms palikti mikrobangų krosnelėje. Tokiu būdu maistas geriau įšils.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,64,'2010-11-15 13:20:53',62,'','2010-11-15 13:34:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 13:20:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,5,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(1961,'Drebutiniai daržovių, mėsos ir žuvies patiekalai','drebutiniai-darovi-msos-ir-uvies-patiekalai','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">KRABAI (KREVETĖS) DREBUČIUOSE<br /><br />Reikia:<br />2vnt. kiaušinių;<br />30g. želatinos;<br />80g. sauso vyno (“Sherry”);<br />250g. pomidorų;<br />25g. konservuotų krabų (krevečių);<br />75g. grietinės;<br />10g. vidutinio aštrumo garstyčių;<br />20g. smulkintų petražolių;<br />druska, pipirai, žiupsnelis cukraus, petražolių šakelė, acto pagal skonį.<br /><br />¼ l talpos formeles išskalaukite šaltu vandeniu. Želatiną ištirpinkite ¼ l šilto vandens, pagardinkite vynu, druska, cukrumi ir actu. Nuplaukite pomidorus. Į kiekvieną formelę įpilkite po truputį želatinos tirpalo ir palikite, kad sustingtų.Nupjaukite kiaušinių galus, kad matytųsi tryniai. Į formelių vidurį, ant sustingusio sluoksnio, dėkite po vieną kiaušinį nupjautu galu į apačią. Petražoles nuplaukite šaltu vandeniu, nuvarvinkite, nuskabykite lapelius ir kartu su pomidorais išdėstykite aplink kiaušinius. Vėl užpilkite šiek tiek sultinio ir leiskite sustingti. Krabus perliekite šaltu vandeniu, sudėkite į sietelį ir palaikykite, kad nuvarvėtų vanduo. Tada krabus, likusius pomidorus bei keletą  petražolių lapelių padalykite į abi formeles. Užpilkite likusiu želatinos tirpalu. 2_3 val. laikykite šaldytuve, kad gerai sustingtų. Prie šio patiekalo tinka padažas iš grietinės, pagardintos garstyčiomis, druska, pipirais, cukrumi, keletu lašų acto esencijos bei kapotomis petražolėmis. Drebučius patiekite su paskrudinta balta duona arba traškučiais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">LIEŽUVIO DREBUČIAI<br /><br />Reikia:<br />4 kiaulių arba veršelių liežuviai;<br />10 virtų kiaušinių;<br />1 l. sultinio (nuo liežuvių virimo);<br />2,5 šaukšto želatinos;<br />2 šaukštai krienų;<br />truputis svogūnų laiškų, pipirnių.<br /><br />Liežuvius išverdame su prieskoniais. Išvirtus liežuvius supjaustome nedideliais kubeliais. Virtų kiaušinių trynius ir baltymus susmulkiname atskirai. 1 stiklinėje sultinio išbrinkiname ir ištirpiname želatiną ir sumaišome su likusiu sultiniu. Į formą, kurioje gaminsime drebučius, įpilame keletą šaukštų sultinio su želatina. Kai jis pradeda stingti, kuokšteliais įdedame pipirnių. Ant supjaustyto liežuvio užpilame dalį sultinio ir supilame į formą. Paliekame sustingti. Kiaušinių trynius sumaišome su dalimi sultinio ir užpilame ant sustingusio liežuvio sluoksnio. Kiaušinių trynius sumaišome su likusiu sultiniu, pridedame svogūnų laiškų, krienų ir pilame ant sustingusių trynių sluoksnio. 2_3 val. drebučius laikome šaltai. Patiekiame su krienų ar majonezo padažais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,64,'2010-11-15 14:34:01',62,'','2010-11-15 14:38:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-15 14:34:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,4,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1962,'Pieninkystės ir pieno produktų rinkos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas','pieninkysts-ir-pieno-produkt-rinkos-termin-aikinamasis-odynas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">PRATARMĖ</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pastaruoju metu daugėja naujų teisės aktų (privalomieji reikalavimai, techniniai reglamentai, tvarkos, taisyklės), kuriuose naujai apibūdinami pienininkystėje vartojami terminai, sąvokos. Maisto produktai klasifikuojami pagal KPN, terminų standartai galioja atskiriems produktams bei produktų grupėms. Šiuose dokumentuose neretai terminų, sąvokų interpretacija skirtinga, o kai kuriais atvejais - prieštaraujanti. Todėl šio leidinio tikslas yra padėti susiorientuoti pienininkystės bei pieno produktų rinkos terminologijoje, sumažinti netikslumus vartojant ir interpretuojant terminus, išvengti prieštaravimų galiojančiuose bei rengiamuose teisės aktuose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pažymėtina, jog ES teisės aktuose nurodomi tik pagrindiniai pienininkystės ir pieno produktų rinkos terminai. Juose nėra daugumos terminų, vartojamų nacionalinėje pienininkystėje. Todėl šiame terminų žodyne pateikiami atnaujinti terminai, atitinkantys šiuo metu galiojančių Lietuvos Respublikos, ES bei Pasaulinės prekybos organizacijos teisiniuose aktuose vartojamus pienininkystės ir pieno produktų rinkos terminus, apibrėžimus, sąvokas, bei terminai, atspindintys pienininkystės kaip pramonės šakos savitumą, atskirų produktų gamybos techninius ir technologinius ypatumus bei nacionalinį pieno produktų asortimentą. 2001 m. Lietuva priimta į Pasaulinę prekybos organizaciją. Padidės prekybos lietuviškais pieno produktais apimtys pasaulio rinkose. Todėl vieninga šiuolaikinė ir atnaujinta pienininkystės bei pieno produktų rinkos terminologija šiandien ypač reikalinga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Terminų žodynas susideda iš dviejų atskirų dalių: pienininkystės (parengė Lietuvos maisto institutas) ir pieno produktų rinkos (parengė Lietuvos agrarinės ekonomikos institutas ir Lietuvos maisto institutas). Prie kiekvieno termino, sąvokos pateikti paaiškinimai lietuvių kalba su nuoroda į literatūros šaltinį bei atitikmenys anglų (en) ir prancūzų (fr) kalbomis, paimti iš teisės aktų, standartų, tarptautinio pienininkystės terminologijos žodyno, kitų žodynų. Žodyno gale įdėtos abėcėlinės lietuviškų, angliškų ir prancūziškų terminų ir sąvokų rodyklės. Pienininkystės ir pieno produktų rinkos terminų žodynas skiriamas pieno pramonės, pieno ūkio, maisto ir veterinarijos tarnybų darbuotojams bei specialistams, muitinių bei prekybos tinklo darbuotojams, maisto pramonės ir pieno pramonės aukštųjų bei aukštesniųjų mokyklų dėstytojams, studentams ir moksleiviams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pastabas, pasiūlymus ir pageidavimus dėl žodyno prašome siųsti į Lietuvos maisto institutą (Taikos pr. 92, LT-3031 Kaunas). Už atsiliepimus iš anksto dėkojame ir tikimės juos panaudoti ruošdami kitą žodyno leidimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,64,'2010-11-16 08:54:52',62,'','2010-11-16 09:04:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-16 08:54:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,3,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1963,'Darbštuolė \"Konservavimas\"','darbtuol-qkonservavimasq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">APIE PRODUKTŲ ŠALDYMĄ</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Vis dažniau išgirstame, kad vaisius, uogas, daržoves ir grybus reikia ne sūdyti, marinuoti ar virti uogienes ir kompotus, o šaldyti. Taip esą ir sveikiau, ir naudingiau. Neprarandamos naudingosios ir vertingosios medžiagos, nesusidaro nuodingieji junginiai, išlaikomas tikrasis produktų skonis, spalva ir aromatas, lengva ir paprasta atšildyti ir gaminti iš šaldytų produktų. Be to, neatima tiek daug laiko, kiek uogienių ar daržovienių virimas. Siūloma taip konservuoti jau vien dėl to, kad šaldydami, o ne virdami, marinuodami ar sūdydami, apsaugosite save nuo didelės druskos, acto ir cukraus dozės žiemą. Išgirdę tiek pasisakymų „už\", nusprendėme šiemet apie šaldymą papasakoti plačiau.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žinoma, šaldymas niekada neprilygs močiutės sūdytiems grybukams ant Kūčių stalo, vyšnioms iš kompoto, pomidorams, marinuotiems su želatina, ar įdarytoms paprikoms, ne, bet kasdieniam stalui, kai norime tiesiog išlaikyti kuo vertingesnį produktą ar tiesiog žiemą prisiminti, koks juodųjų serbentų skonis, verta išmokti šaldyti. Taigi ką ir kaip šaldyti? Kaip paruošti derlių?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ŠALDYMO EIGA IR SPARTA</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirminė šaldymo sąlyga - tinkamas šaldiklis ar šaldymo kamera. Temperatūra jūsų šaldiklyje turi būti nuo -18 iki -26 C. Šaldytų produktų kokybė labiausiai priklausys nuo to, ar tinkamai juos užšaldysite. Kas tas šaldymas? Kokie procesai vyksta? Produktų viduje esantis vanduo užšąla ir tokiu būdu audiniai išsausėja, viduje nustoja vykę beveik visi procesai, todėl vaisiai, uogos, daržovės ar grybai ilgai išlieka švieži.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šaldamas vanduo virsta į kristalėlius. Svarbu užšaldyti greitai, tuomet vanduo pavirs j daugybę mažų kristalėlių, jei šaldysite nepakankamoje temperatūroje, per lėtai, vanduo pavirs į didesnius kristalėlius ir suplėšys produkto audinius. To plika akimi nepamatysite, bet pajausite atšildydami - produktai bus ištežę, nebeišlaikys savo formos. Saldykite nedideliais kiekiais, kad nebūtų produktų, kurie lauktų savo eilės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Paruoštus produktus suskirstykite porcijomis, paskleiskite ant padėklo vienu sluoksniu ir dėkite į šaldytuvą. Kai tik produktai atvės, perdėkite į kamerą ar šaldiklį, kuriame yra šalčiausia galima temperatūra, įprastu atveju, tai bus -26 °C. Kai produktai sušals, tuomet iškart sumažinkite temperatūrą iki -18 °C, joje ir laikykite visą saugojimo laiką. Ar verta tiek žaisti? Taip, tik tokiu būdu šaldant ledų kristalėliai bus itin maži. Kaip temperatūrą išmatuoti? Kiekvienas šaldytuvas ir šaldiklis turi kintamą šaldymo skalę, galima pasitikėtija, o jei netikite, išmatuokite lauko termometru. Patartina prieš šaldant išvalyti ir išplauti šaldiklį, kad nereiktų to daryti, kai jame bus saugomi šaldyti produktai, kad jie neatšiltų. Dar kartą užšaldyti produktų nevalia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">-18 °C temperatūroje produktus galite laikyti iki 12 mėnesių. Tuo pačiu primename, kad -12 °C temperatūroje galite laikyti 4-6 savaites, o -6 °C temperatūroje 1-2 savaites. Ir iš tikrųjų, kartais taip atsitinka, kad ilgam šaldyti nereikia, tiesiog vienu metu nuskynėte visą derlių, tuomet laikykite žemesnėje temperatūroje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,64,'2010-11-16 09:05:21',62,'','2010-11-16 09:13:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-16 09:05:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,2,'','',0,40,'robots=\nauthor='),(1964,'Šalti užkandžiai, salotos, desertai ir gėrimai','alti-ukandiai-salotos-desertai-ir-grimai','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">BUROKĖLIŲ SALOTOS SU ANANASAIS<br /><br />Reikia:<br />3 virti burokėliai;<br />5 konservuotų ananasų griežinėliai;<br />6 _ 8 maži konservuoti agurkai (kornišonai);<br />1 virto kiaušinio trynys papuošimui;<br />100 _ 150 g. majonezo;<br />50 g. ananasų sirupo;<br />1 arbatinis šaukštelis garstyčių;<br />truputis druskos, cukraus.<br /><br />Burokėlius supjaustome kubeliais, susmulkiname keturis ananasų griežinėlius, kelis nedidelius agurkėlius. Užpilame majonezo, sirupo ir garstyčių mišiniu, pabarstome druska bei pipirais. Sudedame į salotinę, puošiame likusiu ananasu, sutrupintu kiaušinio tryniu bei supjaustytais mažais agurkėliais (kornišonais).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">DŽIOVINTOS SLYVOS SU ŠOKOLADINIU PUDINGU IR ŠOKOLADU<br /><br />Reikia:<br />1 pakelis šokoladinio pudingo;<br />25 džiovintos slyvos;<br />1 stiklinė pieno;<br />100 g. baltojo šokolado;<br />50 g. kokosų traškučių.<br /><br />Pudingą paruošiame taip, kaip nurodyta ant pakelio. Slyvas nuplauname, keletą minučių paverdame piene ir paliekame 1 val., kad išbrinktų. Į lėkštę įdedame po šaukštą atvėsusio pudingo, ant jo uždedame iš pieno išimtą ir nuplautą slyvą, o aplink įpilame ištirpinto baltojo šokolado. Pabarstome kokosų traškučiais ir patiekiame.</p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,64,'2010-11-16 09:13:50',62,'','2010-11-16 09:17:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-16 09:13:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,1,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1965,'Mechanikos špera','mechanikos-pera','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Mechanika. Teorinė mechanika (TM). Mokslas, nagrinėjantis bendrus materialiųjų kūnų judėjimo ir pusiausvyros dėsnius. TM yra mechanikos mokslo dalis kurioje suformuluoti bendrieji mechanikos dėsniai. Remiantis tai dėsniais, tiriamas materialaus taško, materialių taškų sistemos ir standaus kūno judėjimas. TM yra gamtos mokslas, kuris remiasi bandymų, stebėjimų rezultatais ir panaudoja matematiką tiems rezultatams analizuoti. TM skirstoma į tris dalis: statiką, kinematiką ir dinamiką. 2. Statika Kinematika. Dinamika. Statika tai TM dalis, kurioje nagrinėjama jėgų bei kūnų pusiausvyra. Statika sprendžiama kaip vieną sudėtingą jėgų sistemą pakeisti kita, paprastesne jėgų sistema. Statika - mokslas apie mechaninę sistemą veikiančių jėgų pusiausvyrą. Kinematika nagrinėjamas taškų ir kūnų judėjimas, neatsižvelgiant į tuos taškus ar kūnus veikiančias jėgas. Čia tiriama, kokie parametrai nusako judančio kūno padėtį erdvėje ir kaip galima apskaičiuoti to kūno bet kurio taško greitį bei pagreitį. Kinematika tiria mechaninių sistemų judėjimą, nagrinėdama jį tik geometriniu požiūriu nepriklausomai nuo jėgų, veikiančių tas sistemas. Dinamika - TM dalis kurioje nagrinėjamas taškų ir kūnų judėjimas priklausomai nuo jį veikiančių jėgų. Dinamika nagrinėja mechaninių sistemų judėjimą, priklausomai nuo jėgų, veikiančių tas sistemas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. Pagrindinės statikos sąvokos. Kietasis kūnas - kūnas, kuriame, veikiant išorinėms jėgoms, atstumai tarp jo taškų nesikeičia ir kūnas išlaiko savo pirmykštę geometrinę formą. Jėga (J) - dviejų materialių kūnų mechaninės sąveikos matas. Jėga bet koks poveikis išjudinantis kūną arba keičiantis jo greitį. (mechaninės kūnų sąveikos matas). Jėga apibūdina: dydis (N), veikimo taškas (kūno taškas kuriame sutelktas jėgos veikiamas), kryptis. Jėgų sistemos - jėgų visuma, kai duotąjį kūną veikia kelios jėgos (plokščios ir erdvinės jėgų sistemos). Mastelis. Jėgų mastelis žymimas mp ir nurodo, kokio dydžio jėga atitinka ilgio vienetui brėžinyje. Ilgių mastelis žymimas ml ir rodo, kokio ilgio atkarpa tenka ilgio vienetui brėžinyje. Jėgos veikimo tiesė. Jėgos sistema. Laisvas kūnas. Ekvivalentiškos Jėgos Pusiausvyra (atsverta) Jėgos sistema. Atstojamoji (F1+F2=F) Atsveriančioji (F1+F2=-F) Sutelkto jis Jėgos Išskirstytos Jėgos Kūnų sistemos Išorinės jėgos vidinės jėgos. 4. Jėga. Veiksmai su jėgomis. Jėga yra vektorinis dydis ir apibrėžiama 3 faktoriais: Jėgos pridėties tašku (kūno taškas į kurį sutelktas jėgos veikimas), Jėgos kryptimi (kryptis, kuria pradėtų judėti J. paveiktas kūnas, iki tol buvęs ramybėje. Gauta tiesė vad. J. veikimo tiese.), J. didumu. J., pridėta prie kūno kuriame nors viename to kūno taške vad. koncentruota. J., veikiančios `visus kūno tūrio ar paviršiaus dalies taškus, vad. išskirstytomis. Atstojamoji - tai J., kuri viena pakeičia duotųjų jėgų poveikį kietam kūnui.  Atsveriančioji - savo moduliu lygi atstojamajai, ir veikianti ta pačia tiese, bet priešinga kryptimi.  Jėgos projekcija į ašį lygi jėgos modulio ir cos kampo, kurį sudaro jėga su teigiamąja ašies kryptimi, sandaugai. Jėga bet koks poveikis išjudinantis kūną arba keičiantis jo greitį. (mechaninės kūnų sąveikos matas) J. apibūdina: dydis (N), veikimo taškas (kūno taškas kuriame sutelktas jėgos veikiamas), kryptis. + cos teor.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,65,'2010-11-16 09:18:15',62,'','2010-11-16 09:34:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-16 09:18:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(1966,'Hidraulinių ir pneumatinių pavarų sistemų kursinis darbas ','hidraulini-ir-pneumatini-pavar-sistem-kursinis-darbas-','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">BENDROJI DALIS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Hidraulinių aparatų komplektas, kurį sudaro viena arba kelios tūrinės hidraulinės mašinos, skirtos mechaninei energijai perduoti ir mechanizmų darbo įrenginiams priversti judėti suslėgtu darbo skysčiu, -vadinamas tūrine hidrauline pavara. Tūrinės hidraulinės pavaros- naudojamos statybos ir kelių mašinose, trasportavimo ir žemės ūkio mašinose, staklių pramonėje, presavimo ir liejimo įrenginiuose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pagal energijos šaltinį hidraulinės pavaros būna trijų tipų:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Siurblinė hidraulinė pavara – tai pavara, kurioje darbo skystis hidrauliniam varikliui teikiamas tūriniu siurbliu, įeinančiu į šios pavaros sudėtį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Akumuliatorinė hidraulinė pavara – tai pavara, kurioje darbo skystis tiekiamas hidrauliniam varikliui nuo iš anksto pakrauto akumuliatoriaus. Tokios hidraulinės pavaros naudojimas sistemoje, kuriose darbo ciklas trumpalaikis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. Magistralinė hidraulinė pavara – tai pavara, kurioje darbo skystis hidrauliniam varikliui tiekiamas iš magistralinės hidraulinės linijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mašinų ilgas techninės eksploatacijos laikas pirmiausia priklauso nuo konstrukcijų kokybės kokybės – kuo ji tobulesnė, tuo išlaidos eksploatacijai mažesnės. Mašinų konstrukcijos tobulinimas nusakomas našumo, patikimumo, ilgaamžiškumo, tikslumo, ekonomiškumo kriterijais. Statybos ir kelių mašinų, transportavimo ir žemės ūkio mašinų, valcavimo staklynų, staklių, presavimo ir liejimo įrenginių bei kitokioms hidraulinėms pavaroms dabar plačiai vartojamos valdomos hidraulinės pavaros.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,65,'2010-11-16 09:35:23',62,'','2010-11-16 09:39:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-16 09:35:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,8,'','',0,111,'robots=\nauthor='),(1967,'Liejimo praktikos darbo aprašymas','liejimo-praktikos-darbo-apraymas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Praktikos Užduotis. Pagal pateiktą detalės brėžinį sudaryti šios detalės liejinio gamybos technologiją. Liejama smėlio – molio formose. Praktikos aprašas bus sudarytas iš dviejų dalių. Pirmoji dalis – tai aiškinamoji – aprašomoji, antroji – grafinė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Užduoties Atlikimo Eiga. Pradėsime nuo detalės brėžinio analizės. Nustatome ar detalės konstrukcija technologiška ar ne. Mūsų nagrinėjama detalė yra technologiška, todėl jos pagaminimo laikas bus mažesnis, esant minimalioms lėšų sąnaudoms. Todėl detalės savikaina bus mažesnė. Taigi atidžiai išanalizavę detalės brėžinį ir radę netechnologiškas vietas pakeisime jas racionalesnėmis, atsižvelgdami į liejiniams keliamus technologinius reikalavimus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Liejiniui keliami pagrindiniai technologiniai reikalavimai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Liejinio išorinė konfigūracija turi būti kuo paprastesnė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Liejinio sienelių storiai turi būti kiek galima tolygesni; minimalus sienelių storis, liejant smėlio molio mišinių formose, pilkojo ketaus liejiniams – 5 mm, mūsų atveju detalės minimalus sienelių storis – 6 mm.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. Liejinio kontūrai turės būti kiek galima tiesesni, nes tuo atveju lengviau ir pigiau pagaminsime modelį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">4. Liejinio modelio skyros paviršius turi būti kuo paprastesnis ir tų paviršių turi būti kuo mažiau.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">5. Vertikalias liejinio sieneles padarysime su nuolydžiu, nes taip lengviau modelį išimsime iš formos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,65,'2010-11-16 09:40:03',62,'','2010-11-16 09:43:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-16 09:40:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,7,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(1968,'Medžiagų sandėlio projektavimas','mediag-sandlio-projektavimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduotis. Suprojektuoti metalų sandėlį kuriame sandėliuojama:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. 20 tonų vienetinių ruošinių kurių matmenys 100x120x150, k=0.65.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2. 18 tonų plonasienio lakšto (1000x2000), kurio storis 1 ir 1.5 mm.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. 12 tonų 6 m ilgio strypų, kurių diametras Ø12 mm ir Ø 18 mm.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,65,'2010-11-16 09:43:51',62,'','2010-11-16 09:47:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-16 09:43:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,6,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1969,'Aušinimo sistema','auinimo-sistema','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aušinimo sistemų paskirtis, klasifikacija ir veikimas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Aušinimo sistema reikalinga šilumai nuvesti nuo labiausiai įkaitusių variklio detalių ir optimaliai temperatūrai palaikyti. Jei variklis nebūtų aušinamas, labai įkaistų alkūninio ir skirstymo mechanizmų detalės, jos būtų blogiau tepamos. Be to, varikliui perkaitus, cilindrai blogiau prisipildytų oro ar mišinio, o karbiuratoriniuose varikliuose darbinis mišinys ne laiku savaime užsidegtų. Toks degimas dažnai vyksta labai greit ir yra lydimas didelių smūginių slėgių (sakoma: variklis detonuoja). Taip pat nepageidautina variklį peraušinti, nes ant cilindrų sienelių imtų kondensuotis degalai, darbinis mišinys būtų blogiau paruošiamas, užtruktų degimas. Dėl to sumažėtų variklio galia ir padidėtų degalų sąnaudos. Peraušintame variklyje padidėja tarpeliai mazgų sujungimuose, ir detalės sparčiai dyla.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Karbiuratoriniuose varikliuose aušinimo sistemai tenka apie 12 – 27, dyzeliniuose 15 – 35 % (pripučiamosiose –10 – 25%) visos šilumos, išsiskiriančios cilindre per darbo ciklą. Šie šilumos nuostoliai neišvengiami. Jie gali būti didesni, jei variklis per daug aušinamas. Norėdamas padidinti ekonomiškumą, kai kurios JAV ir Japonijos firmos mėgina gaminti vadinamuosius keraminius variklius, kuriuose degimo kamera, stūmoklio dugnas, cilindrų sienelės ir galvučių vidiniai paviršiai padengti šilumai mažai laidžiomis medžiagomis. Tokių variklių darbo procesas artimas adiabatiniam, nes į aplinką atiduodamos šilumos nuostoliai yra minimalūs. Plačiau keraminiai varikliai nenaudojami dėl sudėtingos ir brangios gamybos bei trumpaamžiškumo. Varikliai dažniausiai aušinami skysčiu arba oru.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Skysčiu aušinamose sistemose cirkuliuojantysis vanduo arba specialus techninis skystis – antifrizas, pasižymintis žema užšalimo temperatūra, paima nuo įkaitusių su variklio detalėm šilumą ir pro radiatorių atiduoda ją į aplinką. Ši sistema gali būti termosifoninė, priverstinė, atviroji ir uždaroji. Termosifoninėje aušinimo sistemoje skystį verčia cirkuliuoti kintantis jo tankis: įšilęs bloko ir galvutės kanaluose, lengvesnis skystis kyla ir patenka į radiatorių; jame atvėsęs, leidžiasi į variklio aušinimo ertmes. Šioje sistemoje aušinimo intensyvumas nereguliuojamas, jis kinta savaime pagal tai, kiek įkaitęs variklis: šaltame variklyje skystis cirkuliuoja lėtai, variklį labiau pakraunant, intensyviau. Termosifoninės aušinimo sistemos privalumas paprastas konstrukcija trūkumai – lėta cirkuliacija didelės skysčio talpos jo garavimas, todėl reikia dažniau tikrinti skysčio lygį sistemoje ir papildyti. Termosifoninės aušinimo sistemos įrengtos paleidimo varikliuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Priverstinėje aušinimo sistemoje skystį cirkuliuoti verčia išcentrinis vandens siurblys. Jis ataušina skystį iš radiatoriaus apatinio bakelio tiekia skirstymo kanalu  į variklio bloko ir cilindrų galvutės aušinimo ertmes, o karštą skystį pro termostatą nukreipia į viršutinį radiatoriaus bakelį. Šioje aušinimo sistemoje yra mentinis ventiliatorius, jungimo vamzdžiai, temperatūros kontrolės bei reguliavimo prietaisai – užuolaidėlės , žaliuzės. Jei sistema pripildoma vandens, tai garai ir vandens perteklius, varikliui šylant, išleidžiamas į atmosferą, o jei antifrizu, - jie gali būti nukreipiami kondensuotis į plėtimosi bakelį. Sistemos talpa nėra didelė, karšto ir ataušinto skysčio temperatūrų skirtumas joje nedidesnis kaip 5 – 80C, todėl variklio detalės vienodžiau aušinamos. Priverstinė aušinimo sistema naudojama daugelyje automobilių ir traktorių variklių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,65,'2010-11-16 10:48:58',62,'','2010-11-16 10:52:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-16 10:48:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,5,'','',0,43,'robots=\nauthor='),(1970,'Pjovimo režimo elementų nustatymas frezavimui','pjovimo-reimo-element-nustatymas-frezavimui','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduotis : rupiai nufrezuoti plokštumą, parinkti frezą ir stakles. Apdirbama medžiaga Pl 3. Varianto Nr. 1</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,65,'2010-11-16 10:52:50',62,'','2010-11-16 10:54:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-16 10:52:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,4,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1971,'Pjovimo režimo elementų nustatymas tekinimui','pjovimo-reimo-element-nustatymas-tekinimui','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Užduotis : nustatyti pjovimo režimo elementus ir pasirinkti pjovimo įrankius , aptekinant lygų cilindrinį ruošinį. Apdirbama medžiaga – valcuotas strypas Pl 20.Įrankinė medžiaga greitapjovis plienas. Apdirbamo ruošinio skersmuo  ; apdirbamo paviršiaus ilgis  ; apdirbamo paviršiaus švarumas  ; tikslumo kvalitetas 8. Užlaida</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,65,'2010-11-16 10:55:22',62,'','2010-11-16 10:58:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-16 10:55:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,3,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1972,'Kakliuko ir varžto atsparumo tyrimas','kakliuko-ir-varto-atsparumo-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kakliuko statinis atsparumo tyrimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.2 Pradiniai duomenys</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kakliuko geometrija, ir apkrovos pridėjimo vieta yra pateikti brėžinyje. Konteineris keliamas už dviejų kakliukų užkabinus kėlimo įrenginį. Įrenginio pakabos pritvirtinimo vieta parodyta brėžinyje. Sprendžiant kakliuko atsparumo uždavinį supaprastinama konstrukcijos elementus veikiančių išorinių jėgų sistema. Keliant konteinerį, kakliuką veikia konteinerio ir įkrauto jame atominio kuro atliekų bendra svorio jėga F.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.2 Įtempimų būvis, maksimalūs įtempimai kakliuke</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Prieš skaičiuojant kakliuką pirmiausia nustatau kas jame yra svarbiausia t.y. realų objektą susche-minu, atmetant visus tuos faktorius, kurie negali turėti didesnės įtakos visos sistemos darbui. Taip gaunu kakliuko skaičiavimo schemą. Apkrovus kakliuką atsiranda vidinės jėgos (įražos) esančios tarp visų kakliuko gretimų dalelių. Šios jėgos nustatomos perkirtus mintyje strypą į dvi dalis t.y. pjūvių metodu. Apkrovimo būdas – skersinis lenkimas. Skersiniame pjūvyje kartu su lenkimo momentu M veikia ir skersinė jėga Q. Tiriamas kakliukas vienu galu įtvirtintas varžtais į viršutinį konteinerio dangtį. Toks standus įtvirtinimas laikytinas gembiniu (konsoliniu), o kakliukas, lenkiamu strypu- sija. Šios sijos dešinėje pusėje ryšių nėra, ir lenkimo momentus bei skersines jėgas bet kuriame pjūvyje galima rasti, iš karto neskaičiavus atraminių reakcijų. Didžiausias lenkimo momentas veikia skerspjūvyje labiausiai nutolusiame nuo apkrovos pridėties taško.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,65,'2010-11-16 10:58:41',62,'','2010-11-16 11:03:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-16 10:58:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',8,0,2,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1973,'Ilgaamžiškumas koncentracijos zonose','ilgaamikumas-koncentracijos-zonose','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">SUMMARY</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmajame skyriuje aprašyta ciklinių įtempimų ir deformacijų nustatymo metodika, esant mažacikliam apkrovimui, naudojant apibendrintąją ciklinio deformavimo diagramą, aproksimuotą tiesine arba laipsnine funkcija. Antrajame skyriuje aprašyta mažaciklio nuovargio kreivių skaičiavimo metodika, naudojant medžiagos charakteristikas. Trečiajame skyriuje aptariamas įtempimų koncentracijos efektas, pateikiama įtempimų ir deformacijų koncentracijos zonoje nustatymo metodika naudojant plastinės zonos įtempimų ir deformacijų koncentracijos koeficientus ir tiesinio įtempimų būvio statinio, ciklinio deformavimo ir nuovargio kreivių parametrus. Ketvirtajame skyriuje yra analizuojamas deformacijų bei įtempimų koncentracijos zonoje kitimas priklausomai nuo pradinės deformacijos ir teorinio koncentracijos koeficiento, esant mažacikliam paprastam simetriniam apkrovimui, naudojant plastinės zonos įtempimų ir deformacijų koncentracijos koeficientus ir tiesinio įtempimų būvio statinio, ciklinio deformavimo ir nuovargio kreivių parametrus; sudarytos ilgaamžiškumo koncentracijos zonoje kreivės. Čia nagrinėjama cikliškai stabili medžiaga, esant cikliniam standžiam simetriniam apkrovimui. Esant standžiam apkrovimui, ciklinės sukauptos plastinės deformacijos yra nežymios, todėl jos neįvertinamos. Taip pat yra priimta, kad pažeidimų kaupimasis koncentracijos zonoje yra nuovarginis. Šiame skyriuje yra sudarytos įtempimų ir deformacijų bei ilgaamžiškumo  koncentracijos zonoje kitimo kreivės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Į V A D A S</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mašinų detalėse ir konstrukciniuose elementuose, veikiant apkrovai, įtempimų ir deformacijų laukai dažnai pasiskirsto netolygiai; susidaro įtempimų (deformacijų) koncentracijų zonos. Įtempimų koncentraciją sukelia:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• konstrukciniai ypatumai (staigus geometrinės formos pasikeitimas, kiaurymės, įpjovos, grioveliai, suvirinimo siūlės ir pan.);</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">• išoriniai poveikiai (kontaktinės jėgos, staigūs temperatūros pokyčiai);</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">•    technologiniai defektai (tuštumos, plyšiai ir intarpai, atsiradę gaminant detalę po liejimo, suvirinimo, terminio apdirbimo ir pan.).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įtempimų koncentracijos stengiamasi išvengti parenkant aptakesnes detalių formas, laikantis nustatytų gamybos ir terminio apdirbimo režimų. Tačiau įtempimų koncentracijos visiškai išvengti neįmanoma, ypač kai ji atsiranda dėl detalių ir konstrukcinių elementų geometrinės formos, nes geometrinę formą lemia detalių ir konstrukcinių elementų funkcinė paskirtis ir gamybos technologija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Detalių su įtempimų koncentratoriais stiprumas ir ilgaamžiškumas priklauso nuo medžiagos mechaninių savybių ir eksploatacinës apkrovos pobūdžio. Esant statinei apkrovai, vietinis įtempimų ir deformacijų padidėjimas nedidelėse zonose dažniausiai neturi įtakos bendram detalės, pagamintos iš plastiškos medžiagos (pvz., konstrukcinio plieno), stiprumui, net jei įtempimai šiose zonose viršija proporcingumo ribą. Tačiau, esant kintanèčai (ciklinei) apkrovai ir  koncentracijos zonose įtempimams viršijus proporcingumo ribą, susidaro mažaciklio apkrovimo sąlygos. Šiuo atveju detalės ilgaamžiškumą nulemia įtempimų koncentracija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įtempimų ir deformacijų koncentracijos zonose nustatymo bei jų įtakos mašinų detalių ir konstrukcinių elementų stiprumui ir ilgaamžiškumui įvertinimo, esant mažacikliam apkrovimui, problema egzistuoja jau seniai. Vystantis energetikos, transporto, statybos ir kitoms pramonės šakoms, padaugėjo detalių ir konstrukcinių elementų, turinčių įtempimų koncentracijos zonas. Taupant medžiagas ir mažinant konstrukcijų svorį, didinamos projektinės kintančios apkrovos. Tačiau kartu didėja tikimybė, kad koncentracijos zonose įtempimai viršys medžiagos proporcingumo ribą. Todėl vis aktualesnė darosi įtempimų ir deformacijų koncentracijos zonose nustatymo problema.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,65,'2010-11-16 11:03:42',62,'','2010-11-16 11:21:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-16 11:03:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(1974,'Matematinės analizės konspektai','matematins-analizs-konspektai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-28 12:32:36',62,'','2010-11-28 12:35:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-28 12:32:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,75,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1975,'Kvadratinė funkcija ir jos grafikas (parabolė)','kvadratin-funkcija-ir-jos-grafikas-parabol','','<p>Tai plati tema apie: kvadratinę funkciją (parabolę).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-28 12:37:44',62,'','2010-11-28 12:42:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-28 12:37:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,74,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(1976,'Funkcijos tyrimo planas','funkcijos-tyrimo-planas','','<p>Tai planas, tiriantis funkcijas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-28 12:56:54',62,'','2010-11-28 13:00:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-28 12:56:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,73,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1977,'Jonas Kubilius ir jo mokykla – skaičių teorija, tikimybinė skaičių teorija ir tikimybių teorija','jonas-kubilius-ir-jo-mokykla-skaii-teorija-tikimybin-skaii-teorija-ir-tikimybi-teorija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1946 m. dar studijuodamas Vilniaus universitete, J. Kubilius pradėjo nagrinėti garsią skaičių teorijoje Malerio hipotezę ir 1949 m. pateikė dalinį jos sprendimą. Šio darbo idėjas panaudojo įvairių kraštų matematikai, o vertindamas jį, 1957 m. žymus Fraiburgo universiteto profesorius T. Šnaideris pastebėjo: “[…] tikriausiai J. Kubilius davė šios hipotezės įrodymo pradžią […]”. 1964 m. spėjimas išsipildė. J. Kubiliaus mokinys V. Sprindžiukas visiškai įrodė Malerio hipotezės teisingumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1948 m. J. Kubilius pradėjo įvairiais aspektais nagrinėti pirminių daugiklių pasiskirstymą algebrinių skaičių kūnuose. Jo sukurta metodika leido nustatyti menamo kvadratinio kūno pirminių daugiklių egzistavimą siauruose kompleksinės plokštumos sektoriuose; įvertinti atstumą tarp gretimų pirminių daugiklių, atskleisti kai kurias kitas kūnų savybes.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1952 - 1956 m. J. Kubilius apibrėžė tikimybinę erdvę aritmetinių funkcijų ir jų funkcionalų reikšmių pasiskirstymų tyrimui. Joje adityviosios ir multiplikatyviosios funkcijos buvo interpretuotos priklausomų atsaitiktinių dydžių sumomis ir sandaugomis, o funkcionalai – stochastiniais procesais. Toks požiūris leido skaičių teorijos problemas perkelti į tikimybių teoriją ir čia jas sėkmingai spręsti. J. Kubilius sukūrė originalų metodą naujai apibrėžtų atsitiktinių dydžių sumų ir jų funkcionalų tyrimui; atskleidė didžiųjų skaičių dėsnį; nustatė ribinių dėsnių egzistavimo sąlygas; ištyrė jų savybes. Aritmetinių funkcijų klasėje apibrėžtais funkcionalais buvo modeliuoti Markovo procesai. 1956 m. šie tyrimai buvo išdėstyti daktaro disertacijoje. Įvertindamas jų reikšmę ir originalumą, 1958 m. tuometinės TSRS MA akademikas J. Linikas rašė: “J. Kubiliaus darbai yra stambus indėlis cviejų mokslų – tikimybių teorijos ir skaičių teorijos – sankirtoje. Iki J. Kubiliaus darbų šioje srityje buvo tik kai kurie samprotavimai ir izoliuoti faktai. Dabar jo sukurta darni ir toli išvystyta teorija. Nustatytas esminis skaičių teorijos ir tikimybių teorijos lygiagretumas, kurio mokslinė reikšmė turi netgi filosofinį atspalvį”.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-28 13:01:53',62,'','2010-11-28 13:08:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-28 13:01:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,72,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1978,'Tikimybių teorija','tikimybi-teorija','','<p>Knyga apie tikimybių teorijas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>\r\n<p> </p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-28 13:10:13',62,'','2010-11-28 13:31:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-28 13:10:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',2,0,71,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(1979,'Teiginių logikos špera','teigini-logikos-pera','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Buvo manoma, kad visi ilgiai ir pločiai gali būti bendramačiai.V a. pr. Kr. atrasta, kad kvadrato įstrižainė neturi bendro mato su kraštine. Nebendramačiai dydžiai: apskritimo l ir d, kvadrato ir apskritimo, apie jį apibrėžto, plotai. Krizių pabaiga – 370 m. pr. Kr. Tai siejama su Eudoksu (graikas). Sukurti nauji skaičiai – iracionalūs (proto nesuvokiami). Antroji krizė – matematinės analizės. XVII a. pab. Niutono ir Leibnico mokiniai mažai rūpinosi analizės pagrindais. Rezultatai rėmėsi neaiškiu be galo mažų dydžių aiškinimu. Krizė kilo dėl šios sąvokos neaiškumo. Be galo mažas dydis buvo prilyginamas 0 ir jis buvo atmetamas. Kitais kartais reikšmė 0. XIX a. Atsisakyta tos teorijos. Koši pakeitė griežta ribų teorija. Antros krizės pabaiga siejama su šia teorija. XX a. grįžtame prie labai mažų dydžių sąvokos patikslinimo. 1960 m. Robinsonas pasiūlė kaip pagrįsti XVII – XVIII a. Analizę. Pasiūlyta į be galo mažus dydžius žiūrėti kaip į pastovius. Taip kūrėsi matematinė analizė. Robinsonas įvedė be galo mažų ir didelių skaičių sąvokas. Kuriasi kitokia matematinė analizė – nestandartinė analizė. Trečioji krizė prasidėjo 1897 m., kai pasirodė C. Burali – Forti darbai. Atrasti aibių teorijos prieštaravimai. PVZ.: 1.Tarkim, kad kirpėjas skuta visus, kurie patys nesiskuta. Ar kirpėjas pats skutasi? Tarkim, kad jis nusiskuta. Gaunam prieštaravimą, nes jis yra to kaimo gyventojas. Tarkim, kad jis nesiskuta, bet pagal apibrėžimą jis privalo skustis. 2. Vienas sako: “Viską, ką aš kalbu – melas”. Tai melas ir šis jo posakis. O tai reiškia, kad ne viskas, ką jis pasako yra melas. Bet tai irgi prieštaravimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tiksliosios matematikos paradoksai: tarkim x bet kuri aibė. Tai aibę A apibrėžiame taip: x priklauso A, tada ir tik tada, kai x nepriklauso x. Tuo atveju, kai x sutampa su A gaunam prieštaravimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi aibių teorijoje buvo aptikta paradoksų, tai reiškia yra ne viskas gerai. Ji remiasi į daug mat. šalių. Dėl to susvyravo matematikos pagrindai trečią kartą. Manyta, kad paradokso priežastis slypi logikoje. Įkurta visapusiška logikos pagrindų analizė. Logika nagrinėja žmogaus mąstymo formą. Ji vystėsi kaip f - jos mokslo šaka. Susiformavo IVa. pr. Kr. Ją sukūrė Aristotelis. Logikos mokslas laikui bėgant nesivystė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai įrodo graiko genialumą, todėl logika vadinama sustingusiu mokslu. Dėl to į ją žiūrėta skeptiškai. Tik XVII a. Leibnicas sukūrė logiką – skaičiavimo meną. Joje kiekvienai sąvokai būtų priskirtas simbolis, o samprotavimai įgytų skaičiavimo pavidalą, tačiau tai nebuvo suprasta ir pritarta. Idėja nepaplito ir nesivystė. Tik XIX a. vid. G.Boole įgyvendino Leibnico idėją. Jis sukūrė logikos algebrą, kurioje veikiantys dėsniai yra panašūs į įprastinius algebros dėsnius. Tik čia raidėmis žymimi ne skaičiais, o teiginiai. Bulio algebra – matem. logikos pradininkė. Skirtingai nuo matematinės logikos logika sukurta Aristotelio vad. tradicine formaliąja logika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Matematinės logikos bruožai: 1) M. L. – logika, taikanti matematinę kalbą ir metodus. 2) M. L. – matematikos mokslo šaka, atsiradusi dėl matematikos poreikių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XX a. atrastas glaudus M. L. ryšys su kibernetika. Šio ryšio atradimas atvėrė daugybę M. L. taikymų. Ji naudojama medicinoje, lingvistikoje, kompiuterių  moksle ir gamyboje. Ji patikslino formaliosios logikos metodus ir išplėtė jos taikymo sritis.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 13:23:39',62,'','2010-11-29 13:30:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 13:23:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,70,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1980,'Matematinė analizė','matematin-analiz','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai matematinės analizės paskaitų konspektai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 13:31:05',62,'','2010-11-29 13:33:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 13:31:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,69,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(1981,'Aprašomoji statistika','apraomoji-statistika','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai aprašomosios statistikos 4 paskaita filologams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 13:34:41',62,'','2010-11-29 13:37:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 13:34:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,68,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1982,'Fraktalai','fraktalai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai 9 paskaitų konspektai apie fraktalus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 13:38:40',62,'','2010-11-29 13:40:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 13:38:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,67,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(1983,'Matematinio modeliavimo pagrindai','matematinio-modeliavimo-pagrindai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Matematinis modeliavimas – tai mokslinio tyrimo, besiremiančio matematiniais metodais, būdas. Dažnai matematinis modeliavimas priskiriamas matematikos krypčiai, tačiau čia vien matematikos nepakanka. Būtinos specialiosios pažinimo šakų, kurioms tirti taikomas matematinis modeliavimas, žinios. Šiame leidinyje aptariami bendrieji matematinio modeliavimo principai. Daugiausia dėmesio skiriama matematinių modelių praktiniam taikymui, kartais praleidžiant matematikoje priimtą samprotavimų griežtumą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mokymo priemonė skirta Fizikos fakulteto studentams, studijuojantiems matematinį modeliavimą. Jai pritarta Teorinės fizikos katedroje (protokolas 2 - 2004).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 13:42:13',62,'','2010-11-29 13:44:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 13:42:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,66,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1984,'Antros eilės kreivių ir paviršių geometrija','antros-eils-kreivi-ir-paviri-geometrija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pradedame nagrinėti kiek įdomesnius objektus nei tiesės ir plokštumos – kreives ir paviršius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jų tyrime remsimės jau įgytomis tiesinės algebros ir geometrijos žiniomis. Jei šios žinios sudurstytos kaip elgetos frakas, būsimo geometrijos egzamino prognozės nėra optimistinės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bet gasdinti studentą šiurpiu egzaminu tas pats, kas įtikinėti ar išvengti šlapio vandens. Taigi pirmyn.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmoje dalyje nagrinėjamos trys kreivės: elipsė, hiperbolė ir parabolė. Kad jos labai svarbios patvirtina jų skaičius – trys (daugelis žinome \"Tris muškietininkus\", nors rašoma tai apie keturis). Kaip bebūtų su ta trejybe, egzistuoja rimtas paskatas atidžiai su ja susipažinti – po pirmos dalies rašomas pirmas kontrolinis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 13:45:51',62,'','2010-11-29 13:53:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 13:45:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,65,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(1985,'Talis Miletietis','talis-miletietis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Talis Miletietis buvo antikinės ir kartu Europos filosofijos ir mokslo pradininkas, vienas iš Mileto mokyklos įkūrėjų. Mileto mokykla buvo pati pirmoji graikų filosofijos mokykla. Talis dalyvavo Mileto politinėje ir ūkinėje veikloje, daug keliavo, buvo susipažinęs Egipto, Babilonijos, Finikijos mokslu, ypač matematika ir astronomija. Remdamasis šešėliu išmatavo piramidžių aukštį. Talis pirmasis mėgino paaiškinti gamtą ne mitologiškai, bet remdamasis ja pačia. Jis teigė, kad visa tikrovės įvairovė turi vieną pradą – vandenį, todėl visa, kas egzistuoja, yra tarp savęs susiję. Talis filosofiškai aiškino, kad pasaulio reiškiniai nėra atsitiktiniai, kad pasaulis ne chaotiškas, o dėsningas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Beveik visi senovės graikų filosofai kruopščiai darbavosi matematikoje, ypač geometrijoje. Proklas nurodo, jog Talis Miletietis atskleidė arba įrodė, kad skersmuo dalija skritulį pusiau, kad kampas, įbrėžtas į pusapskritimį, yra status, kad kryžminiai kampai lygūs, kad lygiašonio trikampio kampai prie pagrindo lygūs ir kt. Šiuos teiginius iš dalies jau buvo atskleidę babiloniečiai ir egiptiečiai. Tačiau babiloniečių ir egiptiečių geometrija buvo daugiausia praktinio ir taikomojo pobūdžio, o graikų geometrija siekė įrodyti, kad geometriniai teiginiai teisingi ne tik atskiru, atsitiktiniu, bet ir kiekvienu atveju. Taikydami bendro pobūdžio įrodymus, pamažu eidami nuo vienos tiesos prie kitos, graikų matematikai sukūrė geometrijos mokslą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Griežta logine kryptimi geometriją pirmieji pasuko Jonijos mokyklos geometrai. Šią mokyklą įkūrė Talis.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 13:53:51',62,'','2010-11-29 14:05:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 13:53:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,64,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1986,'Algebrinės struktūros špera','algebrins-struktros-pera','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 14:06:46',62,'','2010-11-29 14:08:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 14:06:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,63,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1987,'Algebra. Paskaitų konspektai.','algebrapaskait-konspektai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dalumo su liekana teorema. Didžiausias bendras daliklis. Euklido algoritmas. Tarpusavyje pirminiai skaičiai. Pirminiai skaičiai. Pagrindinė aritmetikos teorema.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apibrėžimas. Tegu a ir b yra sveikieji skaičiai. Sakysime, kad a dalijasi iš b (be liekanos), jeigu egzistiuoja toks sveikasis skaičius c; kad a = b : c: Sakome, kad skaičius b yra a daliklis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 14:09:22',62,'','2010-11-29 14:15:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 14:09:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,62,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1988,'Aukštoji matematika','auktoji-matematika','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atitiktis tarp aibių X ir Y vadinama funkcija, jeigu kiekvieną aibės X elementą atitinka tik vienas aibės Y elementas. Aibių X ir Y elementais gali būti skaičiai, geometrinės figūros ir kiti įvairūs objektai. Jeigu aibės X ir Y skaitinės, tai funkcija vadinama skaitine. Skaitinę funkciją žymėsime y5f (x), xÎX (funkcinė priklausomybė gali būti žymima ir kitomis raidėmis). Elementas x vadinamas nepriklausomu kintamuoju arba argumentu, o y laikomas priklausomu kintamuoju. Funkcijos y5f (x) reikšmė, atitinkanti reikšmę x5a, vadinama funkcijos reikšme taške a ir žymima f (a). Aibė X vadinama funkcijos apibrėžimo sritimi, o aibė Y vadinama tos funkcijos kitimo sritimi. Funkcijos y5f (x) apibrėžimo (definicijos) sritis simboliškai žymima D(f) arba D(y), o kitimo (egzistencijos) sritis - E(f) arba E(y). Norint nustatyti funkcijos apibrėžimo sritį, reikia rasti visas argumento x reikšmes, prie kurių funkcija turi prasmę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 14:15:53',62,'','2010-11-29 14:20:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 14:15:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,61,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(1989,'Funkcijos tolydumas','funkcijos-tolydumas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 14:26:04',62,'','2010-11-29 14:27:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 14:26:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,60,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(1990,'Integralai ir diferencialinės lygtys','integralai-ir-diferencialins-lygtys','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai mokomoji knyga, skirta pirmojo kurso studentams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',0,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 14:28:22',62,'','2010-11-29 14:34:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 14:28:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,59,'','',0,0,'robots=\nauthor='),(1991,'Pitagoro teorema ir jos įrodymo būdai','pitagoro-teorema-ir-jos-rodymo-bdai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sunku rasti žmogų, kuriam Pitagoro vardas nesisietų su Pitagoro teorema. Tikriausiai net tie, kas visam gyvenimui atsisveikino su matematika, pamena “Pitagoro kelnes” – kvadratą, nubrėžtą ant įžambinės, lygų dviems kvadratams, nubrėžtiems ant statinių. Tokio Pitagoro teoremos populiarumo priežastys yra trys: paprastumas, grožis ir reikšmingumas. Iš tikrųjų, Pitagoro teorema paprasta, bet ji nėra akivaizdi. Šių dviejų priešingybių derinys ir suteikia jai žavesio. Be to, Pitagoro teorema turi didžiulę reikšmę: geometrijoje ji naudojama tiesiog kiekviename žingsnyje, ir tas faktas, kad egzistuoja apie 500 skirtingų jos įrodymų (geometrinių, algebrinių, mechaninių ir pan.), liudija apie nesuskaičiuojamą galybę konkrečių Pitagoro teoremos realizacijų. Pitagoro teoremos atradimas apsuptas gražių legendų auros. Proklas, komentuodamas paskutinį pirmosios Euklido “Pradų” knygos teiginį, rašo: “Jei paklausysime tų, kas mėgsta kartoti senovines legendas, teks tarti, kad ši teorema kyla iš Pitagoro; pasakojama, kad jis šio atradimo garbei paaukojo jautį”. Beje, dosnesni pasakoriai vieną jautį pavertė į hekatombą, o tai jau visas šimtas jaučių. Ir nors dar Ciceronas pastebėjo, kad bet koks kraujo praliejimas buvo svetimas Pitagorui ir jo pasekėjams, legenda apie auką tvirtai susiliejo su Pitagoro teorema, ir po dviejų tūkstantmečių vis dar kelia karštus debatus. Pavyzdžiui, optimistas Michailas Lomonosovas (1711 - 1765) rašė: “Pitagoras už savo geometrinės taisyklės atradimą paaukojo Dzeusui 100 jaučių. Bet jeigu gudruoliai matematikai šiais laikais seks jo godotinu pavyzdžiu, vargu ar pasaulyje tiek raguočių atsirastų”. O ironiškasis Heinė (1797 - 1856) matė šios situacijos vystymąsi kiek kitaip: “Kas žino! Kas žino! Gal Pitagoro siela persikėlė į kūną vargšo kandidato, kuris nesugebėjo įrodyti Pitagoro teoremos ir dėl to neišlaikė egzamino, tuo metu kai egzaminatoriuose tūnojo sielos tų jaučių, kuriuos Pitagoras, nudžiugintas atradimo, paaukojo nemirtingiems dievams”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiandien Pitagoro teorema yra rasta skirtinguose uždaviniuose ir brėžiniuose: ir egiptietiškajame trikampyje Anemcheto I (apie 2000 m. pr. m. e.) laikų papiruse, ir Hamurabio epochos (XVIII a.pr.m.e.) babilonietiškose lentelėse, ir senovės indų geometriniame-teologiniame traktate “Sulva sutra” (“Virvės taisyklės”, VII - V a. pr. m. e.). Seniausiame kinų traktate “Čžou - bi suan czi”, kurio sukūrimo laikas nėra tiksliai nustatytas, teigiama, kad XII a.pr.m.e. kinai žinojo egiptietiškojo trikampio savybes, o apie VI a. pr. m. e. – ir bendrą teoremos esmę. Nežiūrint to, Pitagoro vardas taip stipriai susiliejo su teorema, kad dabar tiesiog neįmanoma įsivaizduoti išyrant šį žodžių derinį. Tas pat ir su legenda apie jaučių aukojimą. Be to, vargu ar yra būtinybė preparuoti istoriškai-matematiniu skalpeliu gražius senovės padavimus. Šiandien priimta manyti, kad Pitagoras pateikė pirmą jo vardu pavadintos teoremos įrodymą. Deja, šio įrodymo nė pėdsakų neliko.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 14:41:29',62,'','2010-11-29 14:45:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 14:41:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,58,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(1992,'Kompleksiniai skaičiai','kompleksiniai-skaiiai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai špera apie kompleksinius skaičius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 14:47:02',62,'','2010-11-29 14:51:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 14:47:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,57,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1993,'Matematinės analizės kursas','matematins-analizs-kursas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trečiojo tūkstantmečio akivaizdoje informacijos srautas tampa nesuvaldomu be kompiuterio pagalbos. Priklausomai nuo informacijos pobūdžio, jai analizuoti naudojami įvairiausi kompiuterinių programų paketai. Jų įsisavinimui būtinas bent minimalus vartotojo matematinis pasiruošimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šio kurso objektas – vieno kintamojo funkcijos tyrimas ir su tuo tampriai susijusios tolydumo, išvestinės, integralo, eilutės sąvokos. Visa tai talpinama po bendru matematinės analizės stogu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Inžinerinės informatikos specialybės mokymo programoje matematinei analizei yra skiriami trys semestrai. Šį paskaitų konspektą paruošė Matematinės statistikos katedros dėstytojas A. Grigelionis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 14:52:04',62,'','2010-11-29 14:59:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 14:52:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,56,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(1994,'Matematinės formulės','matematins-formuls','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 15:00:40',62,'','2010-11-29 15:02:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 15:00:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,55,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1995,'Aukštoji matematika. Algebros pagrindai','auktoji-matematika-algebros-pagrindai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aibe vadinsime, bet kokį objektų rinkinį. Objektai sudarantys minėtąjį rinkinį vadinami aibės elementais. Ateityje aibes žymėsime didžiosiomis lotyniškosios abėcėlės raidėmis, o jos elementus mažosiomis. Taisyklę  kuria vienos aibės elementui priskiriamas vienas kitos (arba tos pačios) aibės elementas, vadinsime funkcija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Matematikos tyrimo objektas - teiginiai, t.y. sakiniai, kurie yra teisingi arba klaidingi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Priminsime, kad pradiniai (iš anksto) teisingi teiginiai, vadinami aksiomomis arba elementariaisiais teiginiais. Teiginių aibėje apibrėžkime operacijas, kurių atžvilgiu ši aibė būtų uždara.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kitaip tariant, atlikdami teiginių veiksmus gausime teiginį, kurį vadinsime sudėtiniu teiginiu arba logine forma.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 15:03:57',62,'','2010-11-29 15:12:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 15:03:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,54,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(1996,'Matematinis modeliavimas','matematinis-modeliavimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sprendžiant gamtos ir technikos mokslų uždavinius naudojami įviairūs matematiniai modeliai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dažniausiai jie aprašomi viena arba keliomis lygtimis, siejančiomis nepriklausomus kintamuosius, ieškomaja funkcija ir jos išvestines.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tokios lygtys yra vadinamos diferencialinėmis lygtimis. Jeigu diferencialinėje lygtyje yra tik vienas nepriklausomas kintamasis, tai tokia lygtį vadiname paprastąja diferencialine lygtimi. Priešingu atveju diferencialinė lygtis vadinama dalinių išvestinių lygtimi. Lygtis vadinama k - osios eilės lygtimi, jeigu į ją įeina ieškomos funkcijos k - osios eilės išvestinė ir neįeina aukštesnių eilių išvestinės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 15:13:59',62,'','2010-11-29 15:20:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 15:13:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,53,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(1997,'Tikimybių teorija ir statistika','tikimybi-teorija-ir-statistika','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mokslas, nagrinėdamas gamtoje, technikoje ir visuomenėje  egzistuojančius priežastinius ryšius, aprašo juos tam tikrais dėsniais.Vieni jų apibūdina reiškinius, kuriuos galima tikstiai prognozuoti,t . y. Linante ksperimentos Elygas, tiksliai nusakyti eksperimento baigtį. Tai - determinuoti reiškiniai. Euklido geometrija, Niutono mechanika yra tokių reiškinių matematinių modelių sudarymo bei jų analizės klasikiniai pavyzdžiai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>\r\n<p> </p>',0,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 15:21:47',62,'','2010-11-29 15:36:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 15:21:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',2,0,52,'','',0,0,'robots=\nauthor='),(1998,'Funkcijos tyrimas','funkcijos-tyrimas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 15:38:09',62,'','2010-11-29 15:39:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 15:38:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,51,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(1999,'Statistinis darbas: Mokytojų vėlavimas į pamokas','statistinis-darbas-mokytoj-vlavimas-pamokas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1. Mokytojai vėluoja į pamokas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Vidutiniškai mokytojai vėluoja į pamokas 2,5 minutės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">3. Dažniausiai mokytojai vėluoja į pamokas 2 minutes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">4.  Manau, kad reikėtų įvesti dviejų skambučių sistemą. Pirmasis skambutis būtų signalas, kad už kelių minučių prasidės pamoka.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 15:40:52',62,'','2010-11-29 15:45:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 15:40:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,50,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2000,'Formulių lentelė','formuli-lentel','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 15:46:28',62,'','2010-11-29 15:49:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 15:46:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,49,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2001,'Kombitorikos pradmenys','kombitorikos-pradmenys','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bet kuris tam tikro skaičiaus objektų dėstinys (išdėstymas) vadinamas kėliniu. N skirtingų elementų kėlinių skaičius yra lygus n!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugybos taisyklė: tarkime, kad turime atlikti vieną po kito k kokių nors veiksmų. Jeigu pirmą veiksmą galime atlikti n1 būdų, antrą - n2 būdų ir t. t. k - tąjį veiksmą nk būdų tai visus k veiksmus galima atlikti n1 n2 n3 … k būdų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bet kuris k (k&lt;=n) elementų, paimtų iš n elementų aibės, dėstinys vadinamas gretiniu iš n elementų po k. Gretiniai iš n elementų po k skaičius žymimas Ank = n! / (n-k) !</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sudėties taisyklė: sakykime, yra n1 pirmosios rūšies elementų, n2 antrosios rūšies elementų…. Nk k-tosios  rūšies elementų. Pasirinkti iš jų vieną elementa (iš pirmosios , iš antrosios arba iš k-tosios rušies) galima n1 + n2 + n3 + … + nk ūdų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Objektų rinkinys, kuriame neatsižvelgiama į tų objektų eilės tvarką, vadinamas deriniu. Bet kuris n - elementės aibės (nesutvarkytos) k - elementis poaibis (k&lt;=n) vadinamas deriniu iš n elementų po k. Žymimas Cnk = n! / k! (n-k)!; Cnk k! = Ank ; Cnn-k = Cnk ;</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 15:50:15',62,'','2010-11-29 15:54:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 15:50:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,48,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2002,'Diskrečioji matematika','diskreioji-matematika','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Diskrečioji matematika – tai daugelio šiandienos progresyvi technologijų pagrindas. Jei norite suprasti šiuolaikinį kompiuterį architekūrą, programinę rangą , komunikacijos sistemas, skaitmeninį signalų apdorojimą, informacijos teoriją, neuroninius tinklus, valdymo sistemas ir t. t., jūs turėsite išmokti bent truputį, o gal ir daug, diskrečiosios matematikos. Tuo pačiu diskrečioji matematika yra daugelio matematikos ir teorinės informatikos sričių pagrindas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Matematikos mokslą galima sąlyginai padalinti diskrečioji matematika ir tolydžioji matematika.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tolydžiajai matematikai priskiriama viskas, kas susię su ribos ir tolydumo sąvoka. Viską kitką galima priskirti diskrečiajai matematikai. Diskrečioji matematika yra labai plati sritis.Į ją įeina, pavyzdžiui, tokios matematikos sritys kaip matematinė logika, aibių teorija, kombinatorika, grafų teorija, kodavimas, kriptografija, algoritmų teorija, baigtinių automatų teorija, formali gramatikų teorija ir kitos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šis diskrečiosios matematikos kursas suteiks jums matematinės logikos, aibių teorijos, algoritmų teorijos ir kodavimo pagrindus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 15:56:53',62,'','2010-11-29 16:07:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 15:56:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,47,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2003,'Uždavinynai','udavinynai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai aštuoni matematiniai uždavinynai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 16:08:15',62,'','2010-11-29 16:10:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 16:08:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,46,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2004,'Lygčių špera','lygi-pera','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 16:11:22',62,'','2010-11-29 16:13:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 16:11:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,45,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2005,'Bedarbystės statistinis tyrimas','bedarbysts-statistinis-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Analizei panaudojome tik keletą lentelių – tai bedarbiai pagal darbo ieškojimo būdus ir bedarbiai pagal išsilavinimą. Pagal išsilavinimą nagrinėsime vyrus ir moteris.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1 lentelėje matome, kaip bedarbiai pasiskirsto pagal darbo ieškojimo būdus. Populiariausias darbo ieškojimo būdas 2002 – 2003 metais yra užsiregistravimas valstybinėje darbo biržoje, taip pat dauguma Lietuvos gyventojų dėl darbo kreipėsi į pažįstamus ar reguliariai sekė skelbimus žiniasklaidoje. Tik maža dalis bedarbių kreipiasi į privačias darbo biržas ar skelbiasi žiniasklaidoje, kad ieško darbo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 16:14:03',62,'','2010-11-29 16:17:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 16:14:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,44,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(2006,'Matematinės logikos egzamino atsakymai','matematins-logikos-egzamino-atsakymai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 16:18:12',62,'','2010-11-29 16:19:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 16:18:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,43,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2007,'Piramidės vaizdavimas','piramids-vaizdavimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Piramide vadinama figūra, kurią riboja daugiakampis ir visi trikampiai, kurių bendra viršūnė nepriklauso daugiakampio plokštumai, o kiekvieno trikampio viena kraštinė yra to daugiakampio kraštinė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nagrinėdami piramidę, turime galvoje, kad ji, kaip ir prizmė, yra kiekvienos ją ribojančių daugiakampio ar trikampio plokštumos vienoje pusėje. Taigi piramidė iškiloji figūra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Piramidės atvaizdo negalima sudaryti be jos pagrindo ir viršūnės atvaizdo. Kai apie piramidės pagrindą nieko nepasakyta, braižomas bet kuris daugiakampis. Piramidės viršūnės atvaizdą galima pasirinkti laisvai, svarbu tik, kad jis neatrodytų esąs piramidės pagrindo plokštumoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Piramidės ir plokštumos, einančios per piramidės viršūnę ir pagrindo įstrižainę, sankirta vadinama piramidės įstrižiniu pjūviu. Galima sakyti, kad piramidės įstrižinis pjūvis eina per dvi ne vienoje šoninėje sienoje esančias piramidės šonines briaunas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 16:20:32',62,'','2010-11-29 16:23:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 16:20:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,42,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2008,'Funkcijos tyrimas 2','funkcijos-tyrimas-2','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 16:26:11',62,'','2010-11-29 16:28:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 16:26:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,41,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2009,'Diskrečioji matematika ir uždavinynai','diskreioji-matematika-ir-udavinynai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Klasikinė matematika dažniausiai nagrinėja tolydžiai kintančius dydžius, kuriems tirti taiko ribų teoriją, diferencialinį bei integralinį skaičiavimą. Tačiau net ir klasikinėje matematikoje yra sričių, kurioms būdingas nutrūkstamumas arba diskretiškumas, ir todėl reikalaujančių kitų tyrimo metodų. Visų pirma, paminėsime kombinatorinę analizę, nagrinėjančią baigtinių aibių elementų kombinacijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Diskrečiąja matematika arba diskrečiąja analize vadinama matematikos sritis, tyrinėjanti pačios matematikos diskrečiąsias struktūras ir realiųjų reiškinių diskrečiuosius matematinius modelius. Nagrinėjamos diskrečiosios struktūros gali būti ne tik baigtinės, bet ir begalinės, tačiau skaičiosios aibės. Taigi tyrinėjanti baigtines struktūras baigtinė matematika yra tik siauresnė diskrečiosios matematikos dalis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-29 16:29:38',62,'','2010-11-29 16:43:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-29 16:29:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,40,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2010,'Santykinių dydžių rūšys','santykini-dydi-rys','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 07:56:26',62,'','2010-11-30 07:58:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 07:56:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,39,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2011,'Progresijų formulės','progresij-formuls','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 07:59:52',62,'','2010-11-30 08:01:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 07:59:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,38,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2012,'Tiesinė algebra','tiesin-algebra','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kelių kintamųjų f - jos sąvoka ir geometrija. Vaizdavimas. Tarkime, kad aibė D yra metrinės erdvės Rn poaibis. Ap. Taisyklė f, pagal kurią kiekvienam aibės D elementui x = (x1, x2, …, xn) priskiriame vieną ir tik vieną realųjį skaičių u  E  R, vadiname n kintamųjų f - ja ir žymime simboliu: u  f(x1, x2, …xn ) arba f:D E.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aibė D vadinama  f - jos apibrėžimo sritimi, o kintamieji x1, x2, …,xn - tos  f - jos argumentais. Aibė E  {u u  f ( x), x   D} vadinama tos f - jos reikšmių aibe. Dviejų kintamųjų f - ją z  f (x, y) galime vaizduoti  geometriškai. Imame ortogonalią koordinačių sistemą XYZ ir f - jos apibrėžimo sritį D pavaizduojame xOy plokštumos figūra. Apskaičiavę kiekviename srities D taške M (x,y) f - jos reikšmę z   f(x,y), gauname skaičių trejetą (x;y;z)   (x;y;f(x,y)), kuris erdvėje R3 nusako tašką P(x;y;f(x, y)). Tokių taškų visuma sudaro tam tikrą paviršių S. Tokiu būdu f - jos z  f(x,y) geometrinis vaizdas yra paviršius S.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 08:02:42',62,'','2010-11-30 08:08:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 08:02:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,37,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2013,'Kosinusoidės ir sinusoidės grafikai','kosinusoids-ir-sinusoids-grafikai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 08:09:09',62,'','2010-11-30 08:11:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 08:09:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,36,'','',0,75,'robots=\nauthor='),(2014,'Tikimybių teorijos špera','tikimybi-teorijos-pera','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai plati špera, nagrinėjanti tikimybių teorijas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 08:12:45',62,'','2010-11-30 08:15:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 08:12:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,35,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2015,'Grafų teorijos','graf-teorijos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jūs paėmėte į rankas autoriaus ”Grafų teorijos” paskaitų, skaitytų 1998 bei 1999 metų rudens semestruose, konspektą. Sutelkęs savo dėmesį į medžiagos atrinkimą, literatūros paieškas, autorius nesuspėjo atlikti šio teksto kruopštesnės ir kritiškesnės analizės, įterpti iliustruojančių grafų eskizų, todėl lieka vienintelė paguoda, kad skaitytojas atliks tą darbą savarankiškai ir pateiks mums savo pastabas. Vienok, manome, kad šis pirmasis ir palyginti siauras konspektas bus pravartus laikantiems egzaminą dar šiemet.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 08:16:14',62,'','2010-11-30 08:26:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 08:16:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,34,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2016,'Variacinis skaičiavimas','variacinis-skaiiavimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienas iš pirmųjų  variacinio skaičiavimo uždavinių yra 1696 m. J. Bernulio suformuluotas uždavinys apie brachistochronę:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1  u ž d a v i n y s . Plokštumoje Oxy yra du taškai, neesantys vienoje vertikalioje tiesėje. Tegu x1; y1 ir x2; y2 yra šių taškų koordinatės. Iš taško (x1; y1) į tašką (x2; y2) kreive l be trinties slenka materialus taškas. Pradiniu laiko momentu jo greitis v lygus nuliui. Aibėje tokių  kreivių reikia rasti tą, kuria slinkdamas materialus taškas pasiektų tašką (x2; y2) per trumpiausią laiką. Ieškomoji kreivė l yra vadinama brachistochrone.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 08:27:16',62,'','2010-11-30 08:32:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 08:27:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,33,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(2017,'Pirmos eilės diferencialinės lygtys (špera)','pirmos-eils-diferencialins-lygtys-pera','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lygtis, į kurią įeina nepriklausomas kintamas, f - ja ir tos  f - jos išvestinės vad. diferencialine lygtimi. F(x,y,y’,…,y’n)=0 (n - tos eilės dif. lygtis). Dif. lygties eilę nusako aukščiausios išvestinės eilė. Būna neišreikštiniam pavidale: F(x,y,y’,…,y’n)=0 ir išreikštiniam pavidale: yn=f(x,y,y’,y’’,…,y(n-1)).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei dif. lygtyje yra vienas nepriklausomasis kintamas x, lygtis vad. paprasta dif. lygtis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei dif. lygtyje yra keli nepriklaus. kintamieji ir dalinės išvestinės, tų kintamųjų atžvilgiu, tada dif. lygtis vad. difer. lygtimi su dalinėmis išvestinėmis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Išnagrinėsime pirmos eilės paprastas dif. lygtis: F(x,y,y’)=0  arba  y\'=f(x,y)  x,y є D: a≤x≤b   c≤y≤d  f(x,y) - tolydi, apibrėžta, difer. srityje D.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">F - ja, kuri tenkina duotą dif. lygtį, vad. tos lygties sprendiniu (srityje D). y=φ(x)    y’*f(x,φ(x)).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 08:33:21',62,'','2010-11-30 08:38:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 08:33:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,32,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2018,'KTU 1 kurso matematikos špera','ktu-1-kurso-matematikos-pera','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai plati matematikos špera.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 08:40:24',62,'','2010-11-30 08:44:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 08:40:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,31,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(2019,'Kombinatorikos ir grafų teorijos pradmenys','kombinatorikos-ir-graf-teorijos-pradmenys','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sunkiausia apibrėžti kombinatorikos tyrimų objektą. Kombinatorikai reiktų priskirti uždavinius,<br />nagrinėjančius struktūras, t. y. aibes su kažkokiais vidiniais ryšiais. Dažnai pačių struktūrų egzistavimas būna problematiškas. Jei jos egzistuoja, tada ieškoma, kiek jų yra iš viso.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kombinatorikai tradiciškai priskiriami įvairūs algebriniai sąryšiai, formulės, kuriose nenaudojamos tolydžiosios matematikos priemonės - išvestinės, integralai. Kombinatorika yra labiau linkusi siūlyti specifinių matematikos uždavinių sprendimo būdus, nei savintis pačius tyrimo objektus. Ji siūlo principus, metodus, be kurių neišsiverčia šiuolaikinė matematika ar informatika. Iš kombinatorikos išsikristalizavo atskiros šakos ir tapo diskrečiosios matematikos disciplinomis. Taip atsitiko su grafų teorija, kodavimo teorija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 08:45:09',62,'','2010-11-30 08:54:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 08:45:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,30,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(2020,'Algebros ir analizinės geometrijos pagrindai','algebros-ir-analizins-geometrijos-pagrindai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paskaitų ciklas (2+1) skirtas verslo vadybos specialybės studentams, siekiant supažindinti besimokančius su tiesinės algebros bei analizinės geometrijos pagrindais, kurie būtini sėkmingoms tolimesnėms studijoms. Beje, šį paskaitų ciklą galėtų klausyti ir kitų ekonominių disciplinų studentai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pradedant bet kokį paskaitų ciklą visuomet  iškyla problema - kaip pradėti šį darbą , kad jau pačioje pradžioje neišgąsdinti klausytojo sudėtingais išvedžiojimais, o antra, kad klausytojas apskritai suprastų ką autorius nori pasakyti. Tad pirmajame skyrelyje apibrėšime sąvokas, kurios bus naudojamos visą mūsų bendravimo laiką.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 09:14:44',62,'','2010-11-30 09:22:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 09:14:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,29,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2021,'Matematinė analizė','matematin-analiz','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai mokomoji matematinės analizės knyga.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 09:23:19',62,'','2010-11-30 09:25:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 09:23:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,28,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2022,'Tiesinės algebros špera','tiesins-algebros-pera','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 09:26:50',62,'','2010-11-30 09:28:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 09:26:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,27,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2023,'Matematinės logikos špera','matematins-logikos-pera','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Buvo manoma, kad visi ilgiai ir pločiai gali būti bendramačiai.V a. pr. Kr. atrasta, kad kvadrato įstrižainė neturi bendro mato su kraštine. Nebendramačiai dydžiai: apskritimo l ir d, kvadrato ir apskritimo, apie jį apibrėžto, plotai. Krizių pabaiga – 370 m. pr. Kr. Tai siejama su Eudoksu (graikas).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sukurti nauji skaičiai – iracionalūs (proto nesuvokiami). Antroji krizė – matematinės analizės. XVII a. pab. Niutono ir Leibnico mokiniai mažai rūpinosi analizės pagrindais. Rezultatai rėmėsi neaiškiu be galo mažų dydžių aiškinimu. Krizė kilo dėl šios sąvokos neaiškumo. Be galo mažas dydis buvo prilyginamas 0 ir jis buvo atmetamas. Kitais kartais reikšmė * 0. XIXa. Atsisakyta tos teorijos. Koli pakeitė griežta ribų teorija. Antros krizės pabaiga siejama su šia teorija. XX a. grįžtame prie labai mažų dydžių sąvokos patikslinimo. 1960 m. Robinsonas pasiūlė kaip pagrįsti XVII – XVIII a. analizę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasiūlyta į be galo mažus dydžius žiūrėti kaip į pastovius. Taip kūrėsi matematinė analizė. Robinsonas įvedė be galo mažų ir didelių skaičių sąvokas. Kuriasi kitokia matematinė analizė – nestandartinė analizė. Trečioji krizė prasidėjo 1897 m., kai pasirodė C. Burali – Forti darbai. Atrasti aibių teorijos prieštaravimai. PVZ.: 1. Tarkim, kad kirpėjas skuta visus, kurie patys nesiskuta. Ar kirpėjas pats skutasi? Tarkim, kad jis nusiskuta. Gaunam prieštaravimą, nes jis yra to kaimo gyventojas. Tarkim, kad jis nesiskuta, bet pagal apibrėžimą jis privalo skustis. 2. Vienas sako: “Viską, ką aš kalbu – melas”. Tai melas ir šis jo posakis. O tai reiškia, kad ne viskas, ką jis pasako yra melas. Bet tai irgi prieštaravimas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 09:29:23',62,'','2010-11-30 09:34:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 09:29:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,26,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2024,'Įvadas į statistiką su R','vadas-statistik-su-r','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame konspekte yra aprašomas kompiuterinis matematinės statistikos paketas R ir jo taikymai, skirti pradinėms matematinės statistikos sąvokoms iliustruoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Statistiko darbas visuomet buvo susijęs su (dažnai labai dideliais) skaičiavimais, todėl kompiuterių atsiradimas turėjo milžiniškos įtakos kaip teorinės taip ir praktinės statistikos vystymuisi.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuo metu egzistuoja labai daug statistikai skirtų kompiuterinių paketų, o tarp jų kūrėjų vyksta ganėtinai aštri konkurencija. Tenka pripažinti, kad dabar daugumos populiarių komercinių paketų galimybės yra daugmaž vienodos, o vieno ar kito produkto pasirinkimą dažnai nulemia gamintojo reklaminės veiklos intensyvumas ar aptarnavimo kokybė, kaina, profesiniai interesai ar tiesiog pripratimas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 09:35:18',62,'','2010-11-30 09:39:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 09:35:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,25,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(2025,'Trigonometrijos formulės 2','trigonometrijos-formuls-2','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 09:40:11',62,'','2010-11-30 09:41:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 09:40:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,24,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2026,'Pagrindinės elementarinės kompleksinio kintamojo funkcijos (špera)','pagrindins-elementarins-kompleksinio-kintamojo-funkcijos-pera','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 09:42:03',62,'','2010-11-30 09:44:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 09:42:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,23,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2027,'Tiesinė algebra ir geometrija','tiesin-algebra-ir-geometrija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tiesinių lygčių sistemų teorija yra tiesinės algebros ir geometrijos pagrindas. Tiesinių lygčių sistemos taikomos ir kitose mokslo šakose - pavyzdžiui, fizikoje,  ekonomikoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ekonomikoje tiesinėmis lygtimis išreiškiami įvairūs gamybos, vartojimo, mainuų ir kitokios ūkinės veiklos rodiklių sąryšiai. Tiesinės lygtys ir dviejų tiesinių lygčių  su dviem nežinomaisiais sistemos buvo sprendžiamos jau vidurinėje mokykloje. Čia nagrinėsime pačias bendriausias tiesinių lygčių sistemas  su bet kokiu nežinomųjų ir lygčių skaičiumi.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 09:45:34',62,'','2010-11-30 09:53:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 09:45:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,22,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(2028,'Statistika','statistika','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai mokomoji knyga, skirta studentams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 09:53:33',62,'','2010-11-30 09:57:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 09:53:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,21,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2029,'Formulės','formuls','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 09:58:17',62,'','2010-11-30 10:00:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 09:58:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,20,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(2030,'Dinaminės eilutės','dinamins-eiluts','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žodis ,,populiacija “ yra kilęs iš  lotyniško žodžio ,,populus “ (,,liaudis “, ,,žmonės “). Lietuvių kalboje jis paprastai reiškia vienos biologinės rūšies individų grupę. Tačiau mokslo kalboje žodžio ,,populiacija“ vartosena taip išsiplėtė, kad dabar šis žodis jau gali reikšti bet kokių objektų (gyvų ar negyvų) visumą, kuri, laikui bėgant kinta, ir kurios kitimą norime kiekybiškai išreikšti. Todėl mes galime kalbėti ir apie paukščių, mašinų, šiukšlių, pinigų ir, be abejonės, žmonių populiaciją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Matematikoje skiriami du populiacijų kitimo tipai: tolydusis ir diskretusis. Esant tolydžiam kitimui, populiacijos dydis keičiasi nuolat. Diskretų populiacijų kitimą galime įsivaizduoti kaip trūkčiojantį procesą: kažkiek laiko nieko nevyksta, po to būna staigus populiacijos pokytis (perėjimas), po to vėl kažkiek laiko nieko nevyksta, po to vėl būna pokytis ir t. t.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 10:13:11',62,'','2010-11-30 10:24:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 10:13:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,19,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2031,'Funkcijos f(x) išvestinė ir geometrinė prasmė','funkcijos-fx-ivestin-ir-geometrin-prasm','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Funkcijos išvestinės radimas – tos funkcijos diferencijavimu. Tarkime kad f (x) tolydi taške x=x0 . argumentui x0  suteikime pokytį x, tai x  x0 + x tada atitinkamas f - cijos pokytis  y f (x0 + x) - f (x0 ). F - cijos ir jos argumento pokyčių santykis išreiškia f - cijos kitimo vidutinį greitį atkarpoje [x0 ; x0 + x] kai x &gt;0, arba atkarpoje [x0 + x; x0] kai x &lt;0. V vid= y / x. Vidutinio greičio riba kai x artėja prie 0. lim [x → 0]  f (x0 ) / x vadinama f - cijos kitimo greičiu taške x0 .  Apibrėžimas: jei egzistuoja baigtinė f - cijos pokyčio y  ir argumento x santykio riba, kai x artėja prie 0 tai ji vadinama f - cijos y=f (x) išvestine taške x0 . taigi f  ‘ (x) = lim [x → 0]  y / x. Išvestinė iš kairės taške x0 .  f  ‘ (x0  - 0) = lim [x → x0  - 0 ] f(x) – f(x0 ) / x- x0  . išvestinė iš dešinės f  ‘ (x0  + 0) = lim [x → x0  + 0 ] f(x) – f(x0 ) / x- x0  . apibrėžimas f - cija kuri taške x turi baigtinę išvestinę vadinama diferencijuojama tame taške. Iš išvestinės apibrėžimo išplaukis kad kūno nueito kelio išvestinė laiko atžvilgiu yra to kūno greitis. greičio išvestinė laiko atžvilgiu – pagreitis. A = v’(t) = (s’ (t))’.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Išvestinės geometrinė prasmė. Per kreivės taškus M0 (x;y) ir M(x;y)nubrėžiame kirstinę M0 M . kai M judės kreive l  ir artėja prie M0 kirstinė sukasi aplink tašką M0.  apibrėžimas kreivės liestine taške M0 vadinama per tašką einančios kirstinės ribinė padėtis kai kintamas taškas kreive artėja prie pastovaus taško M0. duotoji kreivė yra f - cijos f (x) grafikas nesunku suprasti jog y / x lygus kampo φ tangentui.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 10:25:02',62,'','2010-11-30 10:30:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 10:25:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,18,'','',0,105,'robots=\nauthor='),(2032,'Netiesioginiai integralai (špera)','netiesioginiai-integralai-pera','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 10:31:02',62,'','2010-11-30 10:32:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 10:31:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,17,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2033,'Archimedas','archimedas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Archimedas buvo įžymiausias senovės matematikas ir fizikas. Jis gimė Sirakūzuose (Sicilijoje).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Archimedo tėvas, astronomas Ficlijas, buvo artimas Sirakūzų dvarui ir, kaip manoma, Sirakūzų valdovo Hierono giminaitis. Iš pradžių Archimedas daugiausia dirbo inžinieriaus mechaniko darbus, konstravo karines mašinas ir statė įtvirtinimus, reikalingus tėvynės gynybai. Kurį laiką Archimedas gyveno Aleksandrijoje, bendravo su įžymiais mokslininkais – matematiku ir geografu Eratostenu, astronomu Konanu ir kitais. Grįžęs į tėvynę, Archimedas parašė keletą garsių matematikos ir mechanikos veikalų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apie Archimedą, jo gyvenimą ir mokslinę veiklą sukurta daug legendų. Pasakojimų apie Archimedo gyvenimą gausu senovės istorikų Polibijo (II a. pr. m. e.) ir Tito Livijaus (I a. pr. m. e.), rašytojų Cicerono (I a. pr. m. e.), Plutarcho (I-II a.) ir kitų kūriniuose. Štai keletas iš tų legendų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Archimedas visada taip įsitraukdavo į mokslą, kad jį jėga tekdavo atplėšti nuo darbo vietos ir vesti prie pietų stalo arba prievarta tempti į pirtį, bet ir čia jis nenustodavo pirštu braižęs geometrinių figūrų ant savo išmuilinto kūno ir mąstyti apie jas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 10:33:32',62,'','2010-11-30 10:35:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 10:33:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,16,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2034,'Lygtys su vienu kintamuoju','lygtys-su-vienu-kintamuoju','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lygybę ?(x)=g(x) vadiname lygtimi su vienu kintamuoju x. Kiekvieną kintamojo reikšmę, su kuria reiškiniai ?(x) ir g(x) įgyja lygias skaitines reikšmes, vadiname lygties šaknimi. Išspręsti lygtį – reiškia rasti visas jos šaknis arba įrodyti, kad jų nėra.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lygtis, turinčias tas pačias šaknis, vadiname ekvivalenčiomis. Ekvivalenčiomis laikome ir lygtis, kurių kiekviena neturi šaknų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lygtis galima spręsti grafiniu būdu, tačiau jis nėra patogus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 10:37:24',62,'','2010-11-30 10:40:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 10:37:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,15,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(2035,'Aritmetiniai ženklai ir žymenys','aritmetiniai-enklai-ir-ymenys','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Skaitmenis, aritmetinių veiksmų žymėjimo ženklus ir kitus matematikos simbolius žmonės kūrė pamažu per daugelį amžių, glaudžiai siedami juos su aritmetika. Dauguma jų atsirado iš piešinių, brėžinių, raidžių ir žodžių santraupų. Tai ilgai trukusios matamatikos raidos rezultatas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai kurie matematinių sąvokų ženklai atsirado dar senovėje. Tačiau vieningų aritmetinių simbolių nebuvo net iki XV a. Iki šio amžiaus visi dydžiai ir veiksmai, sąlygos bei atsakymai buvo reiškiami tik žodžiais. Todėl tų laikų algebra vadinama retorine, t. y. žodine. Tik antrojoje XV a. pusėje kai kuriose Europos šalyse atsirado pirmieji algebros simboliai ir buvo pradėtos vartoti raidės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XVI amžiaus pabaigoje prancūzų matematikas Fransua Vietas, remdamasis prieš jį susiformavusia simbolika, pradėjo raidėmis žymėti ne tik nežinomuosius, bet ir prie jų esančius koeficientus, pradėjo vartoti bendrą raidinę simboliką. Tačiau užrašydamas lygtis, F. Vietas vietoj simbolių dar vartojo daug žodžių. Vietoj lygybės ženklo jis rašė žodį “lygu” ir t. t.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dar XV – XVI a. sudėtis buvo žymima lotyniška raide  p ( pirmoji žodžio plus – “daugiau” raidė ), atimtis – raide m ( pirmoji žodžio minus – “mažiau” raidė ). Sudėčiai žymėti buvo vartojamas ir lotyniškas žodis et ( reiškiantis “ir”), kuris, kaip manoma, greitraštyje virto ženklu + .</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ženklai + ir – jau pasitaiko XV a. devintojo dešimtmečio rankraščiuose, bet spausdinti pirmą kartą pasirodo Vidmano aritmetikoje. XVII a. minusas buvo žymimas – . Ženklas – randamas ir L. Magnickio “Aritmetikoje”.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 10:41:02',62,'','2010-11-30 10:44:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 10:41:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(2036,'Matematikos žinynas','matematikos-inynas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai įvairūs matematiniai brėžiniai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 10:45:48',62,'','2010-11-30 10:48:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 10:45:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,13,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(2037,'Greitos daugybos formulės','greitos-daugybos-formuls','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 10:49:09',62,'','2010-11-30 10:50:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 10:49:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,12,'','',0,209,'robots=\nauthor='),(2038,'Matematinio modeliavimo pagrindai','matematinio-modeliavimo-pagrindai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Matematinis modeliavimas – tai mokslinio tyrimo, besiremiančio matematiniais metodais, būdas. Dažnai matematinis modeliavimas priskiriamas matematikos krypčiai, tačiau čia vien matematikos nepakanka. Būtinos specialiosios pažinimo šakų, kurioms tirti taikomas matematinis modeliavimas, žinios. Šiame leidinyje aptariami bendrieji matematinio modeliavimo principai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugiausia dėmesio skiriama matematinių modelių praktiniam taikymui, kartais praleidžiant matematikoje priimtą samprotavimų griežtumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mokymo priemonė skirta Fizikos fakulteto studentams, studijuojantiems matematinį modeliavimą. Jai pritarta Teorinės fizikos katedroje (protokolas 2 - 2004).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 10:51:38',62,'','2010-11-30 10:54:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 10:51:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,11,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(2039,'Trigonometrijos formulės 3','trigonometrijos-formuls-3','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 10:54:47',62,'','2010-11-30 10:56:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 10:54:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(2040,'Diferencinės lygtys 2','diferencins-lygtys-2','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šis diferencialinių lygčių paskaitų ciklas yra skaitomas VU Fizikos fakulteto studentams. Paskaitose bei praktiniuose užsiėmimuose, kurie trunka vieną semestrą (2+2+1), studentai supažindinami su įvairių diferencialinių lygčių integravimo metodais. Konspekte pateikiami taikomojo pobūdžio pavyzdžiai, bei po kiekvieno skyriaus uždaviniai įgūdžiams tobulinti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 11:02:28',62,'','2010-11-30 11:08:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 11:02:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2041,'Tikimybių teorijos medžiaga','tikimybi-teorijos-mediaga','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bandymas - tomis pačiomis sąlygomis kartojamas veiksmas, kurio rezultato negalime nusakyti vienareikšmiškai (įvyksta atsitiktinis įvykis).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Elementarus įvykis - neskaidomas įvykis. Elementarių įvykių aibė - kurio nors bandymo elementarių įvykių visuma.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Palankūs įvykiai - kuriems vykstant įvyksta mus dominantis įvykis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bandymo baigtis gali būti vienas iš n skirtingų, vienodai galimų elementarių įvykių. Jeigu yra m įvykiui A palankių elementarių įvykių, tai įvykio tikimybe vadinamas skaičius P(A) = m/n.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visi bandymo elementarieji įvykiai, kurie nėra palankūs įvykiui A, sudaro įvykiui A priešingą įvykį. Priešingo įvykio tikimybė = 1 - P(A).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įvykio A tikimybė P(A) lygi įvykiui A palankių elementarių įvykių tikimybių sumai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dvi aibės yra lygios, jeigu visi pirmosios aibės elementai priklauso antrajai aibei ir, atvirkščiai, visi antrosios aibės elementai priklauso pirmajai aibei.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 11:08:52',62,'','2010-11-30 11:12:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 11:08:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(2042,'Pagrindinės vektorių sąvokos (špera)','pagrindins-vektori-svokos-pera','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 11:13:14',62,'','2010-11-30 11:14:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 11:13:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(2043,'Juos domino matematika','juos-domino-matematika','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Matematika - mokslas kuris gyvuoja tiek kiek ir pati žmonija. ”Mokslo istorija negali apsiriboti idėjų raida - ji turi taip pat liesti žmones su jų ypatybėmis, talentais, priklausymu nuo socialinių sąlygų, nuo šalies ir epochos. Kultūros raidoje pavieniai žmonės turėjo ir tebeturi kur kas didesnę reikšmę, negu bendrojoje žmogaus istorijoje… Todėl aišku, jog pažangių žmonių gyvenimas ir veikla - labai svarbus mokslo raidos veiksnys, o jų gyvenimo aprašymas yra neatskiriama mokslo istorijos dalis…” Aš visa širdimi pritariu šiai Sergėjaus Vavilovo minčiai. Taip, žmogus visada, visais laikais, visose šalyse garsus yra darbais. Tačiau mokykloje mes nagrinėjame tik mokslininkų darbus, o šių žmonių gyvenimas lieka visiškai nežinomas. Kai išgirstu Pitagoro vardą, pirma mintis kuri man šauna į galvą yra teorema. Tačiau Pitagoras - tai ne brėžinys ir ne teorema, visų pirma jis žmogus, kuris turėjo savo likimą. Aš pabandysiu jus supažindinti su keliais likimais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Matematikos knygos - poilsis” - taip manė žymus prancūzų mokslininkas Žanas Dalamberas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gimė jis 1717m. Paryžiuje, jo motina, nedora moteris, paliko jį , visai  dar mažutį, ant Šv. Žano bažnyčios laiptų. Policininkas, kuris rado berniuką, pavadino jį Žanu Leronu (Žanu Apvaliuoju),pagal bažnyčios, prie kurios jis buvo rastas, pavadinimą. Jau suaugęs jis pats sugalvojo sau vardą: Žanas Leronas Dalamberas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 11:16:07',62,'','2010-11-30 12:00:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 11:16:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,6,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(2044,'Pagrindinės neapibrėžtinio intervalo formulės','pagrindins-neapibrtinio-intervalo-formuls','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 12:01:10',62,'','2010-11-30 12:02:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 12:01:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2045,'Simplekso metodas','simplekso-metodas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 12:03:27',62,'','2010-11-30 12:04:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 12:03:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,109,'robots=\nauthor='),(2046,'Diskrečioji matematika (Mokomoji knyga)','diskreioji-matematika-mokomoji-knyga','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai mokomoji knyga matematikos srities studentams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 12:05:42',62,'','2010-11-30 12:08:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 12:05:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,39,'robots=\nauthor='),(2047,'KTU matematikos klausimai','ktu-matematikos-klausimai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 12:09:09',62,'','2010-11-30 12:10:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 12:09:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,2,'','',0,37,'robots=\nauthor='),(2048,'Sferos teorijos špera','sferos-teorijos-pera','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sferos spindulys, išvestas į sferos ir plokštumos lietimosi tašką, statmenas liečiamajai plokštumai. Sakykime, kad pl.  taške A liečia sferą, kurios centras O. Įrodisime, kad AO statmenas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tarkime, taip nėra. Tada spindulys OA yra pasviroji plokštumai, todėl atstumas nuo centro iki taško mažesnis už sferos spindulį. Iš to išeina, kad, kad sferos ir pl.  sankirta apskritimas. Tačiau tai prieštarautų teiginiui, kad - liečiamoji pl. Taigi sfera ir  turi tik viena bendra tašką. Gautoji prieštara įrodo, kad OA statmena .</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei sferos spindulys statmenas pl, einančiai per spindulio galą, priklausantį sferai, tai ta pl.  yra  sferos liečiamoji pl. Iš teoremos sąlygos išplaukia, kad nagrinėjamas spindulys yra statmuo, nuleistas iš sferos centro į tą pl. Tada atstumas nuo sferos centro iki pl lygus sferos spinduliui. Vadinasi sfera ir pl. turi tik vieną bendrą tašką. Todėl ta pl yra sferos liečiamoji pl. Teorema įrodyta.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,61,'2010-11-30 12:11:44',62,'','2010-11-30 12:16:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-11-30 12:11:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,1,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(2049,'Džordžas Geršvinas ','dordas-gervinas-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Džordžas Geršvinas gimė 1898 rugsėjo 26 d. ir išaugo 1st – Saido gatvėse. Būdamas 6 metų intensyviai pradėjo domėtis pačia geriausia muzika kaip antai: Rubenšteino “Melodija”, Dvoržako “Jumoreska”. Būdamas 8 metų susidraugavo su vyresniu, žinomu smuikiniku Maksu Rozencveigu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Maksas man atskleidė muzikos pasaulį” – prisiminė Geršvinas. Rozencveigo namuose išmoko pats groti fortepijonu. Iš klausos mėgino groti populiarias melodijas, aranžavo, mėgino kurti: niekas iš artimųjų namuose, neįtarė apie Džordžo užsiėmimą. Bet kartą, namuose atsirado naujas pianinas, pirktas broliui Airui, kuris jau du metus mokėsi muzikos pas mokytoją. Išaiškėjo, kad Džordžas geriau grojo fortepijonu, negu jo brolis, ir tėvai nusprendė, kad muzikos toliau mokysis Džordžas. Geršvinas pradėjo mokytis pas pianistą ir kompozitorių Čarlzą Hambicerą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mokytojas daug tikėjosi iš savo mokinio Geršvino. Jis įžvelgė didžiulį berniuko talentą. Čarlzas Hambiceras ne tik mokė skambinti fortepijonu, bet ir supažindino su Bacho, Bethoveno, Šopeno, Listo, Debuisy, Ravelio muzika. Rekomenduotas savo mokytojo Hambicerio, jis pradėjo mokytis  harmonijos ir orkestruotės pagrindų pas violončelistą ir kompozitorių Kilenovą. Geršvinas dažnai lankydavo Niujorko filharmonijos orkestro, Bethoveno orkestro,Rusų simfoninio orkestro koncertus, džiazo muzikos vakarus įvairiuose klubuose.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,67,'2010-12-01 16:58:46',62,'','2010-12-01 17:04:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-01 16:58:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,17,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(2050,'Johanas Sebastianas Bachas','johanas-sebastianas-bachas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didysis kompozitorius Johanas Sebastianas Bachas pirmasis pradėjo sėkmingai derinti Vakarų Europoje egzistavusius skirtingus nacionalinius muzikos stilius. Sujungdamas tai, kas buvo geriausia italų, prancūzų ir vokiečių muzikinėse tradicijose, jis praturtino kiekvieną jų. Nesulaukęs populiarumo būdamas gyvas, praėjus 50 metų po mirties Bachas buvo beveik užmirštas. Tačiau per kitus 150 metų jo reputacija vis augo, ir šiandien jis visuotinai pripažįstamas vienu garsiausiu kompozitoriumi.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">J. S. Bachas gimė 1685 metais Eisenache, Vokietijoje. Jis gimė šeimoje, kur buvo žavimasi muzikiniu talentu ir skatinami muzikiniai pasiekimai. Bachų šeima muzikos srityje buvo garsi jau daug metų iki Johano Sebastiano gimimo. Jo tėvas buvo puikus smuikininkas, du prosenelio broliai - talentingi kompozitoriai, o kelios pusseserės didžiai gerbiamos muzikantės. J. S. Bacho motina mirė, kai jam buvo devyneri, o dešimties metų jis liko visiškas našlaitis. Paauglystėje gavo stipendiją studijuoti Šv. Mykolo mokykloje Liuneburge iš dalies dėl puikaus balso, iš dalies dėl materialinio nepritekliaus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1702 m. jis baigė tą mokyklą, o kitais metais pradėjo dirbti smuikininku kameriniame orkestre. Dvidešimt metų jis dirbo įvairius su muzika susijusius darbus. Per visą gyvenimą Bachas išgarsėjo kaip puikus vargonininkas, nors buvo ir kompozitorius, mokytojas bei dirigentas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1723 m. trisdešimt aštuonerių metų Bachas tapo Šv. Tomo bažnyčios Leipcige kantoriumi. Ten išdirbo likusius dvidešimt septynerius gyvenimo metus. Mirė 1750 metais.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,67,'2010-12-01 17:05:16',62,'','2010-12-01 17:08:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-01 17:05:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,16,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(2051,'Juozas Naujalis','juozas-naujalis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Juozas Naujalis gimė 1869 m. sausio 9 d. Raudondvaryje, o mirė 1934 m. rugsėjo 9 d. Kaune. Tai didis kompozitorius, vargonininkas. Vienas profesionaliosios lietuvių muzikos pradininkų. 1884 - 1889 m. studijavo Varšuvos muzikinio instituto J. Slivinskio vargonų klasėje. Baigęs institutą, vienus metus mokėsi kompozicijos pas Z.Noskovskį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1890 -1891  m. vargonininkavo Vabalninke, 1891 m. – Rietave, 1892 - 1934 m. - Kaune.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apie 1892 metais čia įsteigė privačius vargonininkų ir choro dirigentų kursus, J.Naujalis juose ir dėstė. Stažavo Regensburgo aukštojoje bažnyčios muzikos mokykloje. 1889 - aisiais Kaune suorganizavo slaptą “Dainos” chorą( iš jo išaugo “Dainos” draugija). 1905 m. įsteigė pirmąjį lietuvišką knygyną, kuris veikė iki 1912 metų. 1909 - 1910m. leido pirmąjį lietuvišką muzikos žurnalą “Vargonininkas”. 1919 metais Kaune atidarė privačią muzikos m - klą,   kuri 1920 m. buvo suvalstybinta, o 1933 - aisiais pertvarkyta į konservatoriją. J. Naujalis joje dėstė ir direktoriavo 1920 -1927metais,  o 1933 metais- jos profesorius. Šis kompozitorius yra vienas pirmosios Lietuvos dainų šventės(1924) rengėjų ir vyriausiasis dirigentas. Kaip vargonininkas, choro dirigentas ir pianistas koncertavo įvairiose  Lietuvos vietose, JAV lietuvių kolonijose (1922).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vertingiausią  kūrybos dalį sudaro choro dainos. Daugelis jų: “Lietuva brangi”, “Kur bėga Šešupė”, “Pavasaris”, “Vasaros naktys”, “Jaunimo giesmė” sukurtos pagal Maironio žodžius. Dainos lyriškos, melodingos, grindžiamos paprastomis išraiškos priemonėmis. Pritaikydamas chorui liaudies dainas (“Ant kalno karklai siūbavo”, “Oi, žiba žiburėlis”, “Siuntė mane motinėlė”), laikėsi klasikinės harmonijos. Sukūrė simfoninę poemą “Ruduo”(apie 1930 m.), pjesę “Svajonė” styginiam kvartetui (apie 1921), instrumentinių pjesių, 13 mišių ir kt. Bažnyčios muzikos kūrinių, solo dainų. Sudarė lietuviškų bažnyčių giesmynų(1906 - 1908).<br /> {googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,67,'2010-12-01 17:10:11',62,'','2010-12-01 17:14:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-01 17:10:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,15,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(2052,'Muzikos instrumentai','muzikos-instrumentai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmieji lietuvių liaudies instrumentai  - medinės dūdelės ir tuščiavidurės dėžės su ištemptomis žarnomis vietoj stygų. Senovėje buvo paplitę ir šie instrumentai: kanklės, birbynės, skudučiai, skrabalai, kelmas, daudytės, lumzdeliai, ragai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Skudučiai - tai vienas iš seniausių liaudies instrumentų. Jie mediniai, 10 - 30 cm ilgio vamzdeliai. Vienu skudučiu galima išgauti tik vieną garsą, todėl dažniausia grojama keliais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kanklės - tai grakšti medinė dėžė su metalinėmis stygomis. Grojama pirštais arba specialiu brauktuku. Senovinės kanklės turėjo 5,7 arba 12 stygų, šiuolaikinės - 22 arba 23. Nors šie instrumentai ir seni ( žinomi nuo XVI a.), bet dar neužmiršti. Jais etnografiniai ansambliai pritaria liaudiškoms dainoms, reprezentuoja mūsų šalį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Birbynės - tai medinis 30 cm pučiamasis instrumentas - vamzdelis su užmautu ant galo karvės ragu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Skrabalai, tai mušamasis instrumentas. Jį sudaro medinės dėželės, pritvirtintos prie rėmo. Kartais dar pritvirtinamas kelmas - būgną primenanti dėžė. Grojant skrabalais, garsas išgaunamas medine lazdele suduodant į dėželes ar kelmą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daudytė - tai 1,4 m, 2 m arba 3 m ilgio trimitas, apvyniotas beržo tošimi. Viena daudyte, kaip ir vienu skudučiu galima išgauti tiktai vieną garsą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,67,'2010-12-01 17:15:44',62,'','2010-12-01 17:21:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-01 17:15:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2053,'Grupė  ,,SKMP\" kalusimynas','grup-skmpq-kalusimynas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,67,'2010-12-01 20:03:15',62,'','2010-12-01 20:07:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-01 20:03:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,13,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2054,'Stambių vientisų formų instrumentiniai žanrai','stambi-vientis-form-instrumentiniai-anrai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XIX a. vis daugiau kuriama stambių vientisų kūrinių: simfoninių poemų, fantazijų, uvertiūrų, rapsodijų, baladžių, kapričio, koncertų, sonatų, skerco ir t. t.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šitai susiję su programiškos muzikos įsigalėjimu, siekimu literatūrinį siužetą perteikti muzikos priemonėmis. Tam dažnai panaudojama sonatos forma, kaip viena iš lanksčiausių, o taip pasintetinės iš laisvosios formos. Vientisa kūrinio forma kartais taip išplėtojama, kad joje telpa tarsi kelios ciklo dalys. Tokiais atvejais atskiri epizodai atlieka lėtosios dalies, skerco, finalo vaidmenį. Būdinga kai kurių XIX - XX a. kūrinių žymė – monotematizmas: visas kūrinys grindžiamas viena tema, kurią įvairiai perdirbant, sukuriami nauji vaizdai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XVII a. pirmaisiais dešimtmečiais teatro spektaklių pradžia skelbdavo laisvai improvizuojami fanfarų signalai. Jie būdavo trumpučiai, vos keleto taktų. Vėliau, prieš pradedant operą, vietoje trimitų būdavo sugrojama nedidelė instrumentinė pjesė – uvertiūra (pvz. Monteverdžio operos). Be to, uvertiūromis buvo vadinamos ne tik operų įžangos, bet ir instrumentinių siuitų pirmosios dalys (pvz. Bacho), net ištisos siuitos. Kartais šis terminas buvo taikomas net simfonijoms.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XVII a. pabaigoje susiformavo du operų uvertiūrų tipai: prancūziškoji ir itališkoji.        Prancūziškosios uvertiūros pradininkas – Ž. B. Liuly.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,67,'2010-12-01 20:07:25',62,'','2010-12-01 20:13:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-01 20:07:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,12,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2055,'Apocalyptica ','apocalyptica-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Keturi jauni Suomijos Sibelijaus Akademijos violončelistai kuria tai, kas dar nebuvo girdėta. Visiškai originalų ir itin emocingą klasikinės muzikos ir roko lydinį. Garsiausi Metallica hitai čia suskamba naujai, tuo pačiu išlaikydami jėgos kupiną originaliųjų kompozicijų dvasią. Apocalyptica klausytojai priversti iš nuostabos trintis akis. Neįtikėtina, jog tokią muziką galima taip sugroti keturiomis violončelemis. Grakštus, tyras ir profesionalus klasikinis styginių skambesys čia susipina su didinga, lyriška, veržlia ir bet kokius apribojimus trupinančia heavy metal dvasia. Modernaus ir virtuozisko kvarteto rankose violončelės skamba kaip soluojančios, akustines ir gergždžiančios gitaros, atlieka boso partijas, dunda kaip mušamieji ir netgi išgauna žmogaus balsą. Apocalyptica koncentruoja savo ieškojimus naujomis moderniomis kryptimis, atrasdami vis daugiau ir daugiau naujo ir netikėto grojimo violončele technikoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ši muzika taip patiko patiems Metallica muzikantams, jog Apocalyptica buvo ne kartą kviečiama koncertuoti kartu. Tai muzika tiems, kas dievina sunkiojo roko klasiką, kas ją pazinojo kadaise ir net tiems, kurie niekad jos neklausė,  menas visoms kartoms!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Idėja atlikti mėgiamus heavy metal kūrinius violončelemis keturiems klasikinės muzikos studentams gimė 1993m., tuomet nieks ir negalėjo įsivaizduoti, jog tai jaunuolių kelias i tarptautinį pripažinimą. Jau po pirmojo pasirodymo platesnei publikai (1995m. Helsinkio klube \"Teatro\"), kvartetas sulaukė skambučio iš įrašų kompanijos ZenGarden. 1996-aisiais pasirodė debiutinis albumas \"Apocalyptica Plays Metallica By Four Cellos\", kuriame muzikantai atidave duoklę savo mėgiamiausiai grupei, įrašydami 8 Metallica dainų interpretacijas. Sėkmė buvo pritrenkianti, roko fanai su entuziazmu priėmė tokių hitų, kaip \"Enter Sandman\", \"The Unforgiven\", \"Wherever I May Roam\" reinkarnacijas. Pasipylė puikios recenzijos, koncertai įvairiose pasaulio šalyse, albumas parduotas virš 300.000 kopijų tiražu. Apocalyptica pamėgo ne tik roko, bet ir klasikinės muzikos gerbėjai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Net pats niūrusis Sibelijus būtų priverstas pripažinti kolektyvo talentą ir novatoriškumą plečiant violončeles skambėjimo ribas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,67,'2010-12-01 20:13:35',62,'','2010-12-01 20:17:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-01 20:13:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,11,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2056,'Simfoninis orkestras ','simfoninis-orkestras-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Simfoninis orkestras – instrumentine muzika atliekantis kolektyvas. Jame groja visais žinomiausiais muzikos instrumentais, todėl simfoninis orkestras skamba labai spalvingai, juo galima išgauti įvairius dinaminius niuansus, nuo piano pianissimo, iki forte fortissimo, atlikti sudėtingiausius muzikos kūrinius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmąjį simfoninį orkestrą, panašų į dabartinį, subūrė didysis austru kompozitorius Jozefas Haidnas (1732 - 1809) jis nustatė, kiek kurių instrumentų turi būti orkestre, suskirstė juos į grupes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žiūrint mūsų akimis tai didžiulis šuolis ir tobulas atradimas, juk Haidnas orkestro sudėtį nustatė daugiau kaip prieš 200 metų, tačiau keisti neprireikė iki šiol.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Haidnas kvartetais suskirstė ir pagrindinius muzikos instrumentus: styginiai: smuikai , altai, violončelės, kontrabosai mediniai pučiamieji: fleitos, obojai, klarnetai, fagotai variniai pučiamieji: trimitai, valtornos, trombonai, tūbos instrumentų yra keturios grupės. Styginių instrumentų būna nuo 4 iki 16 kiekvienoje grupėje, o medinių ir varinių tik po 2 - 4. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,67,'2010-12-01 20:18:43',62,'','2010-12-01 20:28:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-01 20:18:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2057,'Juozas Naujalis 2','juozas-naujalis-2','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">J. Naujalis būdamas mažas svajojo pats atsisėsti prie vargonų ir groti... – Juk tai paprasta. Senasis vargonininkas turi “stebuklingas knygas”, į kurias tik pasižiūrėti reikia ir gali groti. Ir staiga vėjo gūsis pro atvirą langą išpūtė vieną lapelį – vaikas laimingas jį sugavo. Dabar jis gros vargonais!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Deja, lape buvo tik daug linijų ir taškelių – jis nieko nesuprato...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daug mokslo, darbo, džiaugsmo ir nusivylimo metų praeis nuo tos dienos, kol mažasis berniukas, taip trokštantis muzikos, taps Lietuvos muzikos patriarchu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiek atokiau nuo Benedikto Tiškevičiaus dvaro, tarp bažnyčios ir kapinių, stovėjo pailgas namas. Viename jo gale, nedideliame dviejų kambarių butelyje, Vinco Naujalio šeima. Čia 1869 metų balandžio 9 dieną gimė Juozas Naujalis, būsimasis kompozitorius. Naujaliams gimė keturiolika vaikų, tačiau tik penki užaugo. Juozas buvo jauniausias.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Meninę prigimtį Juozukas bus paveldėjęs iš tėvo. Paprastas kaimietis, Vincas Naujalis turėjo polinkį į dailę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vėliau vargonininkas išaiškino Juozukui bendrąją natų rašymo tvarką, o šis, atidžiai stebėdamas vargonininko grojimą, suprato rašybos esmę. Vargonai tapo jo mylimiausiu draugu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vėliau Juozas išvyko mokytis muzikos į Varšuvą ir jam ten neblogai sekėsi. Juozui artimiausia kamerinė ir simfoninė muzika. Operos žanrą ne taip mėgo.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,67,'2010-12-01 20:29:05',62,'','2010-12-01 20:33:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-01 20:29:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2058,'Čiurlionis','iurlionis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Čiurlionio kūrybinis palikimas yra ne tik gausus-jis paliko apie 300 įvairių žanrų muzikos kūrinių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Būdingas šio kompozitoriaus muzikos bruožas yra jos liaudiškumas, susijęs su meile gimtajam kraštui ir gamtos poezijai. Muzikos nuoširdumą lemia vyraujanti lyrinė jo kūrinių nuotaika. Čiurlionio muzikai būdingas ir filosofinis susimąstymas optimistinė nuotaika, šviesi pažiūra į gyvenimą.Visoje savo kūryboje Čiurlionis ypač didelę reikšmę teikė jos idėjiniam turiniui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jis gerbė klasikines tradicijas, giliai jas analizavo ir panaudojo naujiems kūrybiniams ieškojimams.Čiurlionis pirmasis nurodė teisingas gaires kitiems lietuvių kompozitoriams, vystantiems nacionalinį lietuvių muzikos stilių. Jis pirmasis panaudojo liaudies dainų intonacijas savo originaliuosiuose kūriniuose. Liaudies dainų motyvai ir nuotaika daro jo muziką liaudišką.Nesitenkindamas įprastinėmis meninės išraiškos priemonėmis, kompozitorius ieškojo būdų muzikinei kalbai praturtinti. Todėl  jo kūriniuose neretai matome savitai vedamą melodinę liniją, naujas harmonines spalvas, išradingai panaudotas daugiabalsės muzikos formas - fugą, imitaciją, kanoną ir kt. Tematinės medžiagos vystymui jis dažnai pritaiko variacijų principais.Čiurlionis yra parašęs daugiau kaip 150 kūrinių fortepijonui, daugiausia preliudų. Greta jų minėtos fugos, kanonai, sonatos, mazurkos, polonezai, noktiurnai, variacijos liaudies dainų temomis ir kt.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmuosius savo kūrinius fortepijonui Čiurlionis sukūrė, studijuodamas Varšuvos muzikos institute. Tai buvo daugiausia preliudai, parašyti Šopeno įtakoje ir atspindintys svajingą, jautrią, lyrišką jauno kompozitoriaus prigimtį. Didelę reikšmę Čiurlionio fortepijoninio, o ir apskritai muzikinio stiliaus formavimuisi turėjo studijos Leipcigo konservatorijoje. Jo to meto preliuduose ryški liaudies motyvų įtaka. Jomis pagrįstas ir mažas preliudas a - moll, kurio melodija skamba varpų garsus primenančios, pastoviai kartojamos boso melodijos fone.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuo 1904 m. Ima reikštis visai savitas Čiurlionio fortepijoninis stilius. Nuo buvusio ramaus Šopeniško lyrizmo kompozitorius kaskart vis labiau pereina į dramatizmą, veržlumą, melodinės slinkties neįprastumą.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,67,'2010-12-01 20:34:22',62,'','2010-12-01 20:38:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-01 20:34:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2059,'Grupė ,,Biplan\"','grup-biplanq','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sostinės grupė Biplan, grojanti smagią gitarų muzikėlę ir varanti iš proto Lietuvos paaugles, susikūrė 1994 metų rugsėjį ir savo karjerą pradėjo dainuodama rusiškai. Jauni vaikinukai, pakerėti vienos roko dainininkės balso ir šiaip neturėdami, ką veikti, nusprendė tapti muzikantais. Maksimas Bambras, dabar grojantis Lemon\'s Joy, būgnijo pirmoje Biplan sudėtyje, vėliau nusistovėjo dabartinis kvartetas: Maksimas Melmanas (vokalas, gitara); Artiomas Miškinas (bosinė gitara); Olegas Aleksejevas (gitara); Viačeslavas Aleksejevas (mušamieji).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1995 metų spalio 1 dieną grupė pirmą kartą koncertavo drauge suMerlin ir Šiaurės kryptimi. Biplan sugrojo 4 dainas. Vėliau toje pačioje vietoje - Tauro kalno galerijoje - įvyko dar keletas koncertų, deja, didelio susidomėjimo nesulaukę. Bet jaunuoliai rankų nenuleido. \"Tamstos\" studijoje įrašę keletą dainų, nunešė jas į \"Bombą\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ši buvo maloniai nustebinta ir sutiko išleisti porą singlų - Open Your Eyes bei When I see You, kurie iš karto pakliuvo į radijo stočių Ultra Vires ir Laisvoji banga topų viršūnes. Grupę ėmė kviesti į įvairius renginius. Tačiau pirmasis pasirodymas plačiajai visuomenei - dalyvavimas Blogiausių grupių festivalyje buvo liūdnas ir pamokantis. Grupės nariai pasižadėjo surimtėti ir daugiau tokių kvailysčių, kaip tądien, nekartoti. Didžiausias Biplan įvertinimas - kvietimas dalyvauti Roko marše, po kurio, anot jų pačių, \"klubiniai renginiai atrodo tarsi draugų vakarėliai\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1997 metų pradžioje pasirodęs grupės debiutinis albumas Banzai, įdainuotas anlgų kalba, tapo vienu perkamiausių lietuviškos muzikos kūrinių. Greitai pasirodysiančiame antrajame albumeBiplan prabils lietuviškai, o vieną dainą atliks vokiškai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,67,'2010-12-01 20:38:55',62,'','2010-12-01 20:42:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-01 20:38:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2060,'Kompozitoriai  - ,,Mūzos\"','kompozitoriai-mzosq','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">F. Listas g. 1811 m. Vakarų Vengrijos kaime. 9 m. jau koncertavo, vėliau Vienoje jo improvizacijų klausėsi Bethovenas ir viešai jį pabučiavo. Nesėkmingai bandė įstoti į Paryžiaus konservatoriją, tad likęs ten mokėsi privačiai. Bandravimas su Paganiniu, Berliozu, Šopenu, Rosiniu turėjo didelės įtakos kompozitoriui, kuris spėjo išgarsėti kaip pianistas virtuozas. Jo pažintis su žymiais rašytojais Žarž Sand, V. Hugo, A. Diuma, H. Heine paliko didelį įspūdį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kelionių po Šveicariją ir Italiją metu rašė savotišką muzikinį dienoraštį, sukūrė nemažai fortepijoninių pjesių. Ženevoje Dėstė konservatorijoje, propagavo Bethoveno kūrybą, kuri nebuvo įvertinta ir suprasta. Ilgainiui neliko nė vienos valstybės kur Listas nebūtų koncertavęs.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nutaręs daugiau laiko skirti kompozicijai ir padagoginiam darbui, apsigyveno Veimare. Čia dirbo dirigentu, mokė iš kitų šalių atvykusius muzikus. Veimare sukūrė žymiausius savo kūrinius - simfonines poemas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kūrybos apžvalga. Ją sudaro: kūriniai fortepijonui, 13 simfoninių poemų, 2 simfonijos pagal Dantės “Dievišką komediją” ir Getės “Faustą”, dainos, straipsniai ir knygos muzikiniais klausimais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Listo muzika turi ryškų nacionalinį pagrindą, joje girdėti vengrų dainų ritmai ir motyvai, panaudojamos liaudiškos dermės. Dalis jo kūrinių programiniai. Juose kompozitorius nesistengia atkurti detaliai kokį nors siužetą, o traktuoja jį apibendrintai tuo jis artimas Bethovenui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Listo programiškumo principai ypač išryškėja simfoniniuose kūriniuose. Iš 13 simf. poemų ryškiausios “Preliudai”, “Orfėjas”, “Prometėjas”, “Vengrija”. Jau pavadinimai rodo, kad kūriniams parinkti klasikinės literatūros siužetai: antikinis mitas, tėvynės vaizdai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,67,'2010-12-01 20:43:37',62,'','2010-12-01 20:49:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-01 20:43:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2061,'Skudučiai','skuduiai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Skudučiai, skudas(ai), skurdas, skurdutė(s), skaudas, skaudutis, skaudutas. Viena pirmykščių lietuvių pučiamūjų švilpynių visuma, jau XIX a. Gale teišlikusi vien tik Biržų – Rokiškio apl. S. Atitikmenų terandama vietomis Rusijoj, Baltarusijoje ir pirmykštėse tautelė; jie artimai siejami ir su Pano fleita (plg. Skaudutas). Piemenys ir vaikai Lietuvoje s. Išlaikė dar vietomis iki pat I pasaulinio karo ir juos darėsi dažnai iš kietų kiaurastambių žolių, pvz, miškinio skudučio, builio, varnalėšos ir t. Šiaip s. Išsuka (šerdį), išgrežia ar išdegina iš kurio nors kieto medžio, šaltekšniniai, uosiniai ir seduliniai s. Laikomi geriausiais. Jų visą vienetą daro iš vieno medelio ar jo šakos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paprastai s. Visuma, arba vienetas, sudarytas iš 5 – 6 švilpynių, arba s. Kartaiss. Vienetui prideda 2 - 6 arba numeta, žiūrint ką skudučiuoja. S. Vienetas visados laisvas, ima skudučiuoti po 2 – 3 s. Kiekvienas skudutininkas; pasitaikydavo ir draugėn sujungtų – surištų s., pagal paskirtį, įvairiuoja nuo 12 iki 20 cm ilgio; jo išgražos skersmuo apie 1,5 – 1,9 cm; ir ilgesnis s. Žemesnio balso už trumpesnįjį. Kiekvienas s. Nusklembtas iš abiujų pusių: lūpų pusės sklembimas tesudaro 1/3, o priešingasis – 2/3; šis sklembimo būdas lietuviškuosius s. išskiria iš kitų tautų, nes tai, pagal C. Sachsą, yra vienintelis jam žinomas. Antrasis s. galas užkemšamas medžiu, užlietas derva; užkamša išlygina iki reikalingo balso grynos. Atskirų s. vienetų pateko į įvairius Lietuvos muziejus ir Lietuvių tautosakos archyvą; jų turėjo kan. A.Sabaliauskas J. Žilevičius ir kiti savo rinkiniuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">S. pateko ir į užsienio muziejaus instrumentų rinkiniuose . S. pateko ir į užsienio muziejus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš jų žinomiausi Čedasų apl. s. Berlyno karališkajame muzikos instrumentų rinkinyje, kurį aprašė muzikologas C. Sachas; prof. S. biedrzyckio 1911 gauti iš Panemunėlio apl. ir perduoti Varšuvos muziejui, 1939 subombarduoti; M. Brenšteino rinkinio s. taip pat iš Panemunėlio. C. Sachso aprašytasis s. vienetas 4 švilpynių, kurių seka – es, g, a, ir b. M. Brenšteino 1907 įsigytas iš Žilių k., Panemunėlio apl., s. vienetas 5 švilpynių kurių seka – c, d, e, g, h (kitur jie žymimi – e, g, h, d ir fsekos); pagal jo užrašus, seniau skudučiavę 8. Varšuvos muz. Buvusiųjų s. seka nežinoma, o tik jų ilgis: 14; 13,3; 12,7; 12; 11,5 cm; skersmuo 2,1; 2; 1,9; 1,8 ir 1,7 cm. Pagal kan. A. Sabaliauską, s. vienetas įvairavo: 5 švilpynės buvo pagrindinės, ir skudučiavo dviese-trise; s. pasirinkdavo patys skudučiuotojai iš kitų tarpo, ir kito jų skaičiaus: pridėdavo 2 – 3 skudučius arba numsdavo iki 3 – 4. S. derinimo seka buvo sekundės intervalo, o tam tikrais atvėjais juos atsirinkdavo ir didžiosiomis ar mažosiomis sekundės ir t.t. Skudučiuodavo paprastai pasitraukę į krūmų pakraščius, pasodėje ir pan., tada balsas gūdresnis, malonesnis; šokiams skudučiuodavo kieme ar pirkioje . Lietuvių tautosakos archyvo duomenimis, paprastai buvo 5 s., kartais papildomi ir iki 6 – 8. Jų eilė: h(b), a, g, e, ir spiaudalė – d. Skudučiuojant paprastai ima po vieną į ranką; pučia mažąją nuoskliaudą pridėję prie lūpų. Švilpynė teduoja vieną balsą, todėl visumos skudučiuotojai pučia tą, kurio pareikalauja melodijos seka .</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,67,'2010-12-01 21:00:33',62,'','2010-12-01 21:07:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-01 21:00:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2062,'Renesanso muzikinė kultūra','renesanso-muzikin-kultra','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Renesansas atsirado Italijoje ir ten gyvavo XIV – XVI a. Kitose Vakarų ir Centrinėse Europos šalyse tęsėsi nuo XV iki XVII a. Renesanso terminą, reiškiantį tam tikros kultūros atgaivinimą, atgimimą, pirmasis pavartojo italų dailininkas Dž. Vazaris 1550 m. veikale „ Žymiųjų italų architektų, tapytojų, skulptorių gyvenimai.“ Muzikologijoje Renesanso terminą imta vartoti nuo XIX a.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Renesansas - Europos meno istorinis stilius, gyvavęs tarp viduramžių gotikos ir Naujųjų amžių Baroko. Jis bendras visoms to meto meno rūšims. Jo esmę apsprendžia humanistinė pasaulėžiūra, kultūros ir meno pasaulietiškėjimas, ryšiai su Antikos menu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antra vertus Renesansas – stilistiškai nevienalytė epocha: šalia pasaulietinio klesti bažnytinis menas, šalia realistinio – mistinis. Na, ir trečia vertus, Renesanso menas evoliucionuoja: išaugęs iš viduramžių tradicijų, jis savo saulėlydyje atveria naujos epochos – Baroko – vartus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apie muzikinio Renesanso istorines ribas yra įvairių nuomonių. Labiausiai paplitusi: Renesansas muzikoje prasidėjo XV a. viduryje. Tuo metu pradeda reikštis anglų ir Nyderlandų muzikinio Renesanso pradininkų Dž.Dansteiblo ir G.Diufai veikla, formuotis Nyderlandų polifoninė mokykla, renesansiškasis harmonijos ir grožio muzikoje idealas, griežtojo polifoninio stiliaus normos, perėjimas prie tolygaus, skambaus ir melodingo, taip vadinamo, eufoninio kontrapunkto (gr. eufonija – muzikos garsų darna). Renesasnso muzikoje pabaiga – XVIa. Tuo metu dar gyvuoja Romos ir Venecijos polifoninės mokyklos, baigiasi Palestrinos, Laso, Dž.Gabrieli, prasideda vėlyvųjų madrigalistų ir pirmųjų operų autorių kūryba. Nutolstama nuo muzikinio Renesanso principų: homofoninė faktūra, kontrasto principas ir t.t. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,67,'2010-12-01 21:08:14',62,'','2010-12-01 21:12:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-01 21:08:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2063,'Dainuojamoji tautosaka','dainuojamoji-tautosaka','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daina - vienas seniausių kūrinių. Lietuvių tauta nėra sukūrusi herojinio epo, todėl manoma, kad lietuvių liaudies dainos galėtų būti savotiška herojinio epo atmaina ; juk dainose atsiskleidžia seniausia tautos dvasinė patirtis, žmonių  buitis, papročiai, senojo tikėjimo ženklai, pasaulėjauta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daina - tai dvasinės kultūros atrama, taurių idealų reiškėja. Dainos gražios ir savitos, jos :</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lyriškos: alsuoja pastovia namų , šeimos gyvenimo tvirtybe.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvių liaudies dainoms būdinga formos kultūra. Dainų pasaulis skaidrus ir erdvus. Jose vyrauja tikroviški vaizdai, bet įterpiami ir idealizuoti, fantastiški regėjimai. Dainose buities ar gamtos vaizdai dažniausiai lakoniški, grakštūs, giedri, o svarbiausi dainų simboliai yra lyg dieviškos šviesos nutvieksti. Lietuvių tautai būdinga intymi, švelni dainų nuotaika; dainų kalba krikštolinio skambėjimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dainose, kaip ir visoje tautosakoje, matyti, kaip bręsta tautinė savimonė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvių liaudies dainų lobynas milžiniškas. Rinkti ir užrašinėti dainos pradėtos 19 a., stiprėjant tautiniam sąjūdžiui, kuomet į l. l. dainas imta žiūrėti kaip į esminę tautos dvasinio turto dalį, tautos prigimties reiškimosi būdą. 1825 m. L. Rėza išleidžia pirmąjį rinkinį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvių liaudies dainų melodijoms būdingas lyriškumas ir meniškumas. Melodijai daugiausia įtakos turėjo dainų tekstai; ji priklauso nuo dainos žodžių, o tuo pačiu - ir nuo dainų tipo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mergvakario, karo, advento dainų melodija liūdna. Šiose dainose kalbama apie mergelės sunkią dalią, apie bernelį, negrįžtantį iš karo, apie antgamtiškų jėgų paslaptingą įtaką žmonių pasauliui ir jo tvarkai. O jaunimo, darbo, kai kurios darbo dainos yra linksmesnės, jose apdainuojama meilė, šventės, darbo džiaugsmas. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,67,'2010-12-01 21:13:02',62,'','2010-12-01 21:19:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-01 21:13:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,3,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(2064,'Henris Perselis','henris-perselis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žymiausias baroko epochos anglų kompozitorius buvo Henris Perselis. Gabus dvaro muzikanto sūnus, jis dar berniukas dainavo karališkojoje kapeloje. Jo mokytojai buvo žymiausi to meto anglų kompozitoriai Pelamas Hemfris ir Džonas Blou. H. Perselis greitai kilo muzikinės karjeros laiptais: jau 1675 m.buvo išspausdintos pirmosios jo dainos, 1677 m. jis tapo karaliaus kamerinės muzikos kūrėju, 1679 m. - Vestministerio abatijos (valdovų karūnavimo bažnyčios) vargonininku, 1682 m. - karališkosios kapelos vargonininku ir dainininku, nuo 1683 m. iki mirties buvo atsakingas už kapelos instrumentų būklę. H. Perselio kūryba yra labai plati ir įvairiapusiška, nors didžioji jos dalis apima mažesnį kaip 20 metų tarpsnį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šalia tarnybos dvare šio muziko darbas buvo susijęs ir su bažnyčia, todėl išliko tiek bažnytinė, tiek kamerinė muzika, rūmams dedikuoti kūriniai ir gausybė sceninės muzikos, iš jos ir vienintelė tikroji baroko opera anglų muzikos istorijoje. Diduma H. Perselio sceninės muzikos sukurta dramos spektakliams - vieniems jis sukomponavo tik kai kurias dainas, kitiems - išplėtotas muzikines scenas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sceninę muziką jis daugiausia rašė gyvenimo pabaigoje, po 1690 m. Šiam laikotarpiui priklauso ir penkios semioperos (semiopera - tai veiksmo dalis, kurioje muzika užima labai daug vietos, bet draminis veiksmas iš esmės plėtojamas šnekamuosiuose dialoguose). Iš semioperų žymiausios yra pagal ryškiausio tų laikų poeto Džono Draideno tekstą sukurtas ,,Karalius Artūras\" (1691) ir Viljamo Šekspyro ,,Vasarvidžio nakties sapno\" pagrindu parašyta ,,Karalienė fėja\" (,,The Fairy Queen\", 1692).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Semioperose pasitaiko tikros operos vertų ansamblių bei chorinių scenų, tačiau daugiau dėmesio čia skirta arijoms, - nemažai jų ne itin glaudžiai siejasi su drama ir yra labai populiarios kaip savarankiški soliniai numeriai. H. Perselio ir visos anglų baroko muzikos svarbiausias muzikinis sceninis kūrinys yra Vergilijaus epo ,,Eneidė\" motyvais sukurta opera ,,Didonė ir Enėjas\" (1689). Viešo ,,Didonės ir Enėjo\" atlikimo Perselis per savo gyvenimą taip ir nesulaukė. Šios trumpos, vienos valandos trukmės trijų veiksmų operos muzika yra analogų neturintis prancūzų bei italų sceninės muzikos ir anglų kaukių vaidinimų muzikos mišinys. Tarnaudamas dvare, Perselis parašė nemažai iškilmingų odžių ir dedikacinių kūrinių.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,67,'2010-12-01 21:20:42',62,'','2010-12-01 21:26:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-01 21:20:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,50,'robots=\nauthor='),(2065,'Modernioji muzika (referatas)','modernioji-muzika-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Muzika lydi kiekvieno žmogaus gyvenimą, nesvarbu, ar jis muzika domisi, ją mėgsta, ar yra jai abejingas. Iš tiesų nelabai gali rinktis – šiandien muzika skamba beveik visur, o ir to išvengti, net ir labai stengiantis, neįmanoma. Tačiau žmonės palankūs vienoms muzikos rūšims, kitų stengiasi privengti. Tai nulemia tradicijos, įpročiai, mados, švietimas ir reklama. Šiuo požiūriu muzikos paklausa ir populiarumas yra tokie pat netvarūs dalykai kaip drabužių stiliai, filmai, pramogos ir laisvalaikio užsiėmimai.  Kiekvienos kartos žmonės ir polinkiai šiek tiek skiriasi, todėl nenuostabu, kad kuriami ir pasirenkami vis kitokie meno stiliai, žanrai, rūšys ir formos. Kartu su skirtinga gyvenimo patirtimi keičiasi kultūros kraštovaizdis, ir šis vyksmas niekada nesibaigia.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gyvenimo stilius dažniausiai kinta iš lėto, todėl ir permainos nebūtinai būna skausmingos ar nemalonios. Nauji kultūros reiškiniai atsiskleidžia palengva, ir vis daugiau žmonių naujame mene įžvelgia  juos supančio pasaulio atspindį, o kartu ir tam tikrus savo asmeninės būties pėdsakus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai juos skatina prie šio meno sugrįžti, kol pamažu jis tampa neatskiriama dvasinio gyvenimo savastimi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Klausimas, kas yra šiuolaikinė muzika, gana daugialypis. Paprasčiausias atsakymas – visa šiandien skambanti muzika yra šiuolaikinė, nes ji skleidžiasi čia ir dabar. Tačiau gali kilti abejonė: nejau tikrai yra taip? Ar Mocarto simfonijos, Bacho kantatos, aukštaičių sutartinės, žodžiu, kažkada seniau atsiradusi muzika yra taip pat šiuolaikinė? Ar tokiu atveju neatrodo, kad, apskritai bet kokia muzika vadintina šiuolaikine?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei senesniais laikais sukurtą muziką vadintume šiuolaikine, sukeltume nereikalingų nepatogumų. Mes tarsi tyčia atmestumėme ypač svarbią aplinkybę, kada ta muzika iš tikrųjų sukurta. Tai trukdytu suvokti istorinį ir kultūrinį kontekstą, kuris ne tik paaiškintų daugelį svarbių dalykų, bet ir leistų muziką geriau girdėti ir pajausti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Todėl šiuolaikine muzika vadinsime XX a. muziką, nesvarbu, kokia ji būtu – rimtoji ar pramoginė. Tai atitiks nusistovėjusias sąvokas ir leis muzikos istoriją susieti su kitų reiškinių raida.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi XXI a. pradžios kultūroje ir gyvenime neįvyko esminių pokyčių, galima teigti, kad šiuolaikinio meno amžiaus tęsiasi. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,67,'2010-12-01 21:27:24',62,'','2010-12-01 21:32:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-01 21:27:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(2066,'Socialinės pedagogikos vadovėlis','socialins-pedagogikos-vadovlis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Štai ir vėl mes su Jumis susitikome naujuose mano knygos, specialiai parašytos Jums, puslapiuose. Tai pilna naujų, mano per keletą metų sukauptų ir susistemintų, žinių kraitė. Regis, ir ką čia nauja gali pasakyti autorė? Iš pirmo žvilgsnio - tos pačios problemos. O vis dėlto - bėga metai, keičiasi vaiko santykio su socialine aplinka situacija. Ji darosi dar labiau pažeidžiama, nesaugesnė. Atsiranda vis naujų tyrimų vaiko socializacijos tematika.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jeigu 1992 metais Lietuvos universitetai, kolegijos socialinės pedagogikos studijas pradėjo su viena šviesios atminties prof. J. Vaitkevičiaus knyga \"Socialinės pedagogikos bruožai\" (1988), kuri be kita ko, buvo vienintelė šio mokslo krypties monografija buvusioje Sovietų sąjungoje (net Rusijoje socialinės pedagogikos knygų iki tol nebuvo!). Suirus totalitarinei valstybei,  pūstelėjus demokratijos vėjams, šiandien posovietinėje visuomenėje pradėta atvirai kalbėti apie tuos \"socialinius grumstus\" ant vaiko ir jo šeimos kelio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apmaudu, tačiau jaunasis šios knygos \"herojus\" - ugdytinis, kuriame pasaulio krašte begyventų, susiduria su deviantinio elgesio, narkomanijos, piktnaudžiavimo alkoholiu, ankstyvų lytinių santykių, gana dažnai vedančių į prostituciją, padariniais. Šalia minėtų sunkumų vaiko socializacijos kelyje, XX a. pabaigoje XXI a. pradžioje nepilnamečiams (ypač mergaitėms), iškilo nauja problema - mitybos sutrikimo ligos.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',0,5,0,68,'2010-12-01 21:35:39',62,'','2010-12-01 21:44:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-01 21:35:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,17,'','',0,4,'robots=\nauthor='),(2067,'Patriotizmas','patriotizmas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tiesą sakant, gavęs kursinio darbo temą, sutrikau. Pačiam beveik nieko neišmanant apie patriotizmą tenka atskleisti dviejų bene žymiausių nepriklausomos tarpukario Lietuvos pedagogų Antano Maceinos ir Stasio Šalkauskio požiūrius šia tema, bei palyginti jų keliamas idėjas. Manau nereiktų vengti ir priešpastatyti šių šviesuolių minčių šių dienų realijoms, nes prieš penkiasdešimt metų pasakytos mintys gali būti, švelniai tariant, truputėlį “apkerpėjusios”. Na, bet arčiau prie reikalo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Stovint ant trečio tūkstantmečio slenksčio, kalbėti apie patriotizmą gali atrodyti mažų mažiausiai naivu. Vyrauja nuomonė, kuriai pritariu ir aš, kad ateinantis amžius bus tautų jungimosi ir kosmopolitizmo metas. Tam įvykti yra visos prielaidos. Po truputį nyksta kalbos barjerai, žmonės gali palyginti laisvai keisti savo gyvenamąją vietą, jie tampa mažiau priklausomi nuo religijos, abejingesni tautos istorijai. Nereikia pamiršti ir interneto, kuris jungia viso pasaulio piliečius, jiems net neišeinant iš namų. Visa tai menkina tautinio identiteto išlaikymo ir patriotizmo svarbą pasaulyje, kartu, žinoma, ir Lietuvoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Svarbią įtaką tam turi karų ir kitokių jėgos konfliktų tarp tautų nykimas. Žmonijai svarbesnės tampa globalinės problemos, pvz.: kaip sustabdyti klimato atšilimą ar nuspręsti, ką daryti su  nykstančiais gamtiniais ištekliais.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,68,'2010-12-01 21:45:17',62,'','2010-12-01 21:48:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-01 21:45:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,16,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2068,'Tarpkultūrinis mokymas','tarpkultrinis-mokymas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Publikuojant straipsnius ir leidinius tarpkultūrinio mokymosi temomis visada susiduriama su įšūkiais. Taip atsitiko ir su šiuo T - Kit. Visi autoriai mielai sutiko dirbti ties šiuo leidiniu, ir šis bendradarbiavimas tapo tarpkultūriniu procesu. Mes bandėme surinkti savo skirtingą patirtį ir idėjas tam, kad išleistume šį T - Kit, kuris padės jums patiems pasidaryti išvadas apie tarpkultūrinio mokymosi teoriją ir praktiką dirbant su jaunimu ir juos mokant.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmąjį mūsų susitikimą 1999 birželį mes apsibrėžėme turinį ir pasidalinome, kas kurią dalį rašys. Vėliau bendravome elektroniniu paštu, kol vėl nesusitikome tų pačių metų gruodyje. Kiekvieną skirsnį rašė kitas autorius (-iai), tačiau pildė ir kritikavo visi, kurie buvo įsitraukę į šį projektą, taip pat ir T - kit leidybos komiteto nariai. Būtina paminėti keletą dalykų. Mes supratome, kad tokio pobūdžio publikacija gali tikėtis tik iš dalies atspindėti visas šioje srityje vykstančias diskusijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasirinkti pagrindines T - kit temas buvo labai sunku. Tam reikėjo daug aiškinimosi ir diskusijų. Taigi, čia jūs rasite:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">• keletą požiūrių į tarpkultūrinį mokymąsi ir jo svarbą,</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">• kelių teorijų santraukas, kurios, mūsų manymu, padės suprasti tarpkultūrinio mokymosi esmę,</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">• užuominas tarpkultūrinių metodologijų kūrimui,</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">• skirtingų metodų rinkinį,</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">• modelius vykdyti teminius užsiėmimus,</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">• patarimus tolimesniam gilinimuisi,</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">• įvertinimo formą (jūsų grįžtamasis ryšys bus labai svarbus ruošiant kitus leidinius).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,68,'2010-12-02 20:17:27',62,'','2010-12-02 20:31:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-02 20:17:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,15,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2069,'Komenskis apie jaunuomenės ugdymą','komenskis-apie-jaunuomens-ugdym','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Komenskis, giliai išnagrinėjęs iki jo buvusią pedagogikos teoriją ir praktiką, sukūrė savo vientisą pedagoginę teoriją, paremtą liaudiškumo idėja, apimdamas visus svarbiausius mokymo ir lavinimo klausimus; Profesorius J. Laužikas ryškiai parodo neatskiriamą Komenskio filosofinių ir pedagoginių idėjų ryšį.  Jis daro teisingą išvadą,  kad Komenskio filosofinėse pažiūrose atsispindi pažangios to meto idėjos,  padėjusios pagrindą šio žymaus mokslininko pedagoginei idėjai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Komenskio pedagoginių pažiūrų demokratiškumą ir humaniškumą rodo visų pirma jo požiūris į vaiką.  Komenskis tvirtino,  kad kiekvienas vaikas,  nepriklausomai nuo luominės ir turtinės padėties,  gali sėkmingai mokytis “Be abejo,  - rašė jis, - kad ir koks žmogus gimtų,  jis gimsta žmogumi “. ( “ Apie įgimtųjų gabumų lavinimą “ ). Didaktikoje skaitome apie gabumų skirtingumą : “ pirmoje vietoje stovi vaikai aštraus proto,  įdėmūs ir gero būdo, jie už visus geriau tinka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tokiems tereikia pateikti išminties peno.  Antra : aštraus proto,  bet lėti,  tačiau paklusnūs .  Juos reikia tik paraginti.  Trečia,  yra vaikų aštraus proto ir įdėmių,  bet išdykusių ir atkaklių.  Tačiau iš jų paprastai išeina didieji žmonės,  jeigu jie tinkamai auklėjami.  Ketvirta,  yra vaikų paklusnių ir norinčių mokytis,  bet negabių ir bukapročių.  Tokie gali eiti kitų pėdomis,  ir,  kad tai jie pajėgtų,  turime atjausti jų silpnumą.  Penkta,  kai kurie vaikai bukapročiai,  ir,  be to,  sudribėliai ir tingūs.  Juos dar galima pataisyti, jei tik nebūtų atkaklūs.  Bet tam reikia  didelio išmanymo ir kantrybės.  Paskutinėje vietoje – bukapročiai ir drauge iškrikėliai,  pikčiurnos,  iš jų dažniausiai nebėra ko tikėtis. “  Nors žmonės skiriasi savo gabumais,  tęsia jis,  jie visi turi vieną prigimtį.  Vaikas turi įgimtą sugebėjimą įsisavinti žinias,  įgimtą pažinimo galią.  Jis sugeba “ pažinti pasaulio sąrangų ir gaivalų jėgas,  laiko pradžią,  vidurį ir pabaigą;  saulės sukimąsi ir metų laikų pasikeitimus; … gyvulių prigimtį  ir žvėrių sielas,  vėjų galybę ir žmonių mintis ; … žodžiu – visa,  kas paslaptinga ir kas aišku “ .  Tačiau vis dėlto,  “ žmogus,  nors ir pats per save gauna žmogaus pavidalą ( kaip ir kiekvienas gyyvis savo ),  bet pakilti ligi protingos,  išmintingos,  doros ir dievobaimingos būtybės jis negali,  jei jam nebus įskiepyta išminties, dorumo ir dievotumo pradų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,68,'2010-12-02 20:32:57',62,'','2010-12-02 20:37:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-02 20:32:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2070,'Humanizmas, demokratija ir pilietiškumas mokykloje','humanizmas-demokratija-ir-pilietikumas-mokykloje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai pranešimų rinkinys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tapusi tradicinė, IV tarptautinë konferencija Švietimo reforma ir mokytojų rengimas šiais metais savo poteme orientuojasi į aktualią ne tik Lietuvos, bet ir Europos kontekste humanizmo, demokratijos ir pilietiškumo problemą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Birželio mėn. teko dalyvauti Kristiansande (Norvegija), Europos Tarybos šalių švietimo ministrų nuolatinės konferencijos 19 sesijoje, kurioje buvo aptartos Europos šalių bendradarbiavimo švietimo srityje perspektyvos. Europos Taryba jungia 40 šalių, tik nedaugelis valstybių nėra jos narės. Matyt, mums, kaip Europos Tarybos narei, būtų tikslinga šios konferencijos rekomendacijas panaudoti sprendžiant Lietuvos švietimo problemas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,68,'2010-12-02 20:39:00',62,'','2010-12-02 20:46:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-02 20:39:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,13,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(2071,'Oskaras Vaildas','oskaras-vaildas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Menininkas yra gražių daiktų kūrėjas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atskleisti meną, o menininką paslėpti - štai meno tikslas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kritikas yra tas, kuris grožio sukeltus įspūdžius sugeba išreikšti kitu būdu ar nauja forma.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tiek aukščiausia, tiek ir žemiausia kritikos forma - savotiška autobiografija.<br />Tie, kurie gražiuose daiktuose įžvelgia bjaurią prasmę, yra be žavesio pagedę žmonės. Tai yda. Tie, kurie gražiuose daiktuose įžvelgia gražią prasmę, yra išprusę žmonės. Jie teikia vilčių. Išrinktieji yra tie, kuriems gražūs daiktai reiškia tiktai Grožį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nėra moralių ar nemoralių knygų. Knygos esti gerai arba blogai parašytos. Ir viskas.<br />Devynioliktojo amžiaus neapykanta Realizmui, tai įniršis Kalibano, veidrodyje matančio savo atvaizdą. Devynioliktojo amžiaus neapykanta Romantizmui, tai įniršis Kalibano, veidrodyje nematančio savo atvaizdo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Moralinis žmogaus gyvenimas apima dalį menininko tematikos, tačiau meno moralumą sudaro tobulas netobulų priemonių vartojimas. Joks menininkas nenori nieko įrodyti. Įrodyti galima ir akivaizdžias tiesas. Joks menininkas neturi etinių simpatijų. Etinės menininko simpatijos - nedovanotinas stiliaus manieringumas. Joks menininkas nėra liguistas. Menininkas gali vaizduoti viską.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mintis ir kalba menininkui yra priemonės jo menui. Yda ir dorybė - menininkui medžiaga jo menui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Formos požiūriu, visų menų modelis yra muziko menas. Jausmo požiūriu - aktoriaus kūryba. Kiekvienas menas yra sykiu ir paviršius, ir simbolis. Tie, kurie skverbiasi pro paviršių gilyn, rizikuoja. Tie, kurie skaito simbolius, rizikuoja. Iš tikro menas lyg veidrodis atspindi ne gyvenimą, o žiūrovą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,68,'2010-12-04 14:18:09',62,'','2010-12-04 14:24:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-04 14:18:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,12,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2072,'Enegoentropiniai žmoniškumo pagrindai','enegoentropiniai-monikumo-pagrindai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai mokomoji knyga.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,68,'2010-12-04 14:24:34',62,'','2010-12-04 19:19:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-04 14:24:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,11,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2073,'Lietuvos valstybingumas ir mokykla','lietuvos-valstybingumas-ir-mokykla','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įvairūs autoriai, apibūdindami vertybes kaip žmogaus santykį su įvairiais aplinkinio pasaulio objektais, akcentuoja skirtingus veiksnius, lemiančius šį santykį: vieni nurodo žmogaus poreikių svarbą, kiti - interesus, treti - pažiūras, dar kiti - tikslus ir t. t. Filosofijos žodyne nurodoma, kad žmogaus vertybės yra jo interesų objektas, o jo sąmone i - kasdieniniai orientyrai... (V., 1975, p. 460). S. Žalkauskis, A. Maceina vertybę aiškina lygindami su gėrybę ir teigia, kad ugdymo paskirtis - gėrybes pakelti į vertybių lygą, o ugdymas, kuriuo neskiepijamos vertybės, nesprendžia svarbiausios problemos - mokinio santykio su kultūra ir pačiu savimi.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šia nuostata grindžiama Lietuvos švietimo reforma, pagal kurią mokykla įpareigota būti ne vien žinių, mokėjimų ir įgūdžių teikimo ir ugdymo institucija, bet visas švietimas, ugdymo procesas turi būti paremtas vertybėmis, teigti vertybes ir ugdyti mokinių vertybines nuostatas, jų vertybių pasaulį.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,68,'2010-12-04 19:20:30',62,'','2010-12-04 19:31:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-04 19:20:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2074,'Romėnų ugdymo pagrindai (referatas)','romn-ugdymo-pagrindai-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Auklėjimas - individo santykių su mikro - ir makro - aplinka, su transcedentine būtimi reguliavimas, grindžiamas tiesos, gėrio ir grožio vertybėmis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pedagogikos terimnas sudarytas iš dviejų graikiškų žodžių: “pais, paidos” – vaikas, vaikai ir “agein” – vesti. Apibendrinta reikšmė – “vaikų vedžiojimas”. Antikos graikai žodžiu “paidagogos” vadino vergą, kuris vesdavo vaikus į mokyklą ir parvesdavo. Išsilavinę vergai buvo auklėtojai ir mokytojai. “Paidagogike (gr.)” – vaikų ugdymo menas. Lotyniškai auklėjimas – “paideia”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pedagogimos terminas pradėtas vartoti tik XVIII a. Imanuelis Kantas (1724 – 1804 m.) pedagogiką laiko jau ne vien vaikų, bet apskritai žmogaus ugdymo mokslu, ne tik menu. Jo pedagoginė sistema apsiriboja vaikų ugdymu, t. y. žmogaus ugdymo nuo gimimo iki 16 – 17 metų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ugdymo požiūriu  apibendrinant vaiko, jaunuolio vystymosi rezultatu, galima teigti, kad žmogus yra būtybė, kuri tobulėja sąveikaudama su aplinka. Tuo ji skiriasi nuo kitų būtybių, kitų gyvūnų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogaus gimimas – jo egzistencjjos pradžia. Pirmaisiais metais pradeda formuotis įgyti pradai. Jeigu netinkamai formuojamos žmogaus prigimtinės savybės (aktyvumas, spontaniškumas, silpnumas), gyvenimas darosi sunkus. Įgimtas biologinis arba socialinis, arba biosocialinis aktyvumas įgyja teigiamą vertę tik tada, kai jis formuojamas pagal kultūros dėsnius ir principus, kitaip jis virsta antibiologiniais, antisocialiniais, subkultūros veiksmais. Tas pats rezultatas gaunamas, jeigu įgimtasis spontaniškumas – kūdikio kepėstavimas, nevaržomas vaiko fantazavimas – neįgyja racionalios kūrybos  formos. Silpnoji žmogaus prigimtis lengvai krypsta nuo pusiausvyros su aplinka, veda į blogį, tuo tarpu įgimtas aktyvumas išreiškia žmogaus stiprumą, jėgą, kuri gali įveikti blogį. Šis prigimtinis trilypumas reikalauja aplinkos formuojamojo poveikio, kreipiančio į intelektualinių, dorovinių bei dvasinių gyvenimo sferų vertybes.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,68,'2010-12-04 19:32:21',62,'','2010-12-04 19:38:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-04 19:32:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2075,'Dao De Dzing ','dao-de-dzing-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dao, išreikštas žodžiais, nėra amžinasis Dao; vardas, kuriuo galima pervadinti, nėra amžinasis vardas; bevardė dangaus ir žemės pradžia įvardinta yra visų daiktų pramotė; todėl: kas sutramdo aistras,pamato daiktų paslaptį; kas aistrų nesuvaldo,temato daiktų paviršių; abiejų ta pati prigimtis, tik vardai skirtingi; abu drauge priklauso gelmei, kur už giliausios gelmės gelmė - visų paslapčių vartai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai visi sužino, kad grožis gražus, atsiranda bjaurumas kai visi sužino, kad gėris - geras, atsiranda blogis; nes: pilnas ir tuščias gimdo viens kitą, lengvas ir sunkus sukuria vienas kitą, ilgas ir trumpas sąlygoja vienas kitą, aukštas ir žemas veikia viens kitą, garsas ir tonas atitinka viens kitą, pirmesnis ir paskesnis eina vienas po kito; todėl išminčius veikia neveikdamas, moko be žodžių, ir daiktai juda nesustodami; jis netrukdo jiems vystytis ir jų nesisavina, jis kuria, bet nieko sau nereikalauja, daro žygdarbius, bet sau jų nepriskiria, o kai nieko neima, tai nieko ir nepraranda.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,68,'2010-12-04 19:38:57',62,'','2010-12-04 19:45:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-04 19:38:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2076,'Rizikos grupės vaikų elgesio kooregavimas','rizikos-grups-vaik-elgesio-kooregavimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pastaruoju metu Lietuvoje dėl prastų materialinio ir socialinio gyvenimo sąlygų smunka dalies šeimų dorovė, prastėja emocinis vaikų saugumas. Vis daugiau jų tampa socialinių blogybių  aukomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pastebėtini dideli vaikų priežiūros, ugdymo bei elgesio kontrolės trūkumai. Tai ypač būdinga<br />šeimom, kurios gyvena žemiau skurdo ribos (Skurdo mažinimo Lietuvoje strategija, 2000). Vis daugiau vaikų niekur nesimoko ir nedirba, valkatauja, elgetauja. Nedorų suaugusiųjų ir  bendraamžių jie įtraukiami į nusikalstamą veiklą, girtuokliavimą, narkomaniją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Socialiniuose pranešimuose apie žmogaus socialinę raidą Lietuvoje (Gyvenimo lygis ir žmogaus pasirinkimo galimybės, 1996 – 2001, Socialinis pranešimas, 1999 – 2001) bei oficialiuose Statistikos departamento prie Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės leidiniuose (Lietuvos vaikai, 2001,<br />www.std.lt) pažymima, kad nuo 1990 m. daugiau kaip du kartus padaugėjo nusikaltusių nepilnamečių. Net tris kartus padidėjo nepilnamečių, padariusių sunkių kriminalinių nusikaltimų, skaičius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antai, Lietuvos Švietimo ir mokslo ministerijos parengtoje ataskaitoje apie švietimo būklę Lietuvoje (Lietuvos švietimas 2000, 2001, www.smm.lt) atkreipiamas dėmesys į nepilnamečių nusikalstamumo didėjimą. Vis daugiau nusikalsta jaunesnių vaikų. Dar stokojama mokslinių<br />tyrimų, jų panaudojimo praktikoje galimybių atskleidimo.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,68,'2010-12-04 19:50:19',62,'','2010-12-04 20:16:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-04 19:50:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(2077,'Atminties lavinimas','atminties-lavinimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai mokomoji knyga apie atminties lavinimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>\r\n<p> </p>',0,5,0,68,'2010-12-05 10:23:02',62,'','2010-12-05 10:28:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-05 10:23:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',2,0,6,'','',0,0,'robots=\nauthor='),(2078,'Pedagogo vaidmuo','pedagogo-vaidmuo','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiandien mūsų visuomenė ir mokykla labai keičiasi, ieškoma naujų kelių įgyvendinti vis spartėjančiai švietimo reformai, kurios pagrindinis tikslas - savarankiška, jau mokykloje save kūrybiškai atsiskleidžianti asmenybė. Todėl kiekvienam mokytojui keliami nauji ir vis didesni reikalavimai. Mūsų mokytojui būtina mokytis dirbti naujomis sąlygomis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Svarbiausia mokytojo paskirtis - išskleisti žmogaus prigimtyje glūdintį kūrybinį nusiteikimą. Šis tikslas nėra lengvai pasiekiamas, nes žmogaus prigimtis yra prieštaringa, joje glūdi ne tik gėrio, bet ir blogio pradmenys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mokytojas turėtų padėti mokiniams pažinti save, įgyti bendravimo įgūdžių, plėtoti savo kūrybiškumą, priimti ir įtvirtinti save, kaip unikalią ir originalią asmenybę. Darbo su mokiniais metodai suteikia laisvę mokinių mintims, veiksmams, provokuoja įvairius, individualius atsakymus, moko gerbti draugų idėjas, skatina savarankišką požiūrį. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,68,'2010-12-05 10:29:27',62,'','2010-12-05 10:36:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-05 10:29:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(2079,'Konflikto valdymo stiliai','konflikto-valdymo-stiliai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konfliktai – neišvengiama mūsų gyvenimo dalis. Svarbu mokėti juos efektyviai įveikti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konfliktas tai – priešprieša bent tarp dviejų priklausomų pusių (žmonių, žmonių grupių, organizacijų ir pan.), skirtingai suvokiančių tikslus, jų siekimo būdus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konfliktai būna funkciniai ir disfunkciniai. Funkcinius galėtume vadinti naudingais – jie padeda spręsti problemas, plėtoja santykius. Disfunkciniai konfliktai komplikuoja santykius, sukelia daug neigiamų išgyvenimų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienas žmogus turi savo individualų konfliktų įveikimo stilių. Kartais įprastinis stilius padeda, o kartais gali ir trukdyti. Sunku valdyti tokias konfliktines situacijas kai esi užsipuolamas, kai tau nepagrįstai priekaištaujama. Tačiau ir tokiose situacijose verta siekti konstruktyvaus elgesio.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,68,'2010-12-05 10:37:45',62,'','2010-12-05 10:39:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-05 10:37:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(2080,'Pedagogo autoriteto problema visuomenėje','pedagogo-autoriteto-problema-visuomenje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogaus prigimtis gali atsiskleisti tik tada, kai yra palankios  tam sąlygos. Ta aplinka, kurioje žmogus veikia, turi atitikti jo prigimties polinkius ir poreikius. Labai svarbu toje aplinkoje jaustis dvasiškai laisvu. Norint būti geru pedagogu reikia ne tik gražių norų, bet ir turėti pašaukimą. Pedagoginis procesas - tai mokytojo ir mokinio sąveika. Jos sėkmes paslaptis yra bendravimas. Bendravimą lemia tarpasmeniniai mokytojų ir mokinių santykiai. Jie dar vadinami pedagoginiais santykiais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pedagoginiame procese bendravimą valdo mokytojas, jis planuoja ir kuria pedagoginę sąveiką. Tarpasmeninius santykius taip pat sąlygoja ir individų įsisavintos objektyvios vertybės - dorovės normos, pasaulėžiūra, įsitikinimai ir pan. Šios vertybės perauga į etalonus, pagal kuriuos vertinamas žmogaus elgesys ir veikla. Labai svarbu, kad pedagogas bendrautų su mokiniais pagarbiai, nuoširdžiai ir atvirai. Ypač svarbu, kad pedagogo bendravimo stilius žadintų mokinių smalsumą, norą tobulėti, augti kaip asmenybei bei stiprintų teigiamas emocijas. Labai svarbu yra ir pedagoginė empatija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tarp mokinių ir pedagogų šiltesni santykiai atsiranda tada, kai mokytojas domisi ugdytiniais ne tik pamokų metu, padeda jiems spręsti iškilusias problemas. Pedagogas yra nuoširdžiai gerbiamas tada, kai su juo mokinys gali laisvai ir atvirai pasikalbėti nebijodamas būti nesuprastu ir atstumtu. Mokėjimas pajusti kitą žmogų - didelis pasiekimas. Pedagogas yra gyvas pavyzdys mokiniams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jis turi būti humaniškas, išprusęs, gražių manierų, turi priimti bendras mūsų šaliai dorovines nuostatas, visada būti pasirengęs padėti mažesniam, vesti mokinį gėrio, tobulumo, tiesos, išminties keliu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,68,'2010-12-05 10:41:02',62,'','2010-12-05 10:44:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-05 10:41:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(2081,'Skaidrės apie ES','skaidrs-apie-es','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai skaidrės apie ES.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 09:34:31',62,'','2010-12-07 09:38:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 09:34:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,56,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(2082,'Phare programa','phare-programa','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">PHARE yra Europos Sąjungos ekonominės pagalbos programa, kuri finansuoja ekonomines ir socialines reformas Centrinėje ir Rytų Europoje, padėdama šio regiono šalims sukurti rinkos ekonomikas, paremtas laisva privataus sektoriaus iniciatyva.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Terminas PHARE - Poland and Hungary: Assistance for Restructuring of their Economies - iš pradžių reiškė 24 industrinių šalių  (G - 24 grupės) ekonominę paramą besiformuojančioms Lenkijos ir Vengrijos demokratijoms. 1989 m. gruodžio mėn. PHARE tapo specifine EB programa, kuria ji prisijungė prie G - 24 teikiamos pagalbos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuo metu PHARE pagalbą gauna 12 šalių: Lenkija, Vengrija, Albanija, Bulgarija Čekijos respublika, Estija, Latvija, Lietuva, Rumunija, Slovakija, Slovėnija ir buvusi Jugoslavijos respublika Makedonija (FYROM), kuri naudojasi PHARE humanitarine pagalba. Sąlygos gauti šią pagalbą yra šios: politinis stabilumas, įsipareigojimas siekti demokratijos idealų ir įgyvendinti laisvos rinkos principus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">PHARE biudžetas nuo 500 mln. ekiu 1990 m., 1991 m. išaugo iki 785 mln., 1992 m. buvo 1.015 mln., 1993 m. siekė 1.040 mln. ekiu, o 1994 m. sudarė 963 mln. ekiu. PHARE dažniausiai teikia negrąžinamas paskolas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 09:39:13',62,'','2010-12-07 09:42:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 09:39:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,55,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2083,'Lietuvos politinės sistemos įtvirtinimas 1922 m. ir 1928 m. konstitucijose','lietuvos-politins-sistemos-tvirtinimas-1922-m-ir-1928-m-konstitucijose','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konstitucija - pagrindinis valstybės įstatymas, nustatantis šalies politinės, teisinės ir ekonominės sistemos pagrindus. Tik priėmus konstituciją, įmanomas teisinis valstybės funkcionavimas, juridinė aukščiausiųjų politinės valdžios organų veikla, betarpiška įstatymų leidyba. Konstitucija nustato valstybės santvarkos pobūdį, padrindines institucijas, jų kompetencijas, apibrėžia piliečių teises.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valstybės politinės sistemos veikimas, jos sudėtinių dalių sąveikos galimybės priklauso būtent nuo šio pagrindinio valstybės įstatymo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XX a. I pusės nepriklausomos Lietuvos valstybės gyvenime buvo priimtos 4 laikinosios ir 2 nuolatinės konstitucijos, kuriomis buvo bandoma tobulinti šalies politinės sistemos pagrindus. Ilgiausiai galiojusios ir turbūt labiausiai Lietuvos politinį gyvenimą įtakojusios buvo 1922 m. ir 1928 m. Lietuvos Valsybės Konstitucijos. Gimusios nevienodomis politinėmis sąlygomis, jos iš esmės įtvirtino visiškai skirtingus politinės sistemos funkcionavimo rėmus. Nors abi formaliai pripažino demokratinių principų viršenybę ir įteisino demokratinę santvarką, 1928 m. konstitucijos įtvirtintas režimas akivaizdžiai krypo diktatūrinio valdymo link, taip atmesdamas 1922 m. konstitucijos suponuotą parlamentinės valdymo formos įteisinimo schemą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame darbe aš pabandysiu trumpai apžvelgti minėtų dviejų ryškiausių tarpukario Lietuvos konstitucijų atsiradimo sąlygas, aptarti jose įtvirtintos politinės sistemos pagrindinius bruožus ir šiek tiek giliau panagrinėti konstitucinių aukščiausiųjų valstybės organų veikimą.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 09:43:58',62,'','2010-12-07 09:46:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 09:43:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,54,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(2084,'Komunizmas','komunizmas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po komunistinių rėžimų žlugimo Rytų Europoje ir Rusijoje, dėmesys komunizmui kaip politinei ideologijai, smarkiai susilpnėjo. Didelė dalis akademinio sluoksnio žmonių ir šiaip plačioji visuomenė mano, kad lavono tyrimai nereikalingi. Tačiau jau dabar atsiranda žmonių, manančių, jog komunizmo idėja nėra blogas dalykas. Pati savaime tai teisinga ir graži idėja, o visos negerovės kilo dėl \"stalininių nukrypimų\". O jeigu pavyktų grįžti prie pačių ištakų, tai visos žmonijos lauktų graži ateitis. Su šiomis nuomonėmis aš nesutinku. Todėl nepaprastai svarbu toliau tyrinėti šio reiškinio kilimo priežastis, jo silpnąsias vietas. Taip pat tenka konstatuoti, jog ikimarksistinio laikotarpio komunistinės idėjos iki šiol nesilepino dideliu tyrėjų dėmesiu. Todėl daugelyje atvejų man teko remtis autentiškų darbų analize ir interpretacija, kas padidino nerimą, kad būsiu pernelyg subjektyvus ir šališkas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas - apžvelgti komunistines idėjas, suformuotas ikimarksistiniu laikotarpiu, pasistengti parodyti jų turinį, prasmę ir įtaką tolimesniam komunistinės minties vystymuisi. Tačiau galutinę prasmę šis darbas įgaus ateityje, kai pamėginsiu apžvelgti K.Markso politinę filosofiją.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 09:51:18',62,'','2010-12-07 09:53:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 09:51:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,53,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2085,'Baltijos šalys saugumas ir gynyba','baltijos-alys-saugumas-ir-gynyba','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai mokomoji knyga apie Baltijos šalių saugumą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 09:54:44',62,'','2010-12-07 09:58:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 09:54:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,52,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2086,'Nedemokratinis valdymas','nedemokratinis-valdymas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Autoritarizmas. Autoritarizmas tai toks valdymas, kai valstybė nėra atsakinga savo piliečiams (nevyksta reguliarūs ir laisvi rinkimai, varžomos politinės piliečių teisės, ribojama arba iš vis draudžiama politinių organizacijų ir politinių partijų veikla, cencūruojama žiniasklaida). Šis valdymas remiasi armija ir susiformuoja pokarinių perversmu, politinių demokratinių krizių. (Pvz., 1926 m. perversmas Lietuvoje, kurio rezultatas buvo autoritarinio režimo įsitvirtinimas. Vyriausybė paleido seimą,atsisakė rengti naujus rinkimus, įvedė karo padėtį ir griežtą cenzūrą sustabdė griežtą politinių partijų veiklą). Autoritarizmo sąlygomis išlieka kai kurie demokratijos elementai, leidžiama ribota opozicijos veikla, vyriausybė nevaržo ir nekontroliuoja ūkinės ir kultūrinės piliečių veiklos, leidžia veikti nepolitinėms bendrijoms ir organizacijoms.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Totalitarizmas.  Tai nedemokratinė valdymo forma, kai paneigiami visi demokratijos principai (vyriausybė neatsakinga tautai, griežtai reguliuoja ir reglamentuoja visas be išimties visas žmonių gyvenimo sritis (politinių partijų veikla, ūkininkavimas, privatus šeimos gyvenimas!). Totalitarizmo pavyzdžiai: Hitlerio valdoma Vokietija, TSSR (Stalino – Briežnevo laikų). Autoritarizmo ir totalitarizmo skirtumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Totalitarizme yra kontroliuojamos visos gyvenimo sritys, net žmogaus asmeninis gyvenimas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 09:59:03',62,'','2010-12-07 10:02:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 09:59:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,51,'','',0,55,'robots=\nauthor='),(2087,'NATO','nato','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">NATO įkurta atsižvelgiant į Jungtinių Tautų chartijos 51 - ą straipsnį, yra gynybinė sąjunga, pagrįsta nepriklausomų valstybių politiniu ir kariniu bendradarbiavimu. Kaip pasakyta NATO priambulėje, Aljanco nariai yra įsipareigoję ginti laisvę, saugoti bendrą palikimą ir civilizaciją, vadovaujantis demokratijos, individo laisvės ir įstatymo viršenybės principais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sutarties 4 - as straipsnis numato sąjungininkų konsultacijas, kai bent vienas iš jų mano, kad kyla grėsmė jo teritoriniam vientisumui, politinei nepriklausomybei arba saugumui. Atitinkamai pagal Šiaurės Atlanto sutarties 5-ą straipsnį NATO priklausančios valstybės yra įsipareigojusios ginti viena kitą. Tai reiškia, kad ginkluotas vienos ar kelių NATO valstybių Europoje arba Šiaurės Amerikoje užpuolimas bus laikomas jų visų užpuolimu. Ši organizacija gali imtis priemonių tik tokiu atveju, jei jam pritaria visos valstybės - narės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasibaigus šaltajam karui, NATO savaime pakito kaip organizacija ir išplėtojo savo politines bei karines struktūras, atsižvelgdama į kitokias Europos saugumo aplinkybes tuo pačiu metu siekdamos užtikrinti saugumą visoje Europoje, NATO valstybės ėmė plačiau bendradarbiauti ir įtraukė naujų partnerių iš Vidurio ir Rytų Europos. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 10:03:30',62,'','2010-12-07 10:06:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 10:03:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,50,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2088,'Demokratijos ištakos pasaulyje (referatas)','demokratijos-itakos-pasaulyje-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Demokratija nėra sunkiai suvokiamas dalykas. Demokratijos - tai politinės sistemos, kuriose balsų dauguma nustato vyriausybių sudėtį. Reguliari galimybė pakeisti daugumą turi skatinti laisvą konkurenciją tarp pretendentų. Bet kuri partija gali pasiūlyti bet kokią alternatyvinę programą tam, kad įtikintų balsuotojus atsisakyti esančios koalicijos ir suformuoti kitą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuo 6 iki 4 amžiaus p. Kr. Atėnų filosofai, menininkai , dramaturgai ir politikai ginčijosi dėl demokratijos privalumų, nepaisant to, kad patys ją įvedė. Pirmasis raštiškas įrodymas, kad atėniečiai taikė demokratiją, datuojamas 522 m. e. m., kai Herodotas Persų sukilimo proga suklasifikavo tada buvusias valdymo formas ir pateikė pirmuosius paaiškinimus apie atėnų valdymo būdą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tiesioginė demokratija buvo įmanoma tik valstybėje su nedideliu gyventojų skaičiumi, laiduojančių tiesioginį dalyvavimą. Piliečiai turėjo pažinti vienas kitą, žinoti kiekvieno privalumus ir silpnybes, polinkius ir temperamentą, savitumus ir preferencijas. Asamblėja buvo pirmasis organas, kuris atspindėjo jų vyriausybės viziją.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 10:35:18',62,'','2010-12-07 10:42:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 10:35:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,49,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2089,'Partijų kilmės samprata','partij-kilms-samprata','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Partijos atsirado kartu su demokratija, po Prancūzijos Didžiosios revoliucijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1 partija įsikūrė JAV. 1828 m. - demokratų partija, 1854 - respublikonų. Politinė partija - tai formali organizacija, kuri siekia įtakos valstybėje, dažnai bando užimti postus valdžioje, atstovauja interesus, bet juos išreiškia savo veikloje.Partijos narystės požiūriu yra uždaros. Org. partijos modeliai - partija nesuvokiama be rinkėjų, narių ir aktyvistų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 10:43:15',62,'','2010-12-07 10:46:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 10:43:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,48,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2090,'Lyginamoji politika','lyginamoji-politika','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mokslininkų bendruomenė neskiria savo darbo nuo gyvenimo. Tuo norima pasakyti, kad reikia išmokti savo gyvenimo patirtį panaudoti intelektualiniame darbe: mokėti ją tirti ir interpretuoti. Be to, reikia mokėti rūšiuoti informaciją, panašiai kaip tai daro geri rašytojai rinkdami straipsnius įvairiuose žurnaluose, o sociologai  “kolekcionuodami” savo bylas - to reikalauja sisteminis mąstymas. Bylose turi būti stengiamasi sujungti tai, kas daroma intelektualiniame pasaulyje su tuo, kas yra patiriama realiame. Toks požiūris įgalina “pagauti” atskalūniškas mintis (fringe - thoughts), kurios kitu atveju būtų atmestos ir, greičiausiai, pamirštos kaip pašaliniai intelektualinio proceso produktai, tačiau kartą pastebėtos gali prisidėti prie sistematinio mąstymo. Kokiu būdu? - Būtent vystant saviraiškos įgūdžius. Kilus sumanymams ar idėjoms jas reikia ne ignoruoti, o suformuluoti savo byloms ir, taip darant, numatyti jų reikšmę - arba atmesti, arba artikuliuoti į produktyvią formą. (Bylos padeda vystyti Jūsų rašymo įgūdžius).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Autorius nepateisina tokių socialinių mokslų mokslininkų, kurie planuoja tik tam tikroms progoms, kai reikia “pramušti” finansinius fondus. Praktikuojantis socialinių mokslų mokslininkas turėtų laikas nuo laiko peržvelgti savo “problemų ir planų būseną”, pasirinkti savo mėgstamą temą, kuria galėtų diskutuoti su savo kolegomis. Yra trys kertiniai dalykai, kuriais turėtų prasidėti ir baigtis socialinių mokslininkų darbai - PROBLEMOS, METODAI, TEORIJOS.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Galimi du žinučių rašymo būdai: 1) kai bandoma perrašyti autoriaus argumentą skaitant visą knygą ir 2) idėją, kai visų knygų perskaityti nėra įmanoma, o skaitomi susiję skyriai. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 10:47:15',62,'','2010-12-07 10:50:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 10:47:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,47,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(2091,'1918 m. Vasario 16 – oji bei jos reikšmė Lietuvos istorijoje','1918-m-vasario-16-oji-bei-jos-reikm-lietuvos-istorijoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vasario 16 – oji – itin reikšminga diena Lietuvos istorijoje. Tą dieną, lygiai prieš aštuoniasdešimt vienerius metus, buvo pasirašytas Lietuvos nepriklausomybės aktas, o tai turėjo didžiulę reikšmę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Be abejo, nebuvo lengva išsikovoti Lietuvos nepriklausomybę, tačiau vis tik pavyko. Šis aktas nebuvo staiga sugalvotas ir pasirašytas, bet jam buvo ruoštasi ir visi 1917 – 1918 m. įvykiai vedė prie jo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Itin svarbus įvykis, vedęs prie Vasario 16 – osios akto pasirašymo, buvo 1917 m. gruodžio 11 d. pasirašyta Lietuvos nepriklausomybės deklaracija. Tame dokumente buvo du punktai. Pirmajame Lietuvos taryba skelbė “nepriklausomos Lietuvos valstybės atkūrimą su sostine Vilniuje ir visų jos ryšių, kuriuos yra turėjusi su kitomis tautomis, nutraukimą”. Antrajame punkte nurodoma, kad “kurdama šią valstybę ir siekdama apginti jos interesus Taikos derybose, Lietuvos Taryba prašo Vokietijos apsaugos ir pagalbos. Lietuvos Taryba stoja už nuolatinį tvirtą sąjungos ryšį su Vokietijos valstybe”. Davus tokį pažadą Vokietijai, kilo nepasitenkinimas lietuvių visuomenėje, juolab kai paaiškėjo, jog net ir to maža, kad Vokietija paskelbtų pripažįstanti Lietuvos nepriklausomybę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po nepriklausomybės paskelbimo niekas Lietuvoje nebuvo pasikeitę. Okupantai vis dar niokojo kraštą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi Vokietija savo pažadų nesilaikė ir nepripažino Lietuvos nepriklausomybės, tai Lietuvos Taryba nutarė dar kartą skelbti Lietuvą nepriklausoma valstybe. Norint padidinti būsimą nepriklausomybės paskelbimo įspūdį ir Lietuvoje, ir užsienyje, ieškota būdų susigrąžinti pasitraukusius Tarybos narius, kad Nepriklausomybės aktą pasirašytų visa Lietuvos Taryba.  <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 10:51:35',62,'','2010-12-07 10:54:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 10:51:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,46,'','',0,75,'robots=\nauthor='),(2092,'Civilizacijų analizė','civilizacij-analiz','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Abi mano temos sąvokos gali būti nepakankamai aiškios. Todėl pradėsiu išvardydamas tuos kelis mokslininkus, kurie, manau, savo pagrindiniais akcentais yra šių dviejų perspektyvų atstovai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Civilizacijų analizei atstovauja Maxas V. Veberis, Norbertas Eliasas, Louis Dumont\'as, Benjaminas Nelsonas, S. N. Eisenstadtas. 1 Sąmoningumo istoriją reprezentuoja Michelis Foucault, Philippe\'as Ariesas, Haydenas White\'as, Fredricas Jamesonas, H. D. Harootunianas. 2 Antrąjį sąrašą būtų galima gerokai praplėsti: jis liudija, jog tai šiuo metu madingas požiūris.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugumos išvardytųjų garbei reikėtų pasakyti, kad jie nėra „gryni\" vienos kurios perspektyvos atstovai. Foucault savo svariais darbais apie beprotybę, medicinos klinikalizavimą ir apie įkalinimą yra tiek civilizacijos analitikas, tiek sąmoningumo istorikas. Iš tų, kuriuos būtų galima priskirti civilizacijų tyrinėtojams, Eliasas (savo studijomis apie „civilizuojantį procesą\") yra labiausiai susijęs su sąmoningumo istorija, o Eisenstadtui ji visiškai svetima.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 10:55:47',62,'','2010-12-07 11:00:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 10:55:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,45,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2093,'Valstybės politika: ko siekiame? kur einame?','valstybs-politika-ko-siekiame-kur-einame','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 11:02:12',62,'','2010-12-07 11:03:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 11:02:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,44,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2094,'Tačis programa','tais-programa','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Be PHARE programos Europos Sąjunga vykdo paralelinę TACIS programą, kurios tikslas yra teikti techninę pagalbą Naujoms Nepriklausomoms Valstybėms (NNV), kurios susikūrė iširus buvusiai Sovietų Sąjungai. TACIS arba techninės pagalbos Nepriklausomų Valstybių sandraugai programa (Technical Assitance to the Coomonwealth of Indepedent States) buvo įkuta 1991 m. gruodžio mėn. Visos 12 Naujų Nepriklausomų Valstybių gali gauti pagalbą pagal šią programą. Parama Tadžikistanui 1992 m. pradžioje buvo suspenduota dėl ten prasidėjusio pilietinio karo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">TACIS yra dižiausia  pagalbos programa valstybėms, atsiradusioms po Sovietų Sąjungos iširimo. Jos apimtis 1991 m. buvo 400 mln. ekiu, 1992 m. - 450 mln. ekiu, 1993 m. - 510 mln. ekiu, o 1994 m. - 460 mln. ekiu. Maždaug trečdalį visų skiriamių lėšų gauna Rusija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip ir PHARE, TACIS progamos tikslas yra padėti pagalbą gaunančioms šalims spręsti ekonomines ir socialines problemas kelyje į rinkos ekonomiką ir stiprinti demokratiją. Pagalba yra teikiama negražinamų paskolų forma.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 11:04:28',62,'','2010-12-07 11:06:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 11:04:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,43,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2095,'Lietuvos tautinė mažuma - lenkai','lietuvos-tautin-mauma-lenkai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tautinės mažumos konkretaus apibrėžimo dar nėra ne tik Lietuvos įstatymuose, bet ir tarptautiniuose dokumentuose. 1966 metais Jungtinėje Tautų Organizacijoje (JTO) buvo priimtas “Tarptautinis pilietinių ir politinių teisių paktas”, kuriame skelbiama - “Tose valstybėse, kur yra etninių, religinių ir kalbinių mažumų, asmenims, priklausantiems tokioms mažumoms, negali būti atimta teisė drauge su kitais jų grupės nariais turėti savo kultūrą, išpažinti ir praktikuoti savo religiją ar naudotis savo kalba” (3 knyga, 73 psl.). Vėliau, t. y. 1992 metais, JTO Generalinėje Asamblėjoje mažumoms priklausančių asmenų teisės yra išplečiamos – jiems suteikiama teisė aktyviai dalyvauti visuomeniniame gyvenime, steigti savo organizacijas, palaikyti ryšius su kitais savo grupės nariais, tačiau nė viename tarptautiniame mažumų teises nusakančiame dokumente nėra skatinamas autonomiškumas ar atsiskyrimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apžvelgus minėtų dokumentų esmę, galima būtų teigti, jog tautinė mažuma – tai “… nevyraujančios tautybės valstybės piliečių bendrija, mažesnė už vyraujančios tautybės valstybės gyventojų dalį, kurios kalba, papročių, kultūros bruožai skiriasi nuo gyventojų daugumos bruožų ir kurios nariai stengiasi išsaugoti savo tradicijas, religiją, tarpusavio solidarumą bei pilietines teises”. (1, 4)<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 11:07:43',62,'','2010-12-07 11:10:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 11:07:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,42,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2096,'Valdas Adamkus','valdas-adamkus','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valdas Adamkus gimė 1926 metų lapkričio 3 dieną Kaune tarnautojų šeimoje. Lankė Jono Jablonskio pradžios mokyklą, mokėsi Kauno \"Aušros\" gimnazijoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Karo metais dalyvavo rezistencinėje veikloje. 1944 - ųjų liepos mėnesį su tėvais pasitraukė į Vokietiją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vokietijoje Valdas Adamkus baigė lietuvių gimnaziją, įstojo į Miuncheno universitetą, Gamtos fakultetą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1949 metais atvyko gyventi į JAV.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš pradžių Valdas Adamkus dirbo darbininku automobilių dalių gamykloje Čikagoje. Vėliau - braižytoju vienoje inžinerijos firmoje. 1960 - aisiais baigė Ilinojaus universitetą, įgijo statybų inžinieriaus specialybę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aštuntojo dešimtmečio pradžioje jis buvo pakviestas dirbti į kuriamą JAV aplinkos apsaugos federalinės valdžios instituciją - Aplinkos apsaugos agentūrą. Vadovavo aplinkos apsaugos mokslinio tyrimo centrui, vėliau buvo paskirtas penktojo regiono (Vidurio Vakarų) Aplinkos apsaugos agentūros administratoriaus pavaduotoju. 1981 metais Valdas Adamkus tapo šio regiono Aplinkos apsaugos agentūros administratoriumi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valdas Adamkus buvo aktyvus sporto veiklos dalyvis ir organizatorius. 1948 metais Vokietijoje įvykusioje Pavergtųjų tautų olimpiadoje lengvosios atletikos rungtyse laimėjo du aukso ir du sidabro medalius. Buvo Vyriausiojo fizinio auklėjimo ir sporto komiteto generaliniu sekretoriumi ir pirmininku.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 11:11:40',62,'','2010-12-07 11:14:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 11:11:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,41,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2097,'Postmodernizmas ir politika','postmodernizmas-ir-politika','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai Alvydo Jokubaičio straipsnių rinkiniai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 11:15:21',62,'','2010-12-07 11:18:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 11:15:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,40,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(2098,'Europoje veikiančios tarptautinės organizacijos','europoje-veikianios-tarptautins-organizacijos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš pradžių penkiašalė, vėliau šešiašalė Vidurio Europos iniciatyva yra eksperimentinė regiono organizacija, įkurta skatinti glaudesnį bendradarbiavimą tradiciškai bendrų interesų sferoje. Narės yra Austrija, Čekija, Italija, Kroatija, Lenkija, Slovakija, Slovėnija ir Vengrija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Europos Taryba buvo pirmoji tarptautinė organizacija, įkurta Europoje po 1939 - 45 m. karo. Pagal Statutą, kurį pasirašė 10 valstybių steigėjų 1945 m. gegužės 5 d., jos tikslas yra dirbti didesnei Europos vienybei, palaikyti parlamentinės demokratijos principus, propaguoti žmogiškąsias vertybes, gerinti gyvenimo sąlygas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuo metu Taryba daugiausia rūpinasi žmogaus teisėmis, švietimu, kultūra ir sportu, socialiniais klausimais, jaunimo bedarbyste, visuomenės sveikata, aplinkos apsauga ir architektūros paveldu, vietine ir regionine savivalda bei teisėtvarka. Ryškesni tarybos laimėjimai yra šie: priimta Europos konvencija dėl žmogaus teisių, įsteigta Europos Komisija ir žmogaus teisių teismas - jų jurisdikcijos dabar kaip privalomos laikosi 19 valstybių narių, -  ir priimta Europos konvencija dėl kovos su terorizmu, kuri taip pat apibrėžia nusikaltimus, kurie netraktuotini kaip politiniai nusikaltimai ar kaip nusikaltimai iš politinių paskatų. Tarybos narės: Airija, Austrija, Belgija, Bulgarija, Čekija, Danija, Estija, Graikija, Islandija, Ispanija, Italija, Jungtinė Karalystė, Kipras, Lenkija, Lichtenšteinas, Lietuva (Lietuva ET nare tapo 1993 m. gegužės 14 d.), Liuksemburgas, Malta, Norvegija, Olandija, Portugalija, Prancūzija, San Marinas, Slovakija, Slovėnija, Suomija, Švedija, Šveicarija, Turkija, Vengrija, Vokietija (1995 m. ET narėmis tapo Albanija, Andora, Latvija, Makedonija, Moldova, Rumunija, Ukraina, 1996 m. - Rusija).<br /> {googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 17:16:22',62,'','2010-12-07 17:26:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 17:16:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,39,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2099,'Įsivaizduojamos bendruomenės','sivaizduojamos-bendruomens','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip teigia eilutės ant knygos viršelio, apibūdinančios knygos turinį – “šioje knygoje nagrinėjama tautiškumo idėja – asmeninės ir kultūrinės tautinės tapatybės suvokimas”. “Įsivaizduojamos bendruomenės” – žinomiausias Benedict’o Anderson’o, Cornello universiteto profesoriaus, darbas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apmąstydamas nacionalizmo kilmę ir plitimą, autorius nesigriebia populiariausių nacionalizmo pavyzdžių (eg. XX amžiaus pirmosios pusės Vokietijos). Jo studija didžia dalimi paremta kolonizacijos kaip reiškinio su visomis priežastimis ir pasekmėmis, tyrimu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įvadinėje knygos dalyje autorius apibrėžią naciją, kaip “įsivaizduojamą politinę bendruomenę, įsivaizduojamai iš prigimties ribotą bei suverenią”. Įvesdamas “įsivaizduojamumą” kaip pagrindinį nacionalizmo egzistavimo atributą, B. Ander-son’as be ideologijos, t.y. nacionalizmo, suabstraktinimo, sudrebina tautiškumo ir patriotizmo pagrindus, sukurdamas “įsivaizduojamo” kosmopolitiškumo fikciją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Norėčiau išskirti kelias plotmes, kurios apibūdintų nacionalizmo/kos-mopolitizmo (nesupriešinu šių sąvokų, kaip kontrastingų viena kitai, tiesiog organizuoju tam tikrą svarstyklių sistemą – vienoje pusėje nacionalizmas ar net partikuliarizmas, o kitoje – kosmopolitizmas), santykį. Visų pirma – nacionalizmas/kosmopolitizmas paremtas nacija, tautiniu identitetu, antra – nacionalizmas/kosmopolitizmas paremtas bet kuriuo kitu argumentu (religija, rase ir pan.) arba konkrečiau - kultūra. Aišku, nacionalizmo sąvoka pati savaime signalizuoja apie naciją, ir jos, kaip nacionalizmo sąvokos apibrėžimo komponento, svarbą, tačiau pagrindinį vaidmenį šios ideologijos atsiradime ir plitime, anot B. Anderson’o, gali suvaidinti ir kiti gyvenimo aspektai, kaip antai religija ar spauda.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 17:27:27',62,'','2010-12-07 17:29:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 17:27:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,38,'','',0,60,'robots=\nauthor='),(2100,'Tarptautinės politikos tipai','tarptautins-politikos-tipai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai tarptautinės politikos tipų lentelė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 17:30:42',62,'','2010-12-07 17:33:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 17:30:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,37,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2101,'Platono valstybė','platono-valstyb','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Asmeninius sugebėjimus Platonas laiko tokiais, kad jeigu lavinimas būtų tinkamai apgalvotas ir kontroliuojamas, susiformuoja darni visuomeninė grupė. Egzistuojančių valstybių bėda ta ir yra, kad auklėjimas jose buvo neteisingas, ir jeigu reikia pagerinti žmonių giminę - tai ugdant įgimtus polinkius tai galima pasiekti. Nedarni visuomenė turėtų suteikti savo piliečiams tas galimybes visapusiškai ugdyti savo sugebėjimus, kurie būtini jų poreikiams patenkinti. Dorovė turėtų būti drauge ir asmeninė ir visuomeninė, o jei yra kitaip, tai išsprendžiama taisant valstybę ir tobulinant individą, kol pasiekiama įmanoma nauda.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Analizuodamas valstybės ir individo santykį Platonas sukuria teoriją kuri sprendžia tas problemas. Iš valstybės analizės matyti, kad ji turi atlikti 3 funkcijas: patenkinti svarbiausius fizinius poreikius, saugoti valstybę ir ją valdyti. Iš čia išplaukia, kad turi būti ir 3 klasės, ir kadangi funkcijų pasidalijimas remiasi gabumų skirtumu, tai reiškia, kad yra 3 žmonių tipai: vieni, kurie iš prigimties tinka dirbti, o ne valdyti,; tie, kurie tinka valdyti, bet tik kitų prižiūrimi ir nukreipiami, ir galiausiai tie, kurie tinka eiti aukščiausias valstybės valdymo pareigas. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 17:34:41',62,'','2010-12-07 17:41:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 17:34:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,36,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2102,'Socialdemokratija','socialdemokratija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Idėjinė socialdemokratų doktrina – socializmas kaip evoliucinis judėjimas, realizuojant pagrindines bendražmogiškas vertybes – laisvę, socialinį teisingumą ir solidarumą. Socialdemokratijos teorinės nuostatos apima ne tik marksizmo sociologiją, bet ir krikščioniškąsias vertybes, pasaulietinio humanizmo principus ir įvairias kultūrines tradicijas. Siekdami savo tikslų, socialdemokratai akcentuoja aktyvų valstybės vaidmenį ekonomikoje ir visuomeninių gėrybių paskirstyme. Tai pasiekiama ne diktato ar administravimo būdų, o lanksčia mokesčių, dotacijų ir investicijų politika įvairiuose visuomenės gyvenimo sferose. Socialdemokratų metodas – tolerancija ir kompromisas, pasiekiamas diskusijų būdu; tai ir tenkinimasis dalimi, tuo pat metu neatsisakant visuminio tikslo; tai sugebėjimas adaptuoti savo politiką dinamiškoje įvykių ir situacijų tėkmėje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Socialdemokratijos idealas – “socialinė valstybė”, efektyviai garantuojanti maksimalią socialinę ir ekonominę lygybę visiems visuomenės sluoksniams, tuo pat metu išsaugant ir skatinant jų politinę ir ekonominę iniciatyvą bei pažangą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valstybė turi būti efektyvi skirstytoja ir garantuoti gerovę ne tokioms turtingoms socialinėms grupėms. Valstybinė ekonominio gyvenimo kontrolė, ypač darbo rinkos priežiūra (kova su nedarbu) bei progresyvinių mokesčių sistema, kai labiausiai apmokestinamas stambaus kapitalo pelnas – tai du socialdemokratų ekonominės politikos kanonai. Pagrindinis šios politikos tikslas yra veikti visuomenės pajamų, o ne privačios nuosavybės paskirstymą.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 17:42:26',62,'','2010-12-07 17:45:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 17:42:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,35,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2103,'Profesinių sąjungų vadovas apie globalizaciją','profesini-sjung-vadovas-apie-globalizacij','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Globalizacija tapo realybe. Ji gali tapti virsti realybe. Po masinių teroristinių atakų, pasaulis dar labiau susirūpino globalaus valdymo bei reguliavimo svarba ir tuo, kad žmonių gyvybėms gresia pavojus. Terorizmas daug ką pakeitė, bet tai tik dar labiau užaštrina problemas ir strategijas, aptariamas šioje knygoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Globalizacija daro įtaką mūsų, tiek kaip piliečių, tiek kaip profsąjungininkų, gyvenimams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Profsąjungos stengiasi suteikti globalizacijai žmogišką pavidalą, tarptautiniu mastu suderinti tam tikras taisykles, apsaugosiančias darbuotojų teises. Norint tai įvykdyti, profsąjungų atstovams reikia aktyviai ir efektyviai dalyvauti tarptautinėse diskusijose, įtraukti bendroves, vyriausybes ir tarptautines organizacijas į dialogą dėl dirbančiųjų teisių, socialinių klausimų ir atsakomybės už globalizacijos padarinius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šis vadovas turėtų padėti nacionalinių ir vietinių profesinių sąjungų vadovams ir nariams aptarti su globalizacija susijusius klausimus. Jis sukurtas kaip priemonė tarptautinio lygmens integravimui į profsąjunginį darbą. Visiems aišku, kad pasaulinė ekonomika daro įtaką dirbantiesiems, jų šeimoms bei bendruomenėms. Todėl reikia suburti ir paveikti dirbančiuosius bei jų profsąjungas visose pasaulio šalyse. Kadangi visi ieškome būdų suprasti globalizaciją ir sukurti stipresnį ir efektyvesnį profsąjungų solidarumą, labai svarbus aktyvus profsąjungininkų dalyvavimas tarptautiniame profsąjungų judėjime.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 17:46:49',62,'','2010-12-07 17:50:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 17:46:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,34,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2104,'Lietuvos integracija į Europos Sąjungą','lietuvos-integracija-europos-sjung','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Integracija į Europos Sąjungą, greta siekio tapti NATO nare ir palaikyti gerus santykius su kaimyninėmis šalimis, yra vienas svarbiausių Lietuvos užsienio politikos tikslų. Integracija nėra vienkartinis įvykis, o veikiau ilgas procesas, kurio metu plečiamas ir gilinamas jau pradėtas bendradarbiavimas tarp Lietuvos ir Europos Sąjungos šalių - narių. Visos pagrindinės mūsų šalies politinės jėgos sutaria dėl Lietuvos būsimos narystės ES.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Norime būti Europos Sąjungoje, kad sustiprintume mūsų europietišką identitetą, užtikrintume ir vystytume politinį ir ekonominį stabilumą, sukurtume pagrindą ekonomikos vystymuisi ateityje. Ekonominės politikos srityje Lietuvos įsijungimas į Europos Bendrąją rinką mums būtų naudingas daugeliu aspektų, pvz., užtikrintų greitą ir tolygią Lietuvos ekonomikos plėtrą, spartų gyvenimo standartų augimą, efektyvios konkurencinės aplinkos sukūrimą, regioninės politikos klausimų efektyvų sprendimą, palankių Bendros žemės ūkio politikos (BŽŪP) principų įdiegimą Lietuvos žemės ūkyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Todėl vienas svarbiausių Lietuvos užsienio politikos tikslų artimiausiu metu yra pradėti derybas dėl narystės Europos Sąjungoje. Sėkminga ekonominių reformų eiga bei mūsų gebėjimas perkelti į Lietuvos teisę ir praktikoje įgyvendinti Europos Sąjungos teisės aktus mums teikia pasitikėjimo savo jėgomis. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 17:52:01',62,'','2010-12-07 17:54:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 17:52:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,33,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2105,'Konservatizmas: už ir prieš','konservatizmas-u-ir-prie','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viena iš svarbiausių politinių doktrinų, susiformavusių kaip atsakas į situaciją, Europoje, kuri susidarė po to, kai Prancūzų Didžioji revoliucija peraugo į jakobinų diktatūrą ir ėmė kelti grėsmę Europos stabilumui ir gerovei. Konservatizmo pagrindines mintis suformavo E.Berkas savo veikale \"Apmastymai apie prancūzų revoliuciją\". Tas idėjas vėliau išplėtojo kiti mąstytojai bei politikai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konservatizmo srovė Vakarų Europos Politiniams rėžimams davė daug ryškių lyderių tokių kaip Dizraelis, Churchilis, de Golis, Teacher, Reaganas ir kiti. Šie žmonės savo šalių istorijoje paliko laibai svarų indėlį ir tapo kiekvieno konservatoriaus sektinu asmeniu. Tačiau verta pasakyti, jog retas politikas savo veiksmus grindžia politine ideologija, todėl ideologijos politinei praktikai ne visada turi labai didelės reikšmės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame darbelyje pasistengsiu apžvelgti pagrindinius konservatizmo postulatus, pradėdamas nuo kritikų teiginių ir po to pamėgindamas juos apginti. Konservatizmo kritiką imsiu tiek iš akademinių veikalų, tiek iš \"gatvės\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Perdėta pagarba tradicijoms. Tradicijos, kuomet jų laikomasi neparastai griežtai gali kenkti bendrajam žmonijos vystymuisi ir ekonominiam progresui. Konservatizmas ne kartą yra pasisakęs prieš pokyčius, kurie pažeidinėjo kaimo visuomenei įprastą (labai parastą) gradaciją, o mašininės gamybos įsigalėjimas ir žmonių koncentracija miestuose visiškai keitė žmonių tarpusavio santykius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visi žmonių tarpusavio santykiai, dabar buvo nužmoginti, paversti paprastais ir racionaliais (dažniausia pinigais). Konservatoriai, kurių idealu buvo tradicinė feodalinė visuomenė, priešinasi modernumui bandydami grąžinti tai kas iš esmės yra praėję.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 17:55:13',62,'','2010-12-07 17:57:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 17:55:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,32,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2106,'Socialistinių idėjų atspindys','socialistini-idj-atspindys','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po komunistinių rėžimų žlugimo Rytų Europoje ir Rusijoje, dėmesys komunizmui kaip politinei ideologijai, smarkiai susilpnėjo. Didelė dalis akademinio sluoksnio žmonių ir šiaip plačioji visuomenė mano, kad lavono tyrimai nereikalingi. Tačiau jau dabar atsiranda žmonių, manančių, jog komunizmo idėja nėra blogas dalykas. Pati savaime tai teisinga ir graži idėja, o visos negerovės kilo dėl \"stalininių nukrypimų\". O jeigu pavyktų grįžti prie pačių ištakų, tai visos žmonijos lauktų graži ateitis. Su šiomis nuomonėmis aš nesutinku. Todėl nepaprastai svarbu toliau tyrinėti šio reiškinio kilimo priežastis, jo silpnąsias vietas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taip pat tenka konstatuoti, jog ikimarksistinio laikotarpio komunistinės idėjos iki šiol nesilepino dideliu tyrėjų dėmesiu. Todėl daugelyje atvejų man teko remtis autentiškų darbų analize ir interpretacija, kas padidino nerimą, kad būsiu pernelyg subjektyvus ir šališkas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas- apžvelgti komunistines idėjas, suformuotas ikimarksistiniu laikotarpiu, pasistengti parodyti jų turinį, prasmę ir įtaką tolimesniam komunistinės minties vystymuisi. Tačiau galutinę prasmę šis darbas įgaus ateityje, kai pamėginsiu apžvelgti K.Markso politinę filosofiją.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 17:59:11',62,'','2010-12-07 18:01:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 17:59:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,31,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2107,'Žydai ir Lietuvos komunistų partija','ydai-ir-lietuvos-komunist-partija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos komunistų partija nuo kitų partijų skyrėsi ne tik savo programa, bet ir vidaus gyvenimo principais. Ji buvo kuriama kaip Rusijos komunistinio judėjimo sudedamoji dalis ir formuojama Rusijos komunistų (bolševikų) partijos idėjiniais - teoriniais bei organizaciniais pagrindais. Laikydamiesi bolševikų požiūrio, kad partijos sudėtis yra esminė jos veiklos efektyvumo sąlyga, o kadrai lemia partijos siekių įgyvendinimą, Lietuvos komunistų partijos vadovai pagal VKP(b) ir Kominterno direktyvas taip pat reguliavo organizacijos sudėtį, siekė jos gretų socialinio, idėjinio ir politinio grynumo bei organizacinio monolitiškumo, atkakliai stengėsi užkirsti kelią, jų požiūriu, priešiškų socialinių sluoksnių atstovams stoti į partiją, griežtai kovojo su skaldomąja ir frakcine komunistų veikla.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">SSRS okupavus Lietuvą, 1940 m. spalio mėn. LKP buvo oficialiai įtraukta į VKP(b) ir integruota į jos politinį ir vidaus gyvenimą. Lietuvos komunistų partijos sudėties reguliavimo procesas tapo organizuotas ir griežtai reglamentuotas, jam vadovavo VKP(b). Griežta naujų narių priėmimo tvarka ir 1940 m. spalio mėn. pradėtas masinis valymas buvo pagrindiniai partijos sudėties reguliavimo metodai. Jais buvo kryptingai formuojama tokios sudėties marionetinė organizacija, kuri užtikrintų VKP(b) politikos įgyvendinimą okupuotoje Lietuvoje ir būtų patikimas šalies aneksijos ir sovietizavimo įrankis.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 18:01:55',62,'','2010-12-07 18:04:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 18:01:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,30,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2108,'Jungtinių tautų organizacija ','jungtini-taut-organizacija-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Generalinė asamblėja susideda iš visų JTO valstybių - narių atstovų. Tai pagrindinis Organizacijos organas, kuris aptaria visus svarbiausius ir aktualiausius klausimus bei rengia rekomendacijas valstybėms - narėms ir Saugumo Tarybai, taip pat priiminėja rezoliucijas ir deklaracijas įvairiais pasaulinės politikos klausimais. Generalinė Asamblėja negali priimti tokių nutarimų, kurie būtų privalomi bet kurios valstybės vyriausybei, tačiau jos rekomendacijos ir rezoliucijos būdamos tarptautinės viešosios nuomonės išraiška, daro didžiulį poveikį pasaulinei politikai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienas JTO narys turi po vieną balsą, ir Generalinė asamblėja sprendimus priima taip pat balsuodama. 2/3 balsį dauguma sprendžiami klausimai, susiję su tarptautinės taikos ir saugumo reikalais, renkami Saugumo, Globos, Ekonominės ir Socialinės Tarybų nariai, pagal Saugumo Tarybos rekomendaciją į JTO priimami nauji nariai. Paprastos daugumos užtenka priimti, kitokiems ne taip svarbiems sprendimams.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 18:06:06',62,'','2010-12-07 18:11:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 18:06:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,29,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2109,'Mūsų laikų ideologijos','ms-laik-ideologijos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Idealistiniu požiūriu, pasaulis kilęs iš idėjos, egzistuojančios už jos ribų , o materialistiniu požiūriu,  pasaulio pradžios priežastys glūdi jame pačiame, jo materialioje tikrovėje. Trečiojo požiūrio, - agnosticizmo - problemos galutinai išspręsti neįmanoma. Šios bendriausios sampratos arba vaizdiniai sudaro pasaulėžiūrą. Kiekvienas žmogus turi tam tikrą pasaulėžiūrą ir derina ją su savo praktine egzistencija. Žmonės pažįsta pasaulį sistemingai. Tokį pasaulio pažinimą vadinsime moksliniu, o jo rezultatus, surinktas žinias - mokslu. Moksliniu požiūriu siekiama nustatyti tiesą; jam būdingi tam tikri principai, kuriais būtinai vadovaujamasi, dirbant mokslinį darbą. Moksliniam pažinimui būtini šie principai: vartojamos sąvokos privalo būti tikslios; visus pateikiamus teiginius turi būti įmanoma įrodyti; bet kuris teiginys turi neprieštarauti kitiems su ta pačia problema susijusiems teiginiams ir karu su jais sudaryti vientisą ir logišką įrodymų visumą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogaus žemiškoji būtis turi du lygmenis: 1) tai gamta, 2) visi žmonijos kūriniai. Šiam antrajam lygmeniui priskirsime ir žmogaus gebėjimą mąstyti bei įvairaus mąstymo apie politiką formas. Politika - tai organizuotoje žmonių bendruomenėje vykstančių reiškinių, susijusių su valdžia, visuma. Į pirmąjį politikos planą visada iškyla veiksmai, susiję su valdymu, kova dėl valdžios. Politiniam gyvenimui itin reikšminga valstybė. Valstybė - tai hierarchinis ir teritorinis darinys, reguliuojantis įvairias visuomenės gyvenimo sritis ir galintis disponuoti įvairiomis prievartos formomis. Įvairiose epochose politinis mąstymas reiškėsi įvairiomis formomis. Galime skirti tris politinių idėjų raidos stadijas. Idėjos primityviausia prasme yra tam tikri vaizdiniai. Antrojoje stadijoje šiuos pirmuosius elementus žmonių protai sieja į visumas (koncepcijas). Išaiškėja kas yra svarbiausia iš politinių koncepcijų, plėtojasi sudėtingesnės politinės mąstysenos formos.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 18:12:46',62,'','2010-12-07 18:16:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 18:12:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,28,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2110,'Rinkimai  (referatas)','rinkimai-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rinkimai valstybės valdžios ir visuomenei vadovaujančiųjų organų sudarymo būdas. Taigi  dabar  visuomenėje  labiausiai  paplitusi  demokratinių  rinkimų  forma.  Pagrindinis  demokratinio valdymo  principas  yra  tas,  kad  visa  valdžia  priklauso  žmonėms,  tautai.  Tačiau  tauta  savo  valdžią  įgyvendina  netiesiogiai,  o  per  renkamus  atstovus  (kandidatus).  Taigi  rinkimų  paskirtis  yra  demokratijos  įgyvendinimas,  tautos  atstovų  išrinkimas  ir  valstybės  vyriausybės  suformavimas.  Rinkimų  procedūros  metu  valstybės  piliečiai  -  rinkėjai  iš  daugelio  pasiūlytų  kandidatų  išsirenka  tuos  asmenis,  kuriais  labiausiai  pasitiki,  patiki  atstovų  iki  rinkiminiais  pažadais  ir  sutinka  suteikti  jiems  teisę  valdyti  valstybę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Per  rinkimus  užverda  politinės  kovos  tarp  priešingų  renkamųjų  atstovų  stovyklų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi  per  rinkimus  išrinkti  piliečiai  atstovaus  žmonėms  ir  turėtų  vykdyti  jų  paliepimus,  bet  tai  ne  visada  yra  daroma.  Rinkimų  vykdymas,  jų  organizavimas,  politinių  partijų  kandidatų  kėlimas  yra  labai  sunkus  procesas  pareikalaujantis  daug  lėšų  bei  laiko.  Rinkimai  dažnai  iš  demokratijos  įgyvendinimo  formos  pavirsta  savotišku  spektakliu,  propagandos  kampanija,  kurios  tikslas  ne tautos  atstovų  išrinkimas,  o  esamo  rėžimo  pozicijų  sutvirtinimas  ir  įteisinimas. Rinkimai  remiasi  ir  yra  demokratiški  tik  tuomet,  kada  nėra  pažeidžiamos  rinkimų  teisės  bei  rinkime  dalyvauja  tik  tos  valstybės  piliečiai.  Rinkimai  labai  puiki  priemonė  vyriausybės  valdžios  legalumui  užtikrinti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau  tik  rinkimais  sudaryta  vyriausybė  turi  patį  tvirčiausią  pagrindą  savo  valdžiai  pateisinti,  savotišką ne abejotinai  teisėtos  valdžios  aureolę. Taigi  rinkimai  buvo  sumanyti  tam,  kad  būtų  galima  įgyvendinti  demokratiją.  Rinkimai  -  gana  sudėtinga  procedūra,  ištisas  įvairių  vienas  po  kito  einančių  veiksmų  procesas.   Tad  šiame  referate  bus  apsprendžiami  pagrindiniai  su  rinkimais  susijusiais  klausimais.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 18:16:58',62,'','2010-12-07 18:21:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 18:16:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,27,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(2111,'Valstybės sąvoka','valstybs-svoka','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Individo, gyvenimas bei jo prasmė labai priklauso nuo santvarkos tos valstybės, kurios pilietis jis yra nuo valdžios struktūrų  bei valdymo priklauso  ir mūsų visų reikalai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Esame įvairių grupių nariai, o šių grupių veiklumą lemia  tiek valstybė, tirk jų tarpusavio santykiai. Politika – teisėta veiklos forma tada, kai kyla iš poreikio siekti tikslų, vertingų visiems.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Politika – valstybės valdymo menas – turi savus dėsnius bei principus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prasta ta politika, kurios esmė yra egoizmas – siekimas asmeninės naudos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Naujai formuojami Europos pilietybės pagrindai (Mastrichto sutartis) yra kvietimas kiekvienam iš mūsų: tikimasi, kad europiečiai sugebės būti lojalūs šiai platesnei už valstybę struktūrai - daugelio valstybių konfederacijai. Teks bandyti kurti daugiakalbę, vienijančią daug kultūrų politinę bei ekonominę bendriją.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 18:31:33',62,'','2010-12-07 18:33:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 18:31:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,26,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(2112,'Ekonominis determinizmas','ekonominis-determinizmas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Politikos ir visuomenės ryšiai istorijos bėgyje domino ne vieną mokslininką. Pasaulyje yra tūkstančiai į vairiausių schemų, modelių ir teorijų apie aplinkos įtaką politiniams procesams. Vieni mokslininkai įžvelgė labai tiesioginius ryšius tarp politikos ir aplinkos, kiti  - mažesnius. K. Markso teorijos yra tik vienos iš nedaugelio, bet galima sakyti užima kraštutinę poziciją, kuri teigia, jog politika teisė ir menas yra visiškai priklausomi nuo visuomenėje vykstančių darbo santykių. Nei teisė nei politika negali vystytis pagal sau būdingus principus, bet yra visiškai priklausomi nuo ekonominių formacijų raidos ir keičiasi paskui juos, įtvirtindami jų pasiekimus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Savo teorijoms konstruoti K. Marksas pasiėmė Vokiečių filosofo Hegelio požiūrį apie idėjų kovą pasaulio istorijoje. Po tam tikrų svarstymų K. Marksas modifikavo Hegelio teorijas paneigdamas idėjiškumą. Kaip teigia K. Marksas: \"teisiniai santykiai, kaip ir valstybių formos, negali būti suprasti nei patys iš savęs, nei iš vadinamojo žmogaus dvasios vystymosi, kad priešingai jų šaknys glūdi materialinėse gyvenimo sąlygose, kurias Hegelis XVIII amžiaus anglų ir prancūzų pavyzdžiu sujungia \"civilinės visuomenės\" sąvokoje, o civilinės visuomenės anatomijos reiktų ieškoti politinėje ekonomijoje\", taigi remiantis Marksu galima teigti, jog realiai žmonijos vystymuisi idėjos nevaidina jokio vaidmens. Nagrinėjant socialinius reiškinius K. Markso požiūriu reiktų skirti gamybinius reiškinius nuo ideologinių formų \"kuriomis žmonės įsisavina konfliktą ir su juo kovoja.\"<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 18:35:29',62,'','2010-12-07 18:38:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 18:35:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,25,'','',0,34,'robots=\nauthor='),(2113,'Taikinys Nr. 1','taikinys-nr-1','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai knyga apie Prezidentinį skandalą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 18:38:41',62,'','2010-12-07 18:41:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 18:38:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,24,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2114,'Slobodanas Miloševičius','slobodanas-miloeviius','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jį užvaldžiusi didžiosios Serbijos sukūrimo idėja. Ji tapo pagrindiniu jo gyvenimo tikslu. Tai idėjai realizuoti teko sulipdyti tokias pseudo valstybes kaip Serbijos Respubliką Bosnijoje ir Serbijos Ukrainą bei Rytų Slavoniją Kroatijoje. Kurdama jas Serbija įsitraukė į kruvinus karus buvusios Jugoslavijos teritorijoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Manoma, kad S. Miloševičiui jaunystėje didelę įtaką padarė motina serbė, kuri, kaip anksčiau rašė opozicinė Serbijos spauda, buvo fanatiška komunistė. Beje, ji – kaimo mokytoja. Tačiau jos nepaveikė didžiulės permainos pasaulyje, kuomet žlugo komunistinė sistema ir liko tik jos salelės – Kuba, Šiaurės Korėja. Prezidento motina išliko ištikima Lenino ir stalino mokinė. Tuo tarpu tėvas, pagal tautybę juodkalnietis, buvo tikybos mokytojas, bandęs tapti dvasiškiu. Aišku, kad tėvų keliai turėjo skirtis. Tėvai išsiskyrė, kuomet Slobodanas dar buvo vaikas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vėliau tėvus ėmė persekioti kažkokia lemtis: kai Slobodanas dar mokėsi universitete, nusišovė tėvas. Vėliau, kai sūnus jau buvo padaręs didelę karjerą, pasikorė motina. Dar po kurio laiko nusišovė dėdė – motinos brolis, generolas. Jį būsimasis prezidentas labai gerbė ir mylėjo. Dėdės savižudybė sūnėnui buvo didelis smūgis.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 18:41:59',62,'','2010-12-07 18:46:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 18:41:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,23,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2115,'Europos Sąjungos institucijos','europos-sjungos-institucijos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip ir kiekviena valstybė, Europos Sąjunga negalėtų funkcionuoti be įstatymų leidžiamosios, vykdomosios ir teisminės valdžios. Šioms funkcijoms įgyvendinti Europos Sąjunga visų valstybių narių bendru susitarimu įsteigė penkias pagrindines institucijos - Tarybą, Komisiją, Europos Parlamentą, Teisingumo Teismą ir Audito Rūmus - ir dvi patariamąjį statusą turinčias institucijas - Ekonomikos ir socialinių reikalų komitetą bei Regionų komitetą. Be šių institucijų ES veikia papildomos institucijos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šios institucijos priima sprendimus, remiantis kuriais sukuriamas pagrindas ES funkcionavimui. Sprendimų priėmimas - tai Europos Bendrijų teisės aktų ir kitokių nutarimų priėmimo tvarka.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 18:46:57',62,'','2010-12-07 18:49:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 18:46:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,22,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2116,'Norvegijos politinės partijos','norvegijos-politins-partijos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Norvegija ir jos politika yra labai įdomus tyrimo objektas Lietuvos politologams. Pirmiausia Norvegija mums įdomi kaip mūsų kaimynė, svarbi Lietuvos partnerė integruojantis į NATO. Nors ji nevaidina mūsų šalyje tokio vaidmens kaip Švedija, tačiau tai tikrai nesumenkina jos tyrinėjimo aktualumo ir prasmės. Be to Norvegija europos tyrinėtojams iki šiol liks mįslė, kodėl ji būdama NATO narė, du kartus atmetė pasiūlymą tapti Europos Sąjungos nare. Man asmeniškai šis klausimas yra įdomus todėl, kad Norvegijoje turiu pažįstamą, su kuriuo mane sieja malonūs prisiminimai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Deja vėl tenka konstatuoti, kad nepaisant artimų atstumų, yra jaučiamas tam tikras literatūros badas apie Norvegijos politinę sistemą, bei politines partijas. Todėl daugelyje atvejų man tekdavo remtis tik viso labo internetinėmis publikacijomis ir dar jomis visiškai pasinaudoti trukdė kalbos barjeras, nes labai daug informacijos yra vien tik norvegų kalba, kurios aš nemoku. Be to kaip jau minėjau, Klaipėdos sąlygomis jaučiamas tam tikras badas intelektualinės analitinės literatūros, todėl ir internetinės publikacijos dažniausiai paimtos iš pačių partijos tinklalapių. Tai iš esmės reiškia, jog mano darbe trūks analitiškumo, pats darbas bus labai fragmentiškas ir apie kai kurias partijas bus kalbama labai mažai. Priežastis kaip jau galima suprasti. Didžioji dalis informacijos yra pateikiama iš pačių Norvegijos politinių partijų tinklalapių, iš kurių ne visi turi bent jau trumpus tekstus angliškai. Taip yra su \"Venstrės\" partija, Krikščionių liaudies ir eile kitų partijų. Tik konservatorių partijos \"HOYRE\", bei Liaudies darbo partijos tinklalapių angliškos versijos gana išsamios, nors partijų programos tėra tik esamo momento, o tai trukdo atskleisti partijų evoliuciją laiko bėgyje.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 18:50:52',62,'','2010-12-07 18:53:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 18:50:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,21,'','',0,43,'robots=\nauthor='),(2117,'Tėvynės Sąjunga (Lietuvos koncervatoriai)','tvyns-sjunga-lietuvos-koncervatoriai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Idėja Sąjūdžio pamatu kurti partiją buvo iškelta dar 1990 metais, tačiau po tais pačiais metais įvykusio Sąjūdžio antrojo suvažiavimo liko ankstesnis visuomeninis politinis organizacijos statusas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sąjūdžio pozicija savo pačių iškeltų ir rinkimus laimėjusių kandidatų į Lietuvos Respublikos Aukščiausiąją Tarybą atžvilgiu dėl įvairių nuomonių Sąjūdžio vadovybėje buvo dviprasmiška; viena vertus, norėta ir toliau būti AT Didžiosios Sąjūdžio frakcijos atramine politine baze, antra vertus - tarsi sudaryti oponuojančią valdžiai organizaciją. Buvo suburta Tėvynės Atgimimo sąjungos kūrimo iniciatyvinė grupė: E. Jarašiūnas, V. Kubilius, V. Landzbergis, A. Stasiškis, S. Šaltenis, M. Laurinkus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1993 m. kovo 10 d. paskelbta Tėvynės Atgimimo sąjungos steigiamoji deklaracija. Joje sakoma: “Norėdami, kad į nepriklausomybę atvedusi Sąjūdžio srovė įgytų konkretesnių politinio veikimo formų, suvokiame įkurti Tėvynės Atgimimo sąjungą, tvirtą ir nuosaikią dešiniojo centro partiją”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1993 balandžio 30 d. 45 Seimo nariai, mokslininkai ir menininkai pasirašė kreipimąsi į Lietuvos žmones, kviečiantį jungtis į Tėvynės Atgimimo sąjungą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1993 m. gegužės 1 d. Įvyko steigiamoji Tėvynės Atgimimo sąjungos konfereciją, kurioje buvo patvirtinti kuriamos partijos programos metmenys, įstatai, patikslintas partijos pavadinimas - Tėvynės sąjunga (Lietuvos Konservatoriai). Konferencijoje taip pat patvirtintos partijos centrinės struktūros.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-07 18:54:45',62,'','2010-12-07 18:57:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-07 18:54:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,20,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(2118,'Politologijos įvadas. Paskaitų konspektas','politologijos-vadas-paskait-konspektas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apibendrinant skirtingas definicijas galima sakyti, kad politologija yra žinių apie politiką, politinį gyvenimą, politinius interesus, santykius, procesus, politinio gyvenimo organizaciją bei atitinkančias politines sistemas ir politinę sąmonę. Šioje definicijoje keletą kartų figūruoja žodis “politika” ir jo derivatyvai, todėl ji lieka nepilna, jeigu ne visai aišku,  kas yra politika. Deja, vienareikšmiškai atsakyti į šį klausimą neįmanoma. Terminas yra kilęs iš senosios graikų kalbos žodžio polis - “miestas, valstybė”, išvestinis žodis politikos tarp kitų reikšmių turi ir piliečio, dalyvaujančio sprendžiant miesto - valstybės reikalus, prasmę (nesidomintieji valstybiniais reikalas buvo vadinami idiotes). Šiuolaikiniai politikai ir valdininkai labai mėgsta definiciją, kurią prieš šimtą metų pasiūlė prancūzas E. Littre: politika yra valdymo menas. Tačiau už šio apibrėžimo ribų lieka nevaldančiųjų grupių siekimas paimti valdžią, be to, vargu ar galima pavadinti menu tokius valdymo metodus, kaip masinės represijos, genocidas, deportacija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dažnai cituojamas aforizmas, anot kurio politika yra galimumo menas, realios prasmės neturi, nes tikrovėje politikai labai dažnai nedaro tai, kas galima, ir nebando daryti tai, kas galima. Be to, ši charakteristika nėra specifinis politikos bruožas: galimumo menu galima pavadinti sportą, ūkinę veiklą, mediciną ir daug kitų žmogaus veiklos sferų. Kita definicija apibrėžia politiką kaip veiklą, “per kurią bendruomenėje ir bendruomenės labui priimami bei įgyvendinami sprendimai” (The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Institutions, 1987, p. 482, cituojama “Valstybės pagrindai”, 2 dalis, p. 9). Tačiau kiekvienas pilietis žino, kad ne visi sprendimai  liudija apie rūpestį visuomenės gerove, be to, klausimas, ar priimtas sprendimas atitinka gerovės kriterijų, yra labai ginčytinas. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-08 09:22:31',62,'','2010-12-08 09:34:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 09:22:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,19,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(2119,'Europos monetarinė sąjunga','europos-monetarin-sjunga','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">EMU turi dvi kryptis: ekonominę ir monetarinę. Trumpai, ekonominė sąjunga reiškia vieningos rinkos kūrimą be dirbtinių prekybos apribojimų, sąjunginė konkurencijos politika, įprasta vietinė politika ir makroekonomikos politikos koordinavimas. EU nariai susitarę dėl pelno ekonominės sąjungos ir daugelis reikalavimų jau išspręsti. EMU privalumai yra aiškiai išdėstyti dokumentuose ir aprašyti Goodhart [gerieji elniai] (1991) - taip pat 4 sk. Trumpai,  yra diskutuoja, kad pašalinus prekybos apribojimus ir eliminavus valiutų kurso riziką, bus skatinama didesnė specializacija ir prekyba. Eliminavus valiutų kursų svyravimų riziką sumažės palūkanų norma, kadangi nebereikės formuoti papildomų draudimų valiutų kursų svyravimams. Kaip pasekmė, ginčijamasi ar ekonominis augimas ir pragyvenimo lygis pagerės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taip pat diskutuojama ar EMU sukūrimas paskatins EU tikrą išteklių taupymą. Vienas svarbiausių tokių taupymų šaltinių iškyla, kadangi nebereikės keisti pinigų tvarkant skolas atsirandančių vidinėje EU prekyboje. Komisija nustatė, kad santaupos tokiem susitarimai kainuoja tik apie 4 % EU Bendro Nacionalinio Produkto (GDP) per metus (EC komisija, 1990 b).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Be to, tokios priemonės kaip prekių užpirkimas iš anksto, pasirinkimas [opcionas] ir mainai [svopas], sukurti apsidrausti nuo valiutų kursų svyravimų rizikos, nebebus reikalingi vidinei EU prekybai. Abiem atvejais, atsargų atsiradimas gali būti panaudotas tikslui, kuris labiau įtakoja pragyvenimo lygį, nei pašalindamas riziką (Levine, 1990). Panašiai ir jei pašalinus valiutų kursų svyravimų riziką sąjungoje, taip pat galimai mažinami centrinio banko rezervų atsargos, tai taip po gi išlaisvintu išteklius, kurie galėtų būti panaudoti efektyvesniems tikslams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kita potenciali nauda priėmus vieningą valiutą tai, kad pagerėjo vietinių resursų paskirstymas [alokacija]. Labiausiai akivaizdu būdas kuriuo tai atsitiko, tai kad kapitalą galima laisvai perkelti ten kur pajamos yra didesnės. Taip pat padidėjo konkurencija prekių rinkoje, kadangi bet koks kainų skirtumas tuoj pat matomas potencialiems vartotojams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bet kuri šalis, kuri priklauso monetarinei sąjungai pritaria, kad politika vykdoma  centro, dalinai, nėra galimybės įtikinti nepriklausomą monetarinę politiką reguliuojant valiutų kursą atstatant konkurentabilumą.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-08 09:34:49',62,'','2010-12-08 09:38:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 09:34:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,18,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2120,'Tauta ir valstybė','tauta-ir-valstyb','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuolaikinė valstybė pagrįsta glaudžių piliečių ryšiu su valstybe, kaip su savo valstybe. Tauta – tai tokia žmonių bendrija, kurios narius jungia bent keletas iš šių požymių: bendra kalba, bendra religija, bendra istorinė praeitis, daugiau ar mažiau aiškus teritorinis apsigyvenimo centras. Tačiau svarbiausias tautiškumo kriterijus yra pačių žmonių savimonė, t.y. tai kuo jie patys save laiko.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Senųjų valstybių netautiškumo priežastys : a) tada žmonės gyveno izoliuotai kaimuose nuo išorinio pasaulio ir nedaug ką žinojo apie tolimesnius kraštus; b) inteligentijoje vyravo viena (lotynų) kalba; c) valstybių valdovai, kurdami valstybes neatsižvelgdavo į žmonių tautiškumą (giminystės ryšiai, samdomos kariuomenės).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmasis impulsas pažadinęs žmonių tautinius jausmus, buvo Didžioji prancūzų revoliucija. Būtent tada pirmą kartą  žmonės stojo į kovą už valstybę, kaip už savo valstybę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuolaikinių tautinių valstybių formavimosi pradžia yra laikoma 19 a. pradž., Napoleono karų laikai  Separatizmas – tautų siekis atsiskirti su savo gyvenamu plotu ir įsteigti jame atskirą valstybę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tautinės mažumos t. y. didesnės ar mažesnės tautinės bendrijos, dėl vienokių ar kitokių priežasčių atsidūrusios kitos tautos dominuojamoje valstybėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tautinių mažumų atsiradimo priežastys : 1) ne visos tautos yra pakankamai gausios, kad galėtų įsteigti ir išlaikyti savo valstybes. 2) tautos negyvena tiksliai nustatytose ribose, t. y., kelios tautos pasieniuose yra susiliejusios. 3) emigracija ir kolonializmas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tautinių mažumų problemos sprendimo būdai : 1) fiziškai jas sunaikinti arba priverstinai nutautinti; 2) įkurti tautinėms mažumos teritorinę savivaldą (autonomiją); 3) kultūrinė arba personalinė autonomija.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-08 09:38:42',62,'','2010-12-08 09:42:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 09:38:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,17,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2121,'Imperijos darymas G. Beresnevičius','imperijos-darymas-g-beresneviius','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiausia įmanomų mūsų darytų ir tebedaromų klaidų  – sėdėti pasyve ir aimanuoti. Dėl prarandamo identiteto. Deja, sėdint jis nestiprėja. Jis stiprėja veidamas ir patirdamas iššūkius. Reikia veikti taip, kad tas identitetas tvirtėtų. Identitetui pavojų nėra, kai jis eina, skina kelius, kai jis demonstruojamas. Kai jis tampa veikiančia jėga. Tai airių, italų, kinų, japonų identitetas. Į jį įsikimbama. Jis lieka nepaleistas ir už gimtosios teitorijos ribų. Jis atvirai reklamuojamas, tampa pasaulinių masinės kultūros švenčių ir masinės kultūros vaizdinių šaltiniu. Keltų Halovynas, airių per Šv. Patriko dieną žaliai dažomas Hudzonas, kiniečių drakonai, skandinavų troliai tapo didžiųjų kino filmų personažais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasyviai ginamas identitetas pražus daug greičiau. Žinoma, galima tarti, kad lietuvių savastis negali būti verčiama prekiniu logotipu, vartotojiškos gyvensenos žaisleliu. Tikrai – geriau būtų, kad taip nevyktų. Tačiau jeigu garsioji kino epopėja „Žiedų valdovas“ remtųsi lietuvių mitologija, laumėm, kaukais, aitvarais, barzdukais ir barstukais, būtime stipriai patenkinti. O panašūs dalykai lieka įmanomi. Labai daug kas įmanoma, jei judama.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mes žiūrime į ES nelyginant kiškis iš krūmo: kviečia meška medaus trobelėn, ir norisi, ir baugu, o jei medus ne liepžiedžių, o jeigu ims ir suvalgys? Ir bala ta mešką žino. Mes jau nes su viena buvome susidėję, ir niekad kiškiui į gera neišeidavo, nors kiškis ir žino, kad jam vienam miške, be tos meškos trobelės nesaldu. Ir miegos po atviru dangum, ir tokios trobos nepasistatys. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-08 09:43:37',62,'','2010-12-08 09:46:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 09:43:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,16,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2122,'dddd','dddd','','<p>dddd</p>','',-2,0,0,0,'2010-12-08 09:48:30',62,'','0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 09:48:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',1,0,0,'','',0,2,'robots=\nauthor='),(2123,'Tarptautiniai Lietuvos santykiai su Prancūzija (referatas)','tarptautiniai-lietuvos-santykiai-su-pranczija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prancūzija - didžiausia Vakarų Europos šalis, po didžiosios revoliucijos 1792 m. pakankamai toli pažengusi visose gyvenimo srityse, - ekonomikos, kultūros, politikos, meno ir t. t. Tai galinga valstybė, šiomis dienomis žengianti koja į koją su kitais galiūnais - JAV, Japonija, D. Britanija, Skandinavijos valstybėmis, sprendžianti opiausias pasaulio problemas ir turinti nemažą įtaką mažesnių valstybių politikoms.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prancūzijos neįmanoma nepastebėti pasaulio, o juo labiau Europos žemėlapyje, todėl natūralu, kad tarptautiniai Lietuvos sanktykiai su šia šalimi yra labai svarbūs. Ypač aktualu buvo užmegzti ryšius su Prancūzija paskelbus Nepriklausomybės atkūrimo Lietuvoje aktą, kadangi tai turėjo didelę reikšmę realiai atsiskiriant nuo TSRS. Iš esmės, nors prancūzų politikai ir nenorėjo bereikalingų nesutarimų su tuometiniu TSRS prezidentu M. Gorbačiovu, tačiau palankiai priėmė pirmųjų Lietuvos delegatų idėjas dėl bendradarbiavimo. Prancūzija pažadėjo visokeriopai remti jaunąją Lietuvą, padėti jai užimti deramą vietą Europos šalių tarpe.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dabar gi svarbu yra tuos gerus santykius išlaikyti ir juos plėsti, nes iš tiesų bendradarbiavimo sferoje dar galima nuveikti daugybę darbų. Tam įgyvendinti reikalingi ryžtingi mūsų valstybės vadovų sprendimai, kurie galėtų paversti realybe iškylančias šviesių žmonių idėjas. Tai nėra labai paprasta, nes apskritai tarptautiniai santykiai yra labai sudėtingas ir daugialypis reiškinys, reikalaujantis daugybės pastangų ir darbo, o taip pat laiko bei kantrybės.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-08 09:47:45',62,'','2010-12-08 09:57:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 09:47:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,15,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(2124,'Sistemų analizės metodai','sistem-analizs-metodai','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Realistinis požiūris. Šio požiūrio atstovai tvirtina, kad politikoje lemia 4 pagrindiniai motyvai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left; padding-left: 30px;\">1) Valstybės dažnai turi konfliktuojančių interesų;<br /> 2) Skirtingi interesai gali atvesti prie konfrontacijos arba netgi karo;<br /> 3) Valsybės galia turi lemiamos svarbos konfliktų rezultatams ir nulemia jos įtaką kitoms šalims; <br /> 4) Politika skirta galios didinimui, jos išsaugojimui ir demonstravimui. Šio požiūrio atstovai yra tos nuomonės, kad negalima žymiai pakeisti žmogiškosios prigimties valdžios klausimu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-08 09:58:39',62,'','2010-12-08 10:06:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 09:58:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2125,'Totalitarizmas','totalitarizmas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Totalitarizmo (lotininiškai totalis – visiškas, pilnutinis; prancuziškai totaliter – visa apimantis) terminas, atsiradęs 1940 metais vartojamas politikos moksle apibrėžti despotiniam režimui, koncentruojančiam visą valdžią viešpataujančios grupuotės rankose, primetant visuomenei savo valią.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Totalitarizmas – tai prievartinio politinio viešpatavimo sistema su visišku visuomenės ekonominio, socialinio, kultūrinio, idealoginio ir net buitinio gyvenimo pajungimu centro valdžiai, organizuotai į vieningą partinį ir karinį biurokratinį aparatą, vadovaujamą lyderio diktatoriaus, turinčio neribotus įgaliojimus ir besiremiančio liumpenizuotais socialiniais sluoksniais ir gyventojų grupėmis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Totalitarinės sistemos atveju vyriausybė ne tik yra neatsakinga savo tautai, bet ir imasi griežtai kontroliuoti ir reglamentuoti visas be išimties žmonių gyvenimo sritis – ar tai būtų politinių partijų veikla, ar ūkininkavimas, ar pagaliau privatus šeimos gyvenimas. Nors totalitarinis režimas formaliai leidžia ir net reikalauja iš piliečių aktyviai dalyvauti politiniame procese, tačiau iš tikrųjų žmonės yra nuo politikos visiškai atriboti, nes visur ir visada reikalaujama visiško vienbalsiškumo ir vienmintiškumo, o už kitokias nuomones baudžiama ir persekiojama.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-08 10:07:38',62,'','2010-12-08 10:10:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 10:07:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,13,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2126,'Slobodanas Miloševičius ir Balkanų konfliktas','slobodanas-miloeviius-ir-balkan-konfliktas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tarp Jugoslavijos įvairių tautybių ir tikybų žmonių nuolat tvvyojo priešiškumas, įtarumas, senos sąskaitos likdavo neužmirštos. Net ir maršalo Tito laikais Serbija buvo nepatenkinta, kad ji – tarsi podukra. Jos teritorijoje buvo statoma daug aplinką teršiančių gamyklų. Skirstant lėšas iš “bendro katilo” serbai jautėsi skriaudžiami, o investicijos ėjo daugiausia į Krotiją. Jį užvaldžiusi didžiosios Serbijos sukūrimo idėja. Ji tapo pagrindiniu jo gyvenimo tikslu. Tai idėjai realizuoti teko sulipdyti tokias pseudo valstybes kaip Serbijos Respubliką Bosnijoje ir Serbijos Krainą bei Rytų Slavoniją Kroatijoje. Kurdama jas Serbija įsitraukė į kruvinus karus buvusios Jugoslavijos teritorijoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Manoma, kad S. Miloševičiui jaunystėje didelę įtaką padarė motina serbė, kuri, kaip anksčiau rašė opozicinė Serbijos spauda, buvo fanatiška komunistė. Beje, ji – kaimo mokytoja. Tačiau jos nepaveikė didžiulės permainos pasaulyje, kuomet žlugo komunistinė sistema ir liko tik jos salelės – Kuba, Šiaurės Korėja. Prezidento motina išliko ištikima Lenino ir Stalino mokinė. Tuo tarpu tėvas, pagal tautybę juodkalnietis, buvo tikybos mokytojas, bandęs tapti dvasiškiu. Aišku, kad tėvų keliai turėjo skirtis. Tėvai išsiskyrė, kuomet Slobodanas dar buvo vaikas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vėliau tėvus ėmė persekioti kažkokia lemtis: kai Slobodanas dar mokėsi universitete, nusišovė tėvas. Vėliau, kai sūnus jau buvo padaręs didelę karjerą, pasikorė motina. Dar po kurio laiko nusišovė dėdė – motinos brolis, generolas. Jį būsimasis prezidentas labai gerbė ir mylėjo. Dėdės savižudybė sūnėnui buvo didelis smūgis.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-08 10:12:54',62,'','2010-12-08 10:22:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 10:12:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,12,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(2127,'Demokratizacijos etapai Lietuvoje (referatas)','demokratizacijos-etapai-lietuvoje-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Freedom House pateikiamuose valstybių demokratizacijos reitinguose Lietuva priskiriama laisvų valstybių grupei. Mūsų valstybė į šiuos reitingus pateko po nepriklausomybės atkūrimo 1990 metais ir tuo metu ji taip pat buvo traktuojama kaip laisva demokratinė valstybė, kuriai suteiktas 2,2 F reitingas . Po Konstitucijos priėmimo, Seimo ir Prezidento rinkimų Lietuvos reitingas šoktelėjo iki 1,2 F ir toks laikosi iki dabar. Taigi, toks įvertinimas tarsi rodo, kad Lietuvoje gana greitai ir lengvai buvo pereinama iš nedemokratinio režimą į demokratinę sistemą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip teigia politologas G. Sorensenas, toks perėjimas nėra taip paprastai ir neskausmingai įvykdomas. Santvarkos pasikeitimas sąlygoja globalius pakitimus visose gyvenimo sferose, ypač tai charakteringa Rytų Europoje, kur autoritarizmo pakeitimas demokratija demokratija reikalavo didelių pokyčių ekonomikoje, įstatymų leidyboje ir daugelyje kitų valstybės ir valstybės piliečių gyvenimo sferų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kalbėdamas apie demokratizacijos etapus Lietuvoje, visą dėmesį skirsiu į paskutinės dekados įvykius, t. y. laikotarpį po Lietuvos nepriklausomybės atkūrimo iki dabar, taip pat į paskutinius metus prieš atgaunant nepriklausomybę. Lietuvoje apie valstybėje vykstančius demokratijos procesus rašoma nemažai, tačiau aš didžiąja dalimi remsiuosi Laimono Talat - Kelpšos straipsniu, paskelbtu 1997 metų 27 “Atgimimo” numeryje.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-08 10:29:18',62,'','2010-12-08 10:31:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 10:29:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,11,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(2128,'Politologijos įvadas (paskaitų konspektas)','politologijos-vadas-paskait-konspektas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apibendrinant skirtingas definicijas galima sakyti, kad politologija yra žinių apie politiką, politinį gyvenimą, politinius interesus, santykius, procesus, politinio gyvenimo organizaciją bei atitinkančias politines sistemas ir politinę sąmonę. Šioje definicijoje keletą kartų figūruoja žodis “politika” ir jo diriktyvai, todėl ji lieka nepilna, jeigu ne visai aišku,  kas yra politika. Deja, vienareikšmiškai atsakyti į šį klausimą neįmanoma. Terminas yra kilęs iš senosios graikų kalbos žodžio polis - “miestas, valstybė”, išvestinis žodis politikos tarp kitų reikšmių turi ir piliečio, dalyvaujančio sprendžiant miesto - valstybės reikalus, prasmę (nesidomintieji valstybiniais reikalas buvo vadinami idiotes). Šiuolaikiniai politikai ir valdininkai labai mėgsta definiciją, kurią prieš šimta metų pasiūlė prancūzas E. Littre: politika yra valdymo menas. Tačiau už šio apibrėžimo ribų lieka nevaldančiųjų grupių siekimas paimti valdžią, be to, vargu ar galima pavadinti menu tokius valdymo metodus, kaip masinės represijos, genocidas, deportacija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dažnai cituojamas aforizmas, anot kurio politika yra galimumo menas, realios prasmės neturi, nes tikrovėje politikai labai dažnai nedaro tai, kas galima, ir nebando daryti tai, kas galima. Be to, ši charakteristika nėra specifinis politikos bruožas: galimumo menu galima pavadinti sportą, ūkinę veiklą, mediciną ir daug kitų žmogaus veiklos sferų. Kita definicija apibrėžia politiką kaip veiklą, “per kurią bendruomenėje ir bendruomenės labui priimami bei įgyvendinami sprendimai” (The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Institutions, 1987, p. 482, cituojama “Valstybės pagrindai”, 2 dalis, p. 9). Tačiau kiekvienas pilietis žino, kad ne visi sprendimai  liudija apie rūpestį visuomenės gerove, be to, klausimas, ar priimtas sprendimas atitinka gerovės kriterijų, yra labai ginčytinas. Pavyzdžiui, “visuomenės labui” gali būti padidinti mokesčiai arba kuro kainos, tačiau piliečiai gali manyti kitaip, ypač jei padidėjusios pajamos bus panaudotos biurokratinio aparato algoms pakelti. Padarius išlygą dėl visuomenės labo, sprendimus, kurie liečia tam tikros grupės interesus  šios grupės lygyje galima vadinti politiniais. Priklausomai nuo grupės  pobūdžio ir dydžio galima kalbėti apie įstaigų ir firmų, miesto, srities, valstybės lygio sprendimus. Reikia atkreipti dėmesį į tai, kad riba tarp politinių ir nepolitinių sprendimų yra reliatyvi. Grynai ekonominiai didelios firmos arba profesinės sąjungos sprendimai gali betarpiškai paliesti nemažos visuomenės dalies interesus ir įgyja politinį pobūdį. Amerikoje populiarus posakis “Kas gerai General Motors, tas gerai Amerikai”, panašiai kalbama apie “Toyotą” Japonijoje ir žvejų laivyną Islandijoje.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-08 10:33:19',62,'','2010-12-08 10:37:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 10:33:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,39,'robots=\nauthor='),(2129,'Lietuvių politinių partijų požiūris į karą 1914 metais','lietuvi-politini-partij-poiris-kar-1914-metais','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1914 metais dėl vietos po saule kariauti pradėjo Europos valstybės. Karas vyko tarp dviejų blokų: Trilypės sąjungos vienoje pusėje (Susidedančios iš Vokietijos, Austro - Vengrijos, Turkijos ir kitų smulkesnių valstybėlių, ir Antantės (susidedančios iš Rusijos, Prancūzijos ir Didžiosios Britanijos).<br />Europos dešiniojo sparno partijos kaip ir dera buvo tikėtis, tuoj pat paskelbė, kad jų tikslas yra savos Vyriausybės pergalė. Svarbiausias klausimas buvo tas kaip pasielgs Europos socialistų partijos, kurios jau tada buvo apsijungusios į II tarptautinį socialistų Internacionalą. Viena iš galingiausių socialistų internacionalo grupuočių Vokietijos reichstago socialistų frakcija balsavo už kreditų suteikimą karui vykdyti. Savo vyriausybes parėmė Belgijos, Prancūzijos, Austro - Vengrijos, Anglijos socialistai. Tokias pačias mintis pareiškė Rusijos dūmos deputatai menševikai. Netgi tos partijos, kurios laikėsi nesutaikomos politikos carizmo atžvilgiu iš esmės nedarė, jokių žingsnių, kas susilpnintų Rusijos valstybės tvirtumą ir trukdytų jai laimėti karą. Savo opozicingumą tokios grupuotės nurodinėjo sąvoka \"lojali opozicija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tuo tarpu revoliucinei socialdemokratai ypač Rusijoje paragino laikyti visiškai kitokios taktikos Pagrindinis taktinis uždavinys buvo siekti savo šalies vyriausybės pralaimėjimo kare, numatant , kad tokios taktikos turi laikytis visų kariaujančių šalių socialistai bei paversti imperialistinį karą pilietiniu.<br />Panašūs svarstymai, vyko ir Lietuvoje, kur buvo labai svitos politinės- nacionalinės aplinkybės.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-08 10:38:19',62,'','2010-12-08 10:40:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 10:38:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2130,'Prancūzijos užsienio santykių centriniai organai','pranczijos-usienio-santyki-centriniai-organai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prancūzijoje galioja 1958 metų konstitucija su vėlesnėm pataisom. Ji apibrėžia pagrindinius organus, vykdančius užsienio politiką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prancūzijos respublikos parlamentas susideda iš dviejų rūmų: Nacionalinio susirinkimo, renkamo tiesioginiu balsavimu, ir Senato, renkamo netiesiogiai. Senate yra atstovaujami ir prancūzai, gyvenantys užsienyje. Užsienio politikos srityje parlamentas turi teisę spręsti karo ir taikos klausimus. Apibrėžtos parlamento funkcijos nagrinėjant ir tvirtinant tarptautinius susitarimus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Yra išvardintas išsamus tarptautinių susitarimų sąrašas, kurie gali būti patvirtinti tik įstatymo, išleidžiamo parlamento, būdu. Tai taikos ir prekybinės sutartys, sutartys uždedančios įsipareigojimus valstybiniams finansams, susitarimai, keičiantys vidaus įstatymus, sutartys apie asmenų padėtį, liečiančios teritorijos atidavimą, keitimą ar prijungimą. Tokios sutartys įsigalioja po ratifikacijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Beveik visas svarbiausias funkcijas užsienio politikoje Prancūzijos konstitucija  koncentruoja Prezidento rankose.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-08 10:42:14',62,'','2010-12-08 10:45:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 10:42:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2131,'Politinis žodynėlis','politinis-odynlis','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-08 10:45:39',62,'','2010-12-08 10:47:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 10:45:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2132,'Asocijuotų Vidurio Europos šalių rengimo narystei Europos Sąjungoje strategija','asocijuot-vidurio-europos-ali-rengimo-narystei-europos-sjungoje-strategija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rengimo narystei strategija: tiesiamas kelias Europos Sąjungos narystei. Šiandien rengimo narystei strategija yra pirminis Europos Sąjungos prioritetas, kuris savo išskirtinę svarbą išsaugos ir ateinančiais metais. Europos Komisija laikosi tokios nuostatos dėl to, kad strategija yra gyvybiškai svarbi tinkamam asocijuotų šalių pasirengimui stoti į Europos Sąjungą. Strategija – tai rūpestingai parengtas veiksmų planas, kurio įgyvendinimas išskirtinis sėkminga integracija. Europos Sąjunga prisiėmė istorinį įsipareigojimą visų šių Vidurio Europos šalių, kurios yra pasirašiusios Europos sutartis, atžvilgiu. Tuo pat metu buvo apribotos ekonominės ir politinės narystės Europos Sąjungoje sąlygos. 1993 metais Kopenhagos aukščiausiojo lygio susitikime Europos Sąjunga, atsižvelgdama į būsimąją narystę, patvirtino, kad Vidurio Europos šalys gali tapti Sąjungos narėmis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ji suformulavo Asocijuotų Vidurio Europos valstybių rengimo narystei strategiją, kurioje nustatyta, kad Europos Sąjunga padės asocijuotoms šalims integruotis į ją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinis strategijos elementas yra asocijuotų šalių rengimas integracijai į Sąjungos vidaus rinką. Nepaisant to, kad visos šalys pasieks tam tikrų laimėjimų, įgyvendins politines, ekonomines ir socialines reformas, asocijuosis tarp Vidurio Europos šalių. Rengimo narystei strategijos tikslas yra jų rėmimas, nutiesiant kelią, kuris Europos Sąjungą ir asocijuotas šalis turės atvesti į integraciją. Ši Europos Sąjungos strategija paremta trimis pagrindinėmis priemonėmis. Europos sutartimis, komunikacijos sąranga ir PHARE programa.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-08 10:48:27',62,'','2010-12-08 10:50:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 10:48:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2133,'Napoleonas: užsienio politikos specifika (referatas)','napoleonas-usienio-politikos-specifika-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dauguma istorikų Napoleoną Bonapartą laiko viena didžiausių pasaulio istorijos legendų. Šaltakraujiškas strategas, naktis triūsiantis prie naujų užkariavimų planų, nenuilstantis karvedys, kovojantis kariuomenės priešakyje ir savo asmenybės galia suteikiantis kariams nenumaldomą fanatizmą ir pasitikėjimą visu tuo ką valdovas sako ir daro. Napoleonas yra nuolat lyginamas – su Aleksandru Makedoniečiu, Gajumi Julijumi Cezariu, net Adolfu Hitleriu, tačiau nė vienas iš šių karvedžių nebuvo toks  didingas kaip Napoleonas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prancūzija niekada – nei prieš, nei po Napoleono – nebuvo pasiekusi tokios galios, kaip jam valdant. Europa keliaklupsčiavo, Rusija bijojo, o Napoleonas toliau žygiavo. Vienintelis baubas, kurio Napoleonas vengė – Didžioji Britanija. Jo ir anglų santykiai buvo savotiški. Valstybės kariavo, tačiau realių karo veiksmų, be kelių susikirtimų Viduržemio jūroje, Pirėnuose ar Atlanto vandenyne, nebuvo. Galingiausią kariuomenę turintis, galingiausias valdovas pasaulyje, paniškai bijojo tiesiogiai susikauti su mirtinu priešu , tai galiausiai ir pražudė jo imperiją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trumpai charakterizuoti Napoleono užsienio politika nėra sunku – tikslas – didinga ir stipri Prancūzija, priemonės – bet kokios, kad tik visas pasaulis lenktųsi ir dirbtų jam, ir tuo pačiu jo imperijai. Šio darbo tikslas ir yra – apibūdinti Napoleono vykdytą tarptautinę politiką, jos teigiamas ir neigiamas pasekmes. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-08 10:52:31',62,'','2010-12-08 10:56:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 10:52:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2134,'Pirmieji gyventojų surašymai Lietuvoje (referatas)','pirmieji-gyventoj-suraymai-lietuvoje-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Svarbiausi duomenų apie gyventojus šaltiniai yra gyventojų surašymai, einamoji gyventojų apskaita, atrankiniai tyrimai, gyventojų sąrašai ir kiti informacijos šaltiniai” (1, 3). Atskiri duomenų surašymo šaltiniai vienas nuo kito skiriasi duomenų turiniu, kadangi surašymo tikslai galėjo būti nevienodi, programos skirtingos. Įvairiuose surašymo šaltiniuose skiriasi duomenų surinkimo laikas, tuo būdu jie (šaltiniai) laiko atžvilgiu gali papildyti vienas kitą, tačiau dėl nevienodų surašymams taikytų būdų, besiskiriančių savo tikslais ir programomis, duomenys netenka palyginamumo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vis tik seniausia ir plačiausiai naudojama stebėjimo forma yra gyventojų surašymas. Tačiau anot demografų, iki XVIII amžiaus vestos įvairios gyventojų apskaitos nėra laikomos gyventojų surašymais, kadangi jos neapimdavo visos valstybės teritorijos, visų gyventojų kategorijų, būdavo epizodiškos ir pan.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gyventojų surašymas – tai toks statistinis duomenų apie kiekvieną atitinkamos teritorijos stebėjimo vienetą surinkimas, kuris vedamas pagal iš anksto sudarytą programą ir vienu metu arba laikotarpiu visoje teritorijoje. Prieš pradedant kiekvieną surašymą , turi būti suformuluojamas konkretus surašymo tikslas, uždaviniai, sudaroma programa.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pavyzdžiui, surašymo tikslu gali būti gyventojų skaičiaus nustatymas, jų pasiskirstymas teritorijoje, taip pat jų (gyventojų) struktūra pagal lytį, šeimos padėtį, išsimokslinimą ir pan. “Gyventojų surašymo uždavinys – gauti duomenis apie gyventojų skaičių, sudėtį, pasiskirstymą pagal socialinius, demografinius, teritorinius ir kt. požymius” (1, 7). Gyventojų surašymo stebėjimo vienetu gali būti atskiras asmuo ar šeima. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-08 10:57:57',62,'','2010-12-08 11:00:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 10:57:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2135,'ES (referatas)','es-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1992 m. Vasario 7 d. Mastrichte pasirašius Europos Sąjungos sutartį , kuri įsigaliojo 1993 m. Lapkričio 1 d., kai valstybės narės ją ratifikavo, buvo įkurta Europos Sąjunga (ES). Europos Sąjungos sutartyje nurodoma, kad ši sutartis yra nauja pakopa kuriant pačią glaudžiausią Europos žmonių sąjungą, kurioje piliečiai turi plačiausias teises dalyvauti priimant  sprendimus. Sąjungos tikslas - nuosekliai ir solidariai reguliuoti santykius tarp valstybių ir jų piliečių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Europos Sąjungą sudaro 15 valstybių narių; jose gyvena apie 370 mln. Žmonių. Tai didžiausia pasaulyje prekybos rinka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sąjunga savo tikslų siekia įgyvendindama bendrą žemės ūkio, žvejybos, transporto, aplinkos apsaugos, užsienio prekybos, konkurencijos, plėtros, regioninės energetikos ir muitų politiką. Ji taip pat koordinuoja tyrimų ir plėtotės, telekomunikacijų, valstybių narių ekonominės politikos programas, kurios užtikrintų ekonominį ir socialinį susitelkimą, ekonominę ir valiutų sąjungą. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-08 11:01:34',62,'','2010-12-08 11:04:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 11:01:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(2136,'Lyginamoji demoktatijos tipų analizė (mokslo darbas)','lyginamoji-demoktatijos-tip-analiz-mokslo-darbas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jau daugiau nei trys tūkstančiai metų praėjo nuo tada, kai graikai padovanojo žmonijai demokratiją. Palaimingoji antika, “atradusi” žmogų, suteikusi jam teisę ir laisvę globaliau ir įvairiau mąstyti, sukūrė labiausiai prie idealo priartintą bendruomenės valdymo modelį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Liaudies valdžios” sąvoka amžiams bėgant griovė tam tikrų individų neva prigimtinio išskirtinumo, sakrališkumo ir nepakeičiamumo mitą. Riba tarp teisės valdyti ir būti valdomam buvo sutrypta migruojančiųjų iš vienos sąvokos į kitą . Aišku, tai kas yra dabar, maža dalimi primena tai kas buvo. Demokratija tūkstantmečių bėgyje kito ir, priklausomai nuo laikmečio, įgaudavo vis kitokį veidą. Tokio proceso vyksme atsirado skirtingi demokratijos tipai, kurių kiekvienas atstovauja vis kitą, tačiau už “liaudies valdžios” sąvokos ribų neišeinantį demokratijos modelį. Šio darbo tikslas ir yra išskirti demokratijos tipus, juos charakterizuoti, lyginti vienus su kitais, išanalizuoti skirtumus bei atrasti panašumus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmoje darbo dalyje lakoniškai apžvelgsiu demokratijos istorinę perspektyvą, kaip ją apibūdino Robert’as Dahl’is, savo knygoje “Demokratija ir jos kritikai”. Šioje studijoje autorius pateikia trijų demokratijos transformacijų teoriją. Mano manymu, būtent šių transformacijų dėka ir susiformavo skirtingi demokratijos tipai, pradedant pirmąja transformacija, ir kaip jos pasekmę atsiradusią klasikinę demokratiją (classic democracy) ir baigiant trečiąja, šiuo metu vykstančia kaita.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antroji darbo dalis savo apimtimi bus didžiausia, tačiau ne svarbiausia. Joje aš, remdamasis David’o Held’o knyga “Models Of Democracy”, aprašysiu autoriaus pateiktus demokratijos modelius, kurie ir sudaro du pagrindinius demokratijos tipus. Trečioje, esminėje darbo dalyje, aprašytus tipus (konkrečiai – jų modelius) lyginsiu tarpusavyje ir ieškosiu skirtingų teorijų sąlyčio taškų. Viską trumpai apibendrinsiu išvadose.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-08 11:05:03',62,'','2010-12-08 11:08:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 11:05:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2137,'Silvijas Berluckonis','silvijas-berluckonis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėl nesibaigiančių politinių ir korupcijos skandalų bei didžiausio po Antrojo pasaulinio karo ekonominio nuosmukio, Italijos rinkėjai galutinai nusivylė tradicinėmis partijomis ir ėmė dairytis naujų politikų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tuomet, visai ne daug laiko likus iki parlamento rinkimų, į politinę areną, pastebėjęs šią spragą politinėje rinkoje, išėjo labai sėkmingai dirbantis ir jokiuose skandaluose neįsipainiojęs verslininkas, valdąs tris svarbiausias privačias televizijos stotis, laikraščių leidyklas ir prekybos centrus, Silvijas Berluskonis. Tada, padedamas savo reklamos firmos “Publitalija”, per keletą savaičių įsikūrė partiją, kurios vadovu tapo pats.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Susikūrė “Rolex” laikrodžių, auksinių sagų ir nepaprastai margų kaklaraiščių nešiotojų judėjimas, kurio daugelis funkcionierių iki šiol nėra išrenkami demokratiškai. Naujoji grupuotė pasivadino italų futbolo aistruolių kovos šūkiu “Forza Italija”. Nuo to momento, kai 54 metų biznierius iš Milano pareiškė savo norą dalyvauti didžiojoje politikoje, iki jo – premjero – kalbos, praėjo viso labo 93 dienos. Tai absoliutus ir unikalus rekordas politikos istorijoje, apie kurį dar daug kalbės ir rašys pasaulio spauda. Rinkimuose jis gavo 42 % balsų ir kartu su neofašistiniu “Nacionaliniu aliansu” ir Bosio “Liga Nord” suformavo vyriausybę bei tapo premjeru. Kaip pastebi apžvalgininkai, jis neturėjo jokios programos, išskyrus \"išgelbėti šalį”. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,69,'2010-12-08 11:09:19',62,'','2010-12-08 11:11:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 11:09:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2138,'Alchemikas','alchemikas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Alchemikas paima į rankas knygą, kurią jam atnešė kažkas iš karavano. Leidinėlis be viršelio, tačiau jis netrunka nustatyti autorių: Oscar Wilde. Vartydamas lapus, užkliūva už Narcizo istorijos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Alchemikas žino legendą apie Narcizą - gražuolį, kuris kiekvieną dieną ateidavo prie ežero gėrėtis savo atspindžiu vandenyje. Visiškai apkerėtas savojo grožio, sykį jis įkrito vandenin ir paskendo. Toje vietoje išaugo gėlė, kuri buvo pavadinta narcizu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Tačiau Oskaras Vaildas užbaigė istoriją kitaip. Jo pasakojime, mirus Narcizui, prie šio gėlo vandens ežero atėjo girių laumės Oreadės ir nustebo pamačiusios, kad jis tapęs karčių ašarų urna.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,68,'2010-12-08 11:12:56',62,'','2010-12-08 11:15:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 11:12:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2139,'Kurčiųjų vaikų tėvų švietimas','kurij-vaik-tv-vietimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmonių bendravimą jūs įsivaizduojate kaip kalbėjimą ir klausymą; kalbant apie skaitymą ir rašymą, galvojate apie žodžius, jų pagalba išreikštas mintis. Kalba yra tik viena bendravimo forma. Mes bendraujame ir be žodžių – tai bežodinis (neverbalinis) bendravimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bežodinis bendravimas dažnai vyksta drauge su žodžiais: kalbėdami mes šypsomės ar suraukiame antakius, atrodome susirūpinę ar patenkinti. Mes naudojame ir kūno kalbą – pasilenkiame prie kalbančiojo, pasukame galvą į kalbančiojo pusę ar pan. Be žodžių maži vaikai išreiškia savo norus: verkia guldomas – prašo pakelti, rodo į daiktą – nori šį daiktą turėti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kalbėdami mes dažnai gestikuliuojame galva, rankomis ar kitomis kūno dalimis. Vieni žmonės naudoja daug gestų, kiti mažai. Dažnai naudojame gestus kalbėdami mažiems vaikams: mojame ranka tardami “iki-iki”, glostome pilvą, rodydami, kad maistas skanus, traukome pečiais, nežinodami atsakymo į klausimą, palenkiam galvą prie delnų, klausdami, ar vaikas nori miego ir kt. Galbūt jūs naudojate ir kitus gestus. Gestai mažiems vaikams padeda suprasti, ką mes sakome. Kalbėdami su vaiku, kurio klausa pakenkta, natūraliai naudokime gestus. Pradžioje vaikas reaguos į gestus nesuprasdamas žodžių – taip būna ir normaliai girdintiems vaikams – paskui išmoks sieti žodžius su gestais ir galop supras visus žodžius.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,68,'2010-12-08 11:16:18',62,'','2010-12-08 11:18:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-08 11:16:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2140,'Buvusių kalinių adaptacinės problemos ir jų pateikimas spaudai (kursinis darbas) ','buvusi-kalini-adaptacins-problemos-ir-j-pateikimas-spaudai-kursinis-darbas-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Buvusių kalinių adaptacija – aktuali Lietuvos socialinė problema. Ši problema yra spręstina visų pirma todėl, kad nuteistųjų skaičius Lietuvoje neturi tendencijos mažėti: remiantis statistiniais duomenimis, net 48 procentai kalinčių asmenų patenka į kalėjimą po antrą, trečią kartą. Reikia pažymėti, kad ilgą laiką kalinių adaptacijos problema buvo tarsi gyvenimo užribyje; požiūris į buvusius kalinius tiek iš visuomenės, tiek iš valdžios pusės ilgą laiką buvo ribotas. Supratimas, jog buvusius kalinius reikia ne tik kontroliuoti, bet ir socializuoti, integruojant juos į visuomenę, atsirado tik paskutiniais metais.  Iš akademinės visuomenės narių buvę kaliniai, kaip pažeidžiama socialinė grupė, taip pat kol kas nesulaukia reikiamo dėmesio.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tam, kad būtų galima išspręsti problemą, visų pirma reikia ją identifikuoti. Išėjęs į laisvę, buvęs kalinys dėl subjektyvių ir objektyvių priežasčių tampa visuomenės problema: neturi darbo, būsto, jo išsilavinimas dažniausiai yra menkas, o artimieji dažnai nutraukia ryšius su buvusiu kaliniu. Buvusio kalinio psichologinė būsena yra nestabili, dėl ko jo padėtis tampa dar komplikuotesne. Visuomenė, deja, yra linkusi ignoruoti buvusį kalinį. Todėl tikėtina, kad  nesulaukęs tinkamos pagalbos, buvęs kalinys įvykdys naują nusikaltimą prieš visuomenę. Kad taip neatsitiktų, būtina sąlyga yra buvusio nuteistojo sėkminga adaptacija visuomenėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sėkminga adaptacija – tai jau įvykusi integracija į visuomenę. Nesėkminga adaptacija – deintegracija, kurios rezultatas – buvusio kalinio sugrįžimas į kalėjimą. Tarpinė buvusių kalinių, kaip socialinės grupės adaptacinė būsena yra marginalumas, kurio prielaida reikia laikyti visuomenės polinkį stigmatizuoti buvusius kalinius, o marginalumo rezultatas – tai gilėjanti socialinė atskirtis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Buvusių nuteistųjų asmenų adaptacinės problemas geriausiai žino patys buvę kaliniai bei socialiniai darbuotojai, kurie betarpiškai dirba su kalėjusiais asmenimis. Todėl buvo apklausta grupė buvusių kalinių bei Pataisos namų viršininkė S.Jatautienė; darbe pateikiamos apklaustųjų interpretacijos apie iš įkalinimo įstaigų grįžusiųjų adaptacijos problemas. <br />Vykdydami valstybės politiką, buvusių kalinių integracijos į visuomenę problemomis užsiima ne tik valstybinės, bet ir nevyriausybinės organizacijos. Todėl darbe analizuojama šių organizacijų vykdomos veiklos bei projektų apžvalga buvusių kalinių adaptacinėms problemoms spręsti.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 14:52:50',62,'','2010-12-10 14:58:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 14:52:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,77,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2141,'Vyrai kilę iš Marso, moterys iš Veneros','vyrai-kil-i-marso-moterys-i-veneros','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Savaitė po dukters Loros gimimo mudu su žmona Bone buvome visiškai išsekę. Lora kasnakt mus pažadindavo. Sunkiai gimdžiusi, Bonė vartojo vaistus nuo skausmo. Ji vos paeidavo. Penkias dienas praleidau namie, jai padėdamas. Atrodė, kad žmonos sveikata pradėjo gerėti, ir aš vėl nuėjau į darbą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Man nesant namie baigėsi jos skausmą malšinančios tabletės. Užuot iškvietusi mane iš darbo, ji paprašė nupirkti vaistų vieną iš mano brolių, kuris kaip tik pas ją užėjo. Atsitik tu man taip — brolis su tabletėmis negrįžo. Visą dieną ji kentė skausmą ir rūpinosi naujagime.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Net neįsivaizdavau, kokia baisi buvo jos diena. Grįžęs namo, radau Bonę labai nusiminusią. Nesusivokdamas pamaniau, jog ji kaltina mane.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ji pasiskundė: „Visą dieną man labai skaudėjo... Baigėsi tabletės. Kankinausi lovoje ir niekam nerūpėjau.\"</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šokausi gintis: „Kodėl tu man nepaskambinai?\"</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bonė aiškino: „Paprašiau tavo brolio, bet jis pamiršo. Laukiau jo sugrįžtant visą dieną. Ką, tavo manymu, turėjau daryti? Man sunku vaikščioti. Jaučiuosi tokia apleista.\" Tuomet aš nesusivaldžiau. Mano kantrybė trūko. Aš pykau, kad ji nepaskambino man į darbą. Niršau, kad kaltino mane, nors aš net nežinojau ją taip kenčiant. Po kelių šiurkščių frazių pasukau durų link. Buvau pavargęs, irzlus ir prisiklausęs visko pakankamai. Mes abu peržengėme ribas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 14:59:39',62,'','2010-12-10 15:04:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 14:59:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,76,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2142,'Asmenybės samprata','asmenybs-samprata','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Menas valdyti žmones visuomet yra gyvybiškai svarbus vadovams bet kurioje veiklos srityje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Praeityje, kai buvo darbo jėgos perteklius ir mažas nusiskundimų skaičius, vadovas galėdavo “laikyti po padu” daugiau darbininkų ir atleisti nepatikusius. Šiais laikais prityrę specialistai tapo retenybė. Be to, labai padaugėjo skundų bei reikalavimų, kuriems tenkinti firmos išleidžia daugiau pinigų, nei kitiems veiklos objektams. Dėl visų šių faktorių valdymo menas yra vienas pagrindinių momentų vertinant firmos konkurentabilumą ir vadovybės darbo efektyvumą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors žmogus yra sudėtingesnis ir mįslingesnis už bet kurį gamybinį procesą, teorinis supratimas apie jį labai menkas. Žmogaus atsakomųjų reakcijų gama žymiai platesnė nei įrengimų. Vienodi mechanizmai vienodomis sąlygomis vienodai reaguoja į konkrečius poveikius, tačiau nėra dviejų  žmonių, kurie, atsidūrę  vienodose sąlygose, elgtųsi vienodai ( nors jų patirtis ir būtų identiška).<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 15:05:29',62,'','2010-12-10 15:07:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 15:05:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,75,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(2143,'Bendravimo psichologija (santrauka)','bendravimo-psichologija-santrauka','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dalykiniai pokalbiai – būdas spręsti klausimus. Pati sąvoka yra labai plati: dalykinis pokalbis – tai žodinis kontaktas tarp pašnekovų, kurie turi įgaliojimus (grupės). Dalykinių pokalbių samprata siejama su derybomis. Visi pokalbiai turi tikslus ir temas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pokalbių funkcijos: 1) pradėti kokią nors veiklą; 2) kontroliuoti veiklą; 3) pasikeisti informacija; 4) spręsti iškilusią problemą; 5) skatinti veiklą ir kelti naujas idėjas; 6) suformuoti tarpusavio santykius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienas pokalbis turi tris etapus: 1) pasiruošimas pokalbiui; 2) pats pokalbis; 3) pokalbio pabaiga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasiruošimas pokalbiui: a) įeina vietos parinkimas; b) komandos suformavimas; c) laiko parinkimas; d) informacijos apie pokalbio partnerį surinkimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pokalbio vieta. Bet kokia patalpa dalinama į tris sferas: darbo, posėdžių ir pokalbių sfera.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Darbo zona - rašomasis stalas; posėdžių salė - aukštas stalas ir kėdės; pokalbio zona - stalas ir minkšti baldai. Labai svarbu kokią komunikacinę struktūrą pasirenkame. Optimaliausia pokalbiams skirta vieta - apvalus stalas su lyginiu skaičium žmonių (turi būti simetrija). Kitas - trikampio komunikacinės formos su lyderiu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Komandos suformavimas. Formuojant komandą-svarbiausia optimalus skaičius. Komandoje turi būti skirtingų ličių, skirtingų pomėgių. Jeigu susitinki su užsieniečiu - būtinas vertėjas, bet komandos vadovas turėtų žinoti kitos pusės kalbą. Tarpininko funkcijas gali atlikti vizitinės kortelės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Laiko pasirinkimas. Laiką parenkam atsižvelgdami į kito žmogaus užimtumą. Vakarų kultūroje laiką reikia nustatyti iš anksto, optimaliausias variantas-prieš dvi dienas. Rytų kultūroje laikas prailgėja. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 15:08:53',62,'','2010-12-10 15:12:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 15:08:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,74,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2144,'Paauglystė','paauglyst','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tėvams su paaugliais labai nelengva…  Filadelfijos Temple universiteto psichologai apklausė 20 000 paauglių ir nustatė, kad tie, kurie kalbasi su tėvais apie savo reikalus, geriau mokosi, nevartoja alkoholio ir narkotikų. Taigi tik žinodami, kas dedasi jų vaikams, tėvai gali padėti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sugriauti tylos sieną, dažnai atsirandančią tarp tėvų ir paauglių, padės septyni būdai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paaugliai dažnai nesuvokia, kad paprasčiausiai gali atsisėsti ir kalbėtis su savo tėvais. Todėl būtina sukurti “klausymo klimatą”. Norėdami šito pasiekti, kuo daugiau būkite su paaugliu: nueikite į teatrą, pabūkite su juo būrelyje, kartu papietaukite.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pietūs ypač svarbi, bet dažnai neišnaudota galimybė šeimai pabūti kartu. Tyrimų duomenimis, vienas iš penkių paauglių labai retai ar net niekada nepietauja su tėvais. O juk vien tai, kad tėvai domisi, ką paaugliai pasako per pietus, rodo, kad jie yra gerbiami.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Geriausia kalbėtis su paaugliais, kai jūs ir vaikai ką nors veikiate kartu, petys petin, tačiau nepamirškite, kad tuomet svarbiau yra pokalbis, o ne veikla. Išnaudokite situaciją: žaisdami krepšinį, tenisą ar ką kita veikdami, jūs galite su paaugliu pasikalbėti apie mokytojus ar draugus…</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paaugliai laukia patarimo, o ne vadovavimo, tai ypač svarbu, jei paauglys suklydo. Jiems nepatinka girdėti tėvus kalbant apie jų neteisingus poelgius, taigi leiskite patiems išsikapstyti iš sudėtingų situacijų ir nustebsite, kaip puikiai paaugliai išsprendė iškilusias problemas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 15:12:57',62,'','2010-12-10 15:25:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 15:12:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,73,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2145,'Bendrosios ir karo psichologijos pagrindai','bendrosios-ir-karo-psichologijos-pagrindai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai mokomoji knyga apie bendrąją ir karo psichologiją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 15:25:24',62,'','2010-12-10 15:31:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 15:25:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,72,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2146,'Bendravimas','bendravimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">William G. Scott ir Terence Mitchell  išskyrė 4 pačias svarbiausias bendravimo funkcijas , pasireiškiančias organizacijos viduje: emocionaliąją, motyvacijos, informacijos ir kontrolės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Emocionalioji funkcija. Žmonės turi emocijas, kurias išreiškia bendraujant. Emocionalioji funkcija ir yra orientuota į žmogaus jausmus. Pasitenkinimas, nepasitenkinimas,  laimė ir pyktis, ir dar visa eilė emocijų pasireiškia bendraujant.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Motyvacija - tai tam tikro elgesio, veiksmų, tikslingos veiklos skatinimas, kurį sukelia įvairūs motyvai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Motyvacijos esmė - “daryk tai, ką nori daryti”. Vadovai organizacijoje vadovauja, t. y. sprendžia, kaip elgtis su žmonėmis. Pagrindinė vadovo pareiga yra bendrauti su tarnautojais prieinamu būdu, palaikyti efektyvų bendravimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sprendimo priėmimas ir bendravimas (grandininės funkcijos) priklauso nuo suteiktos informacijos. Pagrindinis šios funkcijos tikslas - vadovą aprūpinti informacija, kuri reikalinga sprendimo priėmimui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kontroliniai  pranešimai, politika, planai ir kt. kontroliuoja organizacijos narių elgesį.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 16:23:35',62,'','2010-12-10 16:30:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 16:23:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,71,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2147,'Situacija “Germanai”','situacija-germanai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ramiame Lietuvos miestelyje gyveno du broliai vadinami germanais. Kai mažesniajam buvo 14 m. o vyresniajam 17 jų gyvenimas pradėjo keistis. Jų tėvai norėdami užtikrinti savo vaikams geresnę ateity pradėjo važinėti į užsienį, kad uždirbtų kuo daugiau pinigų. Vaikai būdavo paliekami namie ir kas savaitę iš tėvų gaudavo pinigus. Namie prasidėjo baliai, juk atsirado ”laisvas plotas”, o ir pinigų niekada netrūko. Iš pradžių jie ramiai gerdavo namuose, tačiau tai greitai atsibodo. Savo energiją “germanai” pradėjo naudoti gatvėje, mokykloje – ten kur yra jaunimo. Greitai tapo “žvaigždėmis”. Vieni nepilnamečiai juos tiesiog laikė idealais, o kiti bijojo ir negalėjo nieko padaryti. Po kokių trijų tokio gyvenimo metų, skriaudžiamų vaikų tėvai nunešė į policiją pareiškimus. “Germanų” tėveliai grįžę viską sutvarkė – vieniem davė pinigų, kitiems užteko tik su jais pasikalbėti. “Germanai” nuo to laiko pradėjo agresyviai elgtis netgi su pagyvenusiais žmonėmis, nes jei ką “prisidirbdavo” tai grįždavo tėveliai ir viską sutvarkydavo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei broliai išeidavo kur nors po vieną ir blaivūs, tai elgdavosi ramiai. Jaunesnį brolį galiu apibūdinti kaip šmaikštuolį, nuolat kupiną energijos, judrų, o kitą, kaip merginų numylėtinį, paslaugų, ramaus būdo, ieškantį teisybės. Kai abu išgerdavo alkoholio (nors gerdavo ir ne kartu) - tapdavo nevaldomi, gal dėl to, kad žinojo, jog brolis visada atskubės į pagalbą, arba tėvai ištrauks. “Germanus” visi pažinojo, kai kada per  muštynes užtekdavo paminėti, kad tu iš “Germanų chebros” ir viskas nusiramindavo.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 16:31:22',62,'','2010-12-10 16:34:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 16:31:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,70,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2148,'Johnson Spencer \"Kas paėmė mano sūrį\"','johnson-spencer-qkas-pam-mano-srq','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai puiki psichologinio tipo knyga.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 16:36:52',62,'','2010-12-10 16:40:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 16:36:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,69,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2149,'Pragaištingas mandagumas (gyvenimo istorija)','pragaitingas-mandagumas-gyvenimo-istorija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tais metais man turėjo sueiti trisdešimt. Nors buvau šiuolaikiška ir visuomenės stereotipai manęs nejaudino, o piktavaliai seniai galėjo mane vadinti senmerge, vis dažniau susimąstydavau apie šeimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Anksti išmokau nekreipti dėmesio į tai, kaip mane vertina žmonės. Norom nenorom turėjau to išmokti - kažkam atrodė, kad pernelyg švaistausi pinigais, demonstruoju turinti daug drabužių, kitiems nepatiko mano pasitikėjimas savimi.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aš išties manau, kad visa, ką galiu sugalvoti, galiu ir įgyvendinti. Kiekvienas žmogus tai gali, jei gerai pasuks galvą ir nepuls į neviltį, susidūręs su pirmaisiais sunkumais. Didžiausia bausmė pavyduoliams yra tai, kad jie, pykdami ir apkalbinėdami, nenaudingai praleidžia daug laiko, išeikvoja energijos ir nebeturi potencijos pasiekti, ko norėtų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aš traukdavau vyrų žvilgsnius, kad ir kur pasirodyčiau. Pažintys klostydavosi greitai: esu komunikabili ir apsiskaičiusi, domiuosi politika ir ekonomika, turiu humoro jausmą. Tiesa, jau po kelių susitikimų aš nusivildavau kai kuriais vyriškiais. O kartais kuris nors iš jų paversdavo mano gyvenimą jei ne tragedija, tai bent drama. Vertė pamiršti viską pasaulyje, visą dėmesį sutelkti į jausmus, nes būdavau tai ant rankų nešiojama, tai atstumiama. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 16:40:29',62,'','2010-12-10 16:43:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 16:40:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,68,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2150,'Lyčių skirtumai','lyi-skirtumai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuolat girdime kalbant apie vyrų  ir moterų skirtumus. Ar iš tikrųjų lytys skiriasi labiau, negu kiekvienas pastebime? Ar yra universalių psichologinių skirtumų?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atsakyti į šį klausimą galima  įvertinant kultūrinį kontekstą. Jeigu pažvelgtume į tyrimus, kurie daryti šimtmečio pradžioje ir palygintume juos su tyrimais, kurie atliekami dabar, pamatytume, kokių skirtingų dalykų juose randama. Šimtmečio pradžioje tyrimai rodydavo, kad vyrų ir moterų psichika ir psichologija skiriasi: vyrai pranašesni srityse kurios reikalauja abstraktaus mąstymo, jie yra drąsesni ir ištvermingesni, o moterys yra švelnesnės, konkretesnio mąstymo, na, ir šiaip lyg paprastesnės, “naminės” būtybės. Šiuolaikiniai psichologijos tyrimai tų skirtumų neberanda. Labai  įdomu, kad tuo metu išplito feministinis judėjimas, vis daugiau tyrimų konstatuodavo, kad esminių psichologinių skirtumų tarp vyro ir moters apskritai nėra, o matomi skirtumai formuojasi dėl nevienodo auklėjimo ir moterų suvaržymo. Artėta prie teiginių, prieštaraujančių sveikam protui ir gyvenimiškai patirčiai - vyrai ir moterys yra tokie pat. Dabar, keičiantis ideologijai, populiarėja teiginys, kad vyrai ir moterys yra skirtingi, bet vienodai vertingi. Pasižiūrėję į tyrimus, kuriuose taikomi šiuolaikiniai tyrimo metodai, randame įdomesnių, subtilesnių ir labiau pagrįstų skirtumų. Dažnai konstatuojama, kad vyrai sunkiau išreiškia emocijas, nesugeba jų įvardinti, atsilieka kalbinės raiškos srityse, yra mažiau empatiški, labiau agresyvūs (tai, beje, patvirtina vyrų ir moterų smegenų veiklos tyrinėjimai). Skiriasi ne tik vyrų ir moterų agresyvumo lygis, bet ir agresijos išraiška. Vyrai linkę agresiją rodyti fiziškai, o moterų agresyvumas dažniausiai apsiriboja žodžiais. Yra tyrimų, rodančių vyrų ir moterų suvokimo skirtumus: moterys jautresnės akustiniams (girdimiems) stimulams, o vyrai  regimiesiems. Ne  veltui sakoma, kad vyrai myli akimis, o moterys - ausimis. Moterų labiau išvystyta girdimoji atmintis, vyrų - regimoji. Vyrai labiau orientuojasi į objektyvųjį pasaulį, moterys - į subjektyvųjį. Veikloje vyrai dažniausiai siekia karjeros, prestižo, moterys - geros darbo atmosferos. Joms labiau rūpi žmonės jų tarpusavio santykiai, jausmų pasaulis.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 16:44:35',62,'','2010-12-10 16:47:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 16:44:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,67,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2151,'Vaikų seksualinė prievarta Lietuvoje, galimi problemos sprendimo keliai (kursinis darbas)','vaik-seksualin-prievarta-lietuvoje-galimi-problemos-sprendimo-keliai-kursinis-darbas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prievarta kaip fenomenas lydi visą žmonijos istoriją, ją aprašo įvairūs autoriai nuo pačių ankstyviausių rašytinių šaltinių - Biblijos, Egipto ar Babilono raštijos paminklų, Homero poemų ligi šių dienų. Prievarta vaizduojama labai įvairiais pavidalais - nuo didvyriškumo iki nusikaltimo. Šį požiūrių nenuoseklumą atspindi posakis: ”Kai žūsta vienas žmogus - tai tragedija, kai žūva tūkstančiai - tai politika”. Tačiau toks universalus visai žmogaus būčiai fenomenas paradoksaliai praslydo pro filosofų akis, ir tik XIX - XX amžiais atsirado dvi filosofijos sistemos, aprašančios ir įprasminančios jį - tai marksizmas ir egzistencializmas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marksizmui prievarta yra engiamųjų visuomenės klasių įrankis nuversti jas ekspluatuojančius išnaudotojus, todėl ji pateisinama kaip ir bet kuris įrankis, galintis duoti pageidaujamą (be abejo, filosofijos autorių požiūriu) rezultatą. Tačiau tokio požiūrio moralinis poveikis visuomenei ir individui yra neabejotinai destruktyvus ir tos filosofijos diegimas Lietuvos kasdienybėn, trukęs penkiasdešimt metų, negalėjo nepalikti pėdsakų. Šį poveikį rodo žmogaus kaip individo nuvertėjimas, kasdieninės moralės normų devalvavimas, trumpalaiko efekto pervertinimas - iš esmės krizinės situacijos ženklai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tokiame kontekste fizinė, moralinė ar seksualinė prievarta prieš vaikus - tik vienas laiko dvasios požymis, ir vargu ar pavyks atskirai jį paveikti, tačiau šios pastangos yra vienas iš kelių pakeisti pragaištingos sistemos suformuotą homo sovieticus . Viena iš neabejotinų homo sovietikus savybių buvo izoliavimasis  savo artimiausioje socialinėje aplinkoje, baimė kištis į svetimus reikalus ir dviguba moralė, kuomet svarbus tik išoriškai demonstruojamas veidas, bet ne kasdienis žmogaus elgesys, jei jis nepavojingas sistemai.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 16:49:53',62,'','2010-12-10 16:55:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 16:49:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,66,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2152,'Vaikas yra pilnavertė asmenybė','vaikas-yra-pilnavert-asmenyb','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugelis tėvų nelaiko pilnaverčiais žmonėmis. Jie skirtingai bendrauja su vaikais ir su suaugusiais. O tai jau nėra gerai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Svarbu nepamiršti, kad vaikai irgi žmonės. Jie daug mažesni ir silpnesni už suaugusius, bet ir, pavyzdžiui, moterys dažniausiai būna mažesnės ir silpnesnės už vyrus, tačiau jų niekas nelaiko žemesnėmis būtybėmis. Tik nuo aštuonių mėnesių kūdikis pradeda suprasti, kad jis yra atskiras individas. Laiko tėkmę ir mirtį vaikas pradeda suvokti dar vėliau. Kad tai suprastų jis turi įgyti pakankamai patirties.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vaikai yra protingi ir logiški, jie, kaip ir suaugę nori būti laimingi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Deja, dauguma žmonių su šiuo teiginiu nesutinka. Tai parodė ir mūsų atliktos apklausos duomenys. Net 75% iš apklaustųjų teigia, kad maži vaikai neturi jokios logikos, nesugeba protingai mąstyti ir savo elgesiu kenkia sau. Tačiau mokslininkų teigimu, šie argumentai reiškia tik tai, kad vaikams trūksta žinių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vaikai sugebėjimą mąstyti įgyja ne tada, kai sulaukia tam tikro amžiaus – šis jų gebėjimas įgimtas. Kiekviena nauja gyvenimo situacija yra nauja proga protavimui, mąstymui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pavyzdžiui, negalima sakyti jog vaikas yra kvailas, jei užlipo ant stiklo šukės, nes jis tiesiog nežino, kad gali įsipjauti. Taigi vaikas elgiasi protingai ir logiškai tiek, kiek leidžia jo patyrimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvieną minutę vaikai skuba kuo daugiau pažinti pasaulį. Jie apdovanoti didžiuliu smalsumu ir noru mokytis ir kai įgyja pakankamai žinių ir patyrimo, gali siekti laimės. Suaugę neturėtų vaikams trukdyti. Jie turėtų stovėti nuošalyje pasirengę padėti.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 17:10:55',62,'','2010-12-10 17:17:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 17:10:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,65,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2153,'Kaip įveikti depresiją','kaip-veikti-depresij','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Čia surašyti įvairūs būdai, kaip susidoroti su savo depresija. Tai tik bendri nurodymai, kiekvienas turi pasirinkti konkrečiai sau priimtinus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Darykite kasdieninius užrašus. Nepamirškite valgyti. Atkreipkite dėmesį, ar ką nors (cukrų ar kavą) valgant / geriant keičiasi jūsų nuotaika. Pasidarykite sau įdomius pietus, galite ką nors pasikviesti. Išsimaudykite, gal net vonioje su putomis.  Paklibinkite kompiuterį.  Išsinuomokite komedijinių filmų. Išeikite ilgam pasivaikščioti. Šokite. Vienas(a) namuose arba su draugu(e). Gerai valgykite. Maišykite jūsų mėgstamą maistą su tuo, kurį jum reikėtų valgyti. Praleiskite laiką, žaisdami su vaiku. Nusipirkite sau dovaną.  Paskambinkite draugui.  Perskaitykite juokingas laikraščių dalis.  Padarykite kam nors, ką nors netikėtai malonaus.  Padarykite sau ką nors neįtikėtinai malonaus.  Išeikite laukan ir pažiūrėkite į dangų. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 17:18:06',62,'','2010-12-10 17:24:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 17:18:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,64,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2154,'Bendravimo psichologija (vadovėlis)','bendravimo-psichologija-vadovlis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogus iš prigimties yra sociali būtybė. Ką tik gimusiam kūdikiui jau reikia ne tik maisto, šilumos, bet ir aplinkinių dėmesio bei meilės. Sėkmingas bendravimas yra svarbi visaverčio gyvenimo dalis, teigiamų emocijų šaltinis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gebėjimas bendrauti žymia dalimi lemia sėkmę daugelyje profesinės veiklos sričių. Dažnai jis vertinamas ne mažiau nei dalykinės žinios ir profesiniai įgūdžiai. Pedagogams, prekybininkams, gydytojams bendravimas yra tarsi „darbo įrankis\", kurį naudodami jie daro poveikį auklėtiniams, įgyja klientų pasitikėjimą ir kt. Daugelis veiklos sričių mūsų dienomis yra siaurai specializuotos, todėl gerų darbo rezultatų paprastai pasiekia komandos, sudarytos iš skirtingus dalykus išmanančių specialistų. Komandos darbo sėkmė taip pat priklauso nuo jos narių tarpusavio bendravimo. Visa tai skatina psichologus tirti bendravimo dėsningumus, ir vis daugiau žmonių - jais domėtis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame vadovėlyje stengtasi glaustai pateikti pačias svarbiausias šiuolaikinės psichologijos žinias apie bendravimą. Pirmajame jo skyriuje ieškoma šio daugialypio reiškinio apibrėžimo ir atsakymo į klausimą, ką gi reiškia posakis „sėkmingas bendravimas\". Gilintis į sėkmingo bendravimo paslaptis siūloma pradedant nuo savęs: aiškinantis, kaip bendravimą su aplinkiniais veikia mūsų pačių savivaizdis, gebėjimas save suprasti, kontroliuoti ir kt. Skyrius „Gyvenime - kaip scenoje\" nušviečia socialinės aplinkos, „stebėtojų\", „žiūrovų\" įtaką mūsų elgesiui bendraujant. Kaip elgiamės patys, tapę stebėtojais, aprašoma ketvirtajame skyriuje - „Socialinis suvokimas\".</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 17:24:49',62,'','2010-12-10 17:29:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 17:24:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,63,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2155,'Vaiko teisių konvencija ir žmogaus teisių pažeidimai (referatas)','vaiko-teisi-konvencija-ir-mogaus-teisi-paeidimai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žinoma, kad vaikai įvairų smurtą (psichologinį, fizinį ir kitokį) patiria ir mokykloje, ir kieme, ir namuose – šeimoje. Ne tik Lietuvoje paplitęs pasyvus teroras, kada vienas iš šeimos narių vaiką muša, o kitas – tyli. Vėliau tėvas, tarsi jausdamas kaltę, sūnaus ar dukros prašo atleisti, nes mama štai tokia bloga. Didžiulį susirūpinimą kelia mokyklose prieš vaikus naudojamas psichologinis smurtas. Kartais pedagogai jiems neįtinkančius moksleivius tiesiog kitų akivaizdoje išvadina nešvankiais žodžiais. Ypač nuo tokio teroro vaikams sunku apsiginti, jie net gali susirgti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daug mokytojų taip ir neišmoksta pakomentuoti savo auklėtinių padarytų darbų. Jokios ironijos įvertinant jų darbus ir rašant pažymius negali būti. Labai daug pasitaiko atvejų, kada šeimoje vaikai mušami, net dėl menkniekių. Ne paslaptis, jog vaikai dažnai nukenčia dvigubai ir dėl to, kad toli gražu ne visada suaugusiems pasisako, kas iš tikrųjų jiems atsitiko. Tai viena iš sunkiausiai sprendžiamų problemų. Iš tikrųjų mes, suaugusieji, nemokame atvirai kalbėtis su vaikais, ypač su tais, kurie patyrė smurtą. Nukentėjusiojo apklausos procedūra tokia sudėtinga, netobula ir grubi, kad vaikas po pirmo susitikimo su tardytoju užsisklendžia ir iš jo daugiau, išskyrus patį faktą, nieko neišpeši.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pas mus sukentėjusįjį apklausia po kelis kartus, iš pradžių policija, po to prokurorai, vėliau dar kartą prokurorai, ir tą patį kelis kartus reikia kartoti teisme. Įsivaizduokime, ką reiškia tokia procedūra seksualinę prievartą patyrusiam vaikui. Civilizuotose Vakarų šalyse ši problema pakankamai išspręsta – vaiko parodymai apklausos metu įrašomi į garso ir vaizdo juostą, kuria vėliau naudojasi kitos teisinės institucijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vaikus apklausia ne šiaip teisininkas, o žmogus, kuris specialiai paruoštas psichologiškai, moka bendrauti su vaikais, juos supranta. Pirmiausia pedagogai, nepilnamečių reikalų inspektoriai turi sugebėti suprasti, kas atsitiko vaikui: jis pats nukrito nuo kėdės ir susitrenkė, ar jį tiesiog kas nors sumušė. Fizinio lavinimo mokytojai taip pat ateityje turės sugebėti per pamokas įžvelgti problemą, kurią bando vaikas nuslėpti. Šiuo klausimu Vakarai pažengė gerokai į priekį, nes ten taip pat vaikai patiria smurtą. Policijos pastangomis vaikams pateikiamos anoniminės anketos, kuriose jie nurodo apie patirtą smurtą buityje. Labai pastebima viena bloga tendencija – daug vaikų, kurie skundžiasi dėl tėvų ilgalaikių komandiruočių į Rytus, - tėvai savo vaikams numeta pinigų, o patys išvažiuoja prekiauti. Šiauliams ši problema ypač aktuali. Dėl to nemažai šeimų išsiskiria. Net patys vaikai rašo prašantys savo tėvų, kad šie kuo greičiau išsiskirtų, nes sunku visiems… Taip pat vaikai atkreipė dėmesį į tai, kad jų mamos ėmė dominuoti šeimoje – iš komercinių kelionių sugrįžusios užsipuola vyrus, kad šie nesugeba pinigų uždirbti tiek, kiek uždirbančios jos, tokios moterys dažnai daug laiko praleidžia su draugėmis restoranuose. Tokių šeimų nariai apskritai nebeturi vienas su kitu apie ką pasišnekėti. Tai irgi smurtas prieš vaikus… Vaikų seksualinė prievarta mūsų mieste – taip pat ne naujiena.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 17:31:27',62,'','2010-12-10 17:35:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 17:31:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,62,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2156,'Studentų ir dėstytojų klausymosi įgūdžių tyrimas','student-ir-dstytoj-klausymosi-gdi-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kodėl mums yra labai svarbu mokėti klausytis? Mes bendraujame, kalbamės, klausomės. Tik kažkodėl daugiau dėmesio bendraudami skiriame kalbėjimui nei klausymuisi. O juk klausymasis yra tiek pat svarbi bendravimo dalis kaip ir kalbėjimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei mes bendraudami tik kalbame, nesirūpindami, ar esame išgirsti ir teisingai suprasti, o taip pat nesirūpindami, ar mes patys iš tiesų išgirdome ir teisingai supratome savo pašnekovą,- vargu ar toks bendravimas ilgai tęstųsi ir būtų vaisingas.Greičiausiai tokio bendravimo rezultatas - namus palikęs mylimas vyras, dėl \"vienatvės dviese\" besikamuojanti žmona, į tėvus kaip į didžiausius priešus žiūrintys vaikai... Nesistengdami ir nemokėdami klausytis, žmonės kenčia patys ir skaudina kitus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nemokėjimas klausytis lygiai taip pat kenkia ir dalykiniams santykiams. Blogai parašyta darbo ataskaita, netiksliai suderintas susitikimo laikas, netiksliu adresu pasiųsta informacija - visa tai tik dėl to, kad kažkas kažko nesugebėjo tiksliai išgirsti  ir suprasti.<br /> {googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 17:35:44',62,'','2010-12-10 17:38:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 17:35:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,61,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2157,'Požiūris į asmenybę Rytų teorijose','poiris-asmenyb-ryt-teorijose','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mūsų elgseną lemia kultūra ir šeima, kurioje mes augome, kurioje vystėsi mūsų jausmai, protas ir pasaulėžiūra. Tai yra mūsų realybė, mes gyvename joje žvelgdami į mus supantį pasaulį, taip kaip buvome išmokyti savo šeimoje ir visuomenėje. Mes pripažįstame tik tokį savąjį “aš”, kurį pažįstame.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekviena religija apriboja žmogų. Religija - tai santykis su didžiausią ir stipriausią poveikį turinčiomis vertybėmis, kurios gali būti įsąmonintos arba neįsąmonintos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tolmundo knygos užima svarbią vietą judaizmo istorijoje. Ištisus šimtmečius Tolmundas buvo vienintelis tikinčiųjų žydų mokymo ir tikėjimo objektas. Viena iš pagrindinių Tolmundo idėjų yra absoliutus paklusnumas dvasininkams. Todėl Tolmundo knygose aiškiai atsispindi socialinė nelygybė, reikalavimai susitaikyti su esama padėtimi. Žmogui nuolat kartojama, kad jis yra menkas ir, kad amžinoji laimė bei linksmybė jo laukia pomirtiniame gyvenime. Tolmudinio judaizmo reakcinė esmė pasireiškia dar ir tuo, kad tolmudizmas smulkmeniškai reglamentuoja tikinčiųjų gyvenimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tikinčiajam reikia laikytis 613 taisyklių, 365 draudimų ir 248 nurodymų. Tolmudistinis induizmasnetgi pasiekė visišką pergalę šeimos ir santuokos klausimuose. Tolmudistinis judaizmas dar stengiasi pavaizduoti žydų tautą kaip kažkokį fenomeną neturintį sau lygių istorojoje.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 17:39:00',62,'','2010-12-10 17:41:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 17:39:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',2,0,60,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2158,'Psichologijos apibrėžimas, šakos, tyrimų sritys, tyrimų metodai','psichologijos-apibrimas-akos-tyrim-sritys-tyrim-metodai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Psichologija - mokslas apie žmogaus elgesį ir mentalinius procesus. Psichologija tiria psichinius reiškinius, jų kilmę, raidą, reiškimosi formas ir mechanizmus. Mokslas apie sielą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Psichologija siekia atsakyti į aibę klausimų, susijusių su žmogumi. Kodėl žmogus taip elgiasi?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Psichologija imasi sudarinėti sąvokų ir teorijų sistemą, kuri užfiksuotų ir apibūdintų žmogų. Aišku, ta sistema – nėra žmogus, o tik pastangos dėl jo gerovės (tipo geriau pažinti ir jam padėti), noras perprasti, numatyti, kontroliuoti, keisti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kritiškai vertinant, psichologija – spėjimų mokslas, susidedantis iš hipotezių, kurias nuolatos reikia tikrinti tikrovėje. Teorijos teisingomis gali būti laikomos tol, kol nepaneigiamos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Psichologijos užuomazgos jau pirmųjų filosofų darbuose. Kad ir Aristotelio \"Apie sielą\". Arba Hipokrato (4 a. pr. m. e.) sukurti 4 temperamento tipai. Dar anksčiau - kad ir Biblijoje (ST).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Terminas \"psichologija\" pirmąkart pavartotas 1732 metais K. Volfo \"Empirinė psichologija\" ir \"Racionalistinė psichologija\". Psichologija kaip savarankiškas mokslas - nuo 1879, kai Leipcige (Vokietija) V. Vundtas įsteigė pirmąją psichologijos laboratoriją. Vundtas introspekcijos pagalba tikėjosi rasti pagrindinius žmogaus sąmonės elementus.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 17:43:11',62,'','2010-12-10 17:46:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 17:43:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,59,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(2159,'Alkoholio įtaka žmogui','alkoholio-taka-mogui','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Girtumas - apskritai visiems žinoma būsena. Mažai atsirastų žmonių, kurie patys nebūtų patyrę alkoholio poveikio. O girtą yra matęs kiekvienas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Alkoholis nėra šiuolaikinės civilizacijos vaisius. Svaigalai pasiekė mus iš amžių glūdumos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žinomas vokiečių etnografas Julijus Lipsas teigia, kad Paryžiaus kavinių nuolatinių lankytojų aperityvas, rusiškoji stalo degtinė, angliškųjų klubų viskis, Mozelio, Reino ir raudonasis bei putojantis vynas iš tikrųjų yra pirmykščių žemdirbių alaus, vyno ir klajoklių genčių rauginto kumyso patobulinti variantai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viso pasaulio medikams jau seniai kelia nerimą nuolatinis alkoholio plitimas. Pasaulinėje sveikatos asamblėjoje, kuri vyko 1979 metų gegužės mėnesį, buvo pabrėžta, kad per 1960 - 1972 metus visame pasaulyje vyno vartojimas padidėjo 20 , svaigiųjų alkoholinių gėrimų gamyba - 60  , alaus - 80 . Dvidešimt penkių šalių, kuriuose daugiausia surinkta statistinės medžiagos, duomenims, alkoholio vartojimas, skaičiuojant vienam gyventojui, per minėtą laikotarpį padidėjo 3 - 5 kartus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Alkoholio vartojimą psichologiškai galima motyvuoti tuo, kad jis, geriamas nedidėlėmis dozėmis, atpalaiduoja, ramina nervus, pakelia nuotaiką. Tuo pat metu “vyno dvasia” yra visų alkoholio sukeliamų blogybių pradžia. Svaigaluose esantis alkoholis  - didelis apgavikas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ir žmogaus, ir gyvūno organizme visada yra alkoholio. Įvarių tyrinėtųjų duomenimis, normalus alkoholio kiekis kraujyje yra 0,018 - 0,03 . Dar nenustatyta, ar jis susidaro vykstant medžiagų apykaitai, ar dėl bakterijų sukelto rūgimo žarnyne. Normalus alkoholio kiekis kraujyje padidėja, kai organizmą ištinka deguonies badas. Atsiradęs organizme alkoholis nesukelia girtumo, neskatina piktnaudžiauti alkoholiu, neturi nieko bendra su alkoholizmo plitimu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 17:47:12',62,'','2010-12-10 17:50:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 17:47:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,58,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2160,'Kaip pasirinkti partnerį? (referatas)','kaip-pasirinkti-partner-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dažnai mes mielai pasakojame partnerės pasirinkimo istoriją. Kaip mes ją sutikome pirmą kartą?  Ką ji pasakė ką mes tuo metu jautėme, kaip viskas klostėsi toliau? Net praėjus keletai  metų nuo šito mano manymu lemtingo įvykio, mes prisimename ir pasakojame jas kitiems, nepriklausomai nuo to, ar meilė jau senai   užgesusi istorijos apie sutuoktinio pasirinkimą mus nuolat žavi. Nesvarbu, ar kalbame apie mus pačius, ar apie kitus, mes visada stebimės, kaip du visiškai nepažįstami žmonės tampa artimais ir mylinčiais vienas kitą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ne veltui tokio siužeto filmai sulaukia didelio pasisekimo, ne veltui mes džiaugiamės, kai du suranda vienas kitą. Atrodytų, kad kiekviena pora išgyvena skirtingą meilės istoriją. Tačiau keistos ir paslaptingos istorijos, nėra tokios nepakartojamos, kaip mes manome, ir galbūt patys trokštame kažką panašaus patirti. Turbūt visi esame įsitikinę, kažkur šioje žemėje yra ta vienintelė tinkanti tik mums, žmogus su kuriuo būtume nepaprastai laimingi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Širdis turi savo nuostatas, kurių neįmanoma suprasti”, - šiandien vis dažniau mokslininkai pateikia mums protingus paaiškinimus, palikdami labai mažai erdvės romantikai. Atsakydamas į klausimą, “širdis, protas ar paprasčiausiai hormonai nulemia tai, kad mes įsimylime konkretų asmenį”, mokslininkai “širdžiai”priskiria apgailėtiną šalutinį vaidmenį. Anksčiau partnerio pasirinkimas buvo dažniau traktuojamas kaip biologinis, o ne kaip psichinis procesas. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 17:51:58',62,'','2010-12-10 17:55:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 17:51:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,57,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2161,'Stresas','stresas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dažnai sutinkame žmonių su, regis, neišsenkančia energija. Dirigentai ar kiti menininkai yra gyvybingi iki gilios senatvės, jie ištisas valandas gali vaisingai darbuotis tiek dvasiškai, tiek fiziškai. Jei ką nors darome su malonumu, jei kas mus įkvepia ir atrodo prasminga, pareikalauja iš mūsų nedaug energijos. Viskas klojasi gerai, kainuoja mažai jėgų, ir gyvenimo džiaugsmas mus dar labiau įkvepia. Jei ko nors nenorime daryti, turime prisiversti ir eikvoti energiją, dažnai vien pagalvojus apie nemalonius darbus sugenda nuotaika, gyvenimas tampa nebemielas, mes pristingame energijos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dažniausiai energijos prarandame dėl stresų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Stresas, ko gero, pastaraisiais metais tapo vienu iš neteisingiausiai suprantamų ir labiausiai ne vietoje vartojamų žodžių. Visi tik ir kalba apie stresą, dauguma patiria stresą, beveik visi skundžiasi savo stresais. Dėl visko, kas šiandien negerai, kaltinamas stresas – dėl mirties ir migrenos, skausmų menstruacijų metu ir žlugusios santuokos, dėl spuogų ir t. t. Tiesą sakant, darosi baisu, kai dar ir dešimties metų nesulaukę vaikai skundžiasi dėl “mokyklinių stresų”, motinos dejuoja dėl stresų, kuriuos jos patiria ruošdamos su vaikais pamokas, taip pat dirbdamos namuose ir įstaigose, mokytojai – dėl stresų mokykloje, vyrai – dėl stresų šeimoje ar firmoje, pardavėjos – dėl stresų prieš Kalėdas, turizmo firmų darbuotojai – dėl atostogų stresų, telefonistės – dėl daugybės skambučių, taksistai – dėl eismo ir t. t., ir t. t.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 18:56:22',62,'','2010-12-10 19:00:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 18:56:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,56,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2162,'Kai į šeimą įsibrauna depresija','kai-eim-sibrauna-depresija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai straipsnių rinkinys apie depresiją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 19:02:45',62,'','2010-12-10 19:07:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 19:02:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,55,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2163,'Socialinė psichologija (knyga)','socialin-psichologija-knyga','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai knyga apie socialinę psichologiją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 19:07:40',62,'','2010-12-10 19:13:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 19:07:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,54,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2164,'Psichologijos egzamino šperos','psichologijos-egzamino-peros','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 19:15:08',62,'','2010-12-10 19:17:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 19:15:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,53,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2165,'Bendravimo psichologija ','bendravimo-psichologija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Psichologija – psichikos tyrimas, galime įžiūrėti tradicinę psichologiją, bendravimo psichologiją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogus: 1. Dvasinis egzistencinis lygis. Susiję su religija, dvasinio alkio tenkinimu. 2. Psichologinis lygis. Mintys, norai, noras bendrauti, būti mylimam. 3. Fizinis lygis. Miegas, nuovargis, tempas, alkis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bendravimo psichologija – kaip žmogus bendrauja. Bendravimas – tai dviejų, ar daugiau, žmonių tarpusavio sąveika, kurios metu yra perduodama informacija, patenkinami įvairūs poreikiai: tokie kaip saugumas dominavimo saviraiškai ir kt. Bendravimas padeda giliau pažinti save, suprasti tai kas mes esame iš tikrųjų. Mes mokame bendrauti ar ne, esame malonūs ar ne, gauname atsakymus bendraudami ar ne. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 19:17:41',62,'','2010-12-10 19:23:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 19:17:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,52,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2166,'Psichologijos įskaitinis darbas ,,Mokymasis‘‘','psichologijos-skaitinis-darbas-mokymasis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Smėlėtame upelio dugne iš ikrų išsiritęs lašišos mailius su genais jau būna gavęs daug informacijos apie tai, kaip elgtis gyvenime. Tik išsiritusios žuvytės instinktyviai žino,kaip ir kur joms plaukti, kuo misti, kaip apsisaugoti nuo plėšrūnų. Laikydamasi įgimto plano, jauna lašiša netrukus pradeda savo kelionę jūron. Po ketverių metų, praleistų vandenyne, instinktas lašišą pargena atgal į jos gimtąsias vietas. Ji nuplaukia šimtus mylių iki savo gimtosios upės žiočių ir, pajutusi gimtosios upės kvapą, leidžiasi prieš srovę į savo protėvių nerštavietę. Ją pasiekusi, lašiša ieško gerų sąlygų - tinkamos temperatūros, smėlio ir vandens srovės - nerštui ir poruojasi.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Skirtingai nuo lašišos, mes gimdami neatsinešame genetinio gyvenimo plano. Daug ką turime išmokti iš patirties. Norėdami surasti savo gyvenimo kelią, kuris lašišai yra įgimtas, mes turime mokytis, ir dėl to esame gerokai lankstesni. Mes galime išmokti pasistatyti ledo būstus ar išsikasti žeminę, įsirengti povandeninius oro kambarius - taigi prisitaikyti beveik prie bet kokios aplinkos. Iš tiesų, bene svarbiausia, kuo gamta mus apdovanojo, - tai gebėjimas prisitaikyti - išmokti naujų elgesio būdų, kad galėtume įveikti nuolat kintančias aplinkybes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mokymasis - nuolatinis organizmo elgsenos kitimas, susijęs su patirtimi, - glaudžiau negu visos kitos temos siejasi su pačia psichologijos esme. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 19:42:49',62,'','2010-12-10 19:47:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 19:42:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,51,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2167,'Salvinorinas A. \"Proveržis\"','salvinorinas-a-qproverisq','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Salvinorinas A.  gaunamas iš Salvia divinorum augalo. Salvia divinorum augalas - tai kol kas legalus psichodelinis augalas, galingesnis už DMT ir LSD. Tai pačiai šeimai priklauso ir vaistinis šalavijas. Rūkomas kuo grynesnis salvinorinas naudojant pypkę vienu ypu įtraukiant į plaučius ir palaikant.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ištrauka iš D.M. Turner knygos \"Salvinorinas - psichodelinė salvia divinorum esmė\", aprašanti Daniel Siebert patirtį su salvinorinu A (1993 birželio 6 d., 1,8 mg salvinorino (2,6 mg medžiagos).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">\"Aš paruošiau gana neapdorotą, bet labai koncentruotą salvia divinorum ekstraktą. Užbėriau 2,6 mg testuojamos medžiagos ant mažos aliuminio folijos skiautelės. Po ja laikiau mažą degiklį, ir kai medžiaga išgaravo, aš įkvėpiau dūmus per stiklo vamzdelį. Palaukiau truputį ir nusprendžiau, kad nieko nebus. Paskutiniai žodžiai, praskridę mano galva buvo kažkas panašaus į \"Kaip ir maniau, šitas dalykas neaktyvus, einu išmesiu tai į šiukšliadėžę.\" Tada staigokai aš atsiradau painioje, dinamiškoje sąmonės būsenoje. Visiškai neturėjau supratimo kur mano kūnas ar kur dingo mano visata. Menkai prisimenu šitą pradinę potyrio stadiją, bet žinau, kad daug kas atsitiko ir tai buvo panašu į tikrą amžinybę, kai iš tiesų tai tetruko porą minučių.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 19:47:55',62,'','2010-12-10 19:54:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 19:47:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,50,'','',0,7,'robots=\nauthor='),(2168,'Žvelgiant į pasamonę','velgiant-pasamon','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogus sakytais ir rašytais žodžiais išreiškia prasmę to, ką jis nori pasakyti. Jo kalboje yra gausu simbolių, bet jis dažnai vartoja ženklus ir vaizdinius, kurie nėra tiksliai aprašomi. Kai kurie tėra santrumpos arba pirmųjų žodžio raidžių virtinė, kaip antai UN, UNICEF, UNESCO; kiti yra pažįstami verslo ženklai, patentuotų vaistų pavadinimai, ženkleliai ar emblemos. Nors jie patys yra bereikšmiai, jie įgyja atpažįstamą reikšmę įprastiniame vartojime ar sąmoningos intencijos dėka. Tai nėra simboliai. Tai yra ženklai, ir jie vien tik žymi objektus, kuriems yra priskiriami.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai, ką mes vadiname simboliu, yra terminas, pavadinimas ar net vaizdas, kuris gali būti įprastas kasdieniniame gyvenime, tačiau kuris, be visuotinai priimtos ir akivaizdžios reikšmės, turi dar ir specifines papildomas užuominas ir reikšmes. Jis nurodo kažką neapibrėžtą, nežinoma ar paslėptą nuo mūsų. Pavyzdžiui, daugelis Kretos paminklų pažymėti dvigubos adzės (kauptuko pavidalo kirvis - /red./) ženklu. Mes žinome objektą, bet nežinome jo simbolinių reikšmių (nuorodų). Kitas pavyzdys galėtų būti indas, kuris, lankęsis Anglijoj, namie pasakojo draugams, jog anglai garbina gyvulius, nes jis matęs senose bažnyčiose erelių, liūtų ir jaučių. Jis nežinojo (kaip ir daugelis krikščionių), kad šie gyvūnai yra evangelistų simboliai, kilę iš Ezekielio vizijos ir kad tai, savo ruožtu, yra Egipto saulės dievo Horo ir jo keturių sūnų analogija. Dar daugiau, yra tokių daiktų, kaip ratas ir kryžius, kurie yra žinomi visame pasaulyje, bet tam tikromis aplinkybėmis jie turi simbolinę reikšmę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ką jie tiksliai simbolizuoja, tebėra ginčytinas dalykas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 19:55:40',62,'','2010-12-10 20:00:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 19:55:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,49,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2169,'Meilės virusas','meils-virusas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Būti tavo draugu buvo viskas, ko tik aš norėjau; būti tavo meilužiu buvo viskas apie ką aš svajojau.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aš matau tave kiekviename veide ir negaliu galvoti apie nieką kitą tik tave.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jeigu aš būčiau galėjęs pasiekti žvaigždę kiekvieną kartą, kai mane prajuokinai, dabar aš turėčiau visą Paukščių Taką savo delne.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jeigu tu mane mylėsi tik mano sapnuose, leisk man miegoti amžinai.  Pabučiuok mane ir pamatysi žvaigždes; mylėk mane ir aš tau jas atnešiu.  Meilė yra sapnas tapęs tikrove kai mes susitikome.  Jei aš žinau kas yra meilė tai tik dėl tavęs.  Mano meilė tau yra kelionė, prasidedanti amžinai ir nesibaigianti niekad.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aš pažįstu tą, kuriam tu patinki, bet jei aš nebūčiau toks drovus, aš pasakyčiau tau kas jis. (Eidamas į tualetą.) Dabar aš einu padėsiu savo draugui, su kuriuo vėliau aš tave supažindinsiu.  Jei aš mylėčiau tave dar stipriau, aš tapčiau dviem žmonėmis.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 20:01:23',62,'','2010-12-10 20:05:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 20:01:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,48,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2170,'Tikslas ar tikslai ir gyvenimo vaidmenys','tikslas-ar-tikslai-ir-gyvenimo-vaidmenys','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugybė žmonių stengiasi bet kokia  kaina pasiekti sėkmę ir nesijausti nevykėliai. Dažnai girdime, kad kažkam pasisekė – paaukštino, gavo naują darbą, laimingai vedė/ištekėjo. Kartais pajuntame pavydą ir nutraukiame ryšius su „laimės kūdikiu“ arba imame kaltinti šeimą, sutuoktinį (neva blogai išauklėjo, žlugdė kaip asmenybę), arba tiesiog nusimename, kad mums taip nesiseka. Ir tik labai retai susimąstome apie tai, kas mums galėtų padėti pasiekti sėkmę? Kartais jos siekiame vienaip, o pasiekiame visai kitaip. Taigi kas yra sėkmė, ir kokiais sėkmės mitais tikime?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienintelis tikslas ar daugybė tikslų ir gyvenimo vaidmenų?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ar paskyrėte gyvenimą tik vienam tikslui? Ar po darbo randate laiko draugams ir mėgstamiems užsiėmimams?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugelis žmonių mano esą stiprūs konkurentai, ambicingi profesionalai. Tačiau jie taip pat pripažįsta, kad retai skiria laiko ar jėgų savo pomėgiams. Kai tokius žmones klausiame, ar ambicijos teikia jiems pasitenkinimo, šie suglumsta. Nuolatinė konkurencija, savųjų ambicijų tenkinimas sukelia malonios įtampos, susijaudinimo. Tačiau kai supranti, kad tą malonumą patiri santykių su artimaisiais, laisvalaikio, pomėgių sąskaita, darosi nebe taip įdomu ir malonu. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 20:49:28',62,'','2010-12-10 20:54:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 20:49:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,47,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2171,'Tiesos akimirkos','tiesos-akimirkos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasakyta, \"tiesa tave išlaisvins\". Čia rasite keletą Tado tiesos akimirkų, kurios gali jums padėti gyventi laimingesnį gyvenimą: tu mirsi. Visiškai nesvarbu kas tu esi, ką tu darai ar ką turi, - vis vien mirsi. Anksčiau ar vėliau, bet mirsi. Nėra jokios vilties. Viltis – kvailių motina. Net jei medicina įmins nemirtingumo paslaptis, kurią dieną gali mirti nuo nelaimingo atsitikimo. Gali nesutikti su šia tiesa ir kentėdamas slėptis nuo šios tiesos visą savo likusį gyvenimą. Arba gali priimti šią tiesą dabar ir pradėti džiaugtis kiekvienu savo gyvenimo momentu. Juk dabar žinai tikrą savo gyvenimo kainą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Negali pakeisti nė sekundės savo praeities. Visiškai nesvarbu kaip stipriai nebandytum, negali pakeisti nė vienos savo praeities sekundės. Negali pakeisti fakto, kad tik ką perskaitei šiuos žodžius. Nieko negali padaryti apie savo praeitį. Tai kam tada jaudintis?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visiškai nesvarbu kokie baisūs įvykiai buvo tavo gyvenime, negali pakeisti nė vieno momento juose. Gali pakeisti tik savo požiūrį. Gali nesutikti su šia tiesa ir toliau gyventi nerimdamas dėl to ką padarei blogai. Arba gali sutikti su šia tiesa ir gyventi taikoje su visa savo praeitimi. Pagalvok apie tai.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 20:54:47',62,'','2010-12-10 21:03:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 20:54:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,46,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2172,'Asmenybės problema ir asmenybės mokslas','asmenybs-problema-ir-asmenybs-mokslas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Numatymas, kontrolė, valdymas, keitimas (reikia numatyti reiškinius, paaiškinti...).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mokslo paskirtis nustatyti objektą arba tariamą tiesą remiansi objektyvumu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Turi savo teorijas, tyrimo metodus, sąvokas, kategorijas, hipotezes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Psichologijos uždaviniai: paaiškinti žmogaus elgesį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Psichologiniai tyrimo metodai: pokalbiai, testai, savianalizė. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 21:04:25',62,'','2010-12-10 21:08:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 21:04:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,45,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2173,'Jimorri Son ištrauka iš knygos','jimorri-son-itrauka-i-knygos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Skausmas turėtų mus pažadinti. Žmonės stengiasi slėpti savo skausmą. Bet jie klysta. Skausmą reikia nešiotis su savimi, taip kaip radiją. Jausdami skausmą, jūs jaučiate jėgą. Viskas priklauso nuo to, kaip jūs susidorojate. Skausmas yra jausmas - jūsų jausmai yra jūsų dalis. Jūsų realybės dalis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei jūs gėdijatės jausmų, slepiate juos, jūs leidžiate visuomenei griauti jūsų realybę. Jūs turėtumėte kilti ir kovoti už savo teisę jausti skausmą. Bet žmonės bijo mirties dar labiau nei skausmo. Keista, kad jie bijo mirties.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gyvenimas žeidžia žymiai labiau nei mirtis. Mirties metu skausmas baigiasi. Todėl  aš manau, kad ji yra draugė.Tai yra pabaiga, gražioji draugė, tai yra pabaiga, mano vienintele draugė, pabaiga,išsilaisvinimas žeidžia  nors jūs niekada neisit paskui mane juoko ir švelnaus melo pabaiga, pabaiga naktų, kai mes bandėme mirti, tai yra pabaiga. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 21:19:22',62,'','2010-12-10 21:24:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 21:19:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,44,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2174,'Meilės ir psichologijos įvadas','meils-ir-psicho-vadas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tas, kas tikisi lengvai išmokti meilės meno, perskaitęs šią knygą, turėtų nusivilti. Ši knyga, priešingai, siekia įrodyti, kad meilė nėra jausmas, lengvai apimantis kiekvieną, nepriklausomai nuo jo subrendimo. Ji nori įtikinti skaitytoją, kad visos jo pastangos mylėti bus nesėkmingos, jei jis nemėgins pačiu aktyviausiu būdu pakeisti savo asmenybės visumą, kad išsiugdytų produktyvią orientaciją; kadangi individualioje meilėje negalima patirti pasitenkinimo be gebėjimo mylėti artimą, be tikro kuklumo, drąsos, tikėjimo ir disciplinos. Kultūroje, kurioje šios savybės retos, retai gebama mylėti. Ir iš tiesų kiekvienas galėtų savęs paklausti, ar daug pažįsta iš tikrųjų mylinčių žmonių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ir vis dėlto, nors užduotis ir sunki, tai neturėtų varžyti mūsų pastangų pažinti sunkumus ir galimybes juos įveikti. Stengdamasis išvengti papildomų komplikacijų, pamėginau gvildenti kiek įmanoma mažiau specializuota kalba. Dėl tos pačios priežasties stengiausi kuo mažiau naudotis jau esama literatūra apie meilę. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 21:29:20',62,'','2010-12-10 21:34:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 21:29:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,43,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2175,'Dramblys tamsoje','dramblys-tamsoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Yra toks senas pasakojimas, kuris vadinasi \"Dramblys tamsoje\". Tai pasakojimas apie miestą, kurio visi gyventojai buvo akli.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vieną dieną, miesto aikštėje pasirodė dramblys. Niekas šiame mieste nebuvo nei matęs, nei girdėjęs apie tokią pabaisą. Aklųjų karalius nusiuntė savo tris išmintingiausius vyrus sužinoti, koks yra tas dramblys. Kiekvienas išminčius artinosi prie dramblio iš skirtingos pusės. Vienas, kurio ranka palietė ausį, pranešė, kad jis suprato tikrą dramblio prigimtį. \"Jis yra didelis, plokščias ir šiurkštus kaip kilimas\". Antras, kuris pajautė tik straublį, pasakė \"Yra visai ne taip, aš žinau atsakymą. Jis yra kaip trimitas, bet gali energingai judėti\". Trečias palietė tik kojas, ir jis aistringai prieštaravo kitiem dviem. \"Ne, ne, ne. Jūs viską neteisingai supratote. Dramblys yra galingas ir tvirtas kaip kolona\". <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-10 21:36:01',62,'','2010-12-10 21:40:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-10 21:36:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,42,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2176,'Patyčių prevencija mokyklose','patyi-prevencija-mokyklose','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gyvename visuomenėje, kuri, deja, nepasižymi gera dvasine sveikata. Taip jau atsitiko, kad šiuo sudėtingu pereinamuoju laikotarpiu atsiskleidė daug metų besikaupusios nesveiko elgesio su savimi ir su kitais ydos. Ar tai būtų didžiausias pasaulyje savižudybių skaičius, ar plačiai paplitusi įvairiai pasireiškianti prievarta, ar besaikis girtavimas – visa tai verčia mus pradėti domėtis savimi kaip individais ir visuomene, pažvelgti giliau ir suvokti, ką reiškia mums ši nelinksma statistika. Tik geriau suvokę savo elgesio nuostatas, kurios dažniausiai yra pasąmoningos ir užprogramuotos individo ar visuomenės praeityje, imsimės efektyviai šias problemas spręsti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Man džiugu pristatyti rimtą žingsnį šioje visuomenės sveikimo srityje – knygą  „Patyčių prevencija mokyklose“. Šioje knygoje iš visų pusių atskleidžiamas patyčių reiškinys, paprastais ir kartu mokslo žiniomis grįstais argumentais paneigiami mitai apie neva grūdinantį ar kitaip naudingą žmonėms ir visuomenei patyčių reiškinį. Patyčios, kaip ir kiti prievartos pasireiškimo būdai, yra mūsų visuomenės žemo emocinio raštingumo pasekmė, o kartu ir priežastis gausybės socializacijos nesėkmių, ištinkančių mūsų jaunimą. Stabdyti patyčių epidemiją jau seniai laikas, ir ši knyga turėtų tapti labai efektyvia prevencijos priemone.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-11 10:38:33',62,'','2010-12-11 10:50:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-11 10:38:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,41,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2177,'Psichologijos apibrėžimas, šakos, tyrimų sritys, tyrimų metodai','psichologijos-apibrimas-akos-tyrim-sritys-tyrim-metodai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Psichologija - mokslas apie žmogaus elgesį ir mentalinius procesus. Psichologija tiria psichinius reiškinius, jų kilmę, raidą, reiškimosi formas ir mechanizmus. Mokslas apie sielą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Psichologija siekia atsakyti į aibę klausimų, susijusių su žmogumi. Kodėl žmogus taip elgiasi?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Psichologija imasi sudarinėti sąvokų ir teorijų sistemą, kuri užfiksuotų ir apibūdintų žmogų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aišku, ta sistema – nėra žmogus, o tik pastangos dėl jo gerovės (tipo geriau pažinti ir jam padėti), noras perprasti, numatyti, kontroliuoti, keisti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kritiškai vertinant, psichologija – spėjimų mokslas, susidedantis iš hipotezių, kurias nuolatos reikia tikrinti tikrovėje. Teorijos teisingomis gali būti laikomos tol, kol nepaneigiamos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Psichologijos užuomazgos jau pirmųjų filosofų darbuose. Kad ir Aristotelio \"Apie sielą\". Arba Hipokrato (4 a.pr.m.e.) sukurti 4 temperamento tipai. Dar anksčiau - kad ir Biblijoje (ST).<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-11 10:51:47',62,'','2010-12-11 10:54:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-11 10:51:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,40,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2178,'Asmenybės psichologija bei jos tyrinėjimo objektas','asmenybs-psichologija-bei-jos-tyrinjimo-objektas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Psichologija - mokslas tiriantis psichinius reiškinius, jų kilmę, raidą, reiškimosi formas ir mechanizmus. Iš esmės jos pagrindinis objektas yra žmogaus psichika arba elgesys (nors tai labiau priklauso nuo atskirų psichologų teorinės orientacijos). Viena iš psichologijos sričių yra asmenybės psichologija. Šiai sričiai priskiriamos tos psichologinės teorijos, kurios nagrinėja žmogų kaip visumą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Būtent tuo asmenybės teorijos skiriasi nuo kitų psichologijos sričių, kurios apsiriboja tik tam tikrais žmogaus psichikos ar elgesio aspektų tyrimais. Tad asmenybės teorija yra ta teorija, kuri bando paaiškinti daugiau ar mažiau visus psichikos ar elgesio fenomenus (kurie, kaip atrodo jos autoriui, turi esminio reikšmingumo žmogaus egzistavimui), tuo tarpu tos teorijos, kurios analizuoja tik tam tikras psichikos reiškinių ar elgesio aspektų rūšis, yra vienaspektinės (single - domain) teorijos (pvz.: suvokimo, klausos, atminties teorijos ir pan.). Taigi, asmenybės teorijos yra daug platesnio pobūdžio nei kitokio tipo psichologijos teorijos, nes jos bando visapusiškai paaiškinti ir nuspėti žmogaus elgesį. Tad savo esme asmenybės teorija turėtų būti integratyvi, t. y., aiškinti įvairius psichologinius reiškinius, procesus ir jų sąveikas, potencialiai apjungdama įvairių psichologijos sričių tyrinėjimų rezultatus. Pagrindinė tokios teorijos užduotis būtų sukurti pilną žmogaus funkcionavimo modelį, kurio pagrindu būtų galima prognozuoti žmogaus elgesį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau nors asmenybės psichologijos tyrinėjimų sritis yra gana aiški, gerokai sunkiau yra apibrėžti jos pagrindinį objektą - asmenybę. Čia susiduriame su asmenybės psichologijos (lygiai taip pat kaip ir bendrosios psichologijos) komplikuotumu, nes esant dabartiniam psichologijos kaip mokslo išsivystymo lygiui, nėra visuotinai priimtos vieningos mokslinės paradigmos, kuri leistų vienareikšmiškai apibrėžti asmenybės terminą. Todėl asmenybės apibrėžimas labai priklauso nuo ją apibrėžiančiojo teorinės pozicijos ir praktiškai kiekviena teorija pateikia savą asmenybės apibrėžimą. Toks konkrečios teorijos pateikiamas asmenybės apibrėžimas labai priklauso nuo problemų, kurias iškelia ta teorija, srities, bei nuo siūlomų atsakymų į šias problemas. Todėl prieš pabandant atsakyti į klausimą ‘kas yra asmenybė?’ dera peržvelgti pagrindines problemas, kurias nagrinėja įvairios teorijos, bei tam tikrus siūlomus šių problemų sprendimus.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-11 10:55:17',62,'','2010-12-11 10:57:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-11 10:55:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,39,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(2179,'Menas mylėti','menas-mylti','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tas, kas tikisi lengvai išmokti meilės meno, perskaitęs šią knygą, turėtų nusivilti. Ši knyga, priešingai, siekia įrodyti, kad meilė nėra jausmas, lengvai apimantis kiekvieną, nepriklausomai nuo jo subrendimo. Ji nori įtikinti skaitytoją, kad visos jo pastangos mylėti bus nesėkmingos, jei jis nemėgins pačiu aktyviausiu būdu pakeisti savo asmenybės visumą, kad išsiugdytų produktyvią orientaciją; kadangi individualioje meilėje negalima patirti pasitenkinimo be gebėjimo mylėti artimą, be tikro kuklumo, drąsos, tikėjimo ir disciplinos. Kultūroje, kurioje šios savybės retos, retai gebama mylėti. Ir iš tiesų kiekvienas galėtų savęs paklausti, ar daug pažįsta iš tikrųjų mylinčių žmonių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ir vis dėlto, nors užduotis ir sunki, tai neturėtų varžyti mūsų pastangų pažinti sunkumus ir galimybes juos įveikti. Stengdamasis išvengti papildomų komplikacijų, pamėginau gvildenti kiek įmanoma mažiau specializuota kalba. Dėl tos pačios priežasties stengiausi kuo mažiau naudotis jau esama literatūra apie meilę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kita problema taip ir liko iki galo neišspręsta; būtent, nepavyko išvengti minčių iš ankstesnių mano knygų pasikartojimo. Skaitytojas, jau susipažinęs su \"Laisvės baime\", \"Žmogumi sau\" ir \"Sveikąja visuomene\", atras šioje knygoje daug minčių, išsakytų ankstesniuose mano darbuose. Aišku, \"Menas mylėti\" anaiptol nėra vien jų santrauka. Knyga pateikia daug visiškai naujų idėjų, tad natūralu, kad net ir senosios įgauna naują prasmę, kai sutelkiamos apie vieną temą - meną mylėti.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-11 10:58:39',62,'','2010-12-11 11:01:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-11 10:58:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,38,'','',0,6,'robots=\nauthor='),(2180,'Meilė','meil','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kas yra meilė? Keldami tokį klausimą, ieškome ne vien kokio nors bendro paaiškinimo. Norime žinoti, kaip su meile susitinkame, ką ji mums duoda.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jau nuo seno žmones domino meilės tema: menininkai savo kūriniuose yra išreiškę kitų žmonių meilės džiaugsmus ir kančias, taip pat savo pačių išgyvenimus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Meno kūriniuose įkūnyta meilė veikia mūsų jausmus, skatina susimąstyti, nuolat ieškoti kelių į tai, kas tauru ir gražu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Meile paprastai laikome taurų asmenybės taurų asmenybės jausmą, kuris yra prigimties duotų ir kultūros sukurtų žmogiškųjų savybių vientisumo išraiška.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Meilė yra fizinio, dvasinio ir dorovinio prado vienovė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Meilė būdinga visiems žmonėms, tik kiekvienas žmogus ją išgyvena skirtingai. Žmogaus meilė atitinka jo dvasinės kultūros lygį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Estetinis neišprusimas, savininkiška psichologija, pareigos, savigarbos, užuojautos, gėrio, grožio, jausmų skurdumas yra didžiausi ir pagrindiniai draugystės ir meilės priešai.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 15:43:24',62,'','2010-12-13 15:47:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 15:43:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,37,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2181,'Temperamentas ir charakteris','temperamentas-ir-charakteris','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienas žmogus gimsta su tik jam vienam būdingomis tam tikromis savybėmis. Tai priklauso nuo genotipo – unikalaus, individualaus genų derinio. Ar tai reiškia, kad tos savybės vyraus jo asmenybėje? Norint  pažinti tiek savo, tiek kito žmogaus asmenybę, reikia suvokti  priežastis, lemiančias jos veiklos kryptingumą. Supratimas, kas  asmenybėje yra įgimta, o kas susiformuoja raidos procese, reikalauja šiek tiek žinoti apie temperamentą ir charakterį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Temperamentas – tai pastovios asmenybės savybės, pasireiškiančios.Psichinių  reiškinių intensyvumu, tempais ir pastovumu.Tai įgimtų centrinės nervų  sistemos savybių išraiška. Centrinę nervų sistemą, sudarytą iš galvos ir stuburo smegenų, turi ir žmonės, ir gyvūnai. Rusų mokslininkas I.  Pavlovas pasiūlė tiek žmones, tiek gyvūnus skirstyti fiziologiniu pagrindu pagal jaudinimo ir slopimo procesų savybes <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 15:48:51',62,'','2010-12-13 15:52:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 15:48:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,36,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2182,'Psichologiniai straipsniai','psichologiniai-straipsniai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konfliktas ( lot. conflictus - susidūrimas) – priešingų interesų, pažiūrų, siekimų susidūrimas, kivirčas, ginčas, nesutarimas, galintis susikomplikuoti. Šeimos konfliktai – tai prieštaravimai, kilę tarp jos narių dėl psichinio, fiziologinio ar socialinio, buitinio nesutaikomumo, taip pat dėl veiklos motyvų, tikslų, pažiūrų skirtingumo. Jie paprastai būna susiję su tam tikrų vertybių perkainojimu, būtinumu atsinaujinti. Ne visi prieštaravimai virsta konfliktais. Šeimoje galima ginčytis dėl politikos, madų, tam tikrų reiškinių vertinimo ar kitų dalykų ir gražiai, darniai sugyventi. Paprastai taip elgiasi aukštos bendravimo kultūros, savikritiški nekartojantys padarytų klaidų, susivaldantys, nepernešantys savo blogos nuotaikos iš mokyklos ar darbovietės į šeimą, pakantūs kito nuomonei žmonės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prieštaravimai sukelia konfliktus tada, kai paliečia kurio šeimos nario interesus, konkrečią asmenybę. Kadangi konfliktai sukelia stiprias emocijas (nuoskaudą, pyktį, panieką, pasipiktinimą, neapykantą, pagiežą), o jos jaudina žmogų, skatina energingai ginti savo interesus, tai konfliktuojant nesutarimų priežastis dažniausiai užleidžia vietą vien psichologinėms nuostatoms („Kaip jis drįso?!“, „Kodėl pasakė?!“, „Kodėl priminė?!“, „Jis manęs, matyt, nemyli“ ir kt.). Tada nepaprastai sparčiai didėja asmeninis priešiškumas, nes nesutariantys šeimos nariai jau nesistengia suvokti konflikto priežasčių, o bet kokia kaina nori įveikti vienas kitą. Tokie konfliktai, nors ir paprastai išsprendžiami, yra nuostolingi abiem šalims. Net įrodydamas savo teisybę, „nugalėtojas“ pralaimi, nes savo „pergale“ atstūmė, atitolino pralaimėjusįjį. Be to, šeimos narių vaidai gali peraugti į nuolatinį „namų karą“, kai gyvenimas virsta „pragaru“: šeimynykščiai gula ir kelia, jausdami pagiežą bei nuoskaudą, vaikai į besivaidijančius tėvus žiūri be deramos pagarbos, tėvai į vaikus – be meilės ir pan. Vis dėl to smulkių konfliktų situacijų išvengti sunku. Jos yra toks pat natūralus dalykas, kaip kiti bendravimo aspektai, ir gali būti netgi naudingos, kaip tam tikras šeimos ir vieno jos nario prisitaikymo mechanizmas. Teisingai išspręsti konfliktai sukelia permainų, atnaujina žmonių santykius, yra tam tikra paskata asmenybei tobulėti.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 15:56:55',62,'','2010-12-13 16:00:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 15:56:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,35,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2183,'Sapnai ir simboliai','sapnai-ir-simboliai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sapno kalba, daugumai mūsų, atrodo, arba per daug kompleksuota, sudėtinga arba perdaug kvaila mūsų racionaliam protui įsisąmoninti. Kaip ten bebūtų, mūsų sapnai prisodrinti vaizdiniais ir simbolika, kuri paaiškina mūsų egzistenciją tokia informacijos formą. Tačiau, neišaiškinti ir neišversti į mums suprantamą kalbą, jie pasilieka tik vaizdiniais. Norėdami suprasti sapno ir ženklų kalbą, mes žinoma pasitelkiame pirmykštės istorinės simbolikos paralelinės psichologijos pavyzdžių, nes sapnai iš esmės kyla iš pasąmonės, kurioje yra išlikusi galimybė praėjusios istorinės raidos funkcijai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sapno kalba yra nuostabi, reikšminga, poetiška ir tyra. Dauguma atvejų, kiekvienas sapno simbolis tarnauja lyg metafora didesnei idėjai – sakė Jungas.  Ženklai ir simboliai  gali atspindėti ir tokias mūsų pasąmonės skilteles, apie kurių egzistavimą mes net negalėjome numanyti. Technologijai smarkiai progresuojant, dauguma mūsų prarandam gebėjimą įsiklausyti į mums asmeniškai siunčiamus ženklus ar gebėjimą matyti juos.Tačiau, mes dar nevisiškai praradom tą šeštą pojūčio siunčiamą signalą, kad vis tiktai yra kažkokia paslaptinga sąsaja pvz.: tarp žmonių ir daiktų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame darbe, remdamasi penkių autorių nuomonėmis apie sapnų ir simbolių reikšmę mūsų gyvenimui, pabandysiu kiek įmanoma glausčiau išdėstyti pačias įdomiausias, daugiausiai mano dėmesį atkreipusias mintis ir frazes.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 16:01:00',62,'','2010-12-13 16:06:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 16:01:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,34,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2184,'Kas man trukdo suprasti kitą žmogų?','kas-man-trukdo-suprasti-kit-mog','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viena didžiausių šiuolaikinės visuomenės problemų (taip pat ir mano ) yra nemokėjimas išklausyti ir suprasti.Tai gali lemti daugelis veiksnių, kuriuos ir stengsiuos paminėti šiame darbe.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tarpusavio supratimui labai didelę įtaką daro kitas žmogus. Dažnai bendraudamas aš atsižvelgiu į tokius aspektus kaip  somatika (ūgis,sudėjimas), žmogaus fiziologija (kvėpavimas, prakaitas, paraudimas), funkciniai ypatumai (laikysena), mimika gestai ir pantomimika, išvaizda (papuošalai) - materialine būsena, charakteris, kalbėjimo maniera.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kalbėdamas su kitu mažiau pažįstamu asmeniu aš bandau jį tarsi išnagrinėti, išsiaiškinti jo charakterio savybes ir dažnai atsitinka taip, kad ko mes laukiame, tikimės - tas savybes ir randame kitame žmoguje. Būna ir taip, kad naujas žmogus panašus į seniau pažinotą žmogų iš išorės,  tai mes pradedame automatiškai galvoti, kad ir jų charakteriai vienodi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dažnai būna ir taip, kad dėl bendravimo nesklandumų, kurie dažnai trukdo suprasti kitą asmenį, esu kaltas pats. Tai labai pasireiškia, kai bendrauju su aukštesnį rangą turinčiu žmogumi. Aš negaliu jo tinkamai išklausyti, nes jo tarsi bijau, jaučiu nepilnavertiškumo kompleksą, stengiuosi įtikti, nes jis gali įtakoti mano ateitį.  Pasitaiko ir atvirkščiai, pas mane  atėjusį asmenį su žemesniu rangu aš pats ignoruoju, jam nurodinėju ir nekreipiu dėmesio į jo nuomonę.                           <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 16:07:01',62,'','2010-12-13 16:11:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 16:07:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,33,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2185,'Psichologijos įvadas inžinerijos studijoms','psichologijos-vadas-ininerijos-studijoms','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai paskaitų konspektai apie psichologiją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 16:16:02',62,'','2010-12-13 16:24:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 16:16:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,32,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2186,'Konflikto valdymo stiliai (referatas)','konflikto-valdymo-stiliai-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konfliktai – neišvengiama mūsų gyvenimo dalis. Svarbu mokėti juos efektyviai įveikti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konfliktas tai – priešprieša bent tarp dviejų priklausomų pusių (žmonių, žmonių grupių, organizacijų ir pan.), skirtingai suvokiančių tikslus, jų siekimo būdus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konfliktai būna funkciniai ir disfunkciniai. Funkcinius galėtume vadinti naudingais – jie padeda spręsti problemas, plėtoja santykius. Disfunkciniai konfliktai komplikuoja santykius, sukelia daug neigiamų išgyvenimų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienas žmogus turi savo individualų konfliktų įveikimo stilių. Kartais įprastinis stilius padeda, o kartais gali ir trukdyti. Sunku valdyti tokias konfliktines situacijas kai esi užsipuolamas, kai tau nepagrįstai priekaištaujama. Tačiau ir tokiose situacijose verta siekti konstruktyvaus elgesio.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 17:00:57',62,'','2010-12-13 17:04:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 17:00:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,31,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2187,'Savirealizacija ','savirealizacija-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nerealizavusių savęs žmonių nuomonės (save realizavę žmonės paprastai mano priešingai nei šiame sąraše esančios nuomonės; kai kur pateikta save realizavusio žmogaus nuomonė):</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">• Ateis laikas, kai aš pradėsiu gyventi iš tikrųjų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">• Priimdamas nepažįstamo žmogaus paslaugą, jaučiuosi jam skolingas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">• Man sunku susigaudyti savo jausmuose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">• Aš dažnai susimąstau ar teisingai elgiuosi toje ar kitoje situacijoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">• Aš nejaukiai jaučiuosi, kai man sako komplimentus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">• Ne visi žmonės apdovanoti kūrybiškumu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">• Man ne visada užtenka laiko sekti literatūros ir meno naujienas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">• Man sunku priimti rizikingus sprendimus. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 17:05:05',62,'','2010-12-13 17:08:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 17:05:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,30,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2188,'Bendraamžių įtaka paauglių asmenybės formavimuisi','bendraami-taka-paaugli-asmenybs-formavimuisi','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Manau ši tema visada buvo aktuali, yra aktuali ir bus aktuali. Paauglystė yra ypatingas amžius, kada žmogus ieško savęs, kovoja ne tik su aplinka, pačiais artimiausiais, brangiausiais žmonėmis, bet ir pačiu savimi. Šiame amžiaus tarpsnyje svarbu pasirinkimas: paauglys visada renkasi, jis visada dvejoja, abejoja.... jį beveik visada lydi klausimas ką pasirinkti, pvz.: ar eiti į kasdieninį užklasinės veiklos užsiėmimą ar su įkalbinėjančiais draugais į kiemą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Turbūt visi su manimi sutiks, kad būtent šiame gyvenimo periode labai svarbi draugų, bendraamžių įtaka. Kažkur nublanksta dar taip neseniai labiausiai mylimi ir brangiausi tėvai, nuo kurių nenorėjo nė per žingsnį atsitraukti, kuriais buvo beatodairiškai pasitikima.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame darbe paanalizuosiu kokią įtaką paauglių asmenybės formavimuisi daro bendraamžiai, kurie šiame tarpsnyje yra pastovūs palydovai.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 17:09:05',62,'','2010-12-13 17:12:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 17:09:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,29,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2189,'Instinktai (špera)','instinktai-pera','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai psichologinio pobūdžio špera apie instinktus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 17:12:41',62,'','2010-12-13 17:16:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 17:12:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,28,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2190,'Psichologija Tau','psichologija-tau','','<p> </p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>\r\n<p> </p>',0,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 17:17:28',62,'','2010-12-13 17:27:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 17:17:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',2,0,27,'','',0,0,'robots=\nauthor='),(2191,'Psichologijos egzamino bilietai','psichologijos-egzamino-bilietai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 17:28:57',62,'','2010-12-13 17:30:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 17:28:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,26,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2192,'Žvelgiant į pasąmonę','velgiant-pasmon','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogus sakytais ir rašytais žodžiais išreiškia prasmę to, ką jis nori pasakyti. Jo kalboje yra gausu simbolių, bet jis dažnai vartoja ženklus ir vaizdinius, kurie nėra tiksliai aprašomi. Kai kurie tėra santrumpos arba pirmųjų žodžio raidžių virtinė, kaip antai UN, UNICEF, UNESCO; kiti yra pažįstami verslo ženklai, patentuotų vaistų pavadinimai, ženkleliai ar emblemos. Nors jie patys yra bereikšmiai, jie įgyja atpažįstamą reikšmę įprastiniame vartojime ar sąmoningos intencijos dėka. Tai nėra simboliai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai yra ženklai, ir jie vien tik žymi objektus, kuriems yra priskiriami.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai, ką mes vadiname simboliu, yra terminas, pavadinimas ar net vaizdas, kuris gali būti įprastas kasdieniniame gyvenime, tačiau kuris, be visuotinai priimtos ir akivaizdžios reikšmės, turi dar ir specifines papildomas užuominas ir reikšmes. Jis nurodo kažką neapibrėžtą, nežinoma ar paslėptą nuo mūsų. Pavyzdžiui, daugelis Kretos paminklų pažymėti dvigubos adzės (kauptuko pavidalo kirvis - red.) ženklu. Mes žinome objektą, bet nežinome jo simbolinių reikšmių (nuorodų). Kitas pavyzdys galėtų būti indas, kuris lankęsis Anglijoj, namie pasakojo draugams, jog anglai garbina gyvulius, nes jis matęs senose bažnyčiose erelių, liūtų ir jaučių. Jis nežinojo (kaip ir daugelis krikščionių), kad šie gyvūnai yra evangelistų simboliai, kilę iš Ezekielio vizijos ir kad tai, savo ruožtu, yra Egipto saulės dievo Horo ir jo keturių sūnų analogija. Dar daugiau, yra tokių daiktų, kaip ratas ir kryžius, kurie yra žinomi visame pasaulyje, bet tam tikromis aplinkybėmis jie turi simbolinę reikšmę. Ką jie tiksliai simbolizuoja, tebėra ginčytinas dalykas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 17:31:23',62,'','2010-12-13 17:37:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 17:31:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,25,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2193,'Smurtą patyrusių vaikų fizinio ir psichinio vystymosi edukacinis tyrimas (kursinis darbas)','smurt-patyrusi-vaik-fizinio-ir-psichinio-vystymosi-edukacinis-tyrimas-kursinis-darbas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Smurtą patyrusių vaikų fizinį bei psichinį vystymąsi tirti lėmė dabartinė situacija Lietuvoje. Kiekvieną dieną girdimi pranešimai apie tėvų žiauriai sumuštus vaikus. Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijos 21 straipsnis teigia: žmogaus asmuo neliečiamas, žmogaus orumą gina įstatymas, draudžiama žmogų kankinti, žaloti, žeminti jo orumą, žiauriai su juo elgtis.(Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija, 1992). Tokį požiūrį įgyvendina formaliojo ugdymo sistema, visuomeniniai santykiai, bet ne tėvų ir vaikų santykiai. Tėvų supratimas apie vaikų auklėjimą grindžiamas asmenine patirtimi. Todėl vaikų auklėjimas diržu Lietuvoje turi senas tradicijas, perduodamas iš kartos į kartą. (Adomavičienė, 1980). Tik kai kurie tėvų smurto prieš vaikus atvejai susilaukia visuotinio pasmerkimo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Smurtas prieš vaikus – ne tik auklėjimo, bet ir gerokai platesnė ekonominė ir socialinė problema. Viena pagrindinių smurto šeimoje priežasčių – skurdas. Skurde gyvenantys nebepajėgia mylėti ir gerbti savęs, vadinasi ir kitų, o tai geriausia terpė smurtui. (Vaikų fizinė ir seksualinė prievarta, 1996). Vienintelė profilaktikos ir prevencijos priemonė smurtui prieš vaikus sumažinti – vaikų atskyrimas nuo šeimos, tai yra įkurdinimas vaikų globos namuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Smurtą patyrus kūdikystėje pastebimas fizinio ir psichinio vystymosi atsilikimas. Atsilieka fizinė raida: daug lėčiau kūdikis pradeda ropoti, šliaužioti, guguoti, kalbėti. Naktimis jis prabunda be jokios priežasties ir pradeda verkti. Vaikai tampa labai nervingi, irzlūs. Visą likusį gyvenimą jie patiria sunkumų bendraujant, nepasitiki niekuo. Menkai suvokia savo vertę, pas juos iškreipta vertybių sistema, patys naudoja smurtą, prievartą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Smurtas prieš vaikus bei jo įtaka fiziniam bei psichiniam vystymuisi plačiai tyrinėjama užsienio mokslininkų: vaikus, kurie patyrė smurtą tyrinėjo Burke (1995), Sutton (1999); aplinkos veiksnius, skatinančius agresyvų tėvų elgesį tyrė Greenland (1987), Wind (1994).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvoje iš atliktų tyrimų pažymėtini yra empiriniai (Nepilnamečiai, padarę sunkius nusikaltimus: psichologiniai ir socialiniai ypatumai, 2000). Vaiko asmenybės vystymąsi tyrinėjo Leliūgienė (1997). Buvo atlikta agresijos bei agresyvaus tėvų elgesio su vaikais metodologinė analizė pedagoginio tyrimo kontekste (Kairienė, 2001).<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 17:37:37',62,'','2010-12-13 17:43:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 17:37:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,24,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(2194,'Charakteris','charakteris','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prancūzų rašytojas V. Hugo yra pasakęs, kad kiekvienas žmogus turi tris charakterius: tą, kurį jis sau priskiria, tą kurį jam priskiria, ir pagal tą kuris yra iš tikrųjų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Charakteris – graikų kilmės žodis, reiškiantis ir atspaudą, kalimą ir įspaudimą. Iš tikrųjų charakteryje atsispindi žmogaus auklėjimas ir jo veikla, o iš kitos pusės, žmogus pats ,,nukala” savo charakterį. Charakteris apsprendžia žmogaus elgesį, mintis, jausmus. Tačiau charakteriu reikia laikyti ne visus žmogaus ypatumus, bet tik esminius ir pastovius. ,,Charakteris – pastovių žmogaus elgesio ypatybių visuma, kuri išreiškia jo santykį su kitais žmonėmis ir pačiu savimi, savo veiksmais”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žinant individo charakterį, galima gana tiksliai numatyti būsimus jo veiksmus ir poelgius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vieni charakterio bruožai yra tipiški tam tikrai asmenų grupei. Jie priklauso nuo bendrųjų žmogaus gyvenimo visuomeninių aplinkybių, perimamos socialinės aplinkos. Dažnai būna, kad vaikai iš asocialių šeimų būna agresyvūs, pikti, nedraugiški. Šeimoje, kur svarbiausia yra materialinis gerbūvis, vaikai augs godūs, šykštūs, teikiantys pirmenybę materialinėms gėrybėms. Gi nuoširdžioje, draugiškoje aplinkoje augę vaikai dažniausia bus paslaugūs, draugiški, atviri.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 17:43:53',62,'','2010-12-13 17:46:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 17:43:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,23,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2195,'Kas ji, ta hipnozė?','kas-ji-ta-hipnoz','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Hipnozė sena kaip pati žmonija. Aptikta įrodymų, kad šį reiškinį žinojo dar šumerai prieš 4000 m. pr. Kr. Tačiau iki šiol dar nėra moksliškai pagrįsto paaiškinimo, kokia gi tikrojo hipnozės prigimtis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Beveik kiekvienas, kuriam teko patirti hipnozės poveikį ar bent skaityti apie jį, žiūri į ją skeptiškai ar su baime. Dauguma mano, kad hipnozė artima narkozės būsenai ar sąmonės netekimui, nors iš tikrųjų net giliausiai pasinėrus į hipnozės būseną to nebūna. Sąmonė ir pasąmonė visada išlieka budrios, išskyrus nebent tuos atvejus, kai organizmui taip reikia miego, kad užhipnotizuotasis pasineria į miego būseną.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Niekas negali Jums hipnozės būsenoje efektyviai įteigti ar net priversti padaryti ką nors tokio, kas neatitinka Jūsų asmenybės struktūros. Dažnai manoma, jog hipnozės būsenoje gali būti išplepėti tkie dalykai, kurie jokiu būdu nėra skirti kitiems. Tačiau iš tikrųjų niekas ir niekada negali</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jūsų priversti tai padaryti, nes sąmonė vis dėlto visą laiką budi. Užhipnotizuotasis visą laiką žino, ką sako ir ką daro.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 17:47:11',62,'','2010-12-13 17:49:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 17:47:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,22,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2196,'Psichologiniai procesai grupėse ir jų valdymas','psichologiniai-procesai-grupse-ir-j-valdymas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogus iš prigimties yra sociali būtybė. Ką tik gimusiam kūdikiui reikia ne tik maisto, šilumos, bet ir aplinkinių dėmesio bei meilės. Sėkmingas bendravimas yra svarbi visaverčio gyvenimo dalis, teigiamų emocijų šaltinis. Gebėjimas bendrauti,didele dalimi lemia sėkmę daugelyje profesinės veiklos sričių. Dažnai jis vertinamas ne mažiau nei dalykinės žinios ir profesiniai įgūdžiai. Pedagogams, prekybininkams, gydytojams bendravimas yra tarsi „darbo įrankis“, kurį naudodami jie daro poveikį auklėtiniams, įgyja klientų pasitikėjimą ir kt. Komandos darbo sėkmė taip pat priklauso nuo jos narių tarpusavio bendravimo. Visa tai skatina psichologus tirti bendravimo dėsningumus, ir vis daugiau žmonių - jais domėtis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ką gi reiškia posakis „sėkmingas bendravimas“. Gilintis į sėkmingo bendravimo paslaptis siūloma pradedant nuo savęs: aiškinantis,kaip bendravimą su aplinkiniais veikia mūsų pačių savivaizdis, gebėjimas save suprasti, kontroliuoti ir kt. Kodėl vieni žmonės bendrauja lengvai, o kiti, sunkiai, kodėl vieni esame namisėdos, o kitiems reikia minios draugų. Net ir labai ieškodami, sunkiai rastume žmogų, kuris nebūtų kada nors įsivėlęs į didesnį ar mažesnį konfliktą. Jei konfliktai neišvengiami, kodėl gi neišmokus tinkamai konfliktuoti?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atsakyti į klausimą, kas yra bendravimas, galima paprastai: tai kiekvienam iš mūsų įprasta, kasdieninė veikla. Norime ar nenorime, mokame ar nemokame, mes nuo pat ryto iki vakaro su kuo nors bendraujame. Vaikai bendrauja su tėvais, studentai su dėstytojais, įstaigų darbuotojai su savo vadovais, bendradarbiais, klientais.Netgi tada, kai šalia nėra nė vieno žmogaus, jaučiame aplinkinių įtaką. Bendravimu vadiname ir daugelį metų trunkančią draugystę, ir susirašinėjimą elektroniniu paštu, ir aktoriaus pasirodymą publikai.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 17:50:03',62,'','2010-12-13 17:55:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 17:50:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,21,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2197,'Psichologinis straipsnis','psichologinis-straipsnis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei žmona nuolat priekaištauja, zirzia, natūralu, kad vyrui norisi su kuo nors pabūti laimingam”, — teigia Asta Naumenko - Meschino, restoranų tinklo “Da Antonio” bendrasavininkė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Manau, amžiaus vidurio krizė būdingiausia toms šeimoms, kurias sukuria jauni, panašaus amžiaus žmonės. Po keliolikos ar keliasdešimt gyvenimo kartu metų jaunystėje neišsilakstę vyrai nuo rutinos bėga kurdami naujus santykius. Didžiausia mūsų visuomenės problema, kad tuokiasi itin jauni žmonės. Mes, moterys, bręstame greičiau, o 20 - mečiai vyrai tikrai nėra pasirengę rimtiems santykiams, šeimai. Esu įsitikinusi, kad vyrui iki 30 metų reikėtų pažinti gyvenimą, juo pasidžiaugti, įsitvirtinti, padaryti karjerą ir tik tada vesti — tada šeimoje nebus amžiaus vidurio krizės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mudu su vyru susipažinome, kai jam buvo 33 - eji, o man — 20, po metų susituokėme ir džiaugiamės vienas kitu jau 10 metų. Mudviejų santykių pagrindas — pagarba vienas kitam. Daug laiko praleidžiame kartu, domimės vienas kito pomėgiais. Kiekvienas vienoje rankoje laikome obuolį, kitoje — rykštę. Jei kartais ja pamosuojame, tučtuojau duodame atsikąsti saldaus obuolio! Kartu gyvenantys žmonės turi kuo daugiau kalbėtis, bendrauti. Supykus jokiu būdu negalima tylėti, vienam kito ignoruoti. Boikotas — netinkamiausias būdas reaguoti į sunkumus. Jei iškyla kokių nors problemų, svarbiausia ne atidėti jas į atskirą stalčiuką, o tučtuojau spręsti. Jei nemalonumų, blogų emocijų, apmaudo tame stalčiuke prisikaups per daug, lengvai jo nebeištuštinsi. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 17:57:09',62,'','2010-12-13 18:00:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 17:57:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,20,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2198,'Ėrichas Fromas \"Meilė\"','richas-fromas-qmeilq','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmonės anaiptol negalvoja, kad meilė nėra svarbi. Jie ištroškę jos; žiūri be galo daug filmų apie laimingą ir nelaimingą meilę, girdi šimtus banalių dainų apie laimę, bet vargu ar kas galvoja, jog mylėti galima mokytis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tokia savotiška nuostata remiasi keliomis prielaidomis. Daugelis meilės uždavinį pirmiausia suvokia kaip tapti mylimu, o ne mylinčiu, gebančiu mylėti. Taigi jiems problema yra - kaip būti mylimu, kaip būti mylėtinu. Šio tikslo jie siekia keliais būdais. Vienas - jį dažniausiai renkasi vyrai - tai siekti pasisekimo, valdžios ir turto, kiek tik leidžia socialinė padėtis. Kitas, paprastai naudojamas moterų, tai siekti patrauklumo, rūpinantis savo kūnu, drabužiais ir t.t. Kiti būdai pasidaryti patraukliu naudojami ir vyrų, ir moterų: išmokti malonių manierų, būti įdomiu pašnekovu, būti paslaugiu, kukliu, mandagiu. Dauguma būdų tapti mylimu yra tokie patys, kokius žmonės naudoja siekdami sėkmės, norėdami \"įsigyti draugų ir daryti įtaką žmonėms\". Iš tikrųjų tai, ką dauguma mūsų kultūros žmonių laiko vertu meilės, iš esmės tėra tik populiarumo ir seksualinio potraukio mišinys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kita prielaida, remianti požiūrį, kad meilėje nėra ko mokytis, yra įsitikinimas, kad meilė yra objekto, o ne sugebėjimo uždavinys. Žmonės galvoja, kad mylėti yra paprasta, tik sunku rasti tinkamą objektą savo meilei arba pasiekti jo meilės. Šitokia nuostata turi kelias priežastis, glūdinčias šiuolaikinės visuomenės raidoje. Viena jų - tai labai pakitęs dvidešimtajame amžiuje požiūris į meilės objekto pasirinkimą. Karalienės Viktorijos epochoje, kaip ir daugelyje tradicinių kultūrų, meilė paprastai nebūdavo asmeninis spontaniškas išgyvenimas, kuris galėtų būti vedybų priežastimi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Priešingai, vedybas lemdavo sutartis, sudaryta garbingųjų giminaičių arba piršlio, arba ir be jokių tarpininkų pagalbos; tai rėmėsi visuomeniniu susitarimu, ir buvo tikima, kad meilė atsiras po vedybų. Kelioms pastarosioms Vakarų pasaulio kartoms beveik visuotine tapo romantiškoji meilės samprata. Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose, nors konvencinis požiūris ir nėra visiškai išnykęs, dauguma ieško \"romantinės meilės\", asmeninio meilės išgyvenimo, kuris turėtų baigtis vedybomis. Šis naujasis laisvės meilėje supratimas smarkiai padidino objekto reikšmę, palyginus su funkcijos reikšme.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 18:01:30',62,'','2010-12-13 18:05:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 18:01:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,19,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2199,'Pokalbiai su savimi (A. Augustinas)','pokalbiai-su-savimi-a-augustinas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rašyti apie Augustiną ir jo kūrinius visuomet labai sunku, nes apie tai jis pats yra daug ir iškalbingai pasakojęs savo veikaluose, ypač \"Išpažinimuose\" ir \"Pataisymuose\". Sunku ir dėl to, kad veik neįmanoma prilygti Augustino raštų įtaigai, dėstomos minties aiškumui bei kalbos grožiui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Tačiau sunkiausia tai, kad, pradėjus kalbėti apie Augustiną, neišvengiamai tenka paliesti labai daug dalykų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Jis pats drąsiai imdavosi vis naujų klausimų, keitėsi, brendo ir augo nepaprastai greitai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Augustinas ieškojo ir rado, beldėsi, ir jam buvo atidaryta. Sąžininga šio giliai į save pasinėrusio žmogaus svarstymų kelionė paliko daugybę ženklų - kūrinių, labai įvairių ir skirtingų. Atrodytų, kas bendra tarp pirmųjų Kasiciake (/Cassiciacum/) parašytų kartais paviršutiniškų, nesklandžių, dirbtinokų filosofinių dialogų \"Prieš akademikus\", \"Apie palaimingą gyvenimą\", \"Apie tvarką\" ar \"Pokalbiai su savimi\" ir tokių Hipone (/Hippo/) pražydusių mąstymo šedevrų, kaip \"Išpažinimai\", \"Apie Trejybę\", \"Pradžios knygos tiesioginės prasmės paaiškinimai\" ar \"Dievo valstybė\"? Lyg ir nieko. Išskyrus Augustiną kiaurai užvaldžiusį troškimą, tikrą visa įveikiančią filosofo aistrą pažinti save ir Dievą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">386 m. rugsėjo mėnesį trisdešimt dvejų metų Augustinas iš vakarinės Imperijos pusės sostinės Milano persikelia į mažytį kaimelį Alpių priekalnėse Kasiciaką. Čia savo vila jam leido naudotis kolega retorikos profesorius Verekundas. Įspūdingo gamtovaizdžio apglėbtoje viloje kartu su Augustinu apsigyvena jo motina Monika, vyresnysis brolis Navigijus, sūnus Adeodatas, du pusbroliai, du privatūs mokiniai ir didžiausias jo viso gyvenimo draugas Alypijus.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 18:05:30',62,'','2010-12-13 18:10:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 18:05:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,18,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2200,'Medicinos personalo konfliktai','medicinos-personalo-konfliktai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ginčai, nesutarimai, apkalbos, kaltinimai, - kokie dažni kiekvieno mūsų kasdienybėje, kokie svarbūs kolektyvui – mikroorganizacijai. Konfliktai suvokiami kaip dėsningas, neišvengiamas visuomenės vystymosi proceso reiškinys. Šį reiškinį įtakoja tai, kad kolektyvas yra priklausomas nuo joje dirbančių žmonių savybių, tarpusavio sąveikos, kiekvienas kolektyve gina, skatina savo mintis, savo poziciją. Šiuolaikinio konflikto pagrindus padėjo vokiečių, austrų, amerikiečių sociologai: L. Coser, R. Dahrendorf. Konfliktai kolektyve taip pat dažna tema periodiniuose leidiniuose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Plačiąja prasme konfliktas – tai prieštaravimų paūmėjimo kraštutinis atvejis, kai priešingos pozicijos, interesai, požiūriai negali būti įgyvendinami vienu metu. Konfliktas suvokiamas kaip jėga, kelianti rūpesčių, suardanti buvusią tarpusavio santykių pusiausvyrą. Konfliktiškas elgesys gali būti įvairus, pradedant intelektualiniais ginčais, baigiant fizinės jėgos naudojimu, kuris sąlygoja turtinę ar asmeninę žalą. Priešiška elgsena gali būti paslėpta, gali būti akivaizdi – tiesioginė. Ši elgsena – abipusė, nes kovoja du ar daugiau žmonių, vieno konflikto dalyvio elgsena sulaukia kito dalyvio atsakomosios elgsenos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konfliktiška elgsena gali būti verbalinė – neverbalinė. Priešiškumas gali būti išreiškiamas žodžiais, gestais, raštu, įvairiais veiksmais. Konfliktiška elgsena gali būti aktyvi arba pasyvi. Konfliktiška elgsena gali būti atvira arba užslėpta.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 18:23:24',62,'','2010-12-13 18:27:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 18:23:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,17,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2201,'Žmogaus psichika','mogaus-psichika','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Psichika – tai sielos gyvenimo visuma, visi sielos gyvenimo reiškiniai, individo įgimtų ir įgytų psichinių reiškinių (proto, jausmų, valios) visuma.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogaus nervų sistemą sudaro periferinė ir centrinė nervų sistemos. Periferinė sistema sudaryta iš nervinių skaidulų, perduodančių informaciją iš jutimo (pojūčių) receptorių į centrinę nervų sistemą. Centrinė nervų sistema skirstoma į nugaros ir galvos smegenis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogus ne tik pažįsta tikrovę, bet ir žino apie savo pažinimą, jo reikšmę sau ir kitiems. Sąmone žmogus permano, kas tikrovėje pastovu, kas kintama, apibendrina kitimus, nustato jų priežastis, tikrovės dėsnius ir dėsningumus. Pastarųjų pažinimas leidžia žmogui atskirti dabartį nuo praeities ir prognozuoti ateitį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sąmonės dalis, susijusi su paties žmogaus pažinimu – savimonė (arba ”aš”). Bet žmogus nėra vien sąmoninga būtybė. Daug reiškinių vyksta už sąmoningumo ribų: sapnai, instinktai, hipnozė, kalbėjimo procesas, rašymo procesas ir t.t. Manoma, kad sąmoningi reiškiniai žmogaus sąmonėje užima apie 14% visų reiškinių. Kiti reiškiniai vyksta pasąmonėje.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 18:28:27',62,'','2010-12-13 18:31:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 18:28:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,16,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2202,'Pasaulis yra tavo veidrodis ','pasaulis-yra-tavo-veidrodis-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasaulis, kuriame gyvename yra ne kas kita, kaip vidinio tavo pasaulio atspindys. Todėl kai tau blogai, pasaulis atrodo blogas. Kai gerai, jis yra geras.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasaulį pažįstame tik per savo jausmus ir protą. Koks jis yra pats savaime, mums nelemta sužinoti. Vienaip pasaulis atrodo ereliui, visai kitaip – kurmiui. Viskas priklauso nuo to, kas yra žiūrovas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasauliui visai nesvarbu, kaip jį matai. Jam visai nerūpi, ar tau sekasi, ar ne. Ar esi laimingas ir patenkintas, ar graužiamas rūpesčių. Tai rūpi tik tau pačiam ir keliems tavo artimiesiems.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasaulis yra abejingas. Jis nepripažįsta laimingųjų ar nuskriaustųjų. Jam visai nesvarbu, kas iškils, o kas nusmuks, kiekio svajonės bus įgyvendintos, o kas turės susitaikyti su nepritekliais ir apmaudu. Pasaulis abejingai stebi žmonių kovą už laimingą gyvenimą ir racionaliai atseikėja jiems tai, ko jie nusipelnė. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 18:32:20',62,'','2010-12-13 18:34:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 18:32:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,15,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2203,'Vaikų prievarta šeimoje','vaik-prievarta-eimoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prievarta kaip fenomenas lydi visą žmonijos istoriją, ją aprašo įvairūs autoriai nuo pačių ankstyviausių rašytinių šaltinių - Biblijos, Egipto ar Babilono raštijos paminklų, Homero poemų - ligi šių dienų. Prievarta vaizduojama labai įvairiais pavidalais - nuo didvyriškumo iki nusikaltimo. Šį požiūrių nuoseklumą atspindi posakis: “Kai žūsta vienas žmogus - tai tragedija, kai žūva tūkstančiai - tai politika.” Tačiau toks universalus visai žmogaus būčiai fenomenas paradoksaliai praslydo pro filosofų akis, ir tik XIX - XX a. atsirado dvi filosofijos sistemos, aprašančios ir įprasminančios jį - tai marksizmas ir egzistencializmas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marksizmui prievarta yra engiamųjų visuomenės klasių įrankis nuversti jas eksploatuojančius išnaudotojus, todėl ji pateisinama kaip ir bet kuris įrankis, galintis duoti pageidaujamą (teigiamą)rezultatą. Tačiau tokio požiūrio moralinis poveikis visuomenei ir individui yra neabejotinai destruktyvus ir tos filosofijos diegimas Lietuvos kasdienybėn, trukęs penkiasdešimt metų, negalėjo nepalikti pėdsakų. Šį poveikį rodo žmogaus kaip individo nuvertėjimas, kasdieninės moralės normų devalvavimasis, trumpalaikio efekto pervertinimas iš esmės krizinės situacijos ženklai. Tokiame kontekste fizinė, moralinė ar seksualinė prievarta prieš vaikus yra tik vienas laiko dvasios požymis, ir vargu ar pavyks atskirai jį paveikti, tačiau šios pastangos yra vienas iš kelių pakeisti pragaištingos sistemos suformuluotą Homo sovieticus. Šiam fenomenui atsirasti buvo labai akivaizdžių istorinių ir psichologinių priežasčių, ir viena iš neabejotinų Homo sovieticus savybių buvo izoliavimasis savo artimiausioje socialinėje aplinkoje, baimė kištis į svetimus reikalus ir dviguba moralė, kuomet svarbus tik išoriškai demonstruojamas veidas, bet ne kasdienis žmogaus elgesys, jei jis nepavojingas sistemai. Tokioje aplinkoje, kur agresijai dar padėdavo reikštis ir alkoholizmas, prievarta namuose, ypač prieš vaikus, tebuvo menka buities problema, tad jai skirti dėmesį “į komunizmą žengiančiai visuomenei” atrodė per menka. Atsisakyti šio požiūrio nelengva, nes per kelias kartas išugdytos vertybės labai sunkiai užleidžia vietą naujoms, reikalaujančioms pilietiškumo, asmeninės atsakomybės už savo sprendimus bei įgūdžių gyventi visuomenėje. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 18:35:30',62,'','2010-12-13 18:38:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 18:35:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2204,'Pažinimo psichologija','painimo-psichologija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atsižvelgiant į dirgiklio ir receptoriaus kontaktyvumą yra a)kontaktiniai – skonio, lietimo, skausmo ir kt. pojūčiai, b)distanciniai – regėjimo, girdėjimo, vibracijos ir kt. pojūčiai. Pagal receptorių išdėstymą: 1)išoriniai, kurių receptoriai yra organizmo paviršiuje ar netoli jo (eksteroreceptoriai) – regėjimo, girdėjimo irk kt. 2)vidiniais laikomi tie, kurių receptoriai yra organizmo viduje (interoreceptoriai) – alkio, troškulio.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rega – užima dominuojančią padėtį žmogaus jutimų sistemoje. Regėjimo receptorius yra akys. Regėjimo pojūčiams susidaryti svarbiausia receptoriaus dalis yra akies tinklainė. Galima sakyti, kad regos pojūčiai yra spalvų pojūčiai. Transdukcija – procesas, kai jutimo sistema dirgiklio energiją paverčia nerviniais pranešimais. Akis gauna šviesos energiją ir paverčia ją elektrocheminiais nervų sistemos procesais. Žmonės linkę matyti – raudoną, geltoną, žalią, mėlyną, violetinę spalvas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lygiagretusis apdorojimas – smegenys apdoroja atskirus dėmenis iš karto (spalvą, gylį, judėjimą...). Aklasis regėjimas – gebėjimas reaguoti į kažką sąmoningai nesuvokiamo. Haringo oponentinių procesų teorija – yra du papildomi spalvų, regos procesai: vienas atsakingas už raudonos ir žalios, kitas – geltonos ir mėlynos spalvų suvokimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Klausa – girdėjimo pojūčių dirgiklis yra oro bangavimai. Girdėjimo pojūčių receptorių sudaro išorinė ir vidinė ausis. Išorinės paskirties yra oro virpesių priėmimas ir jų nukreipimas į vidinę ausį. Girdėjimo pojūčiai teikia informaciją apie garsų aukštumą, intensyvumą, tembrą ir vietą, iš kurias garsai sklinda. Garso aukštis priklauso nuo garso bangų ilgio ir dažnio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lytėjimas – tai toks odos ir judėjimo pojūčių derinys, gaunamas apčiuopiant įvairius daiktus. Lietimo taškai yra nevienodai pasiskirstę odos paviršiuje. Lietimo pojūčiai, jungdamiesi su judėjimo pojūčiais, leidžia pažinti daiktų formas ir atstumus tarp jų specifiniais apčiuopimo judesiais. Yra spaudimo, šilumos, šalčio ir skausmo jutimai. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 18:39:18',62,'','2010-12-13 18:42:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 18:39:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,13,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(2205,'Vaikų ir tėvų tarpusavio konfliktai','vaik-ir-tv-tarpusavio-konfliktai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisingai sudėti akcentus, pabrėžiant ne žodį “aš”, o “mudu” arba “mes”. Pavyzdys: a) Žmona vyrui:  “Kai tik aš bandau tau ką nors pasakyt, tu taip reaguoji, tarsi tau niekas nerūpėtų, tik tu pats…”(neteisingas akcentas). b) Norėtųsi daug ką išsiaiškinti su tavimi, bet, matyt, nemoku pasakyti aiškiai, ką aš galvoju”(tinkamas akcentas). Neteisingai akcentuojant kreipimąsi, juntama kaltinimo ir smerkimo elementų. Žmona neprisiima sau jokios atsakomybės už tai, kad nebesusišneka su savo vyru. Vyras, aišku, tuoj pat užima gynimosi poziciją. Antruoju atveju vyras supažindinamas su tuo, ką jaučia žmona, ir kviečiamas padėti išnarplioti rūpimus klausimus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mokytis išklausyti kitą asmenį. Tai nėra lengva, nes į priekį veržiasi jūsų požiūris, skatinamas jūsų interesų ir reikalaująs kiek galima greitesnio problemos išsprendimo. Norint išgirsti, reikia būti kantriam. Reikia palikti šansų partneriui vyrui – žmonai, arba sūnui – duktetrei išsakyti savo požiūrį, stengtis į reikalus pažvelgti jų akimis. Bet jei jūs nesugebėsite įžvelgti kito žmogaus, jam ims atrodyti, kad tai, ką jaučia jis, yra ne taip svarbu, negu ką jaučiate jūs.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 18:43:12',62,'','2010-12-13 18:48:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 18:43:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,12,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2206,'Laimės raktas paprastas - pažink save!','laims-raktas-paprastas-paink-save','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei atvirai ir įdėmiai pažiūrėtume į savo dienotvarkę, poelgius ir mintis, tai pamatytume, kad mūsų asmenims gyvenimas “plaukia pro šalį”. Šis posakis puikiai atspindi mūsų gyvenimą darbui, vaikams, vyrui ir šeimai. Tik ne mums pačioms. Tik todėl, kad nerandam laiko sau, kad nepažįstam savęs, dažnai jaučiamės pavargusios ir ne tokios laimingos kaip norėtume. Psichologai pasakytų, kad savęs pažinimas ir pripažinimas, susitaikymas su savo silpnybėmis ir stipriųjų pusių iškėlimas palengvintų mums ir šeimyninės laimės siekimą ir palaikymą, ir padėtų įgyvendinti profesinius siekius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei kam atrodo, kad save gerai pažįsta, patartume padaryti mažą testą: išvardinkite, o tiksliau parašykite bent po 7 silpnąsias ir stipriąsias savo charakterio savybes. Jei užtruksite ilgiau nei 2 minutes –  nuoširdžiai patariame skaityti šį straipsnį toliau.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kad iš tiesų gerai save pažintumėte, pirmiausia reikia būti atviriems su savimi, tai yra, nebijoti pripažinti savo klaidų, o drauge ir pasidžiaugti savo laimėjimais. Nagrinėjant save būtina įvertinti tiek teigiamas, tiek neigiamas savo savybes – negalima analizuoti vien tai, ką darote blogai, taip galite visai save sužlugdyti.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 18:50:32',62,'','2010-12-13 18:52:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 18:50:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,11,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2207,'Prievarta kaip egzistencijos problema','prievarta-kaip-egzistencijos-problema','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marksizmui prievarta yra engiamųjų visuomenės klasių įrankis nuversti jas eksploatuojančius išnaudotojus, todėl ji pateisinama kaip ir bet kuris įrankis, galintis duoti pageidaujamą (teigiamą)rezultatą. Tačiau tokio požiūrio moralinis poveikis visuomenei ir individui yra neabejotinai destruktyvus ir tos filosofijos diegimas Lietuvos kasdienybėn, trukęs penkiasdešimt metų, negalėjo nepalikti pėdsakų. Šį poveikį rodo žmogaus kaip individo nuvertėjimas, kasdieninės moralės normų devalvavimasis, trumpalaikio efekto pervertinimas iš esmės krizinės situacijos ženklai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tokiame kontekste fizinė, moralinė ar seksualinė prievarta prieš vaikus yra tik vienas laiko dvasios požymis, ir vargu ar pavyks atskirai jį paveikti, tačiau šios pastangos yra vienas iš kelių pakeisti pragaištingos sistemos suformuluotą Homo sovieticus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiam fenomenui atsirasti buvo labai akivaizdžių istorinių ir psichologinių priežasčių, ir viena iš neabejotinų Homo sovieticus savybių buvo izoliavimasis savo artimiausioje socialinėje aplinkoje, baimė kištis į svetimus reikalus ir dviguba moralė, kuomet svarbus tik išoriškai demonstruojamas veidas, bet ne kasdienis žmogaus elgesys, jei jis nepavojingas sistemai. Tokioje aplinkoje, kur agresijai dar padėdavo reikštis ir alkoholizmas, prievarta namuose, ypač prieš vaikus, tebuvo menka buities problema, tad jai skirti dėmesį “į komunizmą žengiančiai visuomenei” atrodė per menka. Atsisakyti šio požiūrio nelengva, nes per kelias kartas išugdytos vertybės labai sunkiai užleidžia vietą naujoms, reikalaujančioms pilietiškumo, asmeninės atsakomybės už savo sprendimus bei įgūdžių gyventi visuomenėje. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 18:53:30',62,'','2010-12-13 18:57:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 18:53:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2208,'Savižudybė ','saviudyb-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Savižudybė - reikšminga mirties priežastis daugelyje vakarų šalių, kai kuriais atvejais jų būna daugiau nei mirčių auto avarijose per metus. Dauguma šalių išleidžia didžiulius kiekius lėšų kelių saugumui užtikrinti, bet mažai skiria savižudybių ir būdų joms išvengti tyrimams, o taip pat žmonių mokymui kaip išspręsti savo problemas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bandymai žudytis, mintys apie savižudybę dažnai yra požymis, kad žmogus nepajėgia susidoroti, dažniausiai dėl kokio nors įvykio ar eilės įvykių, kurie jam yra labai traumuojantys ar kankinantys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dažniausiai šitie įvykiai praeis, jų poveikis galės būti sušvelnintas arba jų neįveikiamumas palaipsniui išnyks, jei žmogus galės priimti konstruktyvius sprendimus apie savo elgesį krizinėje situacijoje, kai ji yra pačioje blogiausioje stadijoje. Kadangi tai gali būti labai sunku, šis straipsniukas yra bandymas pagilinti žinias apie savižudybes, kad galėtume lengviau suprasti ir padėti kitiems žmonėms krizės metu, o taip pat kaip patiems ieškoti pagalbos arba priimti geresnius sprendimus. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 18:58:19',62,'','2010-12-13 19:00:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 18:58:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2209,'Tėvų ir vaikų tarpusavio santykiai','tv-ir-vaik-tarpusavio-santykiai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įžengę į XXI amžių dažnai skundžiamės laiko stoka, vis dažniau kyla bendravimo problema. Net su namiškiais vis mažiau bendraujame. Tėvai nesupranta vaikų, šie kaltina tėvus. Mūsų pilkame kasdieniame gyvenime bent jau šeima turėtų tapti gėrio ir džiaugsmo oaze. O ką reiškė šeima mūsų proseneliams? Kaip kalbama apie auklėjimą, tėvų ir vaikų santykius lietuvių liaudies patarlėse ir priežodžiuose?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvių šeimoje vaikai laikyti dideliu moraliniu turtu. Jau nuo mažens jie buvo auklėjami būti tėvais ir motinomis. Buvo manoma, kad kiekviena šeima, jeigu nori būti laiminga, privalo turėti vaikų. Neturėti vaikų buvo laikoma didžiule bėda. Gėda bei pažeminimas lydėjo tą šeimą. Tokius žmones kaime vadino bevaikiais arba bergždiniais. Be to, neturėti vaikų buvo laikoma Dievo bausme ne tik žemėje, bet ir po mirties. Todėl daugelis vestuvių apeigų taip pat pabrėžia pagrindinį dalyką – kad jaunieji susilauktų vaikų, nes „Kurti namai be šunų, akli langai be vaikų“.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kartu su džiaugsmu, atėjusiu į namus, gimus vaikui, prasideda vargai: „Bus vaikų, bus vargų“, tačiau tai yra mieli vargai: „Mūsų vaikai - mūsų vargai“. Ypač svarbu, kad vaikai augtų sveiki: „Sveiki vaikai – geri laikai“. Kaip smagu, o kartu truputėlį ir neramu, sulaukus pirmagimio: „Pirmas vaikas su stangelėm vystomas, paskutinis - su padelkais“. Bet lietuviai neįsivaizdavo šeimos, kurioje augtų tik vienas vaikas: „Vienas vaikas išauga paikas“. Šeimoje vaikų buvo auginama tiek, „kiek Dievas davė“. Mūsų senoliai manė, kad daug lengviau išauklėti dorus kelis vaikus, nei vieną: „Sūnus vienas apdirba sienas,“ net ragino pasisaugoti vienturčių: „Bijok šunies ir vienturtės duktės“. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 19:01:17',62,'','2010-12-13 19:03:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 19:01:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2210,'Savianalizė','savianaliz','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienas žmogus turi savo individualių savybių, charakterio bruožų, kurių net pats kartais nežino. Visa tai jis gali labai lengvai išsiaiškinti psichologinių testų pagalba. Dauguma testų yra sudaryti naudojantis ilgamete praktika, ir jų teisingumas apytiksliai yra 85% ir daugiau.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paskaitų metu man teko atlikti keletą testų ir pačiam įsitikinti, kad kai kurie testai iš tikrųjų kartais gali klysti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atliekant Aizeneko asmenybės nustatymo testą, aš buvau labai nustebęs, kad pagal asmenybės tipą (melancholikas, cholerikas, flegmatikas, sangvinikas) nustačiau, kad esu cholerikas. Cholerikas – nenustygstantis vietoje, agresyvus, impulsyvus, aktyvus, optimistiškas ir t. t. žmogus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mano manymu tai truputėli neatitinka mano asmenybės. Aš save labiau priskirčiau melancholikui, nes tai ramesni santūresni žmonės. Nors galima sakyti, kad kartais tampu ir truputiį choleriškas. Nors tokie protrūkiai manyčiau yra būdingi kiekvienam iš kantrybės išvestam žmogui.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-13 19:03:55',62,'','2010-12-13 19:07:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-13 19:03:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(2211,'Sapnų svarba','sapn-svarba','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogus sakytais ir rašytais žodžiais išreiškia prasmę to, ką jis nori pasakyti. Jo kalboje yra gausu simbolių, bet jis dažnai vartoja ženklus ir vaizdinius, kurie nėra tiksliai aprašomi. Kai kurie tėra santrumpos arba pirmųjų žodžio raidžių virtinė, kaip antai UN, UNICEF, UNESCO; kiti yra pažįstami verslo ženklai, patentuotų vaistų pavadinimai, ženkleliai ar emblemos. Nors jie patys yra bereikšmiai, jie įgyja atpažįstamą reikšmę įprastiniame vartojime ar sąmoningos intencijos dėka. Tai nėra simboliai. Tai yra ženklai, ir jie vien tik žymi objektus, kuriems yra priskiriami.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai, ką mes vadiname simboliu, yra terminas, pavadinimas ar net vaizdas, kuris gali būti įprastas kasdieniniame gyvenime, tačiau kuris, be visuotinai priimtos ir akivaizdžios reikšmės, turi dar ir specifines papildomas užuominas ir reikšmes. Jis nurodo kažką neapibrėžtą, nežinoma ar paslėptą nuo mūsų. Pavyzdžiui, daugelis Kretos paminklų pažymėti dvigubos adzės (kauptuko pavidalo kirvis - red.) ženklu. Mes žinome objektą, bet nežinome jo simbolinių reikšmių (nuorodų). Kitas pavyzdys galėtų būti indas, kuris, lankęsis Anglijoj, namie pasakojo draugams, jog anglai garbina gyvulius, nes jis matęs senose bažnyčiose erelių, liūtų ir jaučių. Jis nežinojo (kaip ir daugelis krikščionių), kad šie gyvūnai yra evangelistų simboliai, kilę iš Ezekielio vizijos ir kad tai, savo ruožtu, yra Egipto saulės dievo Horo ir jo keturių sūnų analogija. Dar daugiau, yra tokių daiktų, kaip ratas ir kryžius, kurie yra žinomi visame pasaulyje, bet tam tikromis aplinkybėmis jie turi simbolinę reikšmę. Ką jie tiksliai simbolizuoja, tebėra ginčytinas dalykas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-14 18:59:40',62,'','2010-12-14 19:10:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 18:59:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2212,'Psichologijos terminų žodynas','psichologijos-termin-odynas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-14 19:12:41',62,'','2010-12-14 19:14:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 19:12:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2213,'Bumerangas','bumerangas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienos rusų TV laidos herojė viešai prisipažino, kad nekenčia savo vaiko. Vyras ją paliko, o sūnus – grynas tėvo atvaizdas – kiekvieną dieną, kiekvieną sekundę primena dabar jau nekenčiamą žmogų. Ji net pasakė, kartais norinti, jog tas vaikas kaip nors išnyktų iš jos gyvenimo, ir tai nuskambėjo taip, tarsi ji jam linkėtų mirties.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pažįstu ne vieną moterį, kuri palikta arba, atvirkščiai, atsikračiusi vyro, ir toliau „turi gyventi su juo\". Lyg likimo ironija suveikia bumerango principas... Bet nebūtinai tėvas įsikūnija į sūnų, vieną motiną iš proto baigia išvaryti duktė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagaliau vaikas gali ir nebūti „klonuotas\" antrininkas, bet tu matai, kaip jam augant atsikartoja tėvo nagų ar smakro forma, kasdien regi tą patį galvos pasukimą, eiseną arba juoką. To užtenka, kad kas kartą tą vaizdą „nurytum\" lyg privalomą porciją nuodų... Ir tik laikas užglosto (arba neužglosto), išmoko (arba neišmoko) mylėti patį vaiką kaip savarankišką asmenybę, pertvarkius savo sąmonę ir atsikračius praeities vaiduoklių. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-14 19:15:04',62,'','2010-12-14 19:17:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 19:15:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2214,'Vadovavimo psichologija','vadovavimo-psichologija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovavimas remiasi formalios jėgos pozicija, turinčia įtakos žmonėms, o lyderiavimas kyla iš socialinės įtakos proceso.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">[Vadovavimas ir lyderiavimas iš esmės skiriasi, bet žmogus gali būti ir formalus vadovas ir turėti lyderiavimo savybių. Kitaip tariant lyderiavimas yra apsprendžiamas žmogaus savybių. Taip pat jis gali būti ir kaip procesas, o tai yra nepriverstinės įtakos naudojimas, bandant kreipti ar koordinuoti grupės veiklą, kad būtų pasiektas tikslas. Lyderiavimas kaip savybė – tai charakteristikų, kurios yra priskiriamos kam nors, kas suvokia galįs panaudoti tokią įtaką sėkmingai, rinkinys.]</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">[Kintant ekonominei situacijai ir jai esant gan nestabiliai yra gana sunku atskirti vadybininkus nuo vadovų. ]<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-14 19:18:09',62,'','2010-12-14 19:20:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 19:18:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,35,'robots=\nauthor='),(2215,'Mokinių pasiskirstymas pagal statusą ','mokini-pasiskirstymas-pagal-status-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Klasė yra pirminis formalus kolektyvas,  kuriame mokinys praleidžia daug laiko tarp savo bendraamžių.Tarp mokinio ir klasės mokinių, mokytojų atsiranda abipusiai ryšiai, kurie padeda vieniems apie kitus kaupti žinias ,,Dalykiniai santykiai yra  bet kokios bendruomenės kūrimosi pradinis taškas. Pirmieji santykiai naujoje bendruomenėje visada būna susiję su pagrindine veikla tam tikrame jos vystymosi etape.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atsiradus dalykinių santykių sistemai  neišvengiamai užmezgami emociniai kontaktai.Taigi dalykiniai santykiai klasėje yra emocinių santykių sistemos susiformavimo pagrindas ’’ (M. Barkauskaitė, 2001, p. 24). Remdamiesi turimomis žiniomis, emocijomis mokiniai vertina vienas kitą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mokinių padėtis klasėje ir jų  statusas klasėje  būna skirtingas. ,,Statusas suprantamas kaip padėtis(vieta)santykių sistemoje, kurią užima kiekvienas klasės mokinys  pagal tai, kaip jį vertina kiti klasės mokiniai rinkdamiesi jį įvairiai veiklai. Statusas - pasirinkimų pagal tam tikrus kriterijus įvairioms veiklos sritims skaičius  tenkantis vienam klasės mokiniui.’’ (M. Barkauskaitė, 1979, p. 11). Kaip ir suaugusiųjų visuomenėje taip ir mokinių klasėse yra tam tikras susiskirstymas į grupes pagal tam tikrus kriterijus. Keičiantis amžiaus tarpsniams dalis vaidmenų mutuoja ar išnyksta.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-14 19:21:38',62,'','2010-12-14 19:24:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 19:21:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2216,'Zigmundas Froidas','zigmundas-froidas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Psichoanalitinė Z. Froido teorija vadovaujasi pozityvizmui artima mokslinio pažinimo samprata ir žmogaus dvasinį pasaulį aiškino ieškodamas natūralių biologinių jo mechanizmų. Kartu jis priartėjo prie iracionalizmo, nes subjektyvųjį pasaulį suprato kaip instinktyvių, iracionalių, nesąmoningų reiškinių visumą, slypinčią už sąmoningų žmogaus minčių, žodžių ir veiksmų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kertinis Froido teorijos principas libido (žmogaus lytinio potraukio energija, nesąmoningas žmogaus psichinės veiklos šaltinis) - gali būti nukreipiamas (sublimuojamas) . Tai yra visi instinktyvieji potraukiai gali tapti kūrybinės energijos šaltiniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogaus moralinė sąžinė, jos branduolys - sąžinės, kaltės, atsakomybės jausmai - yra instinktyvių potraukių ir realybės konflikto padarinys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iki šiol tebėra labai populiarios žymesniųjų Z. Froido šalininkų, ypač neofroidistų E. Fromo, A. Maslow ir kt. etinės koncepcijos. E. Fromas psichoanalizės pagrindu siekė sukurti visą apimančią žmogaus filosofiją, kurios pagrindas žmogaus dvasinis pasaulis, tarpasmeninių santykių kultūra ir jos ugdymas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,70,'2010-12-14 19:25:35',62,'','2010-12-14 19:28:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 19:25:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',2,0,1,'','',0,36,'robots=\nauthor='),(2217,'Darbo perdavimo ir priėmimo aktas (forma)','darbo-perdavimo-ir-primimo-aktas-forma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 19:29:55',62,'','2010-12-14 19:32:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 19:29:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,49,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2218,'Potvarkis dėl skyrimo pareigoms (forma)','potvarkis-dl-skyrimo-pareigoms-forma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 19:33:25',62,'','2010-12-14 19:35:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 19:33:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,48,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2219,'Tvarkomasis dokumentas (forma)','tvarkomasis-dokumentas-forma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 19:36:08',62,'','2010-12-14 19:37:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 19:36:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,47,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2220,'Įgaliojimo forma','galiojimo-forma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 19:45:59',62,'','2010-12-14 19:47:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 19:45:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,46,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(2221,'Dokumentų įforminimo pavyzdžiai','dokument-forminimo-pavyzdiai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 19:48:30',62,'','2010-12-14 19:50:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 19:48:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,45,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2222,'Siunčiamieji raštai (pavyzdys)','siuniamieji-ratai-pavyzdys','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 19:50:52',62,'','2010-12-14 19:52:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 19:50:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,44,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(2223,'Autobiografija (pavyzdys)','autobiografija-pavyzdys','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aš, Skirmantė Petrauskienė, gimusi 1967 metais rugpjūčio 8 dieną, Panevėžio mieste. Mano tėvai – mama Nijolė Janina Eigminienė architektė, individualios įmonės savininkė, tėvas Vytautas Eigminas miręs. Esu vienintelis vaikas šeimoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Baigiau Panevėžio miesto 4 - ąją vidurinę mokyklą ir Panevėžio vaikų dailės mokyklą . 1985 m. įstojau į Šiaulių universiteto pradinio ugdymo ir mokymo fakultetą, kurį baigiau 1990 m. ir gavau  pradinių klasių ir dailės pedagogo diplomą. 1990 - 1991 m. dirbau Panevėžio rajono Ėriškių  mokykloje pradinių klasių mokytoja. Nuo 1992 metų iki dabar dirbu Panevėžio miesto 9 – oje vidurinėje mokykloje. Mokykloje organizuoju įvairius meninius renginius, poezijos pavasario renginius, žemės dienos renginius pradinių klasių moksleiviams. Man labai patinka darbas su pradinio amžiaus vaikais. Gerai sutariu ir su vyresnių klasių moksleiviais, kuriems vedu informacinių technologijų būrelio užsiėmimus.  1990 m. ištekėjau už Aurelijaus Petrausko. Turime du vaikus, Petronėlę – Vitą (11 metų), kuri mokosi Panevėžio 5-oje vidurinėje mokykloje ir sūnų – Vytenį (6 metų), kuris lanko Kastyčio Ramanausko Katalikišką vaikų darželį - lopšelį. Jokioms politinėms partijoms nepriklausau.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 19:53:31',62,'','2010-12-14 19:56:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 19:53:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,43,'','',0,964,'robots=\nauthor='),(2224,'Siunčiamojo -  atsakomojo dokumento forma','siuniamojo-atsakomojo-dokumento-forma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 19:57:02',62,'','2010-12-14 19:58:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 19:57:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,42,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2225,'Įstaigos vidaus dokumento patvirtinta forma','staigos-vidaus-dokumento-patvirtinta-forma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 19:59:33',62,'','2010-12-14 20:01:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 19:59:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,41,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2226,'Informacinis dokumentas','informacinis-dokumentas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 20:02:17',62,'','2010-12-14 20:03:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 20:02:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,40,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2227,'Priedo forma','priedo-forma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 20:03:55',62,'','2010-12-14 20:06:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 20:03:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,39,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(2228,'Pareiškimas garantiniam remontui (forma)','pareikimas-garantiniam-remontui-forma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 20:06:54',62,'','2010-12-14 20:08:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 20:06:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,38,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2229,'Organizacinio dokumento forma','organizacinio-dokumento-forma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 20:08:38',62,'','2010-12-14 20:10:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 20:08:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,37,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2230,'CV (pavyzdys)','cv-pavyzdys','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 20:11:11',62,'','2010-12-14 20:13:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 20:11:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,36,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(2231,'Sprendimo forma','sprendimo-forma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 20:24:25',62,'','2010-12-14 20:26:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 20:24:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,35,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(2232,'Įstaigos vidaus dokumento forma','staigos-vidaus-dokumento-forma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 20:27:21',62,'','2010-12-14 20:29:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 20:27:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,34,'','',0,6,'robots=\nauthor='),(2233,'Tarybos posėdžio protokolas (forma)','tarybos-posdio-protokolas-forma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 20:29:59',62,'','2010-12-14 20:32:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 20:29:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,33,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2234,'Kaip rašyti CV (pavyzdys)','kaip-rayti-cv-pavyzdys','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 20:33:14',62,'','2010-12-14 20:34:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 20:33:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,32,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2235,'Pirkimo - pardavimo sutarties forma','pirkimo-pardavimo-sutarties-forma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 20:35:38',62,'','2010-12-14 20:37:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 20:35:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,31,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(2236,'Prašymo forma (dizaino srities)','praymo-forma-dizaino-srities','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 20:38:50',62,'','2010-12-14 20:42:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 20:38:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,30,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(2237,'Tvarkomasis dokumentas','tvarkomasis-dokumentas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 20:43:28',62,'','2010-12-14 20:45:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 20:43:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,29,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2238,'Siunčiamasis dokumentas','siuniamasis-dokumentas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 20:46:03',62,'','2010-12-14 20:47:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 20:46:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,28,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2239,'Įsakymas dėl mokėjimo už teikiamas papildomas paslaugas','sakymas-dl-mokjimo-u-teikiamas-papildomas-paslaugas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 20:49:09',62,'','2010-12-14 20:51:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 20:49:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,27,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2240,'Priedo forma 1','priedo-forma-1','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 20:52:14',62,'','2010-12-14 20:54:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 20:52:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,26,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2241,'Strumpintas CV','strumpintas-cv','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 21:09:39',62,'','2010-12-14 21:11:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 21:09:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,25,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2242,'Aktas (forma)','aktas-forma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 21:13:16',62,'','2010-12-14 21:15:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 21:13:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,24,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2243,'Rekomendacija (pavyzdys)','rekomendacija-pavyzdys','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 21:16:08',62,'','2010-12-14 21:17:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 21:16:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,23,'','',0,268,'robots=\nauthor='),(2244,'Įsakymas dėl kasmetinių atostogų (pavyzdys)','sakymas-dl-kasmetini-atostog-pavyzdys','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 21:19:14',62,'','2010-12-14 21:22:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 21:19:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,22,'','',0,37,'robots=\nauthor='),(2245,'Rašto darbų rengimo metodiniai. Nurodymai','rato-darb-rengimo-metodiniai-nurodymai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 21:23:30',62,'','2010-12-14 21:26:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 21:23:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,21,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2246,'Potvarkis dėl pareiškėjo prašymo priemimo (forma)','potvarkis-dl-pareikjo-praymo-priemimo-forma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 21:27:36',62,'','2010-12-14 21:30:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 21:27:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,20,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(2247,'Sprendimas dėl lėšų  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/>&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 21:35:16',62,'','2010-12-14 21:37:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 21:35:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,18,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(2249,'CV (pavyzdys) 2','cv-pavyzdys-2','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 21:38:17',62,'','2010-12-14 21:40:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 21:38:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,17,'','',0,35,'robots=\nauthor='),(2250,'Organizacinio dokumento forma 3','organizacinio-dokumento-forma-3','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 21:40:52',62,'','2010-12-14 21:42:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 21:40:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,16,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2251,'Įvairūs šablonai','vairs-ablonai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 21:44:00',62,'','2010-12-14 21:45:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 21:44:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,15,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(2252,'Priedo forma 3','priedo-forma-3','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 21:46:41',62,'','2010-12-14 21:48:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 21:46:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2253,'Įstaigos vidaus dokumento (forma)','staigos-vidaus-dokumento-forma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 21:49:24',62,'','2010-12-14 21:51:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 21:49:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,13,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2254,'Įstaigos vidaus dokumento forma 2','staigos-vidaus-dokumento-forma-2','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 21:52:37',62,'','2010-12-14 21:54:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 21:52:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,12,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2255,'Organizacinio dokumento forma 4','organizacinio-dokumento-forma-4','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-14 21:55:27',62,'','2010-12-14 21:57:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-14 21:55:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,11,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(2256,'Darbuotojų susirinkimo protokolas','darbuotoj-susirinkimo-protokolas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-15 17:08:11',62,'','2010-12-15 17:10:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 17:08:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,39,'robots=\nauthor='),(2257,'Tiekimo sutarties forma','tiekimo-sutarties-forma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-15 17:10:48',62,'','2010-12-15 17:12:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 17:10:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(2258,'Organizacinio dokumento forma','organizacinio-dokumento-forma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-15 17:13:01',62,'','2010-12-15 17:14:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 17:13:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(2259,'Rekomendacinis laiškas (pavyzdys)','rekomendacinis-laikas-pavyzdys','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Antanas Poviliūnas Vilniaus Antakalnio vidurinėje mokykloje dirba nuo 1996 m. balandžio mėnesio, jo pagrindinės pareigos — muzikos mokytojas, be to, vadovauja mokinių chorui ir ansambliui. Jis yra gabus pedagogas ir sumanus meno kolektyvų vadovas. Jo parengti mokiniai sėkmingai dalyvauja įvairiose varžybose ir „Dainų dainelės“ konkursuose. Be darbo mokykloje, Antanas  Poviliūnas subūrė Antakalnio seniūnijos bendruomenės namų chorą ir liaudies muzikos ansamblį, jiems vadovauja.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaip sumanus kultūros darbo ir visuomeninio gyvenimo organizatorius Antanas Poviliūnas galėtų būti puikus Kultūros skyriaus vedėjas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-15 17:15:28',62,'','2010-12-15 17:17:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 17:15:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,738,'robots=\nauthor='),(2260,'Studentų rašto darbų rengimo reikalavimai','student-rato-darb-rengimo-reikalavimai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Savarankiškas darbas yra svarbi studijų dalis. Paprastai savarankiško darbo rezultatai yra pateikiami raštu kaip referatai, kursiniai  darbai ir pan.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atlikdami rašto darbus studentai dažnai nepakankamai kreipia dėmesio į jų pateikimo formą. Turime žinoti, jog niekas taip neparodo neraštingumo, kaip netvarkingai ir netaisyklingai apipavidalintas rašto darbas. Todėl šių metodinių nurodymų tikslas padėti rengiantiems rašto darbus išvengti nemalonių situacijų ir patarti, kaip parodyti savo darbo privalumus. Referatuose, kursiniuose ir kituose rašto darbuose studentas parodo ir pateikia įgytą patirtį. Perskaitę studento rašto darbą, galime  susidaryti nuomonę apie jį ir jo darbą arba suteikti galimybę kitiems pasinaudoti šiuo darbu. Visada reikia turėti galvoje, kad sėkmę laiduoja laiku ir gerai atliktas darbas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tikimės, kad tikslus įforminimo reikalavimų išdėstymas bei pavyzdžių pateikimas, padės Kolegijos studentams tinkamai parengti ir apipavidalinti savo rašto darbus.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-15 17:18:28',62,'','2010-12-15 17:21:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 17:18:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(2261,'Nutarimas (pavyzdys)','nutarimas-pavyzdys','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-15 17:21:47',62,'','2010-12-15 17:23:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 17:21:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,96,'robots=\nauthor='),(2262,'Įstaigos vidaus dokumento forma protokolas','staigos-vidaus-dokumento-forma-protokolas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-15 17:23:35',62,'','2010-12-15 17:25:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 17:23:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2263,'Įvairios dokumentų formos','vairios-dokument-formos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-15 17:27:27',62,'','2010-12-15 17:29:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 17:27:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(2264,'Siunčiamojo dokumento forma','siuniamojo-dokumento-forma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-15 17:29:58',62,'','2010-12-15 17:31:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 17:29:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2265,'Aktas dėl inventoriaus nurašymo (pavyzdys)','aktas-dl-inventoriaus-nuraymo-pavyzdys','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,71,'2010-12-15 17:32:15',62,'','2010-12-15 17:33:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 17:32:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,41,'robots=\nauthor='),(2266,'Krišna','krina','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dievas įsikūnijo žemėje Dvapara Jugoje (laikmetyje),  maždaug prieš 5000 metų kaip visų galių Avataras (Pūrna Avatar) Šri Krišnos Pavidalu.  Jis buvo švelnumo,  nepaprasto žavesio ir neprilygstamos Meilės Įsikūnijimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trumpai papasakosime Šri Krišnos Atėjimą ir Gyvenimą. Tuo metu Mathura buvo vienas iš svarbiausių Indijos miestų,  Jadu Dinastijos sostinė.  Ją valdė karalius Ahuka.  Jis turėjo du sūnus,  Devaką ir Ugraseną,  kurie vėliau tapo atskirų jo karalystės žemių valdovais. Devaki,  Devakos duktė,  buvo atiduota į žmonas Vasudevai,  Jadavai (Jadu Dinastijos palikuoniui).  Jaunąją sutuoktinių porą į Vasudevos rūmus vežė Ugrasenos sūnus Kamsa,  kuris mylėjo Devaki kaip savo seserį.  Tuo metu pasigirdo Balsas iš dangaus: \"Neprotingasai Kamsa,  aštuntasis Devaki sūnus vieną dieną nužudys tave\".  Tai išgirdęs,  Kamsa išsitraukė kardą ir norėjo užmušti Devaki.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vasudeva meldė Kamsą pasigailėti jo nuotakos gyvybės ir pažadėjo atiduoti jo globai visus jai gimsiančius vaikus.  Kamsa nurimo ir įspėjo Vasudevą,  kad šis išlaikytų savo pažadą. Kai Devaki pagimdė pirmąjį sūnų,  Vasudeva nunešė naujagimį Kamsai,  bet šis atidavė vaiką atgal Vasudevai,  nes jam rūpėjo tik aštuntasis kūdikis.  Laikui bėgant,  Kamsą taip užvaldė baimė,  kad jį nužudys Devaki sūnus,  jog,  kai jai gimė šeši vaikai,  Kamsa parsinešė juos į savo rūmus ir visus nužudė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gimus septintajam,  Vasudeva nusileido šeimos šventiko patarimui - slapta krepšyje išnešti vaiką iš rūmų.  Į jo vietą buvo padėtas kitas naujagimis.  Devaki sūnus Balarama augo Gokuloje su Rohini,  antrąja Vasudevos žmona. Kai Kamsa išgirdo,  jog gimė negyvas kūdikis,  jis įtarė,  kad Devaki,  norėdama apsaugoti aštuntąjį vaiką,  griebsis kokios nors gudrybės.  Jis įmetė į kalėjimą ją ir jos vyrą,  taip pat savo seną tėvą Ugraseną.  Po to Kamsa prisijungė kitas aplink Mathurą esančias žemes ir tapo valdovu. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,72,'2010-12-15 17:47:03',62,'','2010-12-15 17:49:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 17:47:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,16,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2267,'Katalikybė ir protestantizmas Lietuvoje (referatas)','katalikyb-ir-protestantizmas-lietuvoje-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Krikščionybė atsirado Romos Imperijos laikais, pirmaisiais mūsų eros šimtmečiais. Tuo metu Roma buvo užkariavusi visus Viduržemio jūros pakraščius. Roma tapo pasaulio sostine. Išoriškai Augusto ir artimiausių jo įpėdinių viešpatavimo laikotarpis buvo didžiausias Romos valstybės žydėjimo ir galybės periodas. Bet viduje vyko gilus suirimo procesas. Roma laikėsi karais ir vergais. Visuomenės tvarka ir gamyba rėmėsi vergija. Vergai buvo pigūs ir turtuolių ūkiuose - latifundijose - jų dirbdavo tūkstančiai. Vergai dirbdavo ir kasyklose ir akmenų laužyklose - žodžiu - pačius sunkiausius ir juodžiausius darbus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Begaliniai karai atitraukė valstiečius nuo laukų ir įstūmė juos į vargą. Valstiečiai atiduodavo savo sūnus į kariuomenę, mokėjo mokesčius ir rinkliavas, kurios kuo toliau, tuo labiau augo. Smulkūs ūkininkai nepajėgė konkuruoti su didžiulėmis latifundijomis, todėl dažnai parduodavo savo žemes už menkus pinigus turtuoliams ir keliaudavę į Romą uždarbiauti. Tačiau čia visur buvo naudojamas pigus vergų darbas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vergai buvo dar blogesnėje padėtyje. Juos laikė gyvulių vietoje ir vadino kalbančiais įrankiais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dauguma jų šiam pasaulyje nematė jokio išsigelbėjimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Todėl neturtingiesiems visuomenės sluoksniams labai tiko krikščionybė, kuri skelbė nukryžiuotojo, kaip vergo, dievo mokslą.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,72,'2010-12-15 17:50:53',62,'','2010-12-15 17:57:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 17:50:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,15,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(2268,'Budizmas','budizmas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Budizmas yra nepaprastai sena filosofija kilusi Indijoje. Budistai netiki dieviškąja būtybe, vadinama Dievu tačiau jie tiki dieviškąja realybe. Kadangi jie netiki įasmenintu Dievu todėl jie nekalba maldų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bet kai kurie meldžiasi Budai. Budistai tiki, kad Buda gyvena kiekviename iš mūsų. Budizmo pradininkas buvo Indijos princas Sidharta Gautava (vėliau žinomas kaip Buda). Sidharta užaugo prabangiuose rūmuose tačiau išvydęs kokia daugybė žmonių kenčia nuo senatvės ir ligų jis išsižadėjo visų savo turtų ir išėjo klajoti po šalį. Pavargęs jis atsisėdo po medžiu stengdamasis suvokti kas iš tiesų yra svarbu, kas yra “tikroji tiesa”. Ir tuomet praregėjęs ėmė mokyti kitus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Buda mokė savo pasekėjus, kad žmonės turėtų suvokti keturias tauriąsias tiesas. 1. Šiame pasaulyje nėra nieko amžino. Laimė ilgai negali trukti. Nepasitenkinimu gyvenimu būsena budistai vadina Duka (kančia, nerimas). 2. Dukos būsena užvaldo žmones kurie trokšta daiktų. Juos pražudo godulys, savanaudiškumas. 3. Iš Dukos galima išsivaduoti, jeigu žmogus įveikia savo savanaudiškumą, godumą ir neapykantą. 4.Tai galima padaryti einant Aštuongubu tauriuoju keliu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aštuongubas taurusis kelias tai - Teisingas supratimas, Teisingas nusiteikimas, Teisingas kalbėjimas, Teisingi poelgiai, Teisinga veikla, Teisingos pastangos, Teisingas susikaupimas, Teisinga dėmesio koncentracija. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,72,'2010-12-15 17:58:17',62,'','2010-12-15 18:01:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 17:58:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2269,'Taoizmas ir savitaiga','taoizmas-ir-savitaiga','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kinijoje jau prieš konfucianizmą atsirado vadinamųjų “ramiųjų“ sektos. Priešingai buvusioms feodalinėms tradicijoms “ramieji“ ragino nepaklusti ponams, priešintis tuometiniams socialiniams santykiams. Kaip ir jogizmas bei budizmas, tos sektos propagavo asmenybės tobulinimą kaip svarbiausią žmogaus gyvenimo tikslą. Turima žinių, kad tuo tikslu jie naudojo specifinę meditavimo techniką, be to, daug dėmesio skyrė kvėpavimui. “Ramieji“ pripažino realų išorinį pasaulį, neatsiejamą nuo “vidinio pasaulio“. Pasak jų pagrindinės etinės doktrinos, išorinį pasaulį gerai pažinti galima tik palaikant “vidinio pasaulio“ pusiausvyrą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Ramiųjų“ sektos filosofinių – etinių įvaizdžių pagrindu atsirado vienas iš žymiausių žmonijos istorijoje senovės dialektinės filosofijos mokymas -  taoizmas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Primosios žinios apie taoizmą siejasi su legendinėmis asmenybėmis Lao Dzė ir Džvang Dzė.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,72,'2010-12-15 18:02:04',62,'','2010-12-15 18:04:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 18:02:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,13,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(2270,'Buda','buda','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Budos gyvavimo laikotarpiu Indijoje buvo vertinamas individualus tiesos ieškojimas. Tai skatino sunkiai suvokiamų dalykų suvokimo trokštančius indus neuždaryti savęs tarp esamų minčių, idėjų, tvirtinimų. Buda, stengdamasis atsakyti į visuotinę kentėjimo ir mirties mįslę, sukūrė mokymą, kuris ilgainiui tapo religija ir filosofija, suvaidinusia svarbia rolę dvasiniame, kultūriniame ir socialiniame Rytų pasaulio gyvenime ir 20 a. išplitusia į Vakarus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame darbe trumpai aptariamos Budizmo atsiradimo aplinkybės, istorinis vystymasis, mokymas, Budizmo vienuolių draugijos (sanghos) susiformavimas ir ryšys su visuomene ir valstybe, bei pagrindinės Budizmo sistemos.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,72,'2010-12-15 18:05:07',62,'','2010-12-15 18:07:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 18:05:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,12,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2271,'Krišnos sąmonės religinė bendruomenė','krinos-smons-religin-bendruomen','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vilniaus, Kauno ir kitų Lietuvos miestų gatvėse kartais matome būrelius žmonių su muzikos instrumentais, vilkinčius neįprastais oranžiniais ir baltais rūbais. Jie yra Krišnos sąmonės religinės bendruomenės nariai, dar vadinami krišnaitais. Pritardami muzikos instrumentais – mridangomis ir cimbolais – jie gieda “Hare Krišna, Hare Krišna…”, tikėdami, kad tai geriausias būdas apsivalyti nuo daugelio negerovių ir susijungti su aukščiausia būtybe – Dievu bei prašo malonės jam tarnauti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Krišnos sąmonės religijos ištakos yra Indijoje. Religinis centras ir šventa vieta – netoli Kalkutos, Mayapūros mieste. Toje vietoje pagal šventraštį 1486 metais į žemę Viešpats Sri Krišna Caitanya Mahaprabhu, - pats Krišna.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tarptautine Krišnos sąmonės sąjunga įkūrė 1966 metais Niujorke A.C. Bhaktivedanta Svamis Prabhupada. Išeidamas šios organizacijos įkūrėjas paliko pasekėjų dvasinę tarybą. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,72,'2010-12-15 18:07:44',62,'','2010-12-15 18:10:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 18:07:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,11,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2272,'Rytų religija','ryt-religija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prieš pusantro tūkstančio metų romėnai vadino Rytus “tekančios saulės” (sol oriens) šalimi. Vėliau buvo kalbama apie “Rytų žemę” kaip priešingybę “Vakarų žemei”. Nėra paprasta apibrėžti sritį, vadinamą Rytais. Rytų valstybės išsidėsčiusios šiaurės Afrikoje ir vakarų Azijoje.  Labai priklauso nuo to, kokiu požiūriu remiamasi. Rytų šalys turi daug bendrų bruožų, tačiau ir didelių skirtumų. Dabar Rytuose vyrauja islamas. Jį išplatino arabai, prasiskverbę toli į rytus ir į vakarus. Ilgainiui išsirutuliojo arabų musulmoniška kultūra.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rytų religiniai mokymai net užkietėjusį nuobodžiautoją gali apstulbinti komišku gamtos bei žmogaus paskirties joje matymu.Visa, kas tik egzistuoja visatoje, yra neišvengiamai susiję. Europiečių sąmonėje toks pasaulio supratimas tik skinasi kelią. Rytiečiams jis atrodo senas kaip pats pasaulis.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,72,'2010-12-15 18:11:24',62,'','2010-12-15 18:15:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 18:11:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2273,'Požiūris į asmenybę Rytų teorijose','poiris-asmenyb-ryt-teorijose','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mūsų elgseną lemia kultūra ir šeima, kurioje mes augome, kurioje vystėsi mūsų jausmai, protas ir pasaulėžiūra. Tai yra mūsų realybė, mes gyvename joje žvelgdami į mus supantį pasaulį, taip kaip buvome išmokyti savo šeimoje ir visuomenėje. Mes pripažįstame tik tokį savąjį “aš”, kurį pažįstame.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekviena religija apriboja žmogų. Religija - tai santykis su didžiausią ir stipriausią poveikį turinčiomis vertybėmis, kurios gali būti įsąmonintos arba neįsąmonintos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tolmundo knygos užima svarbią vietą judaizmo istorijoje. Ištisus šimtmečius Tolmundas buvo vienintelis tikinčiųjų žydų mokymo ir tikėjimo objektas. Viena iš pagrindinių Tolmundo idėjų yra absoliutus paklusnumas dvasininkams. Todėl Tolmundo knygose aiškiai atsispindi socialinė nelygybė, reikalavimai susitaikyti su esama padėtimi. Žmogui nuolat kartojama, kad jis yra menkas ir, kad amžinoji laimė bei linksmybė jo laukia pomirtiniame gyvenime. Tolmudinio judaizmo reakcinė esmė pasireiškia dar ir tuo, kad tolmudizmas smulkmeniškai reglamentuoja tikinčiųjų gyvenimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tikinčiajam reikia laikytis 613 taisyklių, 365 draudimų ir 248 nurodymų. Tolmudistinis induizmas netgi pasiekė visišką pergalę šeimos ir santuokos klausimuose. Tolmudistinis judaizmas dar stengiasi pavaizduoti žydų tautą kaip kažkokį fenomeną neturintį sau lygių istorojoje.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,72,'2010-12-15 18:15:48',62,'','2010-12-15 18:18:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 18:15:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2274,'Onos bažnyčia (referatas)','onos-banyia-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Į tą vietą, kur stovi Onos bažnyčia, subėga Tiesos, Biliūno, Švietimo gatvės ir Pilies skersgatvis. Tai vienas seniausių miesto kampelių, kurį puošia nemaža vertingų pastatų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Onos bažnyčia – visasąjunginės reikšmės architektūrinis paminklas ir gražiausias gotikinis pastatas respublikoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai senas pastatas. Senuose dokumentuose minima, kad Onos bažnyčia 1500 -1501 metais buvo atnaujinta; vėliau (1563) griuvo skliautai. Tik 1581 metais buvo baigtas jos remontas. Tie metai ir laikomi pagrindiniais šio pastato istorijoje. Pagaliau ir pats bažnyčios statymo būdas, jos stilius būdingas XVI amžiui – gotikos klestėjimo mūsų krašte laikotarpiui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dviejose plytose išlikę kažkokie ženklai ir raidės, padarytos aštriu įrankiu, yra, gal būt, cechų ar meistrų emblemos. Tačiau tikrų žinių, kas yra Onos bažnyčią projektavęs ir statęs, nėra, todėl ilgainiui apie ją buvo sukurta nemaža legendų.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,72,'2010-12-15 18:20:04',62,'','2010-12-15 18:22:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 18:20:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2275,'Lietuvių kultūros įsijungimas į krikščioniškos europos kultūros veikla','lietuvi-kultros-sijungimas-krikionikos-europos-kultros-veikla','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos kontaktai su Vakarų Europa prasidėjo jau nuo Romos imperijos laikų. Tačiau kalbėti apie suartėjimą su krikščioniška Europa galime tik nuo vokiečių ordinų atsikraustymo į Pabaltyjį. Pirmoji pagoniškos Lietuvos patirtis nulėmė tolesnius istorinius įvykius. Patirtis tikrai nežadėjo greito krikščionybės įsigalėjimo Lietuvoje, nes jos skleidėjai kryžiuočiai ir kalavijuočiai nešė naująjį tikėjimą kardu ir ugnimi. Lietuviams esant konservatyvia ir karinga tauta, tokia krikščionybės skleidimo forma galėjo susilaukti tik priešiškumo. Tokios istorinės aplinkybės neleido Lietuvai greitai apsikrikštyti ir pilnateisiai įsijungti į Europos kultūrą. Be to nuolatiniai karai su vokiečių ordinu alino Lietuvos ekonomiką, kas savo ruožtu stabdė vidinės kultūros vystymąsi. Kita vertus kultūriniai santykiai suaktyvėjo, nes buvo pastovūs kontaktai su krikščioniais vokiečiais. Nuo to meto į Lietuvą pradėjo skverbtis ir krikščionybė, atsirado misionieriai vienuoliai. Gedimino laikais Vilniuje ir Naugarduke, o gal ir kitur buvo katalikų bažnyčių. Prasidėję prekybos santykiai (ypač su Ryga) lietuvius jungė su Vakarais. Dalis Vakarų Europos pirklių net apsigyveno Lietuvoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gediminas pirmasis ketino sukultūrinti Lietuvą ir kvietėsi amatininkų, pirklių ir riterių iš Vakarų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Deja rašto lietuviai neturėjo, todėl kylant valstybei šis būtinumas buvo patenkintas pradėjus naudoti svetimas kalbas. Tuomet buvo laikomasi taisyklės, kad kreipiantis į kurios nors valstybės institucijas ar gyventojus, naudojama tos valstybės raštų kalba. Taigi nuo tų laikų korespondencijai su Vakarų valdovais buvo pradėta naudotis Lietuvoje gyvenančių vienuolių patarnavimais, nes tik jie geriausiai galėjo rašyti lotyniškai. Lotyniškai buvo parašyti tokie dokumentai kaip Gedimino laiškai Hanzos miestams, popiežiui, vienuolių ordinams. Tiesa bendriems su krikščioniais dokumentams vartota buvo ne vien  lotynų kalba, bet ir vokiečių, kuria sudarytos 1329 ir 1338 m. sutartys su Livonijos ordinu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,72,'2010-12-15 18:23:32',62,'','2010-12-15 18:27:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 18:23:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2276,'Budizmas ir induizmas','budizmas-ir-induizmas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Budizmas yra nepaprastai sena filosofija kilusi Indijoje. Budistai netiki dieviškąja būtybe, vadinama Dievu tačiau jie tiki dieviškąja realybe. Kadangi jie netiki įasmenintu Dievu todėl jie nekalba maldų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bet kai kurie meldžiasi Budai. Budistai tiki, kad Buda gyvena kiekviename iš mūsų. Budizmo pradininkas buvo Indijos princas Sidharta Gautava (vėliau žinomas kaip Buda). Sidharta užaugo prabangiuose rūmuose tačiau išvydęs kokia daugybė žmonių kenčia nuo senatvės ir ligų jis išsižadėjo visų savo turtų ir išėjo klajoti po šalį. Pavargęs jis atsisėdo po medžiu stengdamasis suvokti kas iš tiesų yra svarbu, kas yra “tikroji tiesa”. Ir tuomet praregėjęs ėmė mokyti kitus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Buda mokė savo pasekėjus, kad žmonės turėtų suvokti keturias tauriąsias tiesas. 1. Šiame pasaulyje nėra nieko amžino. Laimė ilgai negali trukti. Nepasitenkinimu gyvenimu būsena budistai vadina Duka (kančia, nerimas). 2. Dukos būsena užvaldo žmones kurie trokšta daiktų. Juos pražudo godulys, savanaudiškumas. 3. Iš dukos galima išsivaduoti, jeigu žmogus įveikia savo savanaudiškumą, godumą ir neapykantą. 4. Tai galima padaryti einant Aštuongubu tauriuoju keliu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aštuongubas taurusis kelias tai - Teisingas supratimas, Teisingas nusiteikimas, Teisingas kalbėjimas, Teisingi poelgiai, Teisinga veikla, Teisingos pastangos, Teisingas susikaupimas, Teisinga dėmesio koncentracija. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,72,'2010-12-15 18:43:58',62,'','2010-12-15 18:47:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 18:43:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(2277,'Šventas Antanas iš Padvos','ventas-antanas-i-padvos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šventas Antanas gimė Lisabonoje, Portugalijos sostinėje, 1195 metais, pakrikštytas vardu Perdinandas. Tėvas Martinas Bulunas, o motina Marijona, buvo labai dievobaimingi. Turėdamas penkiolika metų, įstojo į Augustionų zokoną (religinė organizacija) gimtajame mieste Lisabonoje .Bet ten gyvenančios jo giminės jį dažnai lankė, todėl pagal jo tėvų prašymą buvo pervestas į kitą, Kaimbrų vienuolyną, kuriame, didžiame nuolankume kas kartą kėlėsi prie aukštesnios šventenybės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taip atsitiko, kad tame laike Portugalijos karalaitis parvežė iš Morokų į Kaimbrą Šv. Kankinių zokono, taip pat Šv. Pranciškaus Serapičino, kurie apsakinėdami Evangeliją gavo kankinių mirtį, kūnus. Tas pažadino Šv. Antano širdyje didį troškimą išlieti kraują už Kristų. Šv. Antanas pasižadėjo pereiti į Šv. Pranciškaus zokoną, nes anie tuomet daugiausia atlikdavo misijas tarp pagonių...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ne toli Koimbros buvo jų vienuolynas, garsus didžiu zokonininkų (zokono narių) šventumu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gavęs tėvų leidimą, 1221 metais Šv. Antanas perėjo pas pranciškonus, gaudamas Antano vardą. Šv. Antanas smarkiai skyrėsi nuo kitų savo draugų zakonininkų, kurie jį lydėjo su gailesčiu. Vartininkas atidarydamas jam vartus, tarė puspiktume: “Eik, eik, ten tikrai pasiliksi šventu”. “Juk pagarbintum Dievą, jei taip atsitiktų,” atsakė Šv. Antanas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,72,'2010-12-15 18:48:02',62,'','2010-12-15 18:51:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 18:48:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2278,'Budos mokymas','budos-mokymas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Karmos dėsnis, arba priežasties ir pasekmės dėsnis, pasireiškia tiek moraline, tiek fizine žmogiškojo gyvenimo dinensija. Geri ir pikti žmogaus darbai sukausto jį karmos grandinėlėmis ir pririša prie “antgamtinių ciklo”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p> </p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visos žmogiškosios būtybės gerų ar piktų savo poelgių pasekmes patiria per reikarnaciją, arba naują gimimą. Jų poelgiai, kalbėjimas ir mintys ankstesniuose gyvenimuose nulemia naujo įsikūnijimo aplinkybes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jeigu žmogus teisingai supranta žmogiškąją savo situaciją, - suvokia, jog jis įkalintas karmos rate, - ir jeigu paklūsta teisingiems reikalavimams, jis gali pranokti, peržengti žmogiškąją situaciją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau tai nereiškia, jog žmogus panaikina karmą - ne, jis išsilaisvina iš vidinių karmos gniaužtų, pakeisdamas savo gyvenimo orientaciją. Tuomet ir prasideda naujas procesas, kurio metu galima pelnyti vadinąmą “teigiamą karmą”o jos pozityvias pasekmes netrukus pajunta ir pats žmogus, ir kiti aplink jį.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,72,'2010-12-15 18:52:27',62,'','2010-12-15 18:55:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 18:52:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',2,0,4,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(2279,'Nušvitusysis Buda: budizmas','nuvitusysis-buda-budizmas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ne taip kaip praėjęs, mūsų amžius neabejoja, kad “istorinis” Buda, budizmo tikėjimo pradininkas, iš tikrųjų  gyveno. Jo gyvenimas apipintas gausiomis legendomis; tradicija mums išsaugojo ne detalią biografiją, bet veikiau portretą idealo, kokiu  turėtų stengtis tapti kiekvienas budistas. Bet kai kuriuos jo gyvenimo  faktus visgi pavyko nustatyti pakankamai aiškiai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sidharta Gautama, vėliau  išgarsėjęs  kaip Buda, gimė apie 560 pr .Kr. Lumbini kaime, netoli dabartinės Indijos ir Nepalo sienos. Jo tėvas Šudodana viešpatavo kaip nedidelės tenykštės kunigaikštystės radža.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,72,'2010-12-15 18:56:13',62,'','2010-12-15 18:58:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 18:56:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2280,'Induizmas','induizmas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žodis “hindu” kilo iš Indo upės pavadinimo, prie kurios krantų antrojo tūkstantmečio prieš Kristų viduryje įsikūr senieji arijai. Nors tuomet Indo upės vardas buvo Sindhu, persai, savitai ją ištardami - “indu”, tuo pat vardu įvardijo ir upės slėnio gyventojus. Šiandien sąvoka “indusai” reiškia religinę priklausomybę, “indai” - tautinę. Taigi induizmas yra religija šios senos tautos, kuri tūkstantmečiais vystėsi vidujai ir vis pasipildydama naujais elementais išaugino neaprėpiamą religinę socialinę sistemą, kokią regime šiandien.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmiausia turime pasakyti, kad induizmas nepasiduoda jokiam apibrėžimui. Žiūrint iš šalies jis atrodo lyg kokia visa ko maišalynė, pradedant religija bei filosofija ir baigiant mitais ir magija. Tačiau atidžiai pažvelgę matome, jog šiuos skirtingus elementus jungia tam tikri principai bei praktikos, kuriuos galėtume pavadinti esminiais induizmo požymiais. Šie požymiai - tai visų pirma šventųjų indusų knygų Vedų pripažinimas, po to tikėjimas karma - samsara, t. y. tikėjimas sielų keliavimu pagal atlygio dėsnį, ir, pagaliau, varna - acrama - žharma praktika, kuri moko, jog kiekvienas turi gyventi pagal savo kastą ir padėtį. Tačiau visa tai dar pakankamai neatskleidžia induizmo esmės. Ji glūdi visuotinėje tautos religingumo išraiškoje, tautos, kurios ilga istorija buvo nesiliaująs Dievo ieškojimas ir kurios visas mąstymas yra pažymėtas atsigręžimu į antgamtinį pasaulį  ir dvasios primato iškėlimas. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,72,'2010-12-15 18:59:29',62,'','2010-12-15 19:09:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 18:59:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(2281,'Katalikybės atėjimas','katalikybs-atjimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vėliausiai Europoije priėmusios krikštą Lietuvos,kur XV a. – XVI a. pradžioje nebuvo bent kiek stipresnių eretinių judėjimų, visuomenė į Reformacijos sąjūdį įsitaukė beveik tuo pat metu, kaip jį subrandinę kraštai (1517 m. Vitenberge buvo paskelbtos Martyno Liuterio tezės, XVI a. trečiajame dešimtmetyje protestantizmas įsiviešpatavo kaiminystėje Prūsijoje ir pradėjo plisti tarp ten gyvenusių lietuvių, to amžiaus trečiajame - ketvirtajame dešimtmetyje liuteronai pradėjo savo veiklą Lietuvoje, o 1542 – 1547 m. žymiausieji iš jų aktyviai patraukė į kultūrinį Prūsijos kunigaikštystės gyvenimą, prisidėjo prie protestantiško Karaliaučiaus universiteto sukūrimo). Tai rodo, kad Lietuvos valstybėje jau egzistavo pakankamai pajėgus intelektualinio elito sluoksnis, galėjęs ne tik akumuliuoti, bet ir skleisti protestantizmo idėjas visuomenėje, o ji buvo subrendusi jas priimti ir pritaikyti savo poreikiams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Feodalinio gamybos būdo gelmėse bręstantys nauji kapitalistiniai ekonominiai santykiai buvo beveik visose Europos valstybėse. Visuose sluoksniuose – kunigaikščių rūmuose, mokslingų šviesuolių kambarėliuose, vienuolių celėse, pirklių mūruose, amatininkų gatvelėse ir net valstiečių trobose bei lūšnelėse – mintis, kad gyvenime būtinos permainos. Gyvenusieji XVI amžiuje nesuvokė tų materialinių istorinių galių, kurios įsuko juos į milžinišką visuomeninio judėjimo sūkurį, apėmusį visą Europą. Tikėta, kad reikia surasti “teisingą” tikėjimą, moralės principus, kurie kaip galingi svertai pakeistų santykius tarp žmonių ir valstybių. Nyktų karai ir skurdas. Atrodė, kad tatai galima esą pasiekti reformuojant įsigalėjusią katalikų bažnyčią, nustačius naują tikėjimui palaikyti ir skleisti organizaciją.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,72,'2010-12-15 19:09:53',62,'','2010-12-15 19:14:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 19:09:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2282,'Лиризм прозы К.Паустовского /рассказ “Телеграма”/','2010-12-15-19-25-49','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">В нашую бурную и сложную эпоху неизмеримо повысился интерес к человеку - его сущности и назначению, его прошлому , настоящему и будущему. Проблема гуманизма сейчас волнует учёных, вопросы добра и красоты, человечности стоят в центре внимания литературы и искуства.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Написал К. Паустовский много. Любимый жанр - новелла. Это небольшои рассказ, отличающийся от обычного рассказа оригинальной концовкой. Повести же и рассказы  Паустовского не обладают ни малейшуй занимательностью: нет в них ни головокружителного поворота событий, ни драматических конфликтов.  Раздумия о человеке и чаловечности высоких ценностей составляют главную тему творчества. Он был влюблён в природу, в людей, в мир, в искуство - в хизнь. Отсюда,может быть, его мечтательность, доверчивость, доброта, исповедальный лиризм, интелигентность, удевительная манера повествования.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,73,'2010-12-15 19:24:15',62,'','2010-12-15 19:27:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 19:24:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2283,'Два письма из \"Евгения Онегина\" (курсовая работа)','-q-q-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Роман \"Евгений Онегин\" - это не только лучшее произведение Пушкина, это лучшее произведение  всей русской литературы, с этим согласится не только множество специалистов, но и любой грамотный русский человек.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">\"Энциклопедия русской жизни\", по мнению В. Г. Белинского, заключает в себе так много значимого для русского человека: быт и природу России, кипение политической жизни, идейные споры, душевные переживания и, конечно же…  любовь.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Раскройте любую энциклопедию - и вы найдёте множество статей. Также и роман содержит в себе несколько частей, которые при желании можно рассматривать как цельные самостоятельные произведения в контексте цикла. Так, стоит уделить внимание двум письмам - Татьяны и Евгения,- как ключу к пониманию образов главных героев.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Современные Пушкину читатели восторженно принимали первые главы, декабристы прочили Онегина в передовые люди века, ожидая романтической поэмы.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Пушкин внимательно следил за отзывом публики, о чём свидетельствует его переписка с друзьями - с Вяземским, Жуковским, Плетнёвым. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,73,'2010-12-15 19:29:05',62,'','2010-12-15 19:32:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 19:29:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2284,'Основные мотивы лирики Ф. Тютчева и   А. Фетфа','2010-12-15-19-40-48','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Как поет, Тютчев был замечен ещё Пушкином, а затем долгие годы был забыт. Только начиная с 50 - ыхгодов к Тютчеву пришла слава .Тютчев - поэт “мысли”. Его поэзия отличалась особым восприятием жизни: острое ощущение человеческой личности, сопостфвленной с жизнью целого мира.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Проблематика стихов Тютчева - философична. Это - жизнь и смерть, вера и безверие, хаос и космос.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Вечная жизнь природы - неизменная тема его лирики. Природа у него одушевлена, наделена жизнью. В ней много разных звуков, красок, запахов, полно динамики. Поэтому он очень любит  изображать бурные моменты жизни природы: грозовое небо, бушующее море, весну с бурными потоками и т.д.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,73,'2010-12-15 19:38:56',62,'','2010-12-15 19:41:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 19:38:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2285,'Ларра и Данко в расказе М. Горького “Старуха Изергиль”','2010-12-15-19-44-16','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Идея героического служения, раскрытая как высшее счастье сильной прекрасной личности, находит глубокое воплощение в рассказе “С.И.”</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Рассказ состоит из 3 частей. Первая - легенда о Ларре. Человек вне общества никогда не обретёт счастья. Самое страшное наказание - одиночество. Одни наслаждения не могут составить жизнь. Отвергший обыкновенную судьбу на земле не имеет права на спокоиную смерть, на  мизерную радость. Образ Ларры - разоблачение индивидуализма, идей Ницше, утвержавшего, что сильной личности, стояшей на толпой, дозволено всё, вилоть до преступления. Сын орла, короля птиц , и женщины считал себя выше всех, не желал считаться даже со сторейшимиплемени, которых все уважали. Он жестоко убил девушку лишь потому, что она его оттолкнула, а ему надо было её. Но Горкий пишет о страшном возмездии человеку, решившему всё взять от других и “сохранить себя целым”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">В своём бесконечном одиночестве он подвергаеться такой тоске, которой можно было бы отравить всех людей мира”. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,73,'2010-12-15 19:42:40',62,'','2010-12-15 19:45:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 19:42:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2286,'Morfologija (špera)','morfologija-pera','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,73,'2010-12-15 19:45:58',62,'','2010-12-15 19:47:51',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 19:45:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2287,'Образ Елены Стаховой в ромфне И. С Тургенева “Накануне”','2010-12-15-19-50-16','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Елену рано начал мучить вопрос: как жить? что делать? Из её дневника мы узнаём о её переживаниях, мечтах, стремлениях: “О, если бы кто - нибудь мне сказал: вот что ты должна делать! Быть доброю - этого мало; слать добро…да! Это главное в жизни. Но как делать добро?.”</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">В семье её никто не понимает. Елена боится повторить бесмысленное существование своих близких. Она мечтает о другом: об истинной любви, о жизни, которая будет наполнена деятельности. До встречи с Инсаровым Елена была очень одинокой, “билась как птичка в клетке”. “Иногда ей приходило в голову, чтоона желает чего-то, чего никто не желает, о чём никто не мыслит в России”. Жажда деятельного добра - беспристраснно мучит Елену.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Дмитрий Инсаров сразу привлёк Елену своей необычностью. И именно он можит помочь Елене найти свой жизненный путь, осуществить своё назначение. Она смело порывает со средой, в которой жила, со своими родителями, чтобы посвятить свою жизнь великой идее, национально-освободительной борьбе. Эту идею подсказала ей жизнь и цели жизни Инсарова. “Освободить родину.. Эти слова и выговорить страшно, так они велики..”<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,73,'2010-12-15 19:48:48',62,'','2010-12-15 19:51:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 19:48:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2288,'М. Ю. Лермонтов “Мцыри”','2010-12-15-19-53-39','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Поема “Мцыри” - характернейшее романтическое произведение. В ней герой - челолвек, рвущийся к свободе, условный сюжет, всё раскрывается через монололг героя, напряжённие, гиперболизированые переживания, волевая интонация. Всё эти черты присущи именно романтическим произведениям.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Очень интересен главный герой Мцыри. Особенность характера - органическое соединение в нём строгой  целеустремлённости, могучей силы, твёрдой воли и задушевности, лиризма.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">В поеме “Мцыри” Лермонтов развивает идею мужества и протеста. Поет почти полностью исключил любовны мотив, лоторы отразился лишь в краткои встрече Мцыри с грузинкой  у горного потока. Герой побеждает порыв молодого сердца, отказывается  от личного счастья во имя  свободы. Патриотическая идея сочетается в поеме с тёмой свободы, что было характерно поэтам - декабристам.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Мцыри владеет одна, но “пламенная страсть” - любовь к отчизне и жажда воли.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Тюрьмой становится для Мцыри моностырь, сам он кажется себе рабом и узником.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Короткие дни побега становятса для него временно обретённой волей: только вне монастыря он жил, а не просто существовал. Его тянет на родину, где он сможет сражаться за свободу её.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,73,'2010-12-15 19:52:06',62,'','2010-12-15 19:54:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 19:52:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2289,'Trumpas I. Ivanauskaitės knygų aptarimas','trumpas-i-ivanauskaits-knyg-aptarimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Кнуга – один из основных источников, из которых человек черпает познания о его окружающем мире. Книга  не только поверхностю освящяет человеческую жизнь, но и проникает в его разум и мысли, оставляя глубокий отпечаток на всю оставщуюся жизнь. Маленькие чёрные буквы на белом листе объясняют тебе не только законы природы, но и смысл экзистенции. Каждая книга обращаемся к мебе по - разному, и по-разному она знакомит мебя с собою.Романи учат читателя любить и уважать окружающих, сочувствовать обездогенным. Они вносят в твою жизнь прощение и понимание. Книги исворического жанра переносят мебя в прошлое. Туда, где наши предки боролись за независимость.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Одни из последних книг, оставивших мне неизгладимое впечатление были книги молодой литовской писательныцы Юрге Иванаускаите. О моральной деградации современной молодёжи автор заботится в “Как выростить страх” и “Дети   луны”. Она описывает ужас внумренней пустоты молодого человека и неуважения человеческих ценностей, вакуум мировоззения. Когда человек, отколовишйся от общесва, неосознающий своего места в нём, становится животным, инстинктивно боящиися смерти, неведения, боящиися самого страха и становитсся не в состоянии боротбся с ним.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Сама автор , Юрга Иванаускайте, смиралас со страхом и нашла успокоение своей души в Тибете. Обретшая полноценность и вдохновлённая жизнью тамошних, тибетских монахов, она написала ещё две книги – “Сосланный Тибет ” и  “Путешествие в Шамбалу”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Читае эти книги осознаём смысл религии, начинаем в себе искать успокоение и Нирвану. Осозновая смысл существования позноём жизнь – настоящие её ценности и догмы.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,73,'2010-12-15 19:55:16',62,'','2010-12-15 19:58:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 19:55:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2290,'Образ Евгения Онегина в романе А. С. Пушкина “Евгений Онегин”','2010-12-15-20-01-37','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Е. О.” писался Пушкиным 8лет. “Е. О.” - самое задушевное произведение Пушкина, в нём  нашли своё воплощение заветные мысли и чувства поэта, его размышления о жизни, его взгляды, его нравственый идеал.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Е. О.” - это “енциклопедия русской жизни” пушкинского времени.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">В герое, чъим именем и назван роман, автор воссоздал судьбу лучших людеи своего времени - передовой дворянской интелигенции. Е.О. неудовлетворён жизнью, устал от неё, чувства его охладели. Хотя Онегин учился “чему-нибудь” и “как-нидь”, он всё же стоит на високом культурном уровне.  Пушкински Онегин - плод своего общества, но вместе с тем он и чужд ему. Пустота жизни лучает Онегина, он во всём разочаровывается, впадает в хандру. Он живёт “без цели, без трудов”. Ничто не увлекает его. Он искренне приязываеться к Ленскому, но вообще презырает людей, не верит в их доброту и сам губит друга.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">В деревне он ведёт себя как гуманный человек по отношению к крестьянам, но он не задумывается над их судьбой; побольше мучают собственные настроения, ощущение пустоты жизни. Всё же в любви к Татьяне Пушкин подчеркивает, что его герой способен к нравственному возрождению, что это  не совсем охладевший ко всему человек, в нём ещё кипят силы жизни, что по замыслу автора должно было проббудить в Онегине и стремление к общественной деятельности. В герое романа слились самые различные елементы, из которых складывался облик дворянской интелигенцый 20-х годов. В Онегине зарождаются черты “лишнего человека”, которые будут роднить его с Печёриним Лермонтова.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,73,'2010-12-15 19:59:43',62,'','2010-12-15 20:02:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 19:59:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2291,'Идеи и образы в романе М. Булгакова “Мастер и Маргарита”','2010-12-15-20-04-59','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Роман М. Б. “М. и М.” – главная книга его жызни. Этот роман очень необычный и сразу ошеломляет читателя своей новизноию Здесь переплетаются разные жанры: и сатирический и фантастический, и реалистический, и философский, и романтический, и лирический, предающий страдание и веру автора в торжество добра.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Непривычно сплитаются и 3 сюжетные линий романа. В Москву 30 - ых годов прибывает Воланд со своей свитой, чтобы опраздновать ежегодний бал полнолуния. В Москве он проводит 4 дня. Своё пребывание Воланд начинает с того, что рассказывает евангелическую историю, которая становится романом в романе. Сам Воланд явно преклоняется перед Христом, послушен ему во всём, считает себя его тенью. История рассказаная Воландом, оказывается частью романа, написаного Мастером. Судьба Мастера и его возлюбленной Маргариты - последняя сужетная линия.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,73,'2010-12-15 20:03:28',62,'','2010-12-15 20:05:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 20:03:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2292,'Lietuva šių dienų pasaulyje. Politika,ūkis visuomenė','lietuva-i-dien-pasaulyje-politikakis-visuomen','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šis straipsnių rinkinys skirtas studijuojantiems sociologiją, strateginį valdymą, vidaus ir užsienio politiką. Jame rasite žinomų politologų, sociologų ir kitų mokslų atstovų, rašytojų bei politikų pasisakymus aktualiausiais visuomenės gyvenimo klausimais, paskelbtus įvairiuose šaltiniuose per vienerius metus - 2005 m. sausio – 2006 m. sausio mėnesiais. Kiekvienas autorius atskleidžia savitą požiūrį į tai, kas vyksta pasaulyje, Europos Sąjungoje ir mūsų valstybėje. Gana daug dėmesio rinkinyje skirta pilietinės visuomenės formavimosi Lietuvoje tematikai ir dabartinės piliečių elgsenos priežasčių nagrinėjimui. Gal būt kai kuriuos skaitytojus nustebins šio rinkinio pabaigoje pateikti Bernardo Brazdžionio eilėraščiai. Norime tik priminti, kad vienas iš žymiausių mūsų laikmečio poetų, daugiau kaip tris ketvirčius amžiaus paskyręs poezijai, turėjo milžinišką įtaką tautos Atgimimui. Poetas keliomis eilutėmis neretai pasako daugiau, negu kiti autoriai ilguose straipsniuose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ryžausi sudaryti šį rinkinį pastebėjęs, kad nemaža visuomenės dalis klaidžioja gausios informacijos brūzgynuose, labai sunkiai atsirenka svarbiausius faktus ir itin paviršutiniškai, neargumentuotai vertina viską, kas vyksta tiek Lietuvoje, tiek už jos ribų. Tokį blaškymąsi ir vienpusiškumą sąlygoja ir daugybė sąmoningai klaidinančių arba nepakankamai pagrįstų teiginių, skelbiamų mūsų žiniasklaidoje arba perduodamų kitais būdais. Kažkas gal tyčia, o gal netyčia lepterėjo nesąmonę, tačiau netrukus ji ima plisti tarsi tikrovės faktas. Nesąmonė aptarinėjama, ja remiantis kažkas pasmerkiamas arba išteisinamas, kai tuo tarpu esminiai procesai lieka nepastebėti. Taip atsiranda galimybė manipuliuoti visuomenės nuomone.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atskirų autorių požiūris nebūtinai sutampa su šio rinkinio sudarytojo nuomone. Tai – medžiaga savarankiškam studentų darbui, kuri gali paskatinti diskusijas aktualiausiais Lietuvos valstybės gyvenimo klausimais. Savo nuomonę studentai gali išdėstyti referatuose arba seminarų ir kitų praktinių užsiėmimų metu, išsakyti aptardami paskaitų turinį, perskaitytas knygas ar naują žiniasklaidos informaciją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi tokį rinkinį man teko ruošti pirmą kartą, gal būt jame pastebėsite kokių nors netikslumų ar klaidų. Už visas pastabas, pasiūlymus ir patarimus iš anksto dėkoju.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,74,'2010-12-15 20:22:29',62,'','2010-12-15 20:26:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 20:22:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,19,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(2293,'Žmogus ir aplinka (mokomoji knyga)','mogus-ir-aplinka-mokomoji-knyga','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ši knyga skirta Kauno technologijos universiteto studentams, klausantiems kursą „Žmogus ir aplinka\" (S263B096). Kai kurios knygos dalys gali būti rekomenduojamos kitų aukštųjų mokyklų studentams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teksto paskirtis - padėti studentams įgyti esminių žinių apie sistemą „Žmogus ir aplinka\", apie žmogų ir jo aplinką.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pateikiama medžiaga nepretenduoja į išbaigtą santykių tarp atskirų sistemos elementų apibūdinimą tačiau pateikia integratyvų, sisteminį požiūrįįžmogųir jo aplinką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sąvoka „aplinka\" yra plati, įvairialypė. Tai ir darbo, ir socialinė, ir gamtinė aplinka. Žmogaus sąveiką su atitinkama jo aplinka nagrinėja įvairūs mokslai; techniškieji mokslai  - žmogaus sauga, ergonomika ir kt. - nagrinėja sistemą  „Žmogus - Mašina - Aplinka\", kreipdami didžiausią dėmes įį techniškuosius sistemos funkcionavimo ypatumus: įvairių supančios aplinkos veiksnių (triukšmo, apšvietos, užterštumo, vibracijų ir kt.) poveikį žmogui, taip pat įvairių techninių priemonių įtaką žmonių saugumui darbe užtikrinti. Be to, jie tiria (pvz.: ergonomika) žmogaus fiziologines galimybes, ribas ir ypatumus darbo procese.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,74,'2010-12-15 20:27:03',62,'','2010-12-15 20:36:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 20:27:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,18,'','',0,43,'robots=\nauthor=');
INSERT INTO `jos_content` VALUES (2294,'Strevininkų pensionato gyventojų gyvenimo kokybės analizė','strevinink-pensionato-gyventoj-gyvenimo-kokybs-analiz','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvoje, keičiantis socialinėms ekoniminėms sąlygoms, atsiranda žmonių, kurie jaučiasi socialiai nesaugūs. Už pačių pažeidžiamiausių žmonių grupių socialinę integraciją didelę atsakomybė tenka valstybei. Tiems žmonėms valstybė teikia socialinę parama visomis formomis. Viena iš labiausiai paplitusių socialinių paslaugų formų, yra stacionari socialinė globa.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Stacionarios globos įstaigos paskirtis yra sudaryti žmogaus orumo nežeminančias sąlygas ir užtikrinti globos reikalaujantiems žmonėms kiek įmanoma kokybišką gyvenimą, skatinti jų sugebėjimą pasirūpinti savimi ir integruotis visuomenėje. Globos įstaigai būtina užtikrinti savo gyventojams pagrindines teises į gyvenimo kokybę, saugią ir efektyvią globą bei garantuoti integraciją į visuomenę.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,74,'2010-12-15 20:36:56',62,'','2010-12-15 20:41:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 20:36:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,17,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2295,'Simbolizmas, impresionizmas, naturalizmas','simbolizmas-impresionizmas-naturalizmas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,74,'2010-12-15 20:42:15',62,'','2010-12-15 20:44:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 20:42:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,16,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(2296,'Socialinio darbo raida ir perspektyvos Strevininkų pensionate','socialinio-darbo-raida-ir-perspektyvos-strevininku-pensionate','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Socialinis ir ekonominis šalies vystymasis yra esminis harmoningų žmogaus santykių su visuomene, jo pilnaverčio socialinio funkcionavimo garantas. Kiekvienai valstybei tenka didžiulis vaidmuo ir atsakomybė, laiduojant savo tautos socialinę pažangą ir gerovę, planuojant socialinio vystymo priemones, bei socialinių paslaugų infrastruktūrą. Dinamiškas Lietuvos politinis bei ekonominis vystymasis atskleidė daugybę socialinių problemų, todėl socialinėje srityje dirbančių specialistų reikalingumo bei socialinių darbuotojų profesionalumo klausimai šiandien jau niekam nekelia jokių abejonių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasaulyje vis labiau įsitvirtina žmogaus socialinės raidos koncepcija, kurią 1990 m. pateikė Jungtinių Tautų Vystymo Programa. Žmogaus teisės ir žmogaus raida yra dinamiškos, viena nuo kitos priklausančios bei vien kitą papildančios sąvokos. Žmogaus socialinės raidos ir teisių integracija praplečia žmogaus pasirinkimo galimybes. Jos apima bendrą teisę ir atsakomybę už pagrindinius individo, visuomenės ir valstybės sugebėjimus gyventi pilnavertį gyvenimą. Išskiriami du žmogaus socialinės raidos aspektai: žmogaus sugebėjimų ugdymas ir įgytų sugebėjimų panaudojimas gyvenime.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Graikų kalboje žodis “problema” reiškia užduotį. Turėti problemų yra normalu. Tik tai supratę galime pradėti keisti savo gyvenimą.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,74,'2010-12-15 20:45:26',62,'','2010-12-15 20:50:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 20:45:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,15,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(2297,'Kokybinis ir kiekybinis tyrimas pagal Steinar‘ą Kvale‘ą','kokybinis-ir-kiekybinis-tyrimas-pagal-steinar-kvale','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienas esmingiausių šiuolaikinių socialinių mokslų reikalavimų, kad mokslinės žinios turėtų būti kiekybinės. Būtų galima išskirti keletą priežasčių, kodėl socialiniams mokslams kvalifikacija yra tokia būtina. Pagal ontologinę prielaidą, socialinis pasaulis iš esmės yra matematiškai sutvarkyta matematinė sistema, kurioje visa tai, kas egzistuoja, gali būti išreikšta skaičiais, todėl objektyvūs socialiniai duomenys turi būti kiekybiniai. Pagal epistemologinį poreikį, tyrimų duomenys turėtų būti kiekybiniai todėl, kad būtų bendramačiai visose teritorijose. Kvalifkacijoje gali būti ir techninis interesas, kadangi statistinės priemonės yra veiksmingi įrankiai, valdant didelius duomenų kiekius.Kartais skaičių naudojimas gali būti retorinis: kai tenka įtikinėti šiuolaikinę auditoriją ir tikslūs kiekybiniai faktai gali atrodyti įtikinamesni, nei kokybinės deskripcijos ar interpretacijos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kokybė nurodo į tam tikrą kažkieno tipą, į esminę kažkieno savybę.Kiekybė nurodo į tai, kiek daug, kokio didumo yra kažkieno kiekis. Webster’is kiekybinę analizę apibrėžė kaip cheminę analizę, kuri turėtų nustatyti medžiagos komponentų kiekį. Tuomet chemijoje kokybinė analizė yra kiekybinės analizės prielaida. Gamtos mokslų praktikoje dažnai reikalingos abi analizės formos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Geologijos, biologijos ir zoologijos sritys yra grindžiamos kokybiniais aprašymais ir interpretacijomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ilgą laiką kiekybinių tyrimų prieš kokybinius problema buvo karšta socialinių mokslų tema: siūlymai užpildyti nišą ir argumentai, kad tai tik pseudo problema (turėjo mažai reikšmės). Tačiau socialiniams analitikams vis dar aktualu išskirti ir aptarti tam tikras konceptualias ir praktines problemas, susijusiais su aiškiu kiekybiniu  kokybiniu išsišakojimu, ir kai kurias priežastis, kodėl vis dar siūloma apsiriboti kiekybine mokslo koncepcija.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,74,'2010-12-15 20:51:07',62,'','2010-12-15 20:55:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 20:51:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(2298,'Identitetas ir jo palaikymo strategijos (referatas)','identitetas-ir-jo-palaikymo-strategijos-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienas žmogus visuomenėje atlieka tam tikrą vaidmenį, kurį sąlygoja aplinka. Vaidmuo nustato schemą, pagal kurią žmogus turi elgtis konkrečioje situacijoje. Palyginkime benamį elgetą ir aukštą visuomeninę padėtį užimantį verslininką. Jų vaidmenys absoliučiai skiriasi: verslininkas turi išmokti jiems būdingų manierų, elgsenos taisyklių, o elgetos vaidmuo tokių suvaržymų neturi, visos tos taisyklės jam nepriimtinos. O visuomenė netgi smerktų bet kokį nukrypimą nuo normų, kurias ji suteikia kiekvienam vaidmeniui, todėl žmogus dažniausiai ir tampa tuo, ką vaidina.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi kiekvienas vaidmuo visuomenėje yra susietas su tam tikru identitetu, tai yra, su kuo individas save tapatina (identifikuoja). Kitaip tariant, sociologijos požiūriu, identitetas nėra kažkas įgimta, jis įgyjamas veikiant socialiniams veiksniams. Mes tampame tokiais, kokiais mus laiko.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žinoma, negalima kategoriškai tvirtinti, kad žmogus neturi įgimtų savybių, paveldėtų genetiniu keliu. Tačiau kiekvienas sutiks, kad vaikas, nepatyręs žmogiškos meilės, galų gale tampa šiurkštus ir kietaširdis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atrodytų, kad identiškumas absoliučiai priklauso nuo to, ką mums primeta visuomenė. Tačiau svarbus asmenybės bruožas yra poreikis palaikyti savo identiškumą. Todėl sociologijos mokslas ir tiria tokį reiškinį, kaip identiškumo palaikymo strategijos.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,74,'2010-12-15 20:55:56',62,'','2010-12-15 21:05:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-15 20:55:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,13,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2299,'Sociologija. Teorija ir praktika','sociologija-teorija-ir-praktika','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Per dešimt nepriklausomos Lietuvos Respublikos gyvavimo metų šalyje įvyko daug svarbių politinio, socialinio, ekonominio ir kultūrinio gyvenimo pokyčių. Atvirėjant visuomenei, didėjant migracijai ir plintant naujiems gyvensenos ir elgsenos modeliams, prabilta apie socialinius reiškinius, apie kuriuos ilgą laiką buvo nutylima. Padėti visuomenei paaiškinti socialinius reiškinius ir geriau juos suvokti ėmėsi sociologai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors sociologijos mokslas Lietuvoje dar palyginus jaunas, tačiau jo pastangos diagnozuoti socialinę realybę susilaukia vis didesnio visuomenės ir akademinės bendruomenės dėmesio.Sociologija gilinasi į vykstančius procesus bei reiškinius, bando atskleisti jų priežastis, kitaip tariant, tarsi iš vidaus išnagrinėja socialinę realybę ir prognozuoja jos kaitos tendencijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viešosios nuomonės ir rinkos tyrimų sociologinių tarnybų apklausos tampa įprastomis visuomeniniame gyvenime. Pamažu suprantama, kad sociologijos žinios gali būti labai naudingos ir praktikui. Su sociologija turėtų susipažinti ne tik būsimieji teisininkai, verslo ir vadybos organizatoriai, žiniasklaidos darbuotojai, politikai, bet ir visi tie, kurie siekia manipuliuoti žmonėmis, nesvarbu, kokių tikslų ar moralinių nuostatų vedini.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,74,'2010-12-17 21:14:18',62,'','2010-12-17 21:19:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-17 21:14:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,12,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(2300,'Sociologija','sociologija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai Vytauto Dumbliausko išleista mokymo priemonė apie sociologiją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,74,'2010-12-17 21:21:10',62,'','2010-12-17 21:24:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-17 21:21:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,11,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(2301,'Smurtas ir prievarta','smurtas-ir-prievarta','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Smurto yra ne tik asocialiose, bet ir kitose šeimose. Tai ne tik Lietuvos fenomenas. Smurtaujama ir išsilavinusių žmonių šeimose. Nebūtinai ten yra skriaudžiami, mušami vaikai. Smurto yra įvairiausių formų. Šiandien Lietuvoje kiekviena šeima patiria tam tikrą įtampą, spaudimą ir tėvams vis sunkiau neprarasti savitvardos. Kada yra įtampa darbe, kada yra bedarbystė, kai reikia sukti galvą iš kur prasimanyti pinigų, kaip išlaikyti šeimą, tas susikaupęs pyktis neviltis atnešamas į namus ir išliejamas ant visiškai nekaltų šeimos narių. Pareina šeimininkas namo ir apspardo tuos, kurie pasitaiko po kojomis, pasitaikė vaikas ir tas gavo. Didėjant skyrybų skaičiui, ekonominei krizei, tuo pačiu vyksta švietimo kokybės smukimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nebepasitikima vadovais, o tai tai atsiliepia ir dirbančiųjų emocinei sferai. Kai tėvai jaučiasi vis labiau išsekę fiziškai, emociškai ir dvasiškai, tampa nepakenčiamai sunku auklėti ir vaikus. O vaikai, kaip silpniausi šeimos nariai, ir nukenčia daugiausiai. Taip pat labai svarbu mokykloje atpažinti tuos vaikus, kurie patiria smurtą savo šeimose, mokykloje ir pastebėti elgesio pasikeitimus. Mokytojas irgi yra žmogus ir jis ateina iš tam tikros savo socialinės aplinkos ir turi vienas ar kitas nuostatas. Nereikia manyti, kad mokytojai savo vaikų nemuša, neterorizuoja.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mokytojas pirmiausia turi pamatyti tą nuliūdusį, nusiminusį vaiką ir pastebėti tuos bruožus, kurie turėtų kelti susirūpinimą. Ar jis nepaprastai tylus, ar užsisklendęs, nežaidžiantis, nedraugaujantis su kitais. Pagaliau pats mokytojas nežino kaip reaguoti, kaip tą vaiką prakalbinti ir kaip padėti ir kaip įvertinti permainas. Kiekvienas turime stogą virš galvos ir jeigu mums iškyla grėsmė, mes slepiamės po savo stogu, savo namuose. Vaikui irgi reikia namų, kuriuose jis jaustųsi saugus, bet ne kiekvienuose namuose vaikas jaučiasi saugus. Smurtas ir prievarta nėra naujas reiškinys. Jis egzistavo visose visuomenėse, visose šeimose visame pasaulyje. O prievarta yra vaiko, jo šeimos, draugų ir visos visuomenės problema. Bet kokio amžiaus berniukai ir mergaitės gali tapti prievartos aukomis ir aukai gali būti padaryta tiek fizinė, tiek psichinė žala. Žinia, kad yra prievarta prieš mylimą vaiką, tėvams kelia didelį nerimą ir skausmą. Tai liečia tuos tėvus, kurie prievartos netoleruoja.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,74,'2010-12-17 21:24:50',62,'','2010-12-17 21:28:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-17 21:24:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2302,'Gyvenimas su narkotikais','gyvenimas-su-narkotikais','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Narkotikų, alkoholio bei kitų psichotropinių medžiagų vartojimas sparčiai plinta pasaulyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kvaišinimasis įstatymų draudžiamais bei legaliais narkotikais (alkoholiu ir tabaku) sukelia įvairiausių problemų vartotojams, jų šeimoms, draugams, visuomenei.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pastarąjį dešimtmetį Rytų Europoje grėsmingai išaugo nelegalių narkotikų vartojimas, kurį lydi begalė skaudžių problemų. Kai kuriose šalyse ši grėsmė ypač rimta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Knygoje „Gyvenimas su narkotikais\" remiuosi faktais, o ne mitais, stengiuosi suprantamai, įtikinamai pateikti plačią socialinę ir psichologinę narkotikų sukeltų problemų analizę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Remiantis šioje knygoje pateikta daugelio šalių patirtimi, galima išvengti ar bent jau sumažinti nevaldomą narkotikų plitimą.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,74,'2010-12-17 21:29:15',62,'','2010-12-17 21:31:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-17 21:29:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(2303,'Vaikų smurtas','vaik-smurtas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Smurtas plačiąja prasme reiškia fizinę, psichologinę, seksualinę prievartą, nepriežiūrą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Fizinis smurtas siaurąja prasme - tai prievarta prieš asmenį: stumdymas, mušimas, sužeidimas, nužudymas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Psichologinis, emocinis smurtas dažnai susijęs su fizine prievarta. Įžeidžiančiais žodžiais, pastabomis, grasinimais, draudimais, gąsdinimais siekiama asmenį įskaudinti, įbauginti, priversti suvokti priklausomybę nuo skriaudėjo. Hiperglobai būdingas prievartinis siekimas neatitinkančių amžiaus ar situacijos kontaktų su vaikais, pernelyg ilgas \"vaikiško\" auklėjimo periodas, bet kokio savarankiškumo slopinimas. Tai ir \"kūdikiškos\" 7 -15 metų vaiko glamonės, motinos siekimas \"uzurpuoti\" visą vaiko laiką, dėmesį, jo izoliacija nuo bendraamžių. Tai ir jo aptarnavimas, užgaidų tenkinimas, saugojimas nuo bet kokių sunkumų, darbo, \'\'super\'\' priežiūra ribojant kiekvieną vaiko žingsnį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nepriežiūra - dėmesio asmeniui stoka, nesirūpinimas, draudimas lavintis, šviestis, fiziškai vystytis, marinimas badu ir t. t. yra fizinio ir psichologinio smurto dalis. Tai socialinis - pedagoginis vaikų apleistumas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,74,'2010-12-17 21:32:11',62,'','2010-12-17 21:36:03',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-17 21:32:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2304,'Socialinės sferos sociologija','socialins-sferos-sociologija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai Juozo Bagdanavičiaus socialinės sferos sociologijos mokomoji knyga, paremta teoriniais - metodologiniais aspektais (schemos, skaidrės ir testai).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,74,'2010-12-17 21:36:45',62,'','2010-12-17 21:43:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-17 21:36:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(2305,'Šeima (referatas)','eima-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šeima vadinasi giminingumo, santuokos arba įvaikinimo paremtas susivienijimas žmonių, surištų bendra buitimi bei  abipusišku atsakingumu už vaikų auklėjimą; šeimos nariai dažnai gyvena viename name. JAV šis apibrėžimas apima daug įvairių būdų. Vakarų Airijos valstiečių šeimų, Trobriandų salų bei Izraelio šeimyninio gyvenimo ypatumų tyrimai byloja, jog vienoje bendruomenėje niekinami papročiai laikomi norma kitoje bendruomenėje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sociologai ir antropologai lygina šeimos struktūrą skirtingose bendruomenėse pagal 6 parametrus: šeimos formą, santuokos formą, valdžios pasiskirstymą, partnerio pasirinkimą, gyvenamąją vietą bei turto paveldėjimo kilmę ir būdą.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,74,'2010-12-17 21:44:24',62,'','2010-12-17 21:46:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-17 21:44:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,65,'robots=\nauthor='),(2306,'Bendravimo procesas','bendravimo-procesas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bendravimo procesas užsimezga tada,  kada siuntėjas jaučia, kad  asmuo, grupė ar organizacija pasiruošusi  bendrauti su gavėju. Siunčiamas pranešimas  privalo būti užkoduotas, kad gavėjas žinią atpažintų. Pranešimas  gali būti perduodamas  verbaliniu (žodiniu) ir neverbaliniu (nežodiniu) būdu. Pranešimai gali būti perduodami  asmeniškai, raštiškai, memorandumu, per televiziją ir kitais būdais. Informacija gaunama per šiuos pojūčius: klausos, regėjimo, lytėjimo, uoslės, skonio.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gavėjas privalo iššifruoti gautą pranešimą. Bendraujant veikia grįžtamasis ryšys. Šis ryšys užtikrina efektyvų bendravimą. Grįžtamasis  ryšys  siejasi su gavėjo išsiųstu pranešimu siuntėjui, pasibaigus bendravimo procesui. Yra išskirti 5 bendravimo etapai (žingsniai).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Suvokimas yra pirmasis ir pats svarbiausias  žingsnis  bendravimo procese. Suvokimas apima viską, kas įvyksta iki pranešimo  užkodavimo, t. y. iki  informacijos persiuntimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pranešimai gali būti persiunčiami  dviem būdais: verbaliniu ir neverbaliniu.  Verbalinis būdas - tai informacijos perdavimas žodžiu ar raštu. Neverbalinis būdas - tai   informacijos perdavimas  kūno judesiais. Užkodavimo esmė yra - parinkti  siuntėjui ir gavėjui suprantamus simbolius.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,74,'2010-12-17 21:47:09',62,'','2010-12-17 21:55:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-17 21:47:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,5,'','',0,92,'robots=\nauthor='),(2307,'Tolerancija mūsų kasdienybėje','tolerancija-ms-kasdienybje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasirinkau šią temą tik todėl, kad nemėgstu žmonių, kurie vartoja žodį nežinodami jo reikšmės. Niekada nenorėjau, ir nenoriu būti vienu iš tokių žmonių. Taigi nusprendžiau, jog reikia išsiaiškinti ką iš tiesų reiškia tolerancija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kažkada šis žodis buvo vartojamas peikiamąja prasme, sulyginus toleranciją su  abejingumu religijai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tarptautiniame žodyne tolerancija aiškinama kaip priešingos negu mūsų nuomonės, požiūrio ar įsitikinimo gerbimas, pakanta, nereiškiant savo nuomonės. Sakykime, kad tolerancija iš tiesų ir yra  tokia kaip aprašyta žodynuose, vadinkime tai žodynine tolerancija. Sakykime, kad kalbate su žmogumi apie sritį, kurioje nusimanote, kad ir apie fiziką. Ir jūsų pašnekovas pradeda pasakoti kaip neseniai jis, pirmas pasaulyje, padarė atradimą, kad jei šokdamas nuo namo stogo labai norėsi nuskristi, nuskrisi (nežinau kaip bus ateityje, bet manau, kad kol kas kiekvienam aišku jog tai neįmanoma, bet žmogus su kuriuo kalbate yra tuo šventai įsitikinęs).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,74,'2010-12-17 21:56:26',62,'','2010-12-17 21:59:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-17 21:56:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(2308,'Prostitucijos problema kaime','prostitucijos-problema-kaime','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Skurdžiai gyvenančioms kai kurių Biržų rajono kaimų nepilnametėms Latvija tampa beveik svajonių šalimi. Merginos nelegaliai kerta sieną ir kaimyninėje valstybėje teikia intymias paslaugas. Yra trys nelegalūs sienos perėjimo punktai - brasta netoli Jonelių kaimo, Germaniškyje bei Didžiojoje Panemunėje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prostitucijos verslas pastaruoju metu ypač suaktyvėjęs Pačeriaukštės seniūnijoje (Biržų r.). Kaimiečiai atvirai sako pavardę žmogaus, kuris užsiima merginų viliojimu ir gabenimu į užsienį, tačiau turinčios tai tirti institucijos bejėgės - jų atstovai tvirtina, kad skundų nėra, prievartos - taip pat.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mergina upę perbrenda arba perkeliama valtimi. Kitoje sienos pusėje lietuvę pasitinka latvis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po kelių savaičių nepilnametė su pinigais tuo pačiu keliu grįžta į namus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pačeriaukštės pagrindinės mokyklos direktorius Audrius Viduolis lapkričio 6 dieną pranešė seniūnijai ir rajono vaikų teisių apsaugos tarnybai, kad devintokė Vilma J. nuo spalio 10 dienos nelanko mokyklos. Rajono vaikų teisių apsaugos tarnybos socialinis darbuotojas keletą kartų apsilankė ir pastebėjo, kad mergina dešimt dienų nebuvo namuose, jos buvimo vietos nežinojo net motina Birutė B. Motina pareiškė, kad ji niekam pretenzijų dėl dukters dingimo neturinti.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,74,'2010-12-17 21:59:53',62,'','2010-12-17 22:02:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-17 21:59:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,3,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(2309,'Marksizmas: atsiradimo priežastys ir pagrindinės idėjos','marksizmas-atsiradimo-prieastys-ir-pagrindins-idjos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XIX a. pirmoje pusėje buvo sukurta daug socializmo teorijų, tačiau jas visas savo reikšme ir poveikiu žmonijos istorijai toli pralenkė marksizmas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marksizmo atsiradimas yra dėsningas istorinio vystymosi rezultatas. Jam atsirasti reikėjo tam tikrų socialinių - ekonominių sąlygų ir tam tikrų gamtamokslinių bei filosofinių prielaidų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iki XIX amžiaus vidurio kapitalizmas visoje eilėje šalių jau buvo pakeitęs feodalizmą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kapitalizmo ir kultūros formavimasis sužadino didelį gamybos pakilimą, spartų technikos vystymąsi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kapitalizmas ir pagimdė klasę, kuri turėjo sunaikinti kapitalistinę santvarką ir įgyvendinti socialistinius pertvarkymus. Tokia klasė yra proletariatas. Buržuazijos išnaudojamas, neturėdamas elementarių žmogaus teisių, proletariatas stoja įnirtingon kovon su savo pavergėjais. Klasiniai prieštaravimai kapitalizmo sąlygomis nepaprastai paaštrėja, o tai reiškiasi visa eile atvirų proletariato išstojimų prieš buržuaziją.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,74,'2010-12-17 22:03:44',62,'','2010-12-17 22:06:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-17 22:03:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(2310,'Lietuvos konstitucinė teisė','lietuvos-konstitucin-teis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmame skyriuje „Konstitucinės teisės įvadas” supažindinsime su svarbiausiomis konstitucinės teisės sąvokomis bei problemomis. Jas išnagrinėjus, galima sėkmingai tęsti pradėtą pažintį su konstitucine teise. Pirmiausia paaiškinsime sąvokos „konstitucinė teisė” vartojimą įvairiais aspektais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mus domins konstitucinė teisė kaip nacionalinės teisės sritis, kaip teisės mokslas ir studijų disciplina.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įvadinę skyrių sudaro trys poskyriai: „Konstitucinė teisė – nacionalinės teisės sistemos branduolys ir teisės sistemą integruojanti teisės sritis”, „Konstitucinės teisės šaltiniai”, „Konstitucinės teisės mokslas. Konstitucinė teisė kaip studijų disciplina”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konstitucinė teisė – nacionalinės teisės sritis – paprastai suprantama kaip sistema teisės normų, nustatančių valstybės organizaciją, viešosios valdžios (iš esmės – valstybės valdžios) organizavimą ir jos įgyvendinimo pagrindus, taip pat asmens ir valstybės santykių pagrindus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konstitucinė teisė – centrinė nacionalinės teisės sritis, reguliuoja svarbiausius visuomeninius santykius, įtvirtina visos teisės sistemos kūrimo principus. Taigi konstitucinė teisė nustato ir kitų teisės sistemos sričių teisinio reguliavimo pradus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2010-12-17 22:17:11',62,'','2010-12-17 22:26:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-17 22:17:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,49,'','',0,7,'robots=\nauthor='),(2311,'Lietuvos respublikos notariatas 1940 - 1992 m.','lietuvos-respublikos-notariatas-1940-1992-m','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Bendrieji nuostatai”, skyriuje 25 straipsniai. Šiame skyriuje apibrėžiama notariato ir notaro sampratos, teisė užimti notaro pareigas, kas gali būti kandidatais į notarus pateikta notaro priesaika. Apibrėžiamas notarų skaičius jų buveinė ir veiklos teritorija, notarų veiklos priežiūra, notarų rūmai ir jų statuto priėmimo tvarka, notarų rūmų uždaviniai, funkcijos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atskiri straipsniai skirti notarų nepriklausomumui, notarinių veiksmų ataikimo teisiniams pagrindams, notarinių veiksmų slaptumo užtikrinimui, notaro atsakomybei, notaro pajamoms, notaro veiklos pasibaigimui, notaro veiklos tęstinumui ir t. t.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Notarų ir konsulinių įstaigų atliekami notariniai veiksmai”, skyriuje 2 straipsniai, kuriuose išvardijami notarų ir konsulinių įstaigų atliekami notariniai veiksmai.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2010-12-19 14:58:43',62,'','2010-12-19 15:08:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-19 14:58:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,48,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2312,'Teisės dalyko paskaitų ciklas','teiss-dalyko-paskait-ciklas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2010-12-19 15:09:44',62,'','2010-12-19 15:11:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-19 15:09:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,47,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2313,'Tarptautinė - humanitarinė teisė','tarptautin-humanitarin-teis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai mokomoji knyga apie tarptautinę - humanitarinę teisę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2010-12-19 15:11:53',62,'','2010-12-19 15:15:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-19 15:11:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,46,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2314,'Teisės vadovėlis','teiss-vadovlis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai  Alfonso Vaišvilos teisės teorijos vadovėlis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2010-12-19 15:15:59',62,'','2010-12-19 15:19:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-19 15:15:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,45,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2315,'Jurisdikcijos koalizijos internete','jurisdikcijos-koalizijos-internete','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2010-12-19 15:20:00',62,'','2010-12-19 15:23:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-19 15:20:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,44,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2316,'Teisės normos struktūra: hipotezė, dispozija, sankcija','teiss-normos-struktra-hipotez-dispozija-sankcija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visa juridinės teisės normos struktūros problematika yra papildoma nemažiau painia logine struktūra. Ši struktūra apima juridinę loginių sąvokų ir jų jungčių struktūrą, bet turi gana savarankišką vaidmenį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Hipotezės, dispozicijos ir sankcijos sąryšiai sujungiami pagal formulę: ‘jei …, tai …, kitaip …’. ‘Jei’ - tai teisės normos veikimo sąlyga, ‘tai’ - pati elgesio taisyklė, o ‘kitaip’ apibūdina nemalonias pasekmes teisės normos pažeidėjui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">LR konstitucijos 25 straipsnis teigia, jog ‘būstas yra neliečiamas’. Tai reiškia, jog niekas negali įeiti į tą būstą neturint gyventojų sutikimo, nebent atvejais, nustatytais įstatymų arba pagal teismo sprendimą. Kokia šios teisės normos struktūra? Jei kažkas gyvena kad ir bendrabutyje (hipotezė), tai prieš jo valią niekas negali įeiti į gyvenamąją patalpą, net bendrabučio komendantas, nebent tai būtų įstatymo numatytas atvejis (administracinė,net baudžiamoji atsakomybė). Vadinasi, jog norma ‘būstas yra neliečiamas’ taip pat turi loginę struktūrą. Todėl neteisėto įsiveržimo atveju adresatas turi surasti visas sudedamąsias normos dalis ‘jei’, ‘tai’, ‘nebent’ tam, kad apginti savo teisę į būsto neliečiamybę. Žinodami apie loginę normos struktūrą mes turime iškart skaidyti į šias tris dalis ir tada suteikti toms atskiroms dalims realią prasmę. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2010-12-19 15:32:56',62,'','2010-12-19 15:36:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-19 15:32:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,43,'','',0,34,'robots=\nauthor='),(2317,'Lietuvos respublikos konstitucija','lietuvos-respublikos-konstitucija','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2010-12-19 15:36:45',62,'','2010-12-19 15:39:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-19 15:36:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,42,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2318,'Teisės pagrindai (mokomoji knyga)','teiss-pagrindai-mokomoji-knyga','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mokomosios knygos „Teisės pagrindai\" trečiojo leidinio parengimą ir išleidimą lėmė kelios aplinkybės: pirma, būtinumas atitinkamus knygos teiginius suderinti su per pastaruosius dvejus metus priimtų naujų įstatymų bei kitų norminių teisės aktų nuostatomis, taip pat su jų gausiais pakeitimais, antra, didelė šios knygos paklausa tarp skaitytojų ir palankūs atsiliepimai apie ją, trečia, tikslingumas kai kurių dalių turinį pakoreguoti atsižvelgiant į studijuojančiųjų poreikius ir pageidavimus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš esmės lieka nepakeista knygos struktūra. Tik l skyriuje atsisakyta valstybės sampratos aprašymo, nes, kaip parodė dėstymo praktika, studentai apie valstybės požymius, funkcijas, formas ir pan. turi politologinių, istorinių, sociologinių ir kitų žinių minimumą. Tačiau, kadangi valstybė ir teisė yra glaudžiai susiję visuomeniniai reiškiniai, autorius jų sąveikos ypatumus įkomponavo į teisės kilmės ir raidos skirsnį, gerokai išplėtęs jį. Ir kai kurie kiti teisės teorijos klausimai yra šiek tiek modernizuoti - išryškinta teisės vieta socialinių normų sistemoje, pabrėžiamas pilietinės visuomenes vaidmuo kuriant teisinę valstybę.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2010-12-19 15:40:32',62,'','2010-12-19 15:44:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-19 15:40:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,41,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2319,'Elektroninės komercijos teisiniai aspektai','elektronins-komercijos-teisiniai-aspektai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Užsiminus apie elektroninę komerciją 2, daugelis ima galvoti apie internetą ir jo populiariausią paslaugą - World - Wide Web (WWW) 3. World - Wide Web paslauga neabejotinai sudaro internetinės komercijos Icommerce (Internet commerce) branduolį, tačiau pastaroji sudaro tik dalį (tiesa, tolydžio augančią) elektroninės komercijos. Taigi, elektroninė komercija neapsiriboja vien tik World - Wide Web, ir apima įvairias komercines veiklas, atliekamas elektroninių priemonių pagalba, įskaitant netgi, atrodytų, tokias nebe pirmosios jaunystės ryšio palaikymo priemones kaip telefoną, faksą ar teleksą. Nors šioje dalyje bus kalbama ne vien tik apie internetinę komerciją, pagrindinis dėmesys bus skiriamas būtent Icommerce.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Elektroninės komercijos teisė – neišvengiamybė?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Istoriškai elektroninio verslo taisyklės vystėsi labai panašiai kaip viduramžių pirklių teisė - lex mercatoria. Elektroninės komercijos teisės pamatas – eklektiškas teisės normų ir sistemų rinkinys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Elektroninės komercijos teisė, panašiai kaip viduramžiais lex mercatoria, tiek iš teisinės, tiek ir iš neteisinės aplinkos pasiskolino daugybę elementų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2010-12-19 15:45:34',62,'','2010-12-19 15:49:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-19 15:45:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,40,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2320,'Autorių ir gretutinių teisių administravimas (referatas)','autori-ir-gretutini-teisi-administravimas-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai Jungtinės tautos nusprendė priimti iškilmingą deklaraciją, įtvirtinančią pagrindines ir fundamentalias žmogaus teises, į ją buvo įtrauktos ir autorių teisės. 1948 metų gruodžio 10 dieną priimtos Visuotinės žmogaus teisių deklaracijos 27 straipsnio 2 dalyje teigiama, kad „visiems suteikiama teisė į moralinių ir materialinių interesų kylančių  iš bet kokio mokslo, literatūros ar meninio kūrinio, kurio autorium jis yra, apsaugą“.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi autorių teisės turi būti pripažintos fundamentaliomis teisėmis, kurias turi suteikti ir skatinti visos pasaulio šalys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Reikalavimas užtikrinti teisinę kūrėjų apsaugą yra šiuolaikinė idėja. Autorių teisės atsirado dar XVIII amžiuje. Iki tol autoriams neturėjo rūpėti jų teisių apsauga. Kūrėjų talentas buvo skiriamas ne žmonėms, o karaliams - dieviškosios valdžios atstovams žemėje. Tačiau išradus spausdinimą ir sparčiai besivystant prekybai, menas tapo preke, o menininkams teko ieškoti vietos šiame pasaulyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Išnykus globėjams, rašytojų, kompozitorių, tapytojų ir skulptorių padėtis visiškai pasikeitė. Autoriai gavo darbininkų statusą, o jų teisės į kūrinius tapo prekybos objektais. Kalbant apie materialiąją pusę, jie turėjo surasti būdus, kaip numalšinti troškulį ir alkį. Taip jau yra sutverta, kad žmogus turi valgyti 365 dienas per metus!<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2010-12-19 15:51:15',62,'','2010-12-19 15:53:41',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-19 15:51:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,39,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2321,'Skyrybų sutartis (forma)','skyryb-sutartis-forma','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2010-12-19 15:54:27',62,'','2010-12-19 15:56:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-19 15:54:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,38,'','',0,135,'robots=\nauthor='),(2322,'Valstybės ir teisės sąveikos problema ','valstybs-ir-teiss-sveikos-problema-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisės sampratos, teisės ir valstybės santykio klausimais Lietuvoje iki šiol buvo vengiama diskutuoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors kardinaliai pasikeitė Lietuvos padėtis, Lietuvoje vyksta teisinė reforma, bet nekeičiamas visos teisės sistemos pagrindas – pats požiūris į teisę. Atrodo, kad šie klausimai vis dar laikomi reikšmingais vien teisininkams teoretikams. Bet teisės ir valstybės santykio klausimas nėra vien teorinis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jo praktinės reikšmės esmė yra ta, ar valstybė yra susaistyta teisės, ar valstybei ir jos valdymo organams galioja visuomenei nustatyta tvarka, ar valstybė gali savo nuožiūra šią tvarką keisti. Teisės ir valstybės santykio klausimas iš tiesų yra svarbus. Kaip rašo P.Leonas, “kai tenka kalbėti apie teisės pagrindinius klausimus, neišvengi nepalietęs visuomenės ir valstybės, o kai kalbi apie visuomenės ir valstybės pagrindinius klausimus, negali nepaliesti teisės” . Todėl ateityje padėtis turėtų keistis, praktiniai sprendimai negali visą laiką pirmauti prieš teorinius. Taigi, kas žino, ar jau dabar prasidedantys šių klausimų svarstymai neperaugs į radikalius teisės teorijos problemų svarstymus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valstybės  ir teisės santykis istoriškai keitėsi. Keitėsi ir požiūris į jį.  Vyrauja nuomonė, kad valstybės ir teisės atsiradimas ir vystymasis – vieningas procesas, ir sunku nustatyti, kas atsirado pirmiau. Yra požiūris, kad teisė atsirado pirmiau už valstybę. Ji susiklosto ten, kur žmonės įsijungia į socialinius santykius, kur vystosi prekiniai santykiai, nuosavybė ir valdymas. O vėliau gimsta valstybė ir įstatymas kaip civilizuotesnė ir tobulesnė teisės forma. Kitu požiūriu, kaip rašo N. I. Matuzovas, “istoriškai valstybė ir teisė atsiranda vienu metu, veikiant toms pačioms priežastims” .</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai, kad vienu metu – nereiškia, kad tuo pačiu momentu ir adekvačiai. Tai sąlyginai ilgas periodas. Šiuo požiūriu valstybė ir teisė išauga iš papročių ir ekonominių poreikių. Savo nuomonę, be abejo, turi visos skirtingai teisę suvokiančios kryptis (ir normatyvistinė, ir sociologinė, ir kt.).<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2010-12-19 15:56:59',62,'','2010-12-19 16:00:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-19 15:56:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,37,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2323,'Dardo teisės špera','dardo-teiss-pera','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2010-12-19 16:01:11',62,'','2010-12-19 16:02:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-19 16:01:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,36,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2324,'Valstybės ir teisės teorija (mokomoji knyga)','valstybs-ir-teiss-teorija-mokomoji-knyga','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valstybės susidarymo tyrinėjimas turi pažintinę ir politinę praktinę reikšmę. Jis padeda pažinti specifinę valstybės prigimtį, jos bruožus ir ypatumus, nustatyti atsiradimo ir raidos priežastis bei sąlygas, taip pat geriau suvokti būdingas valstybės funkcijas (pagrindines veiklos kryptis), jos reikšmę visuomenės gyvenimui ir politinei sistemai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valstybės ir teisės teoretikai valstybės susidarymą aiškina gana įvairiai. Visi sutinka, kad senovės Graikijos, Egipto, Romos valstybės buvo vergvaldinės. Nesiginčijama, kad dabartinėje Vokietijos, Lenkijos, Lietuvos, Rusijos teritorijoje vergovės nebuvo - čia susidarė ne vergovinės, o feodalinės valstybės. Tačiau nesutariama dėl valstybės susidarymo priežasčių, sąlygų, prigimties ir pobūdžio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teorijų autoriai išreiškia skirtingų grupių, sluoksnių, tautų ir kitų socialinių bendrijų požiūrį į valstybės kilmę. Sukurta dešimtys įvairiausių teorijų ir dėl valstybės prigimties vis dar tebesiginčijama.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2010-12-19 16:03:31',62,'','2010-12-19 16:08:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-19 16:03:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,35,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(2325,'Teisėsaugos institucijos','teissaugos-institucijos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinis Lietuvos teisinės sistemos aktas yra Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija, priimta 1992 m. spalio 25 d. referendumu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konstitucija reglamentuoja pagrindimus valstybės ir visuomenės gyvenimo klausimus, asmens teises ir laisves, pareigas, santykį su kitais asmenimis ir valstybės institucijomis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konstitucijos l straipsnyje nustatyta, kad Lietuva yra nepriklausoma demokratinė respublika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Čia pabrėžtini du aspektai: pirmas - Lietuvos valstybės nepriklausomumas ir antras - jos demokratiškumas ir respublikinė valdymo forma. Jau iš šio straipsnio yra aišku, kad visa valstybės institucijų, iš jų ir teisėsaugos sistema turi būti grindžiama demokratinėje valstybėje įtvirtintais funkcionavimo principais, kurių vienas iš pagrindinių yra valdžių padalijimo principas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2010-12-19 16:09:54',62,'','2010-12-19 16:13:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-19 16:09:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,34,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2326,'Liudytojo parodymai','liudytojo-parodymai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinis visų valstybinių organų, dalyvaujančių baudžiamajame procese, tikslas yra nustatyti kiekvienoje baudžiamojoje byloje tiesą. Tai reiškia – atkurti realybėje buvusią situaciją, sužinoti, atskleisti, įrodyti tuos faktus ir aplinkybes, kurios tapo tyrimo dalyku, ir jas teisingai teisiškai vertinti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šių faktų nustatymo priemonės, beje vienintelės, yra įrodymai. T. y., bet kokie faktiniai duomenys, kurių pagrindu įstatymų nustatyta tvarka kvotos organai, tardytojas ir teismas nustato visuomenei pavojingos veikos buvimą ar nebuvimą; asmens padariusio šią veiką, kaltumą, bei kitos aplinkybės, turinčios reikšmės teisingam bylos išnagrinėjimui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tarp įrodymų šaltinių reikšminga vieta tenka liudytojams, kurių parodymus įstatymas pripažįsta įrodymais.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2010-12-19 16:14:03',62,'','2010-12-19 16:21:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-19 16:14:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,33,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2327,'Kriminologija. Mokslas ir jo metodai','kriminologija-mokslas-ir-jo-metodai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kriminologija – tai mokslas, tyrinėjantis nusikalstamumą ir visuomenės reakcijas į ją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nusikalstamumas – tai visuma nusikaltimų, kurie tam tikru laikotarpiu padaromi tam tikroje visuomenėje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pavyzdžiui, nužudymas yra nusikaltimas. Visuma visų nužudymų, padarytų mūsų šalyje tam tikru laikotarpiu, sudaro svarbià bendrojo nusikalstamumo dalį. Vengimas mokėti mokesčius taip pat yra nusikaltimas. Šių nusikaltimų visuma sudaro kitą ne mažiau svarbią nusikalstamumo dalį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Specialiojoje Baudžiamojo kodekso dalyje apibrėžta daugiau kaip šimtas įvairiausių nusikaltimų sudėčių. Visi šių įstatymų pažeidimai sudaro mūsų šalies nusikalstamumo lygį. Jis yra kriminologijos dėmesio centre.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2010-12-19 16:22:54',62,'','2010-12-19 16:29:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-19 16:22:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,32,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2328,'Teisinės atsakomybės rūšys','teisins-atsakomybs-rys','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Filosofijoje ir teisinėje literatūroje sąvoka “atsakomybė” vartojama dviem reikšmėmis: perspektyvine ir retrospektyvike.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Perspektyvinė (arba į ateitį) reiškia, kad tam tikra žmonių grupė ar konkretus žmogus atsako už savo veiksmus žiūrėdamas į ateitį. Pvz.: atsakomybė už savo vaikų ateitį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Retrospektyvinė - tai atsakomybė už tai, kas yra padaryta praeityje. Teisinė atsakomybė yra paprastai retrospektyvikio pobūdžio, t.y. atsakomybė už padarytą nusikaltimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atsakomybė kaip reiškinys egzistuoja nuo senų laikų. Ilgą laiką žmonės gyveno kaip laukiniai gyvūnai. Kad galėtų lengviau išgyventi ir apsisaugoti, žmonės pradėjo jungtis į kaimenes, gentis bei bendruomenes. Bendrai gyvenant pradeda vystytis ūkininkavimas bei gamyba. Jau tada vyresniųjų susirinkimai nagrinėdavo iškilusius nesutarimus tarp žmonių, smerkdavo nederamą žmonių elgesį, pasireiškiantį išdavyste, bailumu, piktnaudžiavimu. Buvo taikomi ne tik pabarimai ar pamokymai, bet ir griežtos priemonės, kaip gyvybės atėmimas. Jau tais pirmais valstybės kūrimosi etapais žmogus turėjo savo pareigas ir buvo atsakingas už savo veiksmus, jeigu jie prieštaravo tų laikų papročiams bei taisyklėms.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2010-12-19 16:30:25',62,'','2010-12-19 16:32:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2010-12-19 16:30:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,31,'','',0,6,'robots=\nauthor='),(2329,'Nekilnojamas turtas','nekilnojamas-turtas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konferencija aktuali turto vertintojams ir su jais susijusiems asmenims, siekiantiems žinių, aplinkos pažinimo, mokėjimo palyginti, rasti teisingą atsakymą, sugebančiais atsakyti ne tik į klausimą kaip bet ir į klausimą kodėl?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Investicijų, kreditų, kapitalo susijungimų globalizavimo procese ypač didėja poreikis kvalifikuotai vertinti turtą ir verslą. Sąvokų ir kategorijų, rodiklių ir apskaitos palyginamumas tarp Europos Sąjungos šalių yra pagrindas, kurį suprantant vienodai, galima siekti tolesnių tikslų. Šiame kontekste ypač reikšminga TEGoVA bei IVSC veikla, nukreipta į Europos vertinimo standartų ir metodikos kūrimą, aktyvus dalyvavimas harmonizuojant Europos švietimo sistemą turto vertinimo srityje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėl Antrojo pasaulinio karo pasekmių Europos šalys 50 metų turėjo skirtingas ekonomines politikas, todėl dabar yra labai svarbus glaudus bendradarbiavimas tarp skirtingus vystymosi etapus nuėjusių kaimyninių šalių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvoje 1990 m. kovo 11 d atkūrus nepriklausomybę, prasidėjo demokratijos procesai bei ekonominė reforma. Viena iš ekonominės reformos varomųjų jėgų tapo privatizavimas. Privatizavimo tikslai buvo pramonės ir žemės ūkio efektyvumo didinimas, komunistinės ideologijos ekonomikoje likvidavimas, nepriklausomybės įtvirtinimas. Privatizavimas atėmė visus ūkio subjektus nuo prekybos iki pramonės ir žemės ūkio, gyvenamuosius namus ir butus. Valstybės turtas buvo privatizuojamas tik Lietuvos piliečiams už investicinius čekius, buhalterine verte. Šio proceso pasekmė buvo ta, kad jau 1994 metais privačiame sektoriuje dirbo daugiau kaip 50 proc. visų dirbančiųjų, 1,5 mln. gyventojų tapo įmonių akcijų savininkais, privačios nuosavybės teise gyventojams priklausė apie 90 proc. buvusių valstybės namų ir butų. Atsirado ir ėmė vystytis pagrindiniai rinkos ekonomikos turinį sudarantys elementai - turto pirkimo – pardavimo operacijos, kreditai, investicijos. Poreikis nustatyti turto rinkos vertę atsirado privačiame sektoriuje. Turto vertintojai 1994 metų kovo mėn. susibūrė į Lietuvos turto vertintojų asociaciją.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-04 16:32:23',62,'','2011-01-04 16:37:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-04 16:32:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,30,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2330,'Prekybos teisės sąvoka ir turinys','prekybos-teiss-svoka-ir-turinys','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisės šakos: konstitucinė teisė; darbo teisė; civilinė teisė; administracinė teisė; prekybos teisė ir pan.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisė dar gali būti skirstoma į : 1. Privatinė - gali būti kaip civilinės teisės sinonimas. Jai priklauso dvi šakos: a) civilinė (reguliuoja turtinius santykius); b) prekybos ar komercinė (jos normos skirtos reguliuoti prekybinius santykius tarp įmonių, įstaigų, organizacijų). 2. Viešoji (kartais naudojama kaip administracinės teisės sinonimas) - reguliuoja santykius tarp valdžios institucijų ir piliečių. Jai priskiriama ir komercinė teisė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dabar valstybinė valdžia vis labiau plečia viešąją teisę privatinės (tuo pačiu ir prekybinės) teisės sąskaita.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-04 16:38:17',62,'','2011-01-04 16:40:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-04 16:38:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,29,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2331,'Draudimo formos ir rūšys (Kursinis darbas)','draudimo-formos-ir-rys-kursinis-darbas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Savo kursiniame darbe stengsiuosi apibūdinti draudimo sudėtines dalis - formas ir rūšis, atskleisti tokio klasifikavimo esmę, taip pat paaiškinti pokyčius draudimo teisinio reguliavimo Lietuvoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėl temos platumo kai kuriuos dalykus tik paminėsiu. Tai liečia, visų pirma, didelę draudimo rūšių įvairovę ir skirtingas klasifikacijas. Todėl nėra prasmės gilintis į kiekvieną iš jų, nes tai  būtų tiesiog tam tikrų faktų atpasakojimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Manau, mano darbo tema svarbi ir  aktuali Lietuvai. Lietuva  negali pasigirti Edward Lloyd kavine, kurioje beveik prieš 300 metų gimė pirmosios Anglijos draudimo užuomazgos draudžiant jūrinius laivus, taip pat neturi Vokietijos poros šimtmečių draudimo tradicijų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-04 16:42:18',62,'','2011-01-04 16:48:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-04 16:42:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,28,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2332,'Teisinių santykių samprata, struktūra, rūšys','teisini-santyki-samprata-struktra-rys','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nėra abejonių, jog vienas svarbiausių žmonijos raidos etapų - tai bendruomenės sukūrimas. Šis veiksnys padėjo ženkliai pastūmėti į priekį visą žmonijos evoliuciją. Bendruomenė pasižymi tuo, jog jos narius sieja begalė saitų - pradedant papročiais ir baigiant sutartimis. Kartais yra bandoma šiuos santykius sugrupuoti tam tikra tvarka, nustatyti jų hierarchinius ryšius. Pavyzdžiui, marksistai teigia, jog svarbiausias ir esminis yra “gamybinis ryšys”. Dėl jo atsiranda visi kiti santykiai. Kitos teorijos iškelia ne materialinius, bet psichologinius, dvasinius ar religinius motyvus. Kaip ten bebūtų, teisės teorijai svarbu ne pati hierarchija, bet kokiu būdu šie santykiai pavirsta į teisinius. Savaime aišku, jog šių socialinių ryšių virtimas teisiniais yra tik teisei reguliuojant - stabilizuojant, vystant, keičiant.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Todėl teisiniai santykiai - tai visuomeniniai santykiai, reguliuojami teisės. Tuo tarpu teisinis reguliavimas - tai procesas, kurio metu visuomeninių santykių dalyviai gauna įgalinimus, prievoles, atsakomybę. Teisinis santykis - tai ypatinga, juridinė skirtingų socialinių procesų dalyvių jungtis, žmonių bendruomenės pamatinis elementas. Vienų subjektų įgalinimai yra paremti kitų visuomeninių santykių dalyvių įpareigojimais. Visų šių teisinių santykių fone yra valstybė. Ji užtikrina, kad nebūtų pažeidinėjami kurio nors iš santykių dalyvių teisės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Realybėje tai būtų galimybė paduoti į teismą, galimybė panaudoti valstybės prievartos priemones.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nustatyti, kurio iš santykių dalyvių teisės ir pažeistos naudojamos jau išleistos teisės normos. Tai jos sudaro tą pozityviąją teisę, kuri išreiškiama įstatymuose ir kitose teisės formose. Tuo tarpu konkrečiu atveju ši objektyvi teisė pavirsta į subjektyvią, tuo konkrečiu atveju suteikiančia galias santykių dalyviams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Reikia paminėti, jog dalies visuomeninių santykių teisė negali (bei nėra reikalo) reguliuoti. Pavyzdžiui, teisė nereguliuoja draugystės santykių, stovėjimo eilėje ar mokytojo santykių su mokiniais.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-04 16:49:09',62,'','2011-01-04 16:53:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-04 16:49:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,27,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(2333,'Lietuvos teisės pagrindai (mokomoji knyga)','lietuvos-teiss-pagrindai-mokomoji-knyga','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuo seniausių laikų žinoma, kad nė viena žmonių visuomenė negali normaliai gyvuoti ir vystytis, jei nepaisomos joje galiojančios elgesio (bendrabūvio) normos ir taisyklės. Šiais laikais kiekvienas žmogus gyvena valstybės forma organizuotoje ir iš esmės teisės normų reguliuojamoje visuomenėje. Kiekvienoje valstybėje veikia joje priimti įstatymai, kiti teisės aktai, reguliuojantys įvairius žmonių tarpusavio santykius. Kad valstybėje vyrautų tvarka ir drausmė, jos piliečiai turi žinoti bent svarbiausias joje galiojančias bendravimo taisykles ir elgtis taip, kaip to reikalauja jos įstatymai (teisės normos).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvoje, kaip ir bet kurioje kitoje valstybėje, galioja daug įvairių įstatymų ir poįstatyminių teisės aktų, kuriuose sureguliuoti svarbiausi mūsų šalyje visuomeniniai santykiai: nustatytos žmogaus teisės ir pareigos, jų įgyvendinimo tvarka, atsakomybės formos ir kt. Vien tik Seimo priimtų įstatymų šiuo metu suskaičiuojama per tris tūkstančius. Šioje įstatymų gausybėje nelengva susigaudyti net ir teisės specialistams. Tačiau įstatymuose įtvirtinta daug ir tokių teisinių dalykų, kuriuos turi žinoti kiekvienas Lietuvos pilietis. Vadinasi, būtina organizuoti teisinį visuomenės švietimą ir mokymą, visų pakopų mokyklose dėstyti teisės pradmenų ir pagrindų kursus, pristatyti bei aiškinti visuomenei naujus teisės aktus, rengti ir leisti teisinės tematikos straipsnius ir kt. Šios ir kitos teisinio švietimo bei mokymo priemonės turėtų būti naudojamos sistemingai, pagal specialiai tam parengtą vientisą valstybinę programą. Nedelsiant tai daryti skatina pats gyvenimas, teisinės valstybės ir gerovės visuomenės mūsų šalyje kūrimo tikslai. Jei šiuolaikiniame - labai dinamiškame, permainų kupiname - gyvenime žmogus teisiškai neišprusęs, jis pasmerktas nesėkmėms ir atsilikimui.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-04 16:53:58',62,'','2011-01-04 17:50:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-04 16:53:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,26,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(2334,'Lietuvos konstitucija','lietuvos-konstitucija','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-04 17:50:44',62,'','2011-01-04 17:56:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-04 17:50:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,25,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2335,'Alfonsas Vaišvila Teisės teorija (vadovėlis)','alfonsas-vaivila-teiss-teorija-vadovlis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nė viena Lietuvos teisės mokslo sritis šiandien taip nestokoja teisės literatūros ir mokslinio įdirbio kaip teisės teorija. Šis stygius ypač išryškėja dabar, Lietuvai atgavus Nepriklausomybę ir kilus reikalui kurti nacionalinę teisinę sistemą, laisvą nuo politinio diktato ir orientuotą į demokratinės visuomenės teisinio reguliavimo poreikius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">To priežastys įvairios. Viena iš jų glūdi ir pačiame teisės moksle. Tai etatistinė (normatyvistinė) teisės samprata, iki šiol vyravusi Lietuvos jurisprudencijoje ir pozityviojoje teisėje, teise laikiusi bet kokį valdžios<br />imperatyvą, paverstą privalomo elgesio taisykle. Klausimas, ar bent šaltinių požiūriu teisė gali būti nepriklausoma nuo valdžios valios ir ar ta valdžios valia, kurianti įstatymus, gali būti saistoma, ribojama nuo<br />jos nepriklausomomis vertybėmis, nebuvo keliamas. Valiniai politinės valdžios įsakymai, o ne teoriniai samprotavimai lėmė, kas yra teisė ir kokios teisės reikia politiniam režimui.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-04 17:57:19',62,'','2011-01-04 18:02:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-04 17:57:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,24,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(2336,'Teisės sociologija','teiss-sociologija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisės sociologija - teisės filosofijos pakraipa. Lietuvoje TS atstovais laikomi P. Leonas, M.Riomeris.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai kuriose šalyse, pvz:. Vokietijoje, TS kaip disciplina neatskirta nuo teisės teorijos. Nėra vienigo teisės supratimo, bet sutinkama, kad teisė - visuma ir vertybė. Teisės sociologija suteikia sisteminį požiūrį į teisę kaip visumą, nes teisė - tai ne vien būdas, priemonė spręsti pavienius konfliktus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sociologija - mokslas apie visuomenę, tuo tarpu teisės teorija - mokslas apie technikos dalykus. Sociologija - visuomenės ir jos grupių elgsenos tyrimai.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-04 18:03:09',62,'','2011-01-04 18:05:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-04 18:03:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,23,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2337,'Teisinė statistika','teisin-statistika','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vidaus reikalų ministerijos duomenimis 1998 m. Vilniaus apskrityje buvo užregistruota 22,3 tūkst. nusikaltimų, o tai 6,4 procento daugiau nei 1997 metais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiausią nusikaltimų dalį 1998 m. sudarė užregistruoti 18094 kriminaliniai nusikaltimai. Nors minėtų nusikaltimų užregistruota 4,2 procento daugiau negu 1997 m., bet jų dalis bendroje nusikaltimų struktūroje sumažėjo 1,7 procento.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1998 m. Vilniaus apskrityje išaiškinta 7,5 tūkst. nusikaltimų, iš kurių 1507 sunkūs nusikaltimai, 5202 kriminaliniai nusikaltimai, 629 ekonominiai nusikaltimai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Priešgaisrinės apsaugos departamento prie Vidaus reikalų ministerijos duomenimis 1998 m.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-04 18:06:52',62,'','2011-01-04 18:10:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-04 18:06:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,22,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2338,'Elektroniniai atsiskaitymai','elektroniniai-atsiskaitymai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-04 18:12:03',62,'','2011-01-04 18:14:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-04 18:12:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,21,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2339,'Teisės teorija','teiss-teorija','','','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisės funkcijos - teisės poveikio visuomeniniams santykiams kryptis, kurias lemia teisės esmė bei socialinė paskirtis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisės funkcijos - apsauginė, reguliacinė, auklėjamoji ir informacinė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisė formuojantys veiksniai - ekonomika, politika, teisinė sąmonė, teisės principai, poreikiai ir interesai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisinės vertybės - konkretus socialiniai teisiniai reiškiniai, teisinės priemonės ir mechanizmai, per kuriuos išryškėja socialinė teisės reikšmė.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-04 18:15:16',62,'','2011-01-04 18:24:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-04 18:15:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,20,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(2340,'LR Konstitucija','lr-konstitucija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvių tauta prieš daugelį amžių sukūrusi Lietuvos valstybę, jos teisinius pamatus grindusi Lietuvos Statutais ir Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijomis, šimtmečiais atkakliai gynusi savo laisvę ir nepriklausomybę, išsaugojusi savo dvasinį, gimtąjį kalbinį, raštą ir papročius, įkūnydama prigimtinę žmogaus ir tautos teisę laisvai gyventi ir kurti savo tėvų ir protėvių žemėje - nepriklausomoje Lietuvos valstybėje, puoselėdama Lietuvos žemėje tautinę santarvę, siekdama atviros, teisingos, darnios pilietinės visuomenės ir teisinės valstybės, atgimusios Lietuvos valstybės piliečių valia priima ir skelbia šią konstituciją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-04 18:25:26',62,'','2011-01-04 18:30:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-04 18:25:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,19,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2341,' Teisinio reguliavimo mechanizmo samprata','teisinio-reguliavimo-mechanizmo-samprata','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisinis reguliavimas kaip socialinio valdymo instrumentas yra skirtas visuomeninių santykių tvarkymui, užtikrinant pozityvių subjektų interesų realizavimą. Šio proceso eigoje sutinkami įvairiapusės kliūtys, kurios, laiku nepašalintos, sumažina teisinio reguliavimo efektyvumą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kliūtimi galima laikyti tokį faktorių, kuris trukdo socialinių santykių tvarkymui ir veikia priešingai teisiniams tikslams bei principams. Kliūtys - tai natūralūs ir dirbtiniai sunkumai, barjerai, stabdantys pagal tam tikras priežastis valdymo procesą ir maišantys teisinių piliečių ir organizacijų interesų patenkinimą.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-04 18:47:35',62,'','2011-01-04 18:50:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-04 18:47:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,18,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2342,'Valstybės ir teisės sąveikos ','valstybs-ir-teiss-sveikos-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame darbe nesistengiama išspręsti pačios teisės - valstybės santykio problemos, nes griežtai atmetant atskiras teorijas ir pasirenkant vieną vienintelę, galima tik sukurti uždarą sistemą - nesugebančią vystytis. Reikia suprasti įvairias teorijas, atrasti jų privalumus ir trukumus. Tik taip galima suvokti ši klausimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Be to, ko gero, nei vienas teises teorijos klausimas negali būti išspręstas kartą ir visiems laikams. Kaip rašo A. Vaišvila, “teises sampratos šiuolaikiškumas - tai jos apibrėžimu atitikimas konkrečios šalies einamojo momento žmogaus teisiu saugos, socialinio kompromiso bei socialines santarves poreikius. Todėl istoriškai vėlesnes teises definicijos nebūtinai turi būti nudienos požiūriu moderniškesnės”. Analogiškai ir teisės bei valstybės santykio klausimas sprendžiamas konkrečių aplinkybių kontekste.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisės sampratos, teisės ir valstybės santykio klausimais Lietuvoje iki šiol buvo vengiama diskutuoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors kardinaliai pasikeitė Lietuvos padėtis, Lietuvoje vyksta teisinė reforma, bet nekeičiamas visos teisės sistemos pagrindas - pats požiūris į teisę. Atrodo, kad šie klausimai vis dar laikomi reikšmingais vien teisininkams teoretikams. Bet teisės ir valstybės santykio klausimas nėra vien teorinis. Jo praktinės reikšmės esmė yra ta, ar valstybė yra susaistyta teisės, ar valstybei ir jos valdymo organams galioja visuomenei nustatyta tvarka, ar valstybė gali savo nuožiūra šią tvarką keisti. Teisės ir valstybės santykio klausimas iš tiesų yra svarbus. Kaip rašo P.Leonas, “kai tenka kalbėti apie teisės pagrindinius klausimus, neišvengi nepalietęs visuomenės ir valstybės, o kai kalbi apie visuomenės ir valstybės pagrindinius klausimus, negali nepaliesti teisės”. Todėl ateityje padėtis turėtų keistis, praktiniai sprendimai negali visą laiką pirmauti prieš teorinius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi, kas žino, ar jau dabar prasidedantys šių klausimų svarstymai neperaugs į radikalius teisės teorijos problemų svarstymus.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-04 18:50:55',62,'','2011-01-04 18:54:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-04 18:50:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,17,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2343,'Teisinės atsakomybės rūšys','teisins-atsakomybs-rys','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Filosofijoje ir teisinėje literatūroje sąvoka “atsakomybė” vartojama dviem reikšmėmis: perspektyvine ir retrospektyvike.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Perspektyvinė (arba į ateitį) reiškia, kad tam tikra žmonių grupė ar konkretus žmogus atsako už savo veiksmus žiūrėdamas į ateitį. Pvz.: atsakomybė už savo vaikų ateitį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Retrospektyvinė - tai atsakomybė už tai, kas yra padaryta praeityje. Teisinė atsakomybė yra paprastai retrospektyvikio pobūdžio, t. y. atsakomybė už padarytą nusikaltimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atsakomybė kaip reiškinys egzistuoja nuo senų laikų. Ilgą laiką žmonės gyveno kaip laukiniai gyvūnai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kad galėtų lengviau išgyventi ir apsisaugoti, žmonės pradėjo jungtis į kaimenes, gentis bei bendruomenes. Bendrai gyvenant pradeda vystytis ūkininkavimas bei gamyba. Jau tada vyresniųjų susirinkimai nagrinėdavo iškilusius nesutarimus tarp žmonių, smerkdavo nederamą žmonių elgesį, pasireiškiantį išdavyste, bailumu, piktnaudžiavimu. Buvo taikomi ne tik pabarimai ar pamokymai, bet ir griežtos priemonės, kaip gyvybės atėmimas. Jau tais pirmais valstybės kūrimosi etapais žmogus turėjo savo pareigas ir buvo atsakingas už savo veiksmus, jeigu jie prieštaravo tų laikų papročiams bei taisyklėms.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-04 18:55:14',62,'','2011-01-04 18:57:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-04 18:55:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,16,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2344,'Antspaudų ir spaudų apyvarta','antspaudo-ir-spaudo-apyvarta','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-04 18:58:53',62,'','2011-01-04 19:00:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-04 18:58:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,15,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2345,'Pagrindinių mokesčių taikymo ypatumai','pagrindini-mokesi-taikymo-ypatumai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">PVM formavimosi pagrindas Lietuvoje buvo bendrasis akcizas, kuris, savo ruožtu, atsirado apyvartos mokestį pakeitus į bendrąjį akcizą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bendras pridėtinis mokestis (bendrasis akcizas) paplitęs daugelio šalių finansų praktikoje, jį nesudėtinga apskaičiuoti, kontroliuoti įmonės mokėjimus. Šį mokestį finansininkai mėgsta ir todėl, kad jis yra gana patikimas valstybės iždo formavimo įrankis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvoje bendrasis akcizas buvo įvestas 1991 m. gruodžio 10 d. Bendrojo akcizo esmė: visi ūkine - komercine veikla besiverčiantys ekonominiai subjektai moka tam tikrą mokestį pagal papildomą vertę, sukurtą kiekvienoje prekės judėjimo iki vartotojo grandyje. Galutinis šio mokesčio mokėtojas yra vartotojas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bendrąjį akcizą mokėjo visos įmonės, kurių veiklą reglamentavo Lietuvos Respublikos įmonių įstatymas, taip pat įstaigos ir organizacijos, gavusios pajamų iš ūkinės - komercinės  veiklos. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-04 19:02:38',62,'','2011-01-04 19:04:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-04 19:02:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2346,'Elektroniniams kontraktams taikytina teis pagal ES tarptautinė privatinė teisė - civilika','elektroniniams-kontraktams-taikytina-teis-pagal-es-tarptautin-privatin-teis-civilika','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-04 19:08:22',62,'','2011-01-04 19:12:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-04 19:08:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,13,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2347,'Teisėsaugos organai','teissaugos-organai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-04 19:12:18',62,'','2011-01-04 19:13:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-04 19:12:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,12,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2348,'Užsienio teisės taikymas','usienio-teiss-taikymas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Plečiantis ryšiams tarp įvairių valstybių, susiduria skirtingos ekonominės-teisinės sistemos. Dažnai tie santykiai tampa konfliktiniais. Todėl, atsiradus ginčui tarp skirtingų valstybių subjektų, iškyla klausimas, kurios valstybės teisme spręsti ginčą ir kurios valstybės teisę taikyti, nustatant šalių teises ir pareigas. Kokią teisę taikyti konkrečiai problemai, pasaulyje yra daug sudėtingų teorijų. Visi šie klausimai reglamentuojami tarptautinės privatinės teisės normomis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Literatūra tarptautinės privatinės teisės klausimu Lietuvoje nėra labai gausi.  Taikytinos teisės klausimai aptarti V. Mikelėno knygoje \"Sutarčių teisė\", o tarptautinio civilinio proceso problemos - to pačio autoriaus knygoje \"Civilinis procesas\". Todėl nuodugniau išnagrinėti vieną tarptautinės privatinės teisės sritį - taikytinos teisės ir užsienio teisės taikymo klausimus - yra labai aktualu. Juo labiau kad, anot V. Mikelėno, šie klausimai Lietuvoje yra \"terra incognita\".  Užsienio teisės taikymo aktualumą rodo ir tai, kad LietuvosRespublikos Aukščiausiojo Teismo Senatas ruošia apibendrinimą civilinių bylų, kuriose taikyta užsienio teisė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paprastai šalys gali aptarti taikytinos teisės klausimą ir pasirinkti ginčų sprendimo organą sutartyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Panagrinėsime, kokios tendencijos vyrauja aptariant šiuos klausimus sutartyje ir kokios iškyla problemos. Ar tikrai teismas visais atvejais gerbs šalių pasirinkimą, ar jį panaikins, kaip prieštaraujantį valstybės viešajai tvarkai? Taigi išnagrinėsime atvejus, kada teismai atsisako taikyti pasirinktą teisę, ir taip apibrėšime sutarties šalių laisvės ribas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Čia palyginsime, kokios taikytinos teisės nustatymo taisyklės galioja Lietuvoje ir užsienio valstybėse. Taip pat išanalizuosime teisėjų vaidmenį taikant užsienio teisę, kuris priklauso nuo to ar taikytina teisė yra fakto, ar teisės klausimas. Atskleisime, kaip susiklosčiusi Lietuvos teismų praktika, su kokiomis problemomis susiduria teisėjai. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-04 19:13:51',62,'','2011-01-04 19:18:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-04 19:13:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,11,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2349,'Saugus greitis. Sobieslavas Zasada','saugus-greitis-sobieslavas-zasada','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dar niekada Lietuvoje automobilistų tiek nebuvo ir jų taip sparčiai nedaugėjo, kaip mūsų dienomis. Ir kone visi mėgsta važinėti greitai. Bet ar visada kiekvieno greitis esti saugus?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip suderinti eismo saugumą ir greitį, sužinosime iš šio S. Zasados veikalo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš tiesų trūksta tokių knygų, kurios padėtų vairuotojams tobulintis. Tad juo džiugiau, kad į lietuvių kalbą išverstas vertingas darbas. Jo autorius yra pasaulinio masto lenktynininkas, triskart Europos ralio čempionas, Argentinos Didžiojo prizo lenktynių laimėtojas, Londono-Sidnėjaus, Londono-Mechiko supermaratonų dalyvis…</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vos pradėjau kultivuoti automobilių sportą, o Zasados pavardę jau žinojau. 1970 metais pirmą sykį pamačiau šį sportininką iš arti- abu dalyvavome Lenkijos ralyje (Rajd Polski).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai 1972 metais tokiose pat varžybose užėmiau I vietą savo mašinos klasėje, gavau iš S. Zasados dovaną - jo neseniai Varšuvoje išleistą knygą \"Szybkość bezpieczna\" su autografu… Ją ir dabar tebeturiu.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,76,'2011-01-05 13:13:34',62,'','2011-01-05 13:18:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-05 13:13:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2350,'Saugus eismas','saugus-eismas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Asmenys siekiantys tapti automobilių ar motociklų vairuotojais turėtų žinoti, kad vien tik noro tapti vairuotoju nepakanka. Lietuvoje kaip ir visame pasaulyje vairuotojams keliami tam tikri reikalavimai ir tik vykdžius šiuos reikalavimus gali būti suteikta automobilių ar motociklų vairavimo teisė bei išduotas vairuotojo pažymėjimas patvirtinantis šią teisę. Taigi, vairuotojo pažymėjimas išduodamas nuolat gyvenantiems Lietuvos Respublikoje ne jaunesniems kaip nustatyto amžiaus asmenims, kurių sveikatos būklė yra tinkama vairuoti tam tikros kategorijos transporto priemonę, mokantiems Kelių eismo taisykles, žinantiems kitus teisės aktus, reglamentuojančius kelių eismą, išklausiusiems pirmosios medicinos pagalbos kursą bei išlaikiusiems kvalifikacinius egzaminus kompetentingoje institucijoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vairuotojo pažymėjimas patvirtina teisę vairuoti tų kategorijų transporto priemones, kurios nurodytos vairuotojo pažymėjime. Be to vairuotojas privalo vykdyti vairuotojo pažymėjime nurodytas kitas sąlygas (vairuoti tik su akiniais ar kontaktiniais lęšiais; rankinis valdymas, transporto priemonė su automatine pavarų dėže ir pan.).</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,76,'2011-01-05 13:20:08',62,'','2011-01-05 13:24:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-05 13:20:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,5,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2351,'Technologijų raida','technologij-raida','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Patys seniausi  žmonės, apie kuriuos daug rašyta, gamino darbo įrankius ir jais naudojosi. Žmogus be jų nesugebėtų išgyventi, nes yra per daug silpnas savarankiškai kautis su gamta. Pirmieji žmonės buvo būtybės, kurios labai skyrėsi nuo šiuolaikinio. Bet tik tokių būtybių dėka, kurios  išmoko naudotis darbo priemonėmis, išsivystė modernus žmogus. Priedo jis žymiai sumažino darbo jėgos panaudojimą ir kėlimąsi į kitas gyvenamas teritorijas, būdingą pirmykščiams. Tai buvo įvykdyta smegenų, rankų, akių, o taip pat mechanizmų pagalba, kurių pagalba tapo pasaulio valdovu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ribota knygos apimtis neleidžia pasakoti kaip dar buvo panaudotos darbo priemonės. Mes pradėsime nuo žmonių, kurie gyveno vėlyvojo paleolito laikotarpiu (sename akmens amžiuje), kada žmogus medžiojo ir rinko miško uogas, grybus ir kt. Jau šiame laikotarpyje žmonės naudojo tokius darbo įrankius kaip: kirvius, peilius, pjūklus, drožtuvus, gremžtukus iš plono akmens, plaktukus, ylas ir grąžtus, adatas iš dramblio kaulo, ietis ir žeberklus. Jie naudojosi dviem pagrindiniais mechanizmais: lanku ir ieties mėtymu. Pirmas žmogaus sukurtas mechanizmas, kuris veikė energijos kaupimo principu, buvo lankas.Lankininkas, įtempdamas lanką, suteikdavo jam didelę energiją , kuri buvo panaudojama šūviui. Ietininkas pristato sau svertą, prailginantį ranką ir leidžiantį mesti ietį toliau. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,76,'2011-01-05 13:24:52',62,'','2011-01-05 13:28:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-05 13:24:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2352,'Kelionės po Europą','kelions-po-europ','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">2004 m. gegužės 1 d. prisijungus dešimčiai Vidurio, Rytų ir Pietų Europos valstybių, kelionės po Europą įgavo įspūdingą naują aspektą. ES išorės sienos išsiplėtė į rytus, apimdamos Čekijos Respubliką, Estiją, Latviją, Lenkiją, Lietuvą, Slovakiją, Slovniją ir Vengriją, ir į pietus – Kiprą ir Maltą. Dėl to sausumos plotas padidėjo daugiau kaip 23 %, gyventojų skaičius – 75 milijonais, o be galo marga istorijos ir kultūros mozaika tapo dar margesnė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Keliautojus labai vilioja Europos gamtos grožis: kalnų didybų ir pakrančių uolos, smėlėti paplūdimiai, derlingos žalios ganyklos ir sausos lygumos, ežerai, miškai ir arktinė tundra.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,76,'2011-01-05 13:29:19',62,'','2011-01-05 13:39:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-05 13:29:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2353,'Automobilių degalų sąnaudų nustatymo ir normavimo metodikos','automobili-degal-snaud-nustatymo-ir-normavimo-metodikos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Efektyvus degalų naudojimas  viena iš svarbiausių šiuolaikinių autotransporto problemų. Tai ne tik ekonominė, bet ir aplinkosaugos problema.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Degalų sąnaudų mažinimo automobilių transporte problemos tyrimas rodo jos sudėtingumą bei kompleksiškumą. Degalai dažniausiai pereikvojami dėl blogos transporto priemonių techninės būklės, sunkių eksploatavimo sąlygų, žemos vairuotojų kvalifikacijos, taip pat dėl to, kad ne iki galo panaudojamos organizacinės ir technologinės priemonės. Prie pastarųjų priskiriama degalų sąnaudų matavimas ir normavimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Automobilių techninė būklė turi lemiamos reikšmės degalų sąnaudoms, todėl yra labai svarbu laiku ir kokybiškai atlikti automobilių techninę priežiūrą bei remontą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Analizuojant eksploatavimo sąlygų įtaką degalų sąnaudoms turime įvertinti daug veiksnių: kelio sąlygas (priklauso nuo kelio dangos tipo ir kokybės, kalvotumo), važiavimo sąlygas (miestas, užmiestis, eismo intensyvumas), klimatines sąlygas (temperatūra, slėgis, drėgnumas) ir pan.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,76,'2011-01-05 13:39:52',62,'','2011-01-05 13:45:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-05 13:39:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2354,'Saugus eismas keliuose. Patarimai vairuotojams','saugus-eismas-keliuose-patarimai-vairuotojams','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kelių transporto priemonės (toliau vadinama transporto priemonės) atliekant jų valstybinę techninę apžiūrą (toliau vadinama apžiūra), turi atitikti techninius reikalavimus, apžiūros atlikimo metu taikomus kontrolės būdus ir transporto priemonių techninės būklės vertinimo kriterijus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Transporto priemonės konstrukcija ir eksploatacinės savybės turi atitikti jos gamybos metu galiojusius reikalavimus, jeigu teisės aktai nenustato naujų ar papildomų reikalavimų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nerekomenduojama be pagrindo keisti transporto priemonės konstrukciją. Tais atvejais, kai transporto priemonėje įrengiami papildomi elementai ar keičiama jos konstrukcija, šie pakeitimai neturi sumažinti gamintojo numatytų transporto priemonės aktyviosios ir pasyviosios saugos bei aplinkosaugos savybių, laikančiųjų konstrukcijų atsparumo ir standumo bei negali pabloginti vairuotojo ir keleivių ergonomikos bei krovinių vežimo sąlygų. Bet kokie transporto priemonės konstrukcijos pakeitimai gali būti atliekami tik panaudojant tam skirtas ir/arba sertifikuotas detales bei konstrukcines ir eksploatacines medžiagas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,76,'2011-01-05 13:46:20',62,'','2011-01-05 13:49:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-05 13:46:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(2355,'Visuotinė kokybės vadyba (mokomoji knyga)','visuotin-kokybs-vadyba-mokomoji-knyga','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visuotinė kokybės vadyba - tai mokslas tyrinėjantis universalius metodus, užtikrinančius organizacijos išlikimą rinkoje, tenkinant bei viršijant esamus bei numanomus vartotojų poreikius. Sis mokslas grindžiamas pastovaus tobulėjimo filosofija, kuri gali būti taikoma ne tik firmų ar įmonių darbo kultūros bei gaminių kokybės užtikrinimui, bet ir kitose gyvenimo srityse.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Svarbu paminėti, jog visuotinė kokybės vadyba tai dar ne ISO 9000 serijos kokybės užtikrinimo standartų sėkmingas įdiegimas. Tai yra kur kas daugiau. Visuotinė kokybės vadyba - tai žmonijos patirties koncentratas tobulinant mokslinio darbo organizavimo metodus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visuotinės kokybės vadybos mokslo taikymo praktikoje efektyvumą įrodė praėjusio šimtmečio antroje pusėje garsus visuotinės kokybės vadybos pionierius profesorius Edvards Deming, kurio statistinės proceso kontrolės metodus pirmieji praktikoje pritaikė Japonijos inžinieriai. Ilgametė praktika įrodė šio mokslo gyvybingumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visuotinės kokybės vadybos mokslo koncepcijos šiuo metu plačiai taikomos visame pasaulyje, tad Lietuvos įmonėms, žengiančioms pasaulinės integracijos keliu bei vadybos specialistams, besiruošiantiems dirbti tose organizacijose, nepaprastai svarbu pasiekti, kad visuotinės kokybės vadybos principai taptų kasdieninio darbo norma. Tik šio kokybės vadybos modelio taikymas gali užtikrinti Lietuvos ūkio konkurencingumą pasaulinėje rinkoje.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-06 13:23:57',62,'','2011-01-06 13:28:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-06 13:23:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,139,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2356,'Investicinių projektų įvertinimas','investicini-projekt-vertinimas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-06 13:29:09',62,'','2011-01-06 13:31:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-06 13:29:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,138,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2357,'Pagrindiniai valdymo dokumentai (mokomoji knyga)','pagrindiniai-valdymo-dokumentai-mokomoji-knyga','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-06 13:31:39',62,'','2011-01-06 13:37:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-06 13:31:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,137,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2358,'Marketingo planavimas','marketingo-planavimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marketingas taikytinas tik ten, kur kokybiškos prekės ir paslaugos. Priešingu atveju jis tik išryškina blogas prekių savybes bei aptarnavimą ir paspartina įmonės žlugimą. (…) Todėl svarbu, kad įmonės siekiai ir darbai, apsisprendimas veikti būtų labai pagrįsti, priimtini tiek visuomenei, tiek personalui. Įmonės idėja turi patraukti, o jos misija – svarbi ir reikšminga.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Naftos paieškoms ir žvalgybai Lietuvoje 1964 metais įkurta “Naftos žvalgybos ekspedicija”, kuri 1991 metais pavadinta “Gargždų valstybine naftos geologijos įmone”, o nuo 1995 metų įregistruota kaip AB “Geonafta”. Tai specialios paskirties akcinė bendrovė, kuri vykdo seisminę žvalgybą, gręžia įvairaus gylio ir įvairios paskirties gręžinius, išbando ir tiria naftingus bei vandeningus sluoksnius, apskaičiuoja naftos išteklius telkiniuose, vykdo naftos gavybą, realizuoja naftą, gręžia ir įrengia geriamojo vandens gręžinius, aprūpina užsakovus importiniais siurbliais, hidroforais, vandens filtrais, tiria vandeningus sluoksnius, tinkančius arteziniams šuliniams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Anglai ir amerikiečiai teigia, jog įmonės idėja turi būti suformuluota septyniais žodžiais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">AB “Geonafta” idėja yra tokia: “Norime įvairiais būdais aprūpinti Lietuvą nafta ir naftos produktais”.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-06 13:38:37',62,'','2011-01-06 13:42:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-06 13:38:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,136,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2359,'Vadybinė kompetencija','vadybin-kompetencija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gyvename ypatingomis socialinėmis transformacijomis pasižyminčiame laikotarpyje, kai pagrindiniais ūkio vystymosi ištekliais tampa nebe kapitalas, darbo jėga ar gamtiniai ištekliai, bet žinios, arba plačiau intelektualinis kapitalas. Dėl šios priežasties XXI amžius vadinamas žinių arba informacijos amžiumi . Taigi tokios sąvokos kaip žinios, kompetencija, konkurencinis pranašumas labai dažnai aptariami ir analizuojami tiek teoretikų, tiek praktikų. Šie unikalūs resursai apibūdinami įvairiausiais išsireiškimais, tokiais kaip “išskirtinė kompetencija”, “nematomi resursai”, “esminė/šerdinė/pagrindinė kompetencija, “esminiai sugebėjimai”, “vidiniai sugebėjimai”, “įgūdžių ir sugebėjimų akumuliacija”, “unikalus vadybinis talentas”, ir t. t. Reikia pastebėti, kad kompetencijos sąvoka ir kitos aukščiau paminėtos sąvokos kartais apibūdinami kaip skirtingi, o kartais kaip sinonimai. Diskusijose, kompetencija dažnai vartojama tarsi žinių ar sugebėjimų atributas, siekiant apibūdinti darbuotojų gebėjimus atlikti užduotis labai gerai, arba organizacijos gebėjimą teikti aukščiausios kokybės paslaugas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Profesionalo tam tikro srityje, šiuo atveju valstybės tarnautojo kompetencija gali priklausyti ir galėtų būti nagrinėjama išskiriant dvi dimencijas - sritį ir kokybę. Srities dimencija nusako kurioje srityje valstybės tarnautojas yra kompetetingas t.y. rolės, užduotys, funkcijos ir t.t. Kokybės dimencija apibrėžia darbo kokybę, tam tikroje skalėje: pradedant darbuotoju, kuris yra ką tik pradėjęs dirbti ir nėra gerai susipažinęs su tam tikra sritimi ir baigiant ekspertu, kuris yra pripažintas kolegų kaip ypatingai gerai išmanantis tam tikrą sritį. Karjeros metu tarnautojų kompetencijos sritis keičiasi, jie gali vystyti savo gebėjimus kitose srityse, prisiimdami kitus vaidmenis organizacijoje (vadovo, mokytojo ir t. t.), tuo pačiu jie pastoviai tobulina savo darbo kokybę įvairiose srityse, nepriklausomai nuo kompetencijos lygio. Mokslininkas Pearson (1984) siūlo apibrėžti kompetenciją kaip tęstinę atkarpą (continuumą), kuri prasideda  tik žinojimu kaip “kažką” atlikti ir baigiasi žinojimu kaip “kažką” atlikti labai gerai, taigi sugebėjimas kažką atlikti kompetetingai būtų kažkur tarp šių dviejų atkarpos taškų.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-06 13:42:54',62,'','2011-01-06 13:46:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-06 13:42:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,135,'','',0,44,'robots=\nauthor='),(2360,'Visuotinės kokybės vadyba globalizacijos sąlygomis (mokomoji knyga)','visuotins-kokybs-vadyba-globalizacijos-slygomis-mokomoji-knyga','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Politikos, socialinės srities, ekonomikos, technologijos ir kitokio pobūdžio raida, pažanga globalizacijos sąlygomis pasižymi vis labiau didėjančiais veiklos mastais ir jos sparčia plėtra.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Veiklos mastų bei jų rezultatų įtaka pasireiškia tuo, kad  plinta ir masiškais tampa nauji politikos, socialinės  ir ekonominės aplinkos veiksnių rezultatai; daugiau formuojama ir įgyvendinama pasaulinės ekonomikos projektų, kurie grindžiami politiniais sprendimais; šiuose projektuose koncentruojami finansai, materialiniai ir žmonių ištekliai, o veiklos apimtis vis daugiau orientuojama į plačias erdves. Įvairios su politikos, socialinės srities, ekonomikos, technologijos ir darbinės veiklos raida ir pažanga susijusios sritys bei pasaulinės ekonomikos plėtros kryptys vis plačiau yra siejamos tarpusavyje ir jungiamos į didelius bendros veiklos projektus, kuriais daromas poveikis subalansuotai ekonomikai. Šalies subalansuotos ekonomikos raida priklauso nuo nacionalinės valstybės politinės, ekonominės, socialinės aplinkos, jos veiksnių priklausomybės Europos Sąjungos (ES) ir NATO bendrojoje erdvėje, nes dabartyje ir ateityje šių pasaulinės ekonomikos subjektų atskirti negalima nei laike, nei erdvėje todėl, kad globalizacijos procesai formuoja integracijos veiksnius. Šie veiksniai aprašomi laisvosios rinkos bendrąja metodologija, kuri grindžiama bendraisiais pasaulinės ekonomikos rezultatais.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-06 13:48:29',62,'','2011-01-06 14:00:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-06 13:48:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,134,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2361,'Lietuvos verslo įmonių valdymo problemos','lietuvos-verslo-moni-valdymo-problemos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Investicinė “Kauno holdingo kompanija” (KHK) buvo įkurta 1992 metais. Jos įstatinis kapitalas (8 mln. Lt) buvo suformuotas iš investicinių čekių. 6400 akcininkų už investicinius čekius ir grynuosius pinigus nupirko bendrovės akcijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">AB “Kauno holdingo kompanija” už savo pinigus ir investicinius čekius pirko įvairių įmonių akcijas ir nekilnojamąjį turtą. Taip sukaupta turto už 64 mln. Lt. Šią, vaizdžiai kalbant, nejudrią nuosavybę reikėjo paversti pelninga nuosavybe, tai yra “darančią pinigus”, nes tūkstančiai IAB “Kauno holdingo kompanija” akcininkų laukė už savo akcijas dividendų. “Kauno holdingo kompanija” stengėsi savo veiklą kiek galima labiau diversifikuoti, paprasčiau kalbant, įvairinti, kad vienai veiklai staiga tapus nuostolingai, tą nuostolį kompensuotų kitų veiklų pelnas ir metų pabaigoje visi bendrovės akcininkai vis vien gautų dividendus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Balansinės vertės investuotas kapitalas (64 mln Lt.) yra kompanijos šerdis, patikimumo garantas, o šalutiniams komercijos ir gamybos projektams buvo ieškoma papildomų apyvartos lėšų. Ieškant apyvartinių lėšų “Kauno holdingo kompanija” susidūrė su dilema: arba skolintis pinigų apyvartinėms lėšoms iš komercinių bankų, reikalaujančių 110 proc. metinių palūkanų, arba per “Kauno holdingo kompaniją” priimti indėlius iš gyventojų, tai yra skolintis iš žmonių ir mokėti jiems mažesnes palūkanas, nei prašo komerciniai bankai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasirinktas antrasis kelias, pasak “Kauno holdingo kompanijos” valdybos nario V.Krasnicko, priimtinesnis ir kompanijai, ir  gyventojams. Nauda indėlininkui būtų tokia: komerciniai bankai, “nulupę” iš kompanijos 110 proc. metinių palūkanų, savo indėlininkams vis vien moka tik 30 – 40 proc., likusius pinigus pasilieka sau, o “Kauno holdingo kompanija” savo indėlininkams moka vidutiniškai 80 proc. metinių palūkanų. Nauda kompanijai: iš gyventojų yra pigiau skolintis nei iš komersinio banko, nes mažiau reikia mokėti palūkanų, santykinai pigesni tampa apyvartiniai pinigai. Iš gyventojų susikolintos apyvartinės lėšos buvo investuotos į įvairius (komercijos ir gamybos) projektus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-06 14:01:57',62,'','2011-01-06 14:05:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-06 14:01:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,133,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2362,'Vadyba','vadyba','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Negalima nurodyti jokios konkrečios datos, nuo kada pradėta nuodugniai svarstyti, kaip organizacijos dirba ir yra valdomos, kaip turėtų būti tvarkomos jų struktūros. Rašytinių šaltinių apie organizacijas ir valdymą galima rasti ankstyvųjų civilizacijų – žydų, musulmonų, graikų, romėnų – palikime. Dabartinių organizacijų teorijų ištakos siekia Mozę (panaudojo atsakomybės delegavimą), islamo apoletą Ibn Taymiyyahą (moksliškai išdėstė administravimo principus), Aristotelį (akcentavo kultūros svarbą valdymo sistemose) bei Makiavelį (pateikė galios panaudojimo analizę). Tai rodo, kad uždavinys pasiekti norimą veiksmingų visuomenės kolektyvų veiklos rezultatų ir teorinių jų sprendimų paieška buvo svarbus ne tik dabartinio, bet ir pirmykštėms organizacijoms.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau daugelis mokslininkų visa tai laiko tik senovės išminčių paskirų koncepcijų palikimu, o tikrosiomis organizacijų teorijų ištakomis laiko 18 a. D. Britanijoje kartu su fabrikais atsiradusias ekonomines teorijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Socialinių teorijų negalima nagrinėti jas atsiejus nuo tos šalies ir  laikotarpio socialinės – ekonominės situacijos. Ankstyvieji organizacijų teoretikų darbai atitiko sunkų metą, kai darbininkai buvo beteisiai, vertinami kaip darbo priemonės, o fabrikų savininkai siekė gauti kuo didesnius pelnus. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-06 14:05:59',62,'','2011-01-06 14:09:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-06 14:05:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,132,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2363,'Marketingo pagrindai','marketingo-pagrindai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-06 14:13:25',62,'','2011-01-06 14:16:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-06 14:13:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,131,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2364,'Personalios vadybos atvejai','personalios-vadybos-atvejai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mobis buvo penkiasdešimtmetis darbuotojas. Jis buvo įdarbintas krovinių stotyje su kitais dvidešimt vyrų. Į jo paprastas pareigas įėjo tvarkyti trūkumų bei sugadinimų ataskaitas. Jo tarnybos laikas buvo trisdešimt metų ir jis buvo vidutinio lygio darbuotojas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Be prasidedant Balandžio mėnesiui, Mobio bosas gavo pranešimą iš kliento, kad Mobis buvo irzlus bei įžeidus kalbant telefonu, tada kai jie skambino pranešt apie sugadinimus. Mobis buvo įspėtas ir jis prižadėjo pasitaisyti. Sekančia savaitę klientas, kurio biznis firmai atnešdavo virš milijono dolerių apyvarta per metus, pranešė, kad Mobis panaudojo, netinkančia pranešimui, kalbą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėl to kad Mobis priklausė profesinei sąjungai, todėl sąjungos pareigūnai apsiėmė spręsti Mobio atvejį/byla. Vietinės sąjungos pirmininkas stengėsi surasti Mobiui profesinės pagalbos, bet jis jos atsisakė ir norėjo tęsti tarnybą tam pačiam darbe su pasižadėjimu kontroliuoti savo kalbą.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-06 14:19:08',62,'','2011-01-06 14:25:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-06 14:19:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,130,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2365,'Teisės pagrindai (mokomoji knyga)','teiss-pagrindai-mokomoji-knyga','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mokomosios knygos „Teisės pagrindai\" trečiojo leidinio parengimą ir išleidimą lėmė kelios aplinkybės: pirma, būtinumas atitinkamus knygos teiginius suderinti su per pastaruosius dvejus metus priimtų naujų įstatymų bei kitų norminių teisės aktų nuostatomis, taip pat su jų gausiais pakeitimais, antra, didelė šios knygos paklausa tarp skaitytojų ir palankūs atsiliepimai apie ją, trečia, tikslingumas kai kurių dalių turinį pakoreguoti atsižvelgiant į studijuojančiųjų poreikius ir pageidavimus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iš esmės lieka nepakeista knygos struktūra. Tik l skyriuje atsisakyta valstybės sampratos aprašymo, nes, kaip parode dėstymo praktika, studentai apie valstybės požymius, funkcijas, formas ir pan. turi politologinių, istorinių, sociologinių ir kitų žinių minimumą. Tačiau, kadangi valstybė ir teisė yra glaudžiai susiję visuomeniniai reiškiniai, autorius jų sąveikos ypatumus įkomponavo į teisės kilmės ir raidos skirsnį, gerokai išplėtęs jį. Ir kai kurie kiti teisės teorijos klausimai yra šiek tiek modernizuoti - išryškinta teisės vieta socialinių normų sistemoje, pabrėžiamas pilietinės visuomenes vaidmuo kuriant teisinę valstybę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Skaitytojai neabejotinai pastebės jog naujai parašytas Darbo teisės skyrius. Priėmus Darbo kodeksą, kuris įsigalioja nuo 2003 m. sausio 1 d., faktiškai reformuota Lietuvos darbo teisė. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad Darbo kodeksas yra bendras darbo teisės kodifikuotas šaltinis, kuriame naujai sureguliuoti daugelis darbo ir su jais susijusių santykių, knygos Darbo teisės skyrius tapo dominuojančia šios mokymo priemones dalimi ne tik dėl savo naujumo, bet ir dėl būtinumo kiekvienam bet kurios specialybes dirbančiam žmogui gauti naujų šios srities žinių, reikalingų praktinėje veikloje.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-07 18:46:01',62,'','2011-01-07 18:51:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-07 18:46:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,38,'robots=\nauthor='),(2366,'Žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvencija ir konstitucinė jurisdikcija ','mogaus-teisi-ir-pagrindini-laisvi-apsaugos-konvencija-ir-konstitucin-jurisdikcija-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogaus teisės – šiuolaikinės civilizacijos esminė vertybė. Jos saugomos tiek nacionaliniu, tiek tarptautiniu lygiu. Nacionalinėje teisėje išskirtinė reikšmė tenka konstituciniam pagrindinių teisių apsaugos įtvirtinimui. Demokratinės valstybės konstitucijoje šioms teisėms pripažįstamas didžiausios teisinės vertybės statusas. Valstybės pareiga – jas užtikrinti. Kartu žmogaus teisės ir laisvės – svarbus tarptautinės teisės institutas. Ne vienas tarptautinis dokumentas yra priimtas siekiant apsaugoti individo pagrindines teises. Europos šalių žmonėms ypač reikšminga Europos žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvencija. Visuotinai pripažįstamas Konvencijos unikalumas, jos pagalba sukurtos regioninės žmogaus teisių apsaugos sistemos veiksmingumas. Lietuvai tapus Europos Tarybos nare, pasirašius ir ratifikavus Europos žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvenciją bei atskirus jos protokolus ir mūsų šalies gyventojai gali naudotis šiuo tarptautiniu žmogaus teisių gynybos mechanizmu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viena iš konstitucinės justicijos funkcijų yra konstitucijoje įtvirtintų žmogaus teisių ir laisvių apsauga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinis Teismas, nagrinėdamas atitinkamų teisės aktų atitikimą Konstitucijai, užtikrina pagrindinio įstatymo viršenybę teisės sistemoje. Tuo pačiu jis saugo žmogaus pagrindines teises nuo valdžios institucijų pažeidimų. Kadangi žmogaus teises laiduoja ne vien Konstitucija, bet ir Europos žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvencija, natūraliai iškyla keli klausimai: Koks šių aktų nustatytų gynybos mechanizmų santykis? Kaip derinti nacionalinį ir tarptautinį žmogaus teisių gynybos kelius? Kokią įtaką Konvencijos normos daro Konstitucinio Teismo praktikai?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konstitucinis Teismas – Konstitucijos saugotojas. Todėl minėti klausimai šios institucijos praktikoje suvokiami visų pirma kaip konstitucinės teisės problemos. Ratifikuota konvencija – nacionalinės teisės sistemos, grindžiamos Konstitucijos viršenybe, sudėtinė dalis. Tuo pačiu ji yra viena iš konstitucinės teisės šaltinių. Tai principinė nuostata, bet kokių konstitucijos ir Europos žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvencijos sąveikos klausimų nagrinėjimo pagrindas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-07 18:53:50',62,'','2011-01-07 18:56:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-07 18:53:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2367,'Lietuvos Respublikos darbo sutarties įstatymas','lietuvos-respublikos-darbo-sutarties-statymas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Darbas yra viena svarbiausių ekonominių ir socialinių garantijų. Kiekvienos šiuolaikinės valstybės tikslas darbo teisės šakoje - nustatyti ir efektyviai taikyti tokias teisės normas, kurios užtikrintų darbuotojų saugumą, teisę į poilsį, laisvalaikį, ir atostogas, teisingą apmokėjimą, socialinę apsaugą nedarbo atveju; suteiktų lygias galimybes darbui gauti, nepriklausomai nuo rasės, lyties, socialinės padėties, seksualinės orientacijos, ar kitų individualių, su darbo rezultatais nesusijusių savybių; griežtai apibrėžtų darbuotojo ir darbdavio pareigas bei teises; užkirstų kelia nelegaliam ir priverčiamajam darbui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Darbo sutartis yra ta darbo teisės dalis, kuri reguliuoja darbuotojo ir darbdavio santykius. Darbo sutarties surašymo faktas garantuoja, kad abiejų sutarties šalių interesus ir teises gins Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija skelbia, kad žmogus gali laisvai pasirinkti darbą . Darbo sutarties įstatymas užtikrina, kad tas darbas visada turi būti paremtas darbo santykių šalių lygybe , ir kad nebūtų tos pusės, kuri neteisėtomis priemonėmis, išnaudodama kitus individus, tenkintų savo savanaudiškus tikslus, tuo pat metu neatlikdama savų įsipareigojimų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šis rašto darbas susideda iš keturių dalių. Pirmojoje bendrais bruožais apibūdinama darbo teisė, jos padėtis Lietuvoje. Kitos trys dalys pasakoja apie Lietuvos Respublikos darbo sutarties įstatymą - kaip sudaroma, keičiama ir baigiama (nutraukiama) darbo sutartis, kokios priemonės užkerta kelią darbdavių bei darbininkų savivalei, kai šie nesilaiko sutartų sąlygų.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-07 19:03:55',62,'','2011-01-07 19:06:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-07 19:03:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2368,'Atėnų teisės šaltiniai','atn-teiss-altiniai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antikos (graikų ir romėnų) civilizacija susiformavo Europos pietuose, viduržiemio jūros baseine ir savo apogėjų pasiekė I tūkst. Pr. Kr ir I tūkst. po Kr pradžioje. Šiuo laikotarpiu graikai ir romėnai pasiekė įspūdingų laimėjimų visose visuomeninio gyvenimo sferose, tarp jų ir politikos bei teisės srityse. nedideli vienas nuo kito izoliuoti miestai-valstybės graikų vadinti poliai (įtakingiausias buvo Atėnai). Taigi Graikijoje nebuvo vientisos valstybės ir teisinės sistemos. T. raida antikinėje Graikijoje neperžengė polių ribų, plėtojosi vietos papročių ir tradicijų pagrindu, pasižymėjo t. partikuliarizmu. Labiausiai išplėtota senovės Graikijos t. sistema buvo Atėnuose. Seniausias t. šaltinis At. buvo papročiai, tačiau anksčiau nei kitur (jau nuo VII a. pr. Kr. pab.) pagrindiniu t. šalt. tapo įst.: kuriantis Atėnų valstybei (I tūkst pr kr) tauta buvo nustumta eupatridų (kilmingųjų), kurie pasisavino ir sutelkė visą valdžią savo rankose. Todėl demosas (tauta) reikalavo užrašyti papročius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">621 m. pr. kr. pasirodo pirmasis užrašytas paprotinės teisės rinkinys-“Drakono įstatymai”. Šis įstatymas pasižymėjo griežtumu ir tapo žiaurumo simboliu. Drakono įstatymai iki mūsų dienų neišliko. Nepaisant žiaurumo drakono įstatymai buvo vertinami teigiamai. Tai buvo laikoma tam tikra demoso pergale prieš eupatridus. Drakono įstatymai apribojo kraujo kerštą. Didelis dėmesys skiriamas skiriamas savininkų interesams, žudiką siekiama apsaugoti nuo kankinimų keršijant. Numatyta bauda (skaičiuojama jaučiais), teisių atėmimas, mirties bausmė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">VI a. pr. kr. pradžioje (594) pasirodė Solono įstatymas. Solonas buvo išrinktas archnotu kaip ir Drakonas. Solonas atėjo į valdžią esant dideliems prieštaravimams tarp praturtėjusių nekilmingųjų ir kilmingųjų. Nekilmingieji tuo metu negalėjo turėti valdžios. Solonas atliko seisachtiją (naštos naikinimas), t.y skolinės vergovės panaikinimas, skolų numetimas, taip pat įteisino žemės paveldėjimo teisę ir kt. likvidavo monopolinę eupatridų galimybę eiti valstybines pareigas, reglamentavo naujus civilinius teisinius santykius. Įst. paskatino prekybos ir amatų plėtrą. Solonas panaikino Drakono įstatymus, išskyrus keletą nuostatų dėl nužudymų. Solono reformos iki mūsų dienų taip pat neišliko bet apie jas daug rašė senieji istorikai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">V a. pr. kr. pabaigoje antikiniame pasaulyje prasideda demokratijos klestėjimas. Visi piliečiai dalyvauja valstybės valdyme. Didelę reikšmę įgauna įstatymai ir juos jau turi kurti tauta. Įstatymų leidyba sutelkiama tautos rankose. Tautos susirinkime galėjo dalyvauti visi pilnateisiai vyrai nuo 20 m. Įstatymus galėjo siūlyti bet kas, o jų projektus svarstė 500 taryba, burtų keliu sudaroma 1 metam. Tautos susirinkime priimti įstatymai patekdavo į heliėją tvirtinimui. Heliėja sudaroma burtų keliu 1 metam. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-07 19:07:44',62,'','2011-01-07 19:12:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-07 19:07:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,7,'','',0,74,'robots=\nauthor='),(2369,'Mokesčiai - kaip valstybės pajamų rūšis','mokesiai-kaip-valstybs-pajam-ris','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Plati santrauka apie mokesčius ir jų rūšis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-07 19:12:58',62,'','2011-01-07 19:15:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-07 19:12:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2370,'Miestų teisė','miest-teis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmieji miestų formavimosi požymiai atsirado Italijoje ir tik vėliau miestai pradėjo formuotis Prancūzijoje. Tam įtakos turėjo įvairūs faktoriai: ekonominiai, socialiniai, politiniai, religiniai, teisiniai ir kiti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XI a. turgavietė, tradiciškai užėmusi tik pilies ar vyskupo arba abato rūmų \"faubourg\" (teritoriją šalia pilies), pradėjo užimti pagrindinę teritoriją. Būtent šis priepilis vėliau ir tapo naujojo miesto šerdimi. Bet negalima vienašališkai teigti, jog miestai pradėjo kurtis tik dėl to, jog susiformavo ryškus pirklių sluoksnis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Remiantis kai kuriais šaltiniais net 4/5 visų miesto gyventojų sudarė meistrai bei amatininkai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">XI ir XII amžiuose buvo jaučiama labai stipri visuomeninių sluoksnių kaita. Pavyzdžiui, laisvieji valstiečiai, servai, smulkieji dvarininkai sudarė gan nemažą naujųjų miesto gyventojų dalį. Nors daugumoje naujųjų miestų valdžia pradėjo koncentruotis tik palyginti nedidelės turtingųjų pirklių grupės rankose, tačiau su miestu siejosi didelės kitų visuomeninių sluoksnių perspektyvos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pradiniai pilies šeimininkai, kuriantis miestams, prarado dalį savo valdžios, tačiau miestų kūrimasis pasitarnavo kitais atžvilgiais. Pavyzdžiui, miestai buvo daug efektyvesni kariniu požiūriu - jau vien todėl, jog miestiečiams buvo suteikta teisė ir pareiga nešiotis ginklą (O paprastiems valstiečiams tai buvo uždrausta nuo senų laikų). Nežiūrint karinės naudos, miestai suteikė galimybę praturtėti: muitai, turgaus mokesčiai ir rentos, taip pat reikalingų prekių tiekimas tikrai buvo gan svarbus visiems gyventojams.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-07 19:18:09',62,'','2011-01-07 19:21:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-07 19:18:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2371,'Referendumo teisinis reglamentavimas (kursinis darbas)','referendumo-teisinis-reglamentavimas-kursinis-darbas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mintis priimti įstatymus bei kitus svarbius tautai sprendimus atsiklausiant jos valios gimė jau tolimoje Antikoje. Jau tada, apie V a. pr. Kristų, Atėnuose tautos susirinkime, “kur galėjo dalyvauti visi visateisiai ir pilnametystės (20 metų) sulaukę vyriškos lyties Atėnų piliečiai”, buvo priiminėjami įstatymai. Ir nors nuo dabartinio, Lietuvos Respublikoje reglamentuoto, referendumo ši įstatymo priėmimo (patvirtinimo) forma gerokai skiriasi, tačiau pati idėja apie tautos – valstybės kūrėjos – atsiklausimą sprendžiant svarbius jai klausimus, manau, gimė jau tada.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bėgant amžiams, požiūris į tautos valią keitėsi, kaip keitėsi socialinės, politinė, ekonominės santvarkos. Valstybėms demokratiškėjant, neišvengiamai išryškėjo visos tautos (populus) vaidmuo kuriant savo valstybę, ją valdant bei nustatant jos tolesnio gyvavimo kryptis ir prioritetus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šio meto Lietuvoje, kaip ir daugelyje demokratiškų valstybių, egzistuoja referendumo, kaip laisvos piliečių valios išraiškos, teisės institutas. Ir nors nepriklausomybę atgavusioje Lietuvoje referendumo įstatymas buvo priimtas palyginti  neseniai – 1989 m. lapkričio 3 d. – jis buvo ne vieną kartą naudotas praktikoje bei taisyta jo pirminė redakcija. Tai buvo daroma siekiant jį patobulinti, užtikrinti jo atitikimą demokratiškoms idėjoms bei sureguliuoti referendumo teisės normas su kitais Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Referendumas, kaip teisės institutas, neabejotinai vertas nagrinėjimo “iš arčiau”, siekiant susipažinti su juo detaliau. Todėl savo kursiniame darbe norėčiau paanalizuoti referendumo raidą Lietuvoje (nuo 1989 metų iki šių dienų), jo inicijavimo ir organizavimo pagrindus, praktinę referendumo taikymo pusę.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-07 19:22:33',62,'','2011-01-07 19:25:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-07 19:22:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(2372,'Prekybos teisės sąvoka ir turinys','prekybos-teiss-svoka-ir-turinys','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisės šakos: konstitucinė teisė; darbo teisė; civilinė teisė; administracinė teisė; prekybos teisė ir pan.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisė dar gali būti skirstoma į: 1. Privatinė - gali būti kaip civilinės teisės sinonimas. Jai priklauso dvi šakos: a) civilinė (reguliuoja turtinius santykius); b) prekybos ar komercinė (jos normos skirtos reguliuoti prekybinius santykius tarp įmonių, įstaigų, organizacijų). 2. Viešoji (kartais naudojama kaip administracinės teisės sinonimas) - reguliuoja santykius tarp valdžios institucijų ir piliečių. Jai priskiriama ir komercinė teisė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dabar valstybinė valdžia vis labiau plečia viešąją teisę privatinės (tuo pačiu ir prekybinės) teisės sąskaita.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinis šaltinis - įstatymai. Taip pat ir poįstatyminiai aktai. Gali būti papročiai, tarptautinė teisė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvoje nėra Prekybos arba Komercijos kodekso. Vienas iš svarbiausių šaltinių Lietuvoje - Civilinis kodeksas. Kiti prekybos teisės šaltiniai - draudimo, konkurencijos, vartotojų teisių gynimo įstatymai, AB ir UAB įstatymai, prekybos įstatymas, tarptautinės sutartys. Įvairiose šalyse prekybos teisinės normos skiriasi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisės harmonizavimas - t. y. įvairių nacionalinių barjerų trukdančių tarptautinei prekybai šalinimas keičiant nacionalinius įstatymus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisės unifikavimas - t. y. įvairių tarptautinių konvencijų ir kt. tarpt. aktų priėmimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisės unifikavimo ir harmonizavimo lygiai gali būti įvairūs: 1. Pasaulinio lygio (teisės normos reguliuojančios pervežimą); Vienos konvencija 1993, Tarptautinių komercinių sutarčių principai 1993, parengė UNIDRIT organizacija. 2. Regioninio lygio; Europos sąjunga ir kt.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-07 19:26:08',62,'','2011-01-07 19:30:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-07 19:26:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2373,'Teisėkura','teiskura','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisėkuros sandaros schema.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-07 19:38:35',62,'','2011-01-07 19:41:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-07 19:38:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2374,'JAV teisinė sistema (referatas)','jav-teisin-sistema-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuo metu egzistuojanti JAV teisinė sistema pagrinde formavosi 17 -18 a. Anglų kolonistai, įsikūrę dabartinėje JAV teritorijoje atsinešė su savimi ir anglų teisę. Nuo 1607 m. tai yra datos kai buvo įkurta pirmoji kolonija - Anglijos teisė skaitėsi vienintele veikusia teise stūmusia laukan vietinius papročius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienoje iš 13 Britanijos kolonijų Amerikoje egzistavo anglų įstatymai ir visuomeninio elgesio normos, tačiau su daugeliu išimčių, kurias sąlygojo vietinės gyvenimo sąlygos. Anglų teisė buvo taikoma kolonijose tiek, kiek ji atitiko kolonijų gyvenimui. Dėl to nemažai ir buvo pakeitimų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugelyje kolonijų buvo išleisti veikę jose norminių aktų rinkiniai. Vienas iš tokių buvo pavyzdžiui - 1648 m. Masačiutsese išleistas norminių aktų rinkinys, kuris buvo pavyzdys tolimesnėms Amerikos įstatymų publikacijoms.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,75,'2011-01-07 19:43:02',62,'','2011-01-07 19:50:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-07 19:43:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,62,'robots=\nauthor='),(2375,'Kas yra ŽIV ir AIDS?','kas-yra-iv-ir-aids','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ŽIV – Žmogaus imunodeficito virusas. Jis sukelia ligą – Žmogaus imonudeficito virusinę infekciją. Šios ligos paskutinė stadija – akvizitinis imunodeficito sindromas – AIDS. Žodis “akvizitinis” reiškia “įgytas”, o “sindromas” – ligos požymių visuma. Virusas naikina organizmo imuninę sistemą, kuri saugo žmogų nuo infekcijos. ŽIV gyvena žmogaus kūne nuo užsikrėtimo iki mirties. Svarbu suprasti, kad žmogus užsikrėtęs ŽIV, ilgus metus ( 6 – 12 m. ) paprastai jaučiasi sveikas ir gali nežinoti, kad yra užsikrėtęs, bet gali užkrėsti kitus. Ar žmogus yra užsikrėtęs ŽIV, gali pasakyti tik gydytojai po kraujo tyrimo. AIDS diagnozuojama kai, susilpnėjus imuninei organizmo sistemai, prasideda plaučių ligos ( pvz. plaučių uždegimas ), nervų sistemos ligos ( pvz. encefalitas, meningitas ), navikinės ligos ir kitos. Kiek laiko sergama iki mirties? Jau sergant AIDS, vartojant priešvirusinius vaistus gyvenama vidutiniškai 5 – 7 metus, o kartai ir dar ilgiau ( tai priklauso nuo ligonio sveikatos būklės ). Ar visi užsikrėtę ŽIV serga AIDS?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Liga žinoma dar labai neseniai, tik 18 metų. Nustatyta, kad apie 1,5 procento visų užsikrėtusiųjų gyvena su virusu ilgiau nei 15 metų ir nejaučia jokių ligos požymių. Galbūt jie niekada nesusirgs, bet niekas dar negali to užtikrinti. Trumpa statistika pasaulyje: 1998 m. pabaigoje pasaulyje gyveno 33,4 milijonai žmonių su ŽIV/AIDS. PSO duomenimis, kas 100-asis lytiškai aktyvus pasaulio gyventojas yra užsikrėtęs ŽIV. Kas dieną daugėja ŽIV užsikrėtusių vaikų: 2,7 milijonai mirė nuo AIDS, 1,5 gyvena su ŽIV, 8,2 milijonai dėl AIDS liko našlaičiai. Lietuvoje: Lietuvoje iki 1999 m. užregistruoti 135 ŽIV nešiotojai ( 123 vyrai, 12 moterų ). Klaipėdoje – 84, Vilniuje – 21, Kaune – 6, Panevėžyje – 4, Šiauliuose – 3, kituose miestuose – 7, ne Lietuvos piliečių – 10. 21 asmuo sirgo AIDS, 8 mirė dėl AIDS sukeltų komplikacijų. Užsikrėtusių asmenų amžius nuo 16 iki 65 metų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ŽIV kilmė</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogaus imunodeficito viruso kinmė nėra aiški, Tačiau dauguma mokslininkų linkę manyti, kad virusas ilgą laiką buvo paplitęs labai nedidelėje subsacharinės Afrikos teritorijoje. Žmonės galėjo užsikrėsti nuo beždžionių. Žlugus kolonijiniai sistemai ( 1961 m. ), Afrika tapo laisva ir atvira. Gyventojų migracija “padėjo” virusą iš epidemiškai pavojingų teritorijų perkelti į visai naujas, neturinčias minimalaus atsparumo ŽIV infekcijai, teritorijas. Infekcijos plitimą paspartino ir medikai, aktyviai propaguodami ir plačiai naudodami kraujo perpilimus…</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaip virusas pateko į Lietuvą</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pirmieji virusą į Lietuvą galėjo įvežti tolimojo plaukiojimo jūrininkai, pabuvoję šalyse, kur virusas jau buvo labai išplitęs, pavyzdžiui, Centrinėje Afrikoje. Dažniausiai jūrininkai užsikrečia naudodamiesi uostų prostitučių paslaugomis (heteroseksualus lytinis užsikrėtimo būdas). Antra grupė žmonių, kurie galėjo pirmieji įvežti virusą – tai asmenys, dirbę ar kurį laiką gyvenę užsienyje. Tai dažniausiai homoseksualūs vyrai, užsikrėtę per homoseksualius santykius. Pirmieji užsikrėtimai Lietuvoje galėjo įvykti apie 1983 – 1985 m.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-10 09:02:15',62,'','2011-01-10 09:07:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-10 09:02:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,25,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(2376,'Sveika gyvensena','sveika-gyvensena','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogų sendina ne metai, o piktnaudžiavimai savo sveikata. Sveikame, švariame kūne visi organai pakankamai stiprūs, turi dideles gyvybinių jėgų atsargas ir funkcionuoja idealiai, o didelio krūvio metu geba savo veiklą keliagubai sustiprinti. Norint gyventi ilgai privalu saugoti organizmą nuo toksiniu atliekų nervų sistemą — nuo perkrovų, audinius ir kraujagysles — nuo sustangrėjimo. Žalingų pasekmių kone perpus trumpinančių žmogaus amžių, galime išvengti pasirinkus natūralią, sveiką gyvenseną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogus sukurtas ilgam gyvenimui. Norint gyventi ilgai, visų pirma, privalu saugoti organizmą nuo šlakų ir toksinų, nervų sistemą — nuo perkrovimų, audinius ir kraujagysles — nuo sustangrėjimo. Žalingų pasekmių, kone perpus trumpinančiu žmogaus gyvenimą, galime išvengti pasirinkus natūralią, sveiką gyvenseną. Tačiau ką kalbėti apie suaugusius, jeigu vaikai nuo pat mažens permaitinami, pernelyg aptūlojami, o dėl netinkamo auklėjimo jie dažnai tiesiog išpaikinami, išlepinami. Šitaip ir atsiranda 25 metu amžiaus \"senių\". Bet yra ir tokių, kurie išsaugo jaunystę ligi septyniasdešimties. Tarp tų, kuriems senatvė — aktyviausias gyvenimo laikotarpis, pasitaiko tiesiog atjaunėjusių. Išdygsta nauji dantys, atauga plaukai, sustiprėja akys (beje, taip nutiko vienam Šeltpno bičiuliui einant aštuoniasdešimt penktuosius).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmones sendina ne metai, o gyvenimo būdas. Greičiausiai sensta tie, kurie labiausiai piktnaudžiauja savo sveikata. Žmogus gyvendamas juk turi rūpintis nervų energija, tausoti ją, o ne švaistyti. Biologai tvirtina, jog organizmas turi ir stipresnių, ir silpnesnių ląstelių bei organų. Bet, jei pašalinsime visas išorines priežastis, kliudančias joms dirbti, visos bus vienodai sveikos — gamta pati suirusias ląsteles pakeičia naujomis. Tas atsinaujinimo procesas vyksta be perstojo, siekdamas išsaugoti gyvybę ir jaunystę. Sveikame organizme ląstelės ir organai funkcionuoja idealiai, o didelio krūvio metu gali savo veiklą keliagubai sustiprinti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mirtis ištinka žmogų tada, kai dėl blogo paveldo, o ypač pažeidinėjant gyvenimo dėsnius perkraunama kai kurių organų veikla. Verta prisiminti, kad gyvulių tarpe tokie organų sutrikimai praktiškai neužfiksuoti, o primityvių tautų tarpe — labai reti. Vadinasi, visi organai iš prigimties yra pakankamai stiprūs ir turi dideles gyvybines atsargas. Jeigu giminėje daug ilgaamžiu, vaikai iš tėvu paveldi potencialias galimybes gyventi ilgai, tik ne visada jas realizuoja. Nesunku įsitikinti, kad ilgaamžių ainiai gyvena ilgiau, tačiau ir anksti mirusieji gal turėjo lygiai tokias pat galimybes? Tai galėtume įrodyti tik išsiaiškinę, kas juos taip anksti pražudė. Gal kaip tik žalingi įpročiai, netinkama gyvensena? Kiekvienai gyvūnų rūšiai duota sava, natūrali gyvenimo atkarpa. Visi gyvūnai, jei tik nesutrukdo žmogus ar netikėta žūtis, paprastai ir sulaukia skirtojo amžiaus. Vienas tik žmogus dėl netinkamos gyvensenos jį paprastai sutrumpina maždaug perpus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogaus organizmo ląstelių gyvybingumas didžiulis. Organai ir audiniai normaliom sąlygom geba atsistatyti. Sveikas organizmas pats apsivalo, pašalindamas toksines atliekas, pats virškina ir įsisavina maistą. Tik pažeisk virškinimo, šalinimo organu veiklą — tie pažeidimai sutrikdys ir kitų organų darbą, net visą organizmą. Jei patologija stipri, organai irsta sparčiau negu regeneruojasi, ir galiausiai ligonį pakerta mirtis, nepaisydama nei jo tėvų, nei jo paties amžiaus. Jei surasime priežastis, pažeidžiančias organizmo funkcijas, jei žinosime, koks maistas iš tiesu yra pilnavertis ir netrikdo organizmo veiklos, įstengsim aktyviai nueiti ilgą gyvenimo kelią. Mirtis retai kada žmogų užklumpa gilioje senatvėje, pasibaigus jo gyvenimo trukmei. Ji paprastai ištinka po ilgų, su liga susijusiu organizmo irimo procesų, arba po tokio gydymo, kuris tik slopina natūralias organizmo sveikatingumo galias. To priežastis — neteisinga mūsų gyvensena ir paikos pastangos tokio klaidingo elgesio pasekmes įveikti vaistais. Mirtį beveik visada prišaukiame patys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-10 09:08:20',62,'','2011-01-10 09:11:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-10 09:08:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,24,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2377,'Skeleto sistemos patologija','skeleto-sistemos-patologija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaulai. Uždegiminiai pažeidimai</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Osteomielitas infekcinė uždegiminė kaulų liga. Procesas prasideda kaulų čiulpuose ir jau antriniai persimeta į kaulus. Etiologija ir patogenezė: dažn.sukelia bakterijos (staph.aureus!), retai grybeliai ar virusai. Gali patekti: tiesiogiai (egzogeninė f., 2k. dažn.), netiesiogiai iš kraujotakos (endogeninė f.) Skiriama: potrauminis osteomielitas, apribotas osteomielitas (dažn.žandikaulyje), hematogeninis osteomielitas (2-16 m.,dažn. ilgųjų kaulų metafiz.).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1.1. Nespecifinis endogeninis osteomielitas hematogeniškai kilusi infekcinė kaulų liga, dažniau serga vaikai (80%) ir jaunuoliai, pažeidž: ilgieji vamzdiniai (80%), plokštieji (70%), trumpieji vamzdiniai (8%) kaulai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Etiologija ir patogenezė: sukelia staph.aureus (85%), staph.albus, strept.pyogenes ir kt., patenka per vasa nutritia. Morfologija: kaulinė masė suardyta, nešvariai pilkai - geltona. Ūmi fazė: uždegiminis eksudatas iš fibrino, polimorfonuklearų, makrofagų. Toksinė eiga: granuliacinis audinys, didėjanti fibrozė. Sunki forma: nekrozinės kaulo trabekulės (sekvestras).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Pasekmės ir komplikacijos<br /> 1. Gretimo sąnario pūlingas uždegimas,<br /> 2. Chroninis osteomielitas<br />3. Kaulų augimo sustabdymas<br />4. Fistulės odoje<br />5. Amiloidozė<br />6. Sepsis.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-10 09:12:40',62,'','2011-01-10 09:23:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-10 09:12:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,23,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2378,'Sveikata be vaistų','sveikata-be-vaist','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dieta - gydimosi būdas</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Indijoje tautos didvyrio ir mokslinko, Manhando Karamčando Gandžio žodžiais sakoma, kad 999 atvejai iš 1000 susergame dėl netinkamos mitybos.Gydytojai jogai visais laikais didžiausią dėmesį skyrė dietai, mat buvo įsitikinę, kad dieta - pagrindinė sąlyga ligai išgydyti.Tokiais atvejais labai svarbu patikima medikų kontrolė.O kai norintis pasveikti žmogus pats nutaria maitintis naujaip, priimtinesnis yra apgalvotas, laipsniškas, pereinamas laikotarpis - be blaškymosi ir skubos - antraip buvusią nestabilią būseną pakeis kita, ne geresnė.Pirmame etape galima derinti įprastą dietą ir naują maitinimosi režimą. Jauni žmonės prie šių naujovių pripranta daug lengviau ir greičiau, ir ne tik todėl, kad jų organizmas gali sparčiau prisitaikyti, - jie lengvėliau atsisako dar nespėjusių įsišaknyti įpročių.Be abejo, žmonės gyveną nevienodą gyvenimą, jie dirba skirtingą darbą, todėl ir jų vartojamas maisto kiekis ir sudėtis turi skirtis. “Sveikatos įgijimo būdas, - rašo E.Rodžersas, - tai matinimosi būdas”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kas yra žmogus ?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tai skeletas - kaulai (jų yra apie 260), aptraukti oda (1,7-2,6 m2 ir 6kg).Sausgyslėmis prie prie kaulų pritvirtinta sudėtinga raumenų sistema, kuri valdo judesius.Šito “kaulų maišo” : viduje yra 30-50 l įvairaus skysčio (moterų organizme jo 10% mažiau negu vyrų).Vieni skysčiai teka gyslomis, kiti pasiskirstę laisvai po visą organizmą.Gyslose yra 5l kraujo, 2l limfos.Laisvo skysčio (ne gyslose) yra 9-10 l.Tai 2,5 l skrandžio sulčių, 0,5 2 l seilių, 0,5-1,5 l tulžies, 0,7 l kasos sulčių, 3 l žarnyno sulčių, 0,12-0,2 l galvos bei kaulų smegenų skysčio.Be to, yra skysčio, kuriame plaukioja ląstelės, ir skysčio pačiose ląstelėse.Tokio neląstelinio bei ląstelinio skysčio yra 28 l.Vadinasi, mūsų organizmas - tai kanalų ir kanalėlių sistema, kur be perstojo juda dujos ir skysčiai.O gyvybė - tai ne kas kita, kaip šitų skysčių judėjimas ląstelėse ir tarp jų. Kai šitas judėjimas sulėtėja, žmogus suserga, skysčiui nustojus judėti-žmogus miršta.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sveikata be vaistų</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Viso dabartinio “civilizuoto” valgiaraščio pagrindą sudaro keturi komponentai ir jų variacijos: duona, cukrus, mėsa, pienas. Iki ledynmečio mūsų protėviai maitinosi beveik vien augaliniu maistu, 99% jų maisto sudarė augalai.Užslinkęs ledynas privertė žmogų maitintis išimtinai mėsa.Ledynas atsitraukė, bet žmogus prie mėsos jau buvo pripratęs.Augalų baltymuose, riebaluose ir angliavandeniuose yra saulės energijos, kurios mes tiesiogiai iš saulės negauname.Valgydami augalus, saulės energijos mes gauname žymiai daugiau, negu valgydami mėsą gyvulių, suėdusių tuos augalus anksčiau už mus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Senovės Rytuose buvo tokia mirties bausmė, kurios metu žmogų iki valiai maitindavo tik virta mėsa, ir 28 - 30 bausmės dieną jis būtinai mirdavo baisiose kančiose! Žmonės, kurių smegenėlės išsivysto labiau už smegenis, dažnai išprotėja, būna pikti, žiaurūs. Tai pirmas požymis, kad pagrindinis tokio žmogaus maistas yra mėsa, kiaušiniai.Nuo tokio maisto kenčia ir kepenys, kaupia adrenaliną, dėl ko žmogus pasidaro ūmus, greitai supyksta.Nuo tokio maisto atsiranda stiprus cukraus, narkotinių produktų (kavos, arbatos, kakavos, školado) poreikis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mėsa - tai labai koncentruoti baltymai.Skrandyje virškinami tik baltymai, visa kita -virškinami žarnyne. Pienas yra pats klastingiausias produktas.Augimo laikotarpiui žmogaus organizmas yra užprogramuotas ir visiškai įsisavina visus pieno elementus.Organizmui nustojus augti, įvyksta tam tikri cheminiai pakitimai, ir žmogaus organizmas nebesugeba skaidyti pagrindinių pieno elementų.Pieno negalima maišyti su kitais produktais.Pienas yra valgis, o ne gėrimas.Niekada pieno nevirinkite, nes pasterizuotas pienas yra grynai komercinis išradimas.Visi fermentai žūva prie 54<sup>0</sup>C .</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-10 09:24:08',62,'','2011-01-10 09:29:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-10 09:24:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,22,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2379,'Suaugusio žmogaus gaivinimo standarto priedai','suaugusio-mogaus-gaivinimo-standarto-priedai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-10 09:29:59',62,'','2011-01-10 09:31:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-10 09:29:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,21,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(2380,'Medicinos etika','medicinos-etika','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kiekvieno gydytojo darbo tikslas ir esmė yra sergančio žmogaus gydymas. Gydymas skirstomas į etapus:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Premedicininis etapas. Į sveiko žmogaus gyvenimą lėtai atsėlina ar tragiškai įsiveržia simptomai. Jie trukdo jam gyventi. Dėl šių simptomų žmogus pradeda jaudintis ir galvoti, kas gi atsitiko? Sergu aš ar sveikas? Ką daryti? Eiti pas gydytoją ar ne? Ligonis fantazuoja, mąsto, yra susirūpinęs, girdi kaimynų, giminių patarimus. Liga dar neįsigalėjo. Įprasti šio periodo reiškiniai yra abejingumas ligai, minčių apie ją kratymasis, ėjimo pas gydytoją atidėliojimas. Tokio elgesio priežastis yra neigimo reakcija. Šiame etape ligonis kovoja su savo liga vienas arba palaikomas ne daug ką suprantančių artimųjų. Premedicininio etapo trukmė priklauso nuo ligos, jos progresavimo, nuo ligonio asmenybės, nuo jo išsilavinimo, nuo neigimo reakcijos intensyvumo ir pan. 2. Ambulatorinis etapas. Ligonis kreipiasi pagalbos į gydytoją. Priklausomai nuo ligos, ligonį gydo apylinkės gydytojas arba kitos specialybės gydytojas (poliklinikoje). Ligonis gydomas ambulatoriškai. Šiame gydymo etape veikia pagrindiniai gydytojo ir ligonio tarpusavio santykių dėsniai. Žymiai sudėtingesnis už kompleksinį ambulatorinį gydymą – trečiasis gydymo etapas. Jis sukelia daugiausia problemų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">3. Stacionarinis etapas. Kaip ir poliklinikose, ligoninėse yra visos galimybės atlikti sudėtingus diferencijuotus tyrimus, bet jau esant lovos režimui ir nuolatinei kontrolei. Dažniausiai ligonį paprasčiausiai “pameta” tyrinėjimų labirinte. Techniškai tyrimai atliekami labai gerai. Tačiau dėl daugybės šių tyrimų ligonis dažnai neturi “šeimininko”, jis niekam nepriskirtas. Ten, kur šį nepalankų faktą suprato ir kur iki šiol gyvos gydymo praktikoje humaniškos tradicijos, ligonis glaudžiai bendrauja su gydytoju, taigi turi tokį “šeimininką”. Medicinos psichologijos patyrimas visų pirma sukauptas kaip tik šiame gydymo etape. 4. Gydymas po ligoninės ( reabilitacija). Šiame etape ligoniui ko gero gydytojo pagalbos nereikia. Jeigu liga dar tęsiasi, tai reikalinga apylinkės arba kito poliklinikos gydytojo kontrolė, gali būti ir toliau gydoma. Tada ligonis vėl lanko polikliniką arba dispanserį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">2 – 4 etapai organiškai papildo vienas kitą, jie vienas kitam visiškai nepavaldūs. Remiantis šiuolaikiniu medicininiu požiūriu, stengiamasi labiau suvienyti tris paskutiniuosius etapus, kad ligonio “šeimininkas” būtų apylinkės arba poliklinikos gydytojas.Tik tokiu atveju gydytojas gali sekti visus ligos etapus ir, esant recidyvams, laiku nustatyti diagnozę ir skubiai suteikti reikiamą pagalbą. Nors pateikti etapai gali daug kuo sąlygoti paties gydymo ir santykių tarp ligonio ir ligoninės personalo pobūdį, vis dėlto čia esminiai santykiai tarp gydytojo ir ligonio. Šiuo požiūriu juos ir reikia nagrinėti. Santykiai, atsiradę tarp gydytojo ir ligonio, - efektyviausias ir svarbiausias gydymo psichologinis veiksnys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Galima teigti, kad apylinkės gydytojas gyvena kartu su ligoniais. Taigi jis gali gauti tokių duomenų apie ligonį ir jo gyvenimo sąlygas, kokių, pavyzdžiui, negali gauti kitos specialybės gydytojas, pakviestas į konsiliumą, nes jis su ligoniu bendrauja labai trumpai. Apylinkės gydytojas susikuria gerą ligos atsiradimo ir progresavimo vaizdą. Pakviestas į konsiliumą specialistas gali padėti tik tuo atveju, jeigu jam pateikiami konkretūs ligonio stebėjimų duomenys. Pagrindinė taisyklė čia yra tokia: gerai pateiktas klausimas -  geras atsakymas. Esant rimtam konsiliumui, teisingai parinkus klausimus, konsultuojantysis gydytojas gali susidaryti nuomonę apie ligonio tiesioginio gydytojo patirtį, kuria remdamasis jau gali panaudoti savo žinias ir patyrimą. Kitaip sakant , šiuo atveju svarbiausia sąlyga yra teisingas abiejų gydytojų tarpusavio supratimas. Konsultacija yra ne tik pasitarimas, bet ir pasidalijimas įspūdžiais, patyrimu. Tai ir yra gero konsiliumo paslaptis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-10 09:31:48',62,'','2011-01-10 09:35:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-10 09:31:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,20,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2381,'Masturbacija','masturbacija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Masturbacija (lot. manus – ranka + stupro – išniekinu), lytinio susijaudinimo ir orgazmo sukėlimas dirginant savo paties erogenines zonas, dažniausiai varpą (vyras) ir varputę (moteris). Pirmasis rašytinis šaltinis apie masturbaciją – tai Biblija. Žodis onanizmas yra kilęs iš biblinio asmens Onano. Pagal senovinį žydų įstatymą, Onanas, kaip artimiausias giminaitis, privalėjo savo bevaikiui mirusiam broliui jau po jo mirties sugyventi įpėdinį. Tačiau su brolio našle, kad ji išvengtų nėštumo, jis naudojo nutrauktą lytinį aktą, “leido sėklai kristi į žemę, kur ji žuvo”. (Tikriausiai jis tai darė, norėdamas savo paties vaikams išsaugoti jų dėdės palikimą). Jis, toliau rašoma šiame pasakojime, buvo nubaustas ankstyva mirtimi. Iš čia ir kilo žodis masturbacija (onanizmas).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įvairiais laikais, apie šį “užsiėmimą” buvo labai prieštaringos nuomonės. Viduramžiais ir netgi paskutiniais šimtmečiais masturbacija buvo laikoma labai gėdingu dalyku, galinčiu sukelti grėsmę žmogaus sveikatai – tiek fizinei, tiek dvasinei. Šiais laikais tokie prietarai gali atrodyti gana juokingai, bet tokia žmonių nuostata turėjusi gana tvirtą pagrindą. Visų pirma todėl, kad dar nebuvo gerai pažinta žmogaus anatomija. Tačiau pagrindinės negatyvaus požiūrio į masturbaciją buvo šios: 1. Dalis psichiškai nesveikų žmonių turi padidintą lytinį potraukį ir sumažintą savikontrolę. Kuo didesnis ligonis, tuo drąsiau jis masturbuojasi kitų žmonių akivaizdoje. Dėl šios priežasties dauguma žymių praeities mokslininkų ir medikų galvojo, kad masturbacija veda link pamišimo. Taip manė ir XX a. pradžios mokslininkas, daktaras Kraftas-Ebingas. Jis parašė knygą “Lytinė psichologija”, kurioje buvo rašoma apie įvairiausius lytinius iškrypėlius, kurių didžioji dauguma buvo psichiškai nesveiki, arba iš šeimų, kuriuose buvo psichinių susirgimų. Absoliučiai daugumai šių žmonių masturbacija buvo vienas iš būdų bent jau savo vaizduotėje įgyvendinti tai, kas jiems teikdavo malonumą. Kad būtų lengviau įsivaizduoti, ko bijojo net mūsų amžiau pradžios žmonės, čia pateikiame pavyzdį iš daktaro Krafto-Ebingo knygos:  Daktaro Krafto - Ebingo praktikoje buvo atvejis, kai 8-metė mergaitė be jokių drovinių ir etinių ribų buvo tiesiog apsėsta minties apie lytinį gyvenimą. Ji masturbavosi jau nuo 4-erių metų, norėjo nužudyti savo tėvus, kad pastarieji netrukdytų jos seksualinių norų tenkinimui. Šis pavyzdys rodo, kad netinkamas merginos elgesys buvo siejamas su ankstyva masturbacija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Panaši ir kito mokslininko, Janio Zalyčio, nuomonė apie masturbaciją. J.Zalytis, gyvenęs Sovietų Sąjungos laikais, manė, kad masturbacija veda prie įvairių lytinių iškrypimų (sadizmo, mazochizmo, eksbicionizmo ir net homoseksualizmo). Štai keletas citatų iš jo knygos “Meilės vardu”: Klaidingai lytiškai orientuoti jaunystėje gali ir literatūra, kurioje tvirtinama, jog onanizmas – visiškai natūralus ir nekenksmingas reiškinys. Yra žinoma, kad onanizmas gana paplitęs tarp jaunuolių ir nevedusių vyrų. Ypač skatina jį akceleracija. Paaugliai onanizuojasi, net nesigėdydami vienas kito. Sveikatai ir tolesnei potencijai jis iš tiesų nekenkia, gal net priešingai. Tačiau tokiu atveju gali kilti noras vienam patalkinti, ir dėl to jaunuoliai patenka situacijon, kuri juos orientuoja į homoseksualizmą. Taip pat J.Zalytis teigia, kad onanizmas gali sąlygoti meilę sau pačiam: Seksualinė meilė sau pačiam – autoerotizmas, labiau būdingas moterims ir merginoms. Kai kurie autoriai net onanizmą laiko autoerotizmo išraiška. Tačiau vargu ar pagrįstai, nes onanizuojantis dažniausiai yra vaizduojamasi, jog santykiaujama su priešingos lyties asmeniu. Onanizmą galima laikyti autoerotizmu tik tada, kai jis yra grynai mechaniškas – be priešingos lyties įsivaizdavimo. Tada įvyksta ir atitinkama dezorientacija – seksualinį susijaudinimą tokiems individams gali sukelti net tokios vietos, kur dažniausiai onanizuojamasi, tačiau šitoks onanizmas yra žalingas tik tuo, kad sukelia erotomaniją. Blogiau bus tada, jei jaunuolis onanizuosis, neišsivaizduodamas priešingos lyties, arba – kas dar blogiau – darys tai, žiūrėdamas veidrodyje į save, t.y. įsimylėdamas save patį. Čia jau ne šiaip egoizmas, bet tikra, sąmojinga ar nesąmojinga meilė sau pačiam.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-10 09:36:00',62,'','2011-01-10 09:39:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-10 09:36:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,19,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2382,'Informacijos menedžmentas: aksiomos ir teoremos (referatas)','informacijos-menedmentas-aksiomos-ir-teoremos-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuo metu jau galima kalbėti apie konceptualų IM pamatą, diskutuoti apie IM plėtotės kryptis ar bent aspektus. IM žymiai aktualesnis ten, kur labai išvystyta ekonomika, karinis kompleksas, ryškūs geopolitiniai interesai ir jų reprezentavimo formos. IM samprata ten orientuota į visų informacijos išteklių ir komunikacijos ryšių visumą ir jų organizavimą skirtingose srityse. IM tampa priemone, leidžiančia integruoti materialius, žmogiškuosius, technologinius, organizacinius, kultūrinius veiksnius, kūrybinius procesus, inovacijas ir kt. bei panaudoti jų visumą organizavimo efektyvumui didinti ir tuo įtvirtinti strategines pozicijas. IM suprantamas kaip universali vadybos priemonė. Galimi IM modeliai, skirti visuomenės valdymui, verslui, gamybai, komercijai, politikai, kultūrai, mokslui ir pan., net pačiai informacinei veiklai. IM tiesiogiai sietinas su v visuomenės informacinės infrastruktūros plėtote ir vadinamosios informacinės visuomenės kūrimo tendencijomis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">IM kaip organizavimo sociologija. IM aspektu bet koks socialinis organizavimas pirmiausiai reiškia vienokius ar kitokius žmonių ryšius. IM visada atskleidžia žmonių, daiktų ir laikmenų ryšius organizavimo procese. Jis apima ne tik formaliųjų pozicijų valdymą, kaip įprasta klasikiniame menedžmente, bet ir milžinišką sluoksnį po jomis slypinčių neformalių ryšių, kurių organizavimas lemia formaliosios vadybos turinį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">IM ir informacijos komunikacijos technologijų (IKT) lygiagretumas. IM neatsiejamas nuo IKT plėtotės ir vystomas jų pamatu. IM orientuotas į pačią informaciją ir jos valdymą.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 10:12:31',62,'','2011-01-11 10:15:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 10:12:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,129,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2383,'Produkcijos realizavimas (kursinis darbas)','produkcijos-realizavimas-kursinis-darbas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Produkcijos realizavimas – tai vienas iš svarbiausių klausimų komercijos moksle, nes tik pardavus produkciją galima padengti jos gamybos kaštus. Ypač svarbu, kad asmuo, kuris vadovauja įmonei, sugebėtų visų dirbančiųjų interesus suvienyti tikslams pasiekti ir įgyvendinti, kad vadovautųsi ne tik savo įsitikinimais, bet visų įmonėje dirbančių žmonių požiūriu ir galimybėmis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmoje dalyje ypatingas dėmesys bus skirtas strategijai ir jos formavimui. Vadovams svarbu sekti sparčius technologinius, rinkos pokyčius. Todėl jie turi mąstyti strategiškai, kad pasiektų reikiamą tikslą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Strateginiame procese būtina numatyti įvykius, pasinaudoti įvairiomis galimybėmis, nustatyti išorinius ir vidinius pranašumus bei trūkumus, priimti kuo geresnius sprendimus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antroje dalyje susipažinsite su AB ”Geonafta”, jos veikla (naftos gavyba, kiti papildomi darbai), produkcijos realizavimo procesu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trečioji dalis skirta AB ”Geonafta”  realizavimo tobulinimui. Čia pateikti pasiūlymai pagerinti kai kurias veiklos sritis, sumažinti sąnaudas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kursiniame darbe remiamasi socialinių mokslų daktaro, docento V.Sūdžiaus, A. Seiliaus. R. Virvilaitės, S. Urbonavičiaus, F. S. Butkaus, G. T. Palubinsko knygomis. Taip pat užsienio literatūra: F. Kotler ir kt. knygomis. Neatsisakyta ir paskaitų konspektų, kurie padėjo įsigilinti į marketingo mokslą. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 10:16:02',62,'','2011-01-11 10:19:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 10:16:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,128,'','',0,29,'robots=\nauthor='),(2384,'Reklama ir jos ypatumai (kursinis darbas)','reklama-ir-jos-ypatumai-kursinis-darbas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šio šimtmečio pradžioje beveik visų Europos ir Amerikos firmų pagrindas buvo gamybos specialistai. Gamybos žinovai ir specialistai buvo svarbiausi žmonės. Jie planavo visą firmos strategiją ir taktiką. Firmų pajėgumas ir gamybos apimtis augo. 1929 metais susidarė tokia situacija, kai prekių pasiūla pralenkė paklausą. Kilo ekonominė krizė, ir firmoms sunkiau sekėsi parduoti savo produkciją. Todėl išaugo paklausą būtent tokiems žmonėms, kurie žinojo, kaip prekę pateikti klientui, išskirdami jos privalumus. Būtent tada reklama įgijo savo dabartinę reikšmę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Laikotarpis nuo Didžiosios depresijos iki maždaug 1960 - ųjų metų vadinamas \"pardavėjų era\". Sekančioje po jos \"vartotojo eroje\" reklamos reikšmė dar labiau išaugo, nes vartotojas tapo dar išrankesniu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atsirado daug įstatymų, ginančių ir apsaugojančių jų teises. Taip pat atsirado įstatymų, ribojančių reklamą. Reklama įšėjo iš laukinio kapitalizmo epochos ir tapo labiau civilizuota.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvoje reklamai teko praeiti tokią pat evoliuciją kaip ir Vakaruose bet per žymiai trumpesnį laiką, nes ji jau remdavosi Vakarų patirtimi. Galima pasakyti, kad mes jau gyvenome \"vartotojų eroje\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atsirado daug reklamos agentūrų, laikraščiuose ir žurnaluose skiriama daug vietos reklamai, nes tai tapo pagrindiniu jų pragyvenimo šaltiniu. Tokia pat situacija susiklostė ir  Lietuvos televizijoje. Firmoms, tam kad surasti savo rinką tarp vartotojų teko reklamuotis. Iš pradžių tai buvo labai panašu į reklamą, kuria</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vakarai turėjo 30 - 40 metais. Turėjo čia įtaką ir atitinkamas technikos lygis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didėjant su laiku investicijoms į Lietuvos rinką, tobulėjo ir reklamos šaka. Lietuvoje padaryta reklama vis mažiau skiriasi nuo kitų savo kokybe ir profesionalumu, nes prie darbo atsisėdo jau patyrusieji specialistai. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 10:20:53',62,'','2011-01-11 10:24:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 10:20:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,127,'','',0,40,'robots=\nauthor='),(2385,'Monopolinės firmos produkcijos paklausa (špera)','monopolins-firmos-produkcijos-paklausa-spera','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Monopolinės firmos produkcijos paklausos kreivė (Dm) yra pasvirusi žemyn šios produkcijos rinkos paklausos kreivė, kadangi monopolininkas atstovauja visai šakai. Monopolijos darbo organizatoriai, keisdami prekės kainą, turi atsižvelgti į vartotojų reakciją. Jie žino, kad parduodamų prekių kiekis priklauso nuo kainos, kurią jie nustatys. Ir priešingai, jie žino, kad kaina, kurią jie gali gauti už savo prekę, priklauso nuo jos kiekio, siūlomo parduoti kiekvienu laikotarpiu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Monopolininkas gali nustatyti arba savo prekės kainą, arba jos kiekį, siūlomą rinkai kiekvienu laikotarpiu (10.2 pav.). Jeigu jis pasirinko kainą P,, tai reikiamas produkcijos kiekis nustatomas iš rinkos paklausos kreivės ir jis bus Q2. Pavyzdžiui, vietinė telefono monopolija galėtų nuspręsti padidinti kainą nuo .P1 iki P2, kad padidėtų pelnas. Jeigu taip būtų, tai kompanijos paslaugų paklausos kiekis sumažėtų nuo Q2 iki Q1.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jeigu monopolija nustatys, kiek ji pateiks rinkai prekių ar paslaugų, tai kaina, kurią mokės vartotojas už šį kiekį, priklausys nuo šio produkto paklausos kreivės. Tarkime, automobilių gamintojas turi monopolį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didėjant kintamiems kaštams, jis nusprendžia, kad norėdamas gauti maksimalų pelną turi gaminti kiekvieną mėnesį mažiau automobilių. Jis sumažins automobilių tiekimą dileriams, todėl padidės konkurencija tarp vartotojų ir padidės kaina.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dabar nesunku suprasti, kodėl monopolija negali tam tikra kaina parduoti bet kokį produkcijos kiekį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didėjant produkcijos kiekiui, kaina turi mažėti, kadangi paklausos kreivė yra žemėjanti. Firma, esanti tobulosios konkurencijos rinkoje, gali parduoti rinkos kaina tiek, kiek nori (jos produkcijos paklausos kreivė yra absoliučiai elastinga). Nors ir kiek gamintų, konkuruojančiuoji firma savo veiksmais negali nei padidinti, nei sumažinti rinkos kainos.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 10:29:46',62,'','2011-01-11 10:35:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 10:29:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,126,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(2386,'Išsamus vadybos konspektas','isamus-vadybos-konspektas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadyba - valdymas, vadovavimas socialinėms grupėms, žmonėms, įvairaus tipo organizacijoms, įmonėms, įstaigoms, mokykloms ir t. t. Vadybos mokslo praktika labai sena. Rašytiniai dokumentai egzistuoja apie 6 tūkstančius metų, o mokyklos - jaunos, susiformavusios šio amžiaus pradžioje. Studijų objektas yra socialinės sistemos žmonės. Vieningo apibrėžimo nėra. Įvairūs autoriai vadybą apibūdina skirtingai. Labiausiai paplitęs ir pripažintas apibūdinimas - vadyba yra mokslas apie planavimo organizavimo, motyvavimo ir kontrolės funkcijas socialinėse organizacijose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizacija - tai grupė žmonių, kurių veikla sąmoningai koordinuojama stengiantis pasiekti užsibrėžtą tikslą, ir kurią sudaro 2 ar daugiau žmonių. Organizacija turi bendrą tikslą; visi organizacijos nariai drauge dirba siekiant šio tikslo. Vadybos tikslas yra organizuoti darbą taip, kad numatytus įgyvendinus ir iškilusius uždavinius išsprendus taikiai, per trumpą laiką su mažiausiomis sąnaudomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinės vadybos kategorijos yra jos funkcijos, metodai ir gamybos arba paslaugų valdymo operacijų sistema, sistemos sudarymas ir funkcionavimas. Svarbi veiklos kryptis funkcionuojant rinkos sąlygomis yra visuotinės kokybės problema. Visuotinės kokybės kategorija reiškia, kad visose srityse darbas atliekamas laiku ir kokybiškai. Pagrindiniai vadybos metodai  yra palyginimas, analizė, sintezė, matematiniai metodai ir kt.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 10:35:15',62,'','2011-01-11 10:39:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 10:35:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,125,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2387,'Projektų valdymas (skaidrės)','projekt-valdymas-skaidrs','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 10:40:02',62,'','2011-01-11 10:41:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 10:40:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,124,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(2388,'Vadybos sąvoka','vadybos-svoka','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovavimas remiasi formalios jėgos pozicija, turinčia įtakos žmonėms, o lyderiavimas kyla iš socialinės įtakos proceso.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovavimas ir lyderiavimas iš esmės skiriasi, bet žmogus gali būti ir formalus vadovas ir turėti lyderiavimo savybių. Kitaip tariant lyderiavimas yra apsprendžiamas žmogaus savybių. Taip pat jis gali būti ir kaip procesas, o tai yra nepriverstinės įtakos naudojimas, bandant kreipti ar koordinuoti grupės veiklą, kad būtų pasiektas tikslas. Lyderiavimas kaip savybė – tai charakteristikų, kurios yra priskiriamos kam nors, kas suvokia galįs panaudoti tokią įtaką sėkmingai, rinkinys.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kintant ekonominei situacijai ir jai esant gan nestabiliai yra gana sunku atskirti vadybininkus nuo vadovų. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 10:42:39',62,'','2011-01-11 10:45:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 10:42:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,123,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(2389,'Gamyba ir Marketingas','gamyba-ir-marketingas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nė akimirkai nenutraukdama savo pastangų tenkinti mūsų poreikius, ūkinė visuomenė užsiima tuo, kad daro prieinamus ir perdirba į tinkamas vartoti formas gamtos išteklius. Apdirbama žemė, auginami gyvuliai, kasamos anglys, geležis paverčiama laivais ir mašinomis ir dar kuriama “tūkstantis ir vienas” daiktas, kad kiekvienas iš mūsų, kas gali užsimokėti, galėtų gauti reikiamų prekių ir paslaugų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visa ši veikla, kurios tikslas yra patenkinti žmonių poreikius, sudaro GAMYBĄ, o jos rezultatas yra pasiūla, susidedanti iš: a) vartojimo reikmenų ir įvairių asmeninių paslaugų, kurios tiesiogiai patenkina poreikius, bei b) gamybos priemonių ir komercinių paslaugų, kurios netiesiogiai patenkina žmonių poreikius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi gamyba reikalinga tam, kad būtų tenkinami poreikiai, tai iš čia išeina, jog ji kuria naudingumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Naudingumas - sugebėjimas ar savybė patenkinti poreikius. Žmogus negali sukurti medžiagos, bet jis gali keisti jos formą arba būseną suteikdamas jai didesnį naudingumą; arba jis gali ją perkelti iš vienos vietos į kitą, kur ji bus labiau naudinga; arba jis gali padaryti ją prieinamą tuo metu, kai ji labiausiai reikalinga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmonės, teikiantys paslaugas, kurios tiesiogiai arba netiesiogiai tenkina mūsų poreikius, yra ekonomine prasme tokie patys gamintojai kaip ir tie, kurie gamina materialines gėrybes. Paslaugos yra esminė šiuolaikinės ekonominės sistemos dalis; be jų ši sistema taip sėkmingai ir efektingai funkcionuoti negalėtų.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 10:46:03',62,'','2011-01-11 10:48:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 10:46:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,122,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2390,'Prekybos politika','prekybos-politika','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindiniai importo ir eksporto muitai. Muitais dažniausiai apmokestinamos įvežamos prekės, bet kartais ir išvežamos yra apmokestinamos. Eksporto muitai pvz.:  Rusija naudoja eksporto muitus naftai, nes vis tiek reiks eksportuoti. Dažnai tai būna ištekliai ir pramoninės prekės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugelis ekonomistų pasisako už laisvą prekybą, t. y. jei ir ne už muitų atsisakymą, tai bent jau už jų sumažinimą. Apskritai paėmus ekonomistai į prekybą žiūri skeptiškai palyginus su kt. profesijų atstovais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos prekybos teikiamais privalumais niekas neabejoja šiais laikais, bet dažnai taikomi įv. tarpt prekybos apribojimai – kartais jie yra būtinybė. Reikia išsiaiškinti kas išlošia, o kas pralošia iš muitų įvedimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Muitų įtaka vartotojams. Muitai importinėm prekėm daro įtaką vartotojams (jie nukenčia). Įvedus muitą imp. prekėm vartotojas išleidžia &gt; pinigų arba tų prekių pirks mažiau, nes muitai pakelia kainas. Muitai (tarifai) apriboja importą (nuo D1 iki D0) ir vartotojai &lt; galės pirkti. Ekonominė analizė tai leidžia išreikšti vertine išraiška (pinigais), t. y. kiek vartotojui kainuoja import. prekių apmokestinimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1985 m. Amerikos gamintojų asociacija paprašė kongreso leisti įvežti dviračiams muitą nuo 10 iki 19 proc. priklausomai nuo ratų diametro. Tikslas buvo sumažinti imp. dviračių pardavimą šalyje, nes jie tada sudarė 40 proc. visos rinkos. Importinių dviračių pasaulinės kainos yra 200$ už vnt.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 10:49:04',62,'','2011-01-11 10:53:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 10:49:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,121,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2391,'Stomatologinių paslaugų rinkos tyrimas','stomatologini-paslaug-rinkos-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiandien Lietuvai gyvenant rinkos sąlygomis, svarbų vaidmenį organizacijose įgauna marketingo tyrimai. Marketingo tyrimai - tai informacinė funkcija, jungianti organizaciją ir jos aptarnaujamą rinką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pastaruoju metu marketingo tyrimams skiriamos išlaidos labai išaugo. Įmonės nori ir siekia priimti kuo tikslesnius sprendimus, o tam reikalinga kuo tikslesnė informacija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame darbe atlikome stomatologinių paslaugų pasiūlos ir paklausos tyrimą. Pabandėme atskleisti, kokios paslaugos teikiamos, jų charakteristiką ir kainas, kokios įvedamos stomatologinės naujovės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Analizavome veiksnius, įtakojančius paklausą, kaip paklausa priklauso nuo gyventojų perkamosios galios, atlikome vartotojų apklausą, kuria bandėme išsiaiškinti vartotojų poreikius, kaip jie renkasi vieną ar kitą stomatologinę įmonę, kaip jie vertina šiandieninę stomatologiją Lietuvoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atlikdami pasiūlos tyrimą, rėmėmės laikraščių publikacijomis, telefonų knygos sąrašais, reklama. Didžioji informacijos dalis buvo surinkta tiesiogiai bendraujant su stomatologais. Darbe negalėjome pateikti statistinių duomenų, nes niekur neradome statistikos apie stomatologines paslaugas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Manome, kad šis darbas bus naudingas visiems, kurie domisi ir kuriems yra reikalinga informacija apie stomatologinių paslaugų pasiūlą ir paklausą.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 10:54:41',62,'','2011-01-11 10:57:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 10:54:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,120,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2392,'Marketingas (referatas)','marketingas-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kūno kultūros klubas “Mums gerai” užsiima sporto paslaugų teikimu. Remiantis literatūra sporto paslaugų teikimą būtų galima apibrėžti kaip tam tikrą veiksmų seką, kuri iš dalies yra neapčiuopiama ir kurią siūlo viena šalis kitai šaliai, siekdama patenkinti jos sveikatos, grožio, geros nuotaikos ar savijautos poreikius.  Pagrindinė šio klubo veikla, o ir paslauga - tai  aerobikos treniruotės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Combo” aerobika – tai treniruotė, kurioje atliekamos įvairios kombinacijos jungiant aukšto ir žemo intensyvumo pratimus. Gausu šuoliukų. Įvairaus pobūdžio pratimai tobulina kūną visapusiškai, o siautulinga muzika padeda užsimiršti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kūno dizainas (body shape) – tai kūno raumenų tvirtinimas įvairių priemonių pagalba(pvz.: svarelių). Tai užsiėmimai norinčioms turėti tvirtas kūno linijas, juk raumenukai moteriai tiesiog būtini.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aerobika ratu – tai treniruotė, kurioje persipina visos aerobikos rūšys.<br />Kalanetika – lėtas užsiėmimas. Atliekant vienos rūšies pratimą tempimo būdu (statinis darbas) bei jį kartojant iki 100 kartų, pasiekiamas maksimalus efektas. Šios treniruotės metu dirba giluminiai raumenys, o svorio mažinimo programoje – tai būtina.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sveikatingumo mankšta – treniruotė su jogos elementais. Jos metu reguliuojama visų kūno organų veikla.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Papildoma šio klubo paslauga būtų galima išskirti treniruotes su “Kettler” firmos treniruokliais, nes ji atsirado tik praėjusiais metais, o ir be to ji vyksta tik kartą savaitėje, kai kitos treniruotės vyksta kiekvieną dieną. Šio klubo teikiamų paslaugų asortimentas pavaizduotas 1 paveiksle: pagrindinė paslauga pažymėta juoda stora linija, o papildoma – punktyrine.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 20:12:07',62,'','2011-01-11 20:17:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 20:12:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,119,'','',0,46,'robots=\nauthor='),(2393,'Vadovo - kaip darbdavio ir darbuotojo santykiai organizacijoje (kursinis)','vadovo-kaip-darbdavio-ir-darbuotojo-santykiai-organizacijoje-kursinis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovų yra visokių – išmanančių verslą ir pradėjusių nuo nulio, bet tikinčių, kad pasiseks, vertinančių savo darbuotojus ir laikančių juos vos ne tarnais, mandagių bei malonių ir arogantiškų bei nesirenkančių žodžių. Tačiau visi jie moka įdarbintiems žmonėms atlyginimą, kurio dydis, beje, taip pat parodo vadovo požiūrį į žmones. Tačiau atlyginimai ir darbuotojų skatinimas įmonėje, pasirodo, yra ta tema, kuria verslininkai mažiausiai nori kalbėti. Susidaro įspūdis, kad vadovas- labiau rūpi firma nei joje dirbantys žmonės. Tai suprantama: jei firma klestės, darbuotojai turės darbo, o ir atlyginimą gaus didesnį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai   kurie  žmonės   dirba  tai  tarsi  tikėtųsi  gyventi  amžinai.   Norėdami išgyventi, visi  žmonės   privalo dirbti;  egzistavimas  šioje žemėje priklauso nuo mūsų sugebėjimo   pasigaminti  maistą,  įsirengti  pastogę  ir  pasisiūti  drabužius,  nuo  mūsų  sugebėjimo  valdyti pasaulį.   Sugebėjimas   ką nors  sukurti visiškai priklauso nuo mūsų valios ir noro dirbti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekviena visuomenė, nepaisant jos ekonominės organizacijos, - kapitalistinės ar socialinės  - turi išspręsti gamybos problemas, kad nuolat patenkintų  gyvybinius žmonių poreikius.   Tą  galima  padaryti  naudojant savanorišką  ar  privalomą  darbą. Kapitalistinėje  sistemoje  jokia  politinė valdžia   prievarta   neverčia   žmonių   dirbti, negrasina areštu ar  bausme, jei  kas nedirba. Kitaip buvo socialistinėje visuomenėje, tokioje kaip  Tarybų   Sąjunga, kur   kiekvienas   turėjo  dirbti  pagal  ūkio liaudies  centro   vystymo planą. Atsisakiusiems dirbti buvo taikomos bausmės arba net įkalindavo darbo stovyklose.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 20:18:11',62,'','2011-01-11 20:21:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 20:18:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,118,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2394,'Paslaugos ir prekės skirtumai','paslaugos-ir-preks-skirtumai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Norėdami suvokti paslaugų veiklos savitumą, pirmiausia reikia išsiaiškinti, kas yra paslauga ir kuo ji skiriasi nuo materialios prekės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Surasti universalų paslaugos apibrėžimą pirmiausia trukdo paslaugų įvairovė. Paslaugos sąvoka turi daugelį reikšmių, apimančių veiklą nuo asmeninės paslaugos iki paslaugos kaip produkto sudėtinės dalies.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mašina ar koks kitas tolimas nuo paslaugos produktas supanašėja į paslaugą vartotojui, jei pardavėjas stengiasi pritaikyti prekę individualiems vartotojo reikalavimams šiam produktui. Mašina, be abejo, yra fizinė prekė, bet būdas, kuriuo ji vis dažniau pateikiama šiuolaikiniam vartotojui, kai atsižvelgiama į jo individualias ypatybes ir pageidavimus, jau yra paslauga. Klestinčios chemijos pramonės firmos, parduodamos savo produktus, kartais siūlo jų naudojimo paslaugas. Avalynę gaminančių kompanijų administracija gali įkurti reklamacijas patenkinantį padalinį, kuris teikia paslaugas vartotojui, keisdamas nekokybišką prekę. Nors vartotojas tokį keitimą dažniausiai suvokia kaip papildomą vargą, o ne paslaugą, tai nekeičia esmės. Firmos, turėdamos tokių “užmaskuotų” paslaugų, gali įgyti rinkoje konkurencinį pranašumą. Dabar rinkoje vis dažniau siūlomas prekės – paslaugos derinys priartina paslaugą prie materialiosios prekės ir tiesiogine, ir perkeltine prasme.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 20:22:33',62,'','2011-01-11 20:26:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 20:22:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,117,'','',0,47,'robots=\nauthor='),(2395,'Organizacinės valdymo struktūros (schemos)','organizacins-valdymo-struktros-schemos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 20:26:44',62,'','2011-01-11 20:28:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 20:26:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,116,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(2396,'AB savininkų ir vadovų konfliktai ir jų sprendimas (referatas)','ab-savinink-ir-vadov-konfliktai-ir-j-sprendimas-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tezės susideda iš dviejų pagrindinių dalių - teorinių sprendimų ir tyrimų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teoriniai sprendimai apima įvairių autorių teorijas ir pastabas apie akcininkų tikslus, jų ir vadovų santykius įmonėje, atsakomybę, kontrolės ir skatinimo sistemas, bendrovių teisinę bazę, bendrovių valdymo formas. Teorinių sprendimų tikslas - išnagrinėti teorinę akcinės bendrovės savininkų ir vadovų konflikto pusę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tyrimai atlikti su tekstilės pramonės ir drabužių siuvimo įmonių rodikliais. Tyrimais nustatytas ryšys tarp ekonomikos pokyčių šalyje ir finansinių rezultatų, akcininkų sudėties ir akcijų kurso svyravimo, šakos ir bendrovės santykinių rodiklių, akcininkų sudėties įtakos aukščiau išvardintiems veiksniams. Tyrimų tikslas - išsiaiškinti, kokią įtaką bendrovės veiklai ir rezultatams turi vadovų, kaip akcininkų buvimas. Tyrimuose taip pat yra pateikta procedūra šiam konfliktui spręsti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Darbe 58 sunumeruoti puslapiai, 9 lentelės, 20 paveikslų, 6 priedai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiose magistro tezėse galima rasti atsakymus į klausimus: kokie yra akcininkų ir vadovų tikslai įmonėje, kokiose srityse dažniausiai kyla akcininkų ir vadovų konfliktai, vadovų kontrolės ir skatinimo priemonės, konflikto sprendimo procedūra, kokie įstatymai reglamentuoja akcininkų ir vadovų teises bei pareigas, kokie yra rinkos efektyvumo lygiai. Tai aktualūs klausimai bendrovių akcininkams, siekiantiems sėkmingai valdyti jų turimą turtą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tezių tikslas - akcininkų ir vadovų konfliktą nagrinėjančios teorijos išskyrimas, konfliktuojančių pusių įtakingumo įvertinimas bendrovės finansiniams rezultatams ir akcijų kursui rinkoje, konflikto sprendimo pasiūlymas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 20:30:40',62,'','2011-01-11 20:33:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 20:30:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,115,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2397,'Valdymo iššūkiai 21 amžiuje','valdymo-ikiai-21-amiuje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai mokomoji - apžvalginė knyga.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 20:34:31',62,'','2011-01-11 20:38:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 20:34:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,114,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2398,'Sistemų teorijos ','sistem-teorijos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 20:46:44',62,'','2011-01-11 20:49:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 20:46:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,113,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2399,'Pardavimai','pardavimai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pardavimas - tai nuolatinis priežasties pirkti jūsų prekę ar paslaugą kūrimas. Prekėmis ir paslaugomis prisotintoje rinkoje konkuruojama ne tik ir netgi ne tiek prekėmis, kiek priežasčių jas pirkti kūryba.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pardavimų konkurencija vis labiau keliasi į konkurenciją pardavimais profesionalumu, kūrybiškumu ir iniciatyva. Daugiau galimybių laimėti turi tas, kas savo konkurentą aplenkia žiniomis ir sugebėjimu jas tinkamai panaudoti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aukščiausio ir vidutinio lygmens vadovams bei specialistams skirtame pardavimų leidinyje pateikiamos pagrindinės žinios apie pardavimų organizavimą ir valdymą verslo įmonėje. Tai parankinė vadovo knyga apie pardavimus. Čia nesiūlomi gatavi konkrečių situacijų sprendimo receptai. Tačiau intelektualus ir kūrybingas vadovas šioje knygoje ras lakoniškai išdėstytų žinių, kurios padės jam modeliuoti ir spręsti konkrečias pardavimų problemas. Šioje knygoje vengta plačių teorinių samprotavimų. Praktiškos ir lengvai pritaikomos žinios dėstomos glaustai, konkrečiai ir aiškiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ši Konsultacijos vadovui\" serijos knyga yra bendras užsienio ir Lietuvos autorių kūrinys. Marketingo mokslo specifika yra ta, kad pastangos telkiamos konkrečiam rezultatui pasiekti rinkos sąlygomis. Pardavimai - lemianti verslo tikslų siekimo prielaida. Todėl logiška ir nuoseklu, kad rengiant Pardavimų\" segtuvą, dalyvauja Vilniaus universiteto ir Kauno technologijos universiteto marketingo katedrų mokslininkai. Tose katedrose yra sukaupta ne tik mokslo ir studijų, bet ir verslo konsultavimo, verslo tyrimo bei strategijų ir sprendimų paieškos projektų rengimo patirtis. Ši aplinkybė teikia vilčių, jog Pardavimų\" segtuvas paskatins sinerginį pardavimų mokslo ir praktikos efektą.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 20:49:58',62,'','2011-01-11 20:52:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 20:49:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,112,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2400,'Reklaminės kampanijos planavimas','reklamins-kampanijos-planavimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Reklama šiandien labai aktyviai skverbiasi į įvairias gyvenimo sritis. Be jos neįsivaizduojame ne tik prekybos, paslaugų teikimo, bet ir daugelio ekonominių sričių egzistavimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aktyvios rinkos sąlygomis, kai prekių gamyba, paslaugų teikimas didėja arba gali didėti sparčiau negu gyventojų perkamoji galia, reklama tampa viena svarbiausių priemonių pritraukti kuo daugiau klientų, formuoti jų poreikius ir taip paveikti, kad jie taptų nuolatiniais įmonės klientais. Kartu reklama tampa ir viena veiksmingiausių konkurencijos priemonių su kitomis prekybos įmonėmis, paslaugas teikiančiomis firmomis, kurios irgi siekia tokių pat tikslų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Reklamos apibūdinimas yra sudėtingas, kadangi nagrinėjant jos sąvoką, randame persipynusius tiek ekonomikos, sociologijos, tiek psichologijos ir estetikos klausimus. Keletas reklamos apibūdinimų pateikta 1 priede. Bendriausiąja prasme reklama yra ne kas kita, kaip užsakovo apmokamas neasmeniškas prekių, paslaugų ir idėjų propagavimas. Reklamą taip pat galima apibūdinti kaip sąmoningą, kryptingą ir planingą poveikį žmonėms, siekiant tam tikrų tikslų. Reklama, kuri naudojama kaip informacijos priemonė, yra tarpininkas tarp gamybos, cirkuliacijos ir vartojimo sferų, tarp prekių pasiūlos ir vartotojų paklausos.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 20:53:12',62,'','2011-01-11 21:00:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 20:53:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,111,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2401,'Produkto gaminimo veiklos organizavimas (referatas)','produkto-gaminimo-veiklos-organizavimas-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizavimas – žmonių ir materialinių darbo elementų sistemos, leidžiančios įgyvendinti sprendimą, sudarymas. Numačius visų reikalingų darbų eilę, pirmiausia reikia išnagrinėti kiekvieno atliekamo darbo technologiją, apsirūpinti įrankiais, įrengimais bei medžiagomis, parinkti kiekvienam darbui tinkamus vykdytojus, ir, išsiaiškinus, kas ir pagal kokius dėsnius juda darbo procese, pavesti tam tikriems darbuotojams atlikti veiksmus, reikalingus, kad tas judėjimas vyktų nustatytu režimu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Veikiant nuolatinio pasikartojimo režimu, būtina pasiekti, kad darbo objektas darbo produktu būtų paverčiamas naudojant kuo mažiau medžiagų, energijos, pinigų, žmogaus darbo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinis visos veiksmų visumos, vadinamos technologiniu procesu, elementas yra technologinė operacija. Tai – darbo dalis, skirta atlikti vienam darbuotojui (arba vienai nedalomai darbuotojų grupei) tam tikroje darbo vietoje. Darbų visumos skaidymas į technologines operacijas priklauso nuo technologijos lygio, naudojamų įrengimų, medžiagų ir darbuotojų sugebėjimų. Kaip matyti, valdymo procesas yra kartotinis – atlikus vieną veiksmą, grįžtama prie ankstesniųjų ir vėl jie atliekami.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 21:02:07',62,'','2011-01-11 21:05:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 21:02:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,110,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2402,'Vadybos teorijos konspektai 3 d. (schemos)','vadybos-teorijos-konspektai-3-d-schemos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 21:06:04',62,'','2011-01-11 21:08:05',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 21:06:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,109,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2403,'Šiuolaikinės darbo apmokėjimo tendencijos (referatas)','iuolaikins-darbo-apmokjimo-tendencijos-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmaisiais atkurtos Nepriklausomos Lietuvos Respublikos gyvavimo metais prasidėjo intensyvus visos šalies ekonomikos persitvarkymas iš planinės ekonomikos į rinkos ekonomiką. Lygiagrečiai formavosi ir nauji darbo santykiai tarp darbdavių ir darbuotojų. Susidarė prielaidos naujo darbo apmokėjimo įstatymo atsiradimui, kuris pradėjo veikti 1991 m. vasario mėn. 01 d. Vienas jo straipsnių (1 - as straipsnis) skelbia, kad Lietuvos Respublikoje darbuotojo darbo užmokestis priklauso nuo darbo paklausos ir pasiūlos darbo rinkoje, darbo kiekio ir kokybės bei įmonės veiklos rezultatų. Taip pat, kad yra draudžiama mažinti darbo užmokesti dėl lyties, amžiaus, rasės, tautybės ir politinių įsitikinimų. Darbo santykius Lietuvos Respublikoje dar reguliuoja Gyventojų pajamų garantijų, Darbo sutarties ir kolektyvinių susitarimų ir sutarčių įstatymai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kalbant apie šiuolaikines darbo tendencijas, mūsų uždavinys yra apibendrinti kokios darbo sistemos labiausiai stiprina darbo motyvavimą. Lietuvos Respublikos vyriausybei užsibrėžus strateginį tikslą įsijungti tiek į politinę tiek į ekonominę Vakarų Europos šalių sąjungą, tapo aktualu pritaikyti Vakarų Europos šalių patirtą savo vidinėms problemoms bei uždaviniams spręsti. Tokiu būdu mes galime remtis Vakarų Europos šalių patirtimi, sprendžiant darbo užmokesčio organizavimo problemas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 21:09:43',62,'','2011-01-11 21:17:16',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 21:09:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,108,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(2404,'Vadybos teorijos (skaidrės)','vadybos-teorijos-skaidrs','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 21:17:57',62,'','2011-01-11 21:19:36',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 21:17:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,107,'','',0,49,'robots=\nauthor='),(2405,'Vadybos funkcijos','vadybos-funkcijos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadybos pagrindų uždavinys duoti bendrą supratimą apie formalias ir neformalias, komercines ir nekomercines, mažas ir dideles organizacijas ir efektyvų jų, valdymą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Geras vadovas privalo atsižvelgti į susidariusią padėtį ir veikti prognozuodamas įvykius - numatyti, kas bus ateityje, ir jiems rengtis, o ne veikti reaguojant į jau įvykusius įvykius.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadybos sritis yra labai plati, dėl to bus pateikiama kiek galima daugiau pažiūrų. Viso kurso metu bus akcentuojama, kad vadovas privalo nuolat analizuoti organizacijos pada1inilĮ sąryšį, organizacijos ir išorinės aplinkos ryšius ir žinoti, kad bet koks sprendimas vienaip ar kitaip paveiks visą organizaciją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kurso tikslas - parodyti tuos dalykus, kuriuos reikia studijuoti gilinant vadybos žinias ir dirbant praktinį vadovo darbą; suteikti vadybos žinių pagrindus tiems moduliams, kurie bus giliau studijuojami aukštesniuose kursuose.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 21:20:13',62,'','2011-01-11 21:22:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 21:20:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,106,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2406,'Personalo vadyba (refertas)','personalo-vadyba-refertas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Laikas – pinigai. Tai ne banali tiesa, o realybė. Mat veiklos žmogaus laikas (kaip ir pinigai) labai brangus, nes jo nuolat trūksta. Tačiau jeigu pinigai yra įgyjamas dalykas, tai laikas – unikalus resursas. Jo negalima kompensuoti arba sukaupti. Bet su juo, kaip ir su kiekvienu resursu, galima elgtis efektyviai arba išlaidžiai – ir tai priklauso nuo mūsų pačių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Išmokti tvarkyti vadovui savo ir savo pavaldinių laiką – sudėtingas uždavinys. Teisingai yra pastebėjęs rašytojas ir konsultantas Piteris Drukeris, jog „laiko atsargos laibai mažos, ir jeigu jūs nesugebate jo reikiamai tvarkyti, tai jums nesiseks sumaniai elgtis ir kitais atvejais”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tad šio darbo tikslas ir bus – atskleisti kaip tinkamiau vadovui sudaryti savo darbo laiko biudžetą ir kuo geriau jį panaudoti, kad nė viena valanda nepražūtų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip pasakė vienas protingas žmogus - laikas yra visų vertingiausias dalykas, o jo gaišinimas – visų didžiausias išlaidumas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 21:23:17',62,'','2011-01-11 21:26:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 21:23:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,105,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(2407,'Naujo gaminio įvedimas į rinką','naujo-gaminio-vedimas-rink','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 21:33:40',62,'','2011-01-11 21:36:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 21:33:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,104,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2408,'Projektų valdymo sistemų paskirtis ir funkcijos (špera)','projekt-valdymo-sistem-paskirtis-ir-funkcijos-pera','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bendru atveju tai priemonės, leidžiančios menedžeriui palaikyti visus projekto valdymo etapus, nuo tikslų iki jų pasiekimo. Skiriami 3 pagr. etapai: - projekto struktūros sudarymas; - projekto laikinė analizė; - resursų sudarymas ir paskirstymas, būtinas vykdant projektą, kalendorinis planavimas, įvertinant ribotus resursus; - projekto vykdymo proceso kontrolė ir operatyvus valdymas. Kai pereinama prie projekto realizacijos dažnai neįsivaizduojama apie būsimus darbus ir būtinas tam išlaidas. Firmos vadovai dažnai negali gauti atsakymų susijusių su būsimais darbais.Projektų valdymo sistema suteikia tikslius planavimo algoritmus, kurių bazinė koncepcija – darbų kompleksas ir resursų kompleksas. Sist. turi turėti patogias projekto darbų aprašymo priemones, projekto apribojimo ir atvaizdavimo priemones. Sist. turi turėti ekranines formas duomenų įvedimui ir 3 pagr. projekto atvaizdus: Grantt’o diagramą, tinklinę ir hierarchines diagr.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Laikinė projekto analizė jungia uždavinių atlikimo laikinį planavimą, įvairių laikinių rodiklių skaičiavimus. Kritinių uždavinių išaiškinimas. Kad būtų atliekamas kalendorinės planavimas. sistema turi palaikyti darbo laikų grafiką. Granto diagrama vaizdžiai atvaizduoja uždavinį laiko ašyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Svarbus planavimo etapas – projekto realizavimo resursinė analizė. Kiekvienas projekto uždavinys turi įvairius resursus. Realūs projektai turi apribotus resursus. Projektų valdymo sisiemos turi turėti priemones resursų aprašymui ir jų paskirstymui pagal uždavinius, taip pat kontrolės ir reguliavimo priemones pagal laiką. Jei resursai yra perkrauti t. y. kai kuriais laiko momentais uždavinio paklausa gali viršyti max leistiną kiekį. Resursų paskirstymo hiptograma vaizdžiai rodo perkrovimo ir išretinimo vietas, o resursų išlyginimo priemonės leidžia perplanuoti projektą, įvertinant resursų apribojimus. Kai sudaromas projekto planas, vadovybė tampa atsakinga už projekto įgyvendinimą. Projekto valdymą kontroliuoja 3 charakt.: laikas, resursai ir išlaidos. Svarbi sistemos pusė – ataskaitos. Ataskaitos leidžia į sistemą pažiūrėti iš skirtingų taškų, taip pat tai priemonė informacijos pateikimo vykdytojams. Ataskaitų forma turi būti pakankamai lanksti, kad informacija būtų atvaizduojama prieinamoje formoje.  Tokiu būdu projektų valdymo sistema, priklausanti vidutinėms ir brangioms sistemoms, turi:  Projekto darbų komplekso aprašymo priemones, nurodant ryšį tarp darbų ir laikines charakter.; Informacines priemones apie resursus ir projekto išlaidas atskiriems uždaviniams, kalendorinio planavimo priemones, esant ribotiems resursams; Projekto eigos kontrolės priemones;  Projekto ataskaitų priemones, tame tarpe grafines priemones. Skirtumai tarp sistemų būna, kaip sistemos realizuoja įvairias priemones. 1 iš svarbiausių rodiklių – lankstumas t.y. galimybė maksimaliai tiksliai aprašyti įvairias veiklos rūšis ir realias valdymo situacijas. Laikinės charakteristikos gali būti – max atskiro uždavinio trukmė, max projekto uždavinio trukmė, max projekto trukmė, laiko vienetai, reikalingi planavimui, skaičiuojami laiko rezervų tipai, galimybė surišti uždavinių laike su paskirtais resursais. Ryšių lankstumą tarp uždavinių charakterizuojamas leistinais ryšių tipais , max kiekiu prieš ir po einančiais uždaviniais. Svarbus rodiklis – max uždavinių kiekis projekte. Analogiškai taip pat egzistuoja rodikliai, charakter. resursų, kontrolės priemonių lankstumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Labai svarbūs – duom. importas / eksportas, darbas tinkle, darbas su keletu projektų, makro apibrėžimai, periferinių įrenginių palaikymas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-11 21:38:05',62,'','2011-01-11 21:46:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-11 21:38:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,103,'','',0,52,'robots=\nauthor='),(2409,'Visuomenės sveikata','visuomens-sveikata','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Visuomenės sveikata. Įvadas.<br /><br />Visuomenės sveikata – tai fizinė ir dvasinė gerovė.<br />Valstybė negali išsaugoti sveikatos – ji gali sudaryti sąlygas ją tausoti.<br /><br />•    PSO, eurostrategija “Sveikata visiems XXI a.”, Europos chartijų, Lietuvos sveikatos programos nuostatos įvairiais gyventojų sveikatos klausimais.<br />•    Lietuvos gyventojų sveikatos būklė:<br /> gyventojų sveikatos rodikliai<br /> sergamumas ir jį sąlygojantys veiksniai<br /> mirtingumas ir jį sąlygojantys veiksniai<br />•    Aplinka ir sveikata:<br /> atmosferos oro<br /> vandens<br /> dirvožemio užterštumas ir gyventojų sveikata<br /> miesto plėtra ir miesto gyventojų sveikatos problemos<br /> aplinkos ir sveikatos stebėsena (monitoringas )<br />•    Sveikatinanti mityba<br />•    Vaikų sveikata ir ją sąlygojantys veiksniai<br />•    Žmonių gyvensenos problemos<br />•    Profesinė sveikata</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Sveikatos apsauga – tai praktinė medicina. Gydymo, profilaktikos ir higienos institucijos organizuoja profilaktines priemones, teikiančias gyventojams medicinos pagalbą. Higiena – medicinos mokslo šaka, tirianti įvairių veiksnių įtaką žmogaus organizmui, nurodanti būdus bei priemones, kaip išvengti ligų, sudaryti optimalias sąlygas žmonių veiklai, pailginti jų darbingą amžių. Aplinkos medicina - medicinos mokslo šaka, higienos sritis, tirianti aplinkos taršą ir šios taršos įtaką gyventojų sveikatai, rengianti aplinkos veiksnių reglamentus, nurodanti konkrečias priemones, kaip išvengti ekologinės kilmės ligų arba sumažinti užterštos aplinkos poveikį žmogui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Profilaktika:<br />pirminė – sveikas žmogus ( visuomeninių, medicininių ir individualių priemonių kompleksas sveikatai stiprinti ir tausoti; rizikos veiksnių nustatymas ir kova su jais )<br />antrinė – pradedantis sirgti žmogus<br />tretinė – lėtine liga sergantis žmogus arba žmogus su negalia<br /><br />Higiena kaip disciplina skirstoma taip:<br />bendroji<br />aplinkos<br />darbo ir poilsio<br />mitybos<br />vaikų <br />radiacinė<br /><br />Ryšys su kitomis disciplinomis:<br />dietologija (mitybos vertinimas)<br />gamybos veiksniai, jų neigiamas poveikis (darbo higiena)<br />onkologija (aplinkos ir darbo higiena)<br />epidemiologija (profilaktinės priemonės)<br />taip pat biologija, fizika, chemija, architektūra, žemės ūkis, fiziologija, biochemija, patologija, biofizika, toksikologija, klinikinė medicina, klimatologija ir kt...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-12 10:07:16',62,'','2011-01-12 10:16:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-12 10:07:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,18,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(2410,'Ausų ligos','aus-ligos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ŽMONIŲ, SERGANČIŲ AUSŲ LIGOMIS ATPAŽINIMAS</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Klausos problemų gali turėti įvairaus amžiaus žmonės, tačiau dažniausiai jos vargina vyresnius. Vaikas, turintis klausos problemų, nuolat klausia, kas sakoma. Paprastai toks vaikas elgiasi triukšmingai ir netgi agresyviai. Jei nėra žinoma, jog vaiką vargina klausos problemos, galima greitai susinervinti. Vyresnio amžiaus asmuo, turintis klausos problemų, dažnai būna tylus, vengia būti kitų žmonių draugijoje. Daug žmonių, turinčių klausos problemų, nori tai nuslėpti, todėl apsimeta, kad girdi geriau nei iš tikrųjų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ausies anatomija ir fiziologija</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Anatomiįa. Ausį sudaro išorinė ausis, vidurinė ausis su processus mastoideus bei vidinė ausis. Išorinę ausį sudaro aurikulė, klausos kanalas ir būgnelis. Vidurinioji ausis yra netaisyklinga oro pripildyta ertmė su trimis viduriniosios ausies kauleliais: plaktuku, priekalu ir kilpa.Vidurinės ausies kaulai laisvai sujungti vienas su kitu ir perduoda garso bangas iš būgnelio į ovalųjį langelį, kuris sudaro perėjimą į vidinę ausį. Vidurinei ausiai taip pat priklauso processus mastoideus su oro pripildyta ląstelių sistema (mastoidinėmis ląstelėmis) ir ausies trimitas  arba Eustachijaus vamzdis. Trimitas susijęs su nosiarykle, rhinopharyngs, ir padeda palaikyti oro slėgio pusiausvyra abiejose būgnelio pusėse. Kai žmogus ryja, oras iš nosiaryklės per trimitą patenka į vidurinę ausį. Vidinę ausį, labirintą, sudaro du jusliu organai, vienas yra klausos, o kitas  pusiausvyros ir pozicijos. Sraigė susijusi su klausa. Vestibuliarinis aparatas susijęs su pusiausvyra ir pozicija. Jį sudaro vestibulum auris ir pusratinių kanalų sistema.Klausos sutrikimas gali būti įgimtas arba įgytas, gali būti vienpusis arba abipusis. Žmogus, kurio klausa nusilpusi, vadinamas žmogumi su klausos negalia. Žodžiai klausos negale apibūdina bendrai visus klausos nusilpimo lygius - nuo nestipriai nusilpusios klausos iki visiško kurtumo. Žmonės, kuriu klausa susilpnėjusi nežymiai, anksčiau buvo vadinami neprigirdinčiais. Svarbiausia nusilpusios klausos pasekoje slypi pačiuose žodžiuose klausos negalė; Žmogus turi negalią - socialiai ir kitais būdais, - kadangi jo klausa yra susilpnėjusi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogus laikomas kurčiu jei jo klausa nusilpusi taip, kad jis gali suprasti tik atskirus žmogaus kalbos garsus, net ir su stipriu klausos aparatu. Stipri vaiko klausos negalė labai įtakoja jų kalbos ir sąvokų vystymąsi. Dėl įgimto arba anksti įgyto stipraus klausos sutrikimo žmogaus šnekamoji kalba gali būti nesuprantama. Vaikui, kuriam stipriai sutrikusi klausa reikalinga didelė psichologinė parama, plati pedagoginė pagalba ir įvairios techninės pagalbos priemonės. Žmogus, kuris visiškai negirdi, gali ir visiškai nekalbėti (kurčnebylumas). Kurtiesiems ir kitiems labai silpnai girdintiems skaitymas iš lūpų ir ženklų kalba yra pagrindinės  bendravimo su kitais žmonėmis galimybės. Sąvoka atskyrimas reiškia sugebėjimą vieną nuo kito atskirti garsus. Geras atskyrimas priklauso nuo to ar žmogus girdi visus dažnius, kadangi kalbos tono aukštis yra skirtingas. Priebalsiai paprastai yra aukštesni nei balsiai. Todėl dėl aukštųjų dažnių klausos praradimo žmogus negirdi priebalsių. Kitų žmonių kalba atrodo “sumaišyta”. Žmogus girdi, jog kažkas sakoma, tačiau negirdi, kas sakoma.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-12 10:16:48',62,'','2011-01-12 10:26:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-12 10:16:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',7,0,17,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(2411,'Narkotikai','narkotikai','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">NARKOTIKAI - tai organinės ar neorganinės kilmės vaistinė medžiaga, vartojama gryna ar kaip sudėtinė preparatų dalis . Toks narkotikų apibrėžimas pateikiamas žodyne , tačiau jis dar ne visas. Narkotikai vadinama chemine medžiaga , veikianti jūsų organizmą , galinti keisti nuotaiką, elgesį, klausos ir regos pojūčius bei kitus jutimus. Medžiaga paprasta, bet jos poveikis tikrai nepaprastas !</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kokainas. Kokainas gaunamas iš kokamedžio, augančio Pietų Amerikos kalnuose, lapų. 1855 m. buvo sukurta kokaino ištraukimo iš lapu technologija. Kokainas . Medicinoje buvo vartojamas kaip vietinės nejautros priemonė. Aštuntame dešimtmetyje jis išpopuliarėjo tarp turtingųjų, nes yra labai brangus. Kokainas - stiprus nervų sistemos stimuliantas, panašus į amfetaminus. Tačiau poveikis trunka neilgai (apie 30min.).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Trakviliantai. Tai tokie, dar kitaip vadinami depresantais, narkotikai. Paprastai gydytojas juos skiria ligoniams, kuriuos kankina nemiga, kurie turi rimtų asmeninių problemų. Bet juos leidžiasi ir tie, kurie vartoja nelegalius narkotikus, tokius kaip heroinas. Šie narkotikai nuramina žmones. Ilgai juos vartodamas, žmogus jaučia depresiją, nenuspėjamai ir agresyviai elgiasi. Nustojus vartoti, atsiranda nuovargis, nerimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Krekas. Krekas - tai greičiau veikiančio kokaino atmaina. Jis maišomas su vandeniu ir cheminėmis medžiagomis, pvz., amoniako ar kepimo milteliais, po to vanduo išgarinamas. Gauta kieta medžiaga kaitinama ir gali būti rūkoma. Krekas parduodamas gelsvais vaškingais trupinėliais - \"dozėmis\". Dar esti baltų granulių pavidalo kreko, panašaus į pieno miltelius. Dozės susukamos į popierių ar į lipnią plėvelę. Krekas per 10 sekundžių pasiekia smegenis. Vartotoją užplūsta neapsakomo malonumo ir susijaudinimo banga, trunkanti apie 10 minučių. Po to prasideda blogumas, nė kiek ne mažesnis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Amfetaminas. Amfetaminai - sintetiniai stimuliantai, anksčiau juos skirdavo norintiems suliesėti ir nuo depresijos. Šiuo metu gydytojai juos išrašo retai ir tik ypatingais atvejais. Antrojo pasaulinio karo bei karo Vietname metu jų duodavo kareiviams, kad būtų aršesni. Nuo jų ilgai nenori miegoti ir valgyti. Jie stimuliuoja nervų sistemą, greitina širdies veiklą ir kvėpavimą. Vartotojai jaučiasi labai energingi, labai žvalūs ir labai susijaudinę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ecstazy. Populiariausias šokių narkotikas  vartojamas apetitui slopinti. Dažniausiai pasitaiko rudų ar baltų tablečių, arba spalvotų kapsulių \"Ecstazy\". Jų būna įvairių dydžių ir formų arba rūšių - gėlyčių, širdelių ar dar kokios nors formos. Niekada nežinai, kokia tabletės sudėtis. Tabletės dažnai sugrūdamos ir į jas pridedama kitų narkotikų pvz., heroino. Problemų atsiranda išgėrus \"Ecstazy\" ir pradėjus šokti. Darosi vis karščiau. Laikas atsivėsinti... \"Ecstazy\" kelia kūno temperatūrą. Kai kurie šokėjai netenka kelių litrų skysčių per naktį. Jei taip atsitiko tau, turi išgerti mažiausiai 400 g. skysčio kas valandą ( tinka vanduo ).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Heroinas. Heroinas - opiatų grupei priklausantis narkotikas; opiatus gydytojai skiria ir skausmui numalšinti. Jie gaminami iš opijinių aguonų. Tiesą sakant, pirmą kartą heroinas buvo panaudotas morfinui pakeisti, nors morfinas gerai slopina skausmą, prie jo labai priprantama. Heroinas pasirodė esąs dar geresnė skausmo malšinimo priemonė, bet prie jo tik dar greičiau priprantama. Nuo gryno heroino mirštama per kelias minutes. Jis maišomas su kitais milteliais - kofeinu, talku, gliukoze, miltais bei kreida ir tampa rusvas. Parduodamas mažais popieriaus paketėliais. Heroiną galima uostyti kaip ir kokainą arba maišyti su tabaku ir rūkyti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kanapės. Kanapės - tai vešlus dilgėlių ir apynių šeimos augalas. Europoje kanapės buvo vartojamos galvos skausmui, nemigai ir mėnesinių skausmams gydyti. Kanapės parduodamos įvairios formos ir pavidalo. Pirmiausia marihuana, toliau derva, hašišas: kieti rudi, juodi grumsteliai ir kanapių aliejus (lipnus, panašus į sirupo skystį) stipriausia kanapių forma. Nuo mažos kanapių dozės pasijusite ramus, patenkinti arba mieguisti. Galite kikenti nesustodami ar pajusti alkį. Spalvos tampa ryškesnės, garsai skambesni. Arba apsvaigsite (kaip nuo alkoholio). Įvairūs tyrimai parodė, kad rūkant kanapės pavojus susirgti plaučių vėžiu 5-10 kartų didesnis negu rūkant cigaretes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-12 10:27:11',62,'','2011-01-12 10:30:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-12 10:27:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,16,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2412,'Anestiozologija','anestiozologija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ligonio paruošimas anestezijai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Anamnezė. 1) Buvusios anestezijos, jų eiga, komplikacijos, ponarkozinio periodo ypatumai: pykinimas, vėmimas, sunkus pabudimas, pooperacinė gelta, popunkcinis galvos skausmas. 2) Esamos ir buvusios ligos. a) Širdies ir kraujagyslių ligos<br />-    Stenokardija: ar ji buvo, kas ją skatina, trukmė, priepuolį nutraukiantys vaistai;<br />-    Persirgti miokardo infarktai, liekamieji reiškiniai po to. Planines operacija saugiausia atlikti pprėjus 6 mėn po persirgto MI.<br />-    Fizino krūvio tolerancija. Vertinama pagal NYHA klasifikaciją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">I klasė – normalus fizinis krūvis nesukelia nuovargio, oro trūkumo ar širdies plakimo. II klasė – ramybės metu savijauta gera; tik sunkus fizinis krūvis sukelia nuovargį, oro trūkumą, širdies plakimą ar skausmą krūtinėje. III klasė – vidutinis fizinis krūvis sukelia nuovargį, oro trūkumą, širdies plakimą ar skausmą krūtinėje. IV klasė – bet koks fizinis aktyvumas sukelia nemalonų pojūtį krūtinėje; pasireiškia dusuliu, tachikardija, stenokardija; požymiai išlieka ir ramybėje.<br />-    Negydoma arba netinkamai gydoma arterinė hipertenzija (diastolinis AKS nuolat yra &gt;110mmHg) didina anestezijos riziką, nes galimi AKS svyravimai, aritmijos, insultas, miokardo išemija. AKS iki operacijos vaistais būtina sureguliuoti iki 160-170/95mmHg ribų.<br />-    Ligoniai, nuolat vartojantys antikoaguliantus. Prieš operacijąilgo veikimo antikoaguliantai nutraukiami, apliekamas tik heparinas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">b) Kvėpavimo sistemos ligos<br />-    Kosulys ir skrepliavimas<br />-    Dusulys<br />-    Ūminė kvėpavimo takų infekcija (sloga, prikimęs balsas, skausmas gerklėje)<br />-    Lėtinė obstrukcinė plaučių liga.<br />-    Reakcija į fizinį krūvį. Paciento prašoma atsakyti į šiuos klausimus:<br />• Ar gali užlipti laiptais nesustodamas ir į kurį aukštą?<br />• Ar gali nubėgti 20-30 metrų?<br />• Ar nueina iki parduotuvės?<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-12 10:32:23',62,'','2011-01-12 10:36:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-12 10:32:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,15,'','',0,31,'robots=\nauthor='),(2413,'Pagrindinės epidemiologijos sąvokos','pagrindins-epidemiologijos-svokos','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Absoliuti rizika (absolute risk) – žr. veiksnio nulemta rizika. Analitiniai tyrimai (analytical studies) –epidemiologiniai stebėjimo tyrimai, kurių tikslas nustatyti ryšį tarp ligų ir tam tikrų veiksnių. Šie tyrimai skirstomi į ekologinius (koreliacinius), vienmomenčius, atvejo ir kontrolės ir kohortinius. Anketa (questionnaire) – žr. klausimynas. Ankstyvoji profilaktika (primordial prevention) – žr. profilaktika. Antrinė profilaktika (secondary prevention) – žr. profilaktika. Aprašomieji tyrimai (descriptive studies) – epidemiologiniai stebėjimo tyrimai, kurių tikslas nustatyti ligų ir/arba kitų veiksnių dažnumą populiacijoje. Juos atliekant nesiekiama vertinti ryšio tarp ligų ir rizikos veiksnių. Apribojimas (restriction) - epidemiologinių tyrimų planavimo metodas, taikomas tyrimą iškraipančių veiksnių įtakai mažinti. Pavyzdžiui, jei manoma, kad rūkymas gali turėti įtakos ryšiui tarp tam tikros ligos ir tiriamo veiksnio, tiriami tik nerūkantieji asmenys. Atminties klaida (recall bias) - sisteminė klaida, atsirandanti dėl to, kad sergantys ir sveiki asmenys skirtingai atsimena praeities įvykius. Šios klaidos būdingos atvejo ir kontrolės tyrimams. Pavyzdžiui, sergančios krūties vėžiu moterys gali tiksliau papasakoti apie buvusius abortus nei sveikosios. Atranka (sampling) – imties sudarymas. Atrankos metu sudaromos atsitiktinės ir neatsitiktinės imtys.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atrankos klaida (selection bias) – sisteminė klaida, atsirandanti dėl netinkamos atrankos metodikos, kai skiriasi į tiriamąją imtį patekę ir nepatekę žmonės arba tyrime dalyvavę ir nedalyvavę asmenys. Atrankos klaidos dažnai atsiranda, atliekant atvejo ir kontrolės tyrimus, jei netiksliai atrenkamos ligonių (atvejų) ir sveikųjų (kontrolės) grupės – t.y. ligonių grupė skiriasi nuo kontrolinės pagal tam tikrus požymius (pvz., amžius, lytis, išsilavinimas ir kt.). Atsako dažnumas (response rate) – tiriamųjų ir kviestųjų į tyrimą asmenų santykis, dažniausiai išreiškiamas procentais. Atsitiktinė imtis (random sample) – žr. imtis. Atsitiktinė klaida (random error) – stebėjimo duomenų atsitiktinis nuokrypis nuo tikrosios reikšmės. Atsitiktinis tiriamųjų grupių sudarymas (randomization) – epidemiologinių tyrimų metodas, kuriuo tiriamieji suskirstomi į grupes atsitiktinumo principu pagrįstais metodais. Atvejis (case) – tam tikra liga, ligos padarinys ar kitas analizuojamas požymis, nustatytas populiacijos nariui. Vienam populiacijos nariui galimi keli ligos atvejai, pvz., kartotinis miokardo infarktas. Atvejo ir kontrolės tyrimas (case-control study) – analitinis stebėjimo tyrimas, kurio tikslas nustatyti galimas ligų priežastis, lyginant tam tikra liga sergančius (atvejai) ir nesergančius žmones(kontrolė). Baigtys (outcomes) – visi galimi veiksnio, profilaktikos ar gydomųjų priemonių poveikio analizuojamai ligai rezultatai (pvz.: liga, mirtis, invalidumas, pasveikimas ir t.t.). Bandomasis tyrimas (pilot study) – tyrimo metodų tikrinimas, tiriant mažą žmonių grupę. Jei metodai tinkami, jie vėliau taikomi dideliems tyrimams. Bendrasis sergamumas (attack rate) – per metus nustatytų visų ligos atvejų (naujų ir kartotinių) ir tų metų vidutinio gyventojų skaičiaus santykis (pvz., naujų ir kartotinių miokardo infarkto, galvos smegenų insulto atvejų dažnumas). Binominis skirstinys (binomial distribution) – dichotomine matavimų skale matuojamų požymių reikšmių skirstinys (pasiskirstymo dėsnis). Šis skirstinys apibūdinamas parametru p, reiškiančiu požymio tikimybę įgyti vieną iš dviejų galimų reikšmių (požymio tikimybė įgauti antrąją reikšmę lygi 1-p). Biologinis patikimumas (biological plausibility) – žr. ryšys. Chi kvadrato (χ2) kriterijus (chi square test) – statistinis kriterijus, dažniausiai taikomas tikrinant kokybinių požymių ryšio hipotezes. Dažninis suvienodinimas (frequency matching) – žr. suvienodinimas. Dažnumas (rate) – bendrasis ligų arba su sveikata susijusių populiacijos požymių pasireiškimo rodiklis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-12 10:37:27',62,'','2011-01-12 10:42:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-12 10:37:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(2414,'Alkoholis. Jo žala','alkoholis-jo-ala','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Alkoholiai ( arab. al kuhl -  stibio milteliai ): 1.– angliavandenilių dariniai,     organiniai junginiai, turintys molekulėje vieną arba kelis hidroksilus ( OH ), prijungtus prie sočiųjų anglies atomų; 2. šnek. spiritas, etilo alkoholis C2H5OH. Pagal hidroksilų skaičių molekulėje alkoholiai skirstomi į monohidroksilius, dihidroksilius ( glikolius ), trihidroksilius ( pvz.: glicerinas) ir polihidroksilius ( poliolius, pvz.: sorbitas ). Medicinoje didžiausią reikšmę turi monohidroksiliai alkoholiai. Iš jų dažniausiai vartojamas ( kaip dezinfekuojanti medžiaga, kaip tirpiklis įv. skystosioms vaistų formoms ir odą dirdinantiems linimentams gaminti ) etilo alkoholis, arba etanolis. Kur kas nuodingesni už jį metilo alkoholis, arba metanolis, ir propilo alkoholis, arba propanolis, vartojami tik tech. tikslams. Iš kvapo metanolis ir propanolis panašūs į etilo alkoholį, todėl išgėrus vietoj pastarojo, jais apsinuodijama. Nuodingi aštraus nemalonaus kvapo butilo, amilo ir heksilo alkoholiai naudojami tik tech. tikslams medicinoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Metilo alkoholis, metanolis, arba medžio spiritas, vienas iš monohidroksilių ( alkoholių ). Labai nuodingas. Vartojama svien tech. reikalams. Iš kvapo panašus į etilo alkoholį, todėl kartais palaikomas juo, išgeriama ir apsinuodijama. Apsinuodijimo požymius sukelia metanolio skilimo produktai – formaldehidas ir skruzdžių rūgštis. Ūmiai apsinuodyti galima išgėrus 30 – 50g , kartais ir mažiau. Apsinuodijimo požymių atsiranda po 18 – 24h : smarkiai skauda pilvą, vystosi acidozė, sutrinka sąmonė, sumažėja šlapimo išsiskyrimas, trinka regėjimas, net galima apakti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Apsinuodijusiam reikia kuo greičiau išvalyti virškinamąjį traktą: sikelti vėmimą ir išplauti skrandį. Skrandis plaunamas vandeniu ( į jį dedama aktyvuotos anglies ) arba 1 – 5% natrio hidrokarbonato ( geriamosios sodos ) tirpalu. Ligonis gydomas ligoninėje. Priešnuodis – etilo alkoholis, todėl ligoniui skubiai duodama gerti 30 – 40% etilo alkoholio. Jei jis be sąmonės, etilo alkoholis su spec. tirpalu lašinamas į veną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Alkoholiniai gėrimai, gėrimai, kuriuose yra etilo alkoholio ( etanolio ). Pagal jo kiekį alkoholiniai gėrimai būna silpnieji ( 0,8 – 6% tūrio alkoholio; pvz. : duonos  gira,  alus ), vid. stiprumo ( 8 – 20%; vynas ), stiprieji ( 20 – 50 %; degtinė, likeris, konjakas ). Alkoholiniai gėrimai gaminami iš įv. žaliavos: alus daugiausia iš miežių, vynas– iš uogų ( daugiausiai iš vynuogių) ir vaisių, konjakas – iš vynuogių, likeris, degtinė – iš etilo alkoholio. Pagrindinė alkoholinių gėrimų veiklioji medžiaga yra etilo alkoholis, kuris didesniais kiekiais kenkia organizmui ir sukelia patologinę girtumo būseną. Ilgesnį laiką sistemingai geriant alkoholinius gėrimus, galima susirgti alkoholizmu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Alkoholizmas, liga, kurią sukelia dažnas alkoholinių gėrimų vartojamas. Reiškiasi liguistu, sunkiai įveikiamu potraukiu alkoholiui. Dažniausia serga 20 – 40 m. vyrai, rečiau, bet sunkiau  - moterys bei paaugliai. Kartais alkoholizmas būna kitos ligos simptomas. Prasideda iš lėto, paprastai po 5 – 10 m. piktnaudžiavimo alkoholiu, kai su potraukiu gerti atsiranda abstinensijos sindromas ir poreikis atsipagirioti. Tuomet ligonis geria vienas, slapčia ir bet kokio alkoholio. Dažnai prasideda lėtinis gastritas, opaligė, enterokolitas, hepatitas, kepenų cirozė, pankreatitas, impotencija, rečiau būna širdies kraujagyslių sistemos sutrokimų ( pažeidžiamas  širdies raumuo, sutrinka širdies ritmas, prasideda hipertonija ).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Nuo alkoholizmo gydoma narkologiniame dispanseryje, sunkiais atvejais – narkologiniuose ligonių skyriuose. Visų pirma vaistais šalinami abstinencijos sindromo reiškiniai  ( nemiga, nuotaikos sutrikimai ), stiprinamas ligonio organizmas. Vėliau stengiamasi atgrasinti nuo alkoholio ( pvz., kad sukeltų pasišlykštėjimą alkoholiu, ligoniui duodama vėmimą skatinančių vaistų ir alkoholio ). Ligononėje gydoma ~ 2mėn, paskui ligonis dar gydomas namuose. Nuo alkoholizmo žmogus pasveiksta , jeigu tampa visišku abstinentu. pasitaiko, kad ligonis pasveiksta savaime. Liguistas potraukis alkoholiui gali vėl atsirasti ir po daugelio metų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-12 10:42:39',62,'','2011-01-12 10:45:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-12 10:42:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,13,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2415,'Biokultūra','biokultra','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kultūra - tai informacija, kurią vienas individas perduoda kitam ne per genus, o per nervų sistemą, pavyzdžiui,  per mėgdžiojimą ar mokymą. Kultūros raida vadinama egzosomatinė evoliucija (evoliucija už kūno ribų). Gebėjimas įgyti kultūrą išsirutuliojo palengva. Žemesniųjų gyvūnų elgsena pagrįsta gana nelanksčiais refleksais. Ilgainiui šiuos refleksus vis labiau ėmė valdyti aukštesnieji nerviniai centrai. Aukštesniųjų centrų valdoma elgsena darosi vis įvairesnė, o mokymasis vis svarbesnis. Mokymasis mėgdžiojant atsirado vėliau, nes tam individas turi turėti sąvoką “aš” ir nors kiek suvokti, jog kito individo elgsena kažkuo panaši į jo paties. Tačiau aukštesnioji kultūra įmanoma tik vartojant kalbą. Kurdamas aukštesniąją kultūrą, žmogus sukūrė technologiją ir, kas svarbiau, naujas “dvasines” koncepcijas, tarp jų kosmologijas, kurios pakeitė jo požiūrį į pasaulį. Jos išaugo iš dvejopų biologinių šaknų - noro jaustis saugiam ir noro būti kažkieno globojamam bei iš smalsumo. Tokius poreikius turi ir kai kurie kiti gyvūnai, bet žmoguje jie pasireiškia visiškai kitaip. Poreikis jausti, kad visata jam draugiška arba bent gali būti pakreipta jam draugiška linkme, kuria kosmologijas, vadinamas religijomis. O smalsumo vedami mes plėtojame mokslines - empiriškai ir teoriškai pagrindžiamas kosmologijas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Grynasis mokslas plėtojamas vien iš smalsumo, bet jis greitai keičia technologijas. Ir atvirkščiai, technologijos pokyčiai akina mokslo raidą. Dėl to keičiasi mūsų požiūris, tarp kitko ir religinis, į pasaulį. Atsiradus mūsų protėviui Homo erectus, lemiamu žmogaus evoliucijos veiksniu tapo kultūra. Tačiau biologija kultūrą supranta kiek plačiau negu humanitariniai mokslai. Informacija iš vieno individo kitam perduodama dviem būdais. Pirmas būdas: tėvai perduoda vaikams informaciją slypinčią DNR. Ši informacija nulemia organizmo sandarą, taigi ir nervų sistemos struktūrą bei daugelį elgsenos ypatybių. Šios informacijos progresyvus kitimas vadinamas somatine evoliucija (kūno evoliucija). Antrasis būdas: informacija vienam individui perteikiama mokant, o kitam mėgdžiojant. Čia informacija perduodama iš vienos nervų sistemos į kitą. Tai, kas taip perduodama, biologai vadina kultūra (būtų galima vadinti ir tradicija). Kultūra apima ir naujų materialinių vertybių gamybą, ir nematerialines idėjines vertybes - magiją, religiją, mokslą, meną ir kt. Šios informacijos progresyvus kitimas vadinamas egzosomatine evoliucija - evoliucija už kūno ribų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">Kultūros biologinis pamatas yra nervų sistemos tam tikros ypatybės, atsiradusios somatinės evoliucijos metu. Galime skirti šiuos evoliucijos etapus:<br />a)     elgsenos valdymą iš senesniųjų nervų sistemos dalių perima naujesnės ir “aukštesnės”;<br />b)     aukštesniems centrams ėmus valdyti elgseną, įgimtas elgesys vis labiau priklauso nuo gebėjimo mokytis, todėl jis darosi vis labiau kintamasis;<br />c)     glaudžiomis grupėmis gyvenantys gyvūnai prisitaiko prie grupės veiklos. Jaunieji, kad ir nesąmoningai, mokosi to, ką žino senesnieji, labiau patyrę nariai. Taip susikuria tradicijos;<br />d)     gyvūnai mokytis pradeda daugiau ar mažiau sąmoningai pamėgdžiodami kitus;<br />e)     susiformavus kalbai per ją galima perduoti daug daugiau informacijos nei be jos. <br />Kultūra pasiekia naują lygį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-12 10:46:02',62,'','2011-01-12 11:02:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-12 10:46:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,12,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2416,'Aids era','aids-era','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žmogaus imunodeficito viruso (ŽIV) ir jo sukeliamos AIDS ligos epidemija prasidėjo XX a. paskutiniais dešimtmečiais. Nors pradžioje virusas plito tik tarp homoseksualių vyrų ir asocialių asmenų keliose išsivysčiusiose šalyse (pirmasis epidemijos etapas, kuomet dar trūko žinių apie infekciją ir daugelis užsikrėtusiųjų mirdavo per pirmuosius trejus metus, diagnozavus infekciją), netrukus paaiškėjo, kad virusas gali plisti įvairiais būdais: pagrindinis viruso perdavimo būdas tapo heteroseksualūs santykiai, užsikrėtusių vyrų ir moterų skaičius beveik susilygino (antrasis epidemijos etapas, kai diagnostikos galimybė gerokai išaugo, prasidėjo gydimas, užsikrėtusieji išgyvendavo 10 ir daugiau metų). Mažiau nei per du dešimtmečius epidemija paplito visose žemynuose ir dabar užsikrėtusių ŽIV jau randama 190 valstybių. Šis virusas labai greitai kinta (jau pirmosios kartos viruso struktūra skiriasi nuo pradinės formos 5-10 procentų), jo štamai įvairiose pasaulio dalyse genetiškai skiriasi, todėl iki šiol neišrasta profilakcinė vakcina ir neaišku, kada tai įvyks.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Epidemijos padėtis. Jau apie dešimtį metų daugumoje pasaulio šalių atliekamas atrankinis ŽIV plitimo tendencijų stebėjimas, leidžiantis prognozuoti epidemijos mastą. Pasaulio sveikatos organizacijos duomenys, gauti apibendrinus stebėjimo rezultatus, rodo, kad iki 1995 metų pabaigos apie 6 milijonai žemės gyventoj galėjo sirgti AIDS, šiuo metu iš viso apie 20,1 milijono žmonių gali būti užsikrėtę ŽIV arba sirgti AIDS. Kadangi neįmanoma tiksliai nustatyti infekcijos plitimo tendencijų, Pasaulio sveikatos organizacija prognozuoja, jog iki 2000 metų jau gali būti apie 40 milijonų infekuotų ŽIV užsikrėtusių vyrų, moterų ir vaikų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Medicinos žinios. AIDS yra įgyto imuniteto deficito sindromas, kurį sukelia žmogaus imunodeficito virusas (ŽIV). Žmonės, sergantys AIDS, kažkada užsikrėtė ŽIV. Virusas, patekęs į organizmą, pradeda silpninti imuninę sistemą, todėl užsikrėtęs asmuo tampa neatsparus pavojingoms ligoms (tuberkuliozei, pneumonijai, meningitui), vadinamosioms oportunistinėms infekcijoms. Kartą užsikrėtęs asmuo virusą nešioja visą gyvenimą, ir, pats nieko neįtardamas, gali užkrėsti kimus. Daugelis virusų ligas sukelia per kelias dienas ar savaites. ŽIV - kitoks; jo sukelta infekcija vystosi lėtai. Praėjus po užkrėtimo kelioms savaitėms, pasirodo trumpalaikiai ligos požymiai: karščiavimas, patinsta limfmazgiai, tačiau negalavimai grei praeina ir nepasikartoja ištisus metus. Šiuo laikotarpiu lengviausia užkrėsti kitą asmenį. Tuo tarpu virusas pamažu silpnina imuninę organizmo sistemą, naikindamas CD4 ląsteles (o juk jos atlieka svarbiausią vaidmenį kovojant su “įsibrovėliais” - mikroorganizmais, bakterijomis, virusais. Kai imuninė sistema nusilpsta, išryškėja kiti ligos požymiai, pavyzdžiui, viduriavimas, nuovargis. Tik praėjus daugeliu metų nuo užsikrėtimo, infekcija pasiekia paskutinę stadiją - AIDS. Šiame etape organizmas jau nesugeba kovoti su oportunistinėmis infekcijomis, ir ligonis miršta nuo būtent šių ligų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Pasaulio kovos su užkrečiamomis ligomis praktika bejėgė prieš AIDS. Izoliuoti ŽIV užsikrėtusių žmonių neįmanoma: ilgas, kol kas neapibrėžtas, slaptas periodas apsunkina, o kartais padaro neįmanomą laboratorinę ŽIV infekcijos diagnostiką. Asmuo tik ką užsikrėtęs ŽIV (po 24-32 valandų), jau gali užkrėsti kitus, nors jokie kraujo tyrimai dar nerodo jį esant užsikrėtus. Tik po 3 mėnesių šiuolaikiniais metodais  galima nustatyti ŽIV antikūnius žmogaus kraujyje, (trečiosios kartos testų sistemos, tiesa, palyginti brangios, antikūniai nustatomi po 2-3 savaičių). Tačiau juk visų gyventojų neištirsi ir nekartosi tyrimų kas tris mėnesius. Be to žmogaus izoliavimas iki mirties nesuderinamas su žmogaus teisių, demokratijos, galų gale, su žmogaus principais. Kitas kovos su infekcinėmis ligomis metodas - skiepijimas, kaip minėjau, neįgyvendinamas: jokios vakcinos nuo AIDS nėra ir greitai nebus. Neturime ir vaistų, išgydančių šią ligą: visi užsikrėtusieji anksčiau ar vėliau miršta. Tad lieka vienintelis kelias - profilaktika, t.y. neleisti, kad žmogus užsikrėstų ŽIV.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-12 11:02:39',62,'','2011-01-12 11:21:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-12 11:02:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,11,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2417,'Aids','aids','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“XX amžiaus maras” – tai globalinė problema, tai kol kas neišgydoma liga, kurios priežastis yra ŽIV (žmogaus imunodeficito virusas) arba vėlesnė ligos stadija AIDS (akvizitinis imuniteto deficito sindromas). ŽIV – tai interląstelinis parazitas, sugebantis savo genetinę informaciją integruoti į žmogaus audinių ląstelių genetinį kodą (DNR). Iki šiol nėra išgydomas ir infekuotasis anksčiau ar vėliau miršta. Pirmą kartą ŽIV virusas buvo aptiktas 1981 metais. Manoma, kad šis imunoparazitas “susikūrė” beždžionės kraujyje, nes mokslininkai nustatė, kad šiuo metu beždžionių organizmas yra daug atsparesnis AIDS, o tai leidžia daryti išvadas, kad beždžionių imuninė sistema surado būdą kaip kovoti su virusu, o tam reikėjo daugybės laiko.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">ŽIV užsikrėtęs žmogus gyvena 2 – 4 metus. Žinomi atvejai, kai infekuotasis išgyveno 10 metų. Paaiškėjo, kad būdingiausia pirmųjų AIDS susirgusių žmonių savybė – jų homoseksualumas, todėl mokslininkai ligos priežasčių pirmiausia ieško žmonių gyvenimo būde. Tačiau tai, kad  AIDS vis labiau plito tarp žmonių turinčių daug lytinių partnerių ir sergančių lytiškai plintančiomis ligomis, paskatino sukurti teoriją, kad žmonės išsekina savo imuninę sistemą ir jos veikla sutrinka. Greita mirtis ateina dėl visiško imunitetinės sistemos išsekinimo : ŽIV virusas užmuša, sunaikina visus leukocitus, kurie organizme atlieka kovotojų su bakterijomis vaidmenį, todėl net menkiausias virusas ar bakterija gali lengvai sukelti infekciją žmogaus kūne. Tai kas vis dėlto yra ŽIV infekcijos sukėlėjas? Pasauliui jau buvo nemažai žinoma apie retrovirusus, kuriems priklauso ir AIDS sukeliantis virusas. JAV mokslininkai atrado viruso pagrindinį fermentą – atvirkštinę transkriptazę. Sukurti reikiamą antivirusinį antibiotiką prieš ŽIV yra labai sudėtinga, nes nuo pradinės stadijos (kai virusas pirmą kartą patenka į kraują), jo pradinė struktūra pasikeičia maždaug 8-10%.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Dauguma sergančiųjų – jauni, darbingi asmenys. Nuo AIDS epidemijos pradžios t.y. 1981 m. ŽIV užsikrėtė 20 milijonų suaugusiųjų ir daugiau nei milijonas vaikų. Per 18 infekcijos egzistavimo metų ligos perdavimo būdai , (lytiniai santykiai, intraveniniai narkotikai, kraujas, ŽIV perdavimas kūdikiui per motiną  nepasikeitė, tačiau skirtumas toks, kad ankščiau infekcijos atvejai būdavo dažniau registruojami tarp homoseksualių (79%), o dabar tarp heteroseksualių (60%) asmenų. Patikimiausia apsisaugojimo priemonė nuo AIDS – lytinė abstinencija, tačiau asmenys gyvenantys pilnavertį seksualinį gyvenimą kaip apsisaugojimo priemonę turėtų naudoti prezervatyvą. ŽIV virusas neperduodamas per buitį  (indus, stalo įrankius, šukas, dantų šepetėlį, drabužius), sveikinantis (rankos paspaudimas, apsikabinimas) ar per seiles, nebent burnos ertmėje būtų žaizdelė.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-14 10:16:05',62,'','2011-01-14 10:20:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-14 10:16:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,10,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2418,'Kai kurių B grupės vitaminų nustatymas didelio slėgio skysčių chromatografija','kai-kuri-b-grups-vitamin-nustatymas-didelio-slgio-skysi-chromatografija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">DSS chromatografija nuo klasikinės skysčių chromatografijos tuo, kad judri fazė paduodama į kolonėlę iš išorinio rezervuaro didelio slėgio siurbliais, naudojamos plieninės kelių milimetrų skersmens kolonėlės, smulki nejudrioji fazė (3 10μm) [1]. DSS naudojama nelakiems, stipriai poliariems, didelės molėkulinės masės, termolabiliems ir nestabiliems junginiams analizuoti. Pagrindiniai šios analizės privalumai:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; padding-left: 30px;\">1. didelis chromatografinis efektyvumas,<br />2. trumpas analizės laikas,<br />3. didelis jautrumas nustatant ir atskiriant labai mažų koncentracijų komponentus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šie privalumai paskatino pritaikyti DSS chromatografiją ir B grupės vitaminų analizei. Vitaminams nustatyti naudojamos jonų mainų ir jon-porinė atvirkščių fazių chromatografijos. Literatūroje [2] pateikiamos metodikos atskirai kiekvienam vitaminui nustatyti, bet jos turi daug bendrų bruožų: bandinys ruošiamas atliekant silpnai rūgštinę (0,1N HCl) ir/ar fermentinę hidrolizę (papainas), judri fazė sudaryta iš acetonitrilo (ar metanolio), naudojamos atvirkščių fazių chromatografinės kolonėlės C18 , C8 ir kt. Tačiau kiekvieno vitamino nustatymas turi savo ypatybių, kurias sąlygoja vitamino savybės (pvz. B1 amino grupė linkusi prisijungti prie sorbcinės medžiagos (silanolio) jungčių, dėl ko pailgėja  sulaikymo kolonėlėje laikas. B2 sulaikymo laikas labai priklauso nuo judrios fazės pH).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Yra sukurti metodai ir kompleksiniam vitaminų B1, B2 ir B6 nustatymui. Literatūroje [3] pateikta kiekybinės šių vitaminų analizės  kūdikių maiste metodas. Bandinys ekstrahuojamas perchloratorūgštimi, vidinis standartas m   benzenkarboksi rūgštis, judrios fazės sudėtis: vanduo, acetonitrilas, natrio heksanosulfatas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">AB “Endokrininiai preparatai”, kur buvo atliekamas tyriamasis darbas gaminamo vitaminų B komplekso kokybei įvertinti pradėto naudoti pagal Britanijos Farmakopėją, paruošta metodika kompleksiniam vitaminų B1, B2, B6 kiekybiniam nustatymui. Atliekama atvirkštinių fazių jon-porinė chromatografija, vidinis standartas   kofeinas, judri fazė sudaryta iš vandens, acetonitrilo, natrio heksanosulfanato ir natrio dihidrofosfato (pH=2,78).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-14 10:20:56',62,'','2011-01-14 10:25:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-14 10:20:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,9,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(2419,'Psichodermatologija','psichodermatologija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Psichodermatologija – psichosomatinės medicinos sritis, tirianti odos ir psichikos sąveika. Jos objektas – odos ligomis sergančiųjų psichologinės problemos (intrapsichinės ir tarpasmeninės) bei psichosocialiniai faktoriai, galintys būti tiek ligos priežastimi, tiek pasekme (Niemeier V., 2002). Iki 80% besikreipiančiųjų į dermatologą reikalinga psichologo, o neretai ir psichiatro pagalba. Cotterill J.A.British Journal Dermatology, 1998. Odos ligos visada turi neigiamos įtakos pacientų gyvenimo kokybei, psichosocialinei adaptacijai. Visuomet yra ryšys tarp odos ligos ir  psichologinio distreso. Kuo geriau suprasime odos ligų ir psichologinių sutrikimų tarpusavio sąveiką, tuo efektyvesnis bus gydymas, gerės ligonių gyvenimo kokybė. Barankin B.Psychosocial effect of common skin diseases, 2002.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">“Dirbdama  ligoninės odos ligų skyriuje, pradėjau įdėmiau klausytis, apie ką kalba mano ligonės jų medicininės apžiūros metu, ir dar svarbiau – apie ką jos nekalba. Pacienčių oda gyvai ir aiškiai išreiškė jų nepakeliamą skausmą, apie kurį jos negalėjo nei kalbėti, nei galvoti. Kadangi žodžiai joms buvo neprieinami, savo jausmus jos reiškė kūno kalba, o aš, kaip gydytoja, turėjau juos suprasti ir galvoti, kaip suteikti ligonėms palengvėjimą...” Dinora Pines “A woman`s unconscious use of her body. A psychoanalytical perspective”, London, 1993. GielerU.,Niemmeir 2001m. apklausė Vokietijos dermatologus.85%-psicholog.veiksniai svarbūs.5%klinicistų - dermatologų  yra įgiję psichoterap sertifikatą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Odos psichologinės funkcijos: Riba tarp asmens ir aplinkos, žmogaus ir kitų žmonių. Winikotas: nėra tokio dalyko kaip naujagimis. Kontakto organas,ypač vaikams,kurie dar nemoka kalbėti.Odos išbėrimai pritraukia motinų dėmesį,išprovokuoja glaudesnį kontaktą.suaugusių kontakto pobūdį atspindi tokie posakiai kaip“iš kailio neriasi prieš viršininką“, „jo oda stora“ Jausmų išraiškos organas:paraudo iš gėdos,pajuodo nuo rūpesčių,pažaliavo iš pavydo. Jutimo organas - šilumos,šalčio(emocinio taippat),niežėjimas,kutenimas,“oda jaučiu pavojų“. Reprezentacinė f-ja: “Rūbas”, pagal kurį aplinkiniai susidaro pirmą įspūdį.Pvz.,įsivaizduokime žmonių reakciją pliaže,kai šalia įsitaiso žvyneline sergąs žmogus.Ši odos funkcija didžia dalimi lemia psichosocialinį diskomfortą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-14 10:26:19',62,'','2011-01-14 10:30:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-14 10:26:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(2420,'Alkoholio įtaka žmogui','alkoholio-taka-mogui','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Girtumas - apskritai visiems žinoma būsena. Mažai atsirastų žmonių, kurie patys nebūtų patyrę alkoholio poveikio. O girtą yra matęs kiekvienas. Alkoholis nėra šiuolaikinės civilizacijos vaisius. Svaigalai pasiekė mus iš amžių glūdumos. Žinomas vokiečių etnografas Julijus Lipsas teigia, kad Paryžiaus kavinių nuolatinių lankytojų aperityvas, rusiškoji stalo degtinė, angliškųjų klubų viskis, Mozelio, Reino ir raudonasis bei putojantis vynas iš tikrųjų yra pirmykščių žemdirbių alaus, vyno ir klajoklių genčių rauginto kumyso patobulinti variantai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Viso pasaulio medikams jau seniai kelia nerimą nuolatinis alkoholio plitimas. Pasaulinėje sveikatos asamblėjoje, kuri vyko 1979 metų gegužės mėnesį, buvo pabrėžta, kad per 1960 - 1972 metus visame pasaulyje vyno vartojimas padidėjo 20 %, svaigiųjų alkoholinių gėrimų gamyba - 60 %, alaus - 80 %. Dvidešimt penkių šalių, kuriuose daugiausia surinkta statistinės medžiagos, duomenims, alkoholio vartojimas, skaičiuojant vienam gyventojui, per minėtą laikotarpį padidėjo 3 - 5 kartus. Alkoholio vartojimą psichologiškai galima motyvuoti tuo, kad jis, geriamas nedidelėmis dozėmis, atpalaiduoja, ramina nervus, pakelia nuotaiką. Tuo pat metu “vyno dvasia” yra visų alkoholio sukeliamų blogybių pradžia. Svaigaluose esantis alkoholis - didelis apgavikas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ir žmogaus, ir gyvūno organizme visada yra alkoholio. Įvairių tyrinėtųjų duomenimis, normalus alkoholio kiekis kraujyje yra 0,018 - 0,03 %. Dar nenustatyta, ar jis susidaro vykstant medžiagų apykaitai, ar dėl bakterijų sukelto rūgimo žarnyne. Normalus alkoholio kiekis kraujyje padidėja, kai organizmą ištinka deguonies badas. Atsiradęs organizme alkoholis nesukelia girtumo, neskatina piktnaudžiauti alkoholiu, neturi nieko bendra su alkoholizmo plitimu. Alkoholiniuose gėrimuose esantis etanolis gerai maišosi su vandeniu ir tirpsta riebaluose, todėl nesunkiai prasiskverbia pro biologines membranas. Kraujas etanolį pradeda įsisiurbti jau burnoje apie 20% jo įsiurbiama skrandyje, o kitas - plonojoje žarnoje. Taip alkoholis patenka į kraują, kuris išnešioja jį po visą organizmą. Alkoholis yra nervų nuodai. Kadangi jis gerai tirpsta  riebaluose, o jų ypač daug smegenų audiniuose, tai smegenyse jo susitelkia gerokai daugiau negu kituose organuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Alkoholio poveikis smegenims beveik visada tiesiogiai priklauso nuo jo koncentracijos kraujyje. Truputėli kauštelėjęs (kai alkoholio kraujyje ne daugiau kaip 2 % t. y. išgerta maždaug 100  mililitrų degtinės), žmogus atsipalaiduoja, aprimsta. Kai koncentracija kiek didesnė (3 - 5 %), sumažėja smegenų centrų, reguliuojančio dėmesio ir savikontrolės procesus, aktyvumas. Prasideda stimuliuojantis alkoholio poveikis: gerėja nuotaika, žmogus darosi šnekesnis, perdėtai žvalus, pamažu nustoja kontroluoti savo veiksmus, nesugeba tinkamai vertinti to, kas vyksta. Truputį apgirtusiam atrodo, kad jo sugebėjimai didėja, kad jis gali veikti greitai ir tiksliai, aplinkiniai rodosi mielesni, įdomesni.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Daugelis mokslininkų yra ištyrę, kaip nedidelės alkoholio dozės veikia žmogų. Žinomas vokiečių psichiatras Ėmylis Krepelinas, 1886 - 1891 metais buvęs Tartu universiteto profesoriumi, nustatė, kad alkoholis, nors kiek ir spartina mąstymą, kartu mažina mąstymo produktyvumą. Nuo alkoholio prastėja mąstymo kokybė, daugėja klaidų. Alkoholis trukdo objektyviai vertinti savo sugebėjimus. Kuo svarbesnė smegenų funkcija, tuo labiau ji yra pažeidžiama alkoholio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-14 10:30:56',62,'','2011-01-14 10:36:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-14 10:30:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2421,'Dieta pagal kraujo grupę','dieta-pagal-kraujo-grup','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Įžanginis žodis</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Kaip kraujo grupė gali būti susijusi su mityba? Arba su tuo, jog noriu visiems laikams nusikratyti nereikalingų kilogramų? Ir apskritai, kokį vaidmenį čia atlieka mano kraujo tipas? Tokie ir panašūs klausimai iškyla norintiems suliesėti, kai jie pirmą kartą išgirsta, kad tarp kraujo grupės ir nepuošiančio riebalų sluoksnelio egzistuoja ryšys. Negalima ant jų pykti, kai jie skeptiškai kraipo galvas. Juk jie išbandė daugybę liekninamųjų dietų, sugeba meistriškai skaičiuoti kalorijas, išmoko nesunkiai įgyvendinti sudėtingiausius mitybos planus ir, įvykdę visus griežčiausius dietos reikalavimus, nusivylę suprato, jog rezultatai vėl tirpsta riebaluose. Nors jiems ir atrodo absurdiška, kad kaltas gali būti jų kraujo tipas, bet kraujas - paprastai tariant - yra atsakingas už tai, kaip organizmas pasisavina maistą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mitybos specialistai į tai žiūri visai kitaip. Medicinoje jau seniai žinoma, kad vieną ar kitą kraujo grupę turintys žmonės dažniau serga tam tikromis ligomis. Amerikos gydytojai neseniai padarė sensacingą atradimą, jog tarp mitybos ir kraujo grupės egzistuoja savitarpio ryšys. Nulinę kraujo grupę turintiems žmonėms, kurie kildinami iš pirmykštės bendruomenės medžiotojų ir rinkėjų, reikia mėsos - tik tada jie gerai jausis. A kraujo grupės žmonės daugiau linkę į vegetarišką maistą. B kraujo grupę turintys žmonės gali kuo puikiausiai misti kiaušiniais ir pieno produktais. AB kraujo grupės žmonės gali rinktis iš didžiulės maisto produktų įvairovės, bet kai ko ir jiems nedera valgyti...</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Iš šios knygos sužinosite,kaip buvo prieita prie šios sensacingos išvados ir kokių konkrečių pasekmių tai turi ne tik svorio reguliavimui, bet ir apskritai kasdienei mitybai. Pristatome jums stebėtinai paprastą ir visiškai naują maisto derinimo būdą, kai maistas pritaikomas kiekvienam individui. Tai ne kokia nors visiems tinkanti populiari dieta, kai nepaisoma, jog viena ir ta pati mitybos forma tinka toli gražu ne kiekvienam. Juk kiekvienas iš mūsų - nepakartojamas. Kaip skiriasi mūsų figūra, plaukų spalva, amžius, lytis, kilmė ir tautybė, taip skiriasi ir būdas, kaip mūsų organizmas pasisavina maistą, ar jis augina nereikalingus kilogramus, ar atsikrato antsvorio. Kad išliktume sveiki ir darbingi, mums reikia maisto, suderinto su mūsų \"biocheminiu individualumu\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-14 10:37:03',62,'','2011-01-14 11:08:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-14 10:37:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2422,'Įvadas į patologiją','vadas-patologij','','<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Patologija yra mokslas apie ligas:<br />•    jų priežastis (etiologija),<br />•    išsivystymo mechanizmus (patogenezė),<br />•    ląstelėse ir audiniuose sukeltus pakitimus (morfologija),<br />•    morfologinių pažeidimų funkcinius padarinius, stebimus klinikoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-14 11:09:26',62,'','2011-01-14 11:10:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-14 11:09:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',3,0,5,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2423,'Tarptautiniai ligų kodai','tarptautiniai-lig-kodai','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-14 11:11:28',62,'','2011-01-14 11:12:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-14 11:11:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,61,'robots=\nauthor='),(2424,'Alkoholio ir kitų narkotikų vartojimo prevencija mokykloje','alkoholio-ir-kit-narkotik-vartojimo-prevencija-mokykloje','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Metodinė medžiaga</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Statistiniai duomenys liudija, kad per pastaruosius 5 metus narkomanų skaičius Lietuvoje išaugo beveik 10 kartų. Deja, panaši tendencija stebima ir mokyklose. Pedagogikos institutas dalyvauja Europos mokyklų projekte tiriant rūkymo, alkoholio ir narkotikų vartojimo paplitimą tarp moksleivių. 1995 m. tyrimų duomenimis, 3,2% 15-16 metų moksleivių šalyje jau bandė nelegalių narkotikų. 1999m. šis skaičius išaugo iki 15,5% (21% berniukų ir 9,6% mergaičių). Tyrimai parodė, kad net 96,5% šio amžiaus moksleivių jau yra vartoję alkoholį, o 73,6% bent kartą buvo girti (A.G. Davidavičienė, 1999). Taigi vargu ar rasime nors vieną moksleivį, kuris nebūtų girdėjęs apie narkotikus.* Beveik kiekvienas jau turi ir savo nuomonę šiuo klausimu, paremtą draugų pasakojimais, matytais filmais, skaitytomis knygomis ar pan. O kai kurie, kaip liudija jau minėtų tyrimų duomenys jau turi ir asmeninę patirtį - yra gėrę alkoholį, rūkę \"žolės\", bandę ecstasy ar kitų narkotikų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Tyrimai rodo, kad moksleiviai apie narkotikus žino daugiau, nei suaugusieji - mokytojai ir tėvai (B. Burba, E. Čiapaitė,1997). Moksleiviai domisi šiuo klausimu, žino daug narkotinių medžiagų pavadinimų, turi pažįstamų, vartojančių narkotikus, būna kompanijose, kuriose jie vartojami. Pastaruoju metu narkotikai tapo viena populiariausių moksleivių pokalbių ir diskusijų temų. Deja, jaunimui trūksta tikslios, tikros informacijos. Žinodami apie kai kurias žalingas narkotikų vartojimo pasekmes, jie nesupranta, kas yra fizinė ar psichologinė priklausomybė, abstinencija. Dauguma moksleivių nemano alkoholį ar nikotiną esant narkotikais. Yra paplitę daug mitų, pvz.; \"jei vartosi ne kasdien, narkomanu netapsi\", \"keli kartai tikrai nepakenks\", \"žolė visai nekenkia\" ir pan.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Jei mes norime, kad jaunimas suprastų narkotikų vartojimo žalą, pasakytų narkotikams tvirtą \"NE\", turime organizuoti prevencinį darbą mokyklose. Lietuvoje yra nemažai įstaigų, organizacijų, kurios dirba alkoholio ir kitų narkotikų prevencijos srityje, yra sukaupę nemažai patirties, išleidę metodinės, mokomosios literatūros, organizuoja įvairius kursus, seminarus šia tema. Narkotikų vartojimo prevencijos klausimai dažniausiai įtraukiami į sveikatos ugdymo programas. Lietuvos bendrojo lavinimo mokykloms yra parengta sveikatos ugdymo programa. Jos tikslas - iškelti sveikatos prioritetą vertybių sistemoje, diegti visuminį sveikatos supratimą, suteikti žinių ir įgūdžių, padedančių ugdyti, stiprinti bei gerinti savo ir kitų žmonių sveikatą. Vienas iš 10 sveikatos programoje pasiūlytų skyrių - \"Blogi įpročiai\". Tačiau kol kas sveikatos ugdymo programa vykdoma tik nedaugelyje respublikos mokyklų. Ji ne visur planuojama, vykdoma epizodiškai. Tuo tarpu jos socialinis poreikis didėja (A.G. Davidavidenė, 1999). Nuo 1993m. Lietuva įsitraukė į Europos sveikatą stiprinančių mokyklų tinklą. Šių mokyklų tikslas - stiprinti moksleivių sveikatą, gilinti sveikatos žinias ir įgūdžius, bendromis mokytojų, medikų, šeimos ir visuomenės pastangomis kurti integruotą, visaapimančią sveikatos stiprinimo ir ugdymo sistemą per vaikų ugdymo institucijas. O kaip įgytas žinias mokytojai pritaiko praktikoje, ar jiems pakanka informacijos apie narkotikus, prevencinį darbą? 1998 m. apklausus 2 388 šalies mokymo įstaigų pedagogus, dirbančius 211 mokyklų, paaiškėjo, kad narkotinių medžiagų prevencija ugdymo įstaigose yra ribota. Plačiai propaguojamą nerūkymo dieną organizuoja tik 25% mokyklų. 38,6% apklaustų mokytojų buvo dalyvavę tobulinimosi kursuose, kuriuose nagrinėtos sveikatos ugdymo temos. Tik 29,6% iš jų teigė, kad šiuose kursuose buvo nagrinėtos narkotikų prevencijos temos. Alkoholio, tabako ir kitų narkotinių medžiagų vartojimo prevencijos programas vykdo tik 16,4% mokyklų. Mokytojams trūksta informacijos, kada ir kaip kalbėtis su moksleiviais šia tema, kokią informaciją pateikti (A.G. Davidavičienė, 1999).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Šioje knygelėje mes ir norime aptarti narkotinių medžiagų vartojimo prevencijos mokykloje problemas. Čia jūs rasite pagrindinius reikalavimus kaip sudaryti prevencines programas mokykloje, praktinių patarimų kada ir kaip kalbėtis su moksleiviais šia tema. Pateikiamas rekomenduojamos literatūros sąrašas. Kaip iliustracija pridedami ir keletas mokomųjų pavyzdžių iš įvairių programų. Tikimės, kad mūsų patarimai bei pasiūlymai padės mokytojams organizuoti prevencinį darbą mokykloje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-14 11:13:11',62,'','2011-01-14 11:16:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-14 11:13:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,58,'robots=\nauthor='),(2425,'Liaudies medicina','liaudies-medicina','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Atskirą liaudies kultūros sritį sudaro medicina. Liaudies gydymas (terapija, slaugymas, gydymas) buvo žinomas žmonėms prie daugelį tūkstančių metų. Susirgusį paprastai gydydavo namiškiai ar giminės, tik kai savi nepadėdavo, buvo kreipiamasi į garsius apylinkės žynius ar žolininkus. Nuo senovės ligonius gydė moterys. Jos žinojo daugybę gydomųjų žolių, šaknų, taip pat burtų, magikų priemonių. Tuo tarpu chirurginius veiksmus, pavyzdžiui, kraujo nuleidimą atlikdavo vyrai. Nuo įvairiausių ligų užkalbėdavo dažniausiai moterys, rečiau _ vyrai. Į garsius užkalbėtojus kreipdavosi ne tik apylinkės, bet ir tolimesni gyventojai. Vieni jų gydė, norėdami padėti, kiti i to uždarbiavo. Vieni gydė tik kokią nors vieną ligą, kiti _  įvairias. Dažniausiai kiekviena liga turėjo savo gydytoją. Ypatingą galią gydyti nervų ir proto ligas liaudis manydavo turint psichikai nenormalius žmones, linkusius į ekstazę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Seniausia gydymo vieta buvo pirtis. Joje buvo gydomi sunkūs ligoniai, nuleidžiamas kraujas, masažuojama, vanojama, gimdoma. Liaudies požiūris į etiologiją yra labai įvairus. Ligų altiniu buvo laikomi kai kurie kosminiai ir atmosferiniai reiškiniai, žemė, ugnis, vanduo, užsikrėtimas. Buvo tikima, kad žmogus susergąs, apšviestas mėnulio, kad jam labai kenkiąs saulės ir mėnulio užtemimas, nes i dangaus krintanti kenksminga migla. Plačiai buvo paplitęs ir iki nesenų laikų išlikęs tikėjimas, kad ligą gali atnešti vėjas. Ypač piktas, sunkias ir įvairias ligas galįs atnešti vėjo sūkurys. Nuo jo sunkiai susergą žmonės bei gyvuliai. Nuo tokio vėjo žmogus apsergąs kvaituliu, paralyžiumi, votimis, sutinsiąs, apankąs ir panaiai. Ligos būdavusios nuo vandens, nuo ugnies, nuo žemės, nuo kirminų, “esančių” žmogaus organizme, dantyse, nuo medžių arba juose “gyvenančių” dvasių, nuo “patekusių” į žmogaus organizmą gyvačių ar varlių. I “vaikščiojančių” po žmogaus organizmą ligų minėtinas yra gumbas ir gimda.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Ligų altiniu buvo laikomos įvairios raganystės, padedant, duodant žmogui suvalgyti užkerėtą daiktą, užrišant javuose užkeiktus mazgus ir kt. Mūsų akimis žiūrint visa tai yra gryniausia nesąmonė, tačiau jiems (turiu omenyje žmones gyvenusius prie kokius du imtus metų) visi šie nekalti veiksmai neretai sukeldavo taikomam asmeniui didelį, kartais net ir mirtiną priepuolį. Buvo laikoma esant kenksminga peržengti gulintį žmogų, ypač per vaiką, nes jis tuomet neaugsiąs ir negaluosiąs. Plačiai buvo žinomas ligų kildinimas i demonų, tariamai apsigyvenusių žmogaus organizme ir sukeliančių įvairias ligas: plaučių uždegimą, džiovą, širdies ligas ir kt. Kai kurios užkrečiamos ligos, tokios kaip maras, cholera ir kt. būdavo įasmeninamos. Žmonės jas dažniausiai jas ėmė įsivaizduoti antgamtinės moters pavidalo, apie jas sukūrė daug mitų ir padavimų. Pasak jų, prie marą vaikščiodavusios pamėklės. Jos sunešdavusios ant kalno įvairiausių daiktų, kaukolių , plaukų, ragų ir uždegdavusios. Į kurią pusią eidavę dūmai, ten ir kildavęs maras. Maro metu tos pamėklės daužydavusios į namų sienas. Kiek kartų suduodavusios, tiek žmonių tuose namuose numirdavę. Kartais augdavusios žmones vardais, ir išauktieji tuojau pat numirdavę. Kituose pasakojimuose maro liga nusakoma kaip mergina su raudonu drobės gabalu rankoje, kurį įkišdavusi pro langą, plėvesuodavusi ir tokiu būdu skleisdavusi ligą ir mirtį. Ligos buvo vaizduojamos važinėjančios karietomis, jojančios ir panaiai. Retkarčiais manyta, kad tai baisūs vyrai, šunys ir kitokie baisūs padarai. Demonai galėdavę apsargdinti žmogų, naktį jį pabučiuodami. I pasakojimų žinome, kad demonai (plevėsos) galį ičiulpti i žmogaus kraują, nuo ko žmogus sumenkėjąs, išblykštąs (argi tai neprimena vampyrų?)… Įvairūs diegliai, žmonių manymu, atsirasdavo tada, kai į žmogų iaunanti ragana, todėl jie dažnai buvo vadinami “raganos šūviais”. Vaikams nemigą ir ligas galinčios atnešti laumės. Kad nuo jų apsaugotų, prie naujagimio nuolat degindavo šviesą, laikydavo graudulinę žvakę, aštrius daiktus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-14 11:16:31',62,'','2011-01-14 11:23:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-14 11:16:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2426,'Meditacija','meditacija','','<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Žodis „meditacija“ yra kilęs iš lotynų kalbos žodžio meditatio, kurio viena reikšmė „apmąstymas“, kita – „pasirengimas“. Meditacija Vakaruose žinoma kaip iš Rytų importuotas dalykas. Ypač dažnai į meditacijos seminarus kviečia „New Age“ judėjimai. Induizme meditacija yra vienas iš kelių, vedančių į „nušvitimą“. Esama įvairių meditacijos rūšių. Mantros meditacijoje susitelkiama į vieną „šventą skiemenį“, kuris atstoja kokį nors dievo vardą. Skirtingos jogos mokyklos moko įvairių, meditacijos praktikai būtinų taisyklingo kvėpavimo ir kūno laikysenos pratimų. Budizme meditacija yra svarbiausia priemonė „nušvitimui“ pasiekti. Čia praktikuojamos taip pat įvairios meditacijos rūšys. Susitelkiama ties vienu objektu ar paveikslu arba ties viena mintimi ar apibrėžimu, pavyzdžiui, mirties.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Japonų dzenbudizme šaudymo iš lanko, gėlių komponavimo ar kovos sporto įgūdžiai yra meditacijos dalis ir jos išraiška. Pirmasis induistų ir budistų meditacijos tikslas yra minčių koncentracija, kad „ištuštėtų“ minčių pasaulis. Galiausiai turėtų būti pasiektas sąmonės praplėtimas ir vienybės su visata ir dievybe patyrimas. Nuo ortodoksaliojo islamo pasitraukę musulmonai sufijai per meditaciją siekia patirti mistinę vienybę su Alachu. Labai svarbus vaidmuo tenka grupiniams šokiams. Induizmo paveiktoje teosofijoje ir jos atskaloje antroposofijoje meditacija yra neatsiejama nuo „kelio į nušvitimą“. Naujasis religinis sąjūdis – transcendentinė meditacija – turi specialiai Vakarams supaprastintą mantrinę meditaciją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Mokslininkų teigimu, įvairių rūšių meditacijos esą raminančiai veikia ir daro pozityvią įtaką kvėpavimui ir širdies veiklai. Tačiau lyginamieji tyrinėjimai rodo, kad tuos pačius rezultatus galima pasiekti atliekant paprastus atsipalaidavimo pratimus. Psichologai ir meditacijos mokytojai nurodo, kad meditacija gali sukelti psichikos sutrikimų. Krikščionijoje krikščionys mistikai meditaciją praktikuoja jau seniai. Paskutiniais dešimtmečiais buvo bandoma Rytų meditacijos formas sujungti su krikščionybe. Tėvas Enomiya-Lassalle SJ jau kelis dešimtmečius aktyviai pasisako už krikščionybės ir dzenbudizmo sujungimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">Meditacijos, kaip ji čia buvo aprašyta, t. y. kaip tikslo praplėsti sąmonę ir susivienyti su Dievu, Biblija nepripažįsta. Dievą ir žmogų skiria nuodėmė, žmogus pats iš savęs negali patirti Dievo ir į jį nugrimzti. Žmogus gali tik atsakyti į Dievo apreiškimą. Nei dieviškojo apreiškimo apmąstymo (Ps 119,11; 1,2; Lk 2,19), nei maldos (Mk 1,35; Lk 6,12), nei ramybės Viešpatyje (Ps 37,7; 131,2) negalima pakeisti meditacija. Užuot kalbėjusi apie mistišką bendrystę ar vienybę, Biblija pasisako už asmeninį bendravimą su Dievu. Biblijoje nemokoma elgtis pasyviai ar „išjungti“ mąstymo. Tai gali sukelti įtaką bedieviškų galių, su kuriomis medituojantysis gana dažnai susitinka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;\">{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,66,'2011-01-14 11:23:48',62,'','2011-01-14 11:26:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-14 11:23:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,1,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2427,'Marketingo tyrimai (paskaitų ciklas)','marketingo-tyrimai-paskait-ciklas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 20:11:24',62,'','2011-01-21 20:14:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 20:11:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,102,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2428,'Vadyba (metodinė medžiaga)','vadyba-metodin-mediaga','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 20:15:12',62,'','2011-01-21 20:17:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 20:15:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,101,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2429,'Personalo vadyba (mokslinių seminarų medžiaga)','personalo-vadyba-mokslini-seminar-mediaga','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugelis viešojo administravimo institucijų yra įsitraukusios į įvairius modernizavimo procesus, apimančius kokybės gerinimą, rezultatyvumo didinimą institucijos ir nacionaliniu lygmeniu. Šis modernizavimas tiesiog neįmanomas be efektyvios personalo vadybos. Taigi viešojo administravimo institucijos, vykdydamos valstybės ir savivaldybės numatytas funkcijas, savo veiklą turi grįsti efektyviais personalo valdymo metodais. Šių metodų poreikį atspindi įvairios sudėtingai sprendžiamos problemomis, kylančios viešojo administravimo institucijose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Suvokdami situacijos svarbą ir aktualumą, Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademijos Vadybos katedra, Teisės universitetas ir Vilniaus universitetas suorganizavo seminarą “Personalo vadyba viešojo administravimo institucijose”. Seminaras vyko 2003 m. balandžio 29 d. Seminaro metu buvo plačiai nagrinėjama efektyvios personalo vadybos svarba Lietuvoje bei įvardyti jos ypatumai viešojo administravimo institucijose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Seminaro dalyviai, atstovaudami skirtingoms mokymo įstaigoms, nevienodai vertino kylančias problemas, todėl seminare ne tik skambėjo kalbos, bet ir buvo užmegzta konstruktyvi diskusija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinės temos, nagrinėtos seminare, skyrėsi savo platumu: buvo nagrinėjama personalo valdymo situacija tiek apskritai viešojo administravimo institucijų, tiek atskirų institucijų, tokių kaip Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisės universiteto atstovai iškėlė personalo atestacijos viešojo administravimo institucijose svarbą ir nurodė pagrindines tikslingiausias plėtojimo kryptis. Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademijos atstovai pristatė atliktus tyrimus, leidžiančius daryti pagrįstas išvadas apie įvairių mokymo įstaigų personalo valdymo tobulinimo kryptis ir galimybes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Plačiai diskutuota apie vadybinės kultūros, kuri neatskiriama nuo personalo vadybos, tendencijas pasaulyje bei jos problemas Lietuvoje. Finansiniai viešojo administravimo aspektai visuomet yra aktualūs, todėl šios konferencijos dalyviai buvo supažindinti su viešųjų finansų valdymo, biudžeto reformos ir jos vertinimo aktualijomis, galėjo diskutuoti personalo vadybos tobulinimo esant ribotam finansavimui klausimais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Personalo vadybos dabartiniai veiksniai ir jų įtaka viešojo administravimo institucijoms – tai tema, kuria buvo diskutuota viso seminaro metu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teorinių metodų pritaikymas bei išsamūs tyrimai, pateikti pranešėjų, leido seminaro dalyviams realiai įvertinti susidariusią situaciją, pasisemti naujų idėjų tolesnei mokslinei veiklai.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 20:18:56',62,'','2011-01-21 20:23:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 20:18:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,100,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2430,'Vartotojų elgesys ir turizmo paklausa','vartotoj-elgesys-ir-turizmo-paklausa','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame skyriuje mes pateiksime vartojų turizmo srityje, sprendimų priėmimo proceso apžvalgą. Tai atvaizduoja turizmo paklausą personalo lygyje. Mes pirmiausiai nagrinėsime pagrindines sąvokas, mintis ir teorijas susijusias su motyvacija, poreikiais, funkcijomis ir įvaizdžiu. Po to aprašysim ir pateiksim kritinę analizę apie pagrindinius vartotojų elgesio modelius turizmo srityje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paklausa turizmui individualiame lygyje gali būti laikoma kaip suvartojimo procesas, kuris yra įtakojamas keleto veiksnių. Tai gali būti poreikių bei troškimų, pinigų ir laiko pakankamumo kombinacija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šio skyriaus tikslas yra paaiškinti kaip šie faktoriai veikia individo elgesį turizmo srityje ir suderinti atskirą turizmo paklausą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Personalo lygyje yra aišku, kad veiksniai, kurie įtakoja turizmo sritį yra glaudžiai susiję ir sujungti su vartotojų elgesio modeliu turizmo srityje. Supratimas ir motyvacija turi svarbia įtaką kelionių sprendimams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Supratimai priklauso nuo individualaus suvokimo apie pasaulį. Suvokimas yra protinis neatimamas vietos nusakymas ar kelionių kompanijos ir yra nustatytas daugelio veiksnių, kuriuos sudaro vaikystė, šeima ir darbo patirtis. Tačiau suvokimas ir supratimas patys savyje nepaaiškina kodėl žmonės nori keliauti. Vidinis raginimas, kuris inicijuoja kelionės paklausą yra vadinamas kelionių motyvatoriumi.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 20:24:51',62,'','2011-01-21 20:29:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 20:24:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,99,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2431,'Kokybės vadyba (mokomoji priemonė)','kokybs-vadyba-mokomoji-priemon','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 20:30:27',62,'','2011-01-21 20:32:38',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 20:30:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,98,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2432,'Reklamos rengimas kompiuterinėmis technologijomis','reklamos-rengimas-kompiuterinmis-technologijomis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Internetas yra pats populiariausias globalus kompiuterių tinklas, jungiantis dešimtis tūkstančių mažesnių kompiuterių tinklų beveik visose pasaulio šalyse. Prisijungus į pasaulinį Interneto tinklą, galima naudotis visomis jo paslaugomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bendravimo būdas. Internete naudojami įvairūs bendravimo būdai: informacijos apie save pateikimas, pranešimų siuntimas, tvarkymui skirtų dokumentų perdavimas, diskusijų, naujienų grupės, elektroninis paštas, konferencijos ir kt. Bendravimas čia ypač efektyvus, nes jis vyksta pasaulio mastu ir greitai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Duomenų saugykla. WWW (World Wide Web) – pasaulinio “ voratinklio” tinklapiai, - tai unikali duomenų biblioteka. Interneto vartotojai gali naudotis milijonuose tinklo kompiuterių saugomais duomenimis. Tai tekstai, statistinių duomenų rinkiniai, taikomosios programos, paveikslėliai, diagramos, fotografijos, video bei audio klipai, daugybė informacijos apie pasaulio įmones, organizacijas, paslaugas, žmones.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Elektroninės komercijos rinka. Internete galite milijonams lankytojų pateikti informaciją apie savo įmonę, prekes, paslaugas. Tai labai patogi reklamos priemonė, leidžianti be didelių sąnaudų nuolat atnaujinti ir skleisti informaciją. Yra nemažai WWW puslapių, kuriuose galima užsisakyti prekes bei už jas sumokėti kreditine kortele. Internetas tapo erdviausia pasaulyje prekių ir paslaugų pasiūlos vieta. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 20:34:08',62,'','2011-01-21 20:38:00',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 20:34:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,97,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2433,'Prekybos marketingas (mokomoji knyga)','prekybos-marketingas-mokomoji-knyga','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 20:38:44',62,'','2011-01-21 20:40:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 20:38:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,96,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2434,'Procesinės motyvacijos teorijos teiginiai','procesins-motyvacijos-teorijos-teiginiai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visi žmonės turi įgimtų savybių, gabumų, kurie, jiems sąveikaujant su su aplinka, kinta ir vystosi. Kiekvienas žmogus yra nepakartojamas ir tik su didelėmis išlygomis galima žmones jungti į grupes, turinčias bendrus siekius, interesus. Priklausomai nuo charakterio, kiekvienas darbuotojas toje pačioje situacijoje dažnai elgiasi visiškai skirtingai. Todėl vadovas, norėdamas žmones motyvuoti kokio tai tikslo siekimui, turi žinoti jų poreikius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Motyvavimas - tai savęs ir kitų veiklos, siekiant asmeninių ar organizacijos tikslų, skatinimo procesas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmonių poreikiai, psichologinis darbo klimatas yra galinga darbo našumą įtakojanti jėga. Tai davė pradžią naujai valdymo teorijos krypčiai, apimančiai žmonių veiklos motyvavimo organizacijoje problemų nagrinėjimą. Šios krypties tyrimo objektas - žmonių poreikiai, kaip jų veiklos elgesio motyvai ir jų patenkinimo būdai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Psichologai teigia, kad žmogus turi poreikį, kuomet jis jaučia fiziologinį arba psichologinį kažko tai trūkumą. Motyvacijos teorijos suklasifikavo poreikius į dvi grupes: pirminius ir antrinius poreikius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirminiai poreikiai savo prigimtimi yra fiziologiniai ir, kaip taisyklė, įgimti. Tai maisto, vandens, oro, miego, sekso poreikiai.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 20:41:40',62,'','2011-01-21 20:44:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 20:41:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,95,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2435,'Įmonės informacinės sistemos kūrimas','mons-informacins-sistemos-krimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvieną dieną savo veikloje mes privalome priimti sprendimus. Šių sprendimų teisingumas tiesiogiai priklauso nuo to, kiek ir kokios informacijos mes turime.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pati savaime informacija nėra vertinga. Milžiniški jos kiekiai laisvai platinami visuomenės informavimo priemonių dėka, tačiau kaip dažnai dėl klaidingos, nepilnos ar pasenusios informacijos mes prarandame savo lėšas ir laiką. Ir tam, kad priimtumėme teisingus sprendimus, mums reikalingi pagalbininkai - tie, kas surinktų ir pateiktų mums reikalingą sistematizuotą ir savalaikę informaciją. Šiam tikslui gali būti skiriama konkreti pareigybė, žmonės ar visas įmonės skyrius; taip pat gali būti sukurta visa sistema, nustatanti, kaip visa tai atlikti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Darbo tikslų ir uždavinių nustatymas. Šio darbo tikslas- išnagrinėti UAB “Garliavos gelžbetonis” naudojamą informacinę sistemą, patirtį, galimybes bei perspektyvas šioje veiklos srityje. Minėtas tikslas nustato konkrečius uždavinius- susipažinti su įmonės informacine veikla, esama būklebei nustatyti vystymosi kryptis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įmonės pagrindinės veiklos ir informacinės sistemos tyrimas. Pagrindinė įmonės veikla- statybinių medžiagų gamyba. Kadangi įmonės veikla buvo tiriama 1998 m. balandžio mėn., pateikti gamybos rodikliai kaip tik ir atspindi tą įmonės gyvavimo etapą. Informacija apie įmonę buvo surinkta naudojant apklausos metodus, t. y. pateikiami tik įmonės darbuotojų minėti faktai. Žinoma, modeliuojant perspektyvinį įmonės informacinės sistemos vaizdą, darbuotojų pateikta informacija buvo mažai naudojama. Tam buvo panaudoti tik kai kurie įmonės vadovaujančių asmenų samprotavimai.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 20:46:17',62,'','2011-01-21 20:49:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 20:46:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,94,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2436,'Personalo vadyba 2 (refertas)','personalo-vadyba-2-refertas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valdymo sprendimų priėmimas – bet kurios organizacijos valdymo sudėtinė dalis. Dar daugiau – tai vienas esminių vadovų, kaip specifinės personalo kategorijos, veiklos elementų. Vadovo sugebėjimas priimti valdymo sprendimus žymia dalimi nulemia sėkmingą organizacijos funkcionavimą ir vystymą. Tuo tarpu Lietuvoje valdymo sprendimų priėmimo klausimams skiriamas nepakankamas dėmesys. Tai gali patvirtinti ir publikacijų šia tema skaičius, ir tai, jog tik visai neseniai valdymo sprendimų priėmimas – kaip atskira disciplina buvo pradėta dėstyti kai kuriuose Lietuvos universitetuose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Užsienio vadybos literatūroje valdymo sprendimų priėmimo tiek teorinės, tiek praktinės problemos užima tikrai reikšmingą vietą. Vadybos moksle yra susiformavusi savarankiška vadybos teorijos kryptis, savo tyrimų objektu išskirianti vadybinius sprendimus organizacijoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagal valdymo funkcijos esmę, bet kuris vadovas organizacijoje, atlikdamas jam patikėtą valdymo funkciją, turi priimti valdymo sprendimus. Taigi, valdymo sprendimai yra priimami, atliekant tiek planavimo, tiek bet kurią kitą valdymo funkciją. Visais atvejais turi būti priimtas pats efektyviausias ir optimaliausias sprendimas, nes tik tuomet organizacija pasieks gerų rezultatų, jos viduje vyraus harmonija. Todėl šio darbo tikslas ir yra  suprasti sprendimo priėmimo reikšmę valdymo procese.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valdymo sprendimo priėmimas – intelektualus procesas, apimantis galimų sprendimo alternatyvų įvardijimą, įvertinimą ir optimalios alternatyvos išrinkimą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 20:49:56',62,'','2011-01-21 20:53:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 20:49:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,93,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2437,'Vadybos teorijos konspektai 1 dalis (schemos)','vadybos-teorijos-konspektai-1-dalis-schemos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 20:55:11',62,'','2011-01-21 20:56:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 20:55:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,92,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2438,'Sprendimų priėmimas konkurencinėje rinkoje esant asimetrinei informacijai (kursinis darbas)','sprendim-primimas-konkurencinje-rinkoje-esant-asimetrinei-informacijai-kursinis-darbas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iki šiol, nagrinėdami rinkas, nesiėmėme problemos, atsirandančios dėl informacijos skirtumų: darėme prielaidą, kad ir pirkėjai, ir pardavėjai yra tobulai informuoti apie rinkoje parduodamų prekių kokybę. Tokią prielaidą daryti nesunku, kai prekių kokybė lengvai nustatoma. Jei be didelių sąnaudų galime pasakyti, kurios prekės aukštos kokybės ir kurios- žemos, tai tuos kokybės skirtumus tinkamai atspindės prekių kainų skirtumai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau jei informaciją apie kokybę gauti brangu, tada vienodo pirkėjų ir pardavėjų informuotumo apie prekes prielaida jau nebus pagrįsta. Realiame pasaulyje tikrai yra nemaža rinkų, kuriose gali būti labai brangu ar net išvis neįmanoma gauti tikslią informaciją apie parduodamų prekių kokybę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienas ryškus pavyzdys - darbo rinka. Anksčiau naudotuose paprastuose modeliuose darbas buvo apibrėžiamas kaip homogeniškas produktas - kiekvienas asmuo turėjo “tokį patį” darbą ir kiekvienas per darbo valandą pateikdavo vienodą jo kiekį. Tai išties įžūlus supaprastinimas! Iš tikrųjų firmai gali būti net labai sunku nustatyti, kiek produktyvūs jos darbuotojai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Informacija brangi ne tik darbo rinkose. Panašių problemų kyla ir vartotojų prekių rinkose. Kai vartotojas perka naudotą automobilį, jam gali būti labai sunku nustatyti, geras tai daiktas ar grynas niekalas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">O to naudoto automobilio pardavėjas, priešingai, ko gero puikiai žino, kokia jo kokybė. Pardavėjai žino mašinų galimybes, bei trūkumus, tačiau tai sunku nustatyti pirkėjams, skaitant laikraščius ar spardant automobilių ratus. Tuojau pamatysime, kad dėl tokios asimetrinės informacijos efektyviai funkcionuojančiai rinkai gali atsirasti nemažų sunkumų.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 20:57:56',62,'','2011-01-21 21:01:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 20:57:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,91,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2439,'Kokybės vadyba (mokymo priemonė studentams)','kokybs-vadyba-mokymo-priemon-studentams','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 21:08:41',62,'','2011-01-21 21:10:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 21:08:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,90,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2440,'10 argumentų prieš ISO 9000 sistema','10-argument-prie-iso-9000-sistema','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 21:12:33',62,'','2011-01-21 21:14:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 21:12:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,89,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2441,'Protekcionizmo metodai tarptautinėje prekyboje','protekcionizmo-metodai-tarptautinje-prekyboje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šalies užsienio ekonominė politika reguliuoja ekonominius santykius su kitomis šalimis. Kiekviena valstybė, atsižvelgdama į savo ūkio būklę, kitus veiksnius, vykdo gana skirtingą užsienio prekybos politiką.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Beveik visas užsienio prekybos politikos formas galima suskirstyti į dvi kryptis: laisvąją prekybą ir protekcionizmą. Šiomis ekonomikos sąlygomis, kai į pasaulinę rinką įeina mažai išsivysčiusios ir besivystančios šalys, reikia imtis kažkokių priemonių besivystančiai nacionalinei ekonomikai apsaugoti nuo stiprios užsienio konkurencijos. Todėl šiuo metu dar negali būti laisvos prekybos, kadangi ekonomikos vystymasis įvairiose šalyse prasidėjo ne vienu metu. Protekcionizmu siekiama ekonominėmis priemonėmis (tarifiniais, netarifiniais prekybos apribojimo metodais) apsaugoti nacionalinę ekonomiką nuo kitų šalių konkurencijos, išugdyti vidaus pramonės šakas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame kursiniame darbe daugiausiai buvo remtasi A. Kirejevo knyga “Prekybos ekonomika”, P. Krugmano knyga “Tarptautinė ekonomika”, kuriose buvo pateikta susisteminta protekcionizmo metodų klasifikacija. Praktinei daliai parašyti pasirinkau vieną iš labiausiai taikomų protekcionizmo priemonių – muitus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Analizuojant muitus, taikomus Lietuvoje buvo naudotasi įvairiais teisiniais aktais (Lietuvos Respublikos muitų ir tarifų įstatymu ir kt.), straipsniais, J. Tamulevičiaus knyga “Lietuvos valstybinės sienos ekonominė apsauga”.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kursinio darbo pradžioje supažindinama su tarptautinės prekybos susiformavimu, protekcionizmu plačiau, ekonominių teorijų santykiu su protekcionizmu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Antrame kursinio darbo skyriuje pateikiama protekcionizmo raida.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trečiame skyriuje pateikiami tarptautinės prekybos politikos instrumentai, instrumentų klasifikacija.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 21:15:29',62,'','2011-01-21 21:18:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 21:15:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,88,'','',0,41,'robots=\nauthor='),(2442,'Vadovo asmenybė','vadovo-asmenyb','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Asmenybės nuostatos yra pagrįstos vertybių sistema, kuri nusako, ko žmogus siekia. Ji tarytum programuoja visą žmogaus veiklą, lemia svarbiausią elgesio kryptį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienas vadovas pasirenka ką ir kaip daryti. Tai, kas vadovui atrodo svarbu ir teisinga, turi didelės įtakos ir jo, ir pavaldinių gyvenimo kokybei.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovai, kuriems neaiškūs prioritetai, veiklos prasmė bei vertybės, neturi tvirto savo veiksmų pagrindo, linkę priimti spontaniškus, vienadienius sprendimus, taip užprogramuodami nesėkmingą veiklą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Laikui bėgant, dėl naujo patyrimo bei senų vertybių neadekvatumo situacijai dabarties reikalavimams, vertybės keičiasi. Tačiau visada lieka svarbus jų įvardijimo, išsiaiškinimo bei įgyvendinimo procesas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Norėtume akcentuoti vadovo nuostatų į kitus ir į save esmę bei jų įtaką vadovo priimamiems sprendimams. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 21:18:48',62,'','2011-01-21 21:20:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 21:18:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,87,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2443,'UAB KVVC organizavimo teorija','uab-kvvc-organizavimo-teorija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizacijos steigėjai ir sumanytojai jos paskirtį numato kaip nešančio jiems pelną subjekto ir “PHARE” programos dalies atstovo Lietuvoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Firmos misija – gerinti Lietuvos ūkininkų kreditavimo sistemą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Firmos užduotys kiek galima labiau tobulinti verslo planų sudarymo metodika ir diegti ją mūsų šalyje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Firmos keliami tikslai yra ilgalaikiai, nes sudaro jos gyvavimo pagrindą. Pagrindinis jos tikslas padėti ruošti verslo planus ūkininkams, žemės ūkio bendrovėms ir kitiems žemės ūkio subjektams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Socialinis firmos tikslas išlaikyti savo darbuotojų atitinkamą pragyvenimo lygį ir jį garantuoti. Suteikti jiems visas būtinas šiuolaikines socialines garantijas, kad jie jaustųsi saugūs. Šio tikslo siekimas verčia vadovus atsakingiau žiūrėti į firmos veiklą ir jos ateities planus. Mūsų firmoje darbuotojai tikrai jaučia rūpestį jais: ligos atveju jiems išmokamos pašalpos, atsitikus nenumatytoms nelaimėms yra suteikiama vieno mėnesio darbo užmokesčio dydžio parama ir t. t.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 21:22:19',62,'','2011-01-21 21:26:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 21:22:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,86,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2444,'Gamybinės praktikos ataskaita','gamybins-praktikos-ataskaita','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1970 metais Kaune buvo įkurta VSSPMTI (visasąjunginio sviesto ir sūrio pramonės mokslinio tyrimo instituto) Lietuvos filialo eksperimentinė gamykla, kuri buvo Biržų akcinės pieno bendrovės (toliau BAPB) filialo “Kauno sūrinė”  pati pradžia. Nuo 1989 metų ši gamykla vadinosi Lietuvos maisto instituto bandomoji gamykla. Tada ši gamykla gamino fermentinius sūrius, sviestą, nenugriebto pieno produktus, cheminius reagentus ir mitybines terpes maisto produktų kontrolės bei kitoms laboratorijoms.  1994 04 07 ši gamykla buvo privatizuota ir pavadinta – akcine bendrove “Kauno sūrinė”. “Kauno sūrinėje”  buvo gaminami lygiai tokie patys produktai kaip ir anksčiau buvusioje Lietuvos maisto instituto bandomojoje gamykloje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1997 12 29 akcinė bendrovė “Kauno sūrinė” buvo reorganizuota į BAPB filialą “Kauno sūrinė”. BAPB daug investavo į šią sūrinę, ir po rekonstrukcijos ši sūrinė gamina tik fermentinį sūrį ir kazeiną. Vykstant rekonstrukcijai 1998 metų antrą pusmetį buvo sustojusi gamyba ir realizacija, todėl šiame darbe yra pateikti duomenys ne už visus 1998 metus, bet tik už pirmąjį jų pusmetį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">BAPB filialo “Kauno sūrinė” valdymo aukščiausiame lygmenyje yra direktorius. Jis kaip ir vyriausia finansistė  yra tiesiogiai pavaldus BAPB administracijos vadovui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žemesniame už direktorių lygmenyje yra jam tiesiogiai pavaldūs šie darbininkai – tai sekretorė mašininkė, komercijos skyriaus viršininkė, ekonomistas, vyriausias inžinierius, darbo saugos inžinierius, vyriausia finansistė, inžinierė technologė, gamybos vedėjas, laboratorijos vedėja ir firminių parduotuvių ir valgyklos vedėja. Komercijos skyriaus viršininkei yra pavaldūs – vadybininkas, tiekėjas, pagalbinių medžiagų ir žaliavų sandėlininkė, kuri taip pat yra pavaldi vyriausiajam.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 21:27:53',62,'','2011-01-21 21:34:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 21:27:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,85,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2445,'Vadybos konspektai','vadybos-konspektai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Egzistuojantys aiškinimai Lietuvoje, kad vadyba teorinių žinių visuma, sistema. Valdymas – technologija, procesas, valdymo operacija (šia prasme vadybininkas yra mokslo atstovas). Vadovavimas – atskira vadybos funkcija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadybos terminą sukūrė V. A. Graičiūnas (gimė Čikagoje, studijavo inžineriją, gyveno Lietuvoje) – ieškojo atitikmens vadybai. Žodis “vadyba” buvo labiau žinomas tik akademinėje sferoje. Su V. A. Graičiūno vardu susijusi Lietuvos mokslinės vadybos draugija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nėra vieningo požiūrio (gerokai virš 100). Tačiau paprasčiausias savo esme yra apibrėžimas: efektyvus visų rūšių išteklių naudojimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vakarų verslo mokyklose studentams pateikiama irgi paprasta, kartu ir imli  formuluotė: darbo darymas kitų žmonių rankomis.  Krikščioniškosios vadybos  atstovai tokią vadybos sampratą vadina amoralia, nors Mozė laikomas I vadybos  konsultantu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiajame Oksfordo žodyne vadybos turinys nusakomas 4 pjūviais: 1) žmonių elgesio maniera (bendravimas), 2) valdžia ir valdymo menas, 3) ypatingi sugebėjimai, administravimo specifiniai įgūdžiai, 4) valdymo organai ir administravimo vienetai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valdymo kaip fenomeno pradžia: tuomet, kai susikūrė bendrų interesų grupės,   kai žmonės turėjo koordinuoti savo veiksmus bendrų tikslų pasiekimui.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 21:35:18',62,'','2011-01-21 21:38:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 21:35:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,84,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(2446,'Pramogų verslas','pramog-verslas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bene daugiausia žmonijos ydų per pusę šimtmečio susikaupė Amerikos mieste Las Vegase. Tačiau pūstelėjo permainų vėjas, ir dabar nuodėmių miestas Las Vegasas – lošimų metropolis Nevados dykumoje – jau įsileido naujų laikų dvasią, palankesnę žmonijos gerovei.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Alkoholis? Jau praėjo tie laikai, kai dalykiškus pietus pradėdavo trigubu martinio kokteiliu, o vaisvandenių kainoraštis buvo gerokai trumpesnis negu vyno. Seksas? Net žurnalo “Rolling Stones” redaktorius išaukštino susilaikymą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors prie žaidimų automatų kaip ir anksčiau liejasi gėrimai, o Nevada yra vienintelė valstija JAV, kur vis dar neuždrausta prostitucija, bet visur jau juntami pokyčiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiųjų kazino bosų noru “nuodėmių miestas” netrukus bus pilnas vaikų ir pritaikytas šeimyniniam poilsiui pagal Disneilendo pavyzdį. Praėjus penkiasdešimčiai metų, kai buvo atidarytas pirmasis kazino, Las Vegasas ginkluojasi morališkai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Mes norime privilioti suaugusiuosius, kurie keliauja su savo vaikais”, - aiškina Alanas Feldmanas, vieno kazino menedžeris. Prie pagrindinio šio kazino įėjimo kas 15 minučių imituojamas ugnikalnio išsiveržimas su ugnies pliūpsniais ir kvepiančių dujų debesimi. Didžiausio kazino “Mirage” valdytojas Stefanas Vinas dar šiais metais nori atidaryti kazino – lobių salą. Šiame milžiniškame vandens parke plaukios britų fregatos ir kas valandą vyks piratų mūšiai.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 21:39:31',62,'','2011-01-21 21:42:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 21:39:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,83,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2447,'Vadybos teorijos konspektai 2 dalis (shemos)','vadybos-teorijos-konspektai-2-dalis-shemos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 21:43:20',62,'','2011-01-21 21:46:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 21:43:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,82,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2448,'Viešojo valdymo problemos ir perspektyvos','vieojo-valdymo-problemos-ir-perspektyvos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Hierarchinės, centralizuotos valdžios institucijos, kurios buvo sukurtos 1930 – 1940 metais paprasčiausiai negali efektyviai funkcionuoti greitai besikeičiančioje, intensyvių žinių bei informacijos visuomenėje. Ilgus metus valdžios institucijų rolė buvo vienareikšmė: rinkti mokesčius ir teikti paslaugas, tačiau dar prieš 1930 metus daugelį paslaugų teikė nevyriausybinės organizacijos ir valdžios piramidė buvo stipriai decentralizuota ir rėmėsi dviem pagrindiniai Jefferson principais: “Valdymas turi būti decentralizuotas iki tokio lygmens, kad kiekvienas pilietis galėtų dalyvauti viešosios politikos valdyme…..o vyriausybė turi žmones šviesti politikos srityje ir skatinti piliečių pasitikėjimą savo jėgomis ir sugebėjimais” (47 psl. Theories of Public Organization, Robert B. Denhardt). Analizuojant viešojo administravimo vystymosi ciklą,mes galime stebėti pasikartojančius procesus - nuo decentralizacijos 19 amžiuje ir dvidešimto amžiaus pradžioje prie centralizacijos dvidešimtojo amžiaus viduryje ir antrojoje pusėje ir vėlgi prie visiškos decentralizacijos tiek biznyje tiek viešajame administravime dvidešimto amžiaus pabaigoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Savo darbe aš ir aptarsiu ankstyvąsias valdymo teorijas jų įtaką viešąjam administravimui, pagrindines viešo administravimo teoretikų keltas problemas bei panagrinėsiu viešojo valdymo sąsajas su biznio administravimu, naujausių viešojo valdymo teorijų kontekste. turėjusias įtakos ne tik formuojant politinę viešojo administravimo teoriją, bet ir buvo pagrindu bei darė didžiulį poveikį viso viešo administravimo vystymuisi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors viešasis administravimas pradėtas nagrinėti jau seniai, tačiau rimtos studijos prasidėjo tik 1800 metais. Tuo metu Jefferson pasekėjų pasitikėjimas demokratinėmis idėjomis buvo labai stiprus, ko pasėkoje atsirado decentralizuotos valdžios idėja. Vietinė valdžia, įskaitant miestus, apskritis, regionus čia turėjo išskirtinę autonomiją. Atskiros valdžios šakos buvo atskirtos viena nuo kitos ir turėjo sąlyginę veiksmų laisvę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Laikui bėgant tokia sistema ėmė kelti vis daugiau problemų. Labai dažnai autonomija virsdavo arogancija, atskyrimas – izoliacija, nepriklausomybė – užgaida, iškilo viešumon vis daugiau  daugiau korupcijos atvejų valdžios atstovų tarpe. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-21 21:48:22',62,'','2011-01-21 21:50:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-21 21:48:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,81,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2449,'Personalo vadyba (referatas)','personalo-vadyba-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Laikas – pinigai. Tai ne banali tiesa, o realybė. Mat veiklos žmogaus laikas (kaip ir pinigai) labai brangus, nes jo nuolat trūksta. Tačiau jeigu pinigai yra įgyjamas dalykas, tai laikas – unikalus resursas. Jo negalima kompensuoti arba sukaupti. Bet su juo, kaip ir su kiekvienu resursu, galima elgtis efektyviai arba išlaidžiai – ir tatai priklauso nuo mūsų pačių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Išmokti tvarkyti vadovui savo ir savo pavaldinių laiką – sudėtingas uždavinys. Teisingai yra pastebėjęs rašytojas ir konsultantas Piteris Drukeris, jog „laiko atsargos laibai mažos, ir jeigu jūs nesugebate jo reikiamai tvarkyti, tai jums nesiseks sumaniai elgtis ir kitais atvejais”.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tad šio darbo tikslas ir bus – atskleisti kaip tinkamiau vadovui sudaryti savo darbo laiko biudžetą ir kuo geriau jį panaudoti, kad nė viena valanda nepražūtų. <br />Kaip pasakė vienas protingas žmogus - laikas yra visų vertingiausias dalykas, o jo gaišinimas – visų didžiausias išlaidumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuolaikinio vadybos mokslo teoretiko Tomo Peterso manymu , galima išskirti du ryškius vadovų tipus – vieni veikia labai greitai, o kiti per daug lėtai. Tokia klasifikacija gali pasirodyti banali, bet ji turi racionalų grūdą. „Management Today” paskelbtos apklausos duomenimis, vadovai – ir vyrai, ir moterys – vis labiau apkraunami darbais. Daugiau kaip 80 proc. apklaustųjų skundėsi aukštesnių viršininkų nekompetencija, blogai suderinta vidaus ryšių  sistema, nepakeliamais krūviais, dejavo, kad jie nuolat atitraukiami nuo pagrindinio darbo dėl beprasmių reikalų, bet svarbiausia dėl to, kad dažnai keliami neįvykdomi uždaviniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi šiandien visos kompanijos stengiasi atlikti kuo didesnį darbą esant mažesniam darbuotojų skaičiui, vadovas figūra vis dažniau tampa streso priežastimi (kaip, beje, ir pasitenkinimo). Tuo būdu labai svarbu vadovui efektingai paskirstyti savo bei kitų savo pavaldinių laiką.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div</p>\r\n<p>{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-29 15:58:23',62,'','2011-01-29 16:07:19',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-29 15:58:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,80,'','',0,50,'robots=\nauthor='),(2450,'Vadybos įvadas','vadybos-vadas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadyba - valdymas, vadovavimas socialinėms grupėms, žmonėms, įvairaus tipo organizacijoms, įmonėms, įstaigoms, mokykloms ir t.t. Vadybos mokslo praktika labai sena. Rašytiniai dokumentai egzistuoja apie 6 tūkstančius metų, o mokyklos - jaunos, susiformavusios šio amžiaus pradžioje. Studijų objektas yra socialinės sistemos žmonės. Vieningo apibrėžimo nėra. Įvairūs autoriai vadyba apibūdina skirtingai. Labiausiai paplitęs ir pripažintas apibūdinimas - vadyba yra mokslas apie planavimo organizavimo, motyvavimo ir kontroles funkcijas socialinėse organizacijose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizacija - tai grupė žmonių, kurių veikla sąmoningai koordinuojama stengiantis pasiekti užsibrėžtą tikslą, ir kurią sudaro 2 ar daugiau žmonių. Organizacija turi bendra tikslą; visi organizacijos nariai drauge dirba siekiant šio tikslo. Vadybos tikslas yra organizuoti darbą taip, kad numatytus įgyvendinus ir iškilusius uždavinius išsprendus taikiai, per trumpą laiką su mažiausiomis sąnaudomis.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-29 16:09:31',62,'','2011-01-30 15:47:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-29 16:09:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,79,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2451,'Valdymo teorijos taikymas įmoneje','valdymo-teorijos-taikymas-moneje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prie rinkos ekonomikos neįmanoma pereiti, nesiremiant šiuolaikinio mokslo laimėjimais, taip pat ir ekonometrijos, nagrinėjančios ekonominių - matematinių modelių sudarymo bei ekonominių procesų modeliavimo problemas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ekonominiai matematiniai modeliai - tai matematinis ekonominių procesų aprašymas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tikslo funkcija yra galimų sprendinių kokybės, naudingumo rodiklis. Tiesiniame modelyje šis rodiklis yra tiesinė forma.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nustatant optimalumo kriterijų, kartu nustatomos ir sąlygos, kurioms esant optimumas privalo būti pasiektas. Šios sąlygos vadinamos apribojimais. Pavyzdžiui, uždavinio sąlygoje siūloma rasti tokią gamybos programą, kuri užtikrintų įmonei didžiausią pelną. Optimalumo kriterijus šiuo atveju yra didžiausias pelnas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kartu uždavinyje turi būti nurodytos ir kitos uždavinio sąlygos, kurių reikia laikytis, siekiant tikslo funkcija užsibrėžto tikslo. Tai gali būti ribotas darbo užmokesčio dydis, ribotos išlaidos remontui, riboti gamybiniai pajėgumai, riboti materialiniai ištekliai ir pan.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kintamųjų neneigiamumo sąlyga rodo, kad įeinantys į matematinį modelį kintamieji gali būti arba lygūs nuliui, arba turi būti teigiami skaičiai. Kitais žodžiais tariant, tokiuose ekonominiuose uždaviniuose negali būti neigiamų kintamųjų (staklių, žmonių, gaminių ir t. t.).<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 15:49:23',62,'','2011-01-30 15:53:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 15:49:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,78,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2452,'Reklama','reklama','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Reklamos apibūdinimas yra sudėtingas. Nagrinėjant jos sąvoką, randame persipynusius tiek ekonomikos, sociologijos, psichologijos, ir estetikos klausimus. Norint sumaniai naudotis reklama, būtina žinoti jos prigimtį, ir funkcionavimo mechanizmą šiuolaikinėje ekonomikoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Reklama apibrėžiama ir kaip ekonominė kategorija. Planingai naudojama kaip informacijos priemonė, reklama tampa tarpininku tarp gamybos, cirkuliacijos ir vartojimo sferų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Reklama atsirado XVIII - ame amžiuje sparčiai suklestėjusiose Jungtinėse Valstijose. Jos atsiradimą iš esmės sąlygojo visuomeninis darbo pasidalijimas ir ypač prekybos bei amatų išsivystymas. Reklamos šaknys siekia žilą senovę. Apie jos praktiką eina kalba jau pačiose pirmuose rašytinės istorijos dokumentuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Reklamai tarnavo iškabos, freskos, piešiniai uolose, kviesliai, šaukliai, antspaudai bei ženklai ant prekių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuo metu reklama tapo būtinu gyvenimo atributu. Be jos neįsivaizduojame ne tik prekybos, paslaugų teikimo, bet ir apskritai daugelio ekonominių sričių egzistavimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Reklamą galima apibrėžti kaip trumpą, emocionaliai nuspalvintą informaciją, nukreiptą į potencialius pirkėjus, kad paskatinti juos atlikti įvairius veiksmus, susijusius su prekių ir paslaugų įsigijimu. Reklama realizuojama remiantis reklamos davėjo, vartotojo ir visos visuomenės tarpusavio interesais. Ji palengvina vartotojui išsirinkti prekę, suteikia kryptingą poveikį  atskiriems pirkėjams ir platiems vartotojų sluoksniams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Reklama taip pat padeda formuotis interesams, papročiams, požiūriams, įveikti klaidas ir prietarus, tarnauja kultūriniam, politiniam, moraliniam ir estetiniam žmonių auklėjimui. Ji susijusi su visuomenės nuomonės formavimu. Reklama yra daugiafunkcinė veikla su daug tikslų gali būti siekiama jos pagalba.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 15:54:41',62,'','2011-01-30 15:58:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 15:54:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,77,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2453,'Vadybos pagrindai','vadybos-pagrindai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadyba - valdymas, vadovavimas socialinėms grupėms, žmonėms, įvairaus tipo organizacijoms, įmonėms, įstaigoms, mokykloms ir t. t. Vadybos mokslo praktika labai sena. Rašytiniai dokumentai egzistuoja apie 6 tūkstančius metų, o mokyklos - jaunos, susiformavusios šio amžiaus pradžioje. Studijų objektas yra socialinės sistemos žmonės. Vieningo apibrėžimo nėra. Įvairūs autoriai vadybą apibūdina skirtingai. Labiausiai paplitęs ir pripažintas apibūdinimas - vadyba yra mokslas apie planavimo organizavimo, motyvavimo ir kontrolės funkcijas socialinėse organizacijose.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizacija - tai grupė žmonių, kurių veikla sąmoningai koordinuojama stengiantis pasiekti užsibrėžtą tikslą, ir kurią sudaro 2 ar daugiau žmonių. Organizacija turi bendrą tikslą; visi organizacijos nariai drauge dirba siekiant šio tikslo. Vadybos tikslas yra organizuoti darbą taip, kad numatytus įgyvendinus ir iškilusius uždavinius išsprendus taikiai, per trumpą laiką su mažiausiomis sąnaudomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinės vadybos kategorijos yra jos funkcijos, metodai ir gamybos arba paslaugų valdymo operacijų sistema, sistemos sudarymas ir funkcionavimas. Svarbi veiklos kryptis funkcionuojant rinkos sąlygomis yra visuotinės kokybės problema. Visuotinės kokybės kategorija reiškia, kad visose srityse darbas atliekamas laiku ir kokybiškai. Pagrindiniai vadybos metodai  yra palyginimas, analizė, sintezė, matematiniai metodai ir kt.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 15:59:27',62,'','2011-01-30 16:02:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 15:59:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,76,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2454,'Ryšiai su visuomene – teorinis aspektas (Marketingo referatas)','ryiai-su-visuomene-teorinis-aspektas-marketingo-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įmonės sėkmė labai priklauso nuo visuomenės nuomonės apie ją ir jos vystomą veiklą. Jei įmonei pavyksta tam tikroje visuomenės dalyje suformuoti teigiamą įvaizdį, ji daug lengviau pasiekia savo tikslų. Šiuolaikiniame versle svarbu ne tik daryti, tai ko reikia, bet ir informuoti apie tai visuomenę, kad ši žinotų ir suprastų. Visuomenės nuomonės formavimas reikalauja nemažai pastangų ir veiklos, kuri ir vadinama ryšiais su visuomene.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Siekiant patenkinti visuomeninius norus ir poreikius, individai ir socialiniai vienetai nustato ir palaiko ryšius su kitais individais ir socialiniais vienetais. Šiuos ryšius charakterizuoja skirtingas interakcijos laipsnis, tarpusavio priklausomybė, o taip pat socialinių ir ekonominių mainų lygis. Šiuolaikiška visuomenė susieta vis didėjančia priklausomybe ir dažnai komplikuotais santykiais. Žmogiškieji ir tarpasmeniniai santykiai atspindi santykius tarp individų. Tarptautiniai santykiai apibūdina tautų ryšius. Ryšiai su visuomene atskleidžia organizacijos ryšius su visuomene socialiniu aspektu. Šiandien terminas “ryšiai su visuomene” neapsiriboja vien tik tokia reikšme, todėl labai svarbu išsiaiškinti  šio termino prasmę, evoliuciją ir atskirti nuo kitų organizacijos funkcijų bei veiklos. Ši analizė prasideda nuo apžiūros kaip ryšiai su visuomene yra įtraukti į organizacijos veiklą ir socialinius mainus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Skirtingos ryšių su visuomene sąvokos metų bėgyje atspindi funkcijų organizacijoje ir visuomenėje evoliuciją. Taip pat atskleidžiama kylančios profesijos kova dėl savo unikalumo ir svarbos. Tam tikri evoliucijos momentai iliustruoja sąvokos “subrendimą” iki dabartinės paplitusios reikšmės. Amžiaus pradžioje ryšiai su visuomene buvo naudojami kaip verslo siekių gynyba nuo žurnalistų ir vyriausybės reguliavimo bei apribojimų. Pasiekta daug naudos per šį laikotarpį, bet akcentas buvo skiriamas kontratakai, siekiant įtakoti visuomenės nuomonę ir atremti jos politikos pasikeitimus veikiant per verslo vadovavimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ryšių su visuomene sąvoka reiškianti įtikinamą komunikaciją įsiviešpatavo Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų įstojimo į Pirmąjį Pasaulinį karą laikais, kai buvo sukurtas visuomenės Informavimo Komitetas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovaujamas George Creel, komitetas buvo atsakingas už visuomenės nuomonės vienijimą prieš karą. Per šiuos metus ryšiai su visuomene buvo apibrėžiami kaip viešos pastangos įtakoti kitus. Šis terminas, apibrėžiantis ryšius su visuomene, yra naudojamas ir dabar. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 16:04:08',62,'','2011-01-30 16:06:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 16:04:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,75,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2455,'Inovacijos','inovacijos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pokyčiai rinkoje verčia verslininkus domėtis naujovėmis, įgyti tarptautinių ryšių palaikymo patirties, neatidėliojant spręsti produkcijos ir aptarnavimo kokybės klausimus. Svarbiausia – neatsilikti, tobulėti tiek vadovui, specialistui, tiek visai įmonei ieškoti būdų, kaip tai daryti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Smulkiojo verslo plėtra ir konkurencinio pajėgumo stiprinimas yra gana sudėtingos ir lėtai bei sunkiai sprendžiamos problemos. Rinka teigiamai reaguoja, nesvarbu, kokio dydžio įmonė. Racionalus prekių ir paslaugų pasirinkimas, veiksminga kainų ir pardavimo rėmimo politika lemia smulkiojo verslo sėkmę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rinkos ekonomika Lietuvoje dar veikia nepakankamai: stringa bankroto bei konkurencijos, drauge ir efektyvaus išteklių naudojimo mechanizmas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Smulkiojo verslo struktūriniai pokyčiai dėl skirtingų klasifikavimo kriterijų ir veiklos sąlygų sunkiai palyginami su pasauliniais ir Europos Sąjungos duomenimis. Mūsų šalies smulkiojo verslo kitimas, galima sakyti, kol kas neturi analogo tarp normaliai besivystančių šalių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nepaisant smulkiojo verslo teigiamų bruožų ir santykinių pranašumų, Lietuvoje galimybės ir pajėgumai nėra tinkamai panaudojami ir pakankamai remiami. Neigiamą požiūrį į smulkųjį verslą ir konkurencijos mechanizmą iš dalies nulėmė samprata apie neproduktyvias paslaugas ir planinį ūkį. Tai galiausiai atspindėjo ir veiklos reguliavimo norminė teisinė bazė, griežtindama apskaitą, palikdama visiems vienodus mokesčius. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 16:07:10',62,'','2011-01-30 16:09:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 16:07:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,74,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2456,'Informacinių sistemų panaudojimas verslo organizacijose (kursinis darbas)','informacini-sistem-panaudojimas-verslo-organizacijose-kursinis-darbas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame kursiniame projekte bandysiu panagrinėti, kaip informacinės sistemos veikia verslo organizacijose, o konkrečiai - jų efektyvumo problemas gamybos procese.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dabartinę visuomenę galima apibūdinti kaip pereinamąją iš industrinės į informacinę visuomenę. Tam tikru požiūriu tai reiškia, kad tai, ką žmonės sukuria daugiau yra susiję su informacija ir žiniomis, negu su fizine verte. Gaminiuose,  paslaugose didėja informacijos kiekis, t. y. didėja lygis iki kurio produkcijos ar paslaugos vertę sudaro informacija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visoms, be išimties įmonėms svarbu patenkinti klientų poreikius ir rinką kuo mažesnėmis sąnaudomis ir tuo pačiu metu gauti kuo didesnes pajamas. Šį tikslą pasiekti padeda įmonės darbo optimizavimas ir kontrolė, pritaikant informacines sistemas. Tiktai optimalus informacinių sistemų naudojimas įmonei duoda apčiuopiamus teigiamus rezultatus, todėl šiame darbe ir norėčiau panagrinėti informacinių sitemų darbo optimizavimą ir efektyvų jų panaudojimą visoje prekės arba paslaugos gamybos eigoje.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 16:10:19',62,'','2011-01-30 16:13:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 16:10:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,73,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2457,'Protekcionizmas','protekcionizmas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Protekcionizmas - tai valstybinės ekonominės politikos kryptis, kuria nac. ekonomika saugoma nuo kitų šalių konkurencijos arba kuria plečiamos užsienio rinkos. (Didinami importo muitai, mažinami eksporto muitai, teikiamos piniginės pašalpos nac. ūkio vystymui).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Argumentai, pateisinantys muitų naudojimą: šalies saugumas; užimtumas; vidaus gamybos konkurencingumo užtikrinimas; pagalba naujai atsirandančioms gamybos šakoms, vyriausybės pajamos socialiniai strategijai įgyvendinti (kultūros išsaugojimas, fermerių būklės ar nepageidaujamų prekių vartojimo problemoms spręsti).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žiūrint iš ekonominės pusės, subsidijos yra daug efektyvesnės nei tarifai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Reikia atsižvelgiama į tai, kokią vietą užima šalies importas pasaulinėje rinkoje. Jei ji žymi, tai paklausos padidėjimas gali smarkiai padidinti prekės kainą. Šiuo atveju tinka kalbėti apie importo mažinimą- tarifo nustatymą- Importo optimalus tarifas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valiutų santykiai – visuomeniniai santykiai, susiję su valiutos judėjimu. jų pagrindas – prekių g-ba, prekyba, kapitalo ir paslaugų judėjimas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 16:13:42',62,'','2011-01-30 16:17:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 16:13:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,72,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(2458,'Rėmimo veiksmų grupės jų reikšmė ir esmė (referatas)','rmimo-veiksm-grups-j-reikm-ir-esm-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po Nepriklausomybės atkūrimo Lietuva pasuko didelių ekonominių reformų keliu. Vienas iš būtiniausių sėkmės kelių, tai perėjimas prie rinkos. Formuojantis šioms sąlygoms buvo susidomėta ir marketingu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Naudojimasis šio mokslo žiniomis ir praktika yra natūralus ir būtinas reiškinys. Marketingo koncepcijos bei jų pagrindų panaudojimas versle bei komercijoje dažnai nulemia žmonių veiklos efektyvumą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Studijuojant Biznio administravimo specialybę, be marketingo taip pat neišsiversi. Viena iš Marketingo principų dalyko studijų dalių yra referatas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mano darbo tikslas - atskleisti rėmimo veiksmus, jų grupes, reikšmę ir esmę. Rėmimas (stimuliavimas) yra vienas iš keturių pagrindinių elementų, įeinančių į įmonės marketingo sudėtį. Darbe didžiausias dėmesys skiriamas rėmimo veiksmų grupėms - pardavimų rėmimams, reklamai, populiarinimui ir asmeniškiems pardavimams.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 16:19:20',62,'','2011-01-30 16:25:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 16:19:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,71,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(2459,'Vadybos kompiuterizuotos darbo vietos','vadybos-kompiuterizuotos-darbo-vietos','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 16:26:49',62,'','2011-01-30 16:28:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 16:26:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,69,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2460,'Tinklinio planavimo ir valdymo grafikas','tinklinio-planavimo-ir-valdymo-grafikas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 16:29:58',62,'','2011-01-30 16:31:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 16:29:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,70,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2461,'Reklama ir jos ypatumai','reklama-ir-jos-ypatumai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šio šimtmečio pradžioje beveik visų Europos ir Amerikos firmų pagrindas buvo gamybos specialistai. Gamybos žinovai ir specialistai buvo svarbiausi žmonės. Jie planavo visą firmos strategiją ir taktiką. Firmų pajėgumas ir gamybos apimtis augo. 1929 metais susidarė tokia situacija, kai prekių pasiūla pralenkė paklausą. Kilo ekonominė krizė, ir firmoms sunkiau sekėsi parduoti savo produkciją. Todėl išaugo paklausą būtent tokiems žmonėms, kurie žinojo, kaip prekę pateikti klientui, išskirdami jos privalumus. Būtent tada reklama įgijo savo dabartinę reikšmę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Laikotarpis nuo Didžiosios depresijos iki maždaug 1960 - ųjų metų vadinamas \"pardavėjų era\".</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sekančioje po jos \"vartotojo eroje\" reklamos reikšmė dar labiau išaugo, nes vartotojas tapo dar išrankesniu. Atsirado daug įstatymų, ginančių ir apsaugojančių jų teises. Taip pat atsirado įstatymų, ribojančių reklamą. Reklama įšėjo iš laukinio kapitalizmo epochos ir tapo labiau civilizuota.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvoje reklamai teko praeiti tokią pat evoliuciją kaip ir Vakaruose bet per žymiai trumpesnį laiką, nes ji jau remdavosi Vakarų patirtimi. Galima pasakyti, kad mes jau gyvenome \"vartotojų eroje\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atsirado daug reklamos agentūrų, laikraščiuose ir žurnaluose skiriama daug vietos reklamai, nes tai tapo pagrindiniu jų pragyvenimo šaltiniu. Tokia pat situacija susiklostė ir  Lietuvos televizijoje. Firmoms, tam kad surasti savo rinką tarp vartotojų teko reklamuotis. Iš pradžių tai buvo labai panašu į reklamą, kuria</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vakarai turėjo 30 - 40 metais. Turėjo čia įtaką ir atitinkamas technikos lygis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didėjant su laiku investicijoms į Lietuvos rinką, tobulėjo ir reklamos šaka. Lietuvoje padaryta reklama vis mažiau skiriasi nuo kitų savo kokybe ir profesianalumu, nes prie darbo atsisėdo jau patyrusieji specialistai. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 17:01:42',62,'','2011-01-30 17:04:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 17:01:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,68,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2462,'Marketingas','marketingas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marketingas (angl. marketing – prekyba) – pažodžiui reiškia prekybinė veikla. Tačiau daugelis dabar naudojamų marketingo apibrėžimų jau seniai peraugo šią pažodinę reikšmę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ankstyvose marketingo išsivystymo stadijose ši veikla buvo aiškinama kaip tikslinga veikla prekėms realizuoti. Vystantis rinkos ekonomikai, marketingas buvo suprantamas plačiau kaip „rinkos koncepcija“ arba netgi „biznio filosofija“.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">70 - siais metais išsivysčiusiose kapitalistinėse šalyse marketingas buvo aiškinamas kaip kompleksinė programinė veikla, apimanti visus prekių gamybos, mokslo – tiriamuosius, kapitalinių įdėjimų finansavimo, darbo jėgos, realizavimo, aptarnavimo ir t. t. klausimus, t. y. kapitalistinės firmos veiklos organizavimo sistemą, nukreiptą prekių kūrimo, gamybos ir realizavimo tikslams, kuri grindžiama kompleksiniais rinkos ir pirkėjų paklausos tyrimais, kad gali gauti monopolistinį pelną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jeigu remtis realaus pirkėjo prigimtimi ir logika, marketingas – veiklos rūšis, nukreipta žmogaus poreikių mainų būdu patenkinimui (Filip Kotler).<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 17:06:05',62,'','2011-01-30 17:08:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 17:06:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,67,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2463,'Marketingo pagrindai','marketingo-pagrindai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinė idėja - žmogus turi būtinybę kažką įsigyti žmogui kažko trūksta. Reikmė - be ko negalima apsieiti. Reikmes turi būti tenkinamos. Poreikiai atsiranda vis nauji. Poreikis - specifine forma patenkinanti žmogu bei atitinkanti jo kultūrinį lygį ir kitas asmenines savybes. 1 fiziologines reikmes. 2 savisaugos poreikiai 3. bendravimo poreikiai. 4. pripažinimo poreikiai. 5. saviraiškos poreikiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paklausa - poreikis paremtas perkamumo galimybe. Preke - visa tai kas gali patenkinti reikmę ar poreikį. Prekių pasirinkimo asortimentas - visos prekes rinkoje. Įvairios prekes nevienodai tenkina skirtingus žmones.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mainai - vienas iš keturių būdų įsigyti prekę (pasigaminti, pavogti, išprašyti, iškeisti). Kad įvyktų mainai: turi būti minimum 2 suinteresuoti asmenys, kiekvienas turi turėti kažką kas domina kitą, kiekvienas turi užmegzti ryšį ir pristatyti prekę į reikiamą vietą, kiekvienas iš dalyvių turi būti visiškai laisvas priimant pasiūlymą, kiekvienas iš jų turi būti įsitikinęs, kad tai tikslinga ir verta.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 17:08:24',62,'','2011-01-30 17:15:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 17:08:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,66,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(2464,'Kokybės vadyba','kokybs-vadyba','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadybinė veikla – tai visuminė organizacijos valdymo veikla, o ne tik žmonių, dirbančių  šioje organizacijoje, veiklos ir santykių reguliavimas. Praktine prasme, vadyba yra specifinė veikla, kurią vykdant  reguliuojami visi įmonėje vykstantys procesai. Moksline prasme – mokymo kryptis apie organizacijų valdymo dėsningumus, principus, metodus, organizacinį mechanizmą. Be vadybos neišsiversi jokioje organizacijoje, jos reikia bet kuriame procese. Principiniai vadybos teiginiai yra analogiški ir nepriklauso nuo valdomo proceso ar objekto, tačiau atskiri ypatumai neabejotinai pasireiškia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadybos moksle dėl bendrųjų vadybos funkcijų nėra vieningos nuomonės. Išskiriamos klasikinės vadybos funkcijos: planavimas, organizavimas, kontrolė, vadovavimas. Šios funkcijos kartojasi valdant bet kurį objektą, bet kurioje objekto realizavimo fazėje.  (Sakalas A. ir kiti 2000).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kokybės vadyboje didžiausias autoritetas yra W. E. Deming, plačiausiai pripažintas ne tik JAV, bet ir visame Vakarų pasaulyje. Kokybės vadyba nuo senųjų civilizacijų iki mūsų laikų nuėjo ilgą evoliucijos kelią, bet jos pokyčiai 20 a. antrojoje pusėje įvardijami kaip revoliuciniai. Japonijos bendrovių patirtis, paremta moderniomis Tinkamiausiu laiku, Lankščioji vadyba ir kitomis koncepcijomis, Bendrovės plačioji kokybės kontrolės programa, paženklino Kokybės revoliucijos pradžią.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bendrovės plačioji kokybės kontrolės, suprantamos kaip vadyba, programa apėmė tokius principinius elementus: naują kokybės, orientuotos į vartotojų poreikius, supratimą; visų organizacijos funkcinių padalinių ir visų lygių darbuotojų dalyvavimą kokybės veikloje; nuolatinio kokybės gerinimo tikslus, kurie įgyvendintini nuolat rūpinantis darbuotojų kompetencija. Šios programos orientacija į darbuotojų visuotinį dalyvavimą ir jų kompetencijos ugdymą rodė kokybės vadybos naują sampratą, kuri peraugo į Visuotinės Kokybės Vadybos koncepciją, kaip modernų, efektyvų ir plačiai pasaulyje pripažintą bei taikomą požiūrį. <br />Kokybės vadybos sistemą pakeitė didžiųjų Japonijos kompanijų kartu su JAV ir Japonijos mokslininkais inovaciniai ieškojimai, suteikę prioritetą produktų kokybei ir jos moderniai vadybai (Pociūtė D.,  2000).<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 17:16:29',62,'','2011-01-30 17:19:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 17:16:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,65,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(2465,'Parodų organizavimas','parod-organizavimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuolaikinių įmonių veikla neįsivaizduojama be reklamos. Aktyvios rinkos sąlygomis, augant prekių bei paslaugų įvairovei, reklama tampa viena svarbiausių klientų informavimo rūšių bei viena veiksmingiausių konkurencijos priemonių. Specializuotos parodos yra viena iš efektyviausių reklamos formų, kartu atliekanti ir firmos reklamos (gerina įvaizdį, kelia prestižą), ir  konkrečios prekės ar paslaugos reklamos, ir įmonės produkcijos pardavimų skatinimo funkcijas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvoje yra keletas firmų užsiimančių parodų organizavimu ir rengimu. Didžiausi parodų rengėjai įsikūrę Vilniuje ir Kaune.  Didžiausias parodų rengimo centras Baltijos valstybėse yra Lietuvos parodų centras “LITEXPO”, kuris įsikūręs Vilniuje, netoli geografinio Europos centro, prie kelio iš Vakarų į Rytus. Pagrindinė “LITEXPO” veikla – parodų ir mugių organizavimas bei rengimas. Per metus “LITEXPO” sulaukia per 600 000 lankytojų ir 4000 parodų dalyvių iš daugelio pasaulio valstybių. Kasmet čia organizuojama per 40 įvairių renginių, beveik pusė iš jų – tradicinės tarptautinės parodos ir per 10 – Lietuvos įmonių ekspozicijų užsienyje. Daugelis “LITEXPO” rengiamų parodų gerai žinomos visoje Europoje ir įtraukiamos į svarbiausius parodų katalogus. Taigi dalyvavimas parodose tai daug žadanti perspektyva įmonės veiklai, parodos dalyvis turi progą net tik supažindinti su nauju produktu ar paslauga, bet ir užmegsti ryšius su komerciniais partneriais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienas iš didžiausių parodų organizatorių Kauno bei Šiaulių regionuose yra UAB ”Ekspocentras”, sėkmingai veikianti nuo 1994 m. Ši bendrovė užsiima specializuotų parodų bei mugių organizavimu, kurios tapo reikšmingais renginiais Lietuvos verslo pasaulyje.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 17:20:43',62,'','2011-01-30 17:23:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 17:20:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,64,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2466,'Marketingo špera','marketingo-pera','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ji reikalinga tam, kad galima būtų nusipirkti prekę ten kur yra patogu pirkėjui ir visai nesvarbu iš kur ji atkeliavo. PASKIRSTYMAS - tai kelias iš gamintojo pas vartotoją. Paskirstimo kelių yra labai daug ir įvairių Taigi: geriausias kelias yra vadinamas Paskirstymo politika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kelias yra trumpiausias. Senovėje tai buvo turgus, amatininkai, keleivių pervežimas (šiuo metu pvz.: Taksi).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trumpas ir pats populiariausias. Krautuvininkai perka prekes pas gamintoją, savo parduotuvėse jas reklamuoja, sudaro platų jų asortimentą, padeda pirkėjui pasirinkti, parengia jas pardavimui, teikia kreditą ir kitas paslaugas. Prekių kainos yra didesnės negu įsigijus A keliu, nes prisideda krautuvės išlaikymo sąnaudos bei savininko pelnas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Irgi trumpas kelias bet pirkėjas prekių nemato. Pirkėjui patogu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sudaro viena ar kelios didelės prekybos firmos kuriom priklauso daugybė parduotuvių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">APRŪPINIMO tarnyba superka prekes iš gamintojų, ji gali sukaupti platų jų asortimentą ir jas paskirsto pagal poreikius savo parduotuvėm</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atsiranda viena tarpinė grandis : DIDMENINĖ prekyba. Pirminė jos funkcija prekių sukaupimas ir paskirstymas. Ja naudojasi didelės ir vidutinės įmonės, kurioms neverta prekiauti su 1000-čiu naujų prekybininkų. Atlieka rūšiavimo bei komplektavimo, saugojimo ir transportavimo darbus. Kartais fasuoja ir pakuoja.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ilgiausias kelias. Tinka kai kurias prekes perkant labai dideliais kiekiais. Prekių biržos gali būti VIETINĖS ir TARPTAUTINĖS - Duisburgo grūdų; Londono ir New - Yorko metalo biržos; Bremeno ir Hamburgo kavos biržos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai perka gamintojai (žaliavas, medžiagas, prekes) iškrenta krautuvininkas ir galutinis vartotojas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 17:24:40',62,'','2011-01-30 17:30:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 17:24:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,63,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2467,'Marketingo sąvokos','marketingo-svokos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinė idėja - žmogus turi būtinybę kažką įsigyti žmogui kažko trūksta. Reikmė - be ko negalima apsieiti. Reikmes turi būti tenkinamos. Poreikiai atsiranda vis nauji. Poreikis - specifine forma patenkinanti žmogų bei atitinkanti jo kultūrini lygi ir kitas asmenines savybes. 1. fiziologines reikmes. 2. savisaugos poreikiai 3. bendravimo poreikiai. 4. pripažinimo poreikiai. 5. saviraiškos poreikiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paklausa - poreikis paremtas perkamumo galimybe. Preke - visa tai kas gali patenkinti reikmę ar poreikį. Prekių pasirinkimo asortimentas - visos prekes rinkoje. Įvairios prekes nevienodai tenkina skirtingus žmones.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mainai - vienas iš keturių būdų įsigyti prekę (pasigaminti, pavogti, išprašyti, iškeisti). Kad įvyktų mainai: turi būti minimum 2 suinteresuoti asmenys, kiekvienas turi turėti kažką kas domina kita, kiekvienas turi užmegzti ryšį ir pristatyti prekę į reikiamą vietą, kiekvienas iš dalyvių turi būti visiškai laisvas priimant pasiūlymą, kiekvienas iš jų turi būti įsitikinęs, kad tai tikslinga verta.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 17:30:54',62,'','2011-01-30 17:38:31',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 17:30:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,62,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2468,'Marketingo esmė','marketingo-esm','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai veiklos rūšis, per mainus tenkinanti žmogaus poreikius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai rinkos tyrimas ir valdymas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai paklausos, pasiūlos balansavimo procesas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai pirkėjo formavimas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai verslinė veikla, susijusi su prekių ir paslaugų srauto nukreipimu iš gamintojo – vartotojui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai prekių, paslaugų, idėjų, mainų, atitinkančių individų ir organizacijų tikslus, planavimas ir įgyvendinimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai firmos gamybinės – prekybinės veiklos kompleksinis valdymas, orientuotas į maksimalų vartotojų paklausos ir poreikių patenkinimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai verslo filosofija.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 17:39:38',62,'','2011-01-30 17:42:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 17:39:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,61,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2469,'Marketingas B. Alborovienė (mokomoji knyga)','marketingas-b-alborovien-mokomoji-knyga','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 17:43:48',62,'','2011-01-30 17:46:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 17:43:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,60,'','',0,45,'robots=\nauthor='),(2470,'Marketingo tipai ir koncepcijos','marketingo-tipai-ir-koncepcijos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marketingo koncepcija - gamintojo ir vartotojo bendradarbiavimo filosofija arba tai gamintojo požiūris.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Koncepcijos: gamybos koncepcija: gamintojas įsitikinęs, kad vartotojas tas prekes vartos ir ateityje tereiks tik tobulinti gamybą; prekės koncepcija: gamintojas žino, kad vartotojas pirks prekę, jeigu ji yra tobula kitų prekių atžvilgiu. Gamintojas orientuojasi į prekę, tobulinimą, įpakavimą; pardavimo koncepcija: gamintojas žino, kad jo prekę ir toliau pirks ne bet kur, o stambiuose prekybos ventruose ar kioskuose, etc. kas ją pirks? Kur prekiauti?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marketingo tipai: konversinis marketingas: kai rinkoje yra negatyvi paklausa, marketingo specialistai turi įrodyti, kad ši prekė yra labai naudinga; skatinamasis marketingas: marketingo specialistai turi parinkti priemones, kaip padidinti paklausą; remarketingas. Buvusi ilgalaikė paklausa pradeda mažėti. Marketingo specialistų užduotis - atstatyti buvusią paklausą; sinchromarketingas - paklausa kinta metų, (mėnesių, paros, etc.) laikotarpiu. Išlaikyti, kad nebūtų tokių svyravimų.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 17:47:06',62,'','2011-01-30 17:51:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 17:47:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,59,'','',0,36,'robots=\nauthor='),(2471,'Valdymas','valdymas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daug pastangų dedama sukonstruoti daviklių sistemą, kuri indikuotų jos sveikumą ar nukrypimą. Deja nepateikiama sveikumo atstatymo receptų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Greitų permainų menedžmente nebūna. Pasiruošus menedžmento subjektui, turi būti paruoštas ir menedžmento objektas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Menedžmentas, kaip mokslas susiformavo pramoninės revoliucijos metu. Ekonominiu požiūriu pramoninė revoliucija sukūrė kitos kokybės mokslą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šio mokslo pradininkai yra Teiloras ir Faiolas, jie buvo inžinieriai, kurie patys sukūrė ir prižiūrėjo naująsias technologijas, patys organizavo darbą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teiloras pradėjęs organizuoti darbą, rado senas darbo organizavimo tradicijas – tai buvo saldofoniškumo tradicijos. Tokiose sąlygose dirbdami žmonės išnaudojo tik 30 % savo galimybių. Žmogus neturėjo neturėjo galimybių atskleisti savo sugebėjimų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kuriant naują darbo organizavimo sistemą, buvo sukurtas mokslas apie prastovas, žmogaus galimybių įvertinimas moksliškai, darbo vietos moksliškas apibūdinimas, darbo racionalumo taikymas, paskatinimo-užmokesčio mechanizmas, funkcinis specializavimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teiloras sukūrė cechinę organizaciją. Faiolis sukūrė bendrą darbo organizavimo piramidę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Anri Faiolis – yra daug pažangesnis su savo menedžmento sistema, nei Tailoras.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Principinė Anri Faiolio sistema yra jo sukurta menedžmento sistema. Daugelis jo sukurtų principų nepaseno iki šiol. Jis buvo ne teoretikas, o praktikas. Jo sukurta sistema yra jo darbo apibendrinimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Faiolio pagrindinis principas – vadovo žinios ir sugebėjimai    X    praktika     =     SĖKMĖ.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Moraliniu rakursu – atsakomybė yra valdžios vainikas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valdymo požiūriu – yra galima valdymo destrukcija, degradacija, nes valdžia nėra amžina.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 17:51:41',62,'','2011-01-30 17:55:52',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 17:51:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,58,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2472,'Incoterms terminai','incoterms-terminai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prekybos terminai INCOTERMS, sudaryti Tarptautinių prekybos rūmų, tiksliai nusako visas šalių teises ir pareigas sudarant sandorį. Kiekvienas terminas apibrėžia rizikos ir atsakomybės pasiskirstymą tarp pirkėjo ir pardavėjo. Šie terminai taikomi tarp dviejų kraštutinių pozicijų: pirma, visa atsakomybė tenka pirkėjui ir antra, visa atsakomybė tenka pardavėjui. Svarbiausios jų: aprūpinimas eksporto ir importo licencijomis; sutarties dokumentų turinio ir rūšies tikslinimas; patikrinimo operacijų apmokėjimas ir kt.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">INCOTERMS nusako eksportuotojų ir importuotojų teises, pareigas ir atsakomybę,susijusią su mokėjimų tvarka už prekių pristatymą tarptautiniuose prekybos sandoriuose. Atsakomybės pasiskirstymo principas pagrįstas tuo, kad apibrėžtas kiekvienos sąlygos (termino) punktas, kur prekė turi būti pristatyta iš pardavėjo pirkėjui pardavėjo sąskaita. Paprastai nuo šio “kritinio taško” įsipareigojimai už tolesnį prekių gabenimą ir prisiėmimą rizikos bei išlaidų už tolesnį prekių pristatymą pereina iš pardavėjo pirkėjui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tarptautinių prekybos rūmų darbo grupė, pasiūlė kitokį INCOTERMS terminų išdėstymo nuoseklumą, kad būtų juos lengviau skaityti ir suprasti. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 17:56:29',62,'','2011-01-30 17:59:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 17:56:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,57,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2473,'Vadovavimas. Vadovo funkcijos','vadovavimas-vadovo-funkcijos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valdymo stilius yra sudėtinga vadovo ir pavaldinių santykių visuma. Vadovas atlieka jam pavestas funkcijas tik jam būdingu, individualiu stiliumi. Kiekvieno vadovo darbo stilius individualus, nes nepakartojamos tiek jo asmeninės, tiek ir vadovaujamo kolektyvo savybės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Galima išskirti keletą pagrindinių veiksnių, lemiančių vienokį ar kitokį vadovo darbo stilių: organizacijos ar įmonės, kuriai vadovaujama specifika - jos tikslai ir užduotys; gamybinė aplinka - veiklos organizavimo formos, technologinis gamybos lygis; vadovaujamo kolektyvo ypatumai - jo sudėtis, pasiruošimo lygis, tarpusavio santykių pobūdis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Galima drąsiai teigti, kad vadovas be autoriteto - prastas vadovas. Autoritetas - tai visuotinai pripažinta, neformali žmogaus įtaka.  Skiriamos dvi autoriteto rūšys: autoritetas, įgyjamas kartu su pareigybiniu statusu (formalus) ir išsikovojamas paties vadovo (realus). Vadovas, kuris suranda teisingą bendravimo su pavaldiniais stilių, greitai įgyja realų autoritetą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovo darbo stilius nėra tik asmeninis vadovo reikalas. Nuo jo didžia dalimi priklauso visos įmonės ar organizacijos veiklos rezultatai, jo vadovaujamų žmonių pasitenkinimas darbu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovo ir pavaldinių santykių įvairovė ir sudėtingumas lemia konkrečių valdymo stilių įvairovę, tačiau joje, galima išskirti tam tikrus parametrus arba kriterijus, pagal kuriuos  pastebimi vadovui būdingi bruožai, kurie grupuojami ir analizuojami.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iki šiol nėra vieningos individualaus valdymo stiliaus klasifikacijos. Skirtingi autoriai ir mokyklos įvairiai juos klasifikuoja.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 18:00:21',62,'','2011-01-30 18:06:34',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 18:00:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,56,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2474,'Visuotinė kokybės vadyba (paskaitų konspektas)','visuotin-kokybs-vadyba-paskait-konspektas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rinkos ekonomikos sąlygomis kiekviena organizacija dalyvauja konkurencinėje kovoje dėl vartotojų, išteklių ir pan. Pripažįstama, kad net viešojo sektoriaus organizacijos – universitetai, mokyklos, sveikatos apsaugos įstaigos veikia konkurencijos aplinkoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuolaikiniai globaliniai socialiniai ir ekonominiai procesai, technologinė pažanga aštrina konkurencinę kovą, todėl organizacijos turėtų ieškoti galimybių stiprinti konkurencinį pajėgumą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konkurencinį pajėgumą apsprendžia organizacijos kompetencija, t. y. gebėjimas generuoti tam tikros vertės produktus vartotojams. Jei organizacija pajėgs generuoti didesnės vertės produktus, geriau tenkins vartotojų poreikius ir lūkesčius, palyginus su konkurentais, organizacija bus potencialiai konkurencingesnė rinkoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizacijos gebėjimą generuoti aukštos vertės produktus lemia procesai bei ištekliai, jų efektyvus vyksmas, todėl jų valdymas yra padeda įgyvendinti organizacijos tikslus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konkurenciniam pajėgumui didinti procesus ir jų vyksmą būtina nuolat gerinti. Tai pasiekiama, kai įgyvendinamos inovacijos, ugdoma darbuotojų kompetencija, tobulinamas valdymas, ko pasėkoje atsiranda ir didėja kompetencija kurti ir gaminti vartotojų poreikius atitinkantį produktą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konkurencinėje kovoje naudojami ir kiti konkurencinės kovos “ginklai” - kaina, lankstumas, greitis, laikas gaminti bei pateikti rinkai produktus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ne tik viso ūkio, bet ir vienos ūkio šakos konkurentų varžymuisi rinkoje turi įtakos kiekvienos organizacijos gebėjimas kurti produkto ar paslaugos kokybę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įvertinus kokybės svarbą konkurencijoje, kokybės tikslai būtina įkomponuoti į organizacijos veiklos strategiją, atsižvelgus į vartotojų poreikius ir konkurentų pasiekimus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Konkurencija ne tik įtakoja organizacijos veiklos rezultatus, bet ji lemia valstybės makroekonomines ir politines pasekmes.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 18:13:46',62,'','2011-01-30 18:16:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 18:13:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,55,'','',0,26,'robots=\nauthor='),(2475,'Efektyvus pardavimas Stephan Schiffman','efektyvus-pardavimas-stephan-schiffman','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1920 metų spalio 10 dieną įvyko tai, ko dar niekad nebuvo buvę, ir kas nepasikartojo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai atsitiko vaikinui vardu Bill Wambsgnass, kuris tądien žaidė už “Cleveland Indians” komandą prieš “Brooklyn Dodgers”, penktosiose 1920 metų pasaulio turnyro rungtynėse.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiose įtemptose rungtynėse, kai žaidėjų dar buvo ir pirmoje, ir antroje stotyje, ir nė vienas nebuvo išbėgęs, “Dodgers” smūgiuotojas, Clarence Mitchell, kirto aštrų smūgį į kairę aikštės pusę. Wabsgnass perbėgo lauką - vienu mažiau. Tada, tiesiog per sekundės dalį, jis suvokė, kad bėgiko iš antrosios stoties pasirinkta kryptis yra per daug toli nuo tikslo. Taigi Wambsgnass antrojoje stotyje liko visiškai vienas! Kaire koja jis palietė tinklą - dviem mažiau.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Čia įprastas žaidimas virto kažkuo neįtikėtinu. Pirmosios stoties bėgikas, Otto Miller, neteisingai suprato kamuolį ir į antrąją stotį pradėjo bėgti per greitai. Wambsgnass,  pamatęs, kaip pasibaisėjęs Miller sustojo pusiaukelėje tarp stočių, susikaupė ir pasuko tikslo link - trim mažiau.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Niekieno nepadedamas Bill Wambsgnass užbaigė žaidimą - pirmąjį trigubą žaidimą pasaulio istorijoje. Tai nepasikartojo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kodėl pasakoju apie beisbolą knygoje, kurioje turėčiau rašyti apie pardavimą? Dalykas aiškus. Manau, kad Bill Wambsgnass turi puikius pardavėjo duomenis. Paaiškinsiu kodėl.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trigubo žaidimo “sustrateguoti negali niekas. Ant suolelio sėdintis treneris to nepasufleruos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trigubas žaidimas - tolimos ateities planavimas. Net pats geriausias aukščiausiosios lygos antrosios stoties žaidėjas (kuriuo, tarp kitko, Wambsgnass nebuvo) tokio žaidimo negalėjo nei numatyti, nei apgalvoti. Taip sužaisti galima tik instinktyviai, susidūrus su tam tikru aplinkybių deriniu, greitai ir veiksmingai išnaudojus nelauktai atsiradusią galimybę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Išvesdamas analogiją, noriu pasakyti, kad “vidutiniško pardavimo”nėra. Kaip patvirtintų visi patyrę pardavėjai, bet koks pardavimo procesas yra “tolimos ateities planavimas”. Tai nėra tokia retenybė, kaip trigubas beisbolo žaidimas. Tačiau pardavimas, lygiai taip, kaip ir beisbolas, priklauso nuo žaidėjo pagrindų tvirtumo.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 18:18:39',62,'','2011-01-30 18:21:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 18:18:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,54,'','',0,32,'robots=\nauthor='),(2476,'Grynoji monopolija špera','grynoji-monopolija-pera','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Absoliučioj! arba grynoji monopolija (pure monopoly) - tai toks rinkos sandaros tipas kai yra vienintelis prekių, neturinčių artimų pakaitų, pardavėjas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuo terminu vadinamas ir pats vienintelis prekės pardavėjas ar gamintojas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kadangi monopolijos gaminamas ar parduodamas produktas yra tuo unikalus, kad neturi artimų pakaitų, vartotojui nėra alternatyvų: jis turi pirkti iš monopolininko arba apsieiti be produkto. Jeigu esama pakaitų, tuomet reikia reklamos. Pavyzdžiui, vartotojas gali pirkti briliantą arba išleisti pinigus poilsiui prie jūros. Vartotojui apsispręsti padės įtikinama reklama. Buities prekėms ir paslaugoms, pavyzdžiui, vandeniui, nėra pakaitų, joms reklamos nereikia.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Grynoji monopolija yra abstrakcija. Realiame gyvenime yra labai mažai (jeigu iš viso yra) produktų, kurie neturi pakaitų. Mieste vietinė elektros kompanija gali būti vienintelė elektros energijos pardavėja regione, tačiau elektra, kadangi ji vartojama įvairiems tikslams, turi pakaitų. Jeigu energijos kaina didėja, šildyti vartojama elektros energija keičiama anglimi ar kt.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Labai retai nacionalinėje ar tarptautinėje rinkoje yra tik vienas pardavėjas. Firma \"De Beers\" parduoda 85 proc. deimantų. Nors kompanija nėra gryna monopolija, bet ji artima jai ir, kadangi parduoda didžiąją dalį kasmet gaunamų deimantų, gali turėti įtakos kainai, kontroliuodama siūlomą prekybai kiekį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Grynoji monopolija būdingesnė vietinėms rinkoms nei tarpnacionalinėms. Mažuose miesteliuose gali būti vienas dantų gydytojas, vienas knygynas ir pan. Monopolijos valdžia (monopoly power) yra tuomet, kai firma gali keisti   savo   produkcijos  kainą,   keisdama   gaminamą   kiekį,   kurį numato parduoti.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 18:22:32',62,'','2011-01-30 18:25:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 18:22:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,53,'','',0,27,'robots=\nauthor='),(2477,'Logistikos mokymo priemonė B. Alborovienė','logistikos-mokymo-priemon-b-alborovien','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 18:26:09',62,'','2011-01-30 18:28:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 18:26:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,52,'','',0,34,'robots=\nauthor='),(2478,'Vadybos teorijos įvadas','vadybos-teorijos-vadas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ekonomikos teorija formavosi kartu su visuomenės santykių raida. Ekonominius gyvenimo reiškinius žmonės pradėjo suvokti žymiai ankščiau negu buvo sukurtas mokslas nagrinėjantis šiuos reiškinius. Tai reiškia, kad ekonomika kaip mokslas susiformavo apibendrinant įvairius ekonominius dėsnius, kurie vyko realiame žmonių gyvenime. Daugelis ekonominių reiškinių, kurie tapo šio mokslo tyrimo objektu buvo žinomi jau senovės egiptiečiams ir senovės graikams(reiškiniai:mainai, pinigų atsiradimas ir panaudojimas mainuose).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ekonominė  mintis tai yra visuomeninių ekonominių santykių atspindys žmonių  sąmonėje. Ekonominė mintis atsispindėjo: tautosakoje, religijoje, o vėliau įvairiuose rašytiniuose šaltiniuose t. y. įstatymų rinkiniuose ūkio tvarkymo nuostatuose ir fiskaliniuose dokumentuose (fiskalizmas iš lotyn. kalbos  iždo biudžeto politika kai pajamos formuojamos pagrindinai iš mokesčių).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmieji rašytiniai šaltiniai atsirado kartu su įstatymo rinkiniais, ūkio tvarkymo nuostatais ir fiskaliniais dokumentais. Ūkinės veiklos patyrimai ir žinių apie ūkinę veiklą skleidimas sudarė sąlygas teoriškai apibendrinti ekonominius reiškinius, pažinti jų  priklausomybę ir savitarpio ryšius, paruošti rekomendacijas kaip tvarkyti privatų ir valstybės ūkį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vergovinės santvarkos laikotarpyje aukščiausią teorinį lygį ekonominės minties paskelbė graikų filosofo Ksenofonto, Aristotelio, Platono veikaluose. Pirmasis specialus ekonomikos klausimams skirtas veikalas buvo Ksenofonto “EKONOMIKOSAS” būtent šiame veikale pirmą kartą buvo išaiškinta žodžio ekonomika kilmė.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 18:29:12',62,'','2011-01-30 18:33:28',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 18:29:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,51,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2479,'Įmonė - kaip planavimo objektas','mon-kaip-planavimo-objektas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dabartinė ekonomikos krizė - tai pirmiausia, gamybos sferos krizė, kurių pagrindu yra įmonė. Visos ekonomikos reformavimo kryptys vienu ar kitu atveju paliečia įmonę. Būtent čia ir yra centras visų reformų. Pertvarkyti įmonę kartais tenka sunkiomis aplinkybėmis, kurios apibūdinamos kaip labai priklausomos nuo žaliavos importo ir elektros energijos, apyvartinių lėšų stoka, apribojimu biudžetinių lėšų, kurios turėtų būti paskirtos paskatinti materialinei gamybai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taip pat praktika parodo, jog neritmingai dirbančiose įmonėse, kaip taisyklė, planavimo organizavimas yra žemo lygio. Didelių rezervų, surištų su efektyviu ūkininkavimu, reikia ieškoti pačiose įmonėse, ar susivienijimuose. Kad visa tai įgyvendinti, kiekviena įmonė turi turėti aiškią firmos viduje planavimo strategiją.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Esant judėjimui vidinės aplinkos praktiškai neįmanoma užtikrinti įmonės normalų darbą, žiūrint tiktai į vidinių problemų situaciją. Pagreitinus viduje vykstančių procesų, pakeitimas vartotojų ir tiekėjų pozicijos, konkurencijos padidėjimas, intensyvus išaugimas mokslo ir technologijų priveda iki to, jog įmonėms būna sunku numatyti būsimą situaciją ir adaptuotis joje. Strateginio planavimo koncepcija padeda išdirbti visą kompleksą priemonių ir būdų, kurie padės įmonei adaptuotis sėkmingam rinkos sąlygų ūkininkavimui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Būtinumą išleisti mokslo priemones privedė šios aplinkybės. Įmonėje susidariusi metodologija ir metodikos planavimas vyksta centralizuotai bendrame liaudies ūkio planavime. Perkėlimas centralizuoto planavimo į valstybės reguliuojamą, reikalauja kardinalių visos sistemos pertvarkos įmonės viduje. Be to, planavimas įmonėje yra pats svarbiausias elementas, įmonės sėkmingame valdyme. Bandymai suburti sėkmingą ekonominį- organizacinį įmonės valdymo mechanizmą, rinkos sąlygomis, neperžiūrint vidinio įmonės planavimo sistemos, negalima skaityti sėkmingai. Planavimas yra galingas faktorius sėkmingo įmonės ūkinio vystymosi. Tai sudaro pagrindą visoms struktūroms ir padaliniams tiksliai ir aiškiai išdirbti priemonių kompleksą, kuris padėtų sėkmingai pareiti dirbti prie naujos rinkos ekonomikos. Efektyvus planavimas viduje, padeda pagrindus išdirbti tarpusavio santykiams, nukreiptiems į stabilizavimą ekonomikos įmonėse ir tolimesnį prielaidų sukūrimą jų augimui.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 18:34:35',62,'','2011-01-30 18:37:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 18:34:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,50,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2480,'Sprendimų priėmimo proceso valdymas','sprendim-primimo-proceso-valdymas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi įmonės yra savarankiškos, ekonominės organizacijos, kurios gamina ar tiekia rinkai paslaugas. Bet to neužtenka, reikia, kad kas nors paslaugas ar prekes pirktų, todėl reikalinga dar ir tam tikra įmonės valdymo struktūra, kuri tirtų rinką, tartųsi su pirkėjais, parduotuvėm ir pan. , dėl prekių ar paslaugų, taip pat įmonėje turi būti tam tikras personalas, skaičiuojantis pajamas išlaidas, paskirstantis pelną skirtingiems padaliniams, kaip gamybos, amortizacijos ir pan. Išlaidas, o taip pat ir atlyginimus. Savaime aišku mažose įmonėse tai gali atlikti gal ir vienas ar keli asmenys, bet didesnėse, kur gamybos ir personalo apimtys yra žymiai didesnės, reikalingi atskiri padaliniai, dirbantys tam tikras specializuotas funkcijas, taip išvengiant funkcijų dubliavimo, nekompetentingumo, sukčiavimo ir pan. Labai dažnai būna sudarytos grupės, kurioms reikia išspręsti tam tikras problemas, priimti reikiamus sprendimus, susijusius su tomis problemomis, išsprendžiančius jas. Tos grupės susideda, savaime aišku, iš atskirų asmenybių, dažnai net turinčių skirtingus įsitikinimus, charakterius ir pan., todėl labai svarbu jų darbą valdyti, kontroliuoti, tam yra skiriami grupės vadovai, kurių pareiga yra prižiūrėti, kad darbo grupė teisingai, be rimtų konfliktų atliktų savo darbą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienam vadovui keliamas nelengvas uždavinys- praktiškai suderinti realiai priešiškus kolektyvo, atskirų darbuotojų, valstybės ir savo asmeninius interesus. Norėdamas išspręsti šį uždavinį, vadovas turi surasti efektyvų vadovavimo stilių ir išsikovoti autoritetą, kuris būtinas sėkmingai tvarkant įmonės ar organizacijos veiklą. To negali gerai atlikti vadovas, netenkinantis tam tikrų reikalavimų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Skiriamos dvi reikalavimų vadovams grupės: bendrieji ir specialieji. Bendrieji reikalavimai apima įstatymo numatytas vadovo elgesio taisykles, o specialieji reikalavimai remiasi vadovui, kaip konkrečios srities specialistui, keliamais reikalavimais. Apibendrinus įvairius reikalavimus, keliamus vadovui, galima juos suvesti į komercinius ir moralinius.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 18:38:15',62,'','2011-01-30 18:41:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 18:38:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,49,'','',0,8,'robots=\nauthor='),(2481,'Prekybos įmonių realizavimo politika B. Alborovienė','prekybos-moni-realizavimo-politika-b-alborovien','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 18:42:54',62,'','2011-01-30 18:44:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 18:42:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,48,'','',0,42,'robots=\nauthor='),(2482,'Paslauga','paslauga','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Surasti universalų paslaugos apibrėžimą pirmiausia trukdo paslaugų įvairovė. Paslaugos sąvoka turi daugelį reikšmių, apimančių veiklą nuo asmeninės paslaugos iki paslaugos kaip produkto sudėtinės dalies. Mašina ar koks kitas tolimas nuo paslaugos produktas supanašėja į paslaugą vartotojui, jei pardavėjas stengiasi pritaikyti prekę individualiems vartotojo reikalavimams šiam produktui. Mašina, be abejo, yra fizinė prekė, bet būdas, kuriuo ji vis dažniau pateikiama šiuolaikiniam vartotojui, kai atsižvelgiama į jo individualias ypatybes ir pageidavimus, jau yra paslauga. Klestinčios chemijos pramonės firmos, parduodamos savo produktus, kartais siūlo jų naudojimo paslaugas. Avalynę gaminančių kompanijų administracija gali įkurti reklamacijas patenkinantį padalinį, kuris teikia paslaugas vartotojui, keisdamas nekokybišką prekę. Nors vartotojas tokį keitimą dažniausiai suvokia kaip papildomą vargą, o ne paslaugą, tai nekeičia esmės. Firmos, turėdamos tokių “užmaskuotų” paslaugų, gali įgyti rinkoje konkurencinį pranašumą. Dabar rinkoje vis dažniau siūlomas prekės – paslaugos derinys priartina paslaugą prie materialiosios prekės ir tiesiogine, ir perkeltine prasme.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Suformuluoti paslaugos apibrėžimą labai sudėtingas uždavinys. Bet koks paslaugos apibrėžimas gali būti atmestas dėl to, kad visada atsiras reiškinių, kurie visuotinai pripažįstami paslaugomis, tačiau netelpa į jį. Kita vertus, galima teigti, kad tas ar kitas paslaugos apibrėžimas apima reiškinį, kurį visuomenė laiko preke, o ne paslauga.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pateiksime kai kurių autorių suformuluotus tradicinius paslaugos apibrėžimus:</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Paslauga yra veiksmas arba veiksmų serija, pasireiškianti asmenų kontaktu arba kontaktų su fiziniu įrengimu ar mašina, suteikianti pasitenkinimą vartotojui.” (Lethinen, 1983).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Paslauga yra bet kokia nauda ar veikla, kurią viena pusė gali pasiūlyti kitai, pasižyminti neapčiuopiamumu bei tuo, kad nėra nuosavybės rezultatas. Jos išraiška gali būti susieta ar nesusieta su fiziniu produktu.” (Kotler and Bloom, 1984).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">“Paslauga yra veiksmas ar serija veiksmų, kurie būdami neapčiuopiamos prigimties pasireiškia sąveika tarp vartotojo ir paslaugų darbuotojo, pastarajam pasiūlius fizinius išteklius, prekes ar sistemas vartotojo problemoms spręsti.”(Grőnroos, 1989).<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 18:45:28',62,'','2011-01-30 18:47:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 18:45:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,47,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(2483,'Lenktynės Eliyahu M. Goldratt ir Robert E. Fox','lenktyns-eliyahu-m-goldratt-ir-robert-e-fox','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors šiemet sukanka jau dvidešimt metų nuo „Tikslo\" ir „Lenktynių\" pasirodymo, tačiau „Tikslas\" iki šiol išlieka labiausiai skaitomų knygų apie įmonių valdymą pirmajame dvidešimtuke.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žinant, kad Vakaruose daugumos vadovėlių gyvavimo ciklas vos treji metai, galima sakyti, kad „Tikslas\" tiesiog nemirtingas. Tačiau jei pažvelgsime į šio reiškinio priežastis, lengvai suprasime, kas lemia nesenkantį šios knygos populiarumą - tai mūsų mokymo programose ir mąstyme per daug šimtmečių įsišakniję senieji gamybos valdymo principai. Jie taip giliai įsitvirtinę, kad net praėjus jau dvidešimčiai metų nuo „Tikslo\" pasirodymo ši knyga vis dar revoliucinė, vis dar netikėta, vis dar šviežia. Japonijoje „Tikslas\" išleistas tik prieš keletą metų, bet pagal pardavimus jis ten populiaresnis už knygas apie Harį Poterį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Džiugu, kad ir Lietuvoje „Tikslas\" pati populiariausia verslo knyga: per ketverius metus parduota apie 5000 jos egzempliorių. Kaip ir visame pasaulyje, taip ir Lietuvoje atsirado įmonių, kurios „Tikslo\" idėjas ėmėsi įgyvendinti praktikoje. Norėdami palengvinti joms tą daryti nusprendėme išleisti šią knygą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mums pavyko įtikinti autorius atnaujinti ją, atsižvelgus į pramonės raidą per dvidešimt metų nuo jos pirmojo leidinio pasirodymo. Taigi ši jums pateikiama knyga unikali tuo atžvilgiu, kad tik lietuviškas leidimas yra papildytas ir atnaujintas pačių autorių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos skaitytojai, skaitydami šią knygą gali nustebti matydami joje pateiktuose pavyzdžiuose aprašytus 3 ar 4 mėnesių trukmės gamybinius ciklus. Mes specialiai palikome skaičius tokius, kokie jie buvo prieš 15 - 20 metų, kad skaitytojai suvoktų, jog gamybos ciklams sutrumpėjus iki 3 - 6 savaičių, tai nieko nepakeičia visoje aprašytoje lenktynių dėl konkurencinio pranašumo logikoje. Tai tik patvirtina, kad autoriai buvo teisūs 100%. Visoje rinkoje sutrumpėjus gamybos ciklams, problemos, susijusios su užsakymų įvykdymo savalaikiškumu ir vėlavimus lemiančios priežastys išliko tos pačios, nes nepasikeitė gamybos valdymo logika.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mes ir toliau gyvename išlaidų (o ne pajamų) pasaulyje, manydami, kad verslo sėkmę lemia išlaidos, mes ir toliau nežinome, kaip vertinti atsargų (žaliavos, nebaigtų gaminių, gatavos produkcijos) įtaką mūsų konkurencingumui, bei kaip valdyti grynųjų pinigų srautus. Mes ir toliau stengiamės mokėti darbininkams už pavienes operacijas, nors seniai jaučiame, kad tai neskatina gamybos srauto, komandinio darbo, negerina kokybės, ir todėl nemotyvuoja rūpintis už visos įmonės sėkme.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 18:49:13',62,'','2011-01-30 18:54:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 18:49:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,46,'','',0,30,'robots=\nauthor='),(2484,'Nacionalinė vertybinių popierių birža (referatas)','nacionalin-vertybini-popieri-bira-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pirmoji birža Lietuvoje veikė Klaipėdoje nuo 1775 m. iki 1945 m. Joje buvo prekiaujama eksportui skirtomis prekėmis: mediena, linais, grūdais. 1923 - 1940 m. Kaune veikusi birža prekiavo užsienio valiuta bei Vyriausybės VP. Vilniuje VP birža veikė 1926 - 1936 m. Pokario metais Lietuvos VP rinka nebuvo plėtojama.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Po nepriklausomybės atkūrimo 1990 m., pradėjus vykdyti ekonomikos reformą, paremtą masine privatizacija, labai svarbu buvo paruošti bazę efektyviai struktūrai, kuri suteiktų akcininkams galimybes sudaryti sandorius savo akcijomis. Taigi VP rinkos atkūrimą Lietuvoje lėmė ekonominės reformos, ypač masinė privatizacija. 1991 m. vasario mėn. Lietuvos Aukščiausioji Taryba priėmė Pirminio privatizavimo įstatymą, ir antroje 1991 m. pusėje prasidėjo masinė privatizacija. Šio proceso metu buvo išleistas didelis kiekis VP - daugiausia paprastųjų vardinių akcijų, kurių savininkais tapo apie 1,5 mln. Lietuvos gyventojų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėl itin didelės infliacijos buvo labai svarbu sukurti centralizuotą VP rinką, kuri leistų nustatyti realią išleistų VP rinkos kainą ir apsaugotų smulkius investuotojus. Atsižvelgdama į egzistuojančią VP rinką, kurioje nebuvo popierinių VP ir sertifikatų, o vieninteliam akcininko nuosavybės teisių patvirtinimui buvo naudojami laikinieji akcininko pažymėjimai, Lietuvos Vyriausybė  nusprendė įdiegti nematerialios VP rinkos modelį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1992 m. rugsėjo 3 d. Lietuvos Vyriausybės sprendimu Nr. 646 buvo įsteigta NVPB. Steigiamasis akcininkų susirinkimas įvyko 1993 m. balandžio 20 d., kurio metu buvo išrinkta 15 asmenų Biržos Taryba.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Birža įregistruota VP komisijoje (toliau VPK) 1993 m. gegužės 11 d. Pirmoji Biržos prekybos sesija įvyko 1993 metų rugsėjo  14 d. Jos metu prekybos sąraše buvo 19 emitentų 22 VP, įregistruota 19 finansų maklerio įmonių, parduotos 368 akcijos, o prekybos apyvarta sudarė 1630,5 Lt.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 18:55:33',62,'','2011-01-30 18:58:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 18:55:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,45,'','',0,40,'robots=\nauthor='),(2485,'Vadovo veikla organizacijoje','vadovo-veikla-organizacijoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovų yra visokių – išmanančių verslą ir pradėjusių nuo nulio, bet tikinčių, kad pasiseks, vertinančių savo darbuotojus ir laikančių juos vos ne tarnais, mandagių bei malonių ir arogantiškų bei nesirenkančių žodžių. Tačiau visi jie moka įdarbintiems žmonėms atlyginimą, kurio dydis, beje, taip pat parodo vadovo požiūrį į žmones. Tačiau atlyginimai ir darbuotojų skatinimas įmonėje, pasirodo, yra ta tema, kuria verslininkai mažiausiai nori kalbėti. Susidaro įspūdis, kad vadovas- labiau rūpi firma nei joje dirbantys žmonės. Tai suprantama: jei firma klestės, darbuotojai turės darbo, o ir atlyginimą gaus didesnį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai   kurie  žmonės   dirba  tai  tarsi  tikėtųsi  gyventi  amžinai.   Norėdami išgyventi, visi  žmonės   privalo dirbti;  egzistavimas  šioje žemėje priklauso nuo mūsų sugebėjimo   pasigaminti  maistą,  įsirengti  pastogę  ir  pasisiūti  drabužius,  nuo  mūsų  sugebėjimo  valdyti pasaulį.   Sugebėjimas   ką nors  sukurti visiškai priklauso nuo mūsų valios ir noro dirbti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekviena visuomenė, nepaisant jos ekonominės organizacijos, - kapitalistinės ar socialinės  - turi išspręsti gamybos problemas, kad nuolat patenkintų  gyvybinius žmonių poreikius.   Tą  galima  padaryti  naudojant savanorišką  ar  privalomą  darbą. Kapitalistinėje  sistemoje  jokia  politinė valdžia   prievarta   neverčia   žmonių   dirbti, negrasina areštu ar  bausme, jei  kas nedirba. Kitaip buvo socialistinėje visuomenėje, tokioje kaip  Tarybų   Sąjunga, kur   kiekvienas   turėjo  dirbti  pagal  ūkio liaudies  centro   vystymo planą. Atsisakiusiems dirbti buvo taikomos bausmės arba net įkalindavo darbo stovyklose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žmogus  privalo   dirbti.  Tai  taip  pat   tikra  kaip   ir  tai,  kad  jis turi valgyti.  Jūs  galite  dirbti  nenoromis  ar  su  džiaugsmu ir  dėkingai. Kadangi turite dirbti,  tai  ar   ne  geriau   tai  daryti  noriai  ir džiugiai?  Darbas  sustiprins  kūną ir gal  net  taps  Jūsų  bičiuliu. Fizinė  žmogaus struktūra tokia, kad  darbas pats savaime duoda atpildą. Jis palaiko žmogaus gyvenimą. Nes neįmanoma nesirūpinant savo sveikata ir kūnu sulaukti senatvės. Sveikata yra gyvybiškas gyvenimo principas, o mankšta yra geros sveikatos principas.  Neveiklumas sunaikino daugiau žmonių nei darbo perteklius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nėra tokio darbo, kurio negalima būtų pagerinti, tokio nuobodaus, kurio neįmanoma pagyvinti, ir tokio niekingo, kurio negalėtume padaryti kilnesniu. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 18:59:54',62,'','2011-01-30 19:03:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 18:59:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,44,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2486,'Marketingo pradmenys','marketingo-pradmenys','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuviškai žodis \"market\" reiškia rinką, o \"marketing\" suprantama kaip veikla rinkoje. Bet pirminė šių sąvokų prasmė mažai beatitinka plačiai išreklamuotą ekonominės veiklos valdymo būdą rinkos ekonomikos šalyse. Terminas \"marketing\" jau įgavo savarankišką reikšmę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marketingo atsiradimą sąlygojo vis dažniau iškylančios produktų realizavimo problemos XX a. pradžioje. Tuomet ir atsirado JAV ekonominėje literatūroje terminas \"marketingas\". 1907 m. Amerikos universitetuose pirmą kartą pradėta skaityti marketingo kursą. 1931 m. Amerikoje buvo įsteigta AMA /American Marketing Association/, kuri šiuo metu turi padalinius kiekvienoje valstijoje. AMA veikloje dalyvauja daugiau nei 15 tūkstančių stambių korporacijų atstovų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marketingo principus JAV kompanijos masiškai pradėjo taikyti šeštojo dešimtmečio pradžioje. Marketingo veikla jau buvo traktuojama kaip svarbiausioji valdymo funkcija, lemianti ir rinkos. ir firmos gamybinę politiką. Marketingas padeda firmoms pritaikyti prekių asortimentą rinkos poreikiams, jos aktyviai formuoja savo prekių paklausą, siekdamos gauti kuo daugiau pelno. Paklausos tyrimas tampa gamybinio ciklo atramos tašku, t.y. pagrindiniu elementu tampa orientacija į vartotojų. Firmos \"General Electric\", \"General Foods\", \"Macdonald\" buvo vienos iš pirmųjų marketingo pradininkių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1950 - 1960 m. amerikiečių ekonominėje literatūroje į marketingą buvo žvelgiama tik kaip į produktų realizavimo sistemos sudėtinę dalį. Septintojo dešimtmečio pabaigoje ėmė vyrauti gamybos valdymo teorija. pagal kurią visi pagrindiniai ekonominiai sprendimai turi būti grindžiami rinkos informacija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jeigu realizavimo sistemos pagrindinė funkcija yra įtikinti vartotoją įsigyti tai, kas jau yra pagaminta, tai pagal naująją koncepciją marketingo uždavinys - pateikti rinkai tokį produktą, kuris yra reikalingas vartotojui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aštuntajame dešimtmetyje dauguma Amerikos firmų pripažino šios koncepcijos racionalumą - marketingas tapo daugelio kompanijų strategijos pagrindu. Kaip mokymo disciplina marketingas įsitvirtino universitetų ir koledžų programose, buvo plačiai skleidžiamas ir ekonomistams, ir kitų specialybių studentams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuo metu susiformavo vadinamoji makro marketingo koncepcija, kuri apibūdina marketingo reikšmingumą ne tik firmos lygiu, bei ir visuomenės požiūriu. Makro marketingas jau suprantamas kaip visuomeninis procesas, kurio tikslas yra geriau tenkinti visuomenės poreikius, kelti bendrą gerovę. Beje, visuomenės poreikių tenkinimo nereikėtų tapatinti su pseudosocialistiniais šūkiais. Vartotojų teisių gynimas tapo viena iš valstybės funkcijų, ir kompanijos priverstos paklusti vartotojo diktatui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marketingo termine specialistai šiuo metu įžvelgia dvi pagrindines prasmes. Pirma, marketingas suprantamas kaip viena iš valdymo funkcijų, aktyvus rinkos poveikio procesas. Antra, marketingas suvokiamas kaip tam tikra biznio filosofija.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 19:03:46',62,'','2011-01-30 19:07:09',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 19:03:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,43,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2487,'Informacinė vadybinių sprendimų priėmimo sistema','informacin-vadybini-sprendim-primimo-sistema','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizacija privalo operatyviai reaguoti į visus jos aplinkoje vykstančius pokyčius, parinkti geriausią savo reakcijos programą, leidžiančią įgyvendinti iš anksto numatytus tikslus. Vadybinių sprendimų priėmimo sist. Jungia dvi tarpusavyje glaudžiai susijusias funkcijas: 1) atspindi problemos numatymą ir įvardinimą, t.y. sprendimo priėmimą ir realizavimą; 2) atspindi vadovo, priimančio sprendimą, aprūpinimą reikiama informacija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kuo efektyviau suplanuotas šių dviejų posistemių tarpusavio ryšys, tuo daugiau yra prielaidų priimti optimaliausią vadybinį sprendimą. Sprendimo aprūpinimas informacija apima informacijos sprendimams paruošti ir priimti rinkimą, apdorojimą, sisteminimą ir analizę.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienas sprendimas priklausomai nuo turinio, poveikio ir kitų sąlygų turi savo informacinę būklę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Joje galima išskirti tokias informacijos rūšis: 1) direktyviniai nurodymai; 2) teisinės normos; 3) informacija apie išteklius, reikalingus užsibrėžtam tikslui pasiekti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dažniausiai išskiriami trys informacinių srautų tipai, liečiantys įmonės padėtį:  1) Įmonės vidinė informacija, kuri yra ypatingai svarbi įmonės veiklos organizavimui, ir kurią reikia nuolatos atnaujinti. Tai būtų užsakymų portfelis, atsargų būklė, ataskaitinė dokumentacija, valdymo procedūros ir t.t. Ji daugiausia orientuota į įmonės  vidaus reikmes ir yra išreškiama kiekybiškai. 2) Įmonės informacija gaunama iš išorės. Tai informacija, kuri susijusi su pokyčiais, vykstančiais organizacijos veiklos sferoje. Ji pasižymi tuo, kad ją sunku apdoroti, nes gali stipriai skirtis nuo realios situacijos, kuri konkurentų yra slepiama arba tikslingai iškreipiama. 3)Informacija, kurios skleidėjas sąmoningai arba nesąmoningai yra pati įmonė. Pirmuoju atveju informacijos šaltinis yra pati įmonė, o antru ir trečiu atvejais yra rinka ir formalių bei neformalių ryšių sistema.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Naudojant informaciją ūkinėje gamybinėje veikloje, ją galima vertinti įvairiais aspektais. Svarbiausi: 1) pragmatinis - iškelto tikslo pasiekimas; 2) semantinis - turinio prasmės atžvilgiu; 3) sintaksės - pateikimo formos.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 19:08:33',62,'','2011-01-30 19:15:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 19:08:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,42,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2488,'Funkcinė vertės analizė (užduotis)','funkcin-verts-analiz-uduotis','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 19:14:02',62,'','2011-01-30 19:15:18',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 19:14:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,41,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(2489,'Paslaugų marketingo namų darbas','paslaug-marketingo-nam-darbas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Saunos projektavimo metu dalyvauja pats klientas. Jam pateikiami keli išplanavimo variantai. Klientas gali išsakyti savo pageidavimus, kaip jo manymu sauna turėtų atrodyti ir kokia įranga joje turėtų būti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Matavimas trunka apie   valandą, todėl klientas trukdomas neilgai. Montavimas vyksta užsakovui patogiu laiku ir greitai (apie  2  dienas). Dar vienas privalumas tas, kad projektavimo metu jie gali pasirinkti saunos apdailą iš norimos medienos (pušies, ąžuolo, uosio, buko), reikalingą įrangą: elektrinius prietaisus, ventiliacinę sistemą, dušo kabiną ir t. t. Visa tai klientas gali įsigyti toje pačioje įmonėje ir jam nereikia kreiptis kitur. Visas ðias paslaugas įmonė teikia pati, turi visą reikiamą įrangą atlikti tas paslaugas kokybiškai ir greitai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paslaugų kainos yra individualios kiekvienam projektui, kiek þemesnės už konkurentų kainas. Įmonė taiko nuolaidas tiems klientams, kurių projekto vertė didesnė nei 10 000 lt. Nuolaidos sudaro 3 -10 %  nuo bendros projekto vertės. Nuolaidos dydis priklauso ir nuo to, kelintą kartą klientas naudojasi įmonės paslaugomis, nuo projekto vertės, projekte naudojamos įrangos (kokių užsienio firmų įranga užsakoma).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Klientai už paslaugas apmoka jiems patogia forma, dažniausiai pervedimu (apie 70%).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Apie 10 - 15% klientų kreipiasi pagal rekomendacijas, kurias teikia buvę firmos klientai, patenkinti paslaugų kokybe. Taip pat naudojama reklama paštu. Siunčiami bukletai ir kainos statybinėms, projektinėms organizacijoms. Jos parenkamos iš specialios paskirties katalogų (“Visa Lietuva”, “Lietuvos įmonių katalogas” ...). Vidutiniškai siunčiama 50 - čiai įmonių pagrindiniuose Lietuvos miestuose, 1 kartą per metus (paprastai vasario mėnesį). Taip pat įmonė siūlo paslaugas tiesiogiai, klientai perkant statybines medžiagas įmonės parduotuvėse, kurios yra Vilniuje (“Akcentas”), Kaune (“Apsta”) ir Klaipėdoje (“Ananda”) . Plačiausiai naudojamos masinės informacijos priemonės t. y. laikraščiai “Lietuvos rytas”, “Kauno diena”, bei þurnalas “Statyba ir architektūra”. Laikraščiuose reklama spausdinama 2 kartus per savaitę, o žurnale 1 kartą per mėnesį. Marketingas telefonu naudojamas informuoti buvusius įmonės klientus ( dažniausiai organizacijas, kurių per metus vidutiniškai padaugėja 50%)  apie atsiradusias naujas paslaugas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-30 19:23:17',62,'','2011-01-30 19:33:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-30 19:23:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,40,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2490,'Multikultūrinė komunikacija ir vadyba V. Prunckus','multikultrin-komunikacija-ir-vadyba-v-prunckus','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Spartėjant visuotinės globalizacijos procesui, intensyvėjant laisvam prekių, darbo ir kapitalo judėjimui vis aktualesniu tampa visapusiškas kitų kultūrų atstovų mentaliteto ir elgesio ypatumų pažinimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atkreipdami dėmesį į nacionalines sampratų ir elgesio kultūrines šaknis pastebimas visuomenėje ir versle, galime nusakyti ir stebėtinai tiksliai įvertinti kaip kiti reaguos į mūsų jiems paruoštus planus ir koks bus jų požiūris. Veiksmingos žinios apie kitų kultūrų pagrindinius bruožus sumažins nemalonius netikėtumus, iš anksto suteiks įžvalgos ir padės sėkmingiau bendrauti su tų tautų atstovais, su kuriais anksčiau turėjome sunkumų arba nebuvome susitikę apskritai...</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ypač tai aktualu tarptautiniame versle, į kurį eina bendros įmonės arba vyksta užsitęsusios derybos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taip pat tiems, kurie susiję su turizmo vadyba ir kultūriniais mainais. Išmokus dekoduoti kitų tautų puoselėjamas kultūrines vertybes, suvokus jų vietą ir svarbą, imanu išplėsti savo kultūrinio pažinimo akiratį, tapti ne tik “turistu” ar pasimetusiu stebėtoju patekus į svetimą kultūrinę aplinką, bet ir sąmoningu jos dalyviu, pasiruošusiu tapti visaverčiu tarptautinės komandos nariu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gilesnis ir visapusiškesnis kitų kultūrų atstovų laiko, gero elgesio ir manierų pažinimas, įgalina sumažinti trintį įvairių žmonių grupių, pelnyti jų palankumą ir siekti susitarimo su turinčiais kartais labai skirtingas autoriteto, vadovavimo ir darbo tvarkos sampratas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kita vertus, tai leidžia kritiškiau įvertinti ir savosios kultūros unikalumą, atsikratyti stereotipinio mąstymo ir etnocentrinio uždarumo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mokomojo leidinio (kurso “Multikultūrinė komunikacija ir vadyba”) tikslas – supažindinti su komunikacijos ypatumais bendraujant su įvairių kultūrų atstovais, parodyti jų mąstysenos ir elgsenos specifiką derybose ir priimant sprendimus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-31 17:47:55',62,'','2011-01-31 17:51:57',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-31 17:47:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,39,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(2491,'Įmonės veiklos analizė (gamybinės praktikos ataskaita)','mons-veiklos-analiz-gamybins-praktikos-ataskaita','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">UAB “Pavadinimas”įregistruota 19XX metais XX XXd. Pagrindinis bendrovės akcininkas yra fizinis asmuo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">UAB “Pavadinimas”adresas: XXX gatve , miestas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">UAB “Pavadinimas”direktorius Jonas Jonaitis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">UAB “Pavadinimas”veiklos pobūdis: komercinis, gamybinis, paslaugos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinė UAB “Pavadinimas”veikla yra kavinės-baro veikla išnuomuotose patalpose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vidinė verslo aplinka – tai veiksniai tiesiogiai susiję su verslininko galimybėmis, tai yra vartotojai, tarpininkai, konkurentai, darbo ištekliai ir pan. Kiekvienas vartotojas skiriasi savo skoniu charakteriu norais ir įpročiais. UAB “Pavadinimas”pradėjo savo veikla tiesiogiai neišanalizavus potencialių vartotojų poreikius. Tik išanalizavus vartotojo porekius galima pateikti jam tai, ko jis nori, ką gali įvertinti ir ką gali apmokėti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žinoma, kad UAB “Pavadinimas”savo veiklą pradėjo nuostolingai. Įmonės kainų politika bei rėmimo politika buvo sudaryta  remiantis kitų barų ar kavinių, kainų politika. Tačiau jos netiko UAB “Pavadinimas”valdomai kavinei, nes nebuvo atsižvelgta kas nulemia vartotojo pasirinkimas: kaina kokybė tiekimo terminai, aptarnavimas, asmeniniai kontaktai, politiniai įsitikinimai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kitas vidinys verslo aplinkos veiksnys – konkurentai. Konkurentai šiai įmonei yra labai svarbus veiksnys.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">UAB “Bazilikui” pagrindinė konkurencija vyksta tik dėl vartotojo bei dėl darbo išteklių. Labai aukštas konkurencijos lygis yra dėl vartotojų. Konkurentai yra jau seniai įsitvirtinę rinkoje, turi pastovius klientus ir nusistovėjusią kainų politiką. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-31 18:08:38',62,'','2011-01-31 18:11:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-31 18:08:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,38,'','',0,20,'robots=\nauthor='),(2492,'Monopolinės konkurencijos rinka ','monopolins-konkurencijos-rinka-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tobuloji konkurencija ir monopolija - tai dvi kraštutinės rinkos spektro pozicijos. Tarp jų yra oligopolinė ir monopolinė konkurencijos rinkos. Šiame skyriuje nagrinėsime monopolinės konkurencijos rinkos bruožus, įvertinsime firmų elgseną trumpuoju ir ilguoju laikotarpiu, nekaininės konkurencijos reikšmę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugumoje rinkų konkuruojančiųjų firmų produktai yra nestandartizuotos prekės. Vienos firmos prekės visada kuo nors skiriasi nuo konkurento siūlomų prekių. Dauguma firmų gana daug lėšų ir laiko skiria tam, kad jų prekės turėtų tokių skiriamųjų ypatybių, dėl kurių taptų unikaliomis. Tam plačiai naudojama reklama, įpakavimas, firmos ženklas, papildomos paslaugos (garantinis taisymas, pristatymas) ir kt.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rinkos struktūros forma, kai veikia daug firmų, gaminančių labai (bet ne idealiai) artimus pakaitus, yra monopolinė konkurencija (monopolistic competition). <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-31 18:17:51',62,'','2011-01-31 18:21:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-31 18:17:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,37,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2493,'Monopolinė firma ir jos ekonominiai sprendimai ','monopolin-firma-ir-jos-ekonominiai-sprendimai-','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kaip jau buvo aptarta, konkuruojančioji firma maksimalizuoja pelną reguliuodama parduodamos produkcijos kiekį rinkos kaina taip, kad ribinės pajamos būtų lygios ribiniams kaštams. Nors monopolija ir gali keisti kainą, pelno maksimalizimo sąlygos išlieka tokios pat kaip ir esant tobulajai konkurencijai. Monopolininkas gaus maksimalų pelną tuomet, kai ribinės pajamos bus lygios ribiniams kaštams (MR = MC), nors ribinės monopolininko pajamos yra visada mažesnės už kainą. Iš lentelės matyti, kad didžiausias pelnas yra tuomet, kai gaminami 4 vienetai produkcijos ir parduodami po 120 Lt, nes tada ribinės pajamos yra lygios ribiniams kaštams.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kokio dydžio pelną gaus monopolininkas realiame gyvenime, priklauso ir nuo gamybos kaštų, ir nuo prekės paklausos. Jeigu laimė nusisuka nuo dainininko, tai nėra norinčių pirkti Jo koncerto ir lengvatinėmis sąlygomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Monopolija dar negarantuoja, kad visada bus gaunamas pelnas. Monopolininkas gali ir išeiti iš šakos, jeigu jo produkto paklausa sumažėja. Turėti vienintelę mieste tikrą turkišką pirtį neapsimokės, jeigu kaina bus mažesnė už vidutinius kaštus, esant gamybos apimčiai, kai MR = MC (10.6 pav.).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">JAV firma \"Amtrak\" pastaraisiais metais yra keleivių vežimo traukiniais daugeliu maršrutų monopolininke. Tačiau, ji turi nuostolių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Monopolinė pusiausvyra ir paklausos elastingumas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Plačiai paplitusi nuomonė, kad monopolija gali gauti daugiau pelno, jeigu produkto, kurį ji realizuoja, paklausa yra neelastinga (duona, druska, vaistai ir 1.1.). Galvojama, kad tuomet, kai monopolijos produkto paklausa yra neelastinga, monopolija turi didesne laisvę didinti kainą ir nebijo prarasti vartotojų.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-31 18:23:06',62,'','2011-01-31 18:28:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-31 18:23:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,36,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(2494,'Tarptautiniai kontaktai','tarptautiniai-kontaktai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuolaikiniame versle verslo partnerių (ūkio subjektų) tarpusavio santykiai apibrėžiami sutartimis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sutartis apibrėžia pusių santykius, nustato jų įsipareigojimus ir teises. Sutartis apibrėžia veikimo tvarką (nustato “žaidimo taisykles”) ir tuo būdu eliminuoja galimus nesusipratimus dėl šalių veiklos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viena iš verslo sričių, kur naudojamos sutartys yra prekyba. Kadangi prekybos veiksmas yra apibrėžiamas standartiniais santykiais - pirkėjas perka, o pardavėjas parduoda, todėl prekybinės sutartys turi daugumą bendrų bruožų ir taisyklių kaipo jos turi būti sudarytos. Įsisavinti prekybos sutarčių sudarymo taisykles yra svarbu tam, kad išvengti nesusipratimų. Ypač tai yra svarbu vykdant tarptautinę prekybą, nes skirtingose šalyse prekybos sąlygos todėl yra būtinas tarptautinis sutarčių standartizavimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame referate apžvelgsiu prekybinių kontraktų sutarčių bruožus, jų sudarymo etapus bei įstatymus reglamentuojančius šių sutarčių sudarymą.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-31 18:29:31',62,'','2011-01-31 18:37:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-31 18:29:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,35,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2495,'Organizacinės elgsenos pagrindai Stephen P. Robbins','organizacins-elgsenos-pagrindai-stephen-p-robbins','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizacinė elgsena (OE) yra sisteminiai veiksmų ir nuostatų, kurias žmonės demonstruoja organizacijose, tyrimai. Išsiaiškinkime svarbiausias šio apibrėžimo dalis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienas iš mūsų reguliariai remiasi intuicija, arba „vidiniu balsu\", stengdamasis paaiškinti įvairius reiškinius. Pavyzdžiui, draugas peršąla, ir mes skuba-me jam priminti, kad jis „negėrė vitaminų\", „netinkamai rengėsi\" arba kad „tai įvyksta kiekvienąsyk keičiantis metų laikams\". Mes tikrai nežinome, dėl kokių priežasčių draugas peršalo, tačiau tai nekliudo siūlyti savo intuityvią analizę. Organizacinės elgsenos tyrimai siekia intuityvius paaiškinimus pakeisti sisteminiu nagrinėjimu: tai yra pasitelkti kontroliuojamomis sąlygomis surinktus mokslinius įrodymus, kurie vėliau pagal galimybes tiksliai įvertinami ir interpretuojami siekiant nustatyti priežastis ir pasekmes. Suprantama, jog keliamas tikslas padaryti tikslias išvadas. Tad organizacinė elgsena -jos teorijos ir išvados - grindžiama gausybe sistemingai sumodeliuotų mokslinių tyrimų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ką sistemingai nagrinėja OE? Veiksmus (ar elgseną) ir nuostatas! Tačiau ne visus veiksmus ir nuostatas. Istoriškai buvo įrodyta, kad trys elgsenos tipai yra svarbūs darbuotojo veiklos rezultatų veiksniai: produktyvumas, pravaikštos ir darbuotojų kaita. Produktyvumo svarba akivaizdi. Vadovams aiškiai rūpi kiekvieno darbuotojo sukurtos produkcijos kiekybė ir kokybė. Tačiau pravaikštos ir darbuotojų kaita - ypač jei šie rodikliai yra pernelyg dideli - gali neigiamai paveikti darbo rezultatus. Žinoma, darbuotojui sunku būti produktyviam, jei jis nedirba ar dažnai daro pravaikštas. Be to, didelė darbuotojų kaita didina kaštus ir sąlygoja tai, kad į darbą paskiriami mažiau patyrę žmonės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gana neseniai buvo nustatyta, kad ketvirtasis elgsenos tipas - organizacinis pilietiškumas - gali būti svarbus veiksnys, lemiantis darbuotojo veiklos rezultatus. Organizacinis pilietiškumas - tai darbuotojo savarankiškai pasirinktas elgesys, kuris nėra jo formalių darbo reikalavimų dalis, tačiau skatina efektyvų organizacijos funkcionavimą. Galima paminėti štai tokius gero darbuotojų pilietiško elgesio pavyzdžius: padėti kitiems dirbant komandoje, savanoriškai atlikti papildomas darbo užduotis, vengti nereikalingų konfliktų, konstruktyviai kalbėti apie savo darbo grupę ir visą organizaciją.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-31 18:38:21',62,'','2011-01-31 18:44:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-31 18:38:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,34,'','',0,76,'robots=\nauthor='),(2496,'Valdymo modeliai','valdymo-modeliai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prieš pradedant gilintis į tai, kokie yra valdymo modeliai bei kas jiems būdinga, tikslinga būtų apibrėžti jų pasireiškimo “vietą”   pačią organizaciją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizacija, visų pirma, yra “socialinė sistema”, kadangi yra sudaryta iš elementų   žmonių ir jų grupių, sąveikaujančių tam tikrais ryšiais. Šių ryšių visuma sudaro socialinės sistemos struktūrą. Kitos organizaciją identifikuojančios sąvokos yra tikslai, kurių siekia kiekviena organizacija, veikla, kuria grindžiamas organizacijos egzistavimas, bei kontrolė, praktiškai paliečianti kiekvieną jos narį. Socialinę sistemą neišvengiamai sudaro žmonės, komunikuojantys tarpusavyje. Taigi organizacija, kaip socialinė sistema, visų pirma nagrinėjama kaip sudėtingas įvairiai sąveikaujančių “žmogiškųjų santykių kompleksas”. Mūsų darbe šis teiginys yra ypatingai svarbus, kadangi valdymas būtent ir atskleidžia sąveiką tarp organizacijos vadovo ir pavaldinių, o valdymo modeliai   šios sąveikos pobūdį.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi daugeliu atveju valdymą galima vadinti ir socialiniu procesu, kuris atlieka koordinavimo, komunikavimo, kontrolės bei planavimo funkcijas, atskleidžiančias santykį tarp vadovo ir pavaldinių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Skirtingi valdymo modeliai yra grindžiami vadovavimo pobūdžiu. Vieno ar kito modelio praktinis taikymas paprastai prasideda nuo to, kaip organizacijos vadovai traktuoja darbuotojus, o taip pat kaip, priklausomai nuo šio įvertinimo, įvykius organizacijoje interpretuoja visi jos darbuotojai. Apie tai, koks pagrindinis valdymo modelis vyrauja organizacijoje, daugiausiai pasako pirmojo vadovo veikla.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-31 18:46:18',62,'','2011-01-31 18:48:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-31 18:46:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,33,'','',0,9,'robots=\nauthor='),(2497,'Vadovavimo stilius orientuotas į žmogų','vadovavimo-stilius-orientuotas-mog','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvieną kartą, kai norime gauti darbą kokioje tai įmonėje, kreipiamės į jos vadovą; iškilo kokių nors neaiškumų ar nesklandumų – einame pas vadovą; reikia atstovauti įmonei, dalyvauti kokiuose nors posėdžiuose, pasitarimuose – kviečiame vadovą; reikia priimti kokius tai sprendimus - čia taip pat iškyla vadovas ir pan. Taigi be vadovo jokia veikla, susijusi su daugiau kaip dviejų žmonių darbu, siekiant bendro tikslo neįmanoma.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valdymo būtinumas egzistavo visais laikais. Garsiosios Egipto piramidės ir kiti gilioje senovėje žmonijos sukurti stebuklai galėjo atsirasti tik koordinuotų, organizuotų pastangų pasekoje. Dabartiniu metu išsivysčiusiose Vakarų šalyse santykis tarp darbininkų ir valdančiojo personalo yra 2:1, o ateityje kai kuriose srityse laukiamas 1:1.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi vadovo vaidmuo organizacinėje veikloje, atliekant įvairius darbus yra ypatingas ir labai svarbus, o taip pat ir nelengvas bei reikalaujantis be galo didelės atsakomybės. Ne kiekvienas žmogus gali vadovauti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Būti geru vadovu reikia sugebėti; tai reikalauja daug darbo, pastangų ir laiko.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kylant šalies išsivystymo lygiui, kuriantis vis daugiau naujoms firmoms, individualioms įmonėms, vadovavimo problema tampa vis aktualesne, jai skiriama vis daugiau dėmesio, leidžiamos įvairios knygos, skirtos jau esamiems ir būsimiems vadovams, kuriose duodami įvairūs patarimai, pamokymai, kaip būti geru vadovu. Tai yra labai svarbu, nes su tuo glaudžiai susijęs ir pats darbas įmonėje, jo efektyvumas, našumas, rezultatai. O juk kiekvienas vadovas yra suinteresuotas, kad jo veikla būtų sėkminga, klestėtų įmonė, įsitvirtintų rinkoje, ją pripažintų visuomenė ir, žinoma, gautų kuo didesnį pelną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi kas tai yra vadovas? Koks jo darbo pobūdis? Koks jo santykis su personalu? Kokios jo funkcijos? Šiame darbe ir pabandysiu trumpai atsakyti į šiuos klausimus.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-31 18:49:51',62,'','2011-01-31 18:52:14',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-31 18:49:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,32,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(2498,'Reklamos teisė ir etika V. Modestavičiūtė','reklamos-teis-ir-etika-v-mdestaviit','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-31 19:01:17',62,'','2011-01-31 19:03:35',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-31 19:01:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,31,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2499,'Vadybos raida','vadybos-raida','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadyba - tai valdymo teorija. Tai kompleksinis mokslas, besiremiantis kitais mokslais (ekonomika. Psichologija. Sociologija, matematika, etika, o ypač disciplinos apie asmenybę), Valdymas reikalauja subjekto ir objekto egzistavimo. Tai yra valdančiosios ir valdomos pusės. Vadyboje subjektas yra vadovas, menedžeris, o objektas gamyba ir joje dalyvaujantys žmonės. Vadybos kaip mokslo turinį sudaro šių abiejų elementų sistemos nagrinėjimas ir ryšių tarp jų nagrinėjimas. Vadybos objektą sudaro daug atskirų reiškinių , tačiau juos galima suskirstyti į dvi grupes : 1. Santykiai tarp žmonių valdymo procese, 2. Valdymo principai, organizacinės struktūros, valdymo technika. Patį vadybos terminą įvedė Federyhas Teiloras, savo klasikiniam veikale `Shop management`. Šiuo terminu, jis pakeičia ankščiau naudotus terminus: regulation, government, direction. Pagal Teilorą, management apibūdina visuminę organizacijos veiklą (valdymo).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Analogiškai galima pasakyti apie Fajolio veiklą. Vadybai reikalingos įvairiapusės žinios. Vadyba – apie organizacijos valdymo dėsningumus, principus, metodus bei organizacinį mechanizmą. Praktinėje-vadybinėje veikloje išskirtinis vaidmuo tenka vadovavimo funkcijai, todėl centrinė vadybos figūra - vadovas. Visi vadybos tyrinėtojai pripažįsta, kad turi turėti vadybos gyslelę. Tai ne tik mokslas, bet dalele ir menas. Profesionali vadyba – tai mokslo, meno ir personifikuotos praktikos lydinys. Pirmasis vadybos terminą įvedė Gridžiūnas (Lietuvoje). Atskiroms organizacinėms veiklos sferoms naudojamas terminas \"valdymas\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadyba davė rezultatus. JAV visada lyderiavo, bet vėliau ją pradėjo vytis Japonija. Japonija tapo stambiausiu kreditorium. Tuo laikotarpiu iškeliami šie amerikietiškojo valdymo trūkumai:1. Profesionalūs menedžeriai nemato perspektyvos; 2. Menedžeriai asmeniškai neįsitraukia į tai, ką daro jų komandos. 3.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Menedžeriai skiria mažai dėmesio savo žmonėms. 4. Aukščiausios veiklos vadovai užsidarę savo analitiniuose darbo kiautuose. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-31 19:04:31',62,'','2011-01-31 19:08:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-31 19:04:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,30,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2500,'Vadovo funkcijos ir veikla organizacijoje (kursinis darbas)','vadovo-funkcijos-ir-veikla-organizacijoje-kursinis-darbas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">\"Vadovavimas žmonėms- mokslas ir menas\". (R. Razauskas)</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovavimo sąvoka apima tam tikras artimai susijusias ir viena kitą papildančias funkcijas, kurias atlieka kiekvienas vadovas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovo - organizatoriaus funkcija. Atlikdamas šią funkciją vadovas suformuluoja tikslus ir uždavinius, kolektyvo sprendžiamus dabar ir spręstinus ateityje, nurodo tų uždavinių sprendimo kelius, sukuria palankias sąlygas kolektyvo darbui.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovo - administratoriaus funkcija: vadovas įgaliotas asmeniškai arba kartu su pavaldiniais vykdyti kadrų politiką. Tik teisingai parinkęs ir išdėstęs kadrus vadovas išvengia pavaldinių neatsakingumo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovo - specialisto funkcija: gamybos vadovas turi gerai išmanyti techniką ir technologiją, turėti pakankamai žinių ir patyrimo konkrečioje sferoje, kad galėtų atsakingai kelti uždavinius ir kompetetingai juos analizuoti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valdymo stilius yra sudėtinga vadovo ir pavaldinių santykių visuma. Vadovas atlieka jam pavestas funkcijas tik jam būdingu, individualiu stiliumi. Kiekvieno vadovo darbo stilius individualus, nes nepakrtojamos tiek jo asmeninės, tiek ir vadovaujamo kolektyvo savybės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Galima išskirti keletą pagrindinių veiksnių, lemiančių vienokį ar kitokį vadovo darbo stilių: organizacijos ar įmonės, kuriai vadovaujama specifika- jos tikslai ir užduotys; gamybinė aplinka- veiklos organizavimo formos, technologinis gamybos lygis; vadovaujamo kolektyvo ypatumai- jo sudėtis, pasiruošimo lygis, tarpusavio santykių pobūdis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Galima drąsiai teigti, kad vadovas be autoriteto- prastas vadovas. Autoritetas- tai visuotinai pripažinta, neformali žmogaus įtaka.  Skiriamos dvi autoriteto rūšys: autoritetas, įgyjamas kartu su pareigybiniu statusu (formalus) ir išsikovojamas paties vadovo (realus). Vadovas, kuris suranda teisingą bendravimo su pavaldiniais stilių, greitai įgyja realų autoritetą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-31 19:10:11',62,'','2011-01-31 19:14:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-31 19:10:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,29,'','',0,52,'robots=\nauthor='),(2501,'Verslo vadyba','verslo-vadyba','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daug pastangų dedama sukonstruoti daviklių sistemą, kuri indikuotų jos sveikumą ar nukrypimą. Deja nepateikiama sveikumo atstatymo receptų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Greitų permainų menedžmente nebūna. Pasiruošus menedžmento subjektui, turi būti paruoštas ir menedžmento objektas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Menedžmentas, kaip mokslas susiformavo pramoninės revoliucijos metu. Ekonominiu požiūriu pramoninė revoliucija sukūrė kitos kokybės mokslą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šio mokslo pradininkai yra Teiloras ir Faiolas, jie buvo inžinieriai, kurie patys sukūrė ir prižiūrėjo naująsias technologijas, patys organizavo darbą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teiloras pradėjęs organizuoti darbą, rado senas darbo organizavimo tradicijas – tai buvo saldofoniškumo tradicijos. Tokiose sąlygose dirbdami žmonės išnaudojo tik 30 % savo galimybių. Žmogus neturėjo neturėjo galimybių atskleisti savo sugebėjimų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kuriant naują darbo organizavimo sistemą, buvo sukurtas mokslas apie prastovas, žmogaus galimybių įvertinimas moksliškai, darbo vietos moksliškas apibūdinimas, darbo racionalumo taikymas, paskatinimo-užmokesčio mechanizmas, funkcinis specializavimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teiloras sukūrė cechinę organizaciją. Faiolis sukūrė bendrą darbo organizavimo piramidę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Anri Faiolis – yra daug pažangesnis su savo menedžmento sistema, nei Tailoras.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Principinė Anri Faiolio sistema yra jo sukurta menedžmento sistema. Daugelis jo sukurtų principų nepaseno iki šiol. Jis buvo ne teoretikas, o praktikas. Jo sukurta sistema yra jo darbo apibendrinimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Faiolio pagrindinis principas – vadovo žinios ir sugebėjimai    X    praktika     =     SĖKMĖ.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Moraliniu rakursu – atsakomybė yra valdžios vainikas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valdymo požiūriu – yra galima valdymo destrukcija, degradacija, nes valdžia nėra amžina.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-31 19:15:08',62,'','2011-01-31 19:18:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-31 19:15:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,28,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2502,'Asortimentas','asortimentas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taip pat yra išskiriama prekybinio asortimento sąvoka, kuri leidžia aiškiau suvokti asortimento reikšmę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prekybinis asortimentas – tai atskirų prekių, jų pavidalų, prekių rinkinių, sugrupuotų pagal tam tikrus požymius, visuma, leidžianti išryškinti asortimento tipiškumo, bendrumo bei išskirtinumo bruožus. Kitaip tariant, prekybos įmonėje pateikiamų ir realizuojamų prekių visuma vadinama prekių asortimentu. Prekybinis asortimentas – tai tam tikras prekių rinkinys, kuris rodo prekybos įmonės prekių pasiūlą. Pagal A. Venckų, asortimentas rodo tam tikro gaminių ar prekių kiekio sudėtį, iškeliant ir išryškinant tai, kas joje yra tipiško, būdingo ar esminio. Platesne prasme prekybos įmonės asortimentas apima ir jos teikiamų paslaugų asortimentą, tačiau šiame darbe analizuosiu tik prekių asortimentą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tas pats autorius siūlo pagrindinį asortimentą sutapatinti su privalomu, o išskirti papildomą ir pagalbinį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jo nuomone, šalutiniam asortimentui yra skiriamas nepakankamas dėmesys, nes apsiribojama tik smulkmenų pardavinėjimu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Prekių asortimento skaidymas pagal paklausos požymius turi tam tikrų sąlygotumų, nes paklausa skirtingų tipų parduotuvėse yra nevienoda.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ne mažiau svarbus prekių grupavimas pagal kainą bei vartojamąsias savybes. Prekių asortimentas pagal kainų lygį ir savybes turi atitikti socialinį gyventojų pasiskirstymą. Kylant gyventojų pragyvenimo lygiui, kainos įtaka mažėja, poreikių – didėja. Gana didelė prekių asortimento dalis turi būti formuojama atsižvelgiant ir į prekės prestižo ypatumus.<br /> {googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-31 19:18:29',62,'','2011-01-31 19:22:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-31 19:18:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',6,0,27,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2503,'Marketingo sanprata','marketingo-sanprata','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marketingas - kaip dedamoji vadybos dalis susiformavo lygiagrečiai su vadyba 19 a .pabaigoje - 20 a. pradžioje. 1910 - 1920 metais Anglijos universitete pradėtas dėstyti marketingas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marketingas - tai ne tik rinkos tyrimo priemonių visuma, bet ir įmonės, tarpininkų ir konkurentų valdymo filosofija, strategija ir taktika, orientuota į vartotojų poreikių tenkinimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pastaruoju metu formuluojama visai kitokia marketingo samprata. Pasinaudojant marketingu firma ne pasyviai reaguoja į firmos pokyčius, o vykdo gerai apgalvotą, sukoordinuotą, suplanuotą naujų rinkų įsisavinimo politiką ir naujų prekių ir paslaugų pritaikymą prie naujų rinkos reikalavimų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marketingas iš anksto planuoja mūsų prekių ir paslaugų vartotoją.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-31 19:23:42',62,'','2011-01-31 19:27:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-31 19:23:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,26,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2504,'Elektroninės komercijos apžvalga (referatas)','elektronins-komercijos-apvalga-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1998 m. rugsėjo 3 d. Airijos sostinėje Dubline įvyko unikalus tarpvalstybinio komunikato aktas, kuriame dalyvavo JAV prezidentas Billas Clintonas ir Airijos premjeras Bertie Ahernas. Priešingai nei kiti JAV prezidento pasirašyti aktai, šis turės simbolinę reikšmę elektroninės komercijos istorijoje, kadangi minėtasis dokumentas Dubline buvo pasirašytas elektroniniu būdu – naudojant “Smart Card” korteles su specialiu elektroniu kodu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Abu šalių vadovai turėjo įdėti korteles su specialiai jose išsaugotu elektroniniu kodu. Abu šalių vadovai turėjo įdėti korteles į specialų skaitytuvą ir surinkti slaptą kodą. Šitaip buvo sugeneruotas ir elektroninėje “Smart Card” kortelėje išsaugotas dokumento parašas. Pati kortelė buvo pridėta prie komunikato teksto.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daug valdžios atstovų, verslininkų ir šiaip privačių asmenų visame pasaulyje dabar jau supranta, kad panašią technologiją galima naudoti ne tik pasirašant sutartis, bet ir gerokai paprastesniuose dalykuose: atsiskaitant už prekes, pervedant pinigus į sąskaitas, atliekant užsakymus – trumpai tariant, viskam kas susiję su elektronine komercija.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-31 19:28:24',62,'','2011-01-31 19:30:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-31 19:28:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,25,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2505,'Decentracija – gebėjimas pažvelgti pirkėjo akimis','decentracija-gebjimas-pavelgti-pirkjo-akimis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai pirkėjas apžiūrinėja jam siūlomą pirkti prekę, jo galvoje lyg bičių spiečius dūzgia ir blaškosi dešimtys „už“ ir „prieš“. Noriu šio daikto... bet lyg ir brangoka... koks puikus dizainas... bet šį mėnesį jau išnaudojau leistiną limitą... galėčiau nušluostyti nosį kaimynams ir pažįstamiems... bet kur kišti seną laužą... importinis, vokiečių gamybos... bet vadybininkas kažkoks nepatikimas... Jei jūsų darbas yra susijęs su pardavimu, ar pokalbių su potencialiais klientais metu jums nebuvo atėjusi mintis – kaip gerai būtų įlindus į pirkėjo galvą ir padaryti tame minčių spiečiuje tvarką? Tačiau ši mintis nėra jau visai taip iš Eridano „Fantastikos aukso fondo“. Jūs galite tai padaryti. Pasakyčiau net daugiau,- jūs privalote tai padaryti, jei nenorite papildyti autsaiderių gretas. Vienas iš instrumentų, kurio pagalba galima tai padaryti, taip vadinamas, decentracijos metodas. Jo esmė paprasta,- tiek ruošdamasis susitikimui su klientu, tiek pokalbio su juo metu mėginkite mintimis tarsi įlysti į jo kailį ir tarsi jo (kliento) akimis pasižiūrėti į pačią situaciją, kurioje jus abu dabar esate, pamėginkite pajausti tai, ką jis dabar gali jausti, pamėginkite įsivaizduoti, ką jis dabar galvoja.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei sugebėsite įvaldyti decentracijos metodą, pasieksite tikrai nemažai. Iš situacijos „aš ir jis skirtingose barikados pusėse“ jūs galėsite pereiti į situaciją „aš ir jis vienoje barikados pusėje“. Vesdamas seminarus šią vietą aš dažai iliustruodavau tokiu vaizdiniu (buvau nusižiūrėjęs iš venos geros knygelės) – vienas viduramžių gydytojas prieš imdamasis gydyti sunkiai sergantį ligonį, sakydavo jam: „Mes esame trise – tu, aš ir tavo liga. Jei tu ir tavo liga būsite išvien prieš mane, aš nesugebėsiu padėti tau pasveikti. Ligą aš padėsiu tau įveikti tik tuo atveju, jei tu ir aš sujungsime savo pastangas prieš ją.“ Pamėginkite šį vaizdinį perkelti į pardavimo situaciją. Su pacientu ir gydytoju problemų aišku neturėtų iškilti. Ligos analogas pardavimo situacijos atveju būtų pirkėjo problema (aktualizuotas ir dar nepatenkintas kliento poreikis,- kalbant akademinio marketingo terminais). <br /> {googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-31 19:31:14',62,'','2011-01-31 19:33:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-31 19:31:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,24,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2506,'Bostono matrica','bostono-matrica','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aptariant strateginio verslo vieneto (SVV) poziciją rinkoje, jo padėtį, lyginant su kitais konkuruojančiais SVV, naudojamas Bostono matricos modelis. Šį modelį sudarė Bostono Konsultavimo Grupė (Boston Consulting Group), todėl modelis pavadintas Bostono matrica. Modelio sudarytojai teigė, kad svarbiausi veiksniai, sąlygojantys SVV ilgo laikotarpio pelną, yra rinkos augimo tempai ir SVV užimama padėtis rinkoje. Tai nėra statiškas modelis, kaip vėliau matysime, SVV gali keisti pozicijas matricoje, priklausomai nuo SVV pozicijos rinkoje įsitvirtinimo strategijos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pačios įsitvirtinimo strategijos modelis nenagrinėja, o tik nurodo pagrindines kryptis, kaip konkrečioje pozicijoje elgtis. Modelyje labai akcentuojama piniginių srautų judėjimo svarba, tačiau apie kitus resursus čia neužsimenama. Bendrosios tendencijos, susijusios su dviem minėtais pelno determinantais, yra šios: kuo didesnę rinkos dalį SVV užima, tuo daugiau galimybių jis turi pelningai dirbti, nes daugiau gamindamas gali naudotis privalumais, teikiamais mąsto ekonomijos bei patirties kreivės;  kuo spartesnis rinkos augimas, tuo SVV turi didesnę galimybę gauti pelną, nes yra vietos verslo plėtimui. (Rinkos augimas laikomas sparčiu, jeigu per metus rinka išsiplečia daugiau nei 10 proc)[8;80] Jei rinka nebesivysto, tai paprastai pirkėjo skonis ir poreikiai yra susiformavę[5;103], naujų pirkėjų sunkiau pritraukti, todėl plėstis tokioje rinkoje labai sunku.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pastebime abiejų determinantų koreliaciją, - kuo didesnis rinkos augimo tempas, tuo didesnę rinkos dalį SVV gali užimti. Tokia kintamųjų priklausomybė nepalanki modelio matematizavimui, tačiau modelis yra tik strateginio valdymo teorinio taikymo objektas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-31 19:34:08',62,'','2011-01-31 19:36:27',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-31 19:34:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,23,'','',0,82,'robots=\nauthor='),(2507,'V. A. Graičiūnas ir jo veikla','v-a-graiinas-ir-jo-veikla','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">V. A. Graičiūnas (1989 – 1952) gimė JAV, Čikagoje, lietuvių šeimoje. Pirmasis Lietuvoje vietoj sąvokos „menedžmentas” pradėjo naudoti žodį „vadyba”. JAV įsigijo specialybę, pradėjo domėtis verslo organizavimu, vadyba. 1927 m. atvyko į Europą, gyveno Prancūzijoje bei Vokietijoje. 1935 m. atvyksta į Lietuvą, apsistoja Kaune, kur konsultuoja gamybos bei organizavimo klausimais. Dėstė tuometiniame Kauno Universitete. 1951 m. buvo suimtas ir išvežtas į Rusiją (kalėjimą), kur 1952 m. žuvo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">1933 m. Ženevoje išleidžiamas mokslinių darbų rinkinys, kuriame taip pat yra V. A. Graičiūno darbas „Organizacijos vidiniai ryšiai”. Po 10 metų pasirodo vadovėliai, kuriuose cituojamas V. A. Graičiūnas. 1969 m. JAV išleidžiamas mokslinių darbų rinkinys „Ekonomikos teorijos klasikų publikacijos”. Šiame darbe V. A. Graičiūnas paminėjo svarbią darbo taisyklę: firmos veiklą neigiamai veikia tai, kad vadovas stengiasi turėti kuo daugiau pavaldinių. V. A. Graičiūnas įrodo, kad vadovas negali glaudžiai subendrauti su savo pavaldiniais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tiesioginis pavaldinių skaičius priklauso nuo darbo bei jo atsakingumo. Kuo pavaldinių mažiausia atsakomybė, tuo daugiau galima jų turėti. Pagal V. A. Graičiūną vadovo įvaizdį formuoja jis pats ir firma, o ne pavaldinių skaičius.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-31 19:37:19',62,'','2011-01-31 19:40:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-31 19:37:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,22,'','',0,39,'robots=\nauthor='),(2508,'Marketingo strategija. Planavimas (referatas)','marketingo-strategija-planavimas-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marketingo strategija yra funkcinė strategija, susijusi su kainų nustatymų, organizacijos produktų rėmimu ir paskirstymų, tai įmonės galimybių išsiaiškinimas, tikslų ir uždavinių nustatymas, bei strategijos parengimas. Sudarydami rinkos strategiją, vadovai turi apsvarstyti organizacijos tikslinę rinką, produkto įvaizdį, kainų nustatymą,produktų politiką ir pardavimo strategiją.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marketingo strategija yra organizacijos vadybos planas, reikalingas pasirinktiems tikslams ir uždaviniams įgyvendinti. Jame pateikiamos priemonės ir būdai, reikalingi organizacijos paskirčiai ir tikslams pasiekti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tikslinės rinkos segmentas. Svarbiausia marketingo strategijos problema yra tikslinės rinkos segmentas. Nustatydama rinkos segmentą, organizacija nusprendžia, ką ji aptarnaus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Produkto įvaizdis. Kiekvienas produktas turi įvaizdį; produktą gaminančiai organizacijai geriausia sąmoningai išsirinkti įvaizdį savo produktui ir jį tobulinti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kainos nustatymo strategija. Organizacijos ir jos produkto įvaizdžio dalis yra produkto kaina. Bendrai kaina ir kokybė akivaizdžiai siejasi. Geresnės kokybės prekės paprastai kainuoja daugiau. Tačiau ne visuomet.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vis dėl to žmonės suvokia, kad didesnėmis kainomis įkainuotos prekės yra geresnės, nepaisant, ar jos iš tikrųjų geresnės, ar ne. Puikus pavyzdys yra aspirino atvejis. Dėl maisto ir vaistų ministerijos nurodymų visoks aspirinas turi turėti tas pačiais veikliąsias sudedamąsias dalis. Aspirinas skiriasi arba apvalkalu arba rišamosiomis medžiagomis. Deja, milijonai žmonių, žinoma, skatinami reklamos, įsitikinę, kad amerikinės rūšys yra vertos didžiulio kainų skirtumo.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-01-31 19:41:00',62,'','2011-01-31 19:44:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-01-31 19:41:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,21,'','',0,22,'robots=\nauthor='),(2509,'Organizacijos elgsenos bruožai (referatas)','organizacijos-elgsenos-bruoai-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuva dabar išgyvena pasikeitimų laikotarpį. Savita situacija visuomenėje sąlygoja ir jau egzistuojančių bei naujai besikuriančių organizacijų savitumą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Norint nustatyti, kokios yra lietuviškos organizacijos, kokia jų elgsena, reikia tyrinėti šį permainingą laikotarpį. Mūsų šalyje organizacijų elgsenos tyrinėjimas - tai dar visai nauja mokslo kryptis. Taigi, organizacijos elgsena - tai tyrinėjimų sritis skirta tirti organizacijas, studijuojant individo, grupės ir organizacijų elgesio procesus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kodėl taip svarbu tirti organizacijų elgseną?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atsakymas gali būti skirtingas. Mokslininkai tiria kaip organizacija veikia individą ir kaip individas veikia organizaciją.  Organizacijos elgsenos specialistai bando mokslo naujoves pritaikyti praktikoje. Jie, siekdami pagerinti organizacijų funkcionavimą ir žmonių darbo kokybę, remiasi duomenimis, gautais iš organizacijų elgsenos tyrimų. Organizacijos elgsenos specialistai taip pat  savo žinias gali panaudoti sprendžiant atitinkamas problemas konkrečioje organizacijoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi, remiantis jau atliktais tyrimais,  šiame darbe bus siekiama patobulinti organizacijos elgsenos bruožų tyrimo instrumentarijų bei nustatyti tiriamos dabartinės Lietuvos organizacijos elgsenos bruožus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šio kursinio darbo tyrimo tikslas -  remiantis mokslinės literatūros studijavimu ir diplominio darbo - “Modernios organizacijos elgsenos bruožų tyrimo instrumentarijaus problema” - kritine analize, teoriškai pagrįsti instrumentarijų bei klausimyną ir jo pagalba nustatyti tiriamos dabartinės Lietuvos organizacijos elgsenos bruožus.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-02-09 14:21:33',62,'','2011-02-09 14:26:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 14:21:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,20,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(2510,'Matematinės vadybos mokykla (kursinis darbas)','matematins-vadybos-mokykla-kursinis-darbas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nobelio premijos lauretas H. Simon naudoja terminą, paimtą iš kompiuterinės technologijos kalbos, programuojami sprendimai yra tam tikras nuoseklus nuoseklus žingsnių arba veiksmų, panašių į tuos, kurie naudojami sprendžiant matematines lygtis, realizavimo rezultatai. Kaip taisyklė, galimų alternatyvų skaičius ribotas ir pasirinkimas turi būti padarytas organizacijos užduočių krypčių ribose. Pavyzdžiui ligoninės inspektorius, sudarydamas medicinos seselių užimtumo grafiką, gali remtis formule, reikalaujančia  santykio tarp pacientų skaičiaus ir aptarnaujančio personalo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei ligoninės taisyklėse numatyta viena medicinos seselė penkiems pacientams, tai sprendimas priimamas automatiškai – 50 pacientų reikia 10 seselių. Panašiai, jei finansų skyriaus vadovui liepta grynų pinigų perteklių investuoti į depozitinius sertifikatus, obligacijas ar paprastas akcijas, priklausomai nuo to, kas tuo metu duoda didžiausią pelną, pasirinkimas apibrėžiamas paprasto apskaičiavimo pagal kiekvienų variantų rezultatais ir naudingiausio nustatymu.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-02-09 14:27:34',62,'','2011-02-09 14:33:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 14:27:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,19,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2511,'Pasaulinės Turizmo organizacijos','pasaulins-turizmo-organizacijos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pasaulinės Turizmo Organizacijos pradžia buvo Oficialiųjų Turizmo Viešųjų Organizacijų Tarptautinė Sąjunga įkurta 1925 metais Hagoje. Po Antrojo pasaulinio karo ji buvo pervadinta - Oficialiųjų Turizmo Organizacijų Tarptautinė Sąjunga (IUOTO) ir perkelta į Ženevą. IUOTO buvo techninė, nevyriausybinė organizacija, kurioje narystė kulminaciniame taške apėmė 109 Nacionalines Turizmo Organizacijas ir 88 Suvienytuosius Narius, tarp jų privačias ir visuomenines grupes.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Turizmui augant ir tapus neatsiejama modernaus gyvenimo dalimi, jo tarptautinis mastas dar išsiplėtė ir nacionalinių vyriausybių vaidmuo tapo vis svarbesnis - jų veikla apėmė ištisą spektrą nuo infrastruktūros iki nuostatų. Apie 1960 - tuosius tapo aišku, kad reikalingos efektyvesnės priemonės kontroliuoti tolesnį vystymąsi ir suteikti turizmui tarpvyriausybinį modelį specialiai pritaikytą asmenų ir atostogų organizatorių mobilumui. 1967 m. IUOTO nariai patvirtino sprendimą reorganizuoti ją į tarpvyriausybinę organizaciją įgaliotą rūpintis pasauliniu mastu visais reikalais liečiančiais turizmą ir bendradarbiauti su kitomis kompetentingomis organizacijomis, ypatingai su tomis, kurios priklauso Jungtinių Tautų sistemai, tokios kaip Pasaulinė Sveikatos Organizacija (WHO), UNESCO, ir Tarptautinė Civilinės Aviacijos Organizacija (ICAO). Panaši rekomendacija buvo priimta 1969 m. gruodžio mėnesį JT Generalinėje Asamblėjoje, kuri pripažino \"sprendžiamą ir pagrindinį vaidmenį\", kurį reorganizuota IUOTO turėtų atlikti pasaulinio turizmo srityje \"bendradarbiaudama su egzistuojančiu JT aparatu\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sprendimas buvo ratifikuotas 1974 m. 51 tautos, kurių oficialios turizmo organizacijos buvo IUOTO nariais. IUOTO buvo pervadinta į Pasaulinę Turizmo Organizaciją (WTO) ir pirmoji jos Generalinė Asamblėja buvo sušaukta Madride 1975 m. gegužės mėnesį. Sekretoriatas buvo įkurtas Madride sekančių metų pradžioje Ispanijos vyriausybės kvietimu, kuri suteikė pastatą centrinei būstinei. 1976 m. WTO tapo Jungtinių Tautų Vystymosi Programos (UNDP) vykdančiąja agentūra, o 1977 m. buvo pasirašyta oficiali bendradarbiavimo sutartis su pačia Jungtinių Tautų organizacija. Nuo pat pirmųjų metų, WTO narystė ir įtaka pasaulio turizmui vis augo. 1977 m. organizacija apėmė 138 šalis ir teritorijas ir per 350 Jungtinių Narių, atstovaujančių vietinę vyriausybę, privatųjį sektorių, turizmo asociacijas ir švietimo organizacijas.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-02-09 14:34:02',62,'','2011-02-09 14:37:39',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 14:34:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,18,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2512,'Vadybos pagrindai. Metodinė medžiaga Aneta Šeibokienė','vadybos-pagrindai-metodin-mediaga-aneta-eibokien','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tik gimęs žmogus iš karto patenka į organizaciją – šeimą. Toliau – visas žmogaus gyvenimas – kelionė per įvairiausias organizacijas: vaikų darželio grupė, mokyklos klasė, sporto ar kito laisvalaikio pomėgio būrelis, organizacija, sudaranti materialines gyvenimo sąlygas – darbovietė, paskui savo šeima, politinė partija, klubas ar draugija pagal interesus ir kitokios bendrijos, kurioms žmogus priklauso tėvų valia, arba jau pats sąmoningai apsisprendęs.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizacijos sukuria visiškai naujo pobūdžio darbą – visi nariai turi siekti bendro tikslo.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi žmogaus elgesys nukreipiamas tokia kryptimi, kurios savarankiškai, savo valia organizacijos narys nesirinktų. Šis darbas vadinamas vadyba. Kadangi kiekvienas žmogus per visą gyvenimą didžiąją laiko dalį praleidžia organizacijose, jam tiesiog būtina suvokti tiek organizacijų gyvavimo pagrindinius reiškinius, tiek vadybos darbo esminius bruožus. Tik tada žmogus galės gauti didžiausią naudą iš tos organizacijos. Taigi organizacijų gyvavimo ir vadybos pagrindų suvokimas šiais laikais tampa vienu iš svarbiausių prasmingo ir laimingo kiekvieno žmogaus gyvenimo laidų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadybos mokslas atsirado tik dvidešimtojo amžiaus pradžioje, jos moksliniai pagrindai dar nėra labai paplitę visuomenėje. Todėl tiek įvairiausios organizacijos – nuo šeimos, verslo įmonės iki valstybės, - tiek pavieniai asmenys negali rezultatyviai ir prasmingai veikti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įvairūs autoriai vadybą apibūdina skirtingai. Labiausiai paplitęs ir pripažintas apibūdinimas – vadyba yra mokslas apie planavimo organizavimo, motyvavimo ir kontrolės funkcijas socialinėse organizacijose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinės vadybos kategorijos yra jos funkcijos, metodai ir gamybos arba paslaugų valdymo operacijų sistema, sistemos sudarymas ir funkcionavimas. Svarbi veiklos kryptis funkcionuojant rinkos sąlygomis yra visuotinės kokybės problema. Visuotinės kokybės kategorija reiškia, kad visose srityse darbas atliekamas laiku ir kokybiškai. Pagrindiniai vadybos metodai yra palyginimas, analizė, sintezė, matematiniai metodai ir kt.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-02-09 14:39:13',62,'','2011-02-09 14:43:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 14:39:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,17,'','',0,55,'robots=\nauthor='),(2513,'Kainų diskriminacija monopolinėmis sąlygomis','kain-diskriminacija-monopolinmis-slygomis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Monopolininkas, esant tam tikroms sąlygoms, gali pasinaudoti savo padėtimi rinkoje ir padidinti savo pelną, nustatydamas skirtingas kainas skirtingiems pirkėjams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kainų diskriminacija (price discrimination) yra tuomet, kai tas pats produktas parduodamas daugiau nei viena kaina.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ne kiekvienas gamintojas gali taikyti kainų diskriminaciją. Tam reikia sąlygų: Pardavėjas turi būti monopolininkas arba turėti monopolijos valdžią, t. y. kontroliuoti gamybą ir kainas. Pardavėjas turi gebėti suskirstyti pirkėjus į grupes, kurių kiekvienos galimybė mokėti už produktą būtų skirtinga.  Šis skirstymas  remiasi skirtingu paklausos elastingumu. Pirkėjas negali perparduoti prekės ar paslaugos. Jeigu tie, kas perka<br />preke žema kaina, gali lengvai perparduoti ją aukšta kaina, tai aukštos kainos   prekių   ir   paslaugų   pasiūla  padidės, o kaina kris. Kainų diskriminacija bus pažeista. Be to, tuomet  pelnysis  prekių perpardavinėtojai, o ne monopolija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kainų diskriminacija dažnai užsiima komunalinių paslaugų įmonės, kurios taiko aukštesnius tarifus organizacijoms ir žemesnius - individualiems vartotojams. Daugelis kino teatrų taiko nuolaidas vaikams ar vyresnio amžiaus žmonėms, dieniniams bilietams. Aviakompanijos taip pat turi daugybe tarifų tam pačiam reisui, tai pačiai vietai ir pan.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Daugelis ekonomistų nagrinėja trejopą kainų diskriminaciją. Pirmojo laipsnio arba tobuloji kainų diskriminacija (first degree or perfect price discrimination) reiškia, kad monopolininkas parduoda preke skirtingam vartotojui skirtinga kaina.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-02-09 14:44:57',62,'','2011-02-09 14:49:26',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 14:44:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,16,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(2514,'Bendrieji personalo organizavimo vakarų šalyse bruožai ir mes','bendrieji-personalo-organizavimo-vakar-alyse-bruoai-ir-mes','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiandien tapo būdinga Vakarų šalyse žmogų vertinti kaip pagrindinį darbo našumo, gamybos efektyvumo šaltinį, jo lemiantį veiksnį (ne gamybos priemones, ne techniką ir technologiją, o žmogų). Požiūris į žmogų, kaip į pagrindinį darbo našumo, gamybos efektyvumo veiksnį – tai vientisa personalo organizavimo koncepcija.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Partnerystės principas. Visų pirma, tai savotiška psichologinė revoliucija. Ji gali būti apibūdinama siekimu įveikti šeimininko – boso pozą, atsisakyti pavaldumo – priklausomybės santykių tono. Tai reiškia siekimą ir elgesiu, ir net žvilgsniu įveikti įsakinėjimo toną, o apačioje – įsakymų vykdytojo padėtį, siekimą suformuoti darniai veikiančią, psichologiškai integruotą ir į autonomiškus veiksmus besiorientuojančią komandą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai ir nario profesinių sugebėjimų pasireiškimo bei realizavimo laisvė, realios, o ne tariamos erdvės užtikrinimas (personalo vadyba įpareigota stebėti atskiro žmogaus sugebėjimus ir sudaryti nuolatines galimybes tiems sugebėjimams ne tik realizuoti, bet ir plėtoti juos iki tokio laipsnio, iki kurio darbuotojo potencialios galimybės leidžia).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ypatingą vaidmenį ima vaidinti gamybos priemonių dalinės nuosavybės ir darbo rezultatų pasidalinimo įgyvendinimas, realizuojamas per personalo nariams platinamas įmonės akcijas. Ši priemonė užtikrina psichologinę motyvaciją darbuotojui lygesnėms teisėms dalyvauti įmonės reikalų tvarkyme, kolektyvo gyvenime. šios priemonės (akcijų idėjos) socialinis ir ekonominis efektyvumas priklauso nuo jų skirstymo ir veikimo politikos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Žinia, partnerystės principo įgyvendinimas turi gana ryškių skiriamųjų bruožų, lyginant, sakykim, europinės kultūros šalis ir Japonijos praktiką. Pastarojoje, pvz. nėra populiarus akcijų skirstymas. Tačiau šis dalykas kompensuojamas gana išplėtota įmonės paternalistine (socialinės globos) politika ir kitais specifiniais personalo organizavimo bruožais.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi, į bet kurį darbuotoją turėtume žvelgti ne į kaip pasamdytą darbo jėgą, už kurią užmokama,bet kaip į komandos narį, partnerį tos komandos, su kuria aš privalau laimėti rungtynes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Partnerystės principu grindžiama personalo sąveika bus nepasiekiama ir tokiam aplinkybių iškeltam vadovui – verslininkui, kuris susisemdamas sau didelius viršpelnius, kitiems mokės skatikais arba, pats viešai demonstruodamas turtuolį, švaistysis tūkstančiais. Pastarasis atvejis tautoje formuos dar ir padidintos socialinės – politinės įtampos, socialinio konflikto židinius.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-02-09 14:51:59',62,'','2011-02-09 14:55:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 14:51:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,15,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(2515,'Kvalifikacijos kėlimo būtinybė ir strategijos (referatas)','kvalifikacijos-klimo-btinyb-ir-strategijos-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sėkmingos investicijos į ūkį – tai ne tik investicijos į modernius įrengimus ir statybas – tai pirmiausia investicijos į žmogiškąjį kapitalą. Žmonės turi būti pasiruošę aptarnauti naujas technologijas, teikti modernius patarnavimus, priimti ekonomiškus, šiuolaikinius reikalavimus atitinkančius sprendimus. Derama profesinė kvalifikacija būtina krašto pažangos sąlyga. Kita vertus tai žmogaus egzistencijos ir gero gyvenimo lygio sąlyga. Šis teiginys yra bendras ir Vakarų šalims, ir pokomunistinėms Rytų bei Vidurio Europos šalims. Tačiau pokomunistinėms šalims ši problema yra kur kas sudėtingesnė, nes; iš esmės ūkio sferos perstrūktūrizuojamos (pvz.: iš gamybos į aptarnavimo); vyksta denacionalizavimo procesai – kapitalo perskirstymas, o dėl to keičiasi socialiniai santykiai; reikia susipažinti su visiškai nauju rinkos mechanizmu ir jį perprasti; reikia susipažinti su praktiškai nežinomomis Vakarų šalimis, jų įstatymais, tradicijomis; šie procesai vyksta remiantis sena (socialistinio) išsimokslinimo ir išsiauklėjimo, labai tolimo rinkai, baze.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sėkmingas įmonių pertvarkymas įmanomas tik turint deramai motyvuotus, žinančius naujausius laimėjimus, smalsius darbuotojus. Visa tai pasiekiama atitinkamai ugdant įmonės darbuotojus, sukūrus mokymo ir kvalifikacijos kėlimo stimulų sistemą. Tyrinėjimai, parodė, kad galima tikėtis gana didelių reikalavimų vadovams perspektyvinių poslinkių. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-02-09 14:56:43',62,'','2011-02-09 15:00:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 14:56:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2516,'Atsigręžkime į pirkėją','atsigrkime-pirkj','','<p>Skaidrių rinkinys.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-02-09 15:06:22',62,'','2011-02-09 15:14:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 15:06:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,13,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2517,'Paprastos ir sudėtinės palūkanos','paprastos-ir-sudtins-palkanos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Palūkanų norma pinigų sumai paprastai išreiškiama kaip procentinė dalis sumos, sumokama už pinigų naudojimą vienerių metų laikotarpiu. Palūkanų normos gali būti skiriamos ir kitiems laiko tarpams, vadinamiems palūkanų laikotarpiais. Palyginkime paprastų ir sudėtinių palūkanų skaičiavimo būdus, akcentuojant pinigų vertės kitimą laike.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paprastosios palūkanos (Simple Interest). Palūkanos, kurios mokamos paskolą gražinant yra proporcingos laiko tarpui, kuriam pagrindinė suma yra skolinama.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sudėtinės palūkanos (Compound Interest). Kai paskola paimama keliems palūkanų laikotarpiams, palūkanos yra skaičiuojamos kiekvieno laikotarpio pabaigoje. Tuo būdu yra keli paskolos gražinimo būdai: galima mokėti palūkanas kiekvieno laikotarpio pabaigoje ir galima visas priklausančias palūkanas sumokėti, kai reikia grąžinti paskolą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-02-09 15:16:03',62,'','2011-02-09 15:20:22',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 15:16:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,12,'','',0,48,'robots=\nauthor='),(2518,'VEMP ataskaita','vemp-ataskaita','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dar antikos laikais Aristotelis atrado svarbų visuomenės dėsnį, kurį suformulavo taip: pasaulis nenori būti prastai valdomas. Kadangi dauguma dėsnių veikia nepriklausomai nuo mūsų valios, šis filosofo pastebėjimas aktualus ir šiandien. Ypač dabar, kai tarsi grybai po lietaus steigiamos firmos, bendrovės, įmonės, organizacijos, kurioms vadovauti imasi žmonės, niekada to nedarę. Naujieji lyderiai dirba darbą, dažniausiai neturėdami nei žalio supratimo apie didį valdymo meną.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi - kaip valdyti verslą? Kaip organizuoti verslo įmonę? Kaip surinkti reikiamą kapitalą? Kaip gaminti ir parduoti prekes? Šie klausimai kyla visiems pradedantiems kurti savo verslą, bei ne vienam net daugelį metų dirbančiam verslo srityje. Žinoma, į šiuos klausimus galime atsakyti išstudijavę verslo vadybos vadovėlius, įsisavinę teorines žinias. Tačiau žinias reikia susisteminti, reikia įsigyti ne tik teorinį, bet ir praktinį patyrimą, supratimą apie verslą, įmonės valdymą, konkurencinę situaciją rinkoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Būtent vadybos ir ekonomikos modeliavimo pratybos (toliau VEMP) atlieka tokią funkciją. VEMP yra kompiuterinė programa, “supriešinanti” nuo dviejų iki aštuonių tariamų bendrovių, gaminančių ir pardavinėjančių vienodas prekes - ekorašiklius. Bendrovės nariai dalyvauja konkurencinėse varžybose realizacijos, rinkos dalies ir pelno atžvilgiu. Konkurencija skatina mąstyti apie gamybos, marketingo ir finansų pagrindus, skatina siekti lyderio pozicijų. VEMP yra kartu ir jaudinančios konkurencinės varžybos, ir efektyvi mokymosi priemonė.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-02-09 15:21:27',62,'','2011-02-09 15:29:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 15:21:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,11,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(2519,'Projektų vadybos metodiniai nurodymai. Metodinė knyga Romualdas Tamošaitis','projekt-vadybos-metodiniai-nurodymai-metodin-knyga-romualdas-tamoaitis','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bendroji projektų vadybos teorija pradėta plėtoti XX amžiaus antrojoje pusėje. šios teorijos pagrindai buvo suformuluoti Didžiojoje Britanijoje [2, 5]. Praktiškai ši teorija pradėta taikyti Jungtinėse Amerikos valstijose.Šiuo metu projektų vadybos teorija plačiai taikoma visame pasaulyje įvairiose pramonės šakose. Kai kuriose šalyse yra rengiami ir priimami projektų vadybos standartai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Projektų vadyba leido labiau susieti projektavimo ir gamybos procesus, o projektų vadybos teorija gerokai praplėtė projekto sąvoką. Tarkime, statyboje projekto realizavimas ne visada orientuotas į naują pastatą. Kartais statybos projekto įgyvendinimas apsiriboja jau esamo pastato rekonstrukcija pagal užsakovo poreikius ir pasiūla užsakovui. Toks statybos projektų vadybos kelias kuo toliau tuo labiau tampa aktualus ir Lietuvai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ši metodinė knygelė parengta pagal JAV Projektų vadybos instituto (PMI), Kembridžo universiteto, Projektų vadybininkų asosociacijos (APM), įsikūrusios Didžiojoje Britanijoje, bei Didžiosios Britanijos statybininkų asociacijos instituto (CIOB) metodinę literatūrą. Aišku, šioje knygelėje apžvelgti ir kitų autorių darbai, tačiau minėtos institucijos išskirtos kaip didžiausią patirtį turinčios projektų vadybos srityje. Metodiniai nurodymai skirti projektų vadybą studijuojantiems studentams, tačiau jie tiks ir specialistams, įdiegiantiems naujus projektus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-02-09 15:31:24',62,'','2011-02-09 15:36:33',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 15:31:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(2520,'Goldratt tikslas 1 tobulejimo procesas','goldratt-tikslas-1-tobulejimo-procesas','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-02-09 15:39:07',62,'','2011-02-09 15:43:21',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 15:39:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,45,'robots=\nauthor='),(2521,'Projektų valdymas (referatas)','projekt-valdymas-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Projektas - tai organizuotos pastangos padaryti kaž-ką naudinga [2].  Esminiai žodžiai čia, be abejo, yra organizuotos ir naudinga. Pirmasis pasako apie tam tikrą organizacinę struktūrą, kuri imasi atsakomybės atlikti tai, kas naudinga. Minimos ir pastangos, vadinasi - kažkam teks padirbėti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Projektas - tai problema, turinti sprendimo grafiką [3]. Pastangų nepakanka, reikia būti pasirengus įveikti problemas, ir ne bet kaip, o tik tam tikra iš anksto nustatyta tvarka.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Projektas - tai unikalus darbas, turintis konkretų tikslą ir pasireiškiantis koordinuojamu kelių tarpusavyje susijusių veiklų atlikimu [4]. Dabar jau aiškėja, iš kur tos problemos, kliudančios pasiekti tikslą: tai unikalus darbas, atliekamas pirmą kartą!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Projektas - tai unikalus darbas, turintis nustatytas pradžios ir pabaigos datas, aiškiai apibrėžtą tikslą, sritį ir biudžetą [5,6]. Pasirodo, negalima dirbti be galo. Net ir tuo atveju, jei tikslo pasiekti nepavyko, darbus kažkada teks nutraukti - juk lėšos, deja, kada nors baigiasi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Su tam tikromis išlygomis galėtume tvirtinti, kad tos organizacijos, kuriose griežtai kontroliuojama, kad darbuotojai nustatytu laiku pradėtų ir baigtų darbo dieną, turi mažai ką bendro su projektais. Bet tai nereiškia, kad projektams būdinga anarchija. Čia tiesiog visas dėmesys skiriamas pasiekti tam tikrą tikslą matuojant tik darbo rezultatus. Tai, be abejonės, sunkiau, negu pakabinti laikrodį virš durų ir bausti vėluojančiuosius. Projektų apibūdinimus baikime apibrėžimu iš knygos, kurią iš-leido ir periodiškai atnaujina didžiausia (ir autoritetingiausia) pasaulyje organizacija, vienijanti įvairių šalių projektų valdymo specialistus. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-02-09 15:45:03',62,'','2011-02-09 15:48:02',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 15:45:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(2522,'Marketingo tyrimas ir jo etapai (referatas)','marketingo-tyrimas-ir-jo-etapai-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Problemos formulavimas-tai pradinis marketingo tyrimo etapas, kuriame apibrėžiami klausimai  kuriuos išspręsti turi padėti organizuojamas tyrimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marketingo tyrimas duoda geresnius rezultatus tada, kai problema suformuluota konkrečiau. Kartais konkretizavimo metu jau dalinai paaiškėja ir galimos sprendimo kryptys. Tolesni tyrimo etapai padeda pagrįsti ar atmesti susiformavusias nuomones.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kartais firma susiduria su nepažįstamu reiškiniu ( nauja rinka ar kt.),  todėl konkrečiai suformuluoti problemą gana sunku. Tada tyrimui prireikia daugiau išlaidų   o rezultatas gaunamas mažesnis, nes surenkama daug  nereikalingų duomenų. Todėl toks tyrimas mažiau efektyvus, nes tyrimo išlaidas sąlygoja visa tyrimo apimtis, o rezultatą – tik jo dalis, padedant daryti sprendimą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pažintinis tyrimas – marketingo tyrimo etapas, kuriame renkama lengvai prieinama informacija apie suformuluotą  problemą  tiek firmos viduje, tiek ir už jos ribų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame etape vyksta konsultacijos su firmos darbuotojais bei kitų organizacijų  atstovais, susiduriančiais su įvairiais iškeltos problemos aspektais. Be to, analizuojami įvairūs firmos vidiniai dokumentai bei kiti lengvai prieinami informacijos šaltiniai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Analizuojant vidinius duomenis paprastai tiriama ankstesnių laikotarpių pardavimų apimtis, struktūra, marketingo išlaidos , jų pasiskirstymas ir t. t. Toks tyrimas leidžia suformuluoti hipotezę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Hipotezės formulavimas – tai marketingo tyrimo etapas kuriame apibrėžiami su marketingo problema susijusių reiškinių spėjami ryšiai ar tikėtinos  vystymosi tendencijos .</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Hipotezės suformulavimas iškelia būtinybę ją patikrinti. Kaip tai bus atliekama, numatoma tyrimo planavimo metu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tyrimo planavimas – tai marketingo tyrimo etapas, kuriame numatomi duomenų rinkimo metodai, tam reikalingos priemonės ir atrankinės visumos formavimo būdai.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-02-09 15:49:25',62,'','2011-02-09 15:55:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 15:49:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,40,'robots=\nauthor='),(2523,'Kokybės valdymas (špera)','kokybs-valdymas-pera','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-02-09 15:57:14',62,'','2011-02-09 15:59:08',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 15:57:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2524,'Rekalavimai vadovams','rekalavimai-vadovams','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai suformuota reikalavimų ir schemų visuma.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-02-09 15:59:50',62,'','2011-02-09 16:05:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 15:59:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2525,'Organizacijos kultūros tyrimas','organizacijos-kultros-tyrimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">DGK nusakoma žmogui palankia arba nepalankia darbo aplinka. DGK tikslas – sukurti tokią aplinką, kuri būtų maksimaliai naudinga tiek žmonėms, tiek gamybai. Seniau žmonės dirbo labai specializuotus, monotoniškus darbus, kuriuos dabar daro mašinos, gaudavo nedidelę algą, kurios užtekdavo patenkinti egzistencijos poreikius. Ir jiems to užteko. Tačiau dėl techninės pažangos didėjant darbo našumui, darbuotojai įsitikino, kad dirbti monotonišką, nekūrybišką darbą, neliekant laiko tobulėti, jiems neužtenka. Prasidėjo “neramumai”, kuriuos nuslopinti buvo galima 4 būdais: 1. Priimti naujus “nemurmančius” darbuotojus, o visa kita lieka posenovei. 2. Nieko nekeisti, tik padidinti darbo užmokestį. 3. Mechanizuoti, automatizuoti darbą, t. y. darbuotojus pakeisti mašinomis. 4. Taip organizuoti darbą, kad žmogus dirbdamas maksimaliai pasitenkintų. Paskutinysis būdas pasirodė priimtiniausias.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Darbo praturtinimas (DP) reiškia žmogaus tobulėjimo, saviaktualizacijos galimybes, suteikiant jam daugiau atsakomybės ir pripažinimo už atliekamą darbą. Kadangi DP yra individualizuotas reiškinys, priklausantis nuo kiekvienam žmogui reikšmingų jį motyvuojančių veiksnių, todėl ne visiems dirbantiesiems gali būti aktuali darbo praturtinimo sistema, numatoma konkrečioje įmonėje.<br />Kai kurie darbuotojai gali ir nepageidauti DP, nes: nenori didesnės atsakomybės; vengia sudėtingų įsipareigojimų; jiems nepatinka grupinis darbas; nenori nuolat mokytis; siekia pastovumo; mėgsta jausti priežiūrą; nėra adaptyvūs. Be to, visuomet reikia įvertinti ir išlaidas, kurių gali prireikti darbo praturtinimui, bei, apskritai, ištirti, ar DP įgyvendinimas nebus per daug sudėtingas lyginant su galutiniu rezultatu, gauta nauda.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Iki šios vieto sbuvo kalbėta apie atskiro individo DP, kuri spriklauso nuo individuolių savybių, tačiau yra galimas ir visos grupės ar komandos darbo praturtinimas ( pvz.: lankstus darbo grafikas). Darbo praturtinimą lemia daugiau organizaciniai ir psichologiniai veiksniai bei jų teisingas panaudojimas nei išlaidos.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-02-09 16:11:53',62,'','2011-02-09 16:14:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 16:11:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2526,'Efektyvus vadovavimo stilius','efektyvus-vadovavimo-stilius','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teoretikai ir praktikai vadovavimo fenomenu domisi jau daugiau nei pusę amžiaus. Stengiamasi nustatyti jo prigimtį ir veiksnius, lemiančius vadovų darbo efektyvumą, atskleisti efektyvių vadovų bruožus ir kitiems daromos įtakos ypatybes.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įvairūs tyrinėtojai, nagrinėjantys vadovavimo  rezultatyvumą, vadovo darbo sėkmę siejo su skirtingais veiksniais: su asmeninėmis savybėmis, su tam tikrais elgesio ypatumais, su situaciniais dalykais (užduoties pobūdžiu, pavaldinių charakteristikomis).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi per ilgą tyrinėjimų laikotarpį yra sukauptas didžiulis empirinis patyrimas, sukurta daugybė teorinių modelių, skirstančių vadovavimo stilius pagal įvairius kriterijus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau, labiausiai šiuo metu paplitusi vadovų darbo stilių klasifikacija remiasi visų valdymo stilių harmoningu taikymu organizacijoje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Koks turėtų būti šiuolaikinis vadovas, kokiomis savybėmis pasižymėti, kokius darbo metodus taikyti, siekiant įgyvendinti organizacijos tikslus? Į šiuos klausimus pabandyta atsakyti, atlikus vadovų ir valdymo kokybės tyrimus kai kuriose Lietuvos pramonės įmonėse.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiandieninis vadovas, siekdamas efektyviai vadovauti, turi aiškiai suprasti organizacijos ar savo padalinio tikslus, sugebėti išskirti pačias svarbiausias problemas, būti linkęs į naujoves ir pokyčius, numatyti veiklos rezultatus. Jis turi mokėti logiškai mąstyti, kūrybiškai spręsti problemas, rizikuoti minimaliomis sąnaudomis, priimti sprendimus ir nevengti atsakomybės už jų įgyvendinimą. Vadovas turi būti energingas, ryžtingas, principingas, tolerantiškas, mokėti bendrauti su  pavaldiniais, nuolat tobulinti žinias ir įgūdžius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ar tokius vadovus labiausiai vertina įmonių darbuotojai? Kaip teigia įvairūs tyrinėtojai, organizacijų darbuotojai palankiausiai vertina tokius vadovus, kurie sugeba bendrauti su jais, duoda aiškius ir tikslius nurodymus, yra savarankiški ir skatina pavaldinių savarankiškumą, yra linkę pagelbėti sprendžiant asmenines ir darbo problemas. Jie turėtų būti kompetetingi, reiklūs. Atsakingi, taip pat etiškai elgtis. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-02-09 16:15:43',62,'','2011-02-09 16:19:24',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 16:15:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,71,'robots=\nauthor='),(2527,'Sąskaityba','sskaityba','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai sąskaitybos formos ir pavyzdžiai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-02-09 16:20:02',62,'','2011-02-09 16:22:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 16:20:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2528,'Viešbučio \"Auksinės kopos\" marketingo strategija','viebuio-qauksins-koposq-marketingo-strategija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuolaikinis biznis atsidūrė dinamiškoje aplinkoje, kurioje pokyčiai yra pastovus reiškinys. To pasekoje firmoms atsirado būtinybė nustatyti savo tikslus bei planus jiems pasiekti. Tai kiekvienoje organizacijoje tapo besitęsiančiu procesu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marketingo planavimas - tai orientacija į ateitį. Planas padeda numatyti  ateitį ir priimti gerai apgalvotus sprendimus, nes ją rengiant apgalvojamos visos alternatyvos, su kuriomis gali tekti susidurti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marketingo planavimas apima  marketingų tikslų ir pačių tinkamiausių strategijų šiems tikslams pasiekti numatymą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame darbe nagrinėjama konkreti firma yra viešbutis “Auksinės kopos” įsikūręs Nidoje. Šio darbo tikslas buvo įvertinus esamą marketingo situaciją,išsiaiškinus problemas su kuriomis firma susiduria, nustačius tikslus bei uždavinius  pasiūlyti, mano nuomone, tinkamiausias strategijas šiems tikslams pasiekti. Tai padaryti man padėjo gauta informacija iš viešbučio vadovybės, atlikta marketingo situacijos analizė bei įvairi literatūra.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,77,'2011-02-09 16:23:35',62,'','2011-02-09 16:29:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 16:23:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,43,'robots=\nauthor='),(2529,'Centralizuotos ir decentralizuotos struktūros','centralizuotos-ir-decentralizuotos-struktros','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Struktūros gali būti centralizuotos ir decentralizuotos. Centralizuota struktūra remiasi darbo pasidalijimu pagal nusistovėjusias ir naujai atsirandančias funkcijas. Tokios struktūros nėra lanksčios ir yra kuriamos, siekiant trumpalaikių rezultatų. Centralizuotose struktūrose tie patys padaliniai sprendžia ir strateginius, ir operatyvinius klausimus. Operatyviniai klausimai visuomet dominuoja todėl, kad jų yra daugiau ir jų negalima atidėlioti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Decentralizuota valdymo struktūra grindžiama funkciniu grupavimu pagal produkcijos rūšis, tokiam tikslui sudarant atitinkamas tarnybas. Tų tarnybų vadovai atsako už produkto gamybą, taip pat strateginius bei operatyvinius administracinius sprendimus. Ši struktūra yra lankstesnė, lengviau prisitaiko prie aplinkos.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-09 16:34:00',62,'','2011-02-09 16:36:56',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 16:34:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,45,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2530,'Verslo idėja','verslo-idja','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuo laiku Lietuvoje daugelis žmonių gali kurti savo verslą, tai yra dirbti sau, o ne būti pavaldžiam kitiems. Kurti verslą nėra lengvas dalykas, šis procesas reikalauja, kruopštaus darbo ir didelio pasiryžimo įveikti daug sunkumų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šio darbo esmė – išanalizuoti įmonės planavimo, organizavimo, vadovavimo, kontrolės ir kitos veiklos ypatumus, parodyti, su kokiomis problemomis šiandien susiduriama vystant ir plėtojant verslą, kovojant konkurencinėje kovoje ir panašiai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tariamai įkuriama uždara akcinė bendrovė, teikianti autoserviso paslaugas. Jei detalizuojant jos veiklą tai ši įmonė užsiima automobilių remontu, detalių pakeitimu, automobilių dažymu, špakliavimu, važiavimu į iškvietimą, skubiai pagalbai bei kitomis smulkiomis paslaugomis. Tai yra smulki įmonė, ji užima nedidelę rinkos dalį, lyginant su stipriausiomis šalies tos verslo pakraipos įmonėmis. Žiūrint į tokią įmonę iš šalies, gali susidaryti įspūdis, kad tai yra ganėtinai paprastas ir primityvus verslas, nes įmonė nėra didelė ir neturi sudėtingos organizacinės struktūros. Pasistengsime paneigti tokią, išankstinę nuomonę ir atskleisti, kiek tai yra sudėtinga veikla, paprastai neapsiribojanti vien tik techniniais procesais. Šios firmos veiklą įtakoja daugybė veiksnių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Savo paslaugas teikiančios tik vietinėje ar šalies rinkoje firmos turi ypač pasistengti norėdamos išlikti ir konkuruoti su kitomis tos šakos įmonėmis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Taigi mes pasistengsime įrodyti, kuo mūsų sugalvota įmonė yra vertingesnė ir kaip yra pasiryžusi konkuruoti su kitomis įmonėmis bei kuo ilgiau išsilaikyti rinkoje.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-09 16:37:45',62,'','2011-02-09 16:40:20',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-09 16:37:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,44,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2531,'Verslo plano struktūra','verslo-plano-struktra','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pateikiame verslo plano metmenis, kurie padės paruošti ir išreikšti jūsų mintis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Yra labai svarbu, kad planas parodytų  jūsų ketinimus ką ir kaip ruošiatės daryti, o ne bandyti suvilioti investitorių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rašant verslo planą siūlome tiksliai apibūdinti dabartinę situaciją ir prognozę 3 - 5 metams.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Jei kuris nors straipsnis dėl kokių nors priežasčių negali būti apibūdintas, parašykite, kodėl taip yra.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kuo pilnesnis ir tikslesnis bus verslo planas, tuo didesnė tikimybė sulaukti investicijų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Verslo planas – tai pilnai suformuluotos jūsų mintys, kurios investuotojui pasakys ką jūs norite padaryti, kodėl jūs taip nusprendėte ir kaip bus tai padaryta.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 16:58:28',62,'','2011-02-18 17:01:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 16:58:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,43,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2532,'Organizacijos kultūros tipai','organizacijos-kultros-tipai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiuolaikinėse organizacijose vyrauja keturi informacijos kultūros tipai. Kiekvienas iš jų įtakoja žmonių informacijos suvokimą – jų informacinę elgseną – ir atspindi svarbą, kurią kompanijos vadovai teikia informacijos naudojimui siekiant sėkmės ar vengiant nesėkmės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Informacija yra naudojama kaip būdas daryti įtaką kitiems. Ši kultūra dažniausia sutinkama kompanijose, kurios pasižymi komandine ir kontrolės hierarchija, įtvirtinant funkcinį darbo pasidalijimą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovai ir darbuotojai pasitiki vieni kitais, bendrai naudojasi informacija, kaip patobulinti procesus ir darbo našumą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovai ir darbuotojai stengiasi geriau suvokti ateities tendencijas bei stengiasi nuspręsti, kaip geriausiai jie gali pasiruošti sutikti ateities iššūkius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovai ir darbuotojai visada yra atviri naujoms mąstymo formoms kaip įveikti krizes ir radikalius pokyčius. Šio tipo kompanijos sąmoningai atsisako senos verslo plėtros strategijos ir ieško naujų perspektyvų ir idėjų, siekiant sukurti naujus produktus ir paslaugas, kurios padidina konkurencines kompanijos galimybes rinkose ir pramonės šakose.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 17:02:40',62,'','2011-02-18 17:05:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 17:02:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,42,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2533,'Kodėl Jūsų verslas imlus žinioms ir kokias galimybes tai atveria?','kodl-js-verslas-imlus-inioms-ir-kokias-galimybes-tai-atveria','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ši Žalioji knyga – žingsnis, skirtas supažindinti tiek verslo visuomenę, tiek visą žinių visuomenę su egzistuojančia pramonės struktūra šalyje.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kalbėdami apie žinių ekonomiką negalime neminėti jos atsiradimo priežasčių, veikimo principų ir pasekmių ar galimybių atskiroms socialinėms grupėms.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Smulkus ir vidutinis verslas Lietuvoje sudaro didžiąją dalį visų įmonių. Didėjant konkurencijai rinkoje tenka ieškoti kitokių, gudresnių būdų, kaip išlikti ir pasiūlyti vartotojui reikalingą produktą ar paslaugą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Smulkaus ir vidutinio verslo įmonėse vidutinis dirbančiųjų skaičius – 10 darbuotojų. Taigi, čia turi būti itin efektyviai išnaudojami ir materialiniai, ir žmogiškieji resursai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šios Žaliosios knygos tikslas – susisteminti ir paskatinti tradicinio verslo plėtros galimybes, sekant verslo imlaus žinioms pavyzdžiu. Pateikiamas tradicinio ir imlaus žinioms verslo suskirstymas į tam tikras grupes bei atsiveriančių galimybių, veikiant naujais, inovatyviais metodais, erdvė.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 17:07:19',62,'','2011-02-18 17:09:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 17:07:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,41,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2534,'Organizacijos valdymo sistema','organizacijos-valdymo-sistema','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valdymo turinį nusakančių valdymo funkcijų buvimą sąlygoja darbo pasidalijimas pačioje valdymo veikloje, nes vienas žmogus gerai atlikti visų valdymo veiksmų negali, todėl organizacijos valdymo procesas yra skaidomas į santykinai savarankiškas funkcijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Valdymo funkcijos - tai visuma vienas kitą keičiančių valdymo veiksmų, kuriems būdingas cikliškumas ir nenutrūkstamumas. Valdymo funkcija - tai specializuota reguliaraus valdymo darbo dalis, besiskirianti nuo kitų savais tikslais, procesais, veiksniais bei poveikio būdais.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 17:10:00',62,'','2011-02-18 17:13:13',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 17:10:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,40,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2535,'Personalo valdymas','personalo-valdymas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiandieninės ekonomikos sąlygos yra ekstremalios dėl valdymo orientavimo į tikslus, konkurencijos augimo, rinkos prisotinimo ir internacionalizavimo, gamybos bei darbo organizavimo normų kaitos, integracijos į Europos Sąjungą ir kitų priežasčių. Tokios sąlygos verčia ieškoti naujų šaltinių efektyvumui didinti visose srityse: kuriant naujus gaminius, diegiant pažangią techniką, technologiją, organizuojant darbą ir personalo valdymą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Personalo valdymas – tai bendradarbių santykių organizavimas ir koordinavimas, siekiant nustatyto tikslo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įmonės valdymo sistemoje personalo valdymas nagrinėjamas dviem lygiais. Įmonės lygiu personalo valdymas nagrinėjamas apibendrintai: nagrinėjant pagrindinius valdymo principus ir  jų realizavimą. Individų lygiu, nes personalo valdymas yra individų poveikis individams, valdymo procesas vyksta tarp bendradarbių.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Personalą valdyti reikia tik tada, kai yra ne mažiau kaip du darbuotojai – vadovas ir pavaldinys arba grupė pavaldinių/bendradarbių.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 17:13:58',62,'','2011-02-18 17:16:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 17:13:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,39,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2536,'Formalios ir neformalios grupės','formalios-ir-neformalios-grups','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovai savo nuožiūra sudaro grupes, padalinius, dalija pareigas ir skirsto įgaliojimus. Vadovybės valia sudarytos grupės vadinamos formaliomis grupėmis arba formaliomis organizacijomis. Pagrindinė jų funkcija yra atlikti gautas užduotis ir siekti nurodytų tikslų. Formalios grupės gali būti trijų tipų: vadovo sudarytos grupės, susidedančios iš jo  tiesioginių pavaldinių, pavyzdžiui, generalinis direktorius ir jo pavaduotoja. Pavaduotojai gali turėti savo sudarytas grupes; darbo (projekto) grupės, kurias sudaro darbuotojai, dirbantys tam tikruose projektuose, turintys tą pačią užduotį. Darbo grupės savarankiškesnės už vadovui padedančias grupes; tikslinės paskirties grupės – tai įvairios komisijos, komitetai, tarybos ir pan. Jos kuriamos ir gauna laikinus įgaliojimus kokiai nors vienai ar kelioms problemoms išspręsti.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Visos formalios grupės sudaromos tam, kad įgyvendintų organizacijos tikslus. Greta formalių grupių, kiekvienoje organizacijoje veikia ir neformalios grupės, susidariusios ne vadovybės valia.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Susidariusi neformali grupė ar organizacija tampa socialine aplinka, kurioje žmonės bendrauja ne tik vadovų nurodymu. Socialiniai santykiai pagimdo daug neformalių grupių, kurios visumoje sudaro neformalią organizaciją.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 17:17:44',62,'','2011-02-18 17:20:43',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 17:17:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,38,'','',0,78,'robots=\nauthor='),(2537,'Įmonės verslo planas','mons-verslo-planas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mūsų firmos teikiamos langų sandarinimo paslaugos, o taip pat įvairūs remonto ir apdailos darbai(plytelių  ir metlako klijavimas, pakabinamų lubų montavimas, žaliuzių kabinimas, parketo klijavimas, kalimas dailylentėmis) yra perspektyvi veikla, kadangi net 88 gyventojų mano, kad tai labai svarbios ir reikalingos paslaugos, kadangi visi nori turėti šiltus, tvarkingai ir kokybiškai suremontuotus butus. Paslaugas teikti nuspręsta ištyrus rinką, išanalizavus vartotojų savybes, nustačius potencialią rinką, paskaičiavus prognozuojamą savikainą ir prognozuojamą pelną. Įvertinus galimus rizikos faktorius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įmonė įregistruota 1998 metais Panevėžio miesto savivaldybės rejestro tarnyboje. Prašoma 6000 Lt. Paskola 5 mėnesiams su 16 palūkanų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lėšos bus panaudotos įrankiams pirkti. Jei bus gauta paskola, įmonė pradės savo veiklą . Jau yra numatytos patalpos išsinuomojimui patogioje vietoje - Beržų gatvėje. Tai patogi vieta, nes galima efektyvinti reklamą, atkreipiant didesnį skaičių klientų dėmesį, nes ši gatvė yra viena iš pagrindinių, yra judri, joje nėra gausu firmų ir reklaminių iškabų, be to ši gatvė yra priešingoje miesto dalyje nei yra įsikūrę mūsų konkurentai-taigi sumažės konkurencija. Be to gatvė gerai žinoma, patogus susisiekimas, todėl ofisą patogu bus rasti  net ir tiems, kurie neturi telefono.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paskola bus imama iš karto ir atiduodama dalimis kiekvieną mėnesį mokant palūkanas. Kaip garantas bankui  bus įkeistas savininkės  turtas, atitinkantis paskolos dydį kartu su palūkanomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Mūsų klientų ratas įvairus. Pagrindą sudaro jauni ir vidutinio amžiaus, novatoriškų pažiūrų, pastovų pajamų šaltinį turintys žmonės. Potenciali rinka  mūsų teikiamai paslaugai yra 8 445 šeimos, kurios vidutiniškai gali duoti  apie 25 337 langų. Veiklą numatome aštuoniems metams (paslaugos gyvavimo ciklas yra 8 metai), po to planuojame  iš sukaupto kapitalo plėsti verslą- be teikiamų paslaugų gaminti natūralaus medžio duris ir langus bei parketlentes ir kitą medienos produkciją iš vietinės žaliavos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Didžiausias prognozuojamas pelnas pirmaisiais metais pagal padarytus skaičiavimus  turėtų būti 9 649 Lt. per mėnesį, o mažiausias - 2 657 Lt. per mėnesį. Įplaukos tuo tarpu turėtų būti apie 10 340 Lt. ir savikaina apie 6 843 Lt.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 17:21:13',62,'','2011-02-18 17:24:29',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 17:21:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,37,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2538,'Firmos organizavimo teorija','firmos-organizavimo-teorija','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizacijos misija – buvo labai svarbus jos kūrimosi aspektas tuo metu. Kadangi firmos prezidentas yra ekspremjeras, tai jam šios firmos misija asocijavosi su prekybos ir bendradarbiavimo plėtimo su užsienio partneriais gerinimu. Jo kuriama firma turėjo užsiimti ne sausa, kažkokių nereikšmingų produktų prekyba, o visų pramonės šakų modernizavimas, bei jos gamybos tobulesnių procesų diegimu. Firmą jis matė, kaip tiesioginį tiltą tarp ne tik dviejų Lietuvos ir Vokietijos šalių, bet ir daugelio kitų pasaulio valstybių prekybos įmonių. Tai įgalintų plėsti Lietuvos verslininkų ir darbuotojų ekonominį išprusimą, leistų greičiau susipažinti su užsienyje esančiomis naujovėmis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kuriant šią firmą buvo teisingai suvokti jos tikslai, kurie išplaukė iš jos misijos. Vienas iš pagrindinių tikslų yra komercinis tikslas. Jis būdingas beveik visoms organizacijoms. Tai tikslas, kurio siekiant organizacija užtikrina savo egzistavimą, o pagrindiniam savo klientui gerą prekę parduodamą už konkurentabilią kainą. Iš šio tikslo galime nustatyti dar kelis tikslus – socialinį, per kurį yra garantuojamas darbuotojų materialinis pragyvenimas ir jų socialinė apsauga, bei technologinis, kuris “GEA PT Baltic” firmai yra labai aktualus.Dar vienas tikslas yra ekonominis – patiekti vartotojui prekes  už tokią kainą, kuri būtų jam prieinama, bet ir naudinga firmai.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 17:25:43',62,'','2011-02-18 17:29:25',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 17:25:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,36,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2539,'Vadovavimo stilius','vadovavimo-stilius','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovo darbo stilius – tai visuma tarpusavyje susijusių vadovavimo metodų, elgsenos normų ir taisyklių, kurias vadovai naudoja savo darbe ir kurie atspindi jų požiūrį į darbą ir į pavaldinius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teorija Z, akcentuojanti pagrindinį siekį – sukurti stropią darbo grupę ir stabilią, darnią darbo aplinką, kurioje būtų patenkinti darbuotojų norai būti laisvais, nepriklausomais, sudaro pagrindą trečiam – liberaliam vadovavimo stiliui, kuomet vadovas tampa „vienu iš grupės narių” ir vengia daryti tiesioginę įtaką.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagal vadovo rūpinimąsi žmonėmis ir organizacijos veikla galima išskirti vadovus, kuriems labiau priimtina viena iš pateikiamų pozicijų: „nesikišti\", „sudaryti malonią aplinką\", „dirbti komandoje\", „ieškoti aukso vidurio\", „pateikti užduotis\".</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovavimas labiau atspindi vadovo formalaus statuso nusakomą funkciją, o lyderiavimas išreiškia grupėje pripažinto žmogaus – lyderio – veiklą, sutelkiant žmones užsibrėžtam bendram veiklos tikslui pasiekti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovavimas, kaip pagrindinė vadovo funkcija, yra neatsiejamas nuo planavimo ir organizavimo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tačiau vadovavimas bus neefektyvus, jeigu jis nesirems lyderiavimu, vadovo sugebėjimu sutelkti žmones sėkmingam tikslų realizavimui. Nors lyderiavimas yra labai svarbus vadovavimo komponentas, tačiau gali būti ir taip, kad silpnas lyderis bus geras vadovas (sugebantis planuoti ir organizuoti), tačiau tik tokioje žmonių grupėje, kurių nereikia papildomai motyvuoti, nes ir taip žmonės yra labai susitelkę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Formalųjį autoritetą vadovas įgyja kartu su valdžios įgaliojimais, tuo tarpu asmeninį autoritetą reikia užsitarnauti. Jis įgyjamas asmeninių savybių, žinių dėka.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 17:35:35',62,'','2011-02-18 17:39:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 17:35:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,35,'','',0,23,'robots=\nauthor='),(2540,'Gamyba','gamyba','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vienas iš svarbiausių organizacijos veiklos aspektų yra gamyba. Surinkus informaciją apie konkurento atliekamas gamybos operacijas, jų pobūdį, eiliškumą, vėliau galima padaryti išvadas apie konkurento gamybos proceso efektyvumą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 17:40:41',62,'','2011-02-18 17:42:50',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 17:40:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,34,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2541,'Verslo strategijos','verslo-strategijos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Paskutiniu metu sąvoka “strategija biznyje” tapo gana populiaria. Ši tema – neatskiriamas pasitarimų ir simpoziumų atributas. Dėl nuolatinės sąlygų kaitos rinkos ekonomikoje, verslininkas turi turėti savo veiklos gaires – įmonės strategiją. Vadinasi strategija – tai tam tikras tikslų ir galimybių suderinimas ir palaikymas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Strategija įmonei suteikia apibrėžtumą, individualumą ir sudaro sąlygas priimti tam tikrų profesijų darbuotojus. Strateginis planas atveria organizacijai perspektyvą. Strategiją reikėtų vertinti kaip programą, kuri nusako įmonės veiklą pakankamai ilgą laikotarpį, kartu užtikrinant, kad besikeičiant politinei ir socialinei aplinkai, galima būtų koreguoti veiksmus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šios keturios strategijos nėra nesuderinamos. Dažnai vienas ir tas pats verslininkas savo kompanijoje naudoja tam tikrą kombinaciją, susidedančią iš dviejų, o kartais ir iš trijų strateginių elementų. Šios strategijos nepasižymi ryškia diferenciacija. Pavyzdžiui, viena ir ta pati strategija gali būti klasifikuojama kaip “netikėta ataka” ir kaip “savo ekologinės nišos” paieška ir užėmimas. Bet kokiu atveju, kiekvienos iš jų taikymas susietas su nustatytų sąlygų atitikimu, iš kurių kiekviena taikytina tik nustatytoms naujovių formoms ir reikalauja atitinkamo verslininko požiūrio bei elgsenos. Pagaliau kiekviena iš jų  turi jai būdingus trūkumus bei atitinkamą rizikos laipsnį. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 17:43:32',62,'','2011-02-18 17:45:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 17:43:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,33,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2542,'Projektų valdymas (seminaras)','projekt-valdymas-seminaras','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 17:46:40',62,'','2011-02-18 17:48:53',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 17:46:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,32,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2543,'Sprendimų priėmimas grupėje','sprendim-primimas-grupje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dažniausiai svarbius sprendimus tiek visuomenėje, tiek organizacijoje priima mažos, 4 - 5 narių žmonių grupės. Nuo šių grupių darbo priklauso, ar sprendimai bus teisingi ir efektyvūs. Sprendimas reiškia, kad grupės nariai susitarė dėl tolesnės veiklos. Sprendimo priėmimas yra tik vienas žingsnis problemų sprendimo procese, bet tas žingsnis yra labai svarbus.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Efektyvų sprendimą apibūdina penkios pagrindinės savybės: tikslingai panaudojamos grupės narių žinios; tinkamai panaudojamas laikas; sprendimas yra teisingas, kokybiškas;  visi grupės nariai nusiteikę sprendimą įgyvendinti; priėmus sprendimą, grupei lengviau spręsti kitas problemas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 18:21:50',62,'','2011-02-18 18:24:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 18:21:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,31,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2544,'Personalo organizavimas','personalo-organizavimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Personalo organizavimas apima labai daug uždavinių, kurie, atsižvelgiant į jų sprendimo vietą, gali būti: metodiniai, kai teikiami patarimai, rekomendacijos, kaip reikia spręsti atskirus uždavinius; organizaciniai, kai organizuojamas tam tikrų uždavinių sprendimas įvairiu lygiu; vykdomieji, kai atliekamos atskiros operacijos, procedūros.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiems uždaviniams spręsti organizacijose yra kuriamos atitinkamos struktūros, jos gali būti labai įvairios ir priklauso nuo: 1. Turimų darbuotojų potencialo, jų kvalifikacijos . Jei personalo skyriaus darbuotojų kvalifikacija žema, jam nepavedama spręsti kai kurių personalo organizavimo uždavinių: darbo organizavimo, užmokesčio ir pan., personalo organizavimas yra decentralizuojamas. Ir atvirkščiai, jei personalo skyrius ir jo vadovas stiprūs, kuriamos centralizuotos, plačius įgaliojimus turinčios personalo tarnybos. 2. Įmonės dydžio, specializacijos lygio . Mažoje įmonėje neišvengiama, kad darbuotojai būtų universalūs, vienas darbuotojas atlieka visus vienos funkcijos arba net kelių funkcijų darbus. Dalis uždavinių yra patikima kitoms organizacijoms, nes pačioje įmonėje nėra tokios siauros specializacijos darbuotojų. Didelėje įmonėje personalo tarnybos darbuotojai specializuojasi atlikti tam tikrus darbus, kuriami specializuoti skyriai ir stengiamasi visus uždavinius atlikti savarankiškai. 3. Uždavinių delegavimo lygio . Priklausomai nuo vadovybės požiūrio, galimos didesnės ar mažesnės uždavinių priskyrimo tendencijos: vadovai svarbiausius uždavinius imasi spręsti patys arba priskiria juos žemesniems lygiams. 4. Orgtechnikos ir technologijos lygio.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kompiuterizavimo, programinės įrangos, orgtechnikos naudojimo lygis iš esmės gali pakeisti personalo organizavimo darbų imlumą ir reikalingų darbuotojų skaičių.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 18:25:30',62,'','2011-02-18 18:28:58',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 18:25:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,30,'','',0,78,'robots=\nauthor='),(2545,'Marketingo samprata','marketingo-samprata','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Į klausimą kas yra marketingas gali būti keletas atsakymų. Amerikos marketingo asociacija apibrėžia marketingą kaip planavimo, kainų nustatymo procesą, idėjų, prekių ir paslaugų paskirstymą, siekiant sukurti mainus, patenkinančius individų ir organizacijų tikslus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dažnai (ypač anglosaksų šalyse) marketingas apibrėžiamas keturiais P : produktas (Product), kaina (Price), vieta (Place) ir rėmimas (Promotion). Angliškai tai dar vadinama „marketing mix”. Toks žymėjimas ne atsitiktinis, o tikslingas, nes parodo kuo, turi nuolat domėtis įmonės vadovybė arba tam skirti skyriai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marketingo įmonei pasisektų parduoti savo prekes ar suteikti paslaugas, reikia laikytis tam tikro nuoseklumo planuojant savo veiklą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marketingo požiūriu, iš visos aplinkos jai svarbiausi vartotojai ir konkurentai. Taigi marketingo organizatorius veikia tam tikroje aplinkoje. Aplinka yra išorinė ir vidinė. Išorinę (makro) aplinką sudaro visuomeniniai, teisiniai, ekonominiai ir technologiniai veiksniai. Vidinę (mikro) aplinką sudaro tiekėjai, marketingo tarpininkai, varžovai ir pačios įmonės. Marketingo aplinka nuolat keičiasi. Bene greičiausiai keičiasi technologijos. Akivaizdus pavyzdys – kompiuterių ir televizorių gamybos technologijų raida.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ekonominiai veiksniai kinta gana cikliškai. Ekonomikos sąstingio ar nuosmukio laikotarpiais gyventojų pajamos sumažėja, todėl mažiau perkama brangių ar ilgalaikio vartojimo prekių. Pajamos gali būti laikinai padidintos, gyventojams imant kreditus. Kreditas reiškia, kad pirkėjas išleidžia būsimąsias pajamas. Kreditas pats tampa produktu, kuriam vartotojo poreikis kinta priklausomai nuo palūkanų dydžio. Esant dideliam nedarbui, gali sumažėti ir pirmo būtinumo prekių paklausa. Prie ekonominių veiksnių reikėtų priskirti ir tarptautinės konjuktūros svyravimus, muitų sistemos, valiutų kursų ir kitus pokyčius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Marketingui daro tam tikrą įtaką visuomeniniai veiksniai. Pavyzdžiui, šiuo metu vis daugiau dėmesio skiriama aplinkos apsaugai, todėl vartotojai ieško aplinkos neteršiančių produktų. Vakaruose sunaudojama daug įpakavimo medžiagų, kurios nėra būtinos. Visa tai kaupiasi sąvartynuose.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Teisiniai veiksniai susiję su įstatymais, ribojančiais tam tikrų prekių pardavimą, paslaugų teikimą ar kai kur reguliuojančiais kainų lygį bei reklamos galimybes (pvz., draudžiama per televiziją reklamuoti cigaretes). <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 18:29:53',62,'','2011-02-18 18:33:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 18:29:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,29,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2546,'Verslas. Verslumas. Verslininkystė (skaidrės)','verslas-verslumas-verslininkyst-skaidrs','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 18:34:16',62,'','2011-02-18 18:35:37',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 18:34:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,28,'','',0,55,'robots=\nauthor='),(2547,'Efektyvios komandos principai','efektyvios-komandos-principai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Efektyvi komanda susiformuoja ne iš karto. Tai reikalauja daug laiko bei pastangų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovas turi suvokti, kad žmonės grupę sudaro tada, kai juos sieja bendravimas, bendri uždaviniai, tam tikros taisyklės, darbo pasidalinimas. Efektyvus grupės darbas priklauso ir nuo grupės dydžio bei vadovo gebėjimų kurti tokią atmosferą darbe, kuri padėtų atsiskleisti individualiems darbuotojų gebėjimams. Tiek vadovas, tiek kiti grupės nariai suvokia savo trūkumus ir supranta, kad vieni visko nepadarys, o grupėje jie gali ir dirbti, ir mokytis, tokiu būdu yra kuriama šiuolaikinė besimokanti organizacija.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Individualioji patirtis – asmens gebėjimai bei patirtis  – yra labai reikšmingi grupės darbe, nes žinių kūrimo procese naujų žinių unikalumas priklauso nuo žmonių individualumo, be to, skirtumai ir prieštaravimai yra varomoji bendradarbiavimo jėga, kuri pasireiškia kaip grupės kūrybiškumas, t.y. kontrastų sąveika sukuria įvairovę ir naujumą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 18:36:25',62,'','2011-02-18 18:39:17',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 18:36:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,27,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor='),(2548,'Organizacija ir jos aplinka','organizacija-ir-jos-aplinka','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizacijos veiklos sėkmė priklauso nuo aplinkos: vidinės ir išorinės. Vidinė aplinka – tai technologijos, struktūra, bendradarbiai. Nuo jų sugebėjimo dirbti kartu siekiant tikslo priklauso organizacijos sėkmė. Taip pat veiklos efektyvumas priklauso ir nuo išorinės aplinkos – energijos, žaliavų, tiekėjų, transporto infrastruktūros, ekonominės, politinės ir kitos aplinkos.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 18:39:55',62,'','2011-02-18 18:41:55',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 18:39:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,26,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2549,'Darbuotojų motyvavimas','darbuotoj-motyvavimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Viena pagrindinių vadovo ar aukštesniojo lygmens vadybininko pareigų yra valdyti žmogiškuosius išteklius. Jei vadybininkai iš tikrųjų nori pasiekti geresnio darbo rezultatų ir pakeisti pavaldinių nuostatas į darbą, jie turi imtis aktyvaus vaidmens, valdant motyvavimo procesus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Motyvavimas yra sąmoningas, apgalvotas elgesys. Tai sudėtingas reiškinys, ir jį perprasti nėra lengva.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovai privalo atsisakyti manipuliacijos, t.y. tokio vadovavimo stiliaus, kuris apgaulingais metodais nukreipia žmonių veiklą organizacijoje jiems palankia linkme. Galima rodyti dirbtinį susidomėjimą žmonių poreikiais, žaisti pavaldinio padėtimi, pakeičiant pareigų pavadinimą, kad jis jaustųsi svarbesniu, kai iš esmės darbo svarba nepasikeičia. Galima manipuliuoti sukuriant tariamą darbuotojų dalyvavimo sprendimų priėmime atmosferą, siekiant padidinti darbuotojų atsakomybę. Tačiau tokie valdymo metodai yra neproduktyvūs ir dažnai sukuria nepageidaujamus santykius organizacijos viduje. Todėl vadovo ir pavaldinių santykiai turi būti pagrįsti abipuse pagarba, supratimu ir bendradarbiavimu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kuriant organizacijos personalo motyvavimo sistemą, susiduriama su daugybe problemų. Žmonių poreikiai ir interesai nuolat kinta. Patenkinus vienus poreikius atsiranda nauji. Ilgai taikomi tie patys metodai darosi neefektyvūs. Todėl labai svarbi motyvavimo sistemos realizavimo problema - jos lankstumas, t.y. sugebėjimas laiku reaguoti į situacijos, žmonių poreikių ir elgesio pasikeitimus. Kita problema - darbuotojų norų, poreikių ir įmonės galimybių suderinimas, parenkant konkrečius motyvavimo būdus. Čia žmogiškojo veiksnio vaidmuo turi būti prioritetinis. Motyvacijos sistema turi kuo geriau patenkinti žmonių poreikius. Dar viena problema - tai vadovo nekompetentingumas šioje srityje: nesugebėjimas suprasti konkrečių savo darbuotojų norų ir vilčių, parinkti tinkamus motyvavimo būdus.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 18:42:48',62,'','2011-02-18 18:45:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 18:42:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,25,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2550,'Verslo liudijimai (špera)','verslo-liudijimai-pera','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 18:58:07',62,'','2011-02-18 19:01:32',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 18:58:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,24,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2551,'Mafijos patarimai (Verslo Makevelio vadovas)','mafijos-patarimai-verslo-makevelio-vadovas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nesvarbu, kuo jie užsiimtų, nesvarbu, dirbtų privačiai ar darytų karjerą kokioje nors bendrovėje, išsiveržti j priekį ir išlikti priešakyje visada buvo pats svarbiausias rūpestis visų tų, kurie nesitenkina vien tik kasdieninės duonos kąsniu. Nekantriai, kartais net karštligiškai ieškodami savojo aukso puodo (ir jo teikiamos galios bei prestižo), ambicingi vyrai ir moterys visada ieško išminties tų, kuriems jau pasisekė. Ši knyga pirmą kartą supažindina su tokia išmintimi, beje, labai specifine.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sėkmės paslapties raktas toks: surask sistemoje vietą, kurioje būdamas galėtum valdyti kitus. Kad rastum tokią vietą, jei nepaveldėjai turtų, turi būti protingesnis, ambicingesnis ir energingesnis už varžovus. O jei nori didelės sėkmės šiame pasaulyje, dar reikia laimės, na, ir būti negailestingam. Tarp vilkų ir žmogus turi kaukti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kai tik surasi tokią vietą, privalai išsilaikyti joje, atmušti visas varžovų atakas, stiprinti savo pozicijas. Bus<br />labai daug norinčių užimti tavo vietą, nes ją turėti baisiai apsimoka. Todėl, kad išlaikytum ją, turi blaiviai mąstyti ir (vėl) būti negailestingas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tu pažinsi žmones, kuriuos reikia pažinti tavo pasaulyje, ir jie pažins tave, pasitikės tavimi ir naudosis tavimi, kaip ir tu naudosies jais. Yra nusistovėjusi tam tikra tvarka: tu kam nors darai paslaugas ir atlieki tam tikras užduotis; žinai, ką reikia daryti ir ko negalima, žinai, ką už tai gausi, kokia bus tavo dalis. Už savo geranoriškumą ir paslaugas gali tikėtis dar galingesnių rėmėjų palaikymo. Taip ir kyli. Aukštyn ir aukštyn.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 19:02:30',62,'','2011-02-18 19:08:45',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 19:02:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,23,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(2552,'Firmos rentabilumas','firmos-rentabilumas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Rentabilumas charakterizuoja firmos veiklos rezultatyvumą. Rentabilumo rodikliai įvertina kiekvieno į aktyvus įdėto rublio atnešamą pelną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Egzistuoja rentabilumo rodiklių sistema. Statistikoje praktiškai skaičiuojami gamyboje naudojamų avansinių išteklių ir einamųjų išlaidų efektyvumo įvertinimo rodikliai, ir rodikliai, kurie įvertina firmos pajamų ir turto panaudojimo efektyvumą.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 19:09:46',62,'','2011-02-18 19:12:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 19:09:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,22,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2553,'Projekto valdymas (referatas)','projekto-valdymas-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Projektų pavyzdžių apstu dabartinėje visuomenėje: tai naujo gaminio sukūrimas ir išleidimas, įmonės būstinės perkėlimas, J. Matejko paveikslo Žalgirio mūšis\" atvežimas į Vilnių ir kiti. Visus juos sieja keli bendri bruožai, išskiriantys projektus iš kitų kasdienių organizacijos darbų. Manoma, kad unikalumas, aiškus tikslas ir kokybė, tiksliai apibrėžta trukmė ir išlaidos - pagrindiniai projektą apibūdinantys požymiai. Paprastai bet kuri pasikartojanti veikla nelaikoma projektu, nors aiškių ribų čia nėra. Taigi originalaus patiekalo paruošimas pirmą kartą gali būti laikomas projektu, o jo gaminimas restorane kasdien - ne, rinkodaros plano sudarymas bus projektas, o periodinis reklaminės medžiagos siuntimas potencialiems klientams - ne, ISO 9000 standarto įdiegimas sveikatos apsaugos sistemoje - projektas, o pacientų kraujo tyrimas laboratorijoje - ne.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Projektas - tai organizuotos pastangos padaryti kaž-ką naudinga [2]. Esminiai žodžiai čia, be abejo, yra organizuotos ir naudinga. Pirmasis pasako apie tam tikrą organizacinę struktūrą, kuri imasi atsakomybės atlikti tai, kas naudinga. Minimos ir pastangos, vadinasi - kažkam teks padirbėti.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Projektas - tai problema, turinti sprendimo grafiką [3]. Pastangų nepakanka, reikia būti pasirengus įveikti problemas, ir ne bet kaip, o tik tam tikra iš anksto nustatyta tvarka.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Projektas - tai unikalus darbas, turintis konkretų tikslą ir pasireiškiantis koordinuojamu kelių tarpusavyje susijusių veiklų atlikimu [4]. Dabar jau aiškėja, iš kur tos problemos, kliudančios pasiekti tikslą: tai unikalus darbas, atliekamas pirmą kartą!</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Projektas - tai unikalus darbas, turintis nustatytas pradžios ir pabaigos datas, aiškiai apibrėžtą tikslą, sritį ir biudžetą [5, 6]. Pasirodo, negalima dirbti be galo. Net ir tuo atveju, jei tikslo pasiekti nepavyko, darbus kažkada teks nutraukti - juk lėšos, deja, kada nors baigiasi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Su tam tikromis išlygomis galėtume tvirtinti, kad tos organizacijos, kuriose griežtai kontroliuojama, kad darbuotojai nustatytu laiku pradėtų ir baigtų darbo dieną, turi mažai ką bendro su projektais. Bet tai nereiškia, kad projektams būdinga anarchija. Čia tiesiog visas dėmesys skiriamas pasiekti tam tikrą tikslą matuojant tik darbo rezultatus. Tai, be abejonės, sunkiau, negu pakabinti laikrodį virš durų ir bausti vėluojančiuosius. Projektų apibūdinimus baikime apibrėžimu iš knygos, kurią iš-leido ir periodiškai atnaujina didžiausia (ir autoritetingiausia) pasaulyje organizacija, vienijanti įvairių šalių projektų valdymo specialistus. <br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 19:13:00',62,'','2011-02-18 19:16:47',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 19:13:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,21,'','',0,64,'robots=\nauthor='),(2554,'Tradicinės organizacinės struktūros','tradicins-organizacins-struktros','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizacijos veiklos rezultatai labai priklauso nuo organizacinės valdymo struktūros, atskirų padalinių tarnybų organizavimo, pavaldinių skaičiaus, vadovų darbo stiliaus, darbuotojų elgesio ir pan. Visais atvejais, kokia struktūra bebūtų, iškyla jos valdymo būtinybė, reikalingos valdymo funkcijos ir metodai. Organizacijos optimaliai veiklai būtina, kad visuose lygiuose, visuose padaliniuose žmonės gerai žinotų savo vietą, darbą, vaidmenį ir atliekamas funkcijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Turbūt sunku būtų surasti organizaciją, neturinčią savo organizacinės struktūros (organigramos).</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Smulkioms organizacijoms tai nėra svarbu, tačiau didesnėms, daugiau padalinių turinčioms organizacijoms struktūros suformavimas yra svarbus siekiant paskirstyti atsakomybę bei atskirų padalinių ir darbuotojų funkcijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizacinė valdymo struktūra –  tai ryšiai ir tam tikros pozicijos ir ryšiai tarp atskirų organizacijos padalinių, valdymo lygių ir funkcinių sričių.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 19:17:30',62,'','2011-02-18 19:19:59',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 19:17:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,20,'','',0,19,'robots=\nauthor='),(2555,'Motyvacijos reikšmė ir pritaikymas','motyvacijos-reikm-ir-pritaikymas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Darbuotojų motyvacijos suvokimas ir praktinis šių žinių pritaikymas vadovams yra nepaprastai svarbus. Be materialinių ir finansinių išteklių kiekvienos organizacijos funkcionavimui yra būtini žmonės. Žmonės - tai pats didžiausias organizacijos turtas. Organizacija ir yra žmonės. Todėl nuo kiekvieno darbuotojo ir nuo bendros kolektyvinės veiklos rezultatyvumo priklauso organizacijos gyvavimo sėkmė.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Gabus darbuotojas, esant pakankamai geroms darbo sąlygoms ir būdamas menkos motyvacijos, pasižymi žemu darbo rezultatyvumu. Iš to matyti, kad organizacijos efektyvumas tiesiogiai priklauso nuo vadovo sugebėjimų motyvuoti darbuotojus siekti organizacijos tikslų. Todėl, visų pirma, vadovai turi suprasti žmogiškų išteklių vietą ir svarbą organizacijoje, turi juos branginti, nes ne naujos technologijos, įrengimai ar auganti gamybos automatizaciją nulemia galutinius veiklos rezultatus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovai turi vertinti žmogiškuosius išteklius, žvelgiant iš ilgalaikės perspektyvos, nes organizacijos išorinė aplinka nuolat keičiasi, tampa vis sudėtingesnė. Kintanti aplinka kelia vis naujus reikalavimus organizacijai, todėl ji turi ieškoti naujų būdų, kaip prie jų prisitaikyti, kad augtų ar bent išliktų. O žmonės ir yra organizacijos potencialas, tik reikia mokėti jį atverti ir panaudoti.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 19:20:39',62,'','2011-02-18 19:23:11',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 19:20:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,19,'','',0,24,'robots=\nauthor='),(2556,'Personalo poreikio planavimas','personalo-poreikio-planavimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiek ir kokių darbuotojų organizacijai reikia, nustatoma,  planuojant personalo poreikį. Personalo poreikis planuojamas siekiant didinti personalo potencialą, siekiant išvengti darbuotojų trūkumo, įvertinant organizacijos plėtros uždavinius, kitimo tendencijas, vidinę ir išorinę aplinkas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Svarbu pasamdyti tiek darbuotojų, jog jų pakaktų siekiant organizacijos tikslų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Personalo planavimas nusakomas ir taip: reikia parinkti ne tik geriausią, bet tinkamiausią tam tikrai pareigybei darbuotoją arba perkvalifikuoti darbuotojus, kurie neturi naujam darbui reikalingų įgūdžių, žinių ir pan.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Personalo poreikio planavimas yra ilgalaikis įmonės aprūpinimas tinkamu personalu. Tai sudėtinė įmonės ilgalaikio plano dalis.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 19:23:52',62,'','2011-02-18 19:26:46',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 19:23:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,18,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(2557,'Bostono matrica','bostono-matrica','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Aptariant strateginio verslo vieneto (SVV) poziciją rinkoje, jo padėtį, lyginant su kitais konkuruojančiais SVV, naudojamas Bostono matricos modelis. Šį modelį sudarė Bostono Konsultavimo Grupė (Boston Consulting Group), todėl modelis pavadintas Bostono matrica. Modelio sudarytojai teigė, kad svarbiausi veiksniai, sąlygojantys SVV ilgo laikotarpio pelną, yra rinkos augimo tempai ir SVV užimama padėtis rinkoje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tai nėra statiškas modelis, kaip vėliau matysime, SVV gali keisti pozicijas matricoje, priklausomai nuo SVV pozicijos rinkoje įsitvirtinimo strategijos. Pačios įsitvirtinimo strategijos modelis nenagrinėja, o tik nurodo pagrindines kryptis, kaip konkrečioje pozicijoje elgtis. Modelyje labai akcentuojama piniginių srautų judėjimo svarba, tačiau apie kitus resursus čia neužsimenama. Bendrosios tendencijos, susijusios su dviem minėtais pelno determinantais, yra šios: kuo didesnę rinkos dalį SVV užima, tuo daugiau galimybių jis turi pelningai dirbti, nes daugiau gamindamas gali naudotis privalumais, teikiamais mąsto ekonomijos bei patirties kreivės;  kuo spartesnis rinkos augimas, tuo SVV turi didesnę galimybę gauti pelną, nes yra vietos verslo plėtimui.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">(Rinkos augimas laikomas sparčiu, jeigu per metus rinka išsiplečia daugiau nei 10 proc)[8;80] Jei rinka nebesivysto, tai paprastai pirkėjo skonis ir poreikiai yra susiformavę[5;103], naujų pirkėjų sunkiau pritraukti, todėl plėstis tokioje rinkoje labai sunku. Pastebime abiejų determinantų koreliaciją, - kuo didesnis rinkos augimo tempas, tuo didesnę rinkos dalį SVV gali užimti. Tokia kintamųjų priklausomybė nepalanki modelio matematizavimui, tačiau modelis yra tik strateginio valdymo teorinio taikymo objektas.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 19:29:26',62,'','2011-02-18 19:32:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 19:29:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,17,'','',0,10,'robots=\nauthor='),(2558,'Vidinė verslo aplinka','vidin-verslo-aplinka','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vidinė verslo aplinka – tai veiksniai tiesiogiai susiję su verslininko galimybėmis, tai yra vartotojai, tarpininkai, konkurentai, darbo ištekliai ir pan. Kiekvienas vartotojas skiriasi savo skoniu charakteriu norais ir įpročiais. Tik išanalizavus vartotojo poreikius galima pateikti jam tai, ko jis nori, ką gali įvertinti ir ką gali apmokėti. Svarbu yra įvertinti, kas nulemia vartotojo pasirinkimas: kaina kokybė tiekimo terminai, aptarnavimas, asmeniniai kontaktai, politiniai įsitikinimai. Kitas vidinis verslo aplinkos veiksnys – konkurentai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dažnai konkurentai lemia kokia produkcija gaminti ir kokia kaina parduoti. Konkurencija vyksta ne tik dėl vartotojo, bet ir dėl darbo išteklių, medžiagų, kapitalo ir teisės taikyti technikos naujoves. Nuo konkurencijos lygio priklauso verslininko darbo sąlygos, santykiai su pavaldiniais, darbo užmokestis. Kiekvienas verslininkas turi būti gerai susipažinęs su savo konkurentais turi pasimokyti iš jų, tada jis galės nuspręsti kiek turi kainuoti jo produkcija. Dar vienas vidinis verslo veiksnys yra tiekėjai. Jų pasirinkimas yra rizikingas veiksmas, todėl prieš juos parenkant juos reikia ištirti.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 19:33:06',62,'','2011-02-18 19:35:42',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 19:33:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,16,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2559,'Verslo žinynas','verslo-inynas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuo verslo organizavimo formos pasirinkimo priklauso tiek įmonės steigimo procesas (jo trukmė ir lėšų<br />sąnaudos), tiek turimų fi nansinių, intelektinių bei žmonių išteklių panaudojimas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Ketindami steigti įmonę, pirmiausia turėtumėte nuspręsti, kokia įmonės teisinė forma (anksčiau apibrėžta kaip įmonės rūšis) yra tinkamiausia jūsų pasirinktiems tikslams įgyvendinti. Reikia įvertinti, kokia ūkine komercine veikla versis įmonė, kiek joje dirbs darbuotojų, kiek pradinio kapitalo reikės verslui pradėti ir pan.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymai numato galimybę steigti šių teisinių formų įmones: individualias (personalines) įmones (IĮ), tikrąsias ūkines bendrijas (TŪB), komanditines ūkines bendrijas (KŪB), akcines bendroves (AB), uždarąsias akcines bendroves (UAB), investicines, žemės ūkio, kooperatines bendroves (KB), valstybės ir savivaldybės įmones. Tais atvejais, kai veiklos tikslas nėra pelno siekimas, galima steigti ne pelno organizacijas – viešąsias įstaigas (VšĮ) ir kt.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įmonės yra skirstomos į ribotos ir neribotos civilinės atsakomybės įmones. Neribotos civilinės atsakomybės įmonės yra IĮ ir ŪB, o visų kitų teisinių formų įmonės – ribotos civilinės atsakomybės. Ribotos civilinės atsakomybės įmonės už prievoles atsako tik įmonės turtu. Neribotos civilinės atsakomybės įmonės už prievoles atsako įmonės turtu, o tuo atveju, kai įmonės turto neužtenka, už įmonės prievoles IĮ atsako<br />savininkas savo turtu, ŪB – bendrijos tikrasis narys savo turtu.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 19:36:28',62,'','2011-02-18 19:41:10',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 19:36:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,15,'','',0,25,'robots=\nauthor='),(2560,'Verslo etika (referatas)','verslo-etika-referatas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiandien jau daugeliui nekelia abejonių verslo žmonių vaidmuo ir svarba, taip pat auganti jo galia visuomenėje. Toji verslo galia daro vis didesnį poveikį ir įtaką įvairioms visuomenės gyvenimo sritims. Ji ne tik turi įtakos formuojant šalies įvaizdį, pokyčiams darbo rinkoje, bet ir formuojant vartotojų kultūrines orientacijas per siūlomas prekes ir paslaugas. Todėl vis labiau visuomenės sąmonėje įsitvirtina mintis, kad verslininkas turįs prisiimti didesnę atsakomybę ir ne tik už gerovės kūrimą visiems, bet ir puoselėjamas vertybes (pavyzdžiui, vartojimo kultą) bei naudojamas priemones iškeltiems tikslams pasiekti. Taigi jo veikla ir jos rezultatai imami vertinti ne tik ekonominiu, teisiniu, bet ir etiniu aspektu.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Įsigali nuostata, kad etikos žinios yra ne tik verslo žmonių bendrojo išsilavinimo reikalas. Jos atspindi verslininkų kertinius interesus, iš esmės sutampančius su visai visuomenei rūpimais klausimais. Etika įgauna funkcinę reikšmę, tampa efektyvia priemone pragmatiniams tikslams, ekonominiam pelnui pasiekti. Juk šiaip ar taip moralė – ne iš aukšto kalno paskelbtos nekintančios tiesos, o realiai veikianti jėga. Ji labai įvairiai veikia visuomenės socialinį gyvenimą, didžia dalimi formuoja jos narių ekoniminį mąstymą. O šis savo ruožtu betarpiškai veikia ūkinių subjektų veiklą ir įtakoja jų priimamus sprendimus, kurie gali intensyvinti ar slopinti ekonomiką, skatinti ar stabdyti visuomenės reformas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Etika keičia požiūrį į verslo pasaulį. Verslo etika tarnauja tam, kad perkeltų verslo sąvoką į humanišką kontekstą. Blogas įvaizdis tiesiogiai negatyviai veikia pardavimą, pelną, personalo moralę ir patį įmonės (organizacijos ) valdymą. Verslininkas, pažeidžiantis verslo dėsnius, nusižengiantis biznio etinėms normoms, vėlgi – tiesiogiai ar netiesiogiai – daro socialinę, moralinę, taip pat ir ekonominę žalą. Tai reiškia, kad verslininko savimonės susiformavimas nėra tik jo paties privatus reikalas, bet turi didelę socialinę ekonominę reikšmę.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Šiame mokomajame leidinyje stengtasi atskleisti etikos reikšmę versle ir visuomenėje, parodant etinių problemų kilimą, sąsajas su organizacijos kultūra, jų sprendimo priėmimo modeliais ir kt. Rengiant darbą remtasi žmiausių Vakarų šalių verslo etikos specialistų (J. Weiss, R. T. George, L. Nesh, R. A. Bucholz , S .K.  Beylly, A. Cava ir kt.) ir Rytų (E. A. Utkin, B. Petrunin ir kt.), taip pat lietuvių autorių, rašančių etikos klausimais (N. Vasiljevienės, D. Vyšniauskienės, V. Kundroto, J. Palidauskaitės ir kt.), darbais.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 19:58:50',62,'','2011-02-18 20:04:54',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 19:58:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,14,'','',0,62,'robots=\nauthor='),(2561,'Finansai','finansai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizacijai, vykdančiai bet kokią veiklą, reikalingi finansiniai ištekliai, kuriuos ji paskirsto įvairioms savo veiklos sritims. Žinios apie konkurentų organizacijos mokumą, likvidumą, kitus finansinės veiklos rodiklius padeda efektyviai išsiaiškinti organizacijos stovį bei galimybes veikti ateityje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 20:05:34',62,'','2011-02-18 20:08:04',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 20:05:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,13,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2562,'Stresų valdymas','stres-valdymas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Stresas yra įprastas ir dažnai sutinkamas reiškinys. Stresu vadinama pernelyg didelės psichinės ar fizinės įtampos būsena. Streso priežastimi gali būti sekinantis darbas, liga, žaizdos, nesutarimai, susierzinimas, depresija ir kitos priežastys. Stresai tiesiogiai ir netiesiogiai padidina sąnaudas ir sumažina organizacijos darbo kokybę. Plačiai paplitusi streso priežastis organizacijose yra per didelis arba per mažas darbo krūvis.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kita streso priežastis organizacijoje – vaidmens konfliktas. Jis atsiranda, kai darbuotojui keliami prieštaringi reikalavimai. Tada žmonės jaučia įtampą, nerimą, tai sukelia stresinę būseną.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Trečia priežastis – neapibrėžtas vaidmuo. Žmogus nesupranta  ko iš jo nori vadovas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sekantis veiksnys, sukeliantis stresą, – neįdomus, nuobodus ir varginantis darbas. Stresą gali sukelti ir blogos darbo sąlygos, blogi tarpusavio santykiai, asmeniniai pergyvenimai, nesėkmės, netektys ir t. t.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 20:09:15',62,'','2011-02-18 20:11:49',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 20:09:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,12,'','',0,13,'robots=\nauthor='),(2563,'Darbo užmokesčio modeliai','darbo-umokesio-modeliai','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Amerikietiškas darbo apmokėjimo modelis. Jam būdingas griežtas atliekamo darbo identifikavimas. Tiksliai apibūdinamas atliekamo darbo turinys, darbuotojo kvalifikacijos, darbo stažo ir jo dalykinių bei asmeninių savybių reikalavimai. Dėl to naudojamos sudėtingos darbų vertinimo metodikos, įvertinamas darbų sudėtingumas, kuriuo remiantis diferencijuojami darbininkų tarifiniai atlygiai ir tarnautojų atlyginimai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Amerikietiškajam darbo apmokėjimo modeliui priskirtina fiksuotų priedų vienetinio darbo apmokėjimo atmaina. Ši apmokėjimo forma skatina darbininkus didinti gamybos apimtis, nes už kiekvieną virš normos pagamintą produkcijos vienetą mokamas fiksuotas priedas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pavyzdys. darbuotojui mokama po 5 $ už  pagamintą produkcijos vienetą, dienos norma – 25 vienetai. Fiksuotas priedas už normos viršijimą – 2 $/vnt. Taigi už 1 - 25 vienetus mokama po 5 dolerius, o pradedant 26-uoju produkcijos vienetu mokama po 7 JAV dolerius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Japoniškasis darbo apmokėjimo modelis. Darbo užmokestis organizuojamas remiantis darbuotojų anketiniais duomenimis, t. y. atsižvelgiama į jų amžių, lytį, išsilavinimą, darbo stažą ir samdos formą. Skirtingai nuo amerikietiškojo darbo apmokėjimo modelio, čia  darbo turinys ir darbuotojo kvalifikacija (diferencijuojant darbuotojų tarifinį atlygį) yra ne tokie reikšmingi, kaip darbuotojo amžius ir darbo stažas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Darbo stažas ir darbuotojo amžius šiame modelyje paprastai lemia daugiau, nei darbo sudėtingumo įvertinimas. Šiam modeliui priskirtinos ir dvi laikinio darbo apmokėjimo formos atmainos: japonų tradicinė laikinio darbo apmokėjimo atmaina. Ši formapagrįsta tarifinių atlygių priklausomybe nuo darbuotojo amžiaus, t. y. darbuotojo atlyginimas priklauso nuo išdirbtų valandų skaičiaus ir valandinio tarifo, kuris nustatomas atsižvelgiant į darbuotojo amžių; japonų įvertinanti rezultatus laikinio darbo užmokesčio atmaina. Ši atmaina pradėta taikyti nuo šio amžiaus septintojo dešimtmečio vidurio. Ši forma pagrįsta dviem tarifiniais atlygiais:  asmeniniais ir darbo. Asmeninių tarifinių atlygių dydis priklauso nuo darbuotojo amžiaus ir stažo, o darbo tarifiniai atlygiai - nuo kvalifikacijos ir balais išreikšto darbo rezultatyvumo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Sudėjus darbo ir asmeninius atlygius, gaunamas tarifinis atlygis, naudojamas darbo užmokesčiui apskaičiuoti.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 20:13:26',62,'','2011-02-18 20:18:30',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 20:13:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',5,0,11,'','',0,28,'robots=\nauthor='),(2564,'Bendra informacija apie organizaciją – konkurentą','bendra-informacija-apie-organizacij-konkurent','','','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 20:20:01',62,'','2011-02-18 20:22:40',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 20:20:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,10,'','',0,12,'robots=\nauthor='),(2565,'Valdymas','valdymas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">Klausimai apie konkurentų organizacijos valdymą bei atsakymai į juos padeda suprasti tiek jų organizacinę sistemą, priimamų sprendimų pobūdį, tiek suteikia galimybes numatyti konkurentų ateities veiksmus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">1. Ar jūsų konkurentų organizacijos valdymo stilius yra centralizuotas, ar decentralizuotas?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">2. Ar konkurentų organizacijoje yra aukštas ar žemas hierarchijos lygis?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">3. Ar konkurentų dėmesys yra koncentruojamas į esmines kompetencijas (sugebėjimus), ar į gamybos efektyvumą?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">4. Ar konkurentai laiko savo parduodamą informaciją vertinga, ar ne?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">5. Ar konkurentai saugoja ir valdo turimą intelektualinę nuosavybę?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">6. Ar konkurentų intelektualinė nuosavybė ir duomenys yra slapti, ar jie kai ką parduoda siekdami pelno?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">7. Ar informacija yra lengvai prieinama tiems, kuriems jos reikia, per įmonės vidaus informacinę sistemą? Ar informacija yra sunkiai randama ir apskritai nedalinama?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">8. Ar jūsų konkurentai greitai priima sprendimus?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">9. Ar konkurentų organizacija yra dinamiška ir efektyviai reaguoja į pokyčius?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">10. Ar konkurentai išorinės aplinkos pokyčius vertina kaip potencialias galimybes?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">11. Ar konkuruojanti organizacija prisitaiko prie pakitusių sąlygų, ar pati sukelia tuos pokyčius?</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm;\">12. Kokiame valdžios lygyje gali būti priimami sprendimai dėl rizikos?</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 20:23:40',62,'','2011-02-18 20:28:44',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 20:23:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,9,'','',0,11,'robots=\nauthor='),(2566,'Specialistų darbo apmokėjimas','specialist-darbo-apmokjimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Privačiame sektoriuje dirbančių specialistų darbas apmokamas pagal privačiose įmonėse parengtas pareiginių algų schemas. Jos parengtos remiantis darbo apmokėjimo, kolektyvinių susitarimų ir sutarčių bei darbo sutarties įstatymais. Nustatant specialistų pareigines algas privačiose įmonėse, buvo atsižvelgiama į analogiškų specialistų darbo apmokėjimo lygį valstybinėse įmonėse bei įmonėse konkurentėse. Didelę reikšmę specialistų darbo apmokėjimo lygiui turi jų pasiūla ir paklausa darbo rinkoje. Pavyzdžiui, esant dideliai ekonomistų ir inžinierių pasiūlai, jų darbo lygis palyginus su buhalteriais, programuotojais ir juristais, kurių paklausa darbo rinkoje yra labai didelė, yra žymiai mažesnis, nepaisant to, kad visų šių specialistų kvalifikacijos įgijimo išlaidos yra panašios, o atliekamo darbo turinys reikalauja panašių protinių ir fizinių pastangų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Patirtis rodo, kad kuo privati įmonė pelningesnė, tuo darbdavys gali mokėti specialistams didesnius atlyginimus, viršijant šalies darbo užmokesčio vidurkį.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Asmeninis specialisto indėlis privačiose įmonėse dažniausiai nustatomas pagal pinigines įplaukas, kurių dydį lemia vieno ar kito specialisto darbas. Jeigu asmeninis specialisto indėlis negali būti išreikštas piniginių įplaukų suma, tuomet jis vertinamas subjektyviu darbdavio sprendimu.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Atlyginimų dydis kitose įmonėse turi reikšmės dėl darbdavių konkurencijos, pritraukiant geriausius specialistus. Jei kitų įmonių darbdaviai vienam ar kitam specialistui moka daugiau, kyla pavojus, jog geriausius specialistus nupirks konkurentai.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 20:29:24',62,'','2011-02-18 20:32:06',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 20:29:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,8,'','',0,15,'robots=\nauthor='),(2567,'Nedarbas ir jo išraiška ekonomikoje','nedarbas-ir-jo-iraika-ekonomikoje','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nedarbo rūšys ir formos. Nedarbas yra, tai yra nevisiškas užimtumas, ekonomine prasme yra visuomenės išteklių švaistymas ir darbo neturinčių žmonių egzistavimo sąlygų ardymas (dabar žymiu mastu amortizuojamas). Jis sukelia ir neekonominio pobūdžio socialines problemas. Greita infliacija dezorganizuoja visuomenės ūkinį gyvenimą, o aukštas nedarbo lygis sutrikdo socialinių procesų eigą visuomenėje, įžiebia jų patalogines formas.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nors nedarbas yra vienalytis reiškinys, bet nedarbo lygio padidėjimas – yra viena iš svarbių nuosmukio požymių. Nedarbo pokyčiai įvertinami, nustatant jo lygį. Jį kas mėnesį nustato Darbo statistikos biuras paprastu apklausos būdu. Kadangi visų šalies gyventojų apklausti neįmanoma, tai apklausa apima apie 65 000 šeimų. Klausimai pateikiami visiems šeimų nariams, kuriems sukako 16 metų, išskyrus nedarbingus – kalinius, psichinius ligonius ir pan. Visi apklaustieji skirstomi į tris kategorijas: užimti, tai yra dirba, neužimti, tai yra bedarbiai ir nedarbingi.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Bedarbiai yra visi tie, kurie neturi darbo ir: a) laikinai nedirba bei laukia kvietimo dirbti; b) žada pradėti dirbti po mėnesio; c) aktyviai ieško darbo bent jau keturias savaites. Darbo ištekliams nepriklauso pensininkai, stacionaro studentai, mamos, prižiūrinčios mažamečius vaikus. Nedarbo lygis apskaičiuojamas kaip bedarbių procentinis dydis nuo bendro darbingų gyventojų skaičius.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Dėl nedarbo lygio vertinimo būdų nemažai diskutuojama - kai kurie mano, kad oficialus nedarbo lygis yra didesnis už faktinį, nes jei žmogus apklausos metu sako, kad jį labai sunku rasti, žmonės nusivilia ir nebeieško jo. Todėl jie ir nepriskiariami darbo ištekliams. Tokiu būdu nuosmukio metais nedarbo lygis neparodo tikrojo nedarbo mąsto.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nusivylę darbuotojai yra tie, kurie norėtų dirbti, bet nebeieško darbo, nes nesitiki jo gauti, tokių darbuotojų mūsų šalyje atrastume ne vieną, nes pas mus yra tendencija dėjuoti dėl sunkaus gyvenimo, bet nėra tendencijos to gyvenimo gerinti apsiemant dirbti sunkų darbą už mažesnį užmokęsti, nei yra norima. Ir tokie darbingi žmonės neįtraukiami nei į darbo išteklių, nei į bedarbių kategoriją.<br />{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 20:34:43',62,'','2011-02-18 20:38:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 20:34:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,7,'','',0,16,'robots=\nauthor='),(2568,'Administravimo funkcijos','administravimo-funkcijos','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Administravimo funkcijos organizacijoje priklauso nuo įmonės dydžio: didelėse įmonėse įvairūs darbai  atliekami  atskirų tarnybų, kur dirba nuo kelių iki keliasdešimt žmonių, o nedidelėse, individualiose įmonėse, vienas darbuotojas gali atlikti keletą funkcijų.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 20:39:23',62,'','2011-02-18 20:41:12',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 20:39:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,6,'','',0,18,'robots=\nauthor='),(2569,'Bendra informacija apie rinką','bendra-informacija-apie-rink','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tam, kad galima būtų įsigilinti  į organizacijos aplinkoje vykstančius procesus, visų  pirma reikia surinkti bendrą informaciją apie šaką: apie joje veikiančias jėgas, pokyčius, įėjimo bei išėjimo iš jos barjerus, vystymosi tempą. Visa ši informacija padeda apžvelgti šakoje egzistuojančias konkurencines jėgas ir pereiti prie konkrečių konkurentų analizės.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 20:42:58',62,'','2011-02-18 20:44:48',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 20:42:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,5,'','',0,14,'robots=\nauthor='),(2570,'Organizacijos aplinka','organizacijos-aplinka','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Remiantis vienu iš bendriausių organizacijos apibrėžimų, galima teigti, jog organizacija – tai tam tikra struktūra, sudaryta iš individų grupių, tam tikrais būdais veikiančių kartu, siekiant bendro tikslo.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kitaip tariant, tai grupė žmonių, kurių veikla sąmoningai koordinuojama stengiantis pasiekti užsibrėžtą tikslą, ir kurią sudaro du ar daugiau žmonių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizacija gali būti vadinama bendrove, korporacija, firma arba institucija, ji gali būti ribotos, neribotos atsakomybės, valstybinė arba privati, turinti griežtą hierarchinę arba tinklinę (virtualią) struktūrą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindinis organizacijos tikslas – tenkinti vartotojų poreikius bei gauti iš to naudą. Tai, kokią naudą (ar nuostolį) gali gauti organizacija arba kaip efektyviai ji veiks ir konkuruos savo rinkoje, priklauso ne tik nuo organizacijos vidinės aplinkos, bet ir nuo jos sugebėjimo orientuotis ir veikti išorinėje aplinkoje.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 20:50:43',62,'','2011-02-18 20:53:07',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 20:50:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,4,'','',0,17,'robots=\nauthor='),(2571,'Organizacijos valdymo sistema','organizacijos-valdymo-sistema','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiekvienos verslo organizacijos veiklą reikia tvarkyti taip, kad iš jos kuo daugiau naudos turėtų tiek tie, kurie tiesiogiai susiję su pačia įmone, tiek ir visa visuomenė. Organizacijos, veikiančios tam tikroje aplinkoje ir siekiančios konkretaus tikslo, veikla turi būti valdoma, o tai reiškia, kad joje vykstantys procesai turi vykti tam tikra tvarka ir turi būti derinami tarpusavyje.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-18 20:55:13',62,'','2011-02-18 20:57:15',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-18 20:55:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,3,'','',0,21,'robots=\nauthor='),(2572,'Lietuvos smulkaus ir vidutinio verslo būklė (leidinys)','lietuvos-smulkaus-ir-vidutinio-verslo-bkl-leidinys','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Analizuodami Europos Sąjungos (ES) ir kitų išsivysčiusių šalių patirtį galime pastebėti, kad rinkos ekonomikos konkurencingumą bei augimą didele dalimi lemia smulkaus ir vidutinio verslo (SVV) plėtra. Šis ūkio sektorius greičiausiai pajunta rinkos paklausos ir pasiūlos pokyčius, prisitaiko prie jų, sukuria naujų darbo vietų tose veiklose, kurių prekės ir paslaugos konkrečiu laikotarpiu turi didžiausią paklausą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vis didėjanti SVV svarba bei jo įtaka ekonominiam šalių vystymuisi lemia ypatingą visuomenės dėmesį analizuojant SVV plėtros procesus, tendencijas ir perspektyvas bei ieškant efektyvių SVV sektoriaus rezultatyvumo didinimo būdų.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės 2004 – 2008 metų programoje pabrėžta, jog SVV yra valstybės ekonomikos pagrindas ir būtina visuomenės vidurinės klasės formavimosi sąlyga, todėl reikia sudaryti kuo palankesnę aplinką šio verslo įmonių plėtrai.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Nuo XX a. aštuntojo dešimtmečio išsivysčiusiame industriniame pasaulyje vykdoma intensyvi SVV plėtros stebėsena, moksliniai ieškojimai ir prognozės, modeliuojamos šio nepaprastai dinamiško sektoriaus funkcinių raiškos galių optimizavimo galimybės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">2003 m. pabaigoje Europos ekonominės erdvės šalyse 99,7% visų įmonių sudarė mažos ir vidutinės įmonės (MVĮ). Jos buvo įdarbinusios 69,7% visų dirbančiųjų Europos ekonominės erdvės šalyse, sukūrusios 50,9% bendrosios pridėtinės vertės. Lietuvos įmonių struktūra pagal darbuotojų skaičių buvo panaši į kitų Europos šalių įmonių struktūrą. 99,4% visų Lietuvos įmonių sudarė MVĮ, kurios buvo įdarbinusios 69,7% visų šalies dirbančiųjų, jose sukurta 68,2% bendrosios pridėtinės vertės.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Lietuvos smulkaus ir vidutinio verslo plėtros agentūra parengė ir išleido leidinį „Lietuvos smukaus ir vidutinio verslo būklė“, kuriame išanalizuota 2000–2003 m. Lietuvos SVV būklė ir pateikti pagrindiniai MVĮ veiklą apibūdinantys rodikliai. Tai antrasis Lietuvos smulkaus ir vidutinio verslo plėtros agentūros leidinys, pateikęs Lietuvos SVV būklės apžvalgą. Pirmąjį tokį leidinį Lietuvos smulkaus ir vidutinio verslo plėtros agentūra išleido 2003 m.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Tikimės, kad Lietuvos smulkaus ir vidutinio verslo būklės apžvalga padės geriau suprasti ir įvertinti SVV reikšmę šalies ekonomikai. Manome, jog leidinys bus naudingas tiems, kurie analizuoja SVV plėtros situaciją šalyje, atlieka šio proceso stebėseną, lygina SVV plėtros tendencijas tarptautiniu mastu, bei pasitarnaus tiems, kurie formuoja SVV plėtros politiką, jos įgyvendinimą, atlieka verslo plėtros ekonominių pasekmių įvertinimą.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-25 16:59:06',62,'','2011-02-25 17:04:23',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-25 16:59:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,2,'','',0,39,'robots=\nauthor='),(2573,'Personalo klasifikavimas','personalo-klasifikavimas','','<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Organizacijos optimaliai veiklai būtina, kad visuose lygiuose atitinkamuose padaliniuose, atitinkami žmonės gerai žinotų savo vietą, darbą, vaidmenį ir atliekamas funkcijas.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovai valdomąjį procesą veikia ne tiesiogiai, bet per jiems pavaldų kolektyvą; jie nustato ir suderina santykius tarp atskiras valdymo funkcijas atliekančių tarnybų, parenka darbuotojus, organizuoja bendrą valdomosios sistemos darbą.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovo darbas ir pats valdymo procesas priklauso nuo organizacijos dydžio, gaminamos produkcijos ar atliekamų paslaugų pobūdžio, darbuotojų kolektyvo, žmonių išsilavinimo, kultūros lygio ir kitų veiksnių.</p>\r\n','\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Vadovo darbas visur labai įvairus ir sunku nusakyti jo bendrus bruožus bei skirtumus. Vadovų darbui bendra tai, kad jų veiksmai visuomet yra trumpalaikiai, įvairialypiai, skirtingi ir fragmentiški. Darbų nebūna visiškai vienodų. Be to, kiekvienas vadovas atlieka savo vaidmenį savaip. Tas darbas priklauso nuo jo būdo bruožų, sugebėjimo bendrauti, kvalifikacijos.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kuo žemesnis valdymo lygis, tuo dažniau vadovas užsiima vadovui nebūdingomis funkcijomis.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Greta formalių įvairaus lygio vadovų, vadovaujančių atskirų padalinių darbui, būna ir neformalūs lyderiai, grupės ir organizacijos. Neformalias grupes sudaryti skatina draugai, giminystės ryšiai, pasipriešinimas pokyčiams, savisauga, noras išlaikyti darbo vietą ir panašiai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Specialistai – tai profesionalai, parengti dirbti tam tikrose srityse. Tai ekonomistai, vadybininkai, teisininkai, kurių uždavinys yra parengti konkrečių sričių sprendimus. Paprastai jų sprendimus galutinai patvirtina vadovai.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Kiti tarnautojai (technikai, administratorės) techniškai aptarnauja vadovus ir specialistus.</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagrindiniai darbininkai tiesiogiai gamina pagrindinę įmonės produkciją ar aptarnauja klientus (pvz., pardavėjai).</p>\r\n<p style=\"text-indent: 1cm; text-align: justify;\">Pagalbiniai darbininkai aptarnauja pagrindinius darbininkus (sandėlininkai, transportuotojai, sargai).<br />Plačiau apie personalą ir jo valdymą skaitykite trečiame skyriuje.</p>\r\n<p>{googleAds}<br />&lt;div &gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"&gt;&lt;!--<br />google_ad_client = \"pub-6799640114500069\";<br />google_ad_slot = \"3362631522\";<br />google_ad_width = 728;<br />google_ad_height = 90;<br />//--&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;script type=\"text/javascript\"<br />src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\"&gt;<br />&lt;/script&gt;<br />&lt;/div&gt;<br />{/googleAds}</p>',1,5,0,78,'2011-02-25 17:10:23',62,'','2011-02-25 17:15:01',62,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00','2011-02-25 17:10:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','','show_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_vote=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nlanguage=\nkeyref=\nreadmore=',4,0,1,'','',0,33,'robots=\nauthor=');
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LOCK TABLES `jos_menu` WRITE;
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License','joomla-license','index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5','component',-2,0,20,0,1,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'pageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\nshow_noauth=0\nlink_titles=0\nshow_intro=1\nshow_section=0\nlink_section=0\nshow_category=0\nlink_category=0\nshow_author=1\nshow_create_date=1\nshow_modify_date=1\nshow_item_navigation=0\nshow_readmore=1\nshow_vote=0\nshow_icons=1\nshow_pdf_icon=1\nshow_print_icon=1\nshow_email_icon=1\nshow_hits=1\n\n',0,0,0),(41,'mainmenu','FAQ','faq','index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=3','component',-2,0,20,0,2,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_page_title=1\nshow_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nshow_categories=1\nshow_empty_categories=0\nshow_cat_num_articles=1\nshow_category_description=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\norderby=\nshow_noauth=0\nshow_title=1\nlink_titles=0\nshow_intro=1\nshow_section=0\nlink_section=0\nshow_category=0\nlink_category=0\nshow_author=1\nshow_create_date=1\nshow_modify_date=1\nshow_item_navigation=0\nshow_readmore=1\nshow_vote=0\nshow_icons=1\nshow_pdf_icon=1\nshow_print_icon=1\nshow_email_icon=1\nshow_hits=1',0,0,0),(73,'referatai','Architektūra','architektra','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=36','component',-2,0,20,0,2,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=4\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=4\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(18,'topmenu','News','news','index.php?option=com_newsfeeds&view=newsfeed&id=1&feedid=1','component',1,0,11,0,3,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,3,'show_page_title=1\npage_title=News\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\nshow_headings=1\nshow_name=1\nshow_articles=1\nshow_link=1\nshow_other_cats=1\nshow_cat_description=1\nshow_cat_items=1\nshow_feed_image=1\nshow_feed_description=1\nshow_item_description=1\nfeed_word_count=0\n\n',0,0,0),(72,'mainmenu','Architektūra','architektra','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=34','component',0,0,20,0,11,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=0\nnum_intro_articles=0\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(27,'mainmenu','Joomla! Overview','joomla-overview','index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19','component',-2,0,20,0,3,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'pageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\nshow_noauth=0\nlink_titles=0\nshow_intro=1\nshow_section=0\nlink_section=0\nshow_category=0\nlink_category=0\nshow_author=1\nshow_create_date=1\nshow_modify_date=1\nshow_item_navigation=0\nshow_readmore=1\nshow_vote=0\nshow_icons=1\nshow_pdf_icon=1\nshow_print_icon=1\nshow_email_icon=1\nshow_hits=1\n\n',0,0,0),(28,'topmenu','About Joomla!','about-joomla','index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25','component',1,0,20,0,1,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'pageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\nshow_noauth=0\nlink_titles=0\nshow_intro=1\nshow_section=0\nlink_section=0\nshow_category=0\nlink_category=0\nshow_author=1\nshow_create_date=1\nshow_modify_date=1\nshow_item_navigation=0\nshow_readmore=1\nshow_vote=0\nshow_icons=1\nshow_pdf_icon=1\nshow_print_icon=1\nshow_email_icon=1\nshow_hits=1\n\n',0,0,0),(29,'topmenu','Features','features','index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22','component',1,0,20,0,2,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'pageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\nshow_noauth=0\nlink_titles=0\nshow_intro=1\nshow_section=0\nlink_section=0\nshow_category=0\nlink_category=0\nshow_author=1\nshow_create_date=1\nshow_modify_date=1\nshow_item_navigation=0\nshow_readmore=1\nshow_vote=0\nshow_icons=1\nshow_pdf_icon=1\nshow_print_icon=1\nshow_email_icon=1\nshow_hits=1\n\n',0,0,0),(30,'topmenu','The Community','the-community','index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27','component',1,0,20,0,4,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'pageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\nshow_noauth=0\nlink_titles=0\nshow_intro=1\nshow_section=0\nlink_section=0\nshow_category=0\nlink_category=0\nshow_author=1\nshow_create_date=1\nshow_modify_date=1\nshow_item_navigation=0\nshow_readmore=1\nshow_vote=0\nshow_icons=1\nshow_pdf_icon=1\nshow_print_icon=1\nshow_email_icon=1\nshow_hits=1\n\n',0,0,0),(34,'mainmenu','What\'s New in 1.5?','what-is-new-in-1-5','index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22','component',-2,0,20,1,4,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'pageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\nshow_noauth=0\nshow_title=1\nlink_titles=0\nshow_intro=1\nshow_section=0\nlink_section=0\nshow_category=0\nlink_category=0\nshow_author=1\nshow_create_date=1\nshow_modify_date=1\nshow_item_navigation=0\nshow_readmore=1\nshow_vote=0\nshow_icons=1\nshow_pdf_icon=1\nshow_print_icon=1\nshow_email_icon=1\nshow_hits=1\n\n',0,0,0),(71,'architektra-ir-statyba','Architektura, statyba','architektura-statyba','index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56','component',1,0,20,0,1,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(37,'mainmenu','More about Joomla!','more-about-joomla','index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=4','component',-2,0,20,0,5,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_page_title=1\nshow_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nshow_categories=1\nshow_empty_categories=0\nshow_cat_num_articles=1\nshow_category_description=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\norderby=\nshow_noauth=0\nshow_title=1\nlink_titles=0\nshow_intro=1\nshow_section=0\nlink_section=0\nshow_category=0\nlink_category=0\nshow_author=1\nshow_create_date=1\nshow_modify_date=1\nshow_item_navigation=0\nshow_readmore=1\nshow_vote=0\nshow_icons=1\nshow_pdf_icon=1\nshow_print_icon=1\nshow_email_icon=1\nshow_hits=1',0,0,0),(67,'referatai','Architektūra, statyba','architektra-statyba','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=34','component',-2,0,20,0,11,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=4\nnum_columns=2\nnum_links=4\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(68,'referatai','Inžinerinės medžiagos ir jų gamybos bei apdorojimo technologijos','ininerins-mediagos-ir-j-gamybos-bei-apdorojimo-technologijos','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=34','component',-2,0,20,1,27,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=4\nnum_columns=2\nnum_links=4\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(69,'referatai','Architektūra, statyba','ininerins-mediagos-ir-j-gamybos-bei-apdorojimo-technologijos','index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56','component',-2,0,20,0,9,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(70,'referatai','Architektūra ir statyba','ininerins-mediagos-ir-j-gamyba-bei-apdorojimo-technologijos-mokomoji-knyga','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=34','component',-2,0,20,0,8,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=4\nnum_columns=2\nnum_links=4\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(48,'mainmenu','Web Links','web-links','index.php?option=com_weblinks&view=categories','component',-2,0,4,0,6,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'page_title=Weblinks\nimage=-1\nimage_align=right\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\nshow_comp_description=1\ncomp_description=\nshow_link_hits=1\nshow_link_description=1\nshow_other_cats=1\nshow_headings=1\nshow_page_title=1\nlink_target=0\nlink_icons=\n\n',0,0,0),(49,'mainmenu','News Feeds','news-feeds','index.php?option=com_newsfeeds&view=categories','component',-2,0,11,0,7,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_page_title=1\npage_title=Newsfeeds\nshow_comp_description=1\ncomp_description=\nimage=-1\nimage_align=right\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\nshow_headings=1\nshow_name=1\nshow_articles=1\nshow_link=1\nshow_other_cats=1\nshow_cat_description=1\nshow_cat_items=1\nshow_feed_image=1\nshow_feed_description=1\nshow_item_description=1\nfeed_word_count=0\n\n',0,0,0),(50,'mainmenu','The News','the-news','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=1','component',-2,0,20,0,8,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_page_title=1\npage_title=The News\nshow_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=4\nnum_columns=2\nnum_links=4\nshow_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_noauth=0\nlink_titles=0\nshow_intro=1\nshow_section=0\nlink_section=0\nshow_category=0\nlink_category=0\nshow_author=1\nshow_create_date=1\nshow_modify_date=1\nshow_item_navigation=0\nshow_readmore=1\nshow_vote=0\nshow_icons=1\nshow_pdf_icon=1\nshow_print_icon=1\nshow_email_icon=1\nshow_hits=1\n\n',0,0,0),(66,'mainmenu','Adasdsa54ęėį','adasdsa54','index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53','component',0,0,20,0,10,0,'0000-00-00 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00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=4\nnum_columns=2\nnum_links=4\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(64,'referatai','Inžinerinės medžiagos ir jų gamybos bei apdorojimo technologijos','gfgggfininerins-mediagos-ir-j-gamybos-bei-apdorojimo-technologijos','index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51','component',-2,0,20,0,29,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(56,'referatai','Istorija','istorija','index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49','component',-2,0,20,0,7,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(57,'referatai','Matematika','matematika','index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50','component',-2,0,20,0,6,0,'0000-00-00 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00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(60,'referatai','Visi','visi','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=34','component',-2,0,20,2,31,0,'0000-00-00 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00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(74,'referatai','Astronomija','astronomija','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=37','component',1,0,20,0,10,62,'2010-12-08 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00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=2\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(76,'referatai','Biologija','biologija','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=39','component',1,0,20,0,13,0,'0000-00-00 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00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=2\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(79,'referatai','Dailė','dail','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=42','component',1,0,20,0,16,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(78,'referatai','Chemija','chemija','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=41','component',1,0,20,0,14,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(80,'referatai','Ekologija','ekologija','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=43','component',1,0,20,0,17,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(81,'referatai','Ekonomika','ekonomika','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=44','component',1,0,20,0,18,62,'2010-05-11 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00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(83,'referatai','Elektronika','elektronika','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=46','component',1,0,20,0,20,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(84,'referatai','Etika','etika','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=47','component',1,0,20,0,21,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(85,'referatai','Filologija','filologija','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=48','component',1,0,20,0,22,62,'2010-05-25 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12:50:06',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(87,'referatai','Finansai','finansai','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=50','component',1,0,20,0,24,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(88,'referatai','Fizika','fizika','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=51','component',1,0,20,0,25,62,'2010-06-03 10:07:04',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(89,'referatai','Geografija','geografija','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=52','component',1,0,20,0,26,62,'2010-06-18 15:25:48',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(90,'referatai','Istorija','istorija','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=53','component',1,0,20,0,28,62,'2011-01-04 08:25:45',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(91,'referatai','Informatika','informatika','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=54','component',1,0,20,0,30,62,'2010-08-24 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00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(93,'referatai','Kalbos kultūra','kalbos-kultra','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=56','component',1,0,20,0,34,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(94,'referatai','Kultūra','kultra','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=57','component',1,0,20,0,36,0,'0000-00-00 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00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(96,'referatai','Lietuvių kalba','lietuvi-kalba','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=59','component',1,0,20,0,38,62,'2010-09-03 06:16:20',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(97,'referatai','Literatūra','literatra','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=60','component',1,0,20,0,39,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(98,'referatai','Matematika','matematika','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=61','component',1,0,20,0,40,62,'2010-11-15 06:18:18',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=20\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(99,'referatai','Logika','logika','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=62','component',1,0,20,0,41,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=20\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(100,'referatai','Lotynų kalba','lotyn-kalba','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=63','component',1,0,20,0,42,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=20\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(101,'referatai','Maistas','maistas','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=64','component',1,0,20,0,43,62,'2010-12-01 06:51:34',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=20\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(102,'referatai','Mechanika','mechanika','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=65','component',1,0,20,0,44,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=20\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(103,'referatai','Medicina','medicina','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=66','component',1,0,20,0,45,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=20\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(104,'referatai','Muzika','muzika','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=67','component',1,0,20,0,46,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=20\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(105,'referatai','Pedagogika','pedagogika','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=68','component',1,0,20,0,47,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=20\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(106,'referatai','Politologija','politologija','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=69','component',1,0,20,0,48,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=20\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(107,'referatai','Psichologija','psichologija','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=70','component',1,0,20,0,49,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=20\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(108,'referatai','Raštvedyba','ratvedyba','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=71','component',1,0,20,0,50,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=20\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(109,'referatai','Religija','religija','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=72','component',1,0,20,0,51,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=20\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(110,'referatai','Rusų kalba','rus-kalba','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=73','component',1,0,20,0,52,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=20\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(111,'referatai','Sociologija','sociologija','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=74','component',1,0,20,0,53,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=20\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(112,'referatai','Teisė','teis','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=75','component',1,0,20,0,54,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=20\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(113,'referatai','Transportas','transportas','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=76','component',1,0,20,0,55,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(114,'referatai','Vadyba','vadyba','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=77','component',1,0,20,0,56,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0),(115,'referatai','Verslas','verslas','index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=78','component',1,0,20,0,57,0,'0000-00-00 00:00:00',0,0,0,0,'show_description=0\nshow_description_image=0\nnum_leading_articles=1\nnum_intro_articles=40\nnum_columns=1\nnum_links=0\norderby_pri=\norderby_sec=\nmulti_column_order=0\nshow_pagination=2\nshow_pagination_results=1\nshow_feed_link=1\nshow_noauth=\nshow_title=\nlink_titles=\nshow_intro=\nshow_section=\nlink_section=\nshow_category=\nlink_category=\nshow_author=\nshow_create_date=\nshow_modify_date=\nshow_item_navigation=\nshow_readmore=\nshow_vote=\nshow_icons=\nshow_pdf_icon=\nshow_print_icon=\nshow_email_icon=\nshow_hits=\nfeed_summary=\npage_title=\nshow_page_title=1\npageclass_sfx=\nmenu_image=-1\nsecure=0\n\n',0,0,0);
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/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `jos_menu` ENABLE KEYS */;

--
-- Table structure for table `jos_menu_types`
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CREATE TABLE `jos_menu_types` (
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  `title` varchar(255) NOT NULL default '',
  `description` varchar(255) NOT NULL default '',
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) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

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-- Dumping data for table `jos_menu_types`
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LOCK TABLES `jos_menu_types` WRITE;
INSERT INTO `jos_menu_types` VALUES (1,'mainmenu','Main Menu','The main menu for the site'),(3,'topmenu','Top Menu','Top level navigation'),(10,'architektra-ir-statyba','Architektūros ir statybos referatai',''),(9,'referatai','Referatai','');
UNLOCK TABLES;
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `jos_menu_types` ENABLE KEYS */;

--
-- Table structure for table `jos_messages`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `jos_messages`;
CREATE TABLE `jos_messages` (
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  `user_id_from` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL default '0',
  `user_id_to` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL default '0',
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) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

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-- Dumping data for table `jos_messages`
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/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `jos_messages` DISABLE KEYS */;
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UNLOCK TABLES;
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To   help you get started, check out these excellent resources for securing your   server and pointers to documentation and other helpful resources. </p> <p>   <strong>Security</strong><br /> </p> <p>   On the Internet, security is always a concern. For that reason, you are   encouraged to subscribe to the   <a href=\"http://feedburner.google.com/fb/a/mailverify?uri=JoomlaSecurityNews\" target=\"_blank\">Joomla!   Security Announcements</a> for the latest information on new Joomla! releases,   emailed to you automatically. </p> <p>   If this is one of your first Web sites, security considerations may   seem complicated and intimidating. There are three simple steps that go a long   way towards securing a Web site: (1) regular backups; (2) prompt updates to the   <a href=\"http://www.joomla.org/download.html\" target=\"_blank\">latest Joomla! release;</a> and (3) a <a href=\"http://docs.joomla.org/Security_Checklist_2_-_Hosting_and_Server_Setup\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"good Web host\">good Web host</a>. There are many other important security considerations that you can learn about by reading the <a href=\"http://docs.joomla.org/Category:Security_Checklist\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Joomla! Security Checklist\">Joomla! Security Checklist</a>. </p> <p>If you believe your Web site was attacked, or you think you have discovered a security issue in Joomla!, please do not post it in the Joomla! forums. Publishing this information could put other Web sites at risk. Instead, report possible security vulnerabilities to the <a href=\"http://developer.joomla.org/security/contact-the-team.html\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Joomla! Security Task Force\">Joomla! Security Task Force</a>.</p><p><strong>Learning Joomla!</strong> </p> <p>   A good place to start learning Joomla! is the   \"<a href=\"http://docs.joomla.org/beginners\" target=\"_blank\">Absolute Beginner\'s   Guide to Joomla!.</a>\" There, you will find a Quick Start to Joomla!   <a href=\"http://help.joomla.org/ghop/feb2008/task048/joomla_15_quickstart.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">guide</a>   and <a href=\"http://help.joomla.org/ghop/feb2008/task167/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">video</a>,   amongst many other tutorials. The   <a href=\"http://community.joomla.org/magazine/view-all-issues.html\" target=\"_blank\">Joomla!   Community Magazine</a> also has   <a href=\"http://community.joomla.org/magazine/article/522-introductory-learning-joomla-using-sample-data.html\" target=\"_blank\">articles   for new learners</a> and experienced users, alike. A great place to look for   answers is the   <a href=\"http://docs.joomla.org/Category:FAQ\" target=\"_blank\">Frequently Asked   Questions (FAQ)</a>. If you are stuck on a particular screen in the   Administrator (which is where you are now), try clicking the Help toolbar   button to get assistance specific to that page. </p> <p>   If you still have questions, please feel free to use the   <a href=\"http://forum.joomla.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Joomla! Forums.</a> The forums   are an incredibly valuable resource for all levels of Joomla! users. 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17:16:36','','\n'),(130,'Sandra','sssandrukas','sssandruke@gmail.com','7f4ac73c8ffa935028f13ef43456f8cc:FeprcLxkAOg1zx5nZNcp8aPnuLFNoH2M','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-09-09 08:54:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','abe2105a2fdf1cfa4266d949f6732fa9','\n'),(131,'agnulyte588','agnulyte588','agnulyte588@gmail.com','61ecc62e438745d708b4284a8d4a0c92:TRe9MuX726BUvWBol36VaR7DvbfsrUoL','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-09-09 14:50:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','00dcd7485701170044db1c71d72fd532','\n'),(132,'mantas','mantop','Anskaitis.Mantas@gmail.com','098ab87bb06b6adad954366864539b2e:f0Dr9sqUzFQk0wKvCfMJaesKsJYDKtkI','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-09 17:50:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','page_title=Redaguoti jūsų duomenis\nshow_page_title=1\nlanguage=lt-LT\ntimezone=0\n\n'),(133,'Darius','dar','dsswarke@gmail.com','9134fc549cf5a1be780ca0eb1016f28e:lFMA3CJFhdU9LwhaiDBoqaSkZNnw75Yo','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-10 18:24:23','2011-09-10 18:27:24','','\n'),(134,'kristina','gaileviciene','kristina.g@inbox.lt','bbf0339d4239256a555e9d9ee4a05ff3:e7irTJCxzSKVY4bg5wGHu7R7ymsKwWRw','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-11 11:06:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','\n'),(135,'Rūta','rutuliuke333','rutuliuke333@gmail.com','38ce73d9fc4a8d8e043f0602cb72ff10:ibW4GyGMw3xJ80kPo5RhxvfYTOftHFb5','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-09-11 11:41:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','094f0cbf05703be70812798a8f6c77a5','\n'),(136,'Alvydas','alvziu','alvziu@gmail.com','f86809e29d9a2592548fdb0c16dc7826:5JSm9Esxu7T085cKMm7uHhnz5YetDgOS','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-11 13:10:41','2011-09-11 13:14:02','','\n'),(137,'pranas','pinokis','pwnspam@gmail.com','409c6766cdd16de5c426c0948c35b1d8:6KBzIxlS8VIJnPBFOAkAFSws06IL3Drz','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-11 13:51:44','2011-09-26 15:33:57','','\n'),(138,'frozenme','frozen','stonkute.viktorija@gmail.com','fff274cc7cdd84f7b2f52b6c14be6212:nVaqodWpMs9ASyKxf5ZM3TZ0IcPTbFmf','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-11 19:01:58','2011-09-11 19:10:34','','\n'),(139,'Deimante','Samoskaite','Deimantesm@gmail.com','752e3c511d2f8033f622e03d5c02f58b:36H5k1rlmuF4lUljsIKo1e17v91CtifB','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-11 20:00:25','2011-09-11 20:06:31','','\n'),(140,'Viktorija','metaxa88','metaxa88@yahoo.com','0075d1a45a97d95134730309c8c4ac99:SAILD7bLcYmrwre8lUm6mua1TN9wOD0z','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-12 08:02:51','2011-09-12 08:03:55','','\n'),(141,'Povilas','povrud','povilas.rudinskas@gmail.com','cad3673a71858e78942c5f4b437a3384:OqFphk4bBhot88KyGpsAHhKqd42Nd1Qg','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-12 09:47:37','2011-09-12 09:49:37','','\n'),(142,'aurimas','aurimas1993','auriux007@gmail.com','d3c5c87bdf8fe243de54b1d421e72ee9:1CXGqGsWo1NdVKMsqtqyHXH7s5uGWyi8','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-12 12:47:48','2011-09-12 12:51:47','','\n'),(143,'tomas','tomas555','ciucikas@gmail.com','087d6a6b3fea9c40faf5eff106ba8818:WZDSwXOgXpCBq207et9d4YZ3Y2wfaDQR','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-12 13:42:39','2011-09-12 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15:24:32','','\n'),(148,'VILMA','VIKAC','vilmaka11@gmail.com','f62779cffde0491bdf3525ce60ce13cb:Luilc8v2xhShf62fwSnQDTm3Yfhu2Gde','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-09-13 07:08:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c0f3528f3836a4c49ec6dafc87327013','\n'),(149,'nimos','nimos','nimossss@gmail.com','abc3d0c581c06c70461b3601e7a4d015:HStn0H0BXkV0Q8KiADVYjtcIQtSpq1PN','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-09-13 07:33:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ed6a9039da0363c3218b1c98d80fe70b','\n'),(150,'Donatas','donjan','donjan@inbox.lt','718f1282d7dfc42d0dd537f03525db3a:mf54okaRUwYiHYvyLKLbuu6ZbjX0tb8b','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-13 12:56:40','2011-09-13 12:57:49','','\n'),(151,'jonas0','jonas0bel','jonas.bel.lt@gmail.com','f13e6edd6e5960b2d4b545c676193a0d:UMBGFurWYrgMLwkrVNY9EEVdJS2NmutE','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-09-13 13:12:25','0000-00-00 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19:18:11','','\n'),(157,'Vytautas','stfu','defend3r@gmail.com','acdfe4e2482709c450360ca57293d748:QOTUNY01keG6ZB9K1LKUFYCcwhEaiBQ8','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-14 19:31:22','2011-09-14 19:31:53','','\n'),(158,'Dziugas','burito','Gatorius@gmail.com','4d46bca8b08126979d88c480119431a2:ywWHEv6GWlLvmsbwzLpefrTznZsMAUUh','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-14 20:11:21','2011-09-14 20:14:53','','\n'),(159,'Genovaitė','Genovaitė','genovaite.muranoviene@gmail.com','4aa5475bf2a1e9a1fff8e90f71950141:w9vagfcJtgpnsWRX1sbQdqf4Y890SRgF','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-09-15 12:40:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','204fd1cf5a65a1ef4449cd35efd053eb','\n'),(160,'marius','marius','marius.bard@gmail.com','209574986716bcbc63ee1393564ac5a2:TZZWhhvyF0iyUmkBqlXiniYojbBjIHpk','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-15 14:43:21','2011-09-15 14:44:33','','\n'),(161,'Gintarė','gintare90','gintare.vilkelyte@gmail.com','778472d3d62ebb387866f616b9e79d2e:H5HBrsqPQ7h6mj5FHblNanyao385ji8F','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-15 16:01:49','2011-09-15 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00:00:00','9b1806e241f12b82928b92e63d9d7bc9','\n'),(170,'VB','Audi100','vytautasbal@gmail.com','aa103f81f135c94d4a2eb0ea38e2336b:aDbFcILrB7wgCz4Fjqrc6jn6ZFCO8r9e','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-18 15:17:19','2011-09-19 15:53:49','','\n'),(171,'dalia','as','daliak522@gmail.com','0cafbb33ffa555444b1d93169aaf5198:6v6PenuPOMXN9YpQjrWnFL8OoNf8Y5dK','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-18 18:01:25','2011-09-18 18:08:11','','\n'),(172,'nijole','nijole','nijolcik18@mail.ru','c9c8dd73104107e1fd588277854001c3:SlRBqvZ9evdEaOpVbkRLyxAP2qnUtg4B','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-09-19 14:06:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8faf41cea4c77626331d5e7e8e416ef7','\n'),(173,'Karina','karina248','karinusikaite@gmail.com','ccda8a952ab65046a0e76b7a28aa4a94:2TO9holSeI1DXMI89VRsAtrjHTWs1Yp7','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-09-19 16:18:12','0000-00-00 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10:26:20','','\n'),(183,'Erika','erika90','erika1990@inbox.lt','4e6540dfaecfd2fe8792ab60dae4719a:f8ZAJR80PTxlNuifXZHdDwy3un6gXNnv','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-21 11:15:53','2011-12-09 13:34:23','','\n'),(184,'Giedre','Gie','giedreprusinskaite@gmail.com','5881789fb5987e03ad0a347db5c141d1:5dYlXCjhFHpfG8zuPZ9Ncbc58FzUCw76','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-21 12:50:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','page_title=Redaguoti jūsų duomenis\nshow_page_title=1\nlanguage=lt-LT\ntimezone=-12\n\n'),(185,'jekatsa','jekatsa','jesaburova@gmail.com','647457a80659df0ec8f1d2d416e7af42:9rlfMHjNI8HMeUkbSKfzjGVq4owzgcAl','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-21 16:43:19','2011-09-21 16:45:33','','page_title=Redaguoti jūsų duomenis\nshow_page_title=1\nlanguage=\ntimezone=0\n\n'),(186,'Aurelijus','Arbutavicius','aurelijus.arbutavicius@yahoo.com','4c6c1ec811582c0b7399833d906e1e92:0xKhzE5XU5Ks8UEXEhnkk535wXr10jXM','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-22 08:22:57','2011-09-22 08:27:46','','page_title=Redaguoti jūsų 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18:48:14','2011-09-22 18:51:21','','\n'),(192,'robertas','kutosas58','rseibokas@yahoo.com','3902a100170b6060f541231ef1f711e3:SHHbNYpMOV39jklkUhYYTJXwwfYT4BJe','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-23 12:47:15','2011-11-19 07:22:15','','\n'),(193,'povillazz','povillazz','povillazzz@yahoo.com','eed2347eeb267b6c7a67e5abfad48004:EQMuyUc54x5ENE4SeVErnEzwupoyDzn0','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-23 12:54:11','2011-10-28 15:39:07','6764f750ce02add70422d7ea04fbf31c','\n'),(194,'Rimas','moof','rijocys@inbox.lt','84c21bde8fa4bcf2ccfa3780537d500d:mC1b2wueYx3K83RpwUs753eUmHRIlBCR','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-24 20:58:51','2011-09-24 21:00:31','','\n'),(195,'VIKTORIJA','SweetDevil','viktorija_la@yahoo.co.uk','c8df726262c2d93d16839d81f11662a3:4OyEQ77tg61g3uqEqLdnWGcd8ms00i52','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-09-25 11:06:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','bec6b4d05713c4a84da10fd3c809b7be','\n'),(196,'ana','ana21','anapasakeviciute@gmail.com','68f2bdd7782452e6c26bceb56ead335e:nsY2Xsxi2gykSKqv86K1V3wvGfvhm7He','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-25 11:12:43','2011-09-25 11:20:31','','\n'),(197,'Gediminas','Kirvis','gediminasstriska@gmail.com','fd861c532ab7f8ae0c31b3ee0817355f:xpmCSD1xvMUZfsH5RCiFpr7muWWm8ASD','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-25 17:20:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','\n'),(198,'frostas','frostas','hydrob4sh@gmail.com','73a9093b6d7c7a1bed69173facb93777:DkLDTPsz0SaK7ZTNHApldlVzjIwl4zW2','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-09-25 18:57:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9de21a75aa45aa5195d5f9593053533e','\n'),(199,'Edvinas','Aukštakalnis','eaukstakalnis@gmail.com','a8b4bf86fc4b369a4efa70d05d6a772a:QGZuPcWeGiFEYWvu842Afai9SZj7jbyv','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-25 19:13:12','2011-09-25 19:16:03','','\n'),(200,'Xara','Xara','wwalaz@gmail.com','e15e0e57cd3976ecc08ff0690437a6ab:iyz64BpjU1ImoHHUat7qiItiAvUk1ZkX','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-25 21:09:43','2011-09-25 21:13:44','','page_title=Redaguoti jūsų duomenis\nshow_page_title=1\nlanguage=\ntimezone=0\n\n'),(201,'Andrius','starow','stravux@gmail.com','65422bf4e577444356b2021552766b32:pqBsHAwUv29ryAu4y8Vf8SjlNdJC2c51','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-26 09:56:26','2011-09-26 10:00:14','','\n'),(202,'lisamoon','dangy','lunadeastia@hotmail.com','a205bc434111ec4d1642381064b2ac41:3PcpSsO0BsFLPslLne7LldadJ0AqnHvz','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-09-26 12:41:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c3674e40edf007cbe3a4a57b34f9a1fa','\n'),(203,'ingarut','ingarut','ingarut@one.lt','5bb17e2093f73590d3a15b779a0deed0:1zcxV3wEpXbuUJSr8NnMRAM22CqjAcL3','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-26 13:34:32','2011-09-26 13:54:55','','\n'),(204,'Edvinas','Pacifist','Edvinas@gmx.co.uk','bee760c936b463199346210f4cd7e9fd:8KknP02No4f9DnyRHNbBYyaF8CCDK1uR','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-26 15:34:14','2011-09-26 15:36:40','','\n'),(205,'giedre','tawskeliux','giedrelubianskaite@yahoo.com','7ca77c11391c922a54739b4d130d330d:y3M3FOIqEQfBv8xwcehXDmMvSBYrDGKj','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-09-26 15:43:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ef51f6348218b5d5af882fa0a465a406','\n'),(206,'egle','gabseviciute','egle.gabseviciute@gmail.com','4f6f6501c054ff2ab959530d518f40fc:38AwQrdiiDOAXYg5l4KlLdYCXHengOtR','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-09-26 15:58:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b1f3ab28ca5f41cdcb5fd840abea23ad','\n'),(207,'Rita','Ritaa','ritochka12@mail.ru','c9c1f0a54c8e50f34e09e7f7ac3a9d18:h8PNVN5v31A3seqvblAXwbqFi13gWpjH','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-09-26 18:43:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7cd52e14f744e7895122aa00e020412b','\n'),(208,'Paulius','Paul','strbys@yahoo.com','1f9dee90a49569a28010b503c127f2f1:GoGKYnpArANIglNpA1pCHSjuhUjewvci','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-09-26 21:18:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a92cbb6bd96e353bbfacd6d13e60bbc5','\n'),(209,'arnsa','auto013','arnux007@super.lt','219fb881fffd5b13fac897ca909875e9:wKZcMDxO7zVab0CV5U8fJiIAbLniY5di','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-09-27 06:07:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','242b715af48d49aa2130672914070b8c','\n'),(210,'Dainius','Bossas','bossasx@gmail.com','0a22f75103f369891e86019dbf2c4b72:Dawc5giKVC92yuSFEwwv75pSgJF42HTQ','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-27 12:26:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','page_title=Redaguoti jūsų duomenis\nshow_page_title=1\nlanguage=lt-LT\ntimezone=0\n\n'),(211,'adsadsads','Paull','strbys2@gmail.com','f0e7fbc9f2e57a7f2af4d84e02287c29:nKDUysaxdCTte7ejihznZVX5nn1apB3k','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-27 13:43:00','2011-09-27 14:08:26','','\n'),(212,'eimante','eimante381','eimutelele@gmail.com','e88bfb544310c5ce0b80b1e94f492b90:pr8uqPMOzBATNLNUnzsrrUQyvKrFVeEN','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-27 13:57:52','2011-09-27 13:59:13','','\n'),(213,'Gintare','Gint','ginta93re@gmail.com','d9547398ab7971ff555d867b0a10433e:6VbNAghdEROeBvQI2uQYYR2SM1oFD16S','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-27 17:23:23','2011-09-27 17:32:49','','\n'),(214,'laura','lauurraa','laura.ezerinskyte@gmail.com','78bd71f9e3644dddfdbed3ea7e95ca63:FVMbtT1uzqkFd7hlgNwtxTmHe6I2ATMO','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-27 17:30:01','2011-09-27 18:12:57','','\n'),(215,'Augis','Augis115','belekam23@yahoo.com','d9e8d0885607fcc0b7ace75b4e0c3ca6:y5H1G7K8Oyv7SLhKuh4RKMVSuv2TR0Mw','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-28 11:40:30','2011-09-28 11:43:42','','\n'),(216,'returner','returner','matt19960421@gmail.com','e502ed0ca9448c4de9cbdc3aa9af5d43:HjEZKZ5WifaWziOn2yEXPnb6JB7hVblT','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-28 12:35:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','page_title=Redaguoti jūsų 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20:32:06','','\n'),(221,'Jurga','Jurga','jurgita@inbox.lt','a4fb471080cd54fc3b9fdc3d55780a2f:fW9nOE0Wq9RORj7Z7JymUJAeBv6ptReJ','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-09-29 08:09:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b291ec2c5d65b0feef15608d7fa9f7a6','\n'),(222,'Jurga','Jurgita','jurgita15@inbox.lt','08d338705b532176bf0944ca9bd4f4f7:invLlMApM6jBpM8wZB4O8SxTbQ9nE9vT','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-29 08:16:28','2011-09-29 09:26:55','','\n'),(223,'Dovilė','Piliponytė','dovile.piliponyte@gmail.com','279ab643d25607bcdf6d82808db01d8c:MmyFg9zII96ZPWu8rrtPtpGdtIILXzcX','Registered',0,0,18,'2011-09-29 10:23:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','','\n'),(224,'laima','laimaseda','laimaseda@gmail.com','5425ec64f5d6b5803cb32fb7eb8530d8:uofNTMeUeM974exzFMgFlYgLqGty6qvM','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-01 22:01:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','076abf8e3bb89e3d6630eb65c32206c7','\n'),(225,'aiste','aistestef','aiste-s@one.lt','1944b9b7a7af71439e0652105029c3de:OM4pkFZVkzUKZxotm15Jrbskg0RzlkMp','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-02 09:13:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2aac5da0c1f77d10865585b43dac2bc6','\n'),(226,'rene','figa','rpelene@gmail.com','5712e97320632f8d0a8a28905b174c68:NwRgzxAnmLdqfCQQ2gF4vEG3kZ26KsBc','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-02 09:36:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9510efcc67510cf6d664bdb99c64af33','\n'),(227,'urte','udumbliauskaite','udumbliauskaite@gmail.com','bcdcb9cc9dbee155427102f6926b9e40:RxztdIhuctBr7cbvGyfeYEhp0Dmx3aFM','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-02 12:36:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e10803d5aa32762860fab1400abc8361','\n'),(228,'martix','martix','mciurlionis@gmail.com','8ae82c4c980912c0d436a83a84e87e78:ZsQD8klj0sjtN0J8CCfCui4xKGaiiFvh','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-02 19:02:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','35c3d411128c51a10c8b65d43c611730','\n'),(229,'Mindaugas','mindaugas02','mindaugas02@gmail.com','c98033066d6643dff2666ee3ce94b497:PYY0vTo1cWvJh2jMkJ5OcooUZh1KU06U','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-03 08:56:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b85ec5d11862538b0065b99e13140795','\n'),(230,'finksas','finksas','a.finksas@gmail.com','ea1e9f86aefa8d7e588194de00bb6994:OuuT7ouGZjHiuBLtwAu76fZYeCrphiwi','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-03 16:38:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','067f36286377f25358d0029efd5d2da8','\n'),(231,'vilma','vilma','v.siaulytiene@gmail.com','674907c2ba508c1af3e8da055cb7e68f:9qLmsSPNePEEzTMqBHF1ea1SPAXutslx','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-03 17:56:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','858f4b3e96653a4fb227baa90f733122','\n'),(232,'Inga','Jankauskaite','nl_inguti@one.lt','25e972e927ab66fa434d3aab3a1e1956:IYL9fz6pVsr43ObchcnDMDW8FuRVHMIk','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-03 19:28:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7986633de7a3763f06add936a4a33bec','\n'),(233,'Daina','Daina','ddaukantaite@gmail.com','977fe94653b103cd6b6be4667b52a41c:qElXixeUOROTl12HHNdvvwyLIKLfkjML','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-03 20:36:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a9108849d540dca69949ad2a60db6bb7','\n'),(234,'kernius','fermerys','kerniuslink@yahoo.com','c4e1159135ce284b84675dabe5862410:q69z4oVFXNbDNvOICmZfm2ZUP41xZCcC','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-04 06:09:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','db578ab6fbb7ea4a8ce20a8d5f04e6a0','\n'),(235,'sygyzz','sygyzz','sigitasgaurilavicius@gmail.com','20d609e69d0c80ccdb6704c9addbc148:pPDopw76lTR254tomv6Tll2odNWpLQV4','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-04 09:04:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','64fa983ca2ae898e8cad89fb9c234e4d','\n'),(236,'arunas','sonkauliz','arunis.janavicius@gmail.com','85274b5818bcd777f4743f6d23cea7c0:udD1xNmaLEHjrsWTolCtsYxKeuDAIf4s','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-04 09:13:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6c4539c9c7f08dde4a32e53cc595d8fd','\n'),(237,'Brigita','Brigita','xxxinesytexxx@one.lt','23cda741432945e8273dfbd693af6e70:TX5qksJkbtUGS2OiDLf7e0D2CZzWoDqF','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-04 11:32:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5de25ac5ba9d3bcbb11ac5ffef0a1844','\n'),(238,'VIKTORIJA','ggvika','ggvika@gmail.com','e5493046376bc4ae7065d451d5aeb740:7nK4ro8tS0R46hpHBC15uRhRy4e7vovw','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-04 12:20:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b81c9d05b7625dee2641959efbf5ffc5','\n'),(239,'Gabriele','lelexx','gb19930523@gmail.com','e2073d1b1cf4fb63793ad7801fb09179:bpj63SODnKXOklk1VEdMEM9sCZbIr0AV','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-04 15:15:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2c1cf21b4fc5c0c3506339da1cb3ced4','\n'),(240,'linutell','linagen','linagen@gmail.com','e37767e0cc8b7d761f70869997b4c742:Kozuwqvv7cQwUpsLLdmN4z0l6sqTn8I2','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-04 17:03:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2a6b3b6348a4040460ba0756c7021b8e','\n'),(241,'asdadas','adsda','vasaris19@gmail.com','13e5407fc6c094f3ad464eec729f0ef5:tyKxtVIrlDfS1u36q7jfygOq1acJB5VN','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-04 17:40:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4fdebbf81a13a289a5627a0bc36b7ebe','\n'),(242,'Gintarė','Amberiuke','amberiuxte@gmail.com','f22b7e5d6cec99a43ee1f8edfb0b7dff:eZlrLGZOT9x7KlcRaqvY5OdPIfqYfiiO','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-04 17:47:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3fba572059e38b9215ed497bc378ce38','\n'),(243,'Laura','Laurute269','LauraStumbraite@yahoo.com','d05a79061c0cee9f6326503e327f04fe:PloawdgBvdZ152AryjWrDeVzEiexuB7s','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-04 18:32:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c1ed96b9b67e9b78ba60db9ce36d423d','\n'),(244,'Laura','Snakiuke','Snakiuke@yahoo.com','7369b18c1be1d5d2a45c9d9d25645215:xixMm7bCkfvj3JNlU2w1MscNrHDPpngR','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-04 18:39:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6155f242224f32896c994d30a57d7fe0','\n'),(245,'Julius','zamulskis','zamulskis@gmail.com','f708b423e6286a7b92cb04516d6c6d77:hSajrFj8GlnVzlpeZP6dI0ZFHvembR48','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-05 18:42:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','034341e36e4b97798434a9b79b3efc30','\n'),(246,'Dovile','Dovilyte77','dovilyte77@gmail.com','5b1944a8edde8b1bfee5f2a32bd6a0ea:w0g4vrTifVFjckZfMIYmkrM6NSCHmhSq','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-05 19:25:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','212f11713824b5cb3d44b7de34214ac2','\n'),(247,'Edgaras','Edgass','malaiskaedg@gmail.com','1e340ddfb1169cb04c45a95fe00486a2:eJpKWhNcuaVBREEQSpZJBW9NyK6w0BM5','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-06 11:50:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e8ba8a0f577b7b749e8d58786dc5fb46','\n'),(248,'Ausra','ausrytiaaa','ausra.vaicickaite@gmail.com','8a92ac1140af68a186e2111bbc8f5b5a:Tcs4ikvPdT5GQOz8FfcTKkosEkCvVuvJ','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-06 14:25:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c726ddffa4d4af1075a5b79f278a1c6b','\n'),(249,'agne','AGNE18','agniukas@mail.com','68e69c6868717add3c07075fd467581f:12zAiLBNRolpUzS27kLa7uwQPDAUWaE8','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-06 18:44:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','34e9e72fefb3daaead41ee1a3dff5ae3','\n'),(250,'mode','elite','modse91@yahoo.com','d064e7de4add4b2635d725685a391488:vzGuGctXdJgU20cZAd6bPUPAFCOXlaRt','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-07 10:04:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f091ba04f296427f755e6b8cddbd7f2b','\n'),(251,'Justyna','Justyna','860388961@one.lt','39f51a1a3cbd583228c36ce9b1eca8aa:CMLIb7Fle0uS2RmuIJHyeLjmwgcpWerV','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-08 09:19:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b1b823dcec411fd3ce0ba0796adb57fe','\n'),(252,'vaiva','kaunas0103','v.kielaityte@gmail.com','1d62a5ae901d6e501759d7a250ba3211:QjUhAtUaAfho5t0SY5BG0P77GMyUKrw4','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-08 10:46:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0ac39e0c2270cfd29a123a6d9f3c2426','\n'),(253,'Auksė','Saulela123','eskua@ml.lt','a6bd2b0f9c0b984c4f9e4c6de5cb29ee:u8e4ICtG1kmoOuZ57mBgwzCKqcKih4si','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-08 14:51:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f2dcdf645e5c1b5c46e38832bce19089','\n'),(254,'Don','donmurn','xdanon@yahoo.com','ef3798dedb097ca5da69d94005d60956:mi6u8nfBhh93o5kH32WTc9ofJHvyXNva','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-09 09:36:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c745472c855c293a46fda1aadb7e7ed1','\n'),(255,'Ligita','Ligita','ligitana@gmail.com','d068a503b11c749a298e5740b0361861:fpnqXMA63KK8myJ16r1sPOkqRVLopbsv','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-09 10:21:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e62446ee77603c9084ce029c762587a6','\n'),(256,'Veronika','Veronika1992','veronikuteru@gmail.com','da3a5d2748de83e37d771ce8e49f30bd:V5kFU8W6JMkj1qJFIpaNS5Lm83WrcLGP','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-09 18:50:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','77774bd3c24ebd6635a652579518ed8b','\n'),(257,'Rita','rytaa','rita.zmitraviciute@gmail.com','62f22743721d180d504de3d49c6dd5fc:fG8HAwgg70wwShGFjge4lWTDSTSVFbPe','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-09 19:21:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a9485257c261975a6814e5d877787848','\n'),(258,'Egle','jeglute','jeglute.badaityte88@gmail.com','10725afccf118c08362ed9f2789338e0:Q6oIhvlGn1UtnhbKhpABE8M4HDBLLvKQ','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-10 14:02:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','994be3f37314f2075df292dd74715de6','\n'),(259,'Jurgita','Jasiulionyte','j.jasiulionyte@gmail.com','f304fabaf9eea4539cfc13e20991c3a6:MYAKs6gKGM43msdKo9meg0t88OMtZyef','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-10 15:28:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','caa9b3d1d6f45cfb89156099bb5e1938','\n'),(260,'Ūla','snowman','manimi.tikek@gmail.com','8cdb433d9969707d23d650528625763b:37sk63pfn27POtp1bd7u744sg744S2N6','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-10 20:32:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e2e574b36e853e60584a58769bc9277a','\n'),(261,'bar bar','P3FFF726','margo.margass@gmail.com','21b91f4f0515600cb7b8ea8dfb175618:XMcLnFSdMMNMnF5wKa9FIgHY89TgSsrg','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-10 20:38:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','033b916b8690c04e1c391c5451d8a8f8','\n'),(262,'Liucina','liucina','lucka20@mail.ru','114f669d8508455744a3fd87a9fcdbab:GuZclREfjcW7pTjnVKPEUz5ax4MJFPU9','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-11 03:04:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2d397b0a427c7ab625f0e784f8efb0a6','\n'),(263,'Roberta','barbe003','barbe003@gmail.com','1b7de1f9c930afe6f504c11dfa53c8d5:4YvkrMET8Q54ZNpQNIylUOQNDLoZPaWC','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-11 13:11:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9059027bc8c659c68264b19c92911340','\n'),(264,'joksax','joksax','joksax@gmail.com','890186b5ae8deeac9a0f5f160426a9c1:mXvl2ULiXMeAJTFsmNTJXW3NA7mE2zgt','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-11 18:35:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','168e7dc27c68b9cfed58a560d0d2e58f','\n'),(265,'joksax1','joksax1','joksax1@gmail.com','64cb8e11449243876666aaa992f4f4b1:zsfiOtpDV5sDAfYz401ZDyaXfIX3P5q6','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-11 18:40:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','36e324bd8bf176e71d3b3b4473e044d0','\n'),(266,'joksax12','joksax12','joksax12@gmail.com','ce03af8939e0d3bae397646968aa4c5d:9emaxckfiQSBq0dKIo1uze8G3kIfgsRX','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-11 18:45:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','61af73380e9fa97d8b11cb42d8fcafb3','\n'),(267,'Paulius','Poulia','v.paulius09@gmail.com','1e483162755cefc43b80e75e3b55dad8:W9zicUwDgHD8pwPGQX1pgXnTVBMRuwtM','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-12 05:19:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f4d6dd8c02f1f0ccc48acbcec2513aac','\n'),(268,'rene','grannatta','renata.peleniene@gmail.com','cdeee74d75b99f721e22c3c227da17f1:C5RDBMYpTtvKZdITlssPt08DurzC9Fz0','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-12 06:16:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ddc4cbb932b12057e86b150c6abf2115','\n'),(269,'Vladimiras','vladimiras','dlam@blog.lt','36f7501333173108ff35aeaf3f38dfac:OJhDTeLnXKDiMaM46viCwUvWSthO6IUd','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-12 10:04:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','09800be99b98c9108b5341611d583ca6','\n'),(270,'asd','asd','evaldasklisauskas@yahoo.com','3a7727a07650367a2d1d9458fb47cefd:GI2LfvZnlnj6svBHMeLO8YJ7a7iXmq9r','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-12 14:39:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ac36b6d4d8be2150de148a2465398df6','\n'),(271,'Ugnė','YooCoo','mysticisms@gmail.com','731dbf5f6965cd39e3ce105859c4435f:CRJCZ2n6XZsA5UDDVFYDyav0ewwXfO80','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-12 18:12:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7edeb8822638bf208c2625d29af755e5','\n'),(272,'julius','juliadze','juliadze@gmail.com','27ecc7f23b9e048c88b59b305e4d99e8:QeB17f3vsl1CJx8jNuI5YtB72j1RHXZD','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-12 18:47:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5f934a4722fd2cb1d1b9ce7a3b3d9667','\n'),(273,'Aris','Waras','waras@telelanas.lt','0d16e914a2e2e7fc37385a2db05979af:hZmRrpNSH4HiyzOcy6N5oBZQCicoHY1K','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-12 18:55:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','69f067f1cf29c797ef66dda94cabc40c','\n'),(274,'antonina','dobro','antonina.dob@mail.ru','105e6ada02fb2bb78fd73a38374e1979:aU8tZDh2q5gttDecqA8miyS9xRipdMtT','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-13 12:39:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','31eb2ef62d9f544f96a42c5a22cc8060','\n'),(275,'miaumiau','miaumiau','labuksssss@one.lt','868b06399924a2b382870a98bec78779:npol5UuNK72xQs2SYOLCd6Nod0M0KAIA','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-13 14:31:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e83366e81db42d44d27910d43a742150','\n'),(276,'Mantas','Mantas','mikutism@yahoo.com','12fb6dc4004d168bb3900383ef1d4a9a:as3NlFeel64mHuqCLAuyC4JxGQIs6p2B','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-13 14:38:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','258601c132c5d954550fb7309a24a79d','\n'),(277,'solidly','tromulis','fulezzz@one.lt','1fbeca5d7fe5f87fdf0fc3dae01d29e2:dDsQeMyJq2Cp6RDp2UggDoJQBctD647j','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-13 16:40:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1932b6d906a9442220f890b931cb353f','\n'),(278,'Laima','laima0507','laima022@gmail.com','1fbb79fbda40f84f90ade9a785babdab:DEBaU5OGYfyYmva6x7gZCQeW2MYZuZzq','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-13 18:49:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c7fffd5c0fce26e01003f350c8819206','\n'),(279,'Mariukas','Mariukas20','superkosmetika@gmail.com','f9a6bae0d0fe8cb19adcae75117360c4:wUUWrkhGyFQvtpjN5FIJFcs6GQmI7zTc','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-14 07:30:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','22066f5c8ba5065ae0d0c9120518cc15','\n'),(280,'Mariukas21','Mariukas21','superkosmetika@gmail.con','8eb563a1514457457d2554892120cf08:IIlf4DmmxUofyBqySZGWZlgSwbjt9Mdi','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-14 07:32:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a9726013b64d8fd48e0d9e457aa042b0','\n'),(281,'Greta','mariukas','rutapetkiene@gmail.com','0d6948f76509ddf70fe42e6619658673:pl3xdYNqddFzAD211wFweG1ndrn2wxeO','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-14 07:39:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','bb5fe38aca32d5e97e9daa6a05b60368','\n'),(282,'rima','rima46','vp@takas.lt','f3c76eaa779c37b52aeb374f8a92d58f:PzmVZWfaTEwuGuRZNoAH8Kar7URQkRDv','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-14 07:51:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a1383af5210fe570770ba6b11daf49b4','\n'),(283,'Sandra','anglis','do0villyt@gmail.com','2581f6a06811eda4fd2121dce1b7b1a5:ryzVMFeZt1ssNfHdTqmywEOwZAmsAycY','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-14 12:23:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e2ada18d45fc64eb3f015a2c0a1379f8','\n'),(284,'Gytis','Matomba','stikladarys@gmail.com','7998a272ab41b9f2834cc26948c48606:qXRLoZI0WETfTMZXAuhEDiStubxYep22','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-14 16:34:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8cedaa24cccd1bc4af246c38dfb04643','\n'),(285,'Lina','gille','l.malinauskaite@stud.ktu.lt','d70979f05890d8402634f1ff82c3d3d5:kqB5fxnmaVdHhQznenGuRfvyJjT6WTVA','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-15 21:24:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','53859baec75fa4ed95e915fd2ea9bc2b','\n'),(286,'ruta','ruta','rutuliukas1991@windowslive.com','aad741b97a836735c190812d15775de4:HPImkxdULC0aatEYptvpriGOvrW0VkY0','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-16 07:30:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6d31be421e31f9db2701f5559284c18e','\n'),(287,'Egle','eniloes','egle156@gmail.com','386e64a61bce8db45177e8850804cc8e:QM0a4w5sJOhFzFTpXXEtodcFN8ivTysS','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-16 09:59:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','dd8dd4eed88099fe67e0fca1b2b710d2','\n'),(288,'egle','enilo','eglute50@gmail.com','2c002c0d918d240a64500b79fec4dde6:KgQvcftF3PfnG3QRSAS8M28KMfHMgo8O','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-16 10:02:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','cd00760760561d34509de89bc09ed9f7','\n'),(289,'monika','396231','moxliux123@gmail.com','6fc8bcdc85eece12e83bf5c3a282cbc0:o206ir90KdgCFvb649E496uxqh431gNe','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-16 10:31:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','615ecd602000ab4f07e2aa0f91da95bb','\n'),(290,'vikte10','bumerangas','vpraninskaite@gmail.com','d9e049a82ae758bad266c6e6bd663691:Jq5vv4Ure5qZ5WhCJTF9DN7gJrZDeorV','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-16 11:30:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','715a31da92e3026709a4bb3b6de28a3a','\n'),(291,'Deimante','deimuteeea','deimute92@gmail.com','ca9f1dc654188978d9f92d7e729bd7fc:d7TIklf9hh9eBgRgXqDor6wSN4e9I6iR','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-16 11:43:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','bf6c2a36d7d72ca2b00563fe87b69263','\n'),(292,'Inga','Yngap','super_starr@one.lt','1e52f63f3ac5ddb92be91a5df45221a8:MMawuRGkmQCRnK5JeRz1kxhUeCga2JP0','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-16 13:31:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','80dcc32372a488d1ff264f848807d413','\n'),(293,'zyy','zyge','zygeaaa@gmail.com','4d2ad10823b82a772d7034ad658d385b:9bRkDayxZmrebx1Sajz7gpASw7Re82iB','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-16 22:13:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d027b615bcfc944ca18e6740fd8150a1','\n'),(294,'angeliukas1237','angeliukas1237','angeliukas1237@gmail.com','52581a8632227f0ddde1753ea021a8ef:PMg5iX60bbiWyfp734TU5D8aO0Vlj8of','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-17 07:24:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','449037dc0f3616b312a78570ec92fcc0','\n'),(295,'Vaidas','Jankunas','dzyndzia@one.lt','835a2189b428b26de76a8b374137047a:sGAJLhgfAeIfIQGUyaXPaV8yI1DdzGTe','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-17 08:54:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','cbc419616be27f1f25f3c22962af0b00','\n'),(296,'Justas','Precigus','matrixas666@yahoo.com','3990ef288ddd79da024911636e9067a4:9TtB4E9X7z2iObXpMZY7P8wtUvNGQ1tu','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-17 15:19:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','155b2f2ec8cb95ec96523ea148e13031','\n'),(297,'Precigus','Hexium','kovinis_eziukas@yahoo.com','5cdcb096b7866b7d77cdcf15474933e7:XbN8J7pbYrDFhpiQdmDjoI4ftburrhZV','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-17 15:22:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ca1cab54562d375c3b101651a43bc497','\n'),(298,'Edvinas','EclipsE','iphack10@gmail.com','0c7d1c89f55c384e5453d0a41d919060:JhAroEWxZBFVKIOxyH8Gox68GBhHQMtJ','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-17 17:44:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9d9d2bc74dbd34ff1d65c0a952582a9a','\n'),(299,'JAA','JAA','latwiso@gmail.com','4a944f376c872b513de1aacb2ee20b8e:kOPhplUVc835VGAeTMOzmOv7Bl5viH9c','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-17 17:58:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','837a1956439838f17284aadcdde92c21','\n'),(300,'Edvinas','IPhack','iphack8@gmail.com','0ed3de4326fb935040979ef18e816336:bGNZU36CCrYniBiM4bF4Fo5tiF5aM9z6','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-17 18:07:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','93ad1f47672cc676af13375a09c27eb8','\n'),(301,'kaze','kaze','i.miliuviene@gmail.com','6945a3c85b71a9ff16066521b688b75a:y658OxOG3CoAau08upyJEuLs6cp4EOOP','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-18 11:16:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','fefb3867be76a75daa52055d1a4eb2b8','\n'),(302,'viktorija','devocka','reksas.mokykla@gmail.com','b54624bba19f7c60900dad67d7c94107:7doa31eIJno7FvwIyJIOkEXpVQZT36vH','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-18 11:55:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','30d7fe685691df336d274b95dbe579fd','\n'),(303,'vyatutas','amani02','vytazb@gmail.com','ec374e60b21a4228be833e4d5c5264aa:34CE6v7lJtACOvK8CsFp58XN5SEldbew','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-18 12:38:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b6e5a80ed95f07be8d66fcea396caa2d','\n'),(304,'laura','mataciute','mataciute@gmail.com','52917b9ee00a69df6d9a378bb0672219:nvXAwo2Nh1WOPC6jTFE92DNncq8vjEZG','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-18 13:15:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','80cd04c5250d19cf03b1321f3bacc812','\n'),(305,'erlandas','Erlisauskas','Erlisauskas@draugas.lt','a4f46d0a1d27904f20988854b4bb36ec:xgEFiGBNYkZ4SxccQbd7I1X391qzDsv6','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-18 14:01:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0bdbde2044babca5fa798148599145d1','\n'),(306,'Dovilė Petraitytė','CykytaA','cykytaa@gmail.com','e6f7c7cd3848fd75df4e7595feef7ec7:WpBOq4z6qfUeuMT5WW99nRFVOzVk4K1S','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-18 14:13:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','05b2a16e24197f378ee6236b7b57613e','\n'),(307,'asas','asinskas','vajetus@gmail.com','5013a4b537f40864dad0f0e10d0127c6:qZnbOA7vnvnv6upCVST4x6fXW5pUpEhW','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-19 06:04:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d6bc394a3dca98a115c2a39929f43787','\n'),(308,'diana','dianulialia','dianulialia@mail.ru','b6bdc8be7140d25cc166d29b6d0c7ae0:F5xfK5dXo537zz2hVE3iDVYO9U8iBhAs','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-19 13:52:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5a056f283a47cabbe5a508cb8e5891de','\n'),(309,'Eglė','elles','petkeviciute.egle@gmail.com','29ec7ef7c39b2553d35ffc2cd7c6aee1:nccAbJuiD6jodf3uiW5BpVG7mgUk5uZo','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-19 14:29:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ceb1e411aac5743f67ee62d3624d39d4','\n'),(310,'igne','igne','ignetaa@gmail.com','157e9f83bdbce5432baaec8abefdb06e:YeQ37OVKrSYaNAwWAz9nJJnt4GjezkW8','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-19 15:32:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5602a28fc554a62918562b8c520066b5','\n'),(311,'Josh','Manga2000','kaukaznikas@gmail.com','0771b073e2046317cae97ee06212479f:FIGg10gxQpXTNf8WS1j9Rr0PTBg64VaT','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-19 17:03:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9701b5c51d16e211644b5df551eb3f5b','\n'),(312,'Marko','Kajatonas','m.jakavicius@gmail.com','f7493bf45aec8b81a4eaa0a22c1c1f55:FkqLE73obF3iJ2Pgrdb7Fhhhg88O5svc','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-20 16:50:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','88fa11279c99782d1a71ecefe805b31a','\n'),(313,'Agne','Agne','milkute12@one.lt','a817712ece21809cde84442d11b74908:4PoayYMcV1jNW9b5Naj5mWeooR8yLBfY','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-20 18:42:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9fb79103001abe1e92379838a868f931','\n'),(314,'ugnė','ščiu','ugne.sciukaite@gmail.com','46cf3c290194bc8133985a5d29c7baab:B2zY3lhinKxuV5vE0YoegILccYoWHHC5','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-20 19:00:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6a3ad54ee8a636a0cf8a7d3469846d78','\n'),(315,'nerba','arobrab878','arobrab878@gmail.com','ca12258fb403d92c162981daf533a821:4R2sx9ZI1tSdPwfJ8cHF1Hl2ywLqazil','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-22 21:40:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','524725e1264bf6b09fe5966062ebd9d4','\n'),(316,'Brigita ','Juodytė','brigita.juodyte@gmail.com','24d0be687ce3747692faa8080ae22d1e:5nmGBvlXO4Nl0jjavwdrwTQTtTaHLuGJ','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-23 07:23:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','064343ad8907e67183ec353061f4c66e','\n'),(317,'simona','sintilaite','simtilaite@gmail.com','2870905e63104ba758afbffbcf008f6d:txeYOaAfSiVnBpzmjtnvfIXbfQVUrTHP','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-23 07:24:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','da19eeebc6332908a580dc1f8397ef06','\n'),(318,'Ieva','ievukas1993','ieva.gustyte@gmail.com','734e703340a06864eaad79c729cf6b89:S7KZ9m1VrUc7sKmLXMrKetX1hCUTcfIN','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-23 10:12:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c0a78b5c383ff9eba17f8226faac7ce9','\n'),(319,'dove','dovile89','dovilel.ridikaite89@gmail.com','3a782f494e297bb1e3e8cbc7f0177a37:HWf8DdEJ2ZkRj44IdeNoEIwODg0pHWh4','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-23 19:25:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','cb151bf435889163b1a12d2f1cf9bb7a','\n'),(320,'Alpinis','rmvsak','alpinis123@yahoo.com','9147644fe34a96a49ca27501b607a472:0enrdK4e3cHAXcUo4d5rKWZ5uihzemVM','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-23 20:31:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e7c70ce15a527737c136cc38e8940a18','\n'),(321,'asasasas','asasasasasas','plain8828@gmail.com','ab503a692168c8708e019406235d814e:AzUs86yoIimVgma6USK9zku7q0OwXGU0','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-24 00:31:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7809c43a779ddcc6524b249ccf245ebc','\n'),(322,'Zilvinas','cyzme','msnikel@gmail.com','1a23b892a60e38fc390eaf3264e78c9d:QSQsbL2jToY6KirIXIiMrP0ku9Xc0ifs','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-24 07:40:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','04a217b75b14ba2a9897921c17923299','\n'),(323,'Edita','edita88','madam1988@zebra.lt','d2a0a7aaedfae1d973b483e0b8f532a7:B7npYJOXKF8wtAVzliWGequcFzfsb3Uv','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-24 16:13:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','fb9db24d5b8d463744481872011ec62b','\n'),(324,'neringa1993','neringa1993','neringa1445@gmail.com','9976eaf330396d54501422ac5561822c:Vc2xVBwVCaqr6KEqlVT6jlcRe5GlE2r5','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-24 17:03:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c57b4b2ed9eb5fc3a0fe944eaea91151','\n'),(325,'Sigita','mokytoja','sigutte85@gmail.com','59561c7a88ea8bdf0d15f9e976babfcf:jBbsDAU7NmmZPQceOZhnO3diQ1bRxlZ2','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-24 17:24:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','20fcc4be4a2ebfb57ae1620ac06ceb6b','\n'),(326,'Gabriele','gabuskis420','gabyte444@gmail.com','927e0ef7e3c2725e8fa61dcf07e6e4f5:lzScpGB7zkaSp24a0SHOcYQnENYAZbku','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-25 14:30:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','eea40e8defa42c336a912285d3a1c8c0','\n'),(327,'rrrrr','skaudenskis','rokas.skaudas@gmail.com','de5559ecdd765f16dd6f2c6b8510d373:kCrFA8rgtuy7k2eQfPnT2Hq4SO4YBJsl','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-25 16:05:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6021f3fe4c791f4ead51672ed8cf255e','\n'),(328,'Mindaugas','anonymus','ltu.razor@gmail.com','09275cad26d7efe4d0495ddaee47890a:tIAZmVoB1i4lIZ2lGIgKeS9GB6kAgpbv','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-25 17:36:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','197738a5c583eab645be65ba3471183f','\n'),(329,'Emocija','Emocija','mokinuke16@gmail.com','604521c7e4fe7d1ae2c6fe752db47f4d:a386eZXayRRS6BvVzT8RwvpiqKSuqZAz','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-25 18:38:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3bb516b59b200339f7460172c8763dba','\n'),(330,'Evelina','eevelina51','g.eveliuse@gmail.com','6465ac0a6785f00dbe886864eb2b8940:Yy3l4WL4w0AAP7Qo4mEaWD3vnyPiPag7','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-26 12:32:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b726f092544fb5ece8239d8919f6a4d8','\n'),(331,'wix','wixted','wixdeivis@gmail.com','e831686394d8461411943f54e0f6e4f4:bvm98Sx3VyFy4EKgigRJOSWpLeyYf9TL','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-26 15:47:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','27f928e08032e0879cc5266598163ac1','\n'),(332,'Sonata','smile_factory','sssonataaa@gmail.com','96a1c0e8ac9a813b26a620721d84e9dd:qKAPbtlsDkAJlTCFB9aiSXdFUGzzsglE','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-26 17:15:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b9f02ed089f3573b5d1a5e01e89617d6','\n'),(333,'godulis07','godulis07','godulis07@gmail.com','4a07017eecec64a0850ab94f055552b4:3HM3zpUhhaXvHPtmfrhXFvXPyWu1OfxL','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-26 18:44:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','119fa58c6b013b33d733d8808cc20222','\n'),(334,'sidas','vandenidas','kavaliuniene@lva.lt','2e776ae3599412477743b30f608cf901:GnptT3RNB684YWUR8Qz8kCdjFb615wlk','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-26 19:38:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8a2b33fee8397ceafd34a50d4f3ffcb6','\n'),(335,'miron','neksu','mirkus666@hotmail.com','1fbcdc4fcc0c9579bd3c8990b483b7d7:6rOt8lTjy7TZWEHxr3CZ0dgWNwjQ2oMK','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-27 12:58:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2dc25c3f56c876c73772e723e7277812','\n'),(336,'miron','neksusas','neksusas@gmail.com','2378b80c567f2e5eaa1e1d87101389ca:uPzUB2a6fqr71DYMyJJz8vlcTpx3k45N','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-27 13:11:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','fe4c79d0fdccded60bdbf8c973ac220c','\n'),(337,'lina','linulka','auksinzuvis@gmail.com','e01451c117c9dd31bd70d4d209ed0a0e:31Gy9t3AXHG8mgQm9qy36jAGfTuJjV0Y','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-27 18:33:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9ecc2f99df891c2d54779daf302e2320','\n'),(338,'vydas','vydas','vydas78@gmail.com','117ec5203a2b97f41e65e6e3ec42cb89:VlipewssxRJEbn8uK4qRhZCXIctkNZXo','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-27 19:40:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','87476fbae8bb737248d22d98a6f93e9a','\n'),(339,'Zigmantas','zigMiss','zigmiss@inbox.lt','869360899c727d3aa8d92320915e7558:szyZDDyPa0ePnoetXGQadBApb8nkB3Ze','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-27 19:59:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ceaad3cce9bc3346b6737e537788b1d6','\n'),(340,'Augis','telsi','jevgenij@telsi.lt','9e0bcea9ee545a47a1726fc2ae05c2c7:1psoz8Pyx4TIuRIx4T8xJRpYhjFmxwbf','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-28 08:49:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8e276b9817205098747c307f6064ba9a','\n'),(341,'lota','lota','cita@inbox.lt','cba420d8bd2af9d675ae90916416c02d:wfRGEsuiYysF6tXQwVbxZatbbOZuxM5s','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-28 14:29:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3493b43375d4d5b49f982674a1ce6d64','\n'),(342,'couster','couster','couster@bk.ru','c084c167020a34e190d066c5097cbe1e:uZs7Lhvwt63ROjoDDdgYoWf1m1igYn9C','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-30 09:49:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','95812f39f5470bbb097ccf1119199a05','\n'),(343,'Sandra','junk','junikaa@gmail.com','292eb67adec0289b9e6976a9145d009f:RL66sshWaHsZhVsLipQbU1BQlvuJ8s1T','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-30 13:47:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7317155d480c028f312d643b0983cdd9','\n'),(344,'Sandra','muse','zite@gmail.com','59ee7287066fa53aa2260ca692c6e788:EZuxceXg0PsmmxIsjKSH7P9lRWxDCNlq','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-30 14:20:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9a60018be46a1091905c8ac31e9c0629','\n'),(345,'SIGITA ','kaminiene','sigitakam@gmail.com','e508525f641d8969a6abbd17a24f0a04:94GsoVorevtLgfaYb9ZF6YQ8nOls0uXZ','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-31 09:31:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','196098fa9c970dae035ffe32f0c3e78a','\n'),(346,'Aurelija','Žagsulytė','aaggnneejj@gmail.com','550d87972857161e8f662ab1d49df682:O48OsgFA75QKeXMBxLIcvIYChZHPkCm8','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-31 12:22:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7803fcd8a69471a90db3ecbcdd48280b','\n'),(347,'ALE','aleesska','aleesskameister@gmail.com','754cc494e41e4239ab98965b2cea7e73:Ljsd0BLWPaVRCy7pLuVKETbko0GFTLQE','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-31 18:19:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5f80f2cf42720f9a084eef682215f4dc','\n'),(348,'ghost','ghost','nera@mail.ru','7fca5c02f134cf6139e183bb3ab2a48f:upUB90uASgZtYuKouuDG0pBDCS7Zon91','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-10-31 18:51:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','75f2ca8f1414c9fd4f120b57f2788863','\n'),(349,'warnelez','warnelez','warnelez@gmail.com','a52b469bc086980e7a3002c2a442cbd9:jliZ84M68ZYnYBHDSMR6ZpdSJgvLHcmb','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-01 06:43:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6bb77e4285b2035648fbc0175c4e22c2','\n'),(350,'ramune','pojgidgflsdfsdf','ramune.pov@gmail.com','cad0ded797cded2e5f5f6b1bff8ab2ff:H6EnULiBeqddAD5wisWuh4H8I3pdof4c','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-01 15:42:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','629a67a6966591b3b1832535915ba8d7','\n'),(351,'Jonas','lukdau','lukdau@gmail.com','b64d1453b69080ed35f0ad5741472fd1:Q8SpWUwYzPtSQUZwmi1Zc6ZrvKLM7xY8','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-02 14:15:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0f193a100bed38a5f1306f26cb892f91','\n'),(352,'Monika','Monikag','monegor@blog.lt','1d594430793982c25832edf1ec8186d8:V5784MPSnueyBCgSAXZZd39kPx6mkF8s','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-02 14:51:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','34a190f2af65919414e5315b976a78a6','\n'),(353,'Dziugas','Pinkis','dziugz@gmail.com','b3491711fdbfd1910e67dd675830f30e:MBGtluLYoELfUH1aIf0aZEokb8jhF8lc','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-02 16:48:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d2d5c3f0f2103fe59093e70fee0ab01a','\n'),(354,'Joana','Sventickiene','tjretail@mail.lt','6fac94ee0f5f34bfa02e281a83ed47fe:tVk9iEJahvUbMK7UzktVFn74pJOrZUEq','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-03 11:51:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4ef9304f7129b68c66deb4df1b4117d9','\n'),(355,'Edgaras','Ashal311','mspro16@gmail.com','521626da51cc02403b92e01fe2334abb:xGGO8DcrENkJi8C5oAAPzbnRs8TLyaRZ','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-03 12:39:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2e2d7237c49fbe71a0cfa54ca9fa296f','\n'),(356,'ingrida','saiklawivute','haumerrris@gmail.com','ef26396647b135ed6aad1021348ed3a5:wAQDYXcGSlHB4v7z5pZ48UW4laUXvZSl','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-03 12:54:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6fa96784439225d57e90bdcebd72c33c','\n'),(357,'Ieva','ievaaam','ievaaam@gmail.com','49a7e60fb1d13e99f0feb28f00d09cd6:DgIwcy9iyec6cVNfubNqhXOKKLCKdHfo','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-03 14:46:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','794f1700d57c2aa97b54936325c0a827','\n'),(358,'ruttuke','ruttuke','rutukea2@gmail.com','1e82ae30d38409b252a57a83991fcb14:HWfBTvPkM8iW7llXbBJOSrNpRSFuCHFZ','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-03 15:07:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ca165f88d83caa776a890698bac19476','\n'),(359,'edvinas','liepu3-13','dumbrinukas@one.lt','7a24e00c809b74bea96bb21a59366da2:RrO4g3CtpyGjxRfWADmGCUE9WThW8EuK','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-03 19:54:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ffc148ef515ef6448c737179562b6a41','\n'),(360,'Edg','Ashalwolfie','mspro16@yahoo.com','31314d347694fef23b6a3547de6997a2:Ch6749mBjCfPA6Ju8Ec8pzg5BB2qI9kg','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-04 07:49:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6483fedf8a1a223819456c3f0791fffa','\n'),(361,'K','Krulis','krulisz33@gmail.com','2721d5eb75138e4934860b8d7423619c:qs5YatapzvTcnEsCRIxv0dCd6ZowgHwA','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-04 09:35:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8abe585d7be0c72c6cfbbf40fb4b45da','\n'),(362,'andrius','aviacinis','powerson_3@hotmail.com','e5d81de1209b68a91dabb3fc117e0f17:LXiNwd1KvvEQTeaonjY5jCxvGHxM5LI8','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-04 15:27:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4181dd9467304fad9f087d1dc453c097','\n'),(363,'Rasa','Svietimo darbuotojas','rasa.snipiene@gmail.com','075f786e620845e7bfafefe460fcc0b9:T9avJGkYBYuEWZD9ZKz40zoCur2dnoKN','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-05 05:45:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b4cba5587cfa5edfdd3cea0f6baa706c','\n'),(364,'Sandra','Palubecke','palubecke@gmail.com','61f8393dc2bf5f6ab8fef7e4671b3b74:aBxULSS0ZeNGFuZA0oE6QEeeeRDrT0CS','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-05 10:01:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','689e215a258f92448c1568c98fb0ad9d','\n'),(365,'Simona','Paulavice','sandriaster@gmail.com','176f6286faa84f8e51bbc1219bae091f:cZ8Htfn3ATnqFhyZqGWQAxuphi5vuB8A','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-05 10:10:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','fb479511181468db5efb19e307d80784','\n'),(366,'Monika','Monika B','moniberz@gmail.com','4ef29ad0dded87a703f42b681d9fc93a:04gommhXzGXog9rlAdAmR9etaz4vx0zH','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-05 11:15:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c1b893f2b3194686f8f004afa7e1b503','\n'),(367,'Mingaile','mingai_le','mingaile39@gmail.com','ecd3b03bd2375762a4156c463d52049d:b76io8O8iOWizyXHAhrWlEPEvWlrmrQI','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-05 13:21:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','fa3f98183e218e11ed3d19535d94772d','\n'),(368,'Danute','Danute','dv64124@gmail.com','429cfdd2bcc6025294941a62d863663f:ijFPkM8npfWjeg1fRJXPOPEdRRIWc5Qn','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-05 13:40:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9b1811f0739933b64d3c3ced697e77af','\n'),(369,'Egidijus','regas','regas0707@walla.com','d7863d674143013099f2f1f5022e70c9:pqrQC5N8JRwuSVT1oa2yr4nGhHKMXc5v','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-05 14:39:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2b88f9d1c88c05524bdb57c5752b0bbc','\n'),(370,'inga','ingaa','inguciukas12@gmail.com','c5dce91343d928125ed70d78e22e4da2:wGlIChlPkvtxHFjP4aqdLjL6nQ3dImze','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-05 14:45:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f065112adfe429cb78a61fd2c08f2981','\n'),(371,'Gabija','Blablabla','gabija.breikstaite@gmail.com','b94fbe4f5dfb7d42ac7577a2d8df5269:uKDrjZ8iz2yru9JFjwqflcX2RHbtZ9HQ','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-05 18:35:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','55aed65c53a29906f2df17bfd3d90138','\n'),(372,'Milda','čikita','milda.milda.milda@gmail.com','3a139414a325428e250c2977792ab6d2:GELEflFvkVTxT5gD4a7Ng1FpE6FPaj7O','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-06 11:02:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','eaa41f96d3dc57cca09f7be44e49e5f0','\n'),(373,'Monce','Monce','monikuxxx@gmail.com','099f2270ea4a4cdf5cb0ec3de4abd6c4:RFVm86gUnuhBX4CDfI1LjHvV4xOlOTuz','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-06 16:51:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','dc672c7d3d71aaedfb57c9931731168e','\n'),(374,'rita','rita10','akvile777@gmail.com','6b6f945fd98244875d199c47ae8424ce:Ccj4I1hl0sQIQmKkgxahrpXsPNFFVih0','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-07 12:48:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e9aea75bddeb45285820d34718b9425e','\n'),(375,'pimpalas','pimpalasas','abdurachmadas@gmail.com','d3a5ad27f3438526f76d0b787f0082f5:xEHxDn1cFjvUvWSY6lg387ZkjuUc3aEq','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-07 13:36:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','09ff516c23ad837c1f8212dd7bdc7d81','\n'),(376,'romas','romas','romcajus@gmail.com','04d8ca295366d1ad9907e06d5a67e933:yQUq7NmlUV57zgB3liO13I263a0pofpj','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-07 15:16:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f9c0d4ce7315093aae1e69d0ef21922c','\n'),(377,'gediminas','gediminaxs','gediminaxs@gmail.com','07aed23ce8cee45585e8d80ade96ce5f:Wv0aUrJB7JOM3sZWZO2LU0kBKpivkihL','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-07 16:25:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8c49d63ac417e6a19811e72fe5e57762','\n'),(378,'Darbas','destinu','r.pauliukonyte1@gmail.com','656b4ba65d2f7456d9056f3b1534f11e:y0HS1dNcTJKzoGQo7ZTVpgJu0aoLFyLR','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-07 16:52:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','57f9838a864d60f01bdc45448dce13c4','\n'),(379,'zvaigzdute','zvaigzdute24','zvaigzdute24@yahoo.com','e6d77079acf5d98e7ec2e8c7cfa92df9:EqInC978yxQfSh6gfdAp22LiocuxA8H6','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-07 17:11:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','257993e1089f0acc20823a301b2d323e','\n'),(380,'indre','indreceb','indreceb@gmail.com','c9a6a7827c7421afbeec8dce22d8cd61:HzZRfdwSgEnskFu4p9I0Vu6Zyoa32x2e','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-07 17:39:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','69142f9a32471dfc0e8f3c5522253339','\n'),(381,'Petras','Lemix','klemis@inbox.lv','79d8b9029bb8a92aa264d1d9e6651f74:90o3Sz1bKEjPOEPr0b3Zoxg9TtkTCB3b','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-07 18:31:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c92e9ac1c33dcc0fac1fe7898200d96c','\n'),(382,'Simona','simcer','simona.cer@gmail.com','bfaed5008d5a6d877f92837f8d52fd79:C2xpqWhacs2Nrz9liAHDeTeumrUz9DfL','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-08 10:17:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','946cce42f60cd8eafe59604c8c407105','\n'),(383,'aida','aiduxius','newerna@gmail.com','1d32ee49ffaa7a0ff2db503b7cecf5dd:0UZ4nOLPv8SzI1lShzPExKE0jKBv0lNh','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-08 11:36:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','39851ba3068f36614e23de43685ff58c','\n'),(384,'Agne','@gniuka','agniule8@one.lt','7889d09cda77d2ca91dedb4133eccf43:jND2Xrce91pwH2JwwA3zlCr5bSLEeYvV','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-08 13:18:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','da8aadce9dfbe95ec152505d4c94c9d7','\n'),(385,'Agne','agniuka','agneend@gmail.com','555f83df73afe797e792b3b2a68d64eb:swminkdHuBWuX9tm8JpbYI9o0R4ZHQ2m','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-08 13:20:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4043da3b1e38d5cb4ce61f0a4b2f7f83','\n'),(386,'ddomantass','Gadyca','dad@gmail.com','e23be56caf49b4d3c2c06dbded649a88:4DaRI3013OoUK9l44h31WxxxEBaFluKD','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-08 15:39:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','85caf5256b57d23f6b82fc0d36f3bd78','\n'),(387,'ddomantass','Gadycai123','djukonis123@gmail.com','3d8109c88f55e1892c71ab2a9ac4fc51:sMfVGGB9nl9H4C9S52Yj9DQcoa21ANiB','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-08 15:39:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','86cabc753bb3158f30d7e7361bb0b22e','\n'),(388,'Mania','Barborytė','mania.ban@gmail.com','f5d620d49fd7844bfe57d4c8b27361c9:bHMkqgoyCMElrVpWv9E7dHpi28RWLvXW','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-08 17:02:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f434cd3bb3cec5f62d9987c37b85fc66','\n'),(389,'Inga','Fainaaa147','Fainaaa147@gmail.com','98d75221d8ae22f3543e890631fae315:xCHMCR9olZiiFpS1toAmBDCGEYPc7myi','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-08 17:24:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0b1c97feb01a5b1fd1b991ddda9df554','\n'),(390,'Raminta','raguobyte','raminta.g995@gmail.com','7db0559a215db02bdddf8b8a95a3459f:fHR2oatfinNV3K0g4CzLvzL11BGeFWLt','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-08 17:57:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ee983dcad113f021f5f7b5726896f651','\n'),(391,'arturas','arturas','apetkus40@one.lt','baf69940d3b462a2d6e314e190bff170:tMZvpeWAkFLpM3d6uOxriWeqi9Bt1gCK','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-08 18:10:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','23b7e496d1351297c0c9c0a81080a418','\n'),(392,'SANDRA','soneg','soneg@one.lt','b8d2b57f832f328aff8a459f32fe5040:DhiVFxdMayzbTYa8QaHKIQ2CCB7Cz3zg','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-08 19:06:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','615803c011672fc04984bfb2364df54d','\n'),(393,'olga','britute','britute@gmail.com','432db7afe9bf297017aa21b07b1245db:8020H7DJWHLVeAysyIk67oqS6qqYZCG9','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-08 19:19:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ed61d8c0dd6dc80506ccbb3c87c9c463','\n'),(394,'Airida','Airuxs','airiduksa@gmail.com','7b895acf2e9b6ef42834db6f8844e91b:7375sVv1vXORcrQ6sEqIQbClJZbs4TnX','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-08 19:36:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','317cb8e34c74f98a203a4096c805611a','\n'),(395,'arturas','apetkus40','apetkus52@gmail.com','f90be495ba992133599441172bedf68c:fzf54MpW6eraeqYc6d3bPdNeGINX8HAg','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-08 21:32:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4bf62c5a3e30630275b5b5f87f1c5af4','\n'),(396,'renata','rapnikaite','renata.rapnikaite@gmail.com','e74d829394a808c6e21471aae0b88410:F44yC2225ao3gofJUUszzkMzOdno8V25','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-09 11:50:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','eeb48337059376992a489b632dd01bbd','\n'),(397,'inga','inga','ingutee25@yahoo.com','3c14a53f9387f64ecb59bc07d7864f2b:kwbJxw88KszXxePydp1ftLH9d0Hl2oZX','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-09 12:29:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','eb92ddcc4590b215cacb4549220e0d44','\n'),(398,'Paulius','paugri1','pgrigalis@gmail.com','7489a0da876a7ea6e4c9643a74ef39ff:mawF0Ap32XpZ4jAsof8gGIqO3XI1HzAY','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-09 13:42:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','172b6b340c9a4d877e4b56a9efc4f31a','\n'),(399,'Paulius','department','grigalisp@yahoo.com','00db8b0180ffe80ee9c880abc086a5dc:HQnAzqgOhRnxUwBgyCpAHiK2z5uYp9VZ','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-09 13:51:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','eaa025ee2987108c1228dfbf617440e6','\n'),(400,'alekinas','alekinas','alekinas@neblondine.lt','99245b1dbe35732aefe639d8f6bc70b5:g4KVbhUf21m4xwbA3HR2UUdgyvJe27Bj','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-09 15:17:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f672d4942aac8a6f12a4de94936e73c5','\n'),(401,'Andrius','gwidonas','gwidonas@inbox.lt','8e2613a1f5d9ceba5ef19a7dedcde618:olH3bcCSlXmqWJFqaDG8QrElhE9gp0mS','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-09 15:25:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ac11f4f542d8e98141f9cc5b36f327bb','\n'),(402,'ranakala','ranakala','ranakala@gmail.com','fcbd099d4a78b1bdc330e5c0a25974e2:Pi2HI5BG4uTplSXynpVJypDMZxW7kfA2','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-09 17:18:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','bf1c04c67a5bf427d7de2040588849b9','\n'),(403,'kartoline','kartoline','viktorija.vikutea@gmail.com','8320f9fbe6f4806a12f0923669d8255b:MzoN8Cq1bAXV1kPR8jPhztNF45aaH8KC','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-09 17:19:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','74b13b9b326559ea53ba56daa12cce41','\n'),(404,'gintarė','ban','optimiste@blog.lt','c1386f04ef530eec4275982b12b1ecca:RJd4CtIX2fv2sfMDbWXvgAlLoTVtLrC0','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-09 17:31:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d4cb7de290e56e3dfdeb27e19671ca1f','\n'),(405,'Silvija','moksleivė','s.bialog@gmail.com','23f2d1796c4f73a7cea20fe7bda61f94:zhlTNYrl59nzlFuxa6spcbxCQ718MRLH','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-09 20:04:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','026b2029221ce7aed564e843a9c74cc3','\n'),(406,'lukas','lukazz151','lukazz151@gmail.com','e93d132691978925d45c5b03398cafdb:bwuan7pNcNE28wPgEu7cJiSbnWQAnhUZ','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-09 20:42:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ceccbaaa91cf0608f3a094432e67f4be','\n'),(407,'jauga','jauga','jauga1@mail.ru','b4b5e37ecba3d798a2a1e21477068aba:gwu3cwCjcaIcN7viAJmEa5cXp8Mgbglu','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-10 09:47:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7127f5cd371ab3bd7d546d0292455fc7','\n'),(408,'Indrė','indrukas.jnv','indrukas.jnv@gmail.com','ae67459469ad72dab79b921a9546ddfb:eALMvj2I27Yl6eaJimPsjfbM8Lrp9jXG','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-10 13:47:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','411e004485833e42c8c966e9d524502d','\n'),(409,'milda','mildawa','mildawa@yahoo.com','8f9698bf553a43fb43c644f9841dc1f9:gdZ8s9ZnbjDiDsKtbfSOmiNGuo5HEJBA','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-10 15:56:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ea7218b1a7fac5c0394fed94ffcf4b8f','\n'),(410,'Vaiva','Vaiva','waiwa13@yahoo.com','0dcfb89773dba3aaf01962c0b87852bd:Klnid5VxVjhvWJAqoTg57MB9s43UlEMe','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-10 16:19:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d2aa4a0ced524774497b6e384eeb548e','\n'),(411,'daivag','Daiva','daiva_gudauskiene@yahoo.com','65369faf2277d42e738e0a673e9ddc8f:7Pzq179r0aV35yXPCK7amCRlHKVT5Trx','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-10 16:21:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f8c3202f9faa868abef8d6c3f55a0cce','\n'),(412,'asta','astulkazibulka','asta.sudakova@hotmail.com','0c87fb61b162b135c3e279aee96a66d9:NdBANgSMvqYMNB9Fa3xPxfAvKO8lknyy','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-12 10:24:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d8797025d45ff051cb70fc8bbdf115ed','\n'),(413,'aaaaaaa','aaaaaaa','airina.savickaite@gmail.com','5bed60c42b7932b39517cb472697a285:Uk7Y8riNmhB0U8FgdT6zWLx85jyZOmsj','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-12 16:11:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6640098f9e0b53d888cc8159f200b1eb','\n'),(414,'Salvija','salvija','salvija.sidabraite@gmail.com','452e0d5c94632af92ba8f2e587db5d39:nTUjDKe4L11Jsv60h9tfJET6kqMzAeHZ','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-12 16:21:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','66cfd4ae772b0a5c231a5ed1beef7276','\n'),(415,'Salvija','salviukas','susidegink.nuu@gmail.com','1fb816aec1b1c500c072acf285abccfd:IqOI57MtIAGgbVwAPuXgm4FF6AgI2Dhj','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-12 16:32:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0fe735c629a704f256c7b0a572661e53','\n'),(416,'Audrius','audriuslu','audriuslu@gmail.com','910e4519d2a71dc25ccf50daa9247586:jXyF7sjQczZ1fKiI6MHyyJCG88ulC3sj','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-12 17:57:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','bd69354ce03c31a4c318fe72ba6f9ad4','\n'),(417,'Viktorija','vikutia1987','vikutia1987@gmail.com','9080fea2536a441979e781b395819bd3:3epCcYvp97t5tcevb5CyhhUn4dakfrSc','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-12 18:29:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5b5aa69ea23f417fd1ff1b50dc9f3c10','\n'),(418,'vivi','vivi','viktorijaa555@gmail.com','6c1a3c094cd59711d414f052c63341f6:mrVNDn4Ettl6PTYtPgokpPoNbvWPbBQO','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-12 21:24:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','75a5a49943886bc9830caed0d9bde9b2','\n'),(419,'dove','dove','dovydas53@gmail.com','b92bf8660083584e7f48ba82c7da9539:IBAjMFalUUEdJlkQxbdFDZaOpnQtfWSy','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-13 09:51:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a64be787ba59b8f7330d6c1cc8efcae9','\n'),(420,'ausra','aussryteee','ausrajuozaityte@gmail.com','a0de65ab659240a565dbf9e08dc77cd5:bxY3GLqfamtKPLguZYr3YYHZm9oRw3qk','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-13 15:10:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','49ae8ff43cc0317b8d4f902308004ad2','\n'),(421,'dalius','dalius','d.sabakinas@gmail.com','d5a0af301f9de227d52dcc7c37a36752:ZPq6ChIRv6XfywH0xoNVtx8vIFSnms36','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-13 17:37:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','cb2c99ec4ed8440e7524b416971b8262','\n'),(422,'Diarchy','Diarchy','cdiana97@gmail.com','1d91e8825e46b4a7eff24464af5a4173:0glwFrdrMw2Za7ztWJ71yjoTISQkQb0S','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-13 19:50:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','764d6e774358211066ea4dbf9b688494','\n'),(423,'Diana','Triksey','canzelika@gmail.com','9ebe1558908c9e2cf567f724424ee8a6:tdPMGyIvB6FPdQn7ys2ayslYAHvm2a1J','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-13 19:53:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','11a0643eb629e79acf7cd4329d86d795','\n'),(424,'Greta','Urbonaite','893@one.lt','1030fd3e984ec8b0582748219d0f237a:RgNBIR6qLI5XqwLvDbblT5rt2iyA4M7P','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-13 21:47:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','89e29f5268b4af2232611249a501dc18','\n'),(425,'Greta','Tutaite','grupepai9n@gmail.com','aec0308c91dc4f4efb40eb9199be6053:yivJlxeLZ1Zi8PfaqXB0URiF7aEZHX0t','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-13 21:48:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4ea153dce4337b964633511eb9e495ca','\n'),(426,'Daiva','Daivara','daiva@pmc.lt','9ecc0cad0370e2595e18444819855495:eGerh9QAUYZWAA3ElHeOrZd6LLGMoyZN','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-14 06:16:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ef7dc3d9d5171021e324d6a00996a5e2','\n'),(427,'Jelena','jelena','kudriashka@sugardas.lt','f14f725e129046362d624c62e0610a28:TZX16mEW3J1JPayTUuEQCIvI1ruWvehp','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-14 08:33:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4508bde71f866d66c83645a40a3f4f71','\n'),(428,'agne','agnesim','agnesim@blog.lt','2b8055ad92022373ebe0cf7f87b8cead:uo2tDpf7xI5NThhMSKczMCkK1mMmAeHH','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-14 09:27:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3ad50f96d72635bbbeb59eddc944bbbd','\n'),(429,'Justina','jjustulia','jjustulia@gmail.com','21fb6e9fe5d3ccac9c0659c9629c8165:kaeOCPdW8Pt0nAdyAAyRQY7x5FHmKBND','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-14 10:31:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b2340d1792de6f1fa3081980ac25a401','\n'),(430,'stan','Jukna','topstudentas@gmail.com','87b84fa05413285405158246aeef63d6:IYZ9mR8ONv60TkSlBVxu94as2U5l1KYm','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-14 11:30:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','191163db14b5fc81fb44fe7d0e7dd21f','\n'),(431,'Gabrielė','eleirbagas','eleirbagas@yahoo.com','e5b34973196e68472a761695cd8d7fa8:bfHBZD5pRNWov1XFcNcxdMuuCH8cq9Ef','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-14 14:32:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3951354c2cd90ea3153ff9c7502a58d1','\n'),(432,'Tomka','Tomka','Customsizesc@gmail.com','8bde502a274fe67097b57a91d9718ae3:q6jloRNIrYIqsqV56YBhNOww1vyVfKju','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-14 15:26:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','89dc30da5da360fe1991e7765fe505d1','\n'),(433,'Angelė','Jonikienė','ajonikien@gmail.com','523ee193803d01f7b978708f585e52ea:ODjHUafC2HNps7WO4sdkAFNjwdsgn9PC','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-14 16:15:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','317a39a8e1f65901872d89005e3b1da1','\n'),(434,'gairita','zippe','bgairita@gmail.com','59a4eaef62b8b1de84fe314f947172ec:vP2nGWOchu7FxQUWgw3fm5guty6S9B8j','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-14 17:49:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','060cb787f5ae210ac6a608fafa4f74cf','\n'),(435,'Egidijus','Egidijus','burbuliokai@gmail.com','5228e8e8d32f2bd6265e4742e5d72dc8:irYBIk527ui5ntmLw2PEpJOqxCpHohsE','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-15 09:02:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6a457cf1458b8d99f2b7b61697154948','\n'),(436,'Tomas','Stane','ts.cancel@gmail.com','e0815bba6e463b202b6f2b2c7950c9a5:uDjQvT5GUPwNMpM1coqJ6yZldexLKZOa','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-15 09:18:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9ef8ef05e4227eccd99c295f493035f7','\n'),(437,'tomaslc','mutumm','tomasbudriunas@gmail.com','a5d4605b71a86fa7b7b17e73b399bbd6:DmiOe3iffqhY7QCYWlUYlpBYFPxEBm9Z','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-15 09:34:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','bf0adc4047263025d06b17819579b102','\n'),(438,'Srong','srong9123','titan4@inbox.lt','764d0da24942cb718df3253838be2e57:Asffk1o6i6hlrifdcwIKmWiuioSCcH0K','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-15 15:06:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','69a922260ac6c9c4836274bcd0d10418','\n'),(439,'Arunas','Mandarinas','aruniux.j@gmail.com','cf61bd8da24f099a195efc999bb786a2:wV4JP73Tmz0cmkO1quDVkkYqzfaSSS7H','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-15 17:03:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','76b16d21fc00c6cd797bb3f062eb86bd','\n'),(440,'Monika','vijagi','zoryte1@gmail.com','466c0ebf196e7aa07c10febfc03bd077:zWaC0Kh8ugCOYsKrlPa80U3LiX2aD3eP','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-15 18:02:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8efee5bd0d6e8a59c1c8ae47872ad0f5','\n'),(441,'Monika','Monika','vijagi@one.lt','7d3012f3570f5115099d61baca426bcb:V6BxB0vbR7isDj2fItlMru0JBwGDvGQb','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-15 18:04:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','84cad21dfa04ff5e42c5c7676f64e3be','\n'),(442,'123456','123456','123@gmail.com','e2bbb61c9c8f1984e65355b3a2cb799b:qXWty1Dx0arC0gFGF5IgA2HnP4C16rQi','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-15 18:31:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8406a8ffd56fd7f84072d9b750484cfb','\n'),(443,'a11285714','a11285714','a11285714@nepwk.com','9e21966c41f8f2700d4ebd25e616d8ea:GOsS0YR1VyujglWHdlQEHBMABYP8tQez','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-15 18:32:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f4516c14efd7c46a5d0d14ae740f3e16','\n'),(444,'741852','741852','vilius.gud@gmail.com','81f8861c93bbde4542ec738d9af2f19c:oF0PPajABOU2JOsSB0pIBMIp7m5cSOla','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-15 19:12:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9fbaa0e054cd0b2433d40714746fc063','\n'),(445,'somotron','somotron','kammyyy15@gmail.com','54dc70f72ee5974b270ae13a2e3e32fc:czcmxsYdyUX3ud3wTRyrkC75CkMesCUZ','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-15 19:46:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a0e8d5d1c2ce14aeb89151782b663a2c','\n'),(446,'Judita','Saulute','judita28@gmail.com','711fb55882d55588c84c14fe09ff14b4:3LPvw2yUQMsDXFMH76QjV8qSfD9atvbb','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-16 10:28:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1678a5fa51162dfd77acb3cdb99a5662','\n'),(447,'Judita','kipshiuke','judita32@mail.com','4dcdfadc441046ebb61afde55c097542:Q1IFNhWcr17rB3L0UZVa3MpUGuKVBVOx','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-16 10:35:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','771986e85b23ebed0701a2ac1678c348','\n'),(448,'lele555','lialia','lialia555@gmail.com','be9991675db78c9f5753d9118dea6437:f4dCHfLmTRZ6XR02nyFHqSGcad1URUNw','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-16 12:00:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','988d30507f6ea0a0cac3be8e383af676','\n'),(449,'Ionbolo','Bolovera','iobolo@hotmail.com','8b888939c3892fa1b1e5ad410f95a281:B9KEsECmJCnTUdePtEekTyoUMKenKoAh','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-16 14:29:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','859dcf49b8628cb609965e22eb1a981a','\n'),(450,'Bolovera','Ionbolo','ionbolo@hotmail.com','8812eb0cfb0f634ee7c8d1c1f4ecbeab:Gr1IPdvV0LNoyutwxYkZ0tIp5q9MrEYH','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-16 14:52:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','84e62ae0718fbde58d5c9968cf6b3637','\n'),(451,'živilė','zivilekaspa','zivilekaspa@gmail.com','899914c94f8c69bc443aa13342517654:RWJDY5ec8Q3OBI248KWm4vaPubN85Wv9','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-16 15:54:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','45eb0edfa6f80d09b4068903f1384113','\n'),(452,'Justė','ladysilver','justyte8@gmail.com','ae01f86b4520717ba04abf0755cc3861:aDa2HquLPB8662OMRcX6oqRBgwRwNYEL','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-16 18:28:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','75c4fa26a81a3c174b2ca6b81b139696','\n'),(453,'Martyna','Blindly','martynakubiliute@gmail.com','eef4fed76ae23d3fcd459d02de3cbcef:gYb9TpVcNxM1jRsaY17aYIHRayrCQXJR','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-16 20:15:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3a95c36e6c377590fa7cd4d041120b7c','\n'),(454,'VIRGUTA','VIRGUTA','virguta@hotmail.com','90dd8e3db650d8f439cd1f850c6f8f9d:cffZusfgOkYbmOt5dbLsChM5bGvArKVZ','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-16 22:18:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7ec391729483d6cb11340d5a80d8c0ca','\n'),(455,'edita123','zuikelis456','linksma5@one.lt','b580e023a39a6aaccbcaf8398db0cc68:OV8upyWYtEaOYC5Jf0HT5dsRFFUTTz9n','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-17 05:07:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','cf3ef8d7e13f9b82870499184e873ad8','\n'),(456,'Lina','laumzirgis','jankauskaite.lina@yahoo.com','4730316507d86e8165194405c1df51ea:RYcmHk46f0tvVPaIsRCEXJF0KuHOWT7B','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-17 09:20:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e96a306b5dfc7b80b74e9f4439c13feb','\n'),(457,'Baksas','Baksas','doveikadonatas@yahoo.com','834006b72e6404bfbfebbf81b42db9ec:N1kd4Z1bDfOcF4P2vGD2OZgH0OkpSG90','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-17 09:30:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','12f61ef6d3c4afd321f96e35e1920efb','\n'),(458,'vytautas','bruzas','vytautasbruzas@yahoo.com','e73529b3229d4ee3a23b1ee7df484c5c:4WVnXzsrPRzSc32UR4BfnEItbZCSIqqj','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-17 10:38:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','40a2549000191e0ff07043ac6808f473','\n'),(459,'Kristina','kristina','kristinaj2@blog.lt','afd30824676191486fe6f59bfaf319de:5U6CDWuAzooLE0VZJVDlmaXOYH9vjYEx','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-17 10:40:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e71027305e825f6f3a0e6330f1527881','\n'),(460,'MR WHITE','MR WHITE','orez@zebra.lt','d9282e8df8c0a763707cc10fbb2e37cb:flKqqWh6QeqY1IlVW9TaJEx4iuPzNE1g','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-17 11:53:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','315fd82fc8f84911e52f4d244eca0d48','\n'),(461,'Rūta Dapkevičiūtė','rruutteelle','rutadapkeviciute1@gmail.com','214265d0185c67be7161220788dab28f:UrgdDZ3v7CvJ0JctWb8PXzRXOgMJxHte','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-17 16:18:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6d59c951f2626e011b8f219d0b1320ae','\n'),(462,'Gintare','avinasss','avinasss@gmail.com','c055bc7179343ceee986b13fbb32e7f6:8lr7zzkydsGqYiQQ3wgVtqOv38ShZlFG','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-17 16:51:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3f2462bb0c49c361c7588e4fcc937290','\n'),(463,'ovidijus','ovidijusss3','ovidijusss3@one.lt','5397c64d1c177691a44b6e987e8ddb28:a8rRhxG4jHzZ85ihqIFREd7mTJ9YFHA5','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-17 18:09:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4006098ef56a62838091459038fa3cf9','\n'),(464,'L','zaiciuke','zaiciuke@yahoo.com','9d7670a566ae94c4a70a47d51c64efa4:wtEl8SADRHoCbXDXrTpPgrWklSKHFN2S','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-18 07:50:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','09ccddb1231ddcdae28ded4d894e37ff','\n'),(465,'Simona350','Simona','simonele350@gmail.com','df2bb6dbdce88c804035439dc117bd96:j26dKVziCrjMgPiqCumXYHmiDmCiMy7g','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-18 11:00:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2eb7cec864dfae5532a3a28c2c7345ed','\n'),(466,'Jurate','Jurate','Gele111@one.lt','eb352dbfe85456d7ec18210d301225c5:CnGuKH2e2vXmqHCzl1cKOQk6XtqtCOwR','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-18 22:02:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','143ece5e2e402891aecf5986ff95e864','\n'),(467,'pauliuseda','pauliuseda','sedosgimnazuja.pit@gmail.com','e5516ecb02d510fc0243bc72b8e88a15:WIqVIYoVompGisZ7n4nbePufCRDZQx9J','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-19 14:03:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1e3165610caba2236fe30a9ae209f9c0','\n'),(468,'123456789','123456789','laimaseda@one.lt','51d07f80ab07c1af07d60768458c9ab3:0YWzD0Ms35B8Z3EIXURsqCWCVwSbW9Kd','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-19 14:11:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','67d0889d9428c55dca0a42320812d66c','\n'),(469,'judita','judituliukas19','pyncia88@gmail.com','876b36d6090bb98e077fc8db1974bdf3:IyHCQZFeBpLcFknPOHQZpUFNLACJJ19E','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-19 15:43:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','fd4b3d0c5f6c226d769eea0641102c88','\n'),(470,'jikvepuoja','jikvepuoja','gretm@hotmail.com','46f0fa44fa861cfbe02760935bc76799:y56MLH4ZKkchD4LLc3kFfkBNCm84ThGj','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-19 16:04:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7a375f70866e77b51ec8b82a3edb3e8d','\n'),(471,'Ramunė','Ramunė','ramunekontautaite@gmail.com','58c42e26ca9d8413b8852c369ada4918:1ljFbuuZRzoW4SYMwsnhWhf4uqs7XkUJ','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-19 19:41:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a8fab0ea7be6f9cbb5b7a929288f42a1','\n'),(472,'Kristina','Saulut','ksaulut@gmail.com','4b1e65a43ae380fde321c2ce7b18da08:wUrGx7ALOrBzX1iLyCx7KEcRR3C75ivY','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-20 08:26:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2be7d44e0813016fd2344d49debcabc0','\n'),(473,'Vesta','vestaaa','vestute123@gmail.com','d85bccb5881c444a10ae2be89c551d0f:r0xV43cDEQjjR62Kjq2dp7xIQdHqxeE1','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-20 14:12:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6c55bb1e64fe68a850053fbd80029d31','\n'),(474,'rasa','galinaityte','armaras@gmail.com','630d85be06495cead75db189c02439ad:fwCcYw85Z2nV98ubMhcbFYwZY8OTzV47','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-20 15:53:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','44eb96731c82831c6ca6210df99680c4','\n'),(475,'Ieva','Eidikyte','eidikyte@gmail.com','a80a225cb351856cbaad2659141a47d6:ZzR2gO29HvgedkqEeBOesphoYhseidfB','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-20 17:42:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','779f06e3db2c3eb5f89d78d8545a70a5','\n'),(476,'deimantee','deimantee','deiiiimukas@gmail.com','354fbaf09ddb4e084cb3b2de2c47e634:SH5LmNGFJpNtB9dgUgBEwpbzRCUQiQw8','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-20 18:02:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','84f18f54a65d71c1b9615ba1b340cff3','\n'),(477,'marvellous.life','Marvellous.life','marvellous.life@yahoo.com','0349c61589f465966a671da5d0ac0489:ofsQyCuFNTEBiyhg9PdPV6uKqtwofVfm','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-20 18:58:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e18534c111fca633a1d2f9ee489faf32','\n'),(478,'Jonas','Joncexxx','joncexxx@gmail.com','362dcdb67fc475662cd258e83127d61b:YGHaJkoSIYIE6qvdDUNVkuLIYnAXUNgh','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-20 19:54:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8201a02b05392f3855782fdbd1790bcd','\n'),(479,'asta','astaas','asta.l@free.fr','75a696a655d45e3ad3eb36748f97e7c6:tHEr1vvHyGpwFzeuQlfRZCKtdZ9OchzB','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-21 11:18:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','fe7ba23e53031f41f32c4e33f475562e','\n'),(480,'Deimantė','deimantte','deimantte@ymail.com','40044a984670e2f04b98914a235544ad:HayrW1DrP8CmR0ADBBD2my2r8DACtrxd','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-21 14:22:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7ecd8c2e34980211270cbb3a229e8950','\n'),(481,'Gintare','gynteee','gynteee@one.lt','edf33eb22d1cfca16e1aee3d2c43eaa2:bOtRygZPgkw5uylWELg7STLgHgPazryP','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-21 15:06:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f76911c8393ad800c6f1ae9cd96387a3','\n'),(482,'anna','annete','anny.bunny@mail.ru','d2cfde39bf66b6afdf534d03ca39ba92:QfLFnjAGuWeeXW0LrbOLiOg8uriXnvxq','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-21 16:44:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8f23e495e2c6282ea063198eaa7696ce','\n'),(483,'anna','fruktik','ania@post.skynet.lt','2fbf4ed88154f2b42206dc7557823167:APinHS6o3qkwzjqNPcISNBNpFXGYL07L','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-21 16:46:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e7e919adee04cf81e517e4cf2801d4f2','\n'),(484,'Aivaras','aivaras100','sssilaikiokas@gmail.com','4b7f42c741210a12beed88bb4d7e7777:ghp9QTz549ZYv2SpLGLprmVufBanq3SC','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-21 17:32:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','526bbbf0067c29614f1e991f6cb25e41','\n'),(485,'Papajus','Papajus','makvilkas31@gmail.com','0525f17bace69998e17d5c61ae61119a:NVelnX4JoogVDKGMyxXy8WKPHOHNV69Y','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-21 17:41:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e9025010b7385e22029e3d6d13b1298e','\n'),(486,'kristina99','kristina99','kristune20@gmail.vom','0b4468b0988c0040cd16e08f4922218f:02E4Yjh36PBWdJQIK5PrpbOFO4IV9fi6','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-21 17:54:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','532c7235ebfed6133ce860270d1a0eba','\n'),(487,'lijana','lijancikas','lijancikas@gmail.com','20f3d454d2e919d5b5609ad08f13274f:Vl9ZQHVgw2xQzVJuFoSgz8f8hQIdwg4V','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-21 18:56:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e95d65c5d9f419ce98a56f45ac355834','\n'),(488,'yepmarius','yepmarius','yepmarius@gmail.com','157c5d8b5f01c1317abb525742cd9878:TGmvFSO3es7HpPOUVu991SIieJlrw9o0','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-22 06:50:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9811412a8fe56a40083d54278a71f71c','\n'),(489,'ieva','Ievute','ievusyykas@one.lt','4a59428a6aff2bcd2ac234241d21abc1:Y4bTUxp6ER6mEveKs5Ym3LXmdvyHrshb','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-22 13:07:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b16d22eb8156407435ef6cd313d8613b','\n'),(490,'Emyra','Emyraaa','lauralukreciaa@gmail.com','e8765787a090044472d2ba6247a6efd6:vvw6bwvkxuxTkXKaYKPjaFMFDNNi6FOk','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-22 14:01:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e692c1fa20d1a00cedaec20870b3cd0a','\n'),(491,'Vilte','lettrines','in.paste@gmail.com','2f2706878cc03d4c74ecce7fbf8718d4:XL4ZIhx2glIMLbrHG5EaGwu6lQdyjqOq','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-22 18:01:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','77c8c3bd04a79329d3f84909d72e805a','\n'),(492,'Aiva','Aiva','aivute18@gmai.com','9f82d3e45060b89fd632f83ed53497d5:GsJIz6p278S3JP5cA14lqSD1iNVoCJq0','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-22 20:37:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d399b1d45e7f0dff0892827a5845b7e3','\n'),(493,'Lauryna','lawryna','saudargaite.lauryna@gmail.com','a2d27c2ec8a3d97c9a0a67d6c31c735c:FVNpRpv8XCHxOfc8ZDn8nFTgeK6pmXyG','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-23 08:59:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8188ddac97b0230355e958f658619fd0','\n'),(494,'Aurimas','aurimas.valavicius','aurimas.valavicius@gmail.com','93c028b8220f26cf031fdfb651b55934:t3fHTEGaIkXa2JqXU4XCZ27X1WuXpdY5','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-23 09:26:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ea863774a9f1744c308b0491201e581c','\n'),(495,'Bleidex','Bleidex','bleidex@gmail.com','e420054e52dedd49742dfd011c3fd332:vxKobUIHVgq5J1v7QYNOPDB0yShM8IIF','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-23 13:22:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e959ff13f7583ec4d299ab2dc59caef6','\n'),(496,'Lorenzo','Lorenzo','lukas.bub@aktv.lt','00432c8603665b9399dd64c80e223d28:0Ayh2dUAXUXnVmI7nydhMiDTXnYpulI7','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-23 15:05:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','92e42ffeed8ac9384ef4a88493a81469','\n'),(497,'Žymantas','Feitas3','feitas3@gmail.com','55d0a40482b54d20e9a31e52173ded5f:CUVIGsU7DAiDTM4OqJwsL0dcK2HMnexO','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-24 09:52:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6081cde5147dbbb2f568d647e21da356','\n'),(498,'egidijus','regidux','regidux@gmail.com','46e049280f3dc391a6018ee3dacf4670:IRP6ReXSMge1c7Jat16jsr09raRqOy8t','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-24 11:57:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a36a03e82259ae13617a4a962caaaea6','\n'),(499,'Asta','simke','asimkuviene@one.lt','54c6723b615e6cbf7218199fe7977a21:e9QqRyJCnUirJLxeLi7d08fzbDcVKMsm','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-24 13:47:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1bdeb27c8a50ec218994f1fea977b733','\n'),(500,'ernestas','jasius','vaniuckas@one.lt','4b17438383a3759aafac1f40e7dd580e:arcmYD5UjoFMwhry43ip5tDILceYSe0X','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-24 16:13:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3261fd796c89aaa6dc0cf4037050a2ca','\n'),(501,'nerraaaa','witwte123','monte963@gmail.com','fd611b89f78af24523c4259e8bf6da50:lgNprU9WkXXjL627WZK6sFqPAgmcBQ5e','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-24 16:39:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1b4c0e06990e4e4334b292cbb8f833ef','\n'),(502,'Daiva','Tajalt','ddaivukas@yahoo.com','fbeaae22716c86a38cf3ef98f7346b4e:2f0nuDhgJdQCppEeIEJ5ZGNwV3rkRqP0','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-24 17:16:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','95443af572ac99933afc3e7c2cc91592','\n'),(503,'Justina','Justina','smilgaa@gmail.com','481a85a32cec942b6141ad29dfe16a9a:IgH3uVhtfjbYeMULhDHtbGQ80VeebllK','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-24 20:22:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9350503842811e0c344b83c2ae2c992d','\n'),(504,'Sandra','miauxe','ssanyte@gmail.com','26c91564df0602302916c436f5b82ea0:EurPooD5Wj7WKiZwvQWcXGccMBQfhf20','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-24 21:00:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','732cc58cbc82c689c965d0a126be9eac','\n'),(505,'brigitaaa','brigitaaaa','zibutaites@gmail.com','136c447e895d1fd2e4b6c3e18cf871ee:XFspCneQjRwdSLnG4cslIvIuz5SAncSY','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-25 08:35:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9560a152ddfa437e1e4f35994ec768a7','\n'),(506,'rita','ritabk','ritta0320@gmail.com','a8234f0c13b8c5bcb2ac0c1947a0012c:yb5K9p63nW5p643L408KCdNmJwhCf0La','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-25 14:28:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','245481cffc89942cfb54af2397b46ed1','\n'),(507,'Aušra','AAAusra','ausra.svilaite@gmail.com','6b12bc68756486e633c41f04fa06bfd8:058olKtt5RrcM6rUOz7B9EDD3uN7wqm3','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-25 17:02:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1cd30c8a305f25ac6b0b22881c409071','\n'),(508,'dalia','dyone','dalia.ok@inbox.lt','ac0a9d4065712691061d871cd312129f:MNKU0rZfr1C23u1f2z4zH15QjKF92RoL','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-25 18:34:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','890d1f352b0de8668e7d4a8293eca5b6','\n'),(509,'cartmenez','motherfucker112','cartmenezz@hotmail.com','d587300617936f80dbf7d94e729291a9:9RyrdfPUIsY1ir7zPwBXg81nTmNu0BHh','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-26 00:26:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b29b3166dcdfebf79cebad0bb0636fd9','\n'),(510,'vavas','vavas','abc@abc.net','ba62dc254815787a770a34ec4804b481:cOq5tAcobBmWkY0TfltZGsiy5UHvseh9','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-26 05:08:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','69a94301c7210893814494f670c325f8','\n'),(511,'enzeru','Darius','swsro.private@gmail.com','f9549583f44f35cf347ddc1a09f2b8ab:2ohsh2HCFqB7nMm0xOfWSEHy2Nq2jrqI','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-26 08:02:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','856f707993e555af47d98570c8eec8bd','\n'),(512,'asilaberete','berete','valdenko@one.lt','b635db585e8a7db2ff732aaf6f870101:LCAyjCPZ8xmk6ekdb56y0PwFAzV8oUy0','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-26 10:50:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6e38c8fc368a981cbe04b1b2c95970a4','\n'),(513,'Valdas','valdenko','valdenko@gmail.com','f71d786fe3dacc1b6cf6b81a4f27a3e1:gPRqIyAwzvVFHob38f4eiLrKGv3AMmOV','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-26 11:18:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','34638268f380e6452aa90bb6ced7d837','\n'),(514,'Gerda','Grdock','avieskailis@gmail.com','d75c2619ccb30e0ba878695b1a6849d8:tvsbVXIWNaib3IxW5240fe9NRKWfwLDW','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-26 16:38:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4bd65e494055baa407e5e408da6fa9d5','\n'),(515,'Žydrūnė','mazgete','mazgete@gmail.com','cee092a485f13e34377abd4234d0660c:ckLlGPukMnTXTtFLJXWANkgBkMmdmJbv','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-26 18:25:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ce43cf80981495b1c6a392d1c83bf971','\n'),(516,'Danas','Stankus','danas.stankus@gmail.com','8a4546e9395c81b75f5f585fb4135355:bQivw8TAPE603jWDQMHiShrSlZkbLbrt','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-27 10:34:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e17f5fc7d58f9eaf3c0b8b2d92df0e4b','\n'),(517,'xoxoxoxo','xoxoxoxo','julyciukas4@gmail.com','678381efffc1e4b43882256661f925f0:MOZA18VGSFJCghex9zBMURVSQcRL0XYP','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-27 16:34:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4cbc970191cd2216753df5e1ded791f5','\n'),(518,'Julija','Julyyyy','julyciukas@inbox.lt','fc9e8b9f7363057af236cfc858be9ffa:DoSWSRoVr7ttOTfwarqTWmOCD7uPNNQL','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-27 16:38:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6bb4d51262b91db9f434a17d32354997','\n'),(519,'Martynas','martux69','Martux69@gmail.com','90111ff1c7c093d260ce2dce7b9ad764:JHKNAvFvr3CPwGVGfPb7esporMc9PJAj','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-27 16:56:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a6de5edc668d09962ab30267845c733f','\n'),(520,'Asta','kramtoske1418','kramtoske1418@gmail.com','faee6c0fd2ff9febd4e36da38f848771:ft3m8g0kOx9ZdQylT5Ws0jUL5M2WGyZh','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-27 18:32:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','efe3cccc8f1a8826abd3c659c5dd7d82','\n'),(521,'Paula','Paula','sakalyteeee@gmail.com','bf770b8fd47be1b60ee2ac236beb061d:yjkKGA2qk9glM4D1oZUDgpcP7swPOlI6','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-27 19:31:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','beaa83f7adae42a791b9c324708d742b','\n'),(522,'Egidijus','Majoras','regidijusss@gmail.com','b87decd5f62308445a03986505ede92c:YqY7qjndRQxIctjfruKz4uMcVGUGQ6Mw','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-27 23:19:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8a55c5b46decff05b86b8a3774370806','\n'),(523,'sima','sima','smsima32@gmail.com','9a3ad4004f14c6cbbd41bc7cb5d176c0:90SehqW2yctmb4KkoaSbAvh3Lq1v8Oys','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-28 10:10:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','019bac36dc19eb849b7b0a47feac844e','\n'),(524,'Aš ir Agotytė ','Aš ir Agotytė ','vaitiekunu@gmail.com','9d3368b76c84846a44e53455d2603597:MNThXzRzwdkT6DMne5UMZBFI2nfQmDIL','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-28 12:32:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','02af1d50d4340a34145949be021142a6','\n'),(525,'Simonas','simasonas2','simasonas2@gmail.com','6df73cb24ac47ec40358a83fc23ae3d9:uqsPV9a25yPwwXXPKUvD7nQIuTNCYVbm','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-28 16:51:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','54069f0c1f6cf7ec95bce5fa6d550325','\n'),(526,'Modestas','Moduks007','pleomax1992@gmail.com','3af86f1a2ab928d2735e5fce9b92d685:zzGOks5siHmuFagqgPMEca5eHQqFuDtl','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-28 17:03:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a26d45e683cdf6af0af74b0f9ee40500','\n'),(527,'Ernestoootia','Ernestoootia','Ernestoootia@gmail.com','2001e69cc9ffdacf7256fff465fea068:HSNF2NLXGuENXw4ohAJ8r14V64t2m02I','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-28 17:33:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7b7203829b6f9e83d2870988f0718cd3','\n'),(528,'jurgita','jurgiukas@litas.lt','jurgiukas@litas.lt','f96bd53d07e4be65e2ba9ea8807d62b4:coDiFWtyDAsGhc5RQqb8zPcm8mkCmr4y','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-28 19:20:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ff95e95740a03a7ba310413d464b8db5','\n'),(529,'Deividas','estus','deividas.kam@gmail.com','f990459dce3a5b79d7a746f0a9c8f687:1GGGU9iEM7wSyLfFdMZ7ZySVfmc3hpwY','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-29 07:59:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b7693746969fc3a3259577f5ac8b8bbf','\n'),(530,'Svajone Niauriene','svajux','svajone.niauriene@gmail.com','d4e0281d42d5dfd3ccc9bd4bd1b86788:Rfhndx6D7TFfGzNgMZfedqQT3HI8aUOi','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-29 12:33:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9484aa5fbeaaa989805d7fbe5a4cf261','\n'),(531,'MOze','google','tjmarsas@gmail.com','c34a34e9ee45624e9163aabcb8efa38c:lKnhUpWGsxUNQ4WuXHt3T1oCCu7mgY9T','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-29 13:53:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','50be089a8d0915eb9fba728cdb2fa49f','\n'),(532,'Ignas','Vinkleris','ignavink47@gmail.com','bf6866879561e1c632770580c53152c5:vFinez9tPyXnhgUtx3eAXitVsbYhHh7H','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-29 13:58:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a53facfcb9a3f517db0e7658387994fe','\n'),(533,'Atenee','istorike9','wenus993@wp.pl','48ed4111f6cab8d01312743b2b7fa15c:IHpxk6qeEEsYxvpHrRuXqgjiBbexzCWK','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-29 14:06:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','300aa57e444e6d34254d2c96eafd7209','\n'),(534,'Dainius','dainiux111','dainius9111@gmail.com','24a83b05c3c2adb9501bbaf7c5c47cc3:VSC30sKEGegTsLSbEKGPtUwRVXqYOTNc','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-29 17:40:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','edc8efe7f045cd97b3b5a794937cbf36','\n'),(535,'Aldona','Širvinskienė','skambmedis@gmail.com','2608079eb2a7b724f56f600af46f2880:Z6DnIXt5DyRx5ygolqeEJIG0skl7aGX1','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-29 18:11:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6022bc68b524cc2e24f28a5d00cd900c','\n'),(536,'Timofejus','spargalkinas','manoslapyvardis@gmail.com','336e5857debf1d4591199cfbb6e18cb8:uwihG56S0053D3l8j9pmkd7HKc6A6mL4','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-29 19:17:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f1732e19c94f9f3a993a7491a75e54c1','\n'),(537,'mantas','mantasx99','ateikce@gmail.com','6ff6be6f52bab145f1f740fff24d39d4:8dY7L4sgSJBcGnPdsJJAr8SyOQzThgAX','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-29 20:54:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1f7d9ac3b6c2776fdfad5847d8c87a34','\n'),(538,'Aurimas','Kazlauskas','aurimaskav@gmail.com','b27a9ffa3e44094b2df5871a57a3fc65:jcGNY7nxG8qLgQ34zcEMz6cJBb7d6PwK','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-30 08:59:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','06224ef01f10db503cc5d11fd55ca99a','\n'),(539,'ana','evainga','evainga@gmail.com','a506c342efff88397635654499da05f8:HNtZgzB7Rx5T6D0hTe58fcWq6Krudngg','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-30 09:48:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4b58b122f43ade3f592a6f3b82dd30d4','\n'),(540,'Babausis','Slepete','a11bsole@nkm.lt','ac90e8d586377d97b7e89c1e8425a2e4:qWXGFJSyRjOuJ5yW4B6mUxuWdRU2C0Fx','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-30 11:06:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9e69c7ed0f4ef99784f2e4ad56e4cdc4','\n'),(541,'niko','vytax','muoznn19@gmail.com','d4305b1564791e9ef127397e5002b913:DcJ6e9KlpKVdovaazA2Yt9lFUgdxY6N7','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-30 14:31:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7f59f7f4640b26cdadb39b11d94fee4f','\n'),(542,'virusx','algoryhm','vytaszilinskas@yahoo.com','4fc5aa82126f033d8a10adafdcae6af3:ygkRDnvFUK7mllzrSLhNRBC34VpY7hWr','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-30 14:33:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','cbee69e45efe2ed8c86cb846db302381','\n'),(543,'Agota','agotastr','agotastr@gmail.com','000a5664000a8f9eb5688f693a38e2bd:t0nqILBxa8e0gC7rWXfa0LsjJrFQKN7D','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-30 15:58:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','57e759b3122b209032f190a93d706941','\n'),(544,'Lukas','Lor','Lorenzzo.va@gmail.com','b6bd30fc13bc6a298f117642643738cb:nUSNPAr8hWt2kESm3ri5zIGsXyjKUo57','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-30 16:16:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','63ff41f26a5415cf1830e3cbc9b2c79d','\n'),(545,'as','bichiuu','stryter@gmail.com','e73dd7d6a1e7f6807525e606c86fd36d:d4u3NkWNYLFXnmDrRvw4lcT9J9rvTKk1','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-30 18:42:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','cc69af95678df8da97a8924cb650b189','\n'),(546,'as','alchemicc','byyter@gmail.com','1f2869b0aa80e5456aa7f8dfb5a3863e:XxQifj2lJaJruMbL1eqXMOksQldiFWD7','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-30 18:43:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6affd377fcdf485fd1262efd35d5e8f1','\n'),(547,'Agne','Lubyte','agnyte16@gmail.com','e80f9c598888c2e646d3d1a7fff414aa:h1fBrXbKqqlo4rvYUJMVmMHGzYclacyd','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-11-30 21:34:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5a436f6260448649f6f84eae993dea1d','\n'),(548,'sonata','sonatele','sonatapajaujiene@gmail.com','afb5eea41fd339efe2696e79e4ad814e:6m0gZ0jN50wE7d5rTS0kVe3pNLqy9DDx','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-01 11:24:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6c1db7b9d1362665dd06244773c5dda6','\n'),(549,'Monika','monika53','monikuteee531@gmail.com','a2125975683d7f9852aa550ddf9bbb23:Z8g8sYuCVTQbDgxKCoTHvjs5dJLgetKW','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-01 13:20:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','43e92b7af3b52c1951526f3f79a0739e','\n'),(550,'Jonas','Grabauskas','lehrer@epastas.lt','eeac2c6d662d50f01490108d853c1f60:wE1fNclEPu2IQtXL1DKpKeArzv8T6EEb','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-01 15:24:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','326b10ef49cfddf921b0f9393342650f','\n'),(551,'Simona','veidrodinisatspindys','svaigute311@gmail.com','dfc16c838d1b3a57cdc29570e77c28a0:tWbf6Lhci6qaXnUzxq1pr8Ntb4DZrYNM','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-01 18:26:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7c0b6a0f714ccbed1d7c77c51dd2ea20','\n'),(552,'Rokas','rokimusas','rokimusas@hotmail.com','c34d920b5db572aa4886c47cef17ddc0:A2sp3y0t4EANsvbvd46ItFzkZIWlna8i','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-01 18:27:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','68bcc06bf392d11f63d2cfc2a84e5cf6','\n'),(553,'Ginte','Ginte001','ginte001@gmail.com','03885cb045b3db245681ab99172bbc16:XEaaMYFyIJINKVxBOP5RcKO1YmLVrs1X','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-02 11:09:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ab3d4833ff55a73b004d1159fb85b97b','\n'),(554,'Ginte','Ginte0001','gblazeviciute@gmail.com','fab1eec2fb9d6f8544d105c6dc94d0b3:hVsfl2oeAc7tQ9AQcMUyLXd05NCgRPAj','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-02 12:31:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','208883ee20db9266c4c00f18768e3800','\n'),(555,'kristina','kristuzhee','k.saltinyte@gmail.com','ae60c3d4683a9caa6627a627937f2d0f:EBGb2RutKactDl5bo8Anf2O4QxO8NOQg','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-02 13:28:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5cd4876728f7d16f2aae2f4e6b19b650','\n'),(556,'ernesta','ernesta25','ernestuke22@gmail.com','434b86f5b7a26e4f95224e4f3cfee684:6MixBPM3djdTjs1fgHzFTI84LWnuqpC5','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-02 20:09:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9242a910e05ee2822ac5470dbf19a271','\n'),(557,'Augustas','auguztaz','augustaspetrauskas2@gmail.com','6f2e544b352c788cf6b46388faed465b:bHxNEfYCofjqokwVbtjlXxGbyyAtuSN5','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-02 20:15:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','846829743dd46e3c89709ca28c0d098f','\n'),(558,'marta880516','marta0516','belkacool88@gmail.com','cdfaf7300e10291df8e282bbc973f7ce:hPszeEJmfQHXcYI98eouspSgFQdWAX4Y','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-02 20:20:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8641bc09e8f43f460255f5a3495cb911','\n'),(559,'laura','lauriukks','lauriukks@walla.com','5bfa7df6d956de83a3790d575194458d:QQSno5msXXMSsm6AqHdDgZTOp3aVxOd9','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-03 08:43:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2bfa560521233f66f8d5824172199290','\n'),(560,'taniuuu','spygliukass','tn.liniovait@gmail.com','b7e00945258774edf6add9e4297c70bf:LbUl4Sovp3fp23GDKUYarOMaJkFTa7ci','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-03 12:48:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','06bd0680b00a6343b528642d3baf31ac','\n'),(561,'dogiss','dogiss','dogiss@ymail.com','8cda2435db0431f3c419b9baff58af09:xezTVWLCQ4bbibCeRKmpvSjS6AGVYPeK','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-03 17:12:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1e127a2938cbdf7f7666af47c3d44ce6','\n'),(562,'kieshaaa','kieshaaa','zodziu.kestis@yahoo.com','03e1c0d239d46caa00f22b65ce2aab27:kb2h7cn7iMW4hAuXAcRhGkHGWvsrAOtQ','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-03 17:27:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f36a079f5c3edeef6719e062d13c48a0','\n'),(563,'Andra','Andra','veziuke94@gmail.com','e8cf18782e0ed6cb740c8e28ad3b1f23:2UO7sZ9M7IiPM9Z4jJj9Er3zfs1nTt1W','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-03 19:15:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c769088a78c95612ba54e8bc80c0d88c','\n'),(564,'kamileee','kamskuka','kamukiukas@yahoo.com','54ffd67b1b15b6bb9e6b9c5e443bf92a:6Gqri3yx3IrGylCilifkuYDG5jagFKFI','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-04 09:08:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a35ab855bb4271820dbd150e1de19322','\n'),(565,'Golf','klonaszz','klonaszz@yahoo.com','4709c9cb20fc5babe8fe3a1552b50483:tgHPr71RBRPAxCzQ66qiU8nVy1Jf7Z3g','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-04 09:47:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b80c13aecdb02399bd3b27d96d31f3de','\n'),(566,'Elena','elusekaite','elusekaite18@gmail.com','ddfb97547cf40c1088901a8bcd423392:KRzoiQD6k8gvnLUcNMExSDyaV1c6cLnq','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-04 10:41:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','58d48af91f31ddf0a8f08b8360b60d73','\n'),(567,'haris','haris358','vaisgantas369@gmail.com','719042275fe1e7603115392ba1131008:mIC1IOvKlEkSsIY2H2uLms4ezqaWRvQ4','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-04 17:03:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2e7cc3cbad9fea2debd7fd1440e0712c','\n'),(568,'jonas','jonkus','jonkus1@gmail.com','4bc6b484f96cf364d08931dc2eca3d8f:C2v23R4ja02OEnJ77o2m3exZBYL36Ypw','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-04 17:21:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c5ba99e8c8ea328222ffc68f580723dc','\n'),(569,'Aurimas','AurisB','aurimas.budvytis@gmail.com','86c7b1305e91a8cfb41ce36ad9210745:m7qNr9dJJ2HS16eQPGupAthOGs74cPQz','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-04 17:23:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d98329b50ba72e19f70c3908ef96f809','\n'),(570,'simas','simas','jecius.simas@gmail.com','4606b955a1550570032f37f1c01ba1b3:sUS4PuyR6LjRGsPEa5865nYGsAtfv1Wv','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-04 17:44:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','40fba7279e6503e9a739d851e726c8d2','\n'),(571,'Alina','Alineta','violeta.a@bitosis.net','23ab708718d8915d85c14c02788e374d:a5AIuNPCucDnN9ztQ0nAV4HhS9h86SNh','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-04 19:06:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','34e86b55d111ab394515b7cc2f1c8d82','\n'),(572,'Mindaugas','tabas','mindaugas.him@gmail.com','dad3e01f7d1b94163ef7980263e304a5:IaXC7V5vVb6rBBakPXgJsJb8jPeOM10Z','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-05 08:35:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','da5cba91a56ad3bb8ab804d7227ab30d','\n'),(573,'Indre','Sereikaite','indre00@gmail.com','145ecb75598c99041dd6eebeb1e456f6:tXJrZGG2AK0JSkcSDeF5SaGLqoZdO5Kk','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-05 08:43:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9bfdbb8334e5780693c8116aca893c0c','\n'),(574,'tomas','tomas','grabelis5@gmail.com','466e7d9a478e2eceef3f528c9962060f:XpYSYfUPQKTGLuHonsKhB6zytk3srCB3','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-05 12:15:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5a9f84955bc4b78aa15ba13df6009823','\n'),(575,'deimantas','deimantas666','deimantas666@yahoo.co.uk','4ea46cb18fda7d696e1d43afc43ea77a:UDx9fGOtBv2ublwRfEMmO9EMvuAJJIhK','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-05 13:12:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4884b312bb7569d8ba9e7a22308ae0fd','\n'),(576,'brigita515','brigita515','brigita515@gmail.com','efe3658db59650a4ffc557aa78598f26:Imuh8ye27X1AnH3Kg9lV9A6IPxRuC8ts','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-05 13:32:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','87881a4540fcc737f8718c9d5a37513c','\n'),(577,'Eimantas','Juozėnas','eimantass23@gmail.com','c48be1af02c7218980b40919955fd00b:en61bTe6TvGLfl6EJZ4GYiakrvYHk8bY','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-05 13:49:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','da992bbc8caa07200efee81997bd8a44','\n'),(578,'Rustė','welniiiuk_e','ruste.svedaite@gmail.com','ddc2a56f530412dea7579d4b4a3b9545:Sl6V7PGZrSrzSVPxedRLHkl2OSzZO25O','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-05 15:45:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d8ffdbd4f8b9524b0b4042f1e36e7c9b','\n'),(579,'ekonomika','ekonomika','laimaseda@gmai.com','75bcdf14b5da19fc320aa14b398725fc:sKMRh1IvrH4VLTWVgZOZpQxFju8ozyPd','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-05 16:38:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','009d59c15ce9d6485a91c1d0327bbd20','\n'),(580,'Kiaule','kiaule','KJegelevit@gmail.com','d90743b07edf5ee61330021826326a33:OjpPGUGmu3H1l8WgSEkEELvUr9dcJNci','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-05 16:46:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d4ee16ba92cddd1ae4e046274997ad84','\n'),(581,'JustasGec','justas','justing555@gmail.com','560127a8b7ab85e807874f845ffab847:8nBt0UchVA87Ps5k0xR0d3hw29nz4yj3','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-05 17:40:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','860c7748066ef0e69cecd97b14e06c2b','\n'),(582,'agne','ji','agne.ned@gmail.com','54fa55bccadc51e0bb50c7a91d8b7b62:XEuMbKnRAAPxfeetJFUwSHRuuHo87Gsw','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-05 17:49:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','669c15ba302b5fd8eaa132c5950917e9','\n'),(583,'monika','k19930707m','padukele777@gmail.com','6e8f529e01677e020be4625424e5c935:4ksbDWaxzm14NXW8icrWvP0FA23Zj21c','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-05 17:54:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9c20f3e4d5fab9414ac88d3ef3066f6a','\n'),(584,'Povilas','ruberoidas','veezlys@gmail.com','cdd5a0b0c0bb94634c8ff0af00316561:MFtB8s7E5cO8eJAawDGDQdGLP64sXf3z','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-05 19:32:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','25174ebda0d270ba258cfb75d60ff76c','\n'),(585,'toma','toma','mikaviciute.toma483@gmail.com','a61ef8a98cb847502b7a31cb92e31943:I39YctbEDaOf9of0UhBRZFtHbNoef8OU','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-05 19:33:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b6d34e49376df5134886d9aa1d558b1f','\n'),(586,'Nikex','Higashi','tigers@super.lt','598d090b652a4a3555283e3b21f27c20:10czZ7j3F7YMeFqQ5klSalu17Xv4j3ei','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-06 05:10:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','02eb6d3cf5447f7837546fbb7340de4e','\n'),(587,'Arminas','Arminas','Onuqtivee@gmail.com','981541b91cce7990b0f9f5c6e8053b4b:biczLCOQ2JGIMPcdpJSI1GvCIDvRyIqU','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-06 05:11:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','eddb5def45f87e73facfd537d446a299','\n'),(588,'ernesta','ernestute26','ernestastasaityte@gmail.com','cacbbdd675ac9f387880bab4f80c1941:gMPesXpagdy641aR1LQVZ38UPbp6m9Do','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-06 14:53:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4ed93deb80aeb344f7d018aba29079fa','\n'),(589,'sylvis','male','ecernevicius@zebra.lt','cfaab9422fc84c5769bfcefbef4e6bce:WvmA45Frk0ySTlM7QQbig3fL5T7fsdUT','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-06 15:00:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','940ae3ebb3d3676af86322173ae0561d','\n'),(590,'irma','irma','irma.koroblyte@gmail.com','1392e98f97d56cf7b5b95aebecc0f0dc:8IMR4431Vww73TSxqdGszM86boPTWAUX','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-06 18:09:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','89c3679394b45216da8c6b5a1707c852','\n'),(591,'Akvile','nrktakvile','nrktmokykla@gmail.com','5b801d217d88c14d5eb91ca087c12ad0:JEobBPI6EwxHhsSxTauMCkOj9H2SRCQw','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-06 20:21:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8c8ff2a8cdb55c1513b5ece38f8ee296','\n'),(592,'Vida','Vida','viduce@gmail.com','503157f6f88dd56fc5c040cb273dda2d:AP2k2sht2Inpyy5ezcUGPsLhzaiVwfGa','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-07 07:11:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','88f8e22f7213db129c0117595876941f','\n'),(593,'Mangas','Mangiukas','theogis1@gmail.com','db0cd3ffcf3f9e98cd6788b1a3d20c06:LYdVMQFijxNPYoo3uDRAiY2rpqlkYgag','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-07 11:41:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ea07291911491da7d77e76d7c46a6909','\n'),(594,'ALVATAS','ASILAS1','alvarasda@inbox.lt','797b0fb719a37f5f06095ff346095642:JgcGjZRC9Iu4TesrmQt2w8xDBA5MS7mf','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-07 16:20:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','de170c32273cb417ebbe8600ccf08254','\n'),(595,'Venckus','Venckus','audrinskucio@gmail.com','5f53b408348d160dc6d287ae1b9c9843:HjSNRhgZFNc2o3HbiR6oiTHjvS2mJIIG','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-07 16:51:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b0a3cc2dfd02b008d21ab28dfbe278d8','\n'),(596,'Gabija','vanile95','gabisyte@gmail.com','4e46d433acc9e04b5e1f3e5849052d39:Ac3nm3ViaI86bTrt86IJzIl764ZWmU7o','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-07 18:54:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f69578a97dd36d303e51a4d0544080b2','\n'),(597,'Tomas','turan','bratkal2@gmail.com','8a04062309b5582be58a1d551a254267:WryHymrXAdjAifiKnxRjn2jNPEcmbzuq','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-07 19:07:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c2b11ea934db2541a25f722cb5caf10d','\n'),(598,'Agne','agnyte','ataujanskaite@yahoo.com','6a56f6e3b134901591b7494b9e323ecc:C8lgqAonYpwnS8os2AIRmg6cOkDKOHeA','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-07 19:26:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3c828fef8e1747d8e42b167a61c05d9c','\n'),(599,'sergeii','Sergeii','sergass@hotmail.com','308028e981c7d2489db59afa93f84bba:gwqnDqjdG5qU1EcoJXovIecHczP4Pw7v','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-08 08:05:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','16ebfadebbba89386ddc7a275718764d','\n'),(600,'Dangira','dangira1','panike2003@one.lt','2c9abc888ad5d32c2dab374ca0bec5f2:crA9hwwuiQNbp4pERYWzztV4a7xpGJft','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-08 09:16:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a288eea43c86e83dbe90e76bc2b04cf3','\n'),(601,'degasas','degasas','degasas@gmail.com','776cf3736ea0c83bba92f8f46d7722e8:PowqoVKIoBkF2OO9h6UZJCCkOyFN9lKr','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-08 14:28:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9ee5afe24a2cc71a2276a594e4a5fb47','\n'),(602,'slepeckiukas','slepeckiukas','j.eglyte@gmail.com','a2d258a8670474dbe36ffd95c0ea5072:OYHYSrgWCVhDVS2ryuPEEOu6WAcwBYeD','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-08 15:31:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2dc77a2d69630fffe51fb180b08f71d1','\n'),(603,'inrecognizable','inrecognizable','youtube.come@gmail.com','3d505989140f4b5b2607e04a47b1953b:Fs3KTTdJ88UAbsYk19aTDGfoeGtDELFi','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-08 15:34:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1cd490726e16aa76d95fc12d51c05a9b','\n'),(604,'Ingrida','siesta','magija10@one.lt','cbd6d6782f6018183180297f90e7a992:lnoGn7RYccJjkSD1HIC0EDqMzT9A4NuM','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-08 15:35:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7364182769f5241c0924353278e87213','\n'),(605,'Ingrida','magija10','budryte.inga@gmail.com','9e660d291994aa043ee9f13cf8150cd8:MRC682KTV0hyKLmZhE6ozdXSOtUUgYPs','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-08 15:37:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','da6296cd0178c00782903d3efe1ffd66','\n'),(606,'Tomas','TomasR1','deffus@gmail.com','dc2664eb478fc14f5cdda2228d97b533:lMi6GJItrUeTHNpKUGRAfF0KJRRuy8Bq','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-08 16:04:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','86ebf97e31e0dacfbc69c27cc8a973df','\n'),(607,'TomasR2','TomasR2','insette@gmail.com','39e2022b4ef5aa0b17df0a7530563802:hfpvtVzPOk5RkMW7DtAtmOoqUUFnGbeo','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-08 16:08:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6d095b0817dbcbe210d7f986af38d01d','\n'),(608,'Dalė','Raguckienė','dalia.raguckiene@gmail.com','92cf3e61a02ef68848c5619551a31ebb:5rzQMhS7UBqw8yC1rYM0SKdyLDOSata8','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-08 16:15:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b5ebe81681f4af32e8a846d8d6d1e16e','\n'),(609,'sigita','mikoniene','sigita.mikoniene@gmail.com','edee22d99beac0fd1e7e1fff866bbbc6:hKLXdAzrmCzyelVGnyXjrJyTAs7p43aG','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-08 20:03:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8f2244fce42833d03ac7654028c6b6ff','\n'),(610,'kuredve','kuredve','kuredve@gmail.com','deb08949e6ba6c657ea9860a8b2cf858:isWOKPAdXjiJkbwmzIbX66oN0A0PQkTf','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-08 20:40:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8c7f5ef11f9115e2e8372ffe0298dc88','\n'),(611,'ausra','zaulele','akrugeliene@gmail.com','dece997c1582cddcdb0944383edeceac:31Hc8oaYbFdAGkkFvU2yZZvTEFi9Gpgu','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-09 05:39:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9c77ab6c839a3c4f7c61a8bfbc7e619d','\n'),(612,'tomas','incme','viliusk@walla.com','1edf0e7a59a455d21c401ee6ab697fcc:fuehhMxlZARlTC5MMpV5cxYwC9FC0oR8','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-09 08:01:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','993a0e8cadab25d7c8b24d22348db7ea','\n'),(613,'Vaidotas','spokauskasv','spokauskasv@gmail.com','66c2611263333b49c473424bc5aee620:PZnxsJcupJxMMTJCH8nfvjOmgiGNLKqT','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-09 08:18:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0fc02c72c0cb91966c2d775a2351d8a0','\n'),(614,'ecka','white_leader','eck@inbox.lt','6cf15b3acea2cee3c5974e996242afcf:mczMvLhY6lIMpq627jJmBXf4P2a96ddS','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-09 08:32:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','82392ccbc8649566f2f42a1cf5689698','\n'),(615,'Vaida','Vaida','v.poskiene@zpienas.lt','e3a4d1e4c25b53735a3e04ec3ace35c6:JVgJAPhuZgjqfRiPk47qSSiw7Z8Y3aI5','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-09 09:24:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9de0544ff2ef7f91b069178029cb1032','\n'),(616,'daiuli','daiuli','daivaul@yahoo.com','e2f37cb5215304a00ccff72ad4fbbef4:EdYKGQ66ZrRBzYQVf6WqVPuIRcOcPhfO','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-09 19:15:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ea4c59d8930b12987515fbb60b21dc3f','\n'),(617,'daivaul','daivaul','daivaul0502@gmail.com','20f41657b4e5461ec3d350fe3ed3203f:1eIU9xExIbInvTCLMZi90P1T9vlLmqiX','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-09 19:22:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','38385fff2eeef62fd1acf651d9900493','\n'),(618,'liuda','liud','liudaskinas@gmail.com','89b6470193f8b2fa826da9996f3fe449:IfglBRDTejMH73QPTPNib4u3dJiWIK1l','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-09 21:29:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3d3bdf39059c24617c701f7d5588b573','\n'),(619,'Robertas','kvazalas','kvazalas@inbox.lt','507d9fc8fe6fe2d091912df770186e45:VjUUFQQqFWGHvdzzQIjGG4jrCw95prnY','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-10 08:52:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','dd81b9a3a93c298b9616cd0cef6404de','\n'),(620,'Paulius','xotabitch','pauliusc@sps.lt','166ce07957ef86cf6e2b99ed4e710806:ft3LVjdF6nduBb7aj9PmI1KomKUdNK8y','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-10 12:13:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7895effd2879f1c50f1fb9714dd040ec','\n'),(621,'Ugnė','paitik','supyneswez@gmail.com','523e9392219c00b09ed2006c0e3595c8:gV6LlBxBYrR1CZYldu7cJwBREOI8C6T1','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-10 12:48:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7157e1ee3dafc7b46403fde3a74785f4','\n'),(622,'laima','lamuka','Bukutelaima@gmail.com','d661926ff130fd13ad9ff35dc6a77ae3:lwSwLGsrsICCh7ubQjNQ9FrScOxExTAO','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-10 13:41:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c9bb9b294dd2d3ec3613f63ed1ccf22b','\n'),(623,'roberta','roberta','robertakerner@yahoo.co.uk','7f96e10de78937e52f3ff7ed0260be59:NPKlQgYsqxHY8cYfOvSdk6tWTL8bUZBm','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-10 14:53:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e4b4e5b8a45800e0900ecf725751c6a6','\n'),(624,'T','zvaizgute','toma.valerija@gmail.com','ce0881e02317ba3cf5bf927e166d34d0:CMiM8OtSVm7i6tn8uQKe0XFlkXxSEv8s','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-10 16:44:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1a961bcd9020abdc05dc67953b8e2315','\n'),(625,'ieva','dievele','dievele@gmail.com','fa4bebb47790639a9e74725193cd5ad6:DRZXaCZHeRYOJkRuMOzFwrNhw0hAsoNd','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-10 17:02:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f79845246cfcc9fa13fdb33669aa0ce1','\n'),(626,'kristina','kristina1982','k.zemeckiene@gmail.com','d2b9745e237940db542fd05f935c8cc7:FDX6sL2OzhAPVTL6htvvY1vtjhK156dl','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-10 20:32:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ab16cde3abb42a42f955abd52724a1ee','\n'),(627,'Mindaugas','Zyma','zymak300i@inbox.lt','476aded43d806fd8d8dd0c938ebcbfa1:0L6VX9l8mRml28bDz9UJWK3P3LKBHJjX','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 08:08:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2e7dcbd6fc09313e78f27c1d9709685f','\n'),(628,'vandamas','vandamas100','ukaainzinerija@gmail.com','a6f0238d9d7254fda4d5360ae206060d:0O5oDoQVH8oIYrFMb2wbwR1K7KYV118j','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 10:25:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','68969666f2fdaccfb6e368c1fa649fc9','\n'),(629,'Mantas','sensation','sensation0212@gmail.com','50393d3d5334bf8fd3801ed92e9ffa34:FOde6Wx66fDtFfwxF9d8XdnFBbmuhjcV','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 11:01:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','909af1d9ce1c94697bddfdb39b3d25c8','\n'),(630,'Aivaras','aivaras1989','aivaras100@inbox.lt','ce006e405f39b3e8b3c43427f8d323fa:bdjSJO8ChkEg2sSnhZxGsItBdPFZ0Y6N','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 11:02:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','09bbfb720366422988e582478a275da7','\n'),(631,'saas','ssaass','asas@dadc.lt','78c2f150e17fd642b70636c2c3955d60:wNkx8tWhTVeFqWJiBXOk0fBnkq0szMoF','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 11:04:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','64e7604ac2071a8421d52d932186af1b','\n'),(632,'Ramune','jondarlin','ramunebank@gmail.com','f9ce39011c49dbdc79e15496ae23c859:BzJ0puHnzrxf96dAO3hkFfEwnk92Y1fA','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 12:28:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0875d93b8bf873c10a7e08afa3f08551','\n'),(633,'Kristina','krizztina','kristina.buivaite@gmail.com','0c4d9cdea001b3029b452cb08dd1e298:eNHFR1Uqrj58AFCj96OJRBGcu4DAoJd6','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 12:45:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','20efc1076aa6df9ae4e893577bff4a93','\n'),(634,'kugelis','blankas','nakslenasm@gmail.com','2597e1410206b02aa9323a19a677426d:Lfkp54zbJTBzcKITA1sVPRIWJ9VuyFZ2','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 12:50:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','daac5624257b62188db5968d8258f305','\n'),(635,'Martynas','Amigho','maurasss@gmail.com','85890fef3773ade2f7e53c8fca43d5f3:UoBb1k131LDDH0UyWMf3egMCS6IUY7rk','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 13:56:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','044d0842c187fb31285a8fd364cd869e','\n'),(636,'Viktorija','Bagdonavičiūtė','vixuliux@info.lt','f889dd4cbb44abf9260be38036efc16c:bx3SDJybxtzdcpxxaVjhHmxSWYgouzmU','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 13:59:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5332e056c27a64ec86007ee25a1938d0','\n'),(637,'Alahas1','alahas1','daivak@splius.lt','3540381844cea1e8138d7e59d5cf6c31:GivJW63JfkTQLnPbkB9q9LeCaDzFSZel','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 14:01:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2d9a63cf42faab7e26abf6002aa170e7','\n'),(638,'Viktorija','vixuliux','vixuliux@gmail.com','e316433ae896b35a690eef9f3307ed53:rtJ53a6g8bzq0nVE0MPA4FsVq8YhYk43','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 14:09:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','33a8b85563aca27cd8b4206993e9dfe1','\n'),(639,'vandis','vandis','vandecka@gmail.com','3bd3c845bec6468f646327aa89184188:rcA909eIajZNl84P2ZEuXhefEBZSRqXE','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 14:24:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c8ee3d55dea0626e090c957d730f025e','\n'),(640,'mikas','mikas','mykolasadamavicius@gmail.com','42b805692a12530c094029d0c2b0fba0:w9f1zruj97vK1xMRoSDQvUAoQ8FTnfbC','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 15:26:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5f1110d790c668f450577bd9537938d0','\n'),(641,'mykolas','mykolas','m.adamavicius@lff.lt','785ad255e85adf5eb73e42762bdb22a1:9qxa9INHeP49rzUimCm72ob9sniEGk0V','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 15:27:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3db90fedadf7606b8ebb6525c867c424','\n'),(642,'Rasa','Rasaka','kazakeviciute.rasa@gmail.com','b14daf27a6fa3cc852abb5bd3f8f11ca:AIx0uYPcwTR0Yqy5Oh8NtRGKIxU0fGbB','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 15:34:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ba308b033bf977a0653407e787f51a44','\n'),(643,'Arnoldas','ArnoldasIva','iarnoldas18@gmail.com','6ed2584e2e14b7b65a992066361702de:t6vWOKmVL7f3nYBUz6lnpwdkTgl7OW27','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 15:50:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2c34b83ce68d58e83c90d4cd563f5b07','\n'),(644,'zilvinas','zilwiss','gunevicius123@gmail.lt','b75cec3f32957b600a50d4de41f9a406:BEET030WTXnIVBhVHZvdHEqAQG3rsTRo','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 19:17:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','bc7ed607b05d975a65b29683d69694ab','\n'),(645,'juste','Juste','ljustule@yahoo.com','99524b8a9d71e60f9ad92319dd2f217e:vZUbQeaD0EoHtj2030myT8N168RV6OKP','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 21:02:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9f2af13cf4af76657978138e54532ff7','\n'),(646,'Juste','julyna','juste.laurinaityte@gmail.com','91840fe8f1d110c64f45ecbb9b5eb4fe:FBmHkIUB6aQRCX8kHCB5R7THjFhWWcTD','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 21:12:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2abc46b14384268ba8fd81a623af81e6','\n'),(647,'kestutism','kestutism69','milcius@dms.lt','db415c79afbdc5921430e3982bafd47a:KlmSmEalwTyThU8l2kClMCuwDeygXFES','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 22:05:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7fa277ec6f80e2f1540e71594d6caf66','\n'),(648,'remigijus','remyga2000','remyga2000@gmail.com','f08b72dadeb0c82b06e921ce1cd19790:pJBgkVEYVrOIXEYJ8QlJpi8hoVD7ohth','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-11 23:09:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e119c7c71099b1ac2cdd9d40f7ab6b73','\n'),(649,'Roma','step','romastep@gmail.com','599cbc29873ee6d41a6973e8389481ff:i00JTMPXV3yyeDQNXnf4BbefVwSxYJaY','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-12 06:13:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b33c3f1fd858c5e5d137e9d997f4c9f5','\n'),(650,'Monika','Čeponytė','monn45@gmail.com','d59156d219306fd8d927279b4d357c47:xCe5TAic15WAd0488pUWTbajyvpOXRJV','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-12 13:03:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','abc072c3aa02dd761abe3deb746d9638','\n'),(651,'justlooking','justlooking','greta.laroux@gmail.com','0874745d109ee6a4879dbca728977464:sQJrrcw2VZxVxfRLxFIt4m8SkLPaziDU','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-12 14:43:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9ddb14798b76fa85295b8d10ab4a9407','\n'),(652,'Renata','Kemesiute','renatullkaa@gmail.com','d20c701d334b9807b541200ff1b0d49f:uuGmPYH29JUwMgLB5IG9OFLxUH2Ks4yc','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-12 15:29:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4db78ef5c809660a50375bb1ddbf9113','\n'),(653,'Renaldas','Renaldas','sdesignagency@gmail.com','f3cd9f29beee87a9647d4ef93c8d7e5c:UkPXJsx8TZk3keieGH5LCjQhKrmdPdSr','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-12 16:31:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','bfb51922333350180a705a432cb7036a','\n'),(654,'Monika','Monik','em.kinderis@gmail.com','f86389479650d8c119feafbec629889a:itprGNeBjUVf4ZRwhKEXs8FIYtCnp6b6','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-12 16:48:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4a39701671dff8300f8bc806bf287b50','\n'),(655,'kjhgfds','jhgfdsa','aiwaras111@yahoo.com','db030a8825d33befb790bbfc51c1ed9c:eKn8g89Izzb79enMiAFXmSrcfV5gD0hh','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-12 17:19:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e5caedb9e863c58e784c7ef07092e2b8','\n'),(656,'gabija','gabijota','gabija94@gmail.com','ec0a1a078bb14eda52f38e7710c7ca5f:y9sIXEZbahcX9ckOXpHLhDzzXyVdRTVR','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-12 17:34:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f47c1f994bbb0b9f07e4e717333952d7','\n'),(657,'vytautas','vycioks23','vycioks@windowslive.com','7509952d77bfe9326ccc6609f02f2ac4:co3ExzsGUPP7VlPy46uFjb8Z4XVonmZN','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-12 17:48:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2763f24e62edfeaa0fe12dfea24fc7a4','\n'),(658,'Martynas','arjen','rrrrrr@hotmail.lt','cc966a99a86a0803da80824d84742e91:Vi55EwG8Rh3Ie0EbQStHFM6QVhLtdPEw','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-12 18:34:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a4266987576735a6fca9ac1804bc3068','\n'),(659,'Justas','justas125','justas125@inbox.lt','dc7d0a293c2296f6eabdb80743b7b2f9:iO93WZq2qhPzEoA6zfklyzzy4Extj5Ud','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-12 23:14:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5621f88fbdd5e1ef894c557edbdf5fda','\n'),(660,'Gabrielė','gck','g.krapikaite@gmail.com','01a4cc3f4176622e8b0eceb41f85c97b:lkQswLMhvBeYEAMmW0VwNYiKUtC695aS','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-13 01:19:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f283c6f6cc9e8d657aa4b3ceb4abfb89','\n'),(661,'Kristina','Mankute','sviezuteliss@gmail.com','a1dc162be46f8c9558850f5380f26be6:KqvAHc7I3sKGlIAyahpb5v0URNkh2Ffh','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-13 11:57:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a2e4f15dad106f709938522a63618a1c','\n'),(662,'jolia','jolia','kwietacka@mail.ru','3bd89618416c74d24d9bd3105641e4ee:pVe8L1sXF1hFi8rMgtlEzAftQch1OHJd','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-13 12:04:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','deafe24c670036ab257dabe35a261317','\n'),(663,'Rūta','Rutelee32','ruta.baksanskaite@gmail.com','2b320b3691daa0830cc6b88cc96a2d34:TlMnAhbzv59p7ilrQgO2J7OLqfiuXleJ','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-13 14:13:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','05c86be69c49e35dacb9f88f08609628','\n'),(664,'Jonas','fyniksas','mdauciunas@gmail.com','e437ad6b6bc295247c8f364b3d26f5c4:2iU97do7L6e3RsWpoJXz4DnX9DsV3Y9S','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-13 14:36:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','689967c2856ae83b725e573cc6720e86','\n'),(665,'Augis','augio','em2030@gmail.com','fdcd0ade70c34879b6fb3ed34d2dd0e6:KRZgdzhl8AHhBaHWRHvxNLXdMjOdyjhb','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-13 14:38:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','499c20866cb47cb7ab28aef367816a73','\n'),(666,'sushi','sushi','optaite_gitana@yahoo.com','e66358119196af5502b119934b0c456d:44Xqz9DuELHSTRp1NLgM9DHRaREWuLrx','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-13 14:44:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5de0a9d3b557ac2bf2f8f19cc034556c','\n'),(667,'Raminta','Ramuk','Ramccy@gmail.com','10b827d8b94b565863adefc7b6df380f:kQKHRgHLK9aOl91rfAHLwiFkJjXOdyRd','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-13 15:55:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','465718474c08d818ee7cdd9b444247f6','\n'),(668,'Mantas','yglass','mantas.dzimidas@gmail.com','d72fd3b16d5e5c536de7417e8c388b40:or0KciHW6d8EexlUEfmzVvxKe2YciOeg','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-13 17:02:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6cc2e9ca5596cfebdbd3c6be43fdff05','\n'),(669,'Monika','moncerella','moncerella@gmail.com','a960fd6fe20fea357d100998ea2d46a0:0eMewNu78ImJhhgx1Kb9A3qUBLCmxcXl','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-13 18:13:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6b4f8dd90bc3caabd2b17fd9a8e6a641','\n'),(670,'Laura','Lauryte94','chocolate@inbox.lt','f495d81a4774dbcb5c7a53c50b7135a7:CfMfkXduyquaSpPkt9u6AFYmYAb0onHT','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-13 18:19:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7a689aa982b9ad7f08bc666034070454','\n'),(671,'jushkus','jushkus','info@metforma.lt','dd925e0c6d4c8d9c6aa5f1fed8e47e5a:QPGgZQYrhwincCRxtLi3VValruC22aZL','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-13 18:22:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3157a62e488d07d15a7d639d4480a984','\n'),(672,'Tomas','tomazas','tomas3@inbox.lt','911097c7478ae9fc5fa31b4f84543590:RaTgUzPLYoGAApKnczrUIA5ulTDLA2ab','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-13 20:05:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d497babb78fc8a686bce782efdf6a681','\n'),(673,'Raimundas','Raima66873','Raima66873@gmail.com','4404eaff4023550d87eae8dbb85b4f17:LifDqngLgAj9klwbhVYU5os4pTWoWINP','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-13 20:06:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c110c347bae9933d8b803bb212fdf762','\n'),(674,'Asta','stebukliukas','stebukliukas@gmail.com','963010e28be77d9cac6bb2d271d62808:JnHIyklGu3QtPcPwRc2gXDuwrloWxXZ0','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-13 20:13:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d6251e8a5666b89ee2f4e7bfb6a5d1c0','\n'),(675,'Audrius','Audriukshtis','audriusbudreckis@gmail.com','d7a127babb4626e0adaefc965d68d19c:t0svlxCt3OhyHq8U5Fx9rTJUYpbcFOiB','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-13 20:49:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','57e54bdcd2124e3ce1ade9f59e7b3972','\n'),(676,'Austėja','sobieski_uoga','austutte@gmail.com','2630d4745abdc311dd607a97cf5506d8:9gnYWqutrLSEH19tUZdKEqV9EFjT29iH','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-13 21:39:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ff4942bbf00ce9878fd3cdf0b9a55050','\n'),(677,'Andrius','e-studio','a.radveikis@gmail.com','afc3cf5312480e189a5fb39569117199:D9jtXUbJSv87WQglflG5gfasKWSEyF5v','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-13 23:59:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','80c99a4d6cd3ace69a85d77ca8cccf75','\n'),(678,'Tomas','Cyberpunk_Lt','tealogija@gmail.com','aa4830986e98944bc9656c45c30ec700:ZzGLDeRlpEErSpAOEQJMP7C06r9zVaQ6','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-14 09:38:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8556462747f04f050dccb860065ee291','\n'),(679,'miroslavas','Miroslavas1991','Miroslavrk873@gmail.com','8531d61f5ecd2afd3bf14921bdfc880f:R2SY8lHIomEl2mL3zHjQHzI0nABTpZnc','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-14 10:40:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b34f5de0aa18991f02994ff053d4c498','\n'),(680,'sdg','kepsnys','greenfan@inbox.lt','8abbf78bcd0c13dfea1afb851a82ddbf:3n0gfQPIMpHE0RU46H5Xw34yMxwNB8MG','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-14 10:59:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','cd1b445357c4180bd10544328346230b','\n'),(681,'sdg','pastetas','algis.ruksenas@gmail.com','395d30a0ead86599ca03fda5f201b3d5:dSP5YsdTTGhU78fwUTGMWPUA1aYS2zSD','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-14 11:00:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','978d722ef73ad5d2d7f7c72e9d83a015','\n'),(682,'sandraaaaa','sandraaaaa','sandros.kara@gmail.com','008441f2120fe682bdff2c50ab118e8b:tLNPkOWI0cSLYBaPecn0o6bSC4gMnFMn','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-14 11:43:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','280b3dd54a88b0ff8a1cbf6d7e407c3e','\n'),(683,'Kristina','Kristina Rama','jdc@zebra.lt','0e2da0c9471878cbec77b57e6dbda0ed:SYXOY06kY8LInDlIqL0y5RsH3YhpH65x','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-14 12:28:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0e8e755e793dae5a8de192e7eea7bb1d','\n'),(684,'weenc','vincukas','weenc1@gmail.com','0eb401e830df8886aeb2867b8baec1eb:nsd1KawMOfE5NQSpto4MSlJDN0hLnxbG','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-14 13:20:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a5c15f5bf1e6ab277fb7010dcb44f1f2','\n'),(685,'sang','pilaite19','panateriai@gmail.com','38eb828dfaa02409ee54be8a20fbf201:2nC92hWHiJkE5XdcUAuur83yqUurb9Km','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-14 15:08:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6db5c8f86569c2ac8dcef24f86e17dd8','\n'),(686,'Diana','Dina','bagdiana@gmail.com','a0153ef631a1e0a41b25ff7af1f5aacb:Hbz5JOhMcnwLhSSreGgfD27ZKtPA0jyq','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-14 16:25:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b00727f967b59d7bb42f95e8e802c766','\n'),(687,'Ievaaa','Awetukeee','iieewwaa123@gmail.com','0f8c582205e17ca5ff727c0406c315ea:hfwbZ1yuSFemezZARbczO3z6o0dsrBh2','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-14 17:42:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','bc984485549f4d02f67741f5a286f9a2','\n'),(688,'Ievaa','Ievaaaa','awetuke@gmail.com','4833134ca18296c6b0a26c9f42684a2d:P0UQhxfKucZ9V0kPc1viqOzZykgKutpg','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-14 17:45:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e81788cc3357ef76df719be239516231','\n'),(689,'s1one','sima254','simona.p@auto.lt','39548011a6db592177f4343c09ad18eb:gQUR3uAKmPsciJdn6q3ZbDJ7WN2pftJ4','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-14 18:27:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','12a8b34fe4f8cd325d7180aa9352fd5b','\n'),(690,'Domas','domcipr','extrymax@gmail.com','f82e600ea3e9e4d124a5dae9e3ca90dc:nlcqi2r3xkZ4tCFTaMGY8YTA78RO26N3','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-14 19:06:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','88e027ed803306869190c1d9fdd2872d','\n'),(691,'Povilas','Jakavičius','jakolavicius@gmail.com','1ced813f43d0fdf87ab98f08fabef8ea:smwnMGs8paMeNjl8tgfj7BJUwxQMzzlk','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-14 21:03:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d30a3280f72c87ef0e3c9f7a1d1fd555','\n'),(692,'romanas','bilobilas','megahitgamer@gmail.com','fe97853f81ec897f5261ca868d39dd91:nMzGs381nmHHRyBlqQgZYu5YYn5vMh4Y','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-14 21:24:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','33ddadef8da4b8f0fa27b2087acef87e','\n'),(693,'tom','qwerty1','fraslocr@anonymbox.com','79154d9582b4a8e33394dca21a265e22:EZQu5RgQy6A0QDJsx1bF1XDvYMTwnYSo','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-15 02:57:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','235276492fd4727685318dd3cec2489b','\n'),(694,'larik','larik27','larik27@one.lt','053a654beb71c3959da028fa043d4156:cuZMbrw3P0SGmIgwajWlsfOVpUx0nX6m','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-15 09:27:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','162fb64611dcb5579da54abdecd7f2d4','\n'),(695,'Edita','Ediola','ediolaa@gmail.com','d9c6a7d5bc471d99b917a6962f0046fa:zDj1B5oiHuhMGOuVKado9h8Cjf3Fixem','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-15 11:08:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a504fa82eeba85af3113fefb4b971333','\n'),(696,'cidokliz','cidokliz','cidokliz@gmail.com','8fef078464fed978a846dc484b400b3c:vMrt7OCDRtkRUEDqHI18LPcLcJyOJPTe','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-15 14:18:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','bb9c0e1e7c18b24df8088bf7c709f1df','\n'),(697,'viktoras','logoff','logoff69@gmail.com','8fb4e7f24644daa43029e24d027ed138:W5Mdx3jILXbjizDgP2jlYRH31dSFRPGg','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-15 17:07:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f2399b28cf3619d1beb3ba4a6e7f3449','\n'),(698,'Dovile','boruzelia','boruzelia@gmail.com','e91c5411da7e8e2b8bc3ac1365ed7c61:CQkqnaUAQE83Unxq8mCABJAgd5mfS5YF','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-15 18:25:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ec33757bca754887b4e38cef8bb4fa71','\n'),(699,'uurbonait8','ugnytee','uurbonait8@gmail.com','c734b896f9c7136a08688424267d4509:LgtoB1R5BiamKAoEucs1npccek5UnaPq','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-15 20:45:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d43faed1b17322e07dcdb31654ecb35c','\n'),(700,'kotre','Ylva','kotrynaylva@gmail.com','42b260762648d3221010145ca21905fc:VE3JNNpmTDvIXwM1tKLThbtNGrWCOzMb','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-16 01:42:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','fb04e14562726fbd696681037ffb915f','\n'),(701,'valerija','Valerija','snegurka85@mail.ru','c817d24a602562c5230b6fc3a5addda1:bbyZnzGauOnGxG72FZBFxS8lXU9OTj0p','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-16 09:31:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b50c30e661727ee0c7e4bb26db99fe9a','\n'),(702,'Markas','biksis','Marius.jjj@gmail.com','ba84e6896bf72b6250541f572cfe0b7e:tpyCVFXOm6u3t2nvYN4vX5H5xrrrujEk','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-16 11:11:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','564d172bf5708b418f32b9d00d9529a0','\n'),(703,'Justina','justinacka3','justinacka3@mail.ru','4fcbed7e50d07d4249b01445a99cc176:UGfnY3JEuwSvN9I8nhAOAlinxVixBa5u','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-16 13:29:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e161978a2e3083e7845582c4cf1eb04d','\n'),(704,'Inga','IngaIngule','insmolskai@yahoo.com','1a413bc875222cc7bfb74155ead6e3e3:rmaGWv4ps16IIdcpSZsqm6davdXlMraE','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-16 17:26:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','187da7170b4b86626bb4e20865076234','\n'),(705,'katras yr','Kliunkis','gmstripped@one.lt','0f38343b377624ea9d3c78a0c03f192b:rUFrBdevMlnMKhTpkh4Zk9REgObEIfcO','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-16 18:06:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1c771d3d5519b21329b2704cf60d014f','\n'),(706,'Gabija','Patapovaite','gabijapat@gmail.com','09ea08326d870b0356dd842557ea5e8e:VUfsQC7GEI1WY9majbUopkiwEWZQHUv3','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-17 11:07:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','65d85b11f4575df3f7caf67315b53e4d','\n'),(707,'ernestas','ernizs','ernizzs@yahoo.com','c45242a3e08f17241099b29c4b8642d3:B65xQDGxpUKhm9HOrzCV0cGTfwQEcBkO','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-17 12:34:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','26fabbae451886b20a06e1088b67069c','\n'),(708,'Simona','karbonatas','simonavasiliauskaite42@gmail.com','d2a526ff6f32d610a514280ec2539e5f:OWHnOOXNZxZuI7NEzRQzDXUgwXQ1PzUM','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-17 13:12:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','48d6efb2a0f5979bc86ca5eb6c9ea246','\n'),(709,'saulius','saulius7711','saulius7711@gmail.com','24f7d250992adfaf9dcdbf0a4a493ddf:3QzO9mlBRRSy3nzMFZP0OeTwmQOZ9jFX','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-17 16:51:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9c2dc89e5b2b9806c4d2fde67c308e18','\n'),(710,'Gabriele','Ggabriele','r.gabriele1996@gmail.com','97373a9297b34ba87549bf8b1af2ef74:nXlsBDIPIxjtujRDD4wx1qeueOiJJKDo','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-17 16:53:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','94da792eb952023f2daf2dfffe44547d','\n'),(711,'jurgita','jurgute432','jurgitatrucinskiene@gmail.com','977750c741c6ea57289eabd6568c654a:DhmhmVfXzt3SYOsFXG35aDXCfsKWyI0G','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-17 18:22:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','44eb2315053af964682a4ec7c8a4b6bc','\n'),(712,'Ilo','inlite','nepazystamojiM@gmail.com','9f27b504ad578c4d26a2228cbca30734:zCMkRMd9NUCRUPHSHYvvg4oZmPfkGXki','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-17 19:05:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','48f883336a729304c4dd09d7c631b925','\n'),(713,'Lina','Malinaukaitė','simuntia@gmail.com','19bea8a98ca8a008fdbe8fe5e055c8f6:XWp3DwoB8uEb1QyfvvH14co4rmsJD312','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-17 19:38:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','bbaf791e63d0446a972ba49a4733a787','\n'),(714,'Zibute','zibute','jolkest@yahoo.com','f78a9f31ac54194b3ac5765d176c1cab:rvxQ49YSTDBaPnCFQehPlJPlRJ3CKyvg','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-18 07:55:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6cfea99020a1ffeacbec52424c588efa','\n'),(715,'Gintare','ginte111','ginte.liut@gmail.com','fffb641eecb0c12838164740d97e34e3:LNgpia1462GXnM4f4l7lTYyRY3fuewA7','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-18 09:26:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ff90226b9dae9558206f5e2570240d5a','\n'),(716,'Greta','muuuse','muuuse007@gmail.com','318eac451806d80e6bbf8133d15d6595:IWmQXhEEZZrrvNXdYVLcQYiKHC2VLbZ4','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-18 13:20:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a13ff009fd781447cc331d54ce528eb7','\n'),(717,'FragnaT','FragnaT','mozilla@langasiateiti.lt','53377b22c6b32c2f316313ed12489dc2:a70qvxLB1gqHFhEvJ9I4bYzPZBVDgoHh','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-18 14:07:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c7a620257f4920188ab52dc277942add','\n'),(718,'marek','mar4ka','jadbar1@gmail.com','7bedb7637e1526f9c1c625d5820079ab:CUhk4SD1s9MejSshNHdVlFcBLfhifeR8','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-18 17:46:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0bada609cace181668844f90080fa6dc','\n'),(719,'benzelis','benzelis','nbenas@yahoo.com','55f57d8b1f4f3ee5aa5a125c88790ffa:syHKhZfkUgFDjlXXM8BT5CdEGUCgA7lV','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-18 20:41:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9a162c82879d8a34dc4d56b935ddcd03','\n'),(720,'edgaras','magnusas','edgaras.norkus@inbox.lt','60ab47f6ddabcce5e737092ea4bd218b:fSSQFmxYWkO2H77AfXAaBm6xx6fyBf0I','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-19 10:23:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0287d400b3314b59490add3faa16332d','\n'),(721,'sh3fas','sh3fas','kristijanas1992@gmail.com','33f776e7b55b6b67eb606e18bfc01110:DjDAe62XVtKwnOXBuMk9OSKCngqXyJ2E','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-19 11:36:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0de5049a73a1afced814602031ea5a8f','\n'),(722,'Simona A','Simona A','simule69@gmail.com','09a6ed4ed4ceb8f44b458c5787014886:8pIGLSRbT9sVBEtOgQjQHM6Tp4WadShn','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-19 15:18:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','56e056a1cea112959dc8abe78406f941','\n'),(723,'Indre','indreliuke','indreliuke@yahoo.com','ac8d814ff4bd0e857f38a93488f855a8:JPaQlU3e9p7HJbVvE278sXxVJG5A0Udy','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-19 17:17:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','fbaefadf1433cf0e0e60e807b08acfae','\n'),(724,'frotis','frotis','frotissss@gmail.com','6b5f398509e9f7fb53d670894ee462bb:ag2nvIViPvqZWQnkmCdfHRUjrXFReguL','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-19 17:40:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5a10a8a4631e7ff102e018f5682ae029','\n'),(725,'Sabina','Sabina','sabina.silzeviciute9@gmail.com','1ae1da1b669d90eb450295e47f82cfec:d2kEg6xStPg3oBgs5i0wftquM8eyLV6u','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-19 18:11:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','69dcb474e7d16e79beec5e087ba2ee5e','\n'),(726,'aiste','unbattondecolle','aist.aiste@gmail.com','d2cd3e5426a75ca07a3c1f934d8d5515:Cdcc0WEyq4ehvlUGQ3xBXQNmoPUejSX8','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-19 18:32:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4ac64f5655763fe84946aa013c2436ca','\n'),(727,'eva','evulee5','ewute7@gmail.com','967d77f7ff51bbcfa0d25fa2c4b5bcaf:014Q6WEGJgGeSJHWfIxEKwKxrCJ15BUN','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-19 18:33:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6491c6184c1c3f1ae82aed53f776cad6','\n'),(728,'Kristina 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00:00:00','9f36f3c9e163eb40d4968b27f6350cb1','\n'),(732,'kestaz','kestiz','deivis7531@gmail.com','2a9ac503428bb10564b58eac62e1d2d6:x5G1GVysi1hzwh4ZQSqxpGgXAR21LjI7','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-20 14:36:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b15f0bda90df5beff1323a48767c6667','\n'),(733,'marokas','marokas','mariuks8@gmail.com','ea850289fbba8c4506248c50c1dab62e:mWFtf5I3cjpc1OXUsViuFpUiEbhZe9Fr','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-20 15:03:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4ee155ba7b374bcad617d9241af191ad','\n'),(734,'aliona','angeltvin','aliona.savicka1@gmail.com','96df7559fa8c23b05835754ad4ee9693:e9FJH6zDjDrbtCXWvc3DX4HvuteVUin4','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-20 15:08:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e094668c098942d57ca41bdefaba67d7','\n'),(735,'Grimmjow','Grimmjow','daywalker166@gmail.com','4bdc48568fdd90cc33ca741ff175dac3:dV0d2dSqtFEKVU7uvNTm8JJvnVGiClQv','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-20 15:26:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1ef4d8ce9402c51532102428df57004e','\n'),(736,'Monika','Nachiuke','monika.kaskeviciute@gmail.com','2cb4156cad718fa0ded0b38560a78f61:v26gGs3cvvuv1xdbTRMBskHUMZOcelM9','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-20 17:56:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','960ff8007e1515b60dc0f2f7bdd3fc9f','\n'),(737,'Silvia','silva.kedra','silva.kedra@gmail.com','b7f794f504354466b4514e8fb9bde093:CAJWikMcKUAtxrR4BiQIUziExPS4enSU','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-20 19:35:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b7fa720466359b29fb698402f8e99a92','\n'),(738,'Lukas ','sliomis','lmarcinkevicius@hotmail.com','b0a09edf2dd1c367f16f3326f93d7612:6L6mKAWB8Dd3DPVDmDR1D7x8n16EMonT','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-20 20:53:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','552eef82061890e7dca5960240738e28','\n'),(739,'dona','donass2','bajorunas@gmail.com','ce7d5fe8a7f8cfb0d4f559accbc90192:3SGFyKWgw7cPEljbxal8p5lnGSTCwHCH','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-21 11:33:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','58a2d2a638e32ad56115b1b43f218325','\n'),(740,'Jolita','vasjol','jolita_vasiliauskaite@yahoo.com','c69e5cdc1efa9951a0aee6170a8b40be:l6JrMfs13NEcnN20RRFgkVJNznNyvEVy','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-21 12:24:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f2e1e746cff01cd151600f001dada796','\n'),(741,'Timas','Tomykas','tomasidiskis@gmail.com','19c1938d58437d23d2815ca9d4834216:ZEkAJEF2ZP1poAJVRGQipWVfDMQyMcbN','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-21 15:28:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','51d39a70eca5970cdd7058f51750f1c3','\n'),(742,'Žydrūnas','zydrunasr','razmelis@gmail.com','585c74fe81dfb89be32f4f7669e36d51:sJZ7KNMjbN4mZkZi1MhkfCa4WjC0KuvW','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-21 16:33:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c45914222c7f6556e4f4a254759fc49b','\n'),(743,'Ieva','Social','iev.sukyte@gmail.com','7bbd246daee16a38a4ad9a35d6b53d4c:1SjEFx1SNHvSMCbHWRa0VhocBrUbCzc1','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-21 17:33:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','217b0a395c96c6630b165caf9ee4e8d1','\n'),(744,'Ieva','Nowhere','ieva.muse@hotmail.com','788a3d753c7deee16cd12a06c303f4cc:ZuBRCmwtJ2tX5rEihV5Rvxjmw93CiRr0','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-21 17:44:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','173f416cbe317090255d1130d1f6f8c3','\n'),(745,'Jūratė','juratuxa','juratuxa@gmail.com','24c05315aa5b035fc65a839d6cc78d92:0ySuWEEoCsefkmvW1BvvO18qsYaJRD8Y','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-21 17:55:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ed7bfc2a7b5f0fc0c2e95a4b8300119b','\n'),(746,'juratcikas','juratcikas','jurate.meskenaite@gmail.com','7feaaffcc3e3572c732a8c15395f9db5:0itdGAByTHPms8gTIZhGPaiZQp27yQ17','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-21 18:34:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','555e4d53adcbd5e736cdbc90e0b61de3','\n'),(747,'kristina','saulyyna','kristina.lusaite@gmail.com','1b4eb8cc9f9f80c60e56c9aa90902403:5la5pOJJhtqAaOSqLe7q08fVrAffs8r9','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-21 19:41:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','bb596c326887d24d5cce46b51b9d5bb3','\n'),(748,'lukas','Kashioras4','lstumbra@takas.lt','2a05716b9f13200a6f65666d6995deb4:XItaBcGYKP60kqGefrnXNNhpvDIGMc2n','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-22 00:10:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b7d9a3ae25dabb18da4bb13a6bf450dd','\n'),(749,'Karolis','gesventas','gesventas@draugas.lt','ab9015140039f2560af5574d415db058:vV6DoFoYOmYEOZjkaEOv3eDAs9iD4Z7J','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-22 09:06:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a744fcf03318a5b36bdba0e02e6abe0c','\n'),(750,'Sandra','sanndra','sanndragud@gmail.com','e97f3ec6c3d71081dfb92f9a2d576eb8:H7vA4z5YniV7oqfXTNl0u4rlmjpOQNYU','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-22 10:33:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6f03a681aff86678b23e64773612da25','\n'),(751,'Daniel','danuxx91','danuxx91@gmail.com','32220bb607f0de98b541be2a36283cc6:NSWGZZaa6NNhwzIqHpwJ9oIxZdospyAK','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-22 17:45:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b9b6dbfd576ac3d11ad5cc9e17b44fdc','\n'),(752,'ieva','iiev','cepaite.ieva@gmail.com','804a6cd125f0e65a50ffb950852a0a23:t6ma9NHm3CGVHdA4GNU3q6m1ThOQEfCP','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-22 18:29:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','83360c9ed37b3493a807f19ad6f26d98','\n'),(753,'L:auke','Lauke512','Lauke512@gmail.com','0ec4655b2d888f13cac1d35d80c21608:XyfF9P8j88EwQnF0EjwGi7aOOOBA1cGC','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-22 19:08:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d1feaba9897e6275eb2287ea6494db29','\n'),(754,'Mindaugas','mindiau','kananavichius@gmail.com','1f57f493b8c1270e144b674308fe6887:AK9OnNPhZvUTm2LCy9v0nPvIO8R3mbpw','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-22 19:37:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','29b71d8ab814e9ea126001e6bdccefb3','\n'),(755,'lina','špargalkės_','linaa42@yahoo.com','2bfe99141514d5fd4699e1948b73b5b5:nYuO85ud4Yd4kenvwWhkwpTyrfNADo6A','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-23 20:38:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d35e16f0061e008282626e8a68192dc0','\n'),(756,'Valdas','Simpsonz','valdas1992@gmail.com','8f14415597907de404f07d5887d2ae95:trUFyGYZ4RonNOu8XkuESEOTMqrqlQPu','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-26 11:21:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a042777b99f2ac2aa2615fd12d9c79b1','\n'),(757,'lalala','lalala29','92lina@gmail.com','853f4d8d8791883ed25da0bae4fd74b8:A1cuuBSRWqNatgMCV5zWy2Hj1bDeuyv2','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-26 12:23:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8f9cdc3823eff223710a4598ce44da6e','\n'),(758,'rena','rena','renata.siau@one.lt','e1e02f731b2fc525feba2a3f8fd3d482:b5wDyly1mLcW7taKzBpyVFTwgpw9WgEU','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-26 19:34:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','bf552e434bcc2462c7c3b0ad8786aaab','\n'),(759,'auris','Aurimas','skrzd@one.lt','bccb4d987e30527e0ace8f2d26b11226:NxEHf2iBjXuw3NcSWMdSPtvTU0ymx2T1','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-27 08:09:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','257a28aa5f2f96d90b680b0e83bfd061','\n'),(760,'milda','karlita','evelinukas123@gmail.com','3f2a165c6040ef2f64cf2ea3479ace22:vTVklcW9iFebpCRBvkNLfqoWXX99OcmZ','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-27 15:38:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f838659db60b573f5e6cd8ac760f6f29','\n'),(761,'Ausra','ausraal','ausra1096@gmail.com','143cb31044a241b29944640f508ce7f6:TeVers4jwv40NPjS37WBO4Bm6ptLKHwF','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-27 17:12:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5f85d62c0a362a80f4ffb8ad437ff15a','\n'),(762,'Lina','Linele','ania17ania@gmail.com','624a1b9061b90d5e157ce3ba6fe50348:8C9RmJDj2T31RIitrQINnb9DkvWuUO1q','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-28 09:32:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6b3152b1824e6c5c1b0ac3b50111bf2c','\n'),(763,'Diana','dinulia52','bacinina@gmail.com','74d139bd0f9bdf348a96c4f3e3a9f592:UTtVy8nxnITaEefidPGnKs2zAFduWwFS','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-28 16:53:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','fe23de1867f6d8fc5ff7abb39c0eb760','\n'),(764,'ryttt','ryttt','rytoj@ml.lt','dba9b900c5817ef41231305af6ce5757:v3bo3I084DdtYfKpzT9xa18XDoqxvbpq','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-29 02:39:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','bc2c0af9727dd32b03376fbc30e5af73','\n'),(765,'antanas','jievaitis','m.mikulenas007@gmail.com','14ce4a3c433257275e5a74070f5267dc:uNetIGbcBHphUw2rMDK6rdiUWFqqloxF','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-29 20:31:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6e8d346ca65640acb5a5fc6c68982db2','\n'),(766,'Donata','doncite','donata.burbaite@gmail.com','011ac4921ff8e2f88c47a068bdb8f3ba:21MpXEnGoAVzveR7ZV7rWxNED1OxdVV6','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-30 00:48:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','01a6bbea11b563914a82fcfc6c2e8726','\n'),(767,'samanta','marsam92','smfuturemiracle@gmail.com','da5348bca3276c91030631f342ad4ead:9vvcCsjOLHpA8NwpKkkQw0UbUzAUpAPh','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-30 11:42:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1044372422cc314cae3af3151c5591a7','\n'),(768,'zaneta','zaneta','zannnetka@mail.ru','dabd9ab63d0f9a2507d80cc005cfbbc8:bLLrP02BYWN9NRQd46mrmaPR6R7k7KPr','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-30 14:01:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8808057f08797378238636c6688ccac8','\n'),(769,'Monika','monjka1990','malolkinaite.monika@gmail.com','796c7ba6d46e5a015736bf3307cbcad3:M1yppmLrXeDFGKFOoyNHdlrrRGnZXEEW','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-30 17:43:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7e6c30b565bd00e8b11e8d2167f4c60e','\n'),(770,'as','esu','einam_pasivaiksciot@yahoo.com','ee889f69e9dbf37742453fc8400bf36d:EHgmbJtm2ojNLm1dZZJ2KJm2JUW3GiMq','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-30 18:23:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3b8929ee017793ee9fe0ab9f05ce7304','\n'),(771,'Judita','Judita','judita696@gmail.com','d147b94577a337f291d5d101ca125ad7:DAbVfOFXCuKIFz2m7FNxOiVYzOptNxr8','Registered',1,0,18,'2011-12-30 20:07:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','373ababed8ed16c4e47524d52dd143c9','\n'),(772,'rima','rimag','rimagluchoviene@gmail.com','ef138352020cb66e18be78d64679cd08:gn9mOUH2TUQdEj2DOLr8QBUezKEEPxim','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-02 12:50:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ff19339dd54887a866e7dcb956b461fc','\n'),(773,'Tigran','broth3r','tigran.ovejan@gmail.com','79a4226a4753cb71e6fb7703de53fe24:SNJJcLfrKMaioiWktssEYeJgtwp19sii','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-02 13:06:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d364a02be87613e6bc2cd3eb6edce73b','\n'),(774,'rima','Ripe','r.petruziene@lrv.lr','f33f0ab032e76b3af8668e0781801b7f:DWFAMch70VojeIFDwhHLJRwhkNM04Kg5','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-02 13:10:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','de3b34a5fa962c753f8163039310ae32','\n'),(775,'vaidas','Medziagius!','vaidassaltmeris@gmail.com','783f4a8c3631c02a54eba207c5cceca7:a7y0CrpzHTj1vMye39vCb6bPeWufRntJ','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-02 16:26:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7d691eeb9da58565486fadd6f6ba979d','\n'),(776,'Lina','Lina***','vandyte.lina@gmail.com','ef56d4c653c7bd2821a42cdb11b01ae2:XrirW7govgLZzGgZPSIp0SWfvmvo3PBv','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-02 17:13:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8dff27a5c643af05238a28d5cac119e4','\n'),(777,'silvija','vitkauskaite','vitkauskaitesilvija@gmail.com','5d1888aaa09f7afa84367e3fbb5b4c65:6eHzXmkyL0rBxlK48JPBMRuNvgvI447x','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-02 18:33:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1ef42add13a96e9fcec7cad5f1e2c222','\n'),(778,'bostonas','bostonas','djbostonas@gmail.com','b9c958faf970aee565c2efb9ba9d7466:whkbanuvbrk6U3bdgo2okIAIjHoER484','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-02 21:25:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a7d41ea5860fb4fc9772018d0b509a4d','\n'),(779,'Monika','manekutia','monikakasiliauskyte@gmail.com','434ebaaf7be7386ad53db999f2a33dc7:559XlIs7ownSIcPqtCuIK4fg3Y5qQPEE','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-02 22:43:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f87b4dc87cf9b9e1563707367d315412','\n'),(780,'Aloyzas','Aloyzas 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00:00:00','38189c358b2f5c345c488c0dd2c206ed','\n'),(784,'Vytas','skindred','draugasx@gmail.com','7709263dc64c03fd6bc6e337e1e14c48:ERM9ezI7ncGOCjZ2bYAxW1CQrOkprSaW','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-03 18:26:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','72d8f7165a71f5fb2658699587889050','\n'),(785,'dovydas','dovydas','dovydaslengvinas@gmail.com','5fb97ddb1020dd1dd101f0b56e3a9596:sGHkiMV5zq2XPiaCZpO4oz4RVNmfp4Iy','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-03 18:42:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','13109f9f6c97134480545ed898f43437','\n'),(786,'Benita','Malčiūtė','benita.malciute@gmail.com','053a6aaddc5a01688df22eae38e3dd2e:02E7NhfioRhzRBNBOaIEtwT2DjFvNYg2','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-04 09:21:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','24ae533f91c18578c1f1b913cdfa5b5c','\n'),(787,'asdasd','asdasdasd','asd@gmail.com','eca37c18310cc435a1b0843222cba096:XYdu1gdFeCFAfbQoAUqRdUiPb8uWiAIx','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-04 09:49:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','bd991cfa2d41b15ed1b4c5da9e496bf9','\n'),(788,'Inga','ingpau3','inga.pauliuk@gmail.com','e52f7fd43e43e7923aa0d845bdcc6e30:mLWceLYumArj4F5AJPcz2DdhbScrIeWS','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-04 09:51:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ed388fa3048581b306cf989562484770','\n'),(789,'Andrej','Pingvin','kosiakas@one.lt','abaece96d48c380e267d6eb228318d7c:Ru98ilVmCBpDj6DJJ50YTRPXHz8vw49R','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-04 12:11:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8150cdcba156f0ad64311201ef41e709','\n'),(790,'Marius','iron_rhymni','marius.petkeviciuss@googlemail.com','7975a7712a43cd019aad8f7af91f8b06:AR9oqOrAdK0J8Seyg1OY6Q81XETaX8rf','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-04 15:29:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','293f539377de73b024bd75f82c7a167d','\n'),(791,'Rokas','Rokas321','eugenijus@kava.lt','e6c90c6e6cfb957eafae7872d8d36d46:fqW2DMj5t2ghhZ7mo2eLoSQMs3Zb6tAW','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-04 16:34:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7aff2b67e5af3e9831fbe6a597bd4b3a','\n'),(792,'BeTePo4eK','BeTePo4eK','edvard2000@gmail.com','5fad26cb3ec6af4a63c292b7d9a5859a:SNMNb90VoHYkc8boY1okMXncDXRtqWqh','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-04 17:07:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0999ee757d3ab851e0bec310cde39a1f','\n'),(793,'Raimondas','tamavicius','lorient333@yahoo.com','9f8426ebc4f6e0aa15320e297c61f818:YmIpHBURpsR6HHnBGCyKnmhOY5BiLk3f','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-04 18:17:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1173694103089a518f475b5d9a2ff878','\n'),(794,'aasiwat','aasiwat','edgaras.isacenko@gmail.com','c61b3a38ee1129656abb8c10443d9cb5:QR9ptv3NOyLyzFXrsvtdd1wOL0TmB1qo','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-04 20:10:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','317f648482534e282f115e44fed455f5','\n'),(795,'gabrielė','norkutė','gabrieleno@gmail.com','ca70b6c0486f392a9b6692bc2e7b7595:1PqZbb2o5kHnODIYX51bnVV5u329HqXM','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-04 20:29:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ec43f5fb3a299eb253eefa02fee68902','\n'),(796,'simonae','endriekutė','simonae35@gmail.com','49ef53cc8f3348bbf84f57df25e302e1:e6Lsgned7S2OC5UVw6WpMyE3kwEvd2mG','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-04 21:08:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','102ec4d6b33583102d8945e9527505e1','\n'),(797,'Sweete','Sweete','draugiska18@gmail.com','a947a285faf490caa13085a6be5a3c74:EG9mncWJoUB3YV47CcDBd8iriHoGcN3a','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-04 23:03:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4100466f81cb7f3a2349c320f62e7b28','\n'),(798,'Antoske','Antoske','alkatonis@gmail.com','9bf65da9436e4ddad93e417da236e0db:MGXzrEhjyUW7uj0pezWqlwi8orx38rtb','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-05 08:35:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','141a0200a718f333a869f3beb0e01d62','\n'),(799,'Benas','benito','b.padvaiskas@gmail.com','cbda687fe5c8f2c7171699e3005a3522:oMHKVWBQaIByMqg5I4YkinfMXRxdNF7g','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-05 10:10:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9e2839640357fbf0a17d0059c1c77160','\n'),(800,'Matas','benuklis','r.padvaiskiene@gmail.com','8e87c7b20c1f380851a54f7755fbb8bc:zgPPcCAhBZuy3ao4B763BrBoZQSmJ5RR','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-05 10:24:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b14417d4e2d3501f7bef2455f6bebb8e','\n'),(801,'irmantas','iirmantas','irmantelis18@gmail.com','95c3df304559dd204fc5261108d15312:IDqVCEn9HPVtLIIUPbUIPk2dHeZhzBzG','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-05 11:40:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','22614f6aefc1bb624cb92d93ad2850b3','\n'),(802,'Eugenijus','pablas','eu.vaicaitis@gmail.com','54829ca8cd602324029b58535551386f:vSko6hKSsDXkYNHGu800OV6MsQxEJKWi','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-05 12:59:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','65db9e97f110e7711fefe2d131b45380','\n'),(803,'mantas','mantasas','xmantasasx@gmail.com','062cf80733f5074f1befe0774cf61176:4Iu4G9Hjc2XInLNPBzISGRNp5GwSt4kG','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-05 14:40:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','906ccfd2b3751e35e5bd980302f63a22','\n'),(804,'Daiva','daiwuliukass','daiwuliukass@gmail.com','71faeabb753d117f6e9dbd5d063ea4f6:EAiVXhjoxIKDfbUu3fi6iph4htvJquAv','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-05 15:08:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c586aaae5d3c6618e50f326fb91630b0','\n'),(805,'daivaa','daiwuliukasss','daiwuliukass@yahoo.com','4f936f2d0155fa89ec5b890372c44f15:vyqf4NtgepkEJgOQxw7yvBQImwL71hkt','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-05 15:25:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1dbcc7aacee81c15611fd61bc64dbe22','\n'),(806,'Andrius','cannabisimo','jamaican@inbox.lt','d9a6c6d7bca0e3da71c1c0155f105d23:m9mUf36apGo8LoBaodcRRoWofr38GQc3','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-05 15:54:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','58435d549af5248fc16103bc5d263df6','\n'),(807,'Ada','ger','adagervyte@gmail.com','a0a49bdf7672ca3b36863628ef086417:3YUAwgMQ1GcYboASewpFU64uoCT2xUfA','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-05 16:20:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0f6c6b308235a6a0cb616c86226aea88','\n'),(808,'vaida','Skruzdelioks','vai2te1990@gmail.com','d96db45c8b597d4e23adc1b979e96ab5:fR3N2BlPz9xAXbguRs2k20rHPmlnwURF','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-05 16:34:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6697985ba2d60138c4c41c40e173ec23','\n'),(809,'Edvinas','Ed1s','edisnr1@gmail.com','ebd84ab095cd0dca7bd9fb0445b4ecbf:QA7eQr2DjDyin2PXjH5Qy5EPGQ9vWzTL','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-06 08:08:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','bd2aa04d0fa53743f0725655460cdc81','\n'),(810,'Edvinas','Edis145','edis145@one.lt','61fe0bb72da7432d33acc9c0e84e662e:uhkwJXzwqzs3N6a2YKEG3jdLdOggQCsZ','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-06 08:10:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c5e746ae634621aa41b84b517729670e','\n'),(811,'Neringa','Me2za','neringa.msa@gmail.com','628335a102ed30bec28723c8ae921286:GewHQ8Oyi6fEKzzD8oeW6mKmCjY8GSQ6','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-06 12:15:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','fac579b38fb06904b7ffd9e882e3f64d','\n'),(812,'Saule','Saule','altrizno@gmail.com','cebc730320d541666bc4fdbeffa4cd07:zjRkt06AXILSDYWnr50nfQUh588jSqUl','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-06 12:46:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','fe58972701b164ec1e2822b4a3f2c530','\n'),(813,'solis','solis','raimondusas@gmail.com','b22a344eab9fd69a84deca1ee193f263:B7k1rTscdTlUAAMdPsAtIJpySXkxnUTZ','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-06 20:25:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','af654fa8fb3598b3f1f199dc0ac38558','\n'),(814,'Grazvydas','Grazvydas','grazvydasminkus@hotmail.lt','890caf80fa19f662182b383433809e82:qTWCbvpkaZYC4HO2O0dFxRRsfh4yPRPI','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-07 08:01:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','58652fa09c2ca67937c160c9c2645450','\n'),(815,'Arnoldas','arnis3352','arnis3352@gmail.com','03c7c34c39f3080564817d64092ab291:PMmfMkrHh9SJSEnMMfobeUKiZnvj7Blf','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-07 08:58:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1824069890a6add23f5001fe37fc0d2f','\n'),(816,'agota','agota11','akinom.16m@gmail.com','187440b03b01baac17622d154d6eb941:chcX8ETxS2zB5TeDdPeR97GDZQPt88dk','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-07 11:12:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','26c1c52454cc260061af660f84c4dd32','\n'),(817,'asilaskanopinis','asilaskanopinis','lt-domas@langasiateiti.lt','639bb0dbc9819b737fe3366156223c52:v6Q55BBDzalBqRL8fjnEPylMStSxoSsA','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-07 13:34:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ac5a8d513513f9e46b8b1a6910bb6cb5','\n'),(818,'Qna','kune','kunera44@gmail.com','520439c6ebeb4bd51f75307bc2182f87:NLMrtwykGdnNDk2UJEGMRWhv4VgcN5hj','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-07 17:33:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1e41d0e2e02bef11903992ec0d8f9db9','\n'),(819,'Inga','inguteezz','inguteezz@gmail.com','d23db8aee0684790f7d73d59375a32e9:jBWpdFhFukJ72k2xUHn7HEwd7lgDyAy1','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-07 23:01:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a56bd70fe695ff8d3f2c08d9f2a6f710','\n'),(820,'Robertas','Angelas64','robkos@takas.lt','242112ed8fb086eac58310b5b4749762:uiSFugk5GSWvzC8OpZ3AFD1MLyE7mkbt','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-08 09:59:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d091a3109c24698d984b811390ea70ee','\n'),(821,'Valdas','integralas','fizmat@walla.com','175775b2867d9a3a3846b581c6c3ace9:zjwI5jl3UolDyh0ZuqNuYrSN7eUTUbgb','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-08 11:14:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2a043086839bb872bce1d9a11da9470b','\n'),(822,'murklys','murklys','rasyte.mau@gmail.com','8bec92d7b6e3af66ad2c0be4206e57d6:q53Vt27hWLrkRrQ92lo4B5oNxPN8CIIa','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-08 12:27:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','66d14fcc2dee6bf8f410208c03658137','\n'),(823,'Alda','Teniene','ateniene@gmail.com','e043af377910ae159794b6cbb087bf33:j5l9xYk9JomGH4rVHjCNiolECPLQkD4O','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-08 13:04:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e717dcb6ebd9c26f4d5082babcd10cf9','\n'),(824,'daina','studentas','daina.sadauskiene@gmail.com','104befe9aee34df828412c998005cbbd:UcxLL1TsuWRb9dd6Vc2sXOpB9nZRtkRf','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-08 13:54:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7b3cc61b94d566eda9f4c837a7129e45','\n'),(825,'stps3000','steple','steponas.srebalius@gmail.com','f09cbe94f9a57a6742c37947e9dcd2cb:hIadI1CiQuAivdDmeETuUfOZCjN8MShJ','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-08 15:23:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c668fa31a3b87b66ae06794e0aea9f98','\n'),(826,'steplesteple','steplesteple','stepas.srebalius@gmail.com','0ccf0c5ad4d14958366c188380f19fc6:t13Z7gAqrmfwd7E8gMzRcDguCFyGPVhm','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-08 15:26:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1401ef7539f584a1a0ada67ef96319c4','\n'),(827,'liuba','liuba','liuba@iti.lt','fbc5ee03f103e035479b5c4841910ca7:XyQM0hJRkG49Ug1Cbz7U3O6c66C2m3JY','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-08 15:29:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e2437458bcb81b3ded5724a68463fd13','\n'),(828,'Indre','DemOn','nesirupink.indrusia@gmail.com','d34f9b32e22ff1c3dc644e4cf5621af0:mM3pvKF2WVEpwgDgAhhwfiJxZyHFBKfY','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-08 15:32:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','461dcad53d02108522e102324896339b','\n'),(829,'zivile','zibuokle','zivileruikaite@gmail.com','489e7a8f2375bf0daab30b87c53c74cd:0YngpoOuhNkLUXfZDegIauLEQ87M6cyk','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-08 15:53:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8a4315d852137decab5c579863ccafbb','\n'),(830,'justina','justiega','justina.rom@gmail.com','a2aa2a17d2467ddc102145165a1c0505:LWecQoQ5Eai6Af6EaKa53ZiSVE0dN4lA','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-08 17:21:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ff9325320afc053066fac089eaa153e0','\n'),(831,'sigitas','sigram','sigitasramaska@gmail.com','5bc8284e03d50588649bef370305e4c9:BJu55SwcAVudTohivBUitlIcVSvqo8J5','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-08 18:33:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e86e79fa6e3314168e3af7ee29af5a5c','\n'),(832,'VILIJA','RAUDONA','vilija_omalley@yahoo.ie','eecdfb57545a508747abcb6a96e6da76:mejEKlbeo6sUVIqDpXH7PR8BNKNBmXqC','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-08 19:01:11','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f8d401024c2029ceeb42ec649219205d','\n'),(833,'Kestutis','tomkes','kestutis.paulavicius@gmail.com','7828347084471e290227fcca14c6db33:WjcQYuT7aJ6qjEM5BGlfTZ1BIL0rTJtv','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-08 20:17:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6a934b6a465be8d71d64ec640cd755df','\n'),(834,'Darius','Kibas','darius.kibildis@gmail.com','b2ab5bdd66e8f985418868bf3fe13255:9raTaSKKydKltU4feYseDaZAh49kHnXN','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-08 21:15:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b79ee3f3d326f831282a6811534f8afe','\n'),(835,'Justina','samsung sgh-e390 opera mini','justasad@gmail.com','ff1cbb968740eef47534d96ba614ed58:0N2jokTI555oWd5kDAjhV0F7VQTzQzWg','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-08 21:51:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b5bba633f34e2419c10926b304c6636b','\n'),(836,'vvv55','vvv55','bondziz@gmail.com','b4eba224d5660b54a9f17f17476d2c4e:O9gR8fd3t8XJWEdeHUrQ3hTL19B2EsRv','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-09 09:54:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d1c1aab70985e961c6757884bb26dd1d','\n'),(837,'Andžela','Leliūnienė','dzelan@gmail.com','2884f5ba47620a7b04d6f32e062ee070:dqlSZm2KmuxsJrfvi9H4SGGT1IERMReb','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-09 09:54:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','303622de7174f5ebd5d14b2598d014da','\n'),(838,'Sigita','Siggy','sigitamk@gmail.com','dc02ebb81f0ad25976af68cc47366abd:54rsXsRiSnc8F7FUWWmhyskcUrk5UQBS','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-09 13:35:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','00c45bdff705617cb66703f302c0c5b7','\n'),(839,'aurelija','svajoneapieateiti','aurelija.sinkeviciute@gmail.com','80d8c9511cc6193fbd7f22bba8cff328:118VKdd2eeL4GSBFEeEr93hWStiBNTTx','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-09 15:15:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2c28b95f1e30777aa10fe2775d76d99f','\n'),(840,'Ziufasp','Ziufasp','ziufasp@gmail.com','cf960be5638b72a8f402ab79e5251a20:MpEsWXwWsTAYTLWgBEWTM3TETy4DU079','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-09 15:57:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','575ad5c8c31cc035059c873e240e2fdd','\n'),(841,'Erika','Erikute','emmuliuke@gmail.com','6e8ac09b7d3fe6237d8810d0ee953788:v9nNodYj0PfY6WHeD9Bq1hZSTOP0gh98','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-09 16:03:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f81ebc99e043880ed1f33ad137069416','\n'),(842,'vestia','vestia','vestiag@gmail.com','64ff933bfab8b47275c276a3978bd2a9:x4SXB8hezVQAF4zmhWknrz5kN8Gy5Upn','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-09 16:27:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f3edf3b9ec51c23c886a39d5dd2110c6','\n'),(843,'Agnietė','Agnius524','tavokapriziukas@gmail.com','cb2ce11553bb14811dd99c5400d1cc61:ZrtRlpjI5e18XRMSXErNDgQnwVyeYga0','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-09 16:47:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','84e3f91d6aac20b3e36f8d6171c405b0','\n'),(844,'rimvydas','rimvydas650','felinskis@gmail.com','a0097508eed19401c00e30d0251ff80d:5qWhLT4tgVQE2r5dT2cp17kTKILaKFEE','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-09 17:56:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','38dfcfff907666ea4d24387401462c6c','\n'),(845,'arimante','arimante18','arimante1818@gmail.com','a16c2337d22424be116a1038147f4313:CjetjVzmRumrr1XycXASw6EryppWePRH','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-09 18:02:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','03b498c3285092949eba65059e316f75','\n'),(846,'utėlė','Jori','jorinda.misereviciute@gmail.com','430ad503b8336d820e6edd861e3c6a0c:MGiegLrbGroKVNfS2Tl9QeJ0d3y1yRqC','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-09 19:23:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','26ef9a737e942e0c26ad226f59e00093','\n'),(847,'Marijus ','marko385','marijus.stankevicius@gmail.com','705a2454442c0c445dec3840da2c6a54:bfi9jZISllG1rCiVB6hiO0TAvuqMi81h','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-10 06:51:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f6cd44f16457f3ec10bbb330951c8f58','\n'),(848,'Greta','gretacernes','gretacernes@gmail.com','2e33f69fa2f5c344641df3acdd35f76b:2oyszfJKkSoryQhNiJZd8Yp5U4g7UzSp','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-10 13:20:32','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c52d34a8cf8d38634772fec3274f2a27','\n'),(849,'Gabeee','Gabeishen','chiki123@friendsclub.lt','e902777d9a637be9db9192d1ddcfd0b4:UH46VaRP2rXib24q9Y7uTVdEQX1R8MHl','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-10 14:51:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a5dd21aa63690aaa2adae8220ae33c50','\n'),(850,'Dovilė','Žilionytė','Do.zilionyte@gmail.com','f41798083970517fc4a971821ba29ff9:8KEgU2yxYwNlumTm4jYiM6BB79vWMSOi','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-10 15:10:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2deabbe10da9308749d0b18bdb8e14f0','\n'),(851,'devil cute','wa','digdigas7@gmail.com','a3cce33b1c7814aa5e4fadee2804296a:FONl7Kn4hho8dTSM7Y3ZRKm6JmVbSy75','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-10 16:06:36','0000-00-00 00:00:00','63769abbdacf3912b4089c95880855bd','\n'),(852,'Snapius','snapius','bigsnapius@yahoo.co.uk','cf9173a8cb9199c31f59db719c8291a6:NkcHqMYi5avWRlRVsg5zOkSTGUcKryJC','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-10 17:33:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e0f47bf3eb94fb02d0c2479a0123ca6f','\n'),(853,'Laura','laura1','demesiolaura@one.lt','fde91347f7fe7ad198762bc4c2d0cd67:gyZpJwjl7RsvPxiKg6Z5OCQCih6tVOyP','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-10 17:55:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','886dd78c643785440053afa7059bfc02','\n'),(854,'Ignas','Urbonas','ignasu47@gmail.com','30baf3122fff07d3cb3c309b2bba310d:gqSutUJCOS709mz8H6D8iLK7o9xUqCTW','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-10 20:16:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4d9d298d15987aad498b901978866e7d','\n'),(855,'Povilas','kubietiz','oplia12@gmail.com','d729f2b75049be3ba7c6eaaccaca4c34:kGVCiSftTKkmifbceQ4jnzixjNviVFkH','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-10 20:19:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f1c74e027165e04ac3197b371d857df7','\n'),(856,'moksliuke','moksliuke','ieva.riepsaite@gmail.com','c2487e202548ff02ea75d5dfb8468ef6:RgGcNjSUQVM8BREa6Lx9bEYEUl0jwgyh','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-10 20:30:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c34b5ae1bc7980e6394b4dbb29c41f38','\n'),(857,'Andzej','Savickij','asawickij@gmail.com','f32d9cef6af93d2e532375ce801c7dd0:wzpKtHCDpbpqeJRXN7hOJRXteutZxGWz','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-10 21:29:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','33bfcbcf2e3b8d3a49f4e682dc9f6282','\n'),(858,'ruta','rutukxs','rutukxs@gmail.com','24f8ac152bb94dac4d75d49c3edbfce8:7dJ9q969etWQ5YtV9vodTdBb1a8MQfI2','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-10 23:23:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a92425cdb5b4501220967e6153d9bc3d','\n'),(859,'yesterday','yesterday','yesterdaylunch@gmail.com','83f67e69f9e4427c35d66553e130e6d6:ShNlBbgcCtqL06TrTIyw9wD9Jb0DX42t','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-11 05:02:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','32fe8eb02e5bae2fb0afcd6baa418741','\n'),(860,'Vilius','Vilius','viliausl@gmail.com','a9ce28b6dd16abc27973bd6f460fcf46:wIwnDoaIFEZT58lEUKlO3GQYIYebntGW','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-11 07:54:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','11ae785ccb2758c9d942c0dfabf667a0','\n'),(861,'kristis','kristis2001','kristisv@super.lt','257ff0147f46a9f77ca8960d3fc0ab83:a0FDtStRe0FVTTCNoasMd1yFAWKBQTeo','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-11 13:15:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a3e8dc6b916fb16bf511b86626fc59e3','\n'),(862,'Agnius','swaras','litovic666@yahoo.com','5b281f33c27543714d6642b704d584db:6ZfyPLMxdfPUDRfFBEvKrAuVVwqHtgb8','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-11 13:45:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a2735ba42a3000a603ffd55fbd08579b','\n'),(863,'DIANA','KELIBRUK','dianamukane@gmail.com','ea13f0274801b748b78c4e057f2eb344:XGdL2gkx5SlRvGjNE9p0oxg4vBsYFu2f','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-11 15:15:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1430a00418332c0341138f619cfc26bd','\n'),(864,'Arsa','arsa','lavysa1@gmail.com','03c0e7c7900f0429e8d9b190cb6a4a22:2SPgzIWQxCd71rH1WEgYb7Qd0F5NIoq2','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-11 15:48:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9b620ed076b950076578881e12cc35ec','\n'),(865,'tadas','tadas123','lukas693@info.lt','a73c40467dd21e04047e47161fc0e9ba:xwKLYgKrU7tM5kSIbeKPfTZmUrAtAVAw','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-11 16:02:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','24a575c048dac23dc5cdef72810b5eb2','\n'),(866,'Milda','Ireth','katytemoli@gmail.com','d8fa79428c8fa660e9eb442b18ae9b48:9iKd2Iyhwaq5686Mj4go9sqqiNKBouB7','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-11 16:16:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','11b2545821e900bcbbb238f3e44eb18a','\n'),(867,'Milda','Mildas...O.o','m.ivanauskaitee@yahoo.com','54d0040c5e013a46059b82728021f035:1XejD7SHz35gZxRQx9EotRaDDgGroJ7B','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-11 16:22:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a5820c72f78b28a61466e16cc8c5290b','\n'),(868,'vostro','vostro','freitikas@gmail.com','799d08a2528891064507d9da9a988ba4:VNSEi7k5CG4dlk6geEXDvzhik4uQgkyk','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-11 18:03:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4982298e4cf132f830124ae9fd207f80','\n'),(869,'tautvinis','tautvinis','Tautvinis@one.lt','d70ef4cc48b85572454640bf3e7d66f0:9zMNCh2v8fXWY3uIOKTurmdTk0vs18s6','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-11 18:14:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','15b9ff2fc8502b69de937550426c6986','\n'),(870,'gertruda','gertruda','gertruda.radziunaite@gmail.com','cd177f9105dc1623f643e658c6d3e814:TUlThUe5a9KEYdSezZhzkEhQYTclCVy8','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-11 19:12:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','645324dd2d8b88adbed249c6554d954b','\n'),(871,'simona','simona1','simona.lauruseviciute@gmail.com','5fd839bee222e1aa36b5d0a80f4c3937:sc98xlNKMXducdsBXNWtDGIJaNJinRu7','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-11 19:16:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0c6ee6e8bf1f80c3938712a9d5fc00c8','\n'),(872,'rima','rimulamorr','rimulamorr@yahoo.com','5f75157d21c847544cf8e53b3ddd6ab1:2unxrVpDE5xSKuY94eWQdXcP2GryrZ8V','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-11 20:20:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8dd46724d21240e7aaaa3696fb0f57c9','\n'),(873,'baby','baby','ingute01@inbox.lt','1bf42f137f632f27e748ee373b26c63b:ODLycZzLf15qG9IbG0Gar2fdaY83PMT7','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 06:52:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','dc2648723b251c1aa787828ac5f1d42e','\n'),(874,'aola','aola','ilonos@inbox.lt','158d872cbcd4f7973bc850c729a93ee6:OzVrL0moBRlZcdBLgQCsBeSMZHWEoekL','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 07:51:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3b4ffed3c43620ea91c2b77adf0d4995','\n'),(875,'yoga','yoga','ilonaeste@yahoo.com','6149876a1c7191f36fdb9952f0040e41:uL21BnWe2xzuO9IH1TTjy68XIN4Jys28','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 07:55:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','50ccac8c1d2df42370d54db11b6cf37d','\n'),(876,'Kristina','kiskiene','kiskiene@gmail.com','ecdb60bfe75913f13e93992629823207:fD82dYHDNIMH5se2bpgeLokdJgai31YR','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 13:17:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8720de9cc4eccaf0d4ac710e3b4f66e1','\n'),(877,'Jovita','Černevič','jovita91.91@mail.ru','5e01ceac2c27525961f05e6d3a83bfac:KgEmXNCQQe1IjvA7EOKLWE6Wc2EC7s6x','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 13:41:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3def069fc003ab437b0baa2999ef73a6','\n'),(878,'Albertas','all','albertukas2@gmail.com','c9a26c7517fc581113c8d07f62133a87:Vl0MK0CMpgXoHrnxceBzG9o8EATGJG1n','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 14:35:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9066114cd695f7d301495b8253ef282a','\n'),(879,'Albertas','alba','albertukas@gmail.com','336c29ee6578ce50f64e23c387d457e6:eMFOuGzohgIB6L3Bsv57XLgBvOaScaJc','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 14:38:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','03b8228e4591d93d3b5ad21d86b223a5','\n'),(880,'kestius','kestius','lipisli@msn.com','d6210a094168c322a609b3c2e726322e:Jmv771Zktz3qRemWiCmoqfrz5LNDSoA2','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 15:08:56','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ffad7674e172b79a98600669092760e5','\n'),(881,'Arimantė','arimante1818','morkuniuks@one.lt','6b61633ccc07495323b06cdf064fec1c:rd05GeyviRJrh5DRO8ZzEWCT8MwvoVjd','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 15:29:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','00c1c8fcf7a3c484b61e7d0fd051836f','\n'),(882,'deivizzz2009','deividas','xxxdeividasxxx@one.lt','b2b15859ba60e2374454953ff17d0220:KCVNPZDH6y1I5r8I5geJw9BMW88rY4JB','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 15:41:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','248efae51ca42a9fcf37f5891d268920','\n'),(883,'Deividas','deivizzz2009','anemori@one.lt','d93fda2150805f456e001be2842c7b87:khD11dRMLfwOz8KAfnjwX1KCrU62uLIx','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 15:44:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3f114e2f71693ef109a1d3cfe279692f','\n'),(884,'Dyfka','Dyfka123','pronoobnr1@gmail.com','77feea8702f670bdaf598cffcbcba776:oa1J7MUbw58iiwaLA3j5xArjsmocaZil','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 16:07:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ea85cb7b3d13c173445ccc8f286d4388','\n'),(885,'irena','Urmonienė','uirena@splius.lt','89a6b00f0d5271628bdbc3ea6706bba6:Vl2XIyYctNnkPnlx9muZXWDAQGOADiVN','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 16:10:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','af581e3719ec40aad7ccf14a122dd71c','\n'),(886,'Gabriele','mascara','gabrriele2@gmail.com','dc572266cb53b3ae03e6cdc59340317e:D70JDMfOgKdkDyINp03mjJmQUdt0xBx7','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 18:28:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8b263fa7e454165067f04cb89ae5ad33','\n'),(887,'as','tu','vaitjulius@gmail.com','45388ce42d04b21731ad56d9303365bc:F71deZDL8YfRg9r7jEoAjypBnuOrJoDy','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 18:33:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f261e96bad26f19e8640b19a08fee7dd','\n'),(888,'stud','stud','mastytojas@inbox.ru','b6d4ace4b46d27480ce54d51002b4888:K3bUwW8LuSJ2nhhJ1p89olPFtrNk0ZeL','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 18:41:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','edab3f812cbfb0a60ae07266ac3a6881','\n'),(889,'Sandra','Skolastyk','skolastyk@gmail.com','0d8dcc2fa7a6ef74520bee16c9cba070:dpYXTdIGur4UcF1FbH5LvUVBBVXdLZJA','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 18:42:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','bd597a91310a329ff533015ae9db9760','\n'),(890,'Gabriele','gabrieliuxxxxxxx','gabrieliuxxxxxxx@one.lt','66765973c9b515e32224350fcdc3f001:ZaseujJuTg2FRLVPMF4g5UDFMFIE9XE4','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 18:58:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','162a2bd6f3fb5cba5ffa1332ecc047ac','\n'),(891,'zita','rituuuuxa','gabriel.braziul@gmail.com','c1a215f3adc40b449ae58267eebc9fa6:FuMJRfmSSiwO0qEbK0gqHvpbHzgjxidn','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 19:01:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6aba2eb8d97577ebf9a78523e6767c13','\n'),(892,'Rūta','BatLily','Partykida@yahoo.com','f4d11d4622d1ec0e136b2d4f60d07a10:fnWsrvl0G8a4AQ9rDTO2uProaFme4wXU','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 19:18:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','aa52c966a22ea02e26ca4b825d5922ba','\n'),(893,'Beata','bite7','beatabienkeviciute@yahoo.com','82cd582d6570645fadeb475610b2b3d5:Z8uanLAswtKYhlkbnCTxUvPTWa4daj48','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 19:20:58','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5c1fc6a2e1a81aa4671296c5e7823f93','\n'),(894,'Vilius','BoBiKazz','BoBiKazz9@gmail.com','7465f47767c441426ce5ec017e1e2cf1:wPvlgm6Cu3RnxcFDB42Wd5IGdwerBTNJ','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 20:33:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9045bde8ef6c71b548ee7e532e857d88','\n'),(895,'Luke','Luke','wolfgang14@gmail.com','7334ed3d85a54e048061b6f357049e80:oSok1xC8JctQO3h58ItnBheS8wT8i6E5','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 21:35:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c36959fed980815c33b79869f38d735f','\n'),(896,'Rita','ritiked','rituke2@gmail.com','04af1754fe327dc7b6e60d9be973934c:PFUOl6Wh1Y349hcgRExY51sLbPysvhey','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-12 21:49:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','cfa885c9640aea1798c905ad0fe00bc2','\n'),(897,'Eimutis','Pakalnis','eimutispakalnis@gmail.com','5270d673b4a23ea46d6ba415e57fcfff:mIecpOqybaKPqSzJR8orVURTbLVNuhKv','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-13 06:30:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','21fa0088f8585eafbca971914c663c83','\n'),(898,'Viktorija','Viktorija','viktorijasoft@gmail.com','f3528e7bf8babb252457fa75cce9250e:9xJcuVSoqYyxDVCPoqkn0N2SqRKA4mz4','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-13 08:48:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e439bceded40e0cd463fcf17a1c072cb','\n'),(899,'Violeta','Avela','violetamurauskaite@gmail.com','7fba3e4c626632be649d72bc5be9601b:4zwcOh5R2RIdyIIsDG0QQJH3nTPLQp9a','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-13 09:39:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','040d823161b867b784a5939722cd6ec4','\n'),(900,'peoromeler','peoromeler','makaron@seo8.co.uk','500c920b0db9f6d6a8e0b3febc42cf4b:7gHcDOVW0IiitVzvZYPv2HGhMugfWDAM','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-13 11:10:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8acce2db0424fa859bf831d824241d72','\n'),(901,'Monika','mpupa','monikute94@gmail.com','202d8f8588192a7e3b11a289b3340acc:PDjH9CXA4hL8figc3jOdb8jbznHn5xtG','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-13 16:21:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','966228b4680fa15825ffa28a363294f3','\n'),(902,'mantas','mantelis','mkacerauskas@gmail.com','51d04523da42ee77eba6d485e49c3df2:OJOojFPmW6RXxKY1hmx3UyyZWKRnaLwn','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-13 16:31:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','12ca4bc02ccc410cfff0aa64182b36aa','\n'),(903,'xamas','xamas','piktasbl@gmail.com','78dc794f7e4f7190bffd1927e031ac0f:ODx1wOarhtgVaShMue3zuuuuY12R35lH','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-13 19:18:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0ae3f400016845abbb7f35205c3d7d3f','\n'),(904,'Piktas','piktabl','aurimas@giedrys.lt','3df01e3d12aff535801d3095108ccb93:I5GJsVmumXQctL4ixD9HlhsZHj4h0w4f','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-13 19:21:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','eb8128068a50cc90e656628c6b4441e5','\n'),(905,'Aurimas','Piktunas','a.giedrys@inbox.lt','10f0362602a3e81acdc50da2795b1754:iyFeuihXRs3BzeCYGrI9cLwXyXOmjnN7','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-13 19:26:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2c532861c7afa73cb543b84662b40301','\n'),(906,'ASTA','ŽKAUSKIENĖ','astaorbit@gmail.com','a1ee6d9a8744bd12875ceda2b6e468f1:Oj2nZ1cHJR0rok4zmUwCUp6BWxFZN7dg','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-14 18:55:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b5f6380f8afe375af00795f1d40283bd','\n'),(907,'Eglė','EgleGed','egle.gedminaite@yahoo.com','e9fdbce04a72f75177dbb00f4229dbbd:XbqA1z3C8dzHaGU0cuCzzpL9EgcYmEKL','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-15 11:59:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','770506da4761a48e641d80d7561b3c91','\n'),(908,'ggggg','[pp]','bklklg@blog.lt','1a40d5158040ab8e46d04b1d28e5894d:whteieXXMqrxrOF5fTzAghfdYzJS8Erf','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-15 12:26:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f14a3a54496ee412ae992ded90c77657','\n'),(909,'Monika','greenMoni','mtonkaite50@gmail.com','7035714d20fa83b7b066e2dc8ef80f50:vbAjf3AxApEiYdWqATjUJxI3gd5kFDun','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-15 13:54:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a48fa1ed5ce0029b4e9188b977ea2372','\n'),(910,'Lina','Lu','raudona7@ml.lt','11d76bece2187b3ea71b0d3b639c4eaf:2cXZ7r2zRGo9VQgsIPmF5QRGsf21exKn','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-15 16:38:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1c2a03c99a9aa3eefb749e63822085d0','\n'),(911,'kristina','sen','kristinasenk@gmail.com','41d8b8200f1975d6e9a90f57cf6310e1:QuWWkfOLYxq7502dnF2nv5xsKSECYO9M','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-15 16:45:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','134e504555ddc004e0500c05f30b3f38','\n'),(912,'gi','latte333','gita0118@gmail.com','a96b75ea8e76d0466c3fed4e47304f47:tURHwCXfuTHfMPJvNARLHf2k1QJnf3zr','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-15 17:30:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c07fd0c02260317ed9c14783e5c9e00d','\n'),(913,'G..','latte3333','gita0118@inbox.lt','ed312ace6d8583c6a132e9ae96de9619:WNG9VLXJMPsvbt8bquPIlwGrAJDNlUOW','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-15 17:37:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1acb4985b3cc1a061c47c785051e1b46','\n'),(914,'Ieva','Ievuteee','92.ieva@gmail.com','ea9b54bb6b2c189600c9dc155a0742b2:I8jok810C63pMf1Egl3dUGuBhR7GVeyb','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-15 17:38:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0180f9f5b5492c2b20431c86cf2cca3e','\n'),(915,'rita','ritike','riciskei@gmail.com','998d1f48256b0a3cdbe893248873d11b:0OYuCmrXuzRqYelPnyx09B8QMPKiyiAw','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-15 18:08:53','0000-00-00 00:00:00','96fb1a872d57e8d65d2080cffc9c3667','\n'),(916,'Algis','daniusevicius','a.daniusevicius@gmail.com','a9dc816f662e305cc67e66f5954fb525:YI0jfpBko3J7upD7JMa7Au4PpsyuGxi4','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-15 18:34:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9f164fc08045dc3e48c29a521084a754','\n'),(917,'malekoemer','malekoemer','pqoemnhh1@wkime.pl','a467534eafaa9bb507159453a3d91a3d:7nD1mElAcn1tOXb8OIX2blCsmJ5bWlUR','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-15 18:46:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6fe6e971f4a89a60d805d471d78e0c3c','\n'),(918,'taran45','aleks','turbo-nasos@mail.ru','cb35efb45896418c937c993575325acf:BpGDRmcQ7yWgGbqyvE83urTxkq6h5hgO','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-15 20:31:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','821cceb05dbd8d46472161ae145c0726','\n'),(919,'giedruciuxxxx','gicernajut','giedre.cernajute@gmail.com','64004a8f0a407d526edb2eaca2500ac9:59zKt981o7kevo4shVoUeHjDYy6Jg650','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-15 21:56:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3338edb5ed83df7833bc9838f5d42cc3','\n'),(920,'giedre111','giedre110','jolita.cernajiene@gmail.com','5d0d2e14db84f826c4734efd5dfc23fd:59RaZomSUibpHDQcJ8NlYqaJU3Q1zDrd','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-15 22:02:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','6b2575704fec8f1be273b33ea0140ff2','\n'),(921,'Laima','laimante','jaseviciutel@gmail.com','f4a6d522a92715dea4d1228e5709e786:kZtT8OoaIW0SYDsY4gqybAxZQAmJQHkN','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-16 09:12:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ee023235d2df24e1652ec744dcd16f6f','\n'),(922,'Donatas','kaziukas2','juodupietis@yandex.ru','e639d67682d4c0e036f720d453e76a82:8gayvN9uOebVdydzRvxeW2rzH3ITjgCh','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-16 15:03:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','47ff455771d556d4b957eab571e75377','\n'),(923,'Donatas','amenas','donatasglmbsk@gmail.com','c545a295a268f916da00ebe103c1724a:0gRFYW8ipdl42npVlO7sgyHuAuGEk4pV','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-16 15:06:24','0000-00-00 00:00:00','180165e86bf343da1bd146102c5e444e','\n'),(924,'karolina','karamele02','karolinakalinauskaite@yahoo.com','fc7a2fa453b2c1b145e6f0f701493cc1:F8LjJX7Xdr5klm5nhM763KtObSHAJvwW','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-16 15:21:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c54869701b88cd28d634296588bd2daa','\n'),(925,'RENATA','RENATIKBOG','renatikbog@gmail.com','b2413a0d27ea55c6a1fdc20d4e993231:stWZYazeW5QsaAVqM7NrOGXr9bX04tcO','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-16 16:27:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a483e0c54a65056d177713e16bc76dc5','\n'),(926,'gads','anbis','gediminas6@yahoo.com','be9514b77d4e19416d5dd8d799adab4a:QRXhNLKVY8Q1lk6eNUfCAbUTCh4iPUSA','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-16 16:47:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1f687cec33bb24e46a8a78e8eb7a2aca','\n'),(927,'alanas','alanas2','adlee@gmail.com','36356d62a9403de1af1402afc36749ab:J8EKEwBLK6u49XADVJZ8w7SISPqcDPrJ','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-16 18:38:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1f221901d90846fc5289e5e987a2d9a2','\n'),(928,'Mantas','Mantys','petrulevicius@gmail.com','b64f41cc7813a458327c54c28da3abc9:0PT0r2xn3KdhMNmAhgA256Q7RUDXXXkb','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-16 18:42:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8afc616a36756f1d67fdbacfe932d38c','\n'),(929,'Aura','_Auryte','aurytea12@yahoo.com','b6c930699e50b6f211a61559b72f4543:tTMEOwytdnsvWUvTmdlOmM2AoY2SHrJO','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-16 19:51:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','dfcec0ccce1558818bd7222341796448','\n'),(930,'Tachiras','Tachiras','ramas1122@gmail.com','6867bcb31dc10ef8d3c77ae9e35b27a2:NfMDjFeh5zte7Sqs3pvcTxG6mviBdW8E','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-16 20:10:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','eba0f54433830f0f6ba24934dbd4e984','\n'),(931,'vinanta','vinanta','vsdraugas@gmail.com','81488d8db14aaafe38be377eda25182f:MJf4namPoa4RZgU7aLSzKqiApSwdKRDH','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-16 21:40:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9986f8f4df2efb93a94ec7a19d47b3d2','\n'),(932,'Dovilė','Fiesta','djakstaite@yahoo.com','a075d51365b86dfbb053a57a7e64bb64:GHmrnT5YfyLELhkcBSIX38nzP7H5Es8t','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-17 08:33:38','0000-00-00 00:00:00','29945374be8c88e7c63e1e992a7cb8dd','\n'),(933,'paulius','paulius','paulius.rugevicius@gmail.com','818dcb62198b6be7e08644f606953363:IzOVAcMHGIFIIzeGf9alsZp0dwJEXGPs','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-17 10:48:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f4c4c603015daabbaac4803678a1bda2','\n'),(934,'Nerijus','Kasparas','nkasparas@gmail.com','e76ce7a73ac9e3e072c86acee4fa0322:92aFplMTn7p1vellrfAxHBifGMXcfv9W','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-17 11:22:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','bb9f8a6cfa0bd3277d783069472fb158','\n'),(935,'Chilly','Chilly','Chilly484@gmail.com','a90e7a8ebf11a75536b006938694cb46:DHO3zG13bLxrz3ddtmvZapng3QeW70AD','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-17 12:02:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0bec4027757a4dbbfa995eee8dfb319d','\n'),(936,'Milda','MildaL','mildalen@gmail.com','89b20486f123fd0789e0866b6106aeda:QWv5VlfCFasuFqqsijcD5EhG0LaDMAlp','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-17 12:07:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','41518ec3f259a6b864687cb73f8e7453','\n'),(937,'Greta','greta239','gretaa239@gmail.com','213eb94ea314013b4527a3182fe69fd8:qot7r1xlFZ9kWcxgznrRWNjAPyO2Uhxr','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-17 16:26:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','70cff808f362ac6e99ff9e0d23695a12','\n'),(938,'gretiutea','gretiutea','minori0802@gmail.com','8828237861180aeca6dc01e6336e3c2a:xgAMXvY6dH3TtAfsWMFG8JNfZoVpxEAH','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-17 17:00:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d271e660065c08b70ea477d7bd8bc486','\n'),(939,'Giedrius','vaicaicio','vaicaicio@gmail.com','f42f9c7884188b06ec00a2beb1337c6d:Hx7ukjM08GoGRd2DUwIDiC6BZKvxoBT9','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-17 17:08:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b9969f707350b28aceb231e815218d7a','\n'),(940,'droper','droper','ainux@micro.lt','f8146c8f28fc923c87d07763c419419f:eY0cZgxkhXHiUDJJjL7ZbuSbmLQq99QU','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-17 17:32:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2092f0e987b71a2c4f76a47f8f392c81','\n'),(941,'Daniele','bielskyte','danielebielskyte@gmail.com','46be9d3d70d3bfbffef130095fcf669c:HMX8Vbsug6UyO21fS557OzC8Fz8JfwKf','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-17 17:50:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a27b7cddb8aa7b4892a9db7598e7af57','\n'),(942,'Vaida','eftps','vaida__@hotmail.com','50686f579557e8545cda5e1e9fcc4cfe:TzMEpkjajeKcL2WuKmyn06GZDm8UrkVq','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-17 18:14:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','238f949928074744b628091ac7e55a19','\n'),(943,'greta','meta798','gapcinikovaite@gmail.com','0284dc8d49da097d4b0023533f98947c:xczbd4ATZrLSdm3SaYMfE1MbJ9o0AMFE','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-17 18:33:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5c2b88af135349c2dcfb913af6d86e06','\n'),(944,'raminta','mm.','minta.00@gmail.com','b35eb10951940ca27cb8b92daef1ecc5:O0SEj7P2Nn3Dfc8jcGgvp41gSFibV0CK','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-17 18:59:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f2c3c8b6f3c0a73b51c35cc2e76dd9c7','\n'),(945,'ewas626','ewas626','vaitkevicius3@gmail.com','43edaec0e5ed82ca7bdc4a052c6bf214:eFMZYKOPThz80Yah5weqYqKfVmHJC5Fa','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-17 19:56:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f540e04ad96dc55d705353e933d74501','\n'),(946,'Agnė','naiaddd','naiaddd@gmail.com','5527070b25610c834d2970576bad20a0:Kq6wENJjZcmwr59wXlqCGx7OKFhdxklK','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-17 20:24:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','07bb1aa09cf25f37376a404822fe2b5c','\n'),(947,'simas','siMm','sburba@mail.lt','8decf202e81392b2669c5cb773e15e39:us3Jjb7OM4r1Ce0JOfQGC74cnz7Ijy8w','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-17 21:37:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f8343be159a9597fd88e3b48b518a4bf','\n'),(948,'simas','siM','siburba@gmail.lt','ec5d92b25709f84d488cf950f2cd684d:EBTbi5WAkLE988wRcrHDmYX7y63P3TJU','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-17 21:40:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','53f2b7820076889e8c9147493e35bc69','\n'),(949,'Simonas','siM1990','siburba@gmail.com','c973c14fd49927d90a74f44815b06bc6:VEApguvLL8TshOM3sOxjiIRZYCyTMqbJ','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-17 21:42:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','252c220c04dfc57b823b60c1edc8cfc0','\n'),(950,'Jurgita','Dacyte','j.dacyte@gmail.com','3de5d4b123a50ade269c094bd8305b0b:ivQZiOvGfLaw5qOXGkMJtfaRbA1kBLab','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-17 21:54:01','0000-00-00 00:00:00','31cc758e803ffb35c27b84c1668b145b','\n'),(951,'justina ','januskeviciute','justike19930617@gmail.com','0d28bfca264dab4101c4e2dd3946f328:KTB46dvrSqStF0Qc4fz8h7VzqioycCnL','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-18 12:54:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9f953b326c76b94b6ece6d23a3d2d8df','\n'),(952,'Oksana','Oksaniukas','OksanaKiseliova@inbox.lt','e64aca470d78081743e97eb1f6bd5ca9:pR7lrIkhxA0G9e6jzTmf6eSzYFtRZhiv','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-18 12:58:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9bdd5bb739c684da6efe41dbf696dd28','\n'),(953,'domiekerol','domiekerol','vjkdrndf@wkime.pl','217116e89746bf307ace3dc439cbeced:iIBdtEUh7noXRDvxemACPC63SLxtL50J','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-18 13:04:03','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4357f7fdb721fd49384b97246924062d','\n'),(954,'Mantas','Aponas','maponas@gmail.com','f532e8f00052ee60e6b5d245e8758b57:qwesMEG8LFL9Q7eqRZBzcaL8EiPdXuA4','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-18 13:22:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3832110a14d5bbe5e2cf3a50e1dc71c9','\n'),(955,'s','0738066','jursig@gmail.com','fedbc5fdc6eca0920d1dcd4c76c6c22a:jkuPVZ2KJJNOZlCl90C15tHGywsLQmoS','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-18 14:29:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','68ece455ec1b84958886eb8f5544b433','\n'),(956,'violeta','violeta','vbalciuniene@gmail.com','761aeaef309c1022d8a990f6b93ce3d8:gRzhOOxBoZJvIfDe18OmOoMSxVYODywc','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-18 17:28:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e327579089b44ee4ee6a3dd386c83c65','\n'),(957,'Rytis','Anabolic','Anabolic@new.lt','7e7b099eb98310730dbcc75775364987:DZPArc8Ug2us132aayHejsT29VdEaclT','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-18 18:06:19','0000-00-00 00:00:00','36281ecbaeba03fbd683ca5c6ac317a1','\n'),(958,'gagarinas2008','gagarinas2008','gagarinas2008@gmail.com','e3f60c029382038ccdca35e84023432d:GSClZFXsFJ0Qil7FePT53bpbZ9mHKSkQ','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-18 22:20:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','acfb51f9925652f8079924ce40c2dafa','\n'),(959,'Giedre','k.giedre91','k.giedre91@yahoo.com','989b91167fddd8a6e65b0a28e28471ab:mFNWK28qXZRP8aJfTUBMCQ0W7BCB5Cwd','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-18 23:15:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9d7cf20d2e56fab832501a4e735f749d','\n'),(960,'npciukas','npciukas','zygius_kon@hotmail.com','b5f991368fef20299b2869f122f79b58:h0YPQPZN6EZk7VXP3GwhN0v6B29sLBh9','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-19 10:16:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','254f23c661db7ad5e01fbef065d24853','\n'),(961,'Laima','Liana','Laima17@inbox.lt','98de78937b5d3150c20391882adf64cb:DXz42GpK2T2zVt076121zoDVxNeIN2fy','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-19 13:21:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0bf7dc8cd0d3adfbae92c8ca1306fe06','\n'),(962,'Vaiva','nainai','v.sabanaite@gmail.com','36043355e4adb9e6797b8ddd9cff1692:Fx7jTybN4qnK2qTfUThBLoVfC81oYL8r','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-19 14:34:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','79c668dfca35adefd16cd6ac6d3e3b8b','\n'),(963,'Bozena','booskiukas','SBozena123@one.lt','a94385adf337baf96aa9e87e80126a43:BCYq7yxDt89fyH3tzJbrLKwSVES5gIL9','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-19 15:00:25','0000-00-00 00:00:00','97d0eccc783e2f7c4f96715a7a052ae5','\n'),(964,'Bozena','booskiukas1','eeSavicka@gmail.com','dbe8ebdadd180bf68c3f695877a89472:MioDyqhDyhv8E76QZZ4t3y0eYgBFQnXT','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-19 15:19:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ddda77475415daf6df35919512b75d8a','\n'),(965,'tautvydas','tautviss','liedrente@one.lt','58626613119e67649b939f8b9891f88b:39hH9V3d42MndyByzz593L6OkJkr7Pgt','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-19 15:35:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b9c678f5bee58f40075c05fa6b374e56','\n'),(966,'laurynas','laurutis','tautviss69@gmail.com','3334c9b3ac71183e96df6612cf9dfab6:Pbu8RGLB9ZAt9plaptcibibmKy4wk6wz','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-19 15:42:22','0000-00-00 00:00:00','30274820c1f2f0c374c55dd53693a6e3','\n'),(967,'Darius','dariuz111','dariuz111@gmail.com','3d22dfdc6b2df36ebff72fcec6c428ab:uWhpbWZKuPFr8YxzW8TOVjPQMeEaQkQN','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-19 16:36:52','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5be8fef6257dd4477f0776effc02e527','\n'),(968,'Ingrida','Ingrida9','ingrida1992@gmail.com','fdaeb42bfc56ebe467eb9bf73bed34cb:uAUvHaZynfUoac8jsHyM2uWnPg4DfpmQ','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-19 16:43:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2c04c31224e8bf4382d57eafcb0de715','\n'),(969,'Beata','J.','beatajuozupaityte@gmail.com','21be99e65c37d05cf9c3fca1c5b801e8:EaDHH1Zm7VqMUnoPTh0NkZibBjxXc9h8','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-19 17:32:21','0000-00-00 00:00:00','45e863b8514de7f7badf4718fc898b76','\n'),(970,'Robertas','robke69','robertas.v90@gmail.com','0695dfde79498db99de9dd5f43f5933c:5GvJ2Lo0QeIgjattG3sJu9mFdCNqu1sq','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-19 19:14:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4c2c6fc46b7c5617e684081cc7bb2806','\n'),(971,'Agne','Agnute120','roziniaistringai@super.lt','521ad70deda5ffcd50e44a5c43e64a3c:IHdWVd11zXCwJuOerujms85Tk1Y4goE7','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-19 19:28:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','105adeee48622f06168b22b4b30911fd','\n'),(972,'brolis','bembiux2','bembiux2@gmail.com','a00b596867f3f4ed44cf19078a4f8bce:o2qb9Ix3fYUWHuXbEHy7YEzHIoA1akiw','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-19 19:57:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','49a1588d6f950cbff11a6587289e30b5','\n'),(973,'SERGEJ','DREGVAL','s_dregval@yahoo.com','51734fe9f9b785e575c7ae544e199aa4:YE7o5jc25Q3eHnYViPJak93Owh7Pa7WH','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-20 06:28:04','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3eb4fb6edca90aeb97a2efa8032d8690','\n'),(974,'qarkas','qarkas','irmantas.zalenekas@gmail.com','c9b89405e8e0b05905c433b9b80043a8:vcL8d1PTAeAo7IsRDaxQs6p8NPXWHw9Q','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-20 07:08:15','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f73bfa27a125e7438dbe31da5649a495','\n'),(975,'Deimantee','Deim','deimutee@yahoo.com','b462aa7ae98f417c3d8bbe6ea40ff8cd:mD7Uott0ykr78hkmBHC3jKmUTJt3N6ml','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-20 08:00:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b42b311f3138cdebb3183833a2802361','\n'),(976,'Markas','nitrolighter','nitrolighter@gmail.com','152ecf74591ad60b10d8b853d793c053:69UeZMrdWruMjV6OJbaWYLufHWknAQFr','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-20 11:20:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4b86d1c15e9d63562628ae2b83ac4fb3','\n'),(977,'jojo','jojojo','atts@gmail.com','c68186c6dabb0d8e592616546f122074:qXcc2pOCk1CtzKBwqt5aDK6O5m0P6s1E','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-20 13:12:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','81a061aaae4b250e9f46ea8c88a35444','\n'),(978,'olga','olga','zaliamelyna@yahoo.com','37820b9e1aac3b5ad36d7a051ba91c94:HKRDp0g3UMfpxyzK0FDmieI0NwQFcFnW','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-20 17:19:29','0000-00-00 00:00:00','06b47b4e12e6bb5150e8af8e95303dd6','\n'),(979,'satanic','satanic','egidijus198@gmail.com','d76daea06b7bc772f05ebd89b0c3218a:EeD0Q0eu6Innc7cKf7PwlDEZk5VxcH7Z','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-20 17:54:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','12308f5de1a0011020b530c69a73d990','\n'),(980,'Simona','Siemkius','simona.brazaite@gmail.com','4820ac833ae3e6d1c5e234a8dd269837:VvPg16914G98axMDscX57Y3BseaDq3PD','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-20 17:56:42','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9c66a43665e7088a62fccca1472059a3','\n'),(981,'sidras','sidras','Lietus74@mail.ru','4a22fb4b08c7668e557de05abbb7b440:QziAwIuamXTt9iqufYX9WPbXIHlOSvFE','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-20 17:57:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','bd4f8744a2812ad970edcedd00c0b72a','\n'),(982,'asdf','asdf','edik@gyvas.lt','2f8bd72cfd4ef8cb4abeba5c0a49e76f:XnA7scTrNOl67dhMLjxumtpOzPyVY9tQ','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-20 18:11:59','0000-00-00 00:00:00','167cddb33815f3a0a198e49f4a8c4e1d','\n'),(983,'Agnė','aaggnyte','aaggnyte@gmail.com','edf6fcc9939501d32484770c82714d3e:uKK7TzrPKQcauJc76hA5QtQe13McyfjF','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-20 18:50:18','0000-00-00 00:00:00','83c46404a8b4da6d91ff4ccb81c77548','\n'),(984,'odawmndaer','odawmndaer','peoerler6@wkime.pl','bfa3bc7225e716962a6bb33f0eca528e:ZyAgfRVhjl3VR2tXVEImEym0qkoxx5eD','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-21 00:44:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','642c6a5129ea904f3f2c5b388c66d17b','\n'),(985,'gendakis','gendakis','gendakis@gmail.com','4ad1cd40226c60aa5b6375d6cc8512fe:b6nQk7ZxaCFMZ5MBBGkZwjK7FomSyed9','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-21 01:28:44','0000-00-00 00:00:00','28bdfce726a30d31a0fbfed84ddf5ff9','\n'),(986,'romas','abadonas56','rrudukas@yahoo.com','559acfcbebc55536a6a84caf059e9e38:dw02chskPAlkxCM5dBzYncxW8IcTh4YS','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-21 11:16:07','0000-00-00 00:00:00','402891cef5ae2587375304609ef8f2b5','\n'),(987,'Gintaras','Guncius','guncegunce@yahoo.com','8361a7ff9cf6606f84d3a734acd74fa9:kgBQWaeA3W14wRBqRthMIIFuztGVFUNL','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-21 15:48:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5dae66f63317c1fa33fba2444a4bd332','\n'),(988,'ferame','ferame','alisauskas.j@gmail.com','5baf54c404b699122363827b081a567a:T2KAmfuZoG9fSkPWNUDRv9zWT7vvfeBt','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-21 15:59:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0be7ecc45bc8c1d8111d350c438d0b07','\n'),(989,'laimis','laimis','darius.karizna@gmail.com','f0247a9af4ae9bfccd73962d3f62702a:ds0divQtDSOL4zuVWmRAhSy3DtlFjWGH','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-22 11:51:33','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c90504e42053991da1aac777ed82d419','\n'),(990,'zita','zajanckauskiene','zita123@gmail.com','d0959ce08e71c90f461907337417c7b7:6SXIiRB2PGy0dXfm0T1aCFmmDGDZo3et','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-22 13:19:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1c61f9ecbe3a913644f5eaf2a82aa5e2','\n'),(991,'gotuyerord','gotuyerord','munimej@wkime.pl','83f5823b0ecda67bb2134eb04b50b19e:SmzN3PDqQLrrV7eYmk8U6d17mUYvEyUK','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-22 14:48:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1faa0e657adc739d8eb5f29e71cc2190','\n'),(992,'Indre','Indriutee','indrekacinskaite@gmail.com','c998cfbacd98507bb9f4dd613af7dbde:Li2VZgjSJu4WPlh2RMKVtJpilqrLVGyc','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-22 15:31:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','62c1bcbb9e98aa3087378ccbbd8306b4','\n'),(993,'Martynas','martinux3','avasiukas@gmail.com','77ac533925dbf07c73f7a7eeec2dfc01:CiMTpiXQGyADP04jceZkex7d0Ow7spDE','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-22 16:18:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','0ff39b5775244feaa26cf4ef767b1354','\n'),(994,'rimas','rimas18','rimas123456789@one.lt','ae266379039bd239bf91f6e2080aa7a6:0Q0eACATs8WpJGXVZdFN1NrXLy0Pexs6','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-22 16:56:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','53393fccb4eb855a88c0187eb7cd140e','\n'),(995,'Lida','Lida','druktel@one.lt','c8ed9a659c045097a7b6505535111801:4Y0dV3C1xyHmChFaEYe6BoFfsbwU0YUo','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-22 17:06:34','0000-00-00 00:00:00','978eb53ace65a85557a39de19cafec3b','\n'),(996,'Laura','LG','grigaliunaite@gmail.com','8b8bd2f0d315e2bfb49b08e70525a5ae:5LKukIMlInd0JCz1iumA6LNuE6iNOzyg','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-22 20:16:16','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a13d3ac5a1028788fe40083f6047d4db','\n'),(997,'julcik159','julcik159','julcik159@mail.ru','a33d108147db2db75947635f6b6d28b2:fnQLbbR3AE3kj50k2kOqffkBrazNUliA','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-22 20:16:41','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b36b26e09448a71844ccc5574c7c67d7','\n'),(998,'julcik1599','julcik1599','julcik159@one.lt','e03770976da1e6a058c8f5962572fb33:QaxUmbV56V0uiFJnHkW6U79sXM2qUhRr','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-22 20:22:27','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9ca0a4988fd0714863926d2ec52c93ea','\n'),(999,'malvina','malvina','surkaite@gmail.com','94f25de0feb81453e924aa2de396ad4f:5qKp9ymSd5OIwDjRdsp8PtV5tczTjm9i','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-23 13:41:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','07646c1f62e17bee6989030981d7d22b','\n'),(1000,'brukne','brukne','surkaite@yahoo.com','4b679fae410065ddd0f3ea945e3c5ebe:tLvC0zD0LNa7dxgmHWVsMFCbBK2n9mKJ','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-23 13:43:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','cdc3e6a919b1e83dba34b47acca99997','\n'),(1001,'Tadas','tadas','tadasstikliunas@gmail.com','98821c934abb1f733a59b709d39b806d:Z0uj0lPHFDE4IvLt7ONznLqFOxvJzGDo','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-23 14:21:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','10dc472588400e287db50764faef516c','\n'),(1002,'Asta','asta88','asta.grabskyte@gmail.com','edbaa5499bfb2ecb39ac2539a5a10ef3:NxOGS3ExDlUPQeXPLTl6I0oGR9cvf555','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-23 15:07:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1a796dd0c6d515f9fccc7f951fff3543','\n'),(1003,'Dovile','doweki','dovilikee@gmail.com','b42d36c253fb2e12fd0b4517685b0c1f:r9spvwNbN5QzeUXYqGI7Hr4tDjH0SBuA','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-23 17:03:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','382ab4d8cec4ba14e674cbdc20a1f2c7','\n'),(1004,'Birute','Briut','birutes55@gmail.com','9680a7c89e88ef314405cf97d7cacb4e:OZdIUbvM2AzJDxJXJZRcXeYJArGFJjeJ','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-23 17:20:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4ce937036c1f18f321757cd80fc5e47c','\n'),(1005,'Juste','braske16xx','justebuzeviciute@yahoo.com','3563fb3970266411cd73fbafcc8eca33:vps0qm3tDD9yikL2vkd6XX3qLdEiuKgv','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-23 19:34:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5d1f0abd042bf43dfd2dcddac7e14c94','\n'),(1006,'lukas','mesliukas','irarazgunas@gmail.com','87827028feeefce9893fc67c200bfea1:VEqoiiZaiNYf0pGPBquAutC729xlwxqP','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-23 19:46:09','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c7234b256a2374a74df76561379367ab','\n'),(1007,'Jolanta','Suminaite','ms.jolanta@bk.ru','3eefe9b1c78e32478b68239737d4568e:M5nlpjFmOPel956G4qvqGPGXzvR0ryOC','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-23 20:30:37','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3c8d47f293159b2ec52b78290cba383c','\n'),(1008,'Daiva 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00:00:00','3294844c92e6b90a9d19ecf304e6376e','\n'),(1012,'kristina','mkristina','kmatiukien@gmail.com','3ddccfe740df4583577a223c697edecf:pRFsxSESuVaSPYIpFTL4gJkhQ47PZHMo','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-24 15:50:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','39238365b69533595b06009c3ea88d3c','\n'),(1013,'DjNyte','DjNyte','traske10@gmail.com','d804541655013fdf63953465d00f0a90:pMGhhe8Ffi1FlPkqz6Ee3zCpitUMPDBM','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-24 16:42:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d86d66108f91c1c39658883c08c4b98e','\n'),(1014,'Tautvydas','unrl','tautvydas_glodenis@yahoo.com','cae69b4f514f07df9d8012bd77131b2f:Z96TiwwiShEE8G0Xy76C2CvfUDnlFBgW','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-24 16:44:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e4f7a178e5de4402ec0f456013c1e8f5','\n'),(1015,'Nyte','Nyte','DjNyte@one.lt','17f28877d430344514136a642129569d:9wg9jmL7Fwl5D32JNT6gb3yAdBSfjKrp','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-24 16:48:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','d68334a7511c0ff9ddd5699f16c06471','\n'),(1016,'Nytea','Nytea','aandrijauskaite1@facebook.com','9d116cb336b4eeffd4c21eb0ddd9fc90:VjD2zcdLWGjUCfWLo1dtdsigM0Z2wAqN','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-24 17:01:43','0000-00-00 00:00:00','04e81d3da07fbd85627f1da7a625a2b6','\n'),(1017,'Akvile','Aqva14','Akvile.Blazinauskyte@gmail.com','d9c2715c97c7c164d96d3e0cd513bd66:nisYknxKwzIC3uuO2JUyZTWMJgaz8bZr','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-24 17:15:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5222d2921f1e9b06a465bb150ac08e0c','\n'),(1018,'Elzbieta','elle15','19940221@mail.ru','c05d9749fb04c892f34e2092e21adc21:n7H4FqC1K8KeKFBPBGFNV0p6WkLmaGvx','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-24 17:28:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','aae4588b27461886895e07ca8b070488','\n'),(1019,'ciuvakas123','ciuvakas123','alfa.negras@gmail.com','5f6421bafe55d4ac3a3e4cde1820e327:69eK43Pgxf25TSx7qDkT42ukMNxEwczw','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-24 18:08:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','f38d1eeaa1673823fcc97b18f5cd3d7f','\n'),(1020,'Elle','Milda','mildute98@gmail.com','8b31d56386bb21819afbb46eba9c83e5:GigO2FlpW8ZSja6kEjOZr2JLjLzzTfDh','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-24 18:39:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','e491ac5dc994e54e8e761890f9b64fa5','\n'),(1021,'Kamile','kamile001','kamilebaniewicz7@gmail.com','56d5cdc7d6abf3ad9043ff7615fa8e7e:SKe2ndYruOVxZdXz4lMK4Mgd3CKuvh1q','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-24 18:49:46','0000-00-00 00:00:00','126168a7d56f2afcd57118fed585153d','\n'),(1022,'Daiva','daiva46','info@estakada.lt','304e49da87d2f11691b097350a43a0ae:8ATl7OsPoPDmfwpWJ3BraAqKUjJHvnhd','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-25 07:08:05','0000-00-00 00:00:00','7075576aab80f68b4e13a63b00c3e583','\n'),(1023,'edvinas','edvinas16','daiva.kurauskiene@gmail.com','2ea0383195f224f2c409c465d512ddeb:c3RY4Oa6gN51DbWTwFH1DPzSOEXiW5JV','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-25 07:59:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4b695de02710c096ada0421207daf4f5','\n'),(1024,'Neringa','Rukrym','kefyriush@gmail.com','642c9cc4cf36d92c039766946e52bef8:6eF7xtqhreBSJVcXJjLwiwx7SVm4cDrP','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-25 12:24:10','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a6ed7157f69c917a5ac414c648dc6079','\n'),(1025,'Justinas','Radzevicius','justuxltu@gmail.com','e8a0bca5d95cab471483ff8e71b2a00f:xIN0jh5GEXVdnLqk6ws6gMAIjlaMinth','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-25 13:40:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a038d9d1ccb3cad1624883e449c00f4d','\n'),(1026,'lelytee','lelytee','lelytee@mail.ru','87617c508784e2a38e7d4743fb9356b7:4PqgdlI3tFa2BX9SspelfPCENNObDHgE','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-25 14:51:08','0000-00-00 00:00:00','b2ce1b3e7202017a008f1f1c823cc80a','\n'),(1027,'Rimvydas','nesff','nigga4@inbox.lt','30a17d6e124f9a8aa1962426dd19a61d:vdTjKUHaAfcK34Rz969EvyYklqozd7Cn','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-25 14:59:48','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ae8800cdb0373f975753b783b6be7d43','\n'),(1028,'ema','emaxema','medeliukasxx@gmail.com','39c8da3b851d1fae40140872b0e705fb:kx9ihdMlNnn3juDEiiS94y7rKVTFvTFz','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-25 16:29:50','0000-00-00 00:00:00','9b7d45da9bddee357eb2865cabccb623','\n'),(1029,'zilvinas','zilvukasj','zilvukasj@gmail.com','75c5f4c935e2c312072b2cfaba36b319:lLzTkv0wo88PPKD86mt4QUwEeVfyVH4s','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-25 17:09:54','0000-00-00 00:00:00','313365ea848104923b4556afc48ce416','\n'),(1030,'jurate','jureee','glebauskaite@inbox.lt','2b2752fd104591e3ae5287ae46e68092:L7jUlzqBEkBLp3S3IrwTi9PPPKMKWiAd','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-25 17:14:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','1493c7fc9eecf399d9b90c80db77cd59','\n'),(1031,'dovux','dovux','dovux11@gmail.com','1bdb2b5a3159652a897ad7f387a0ac97:lUQrbX4S8tWfCukWK1jcW1TMnRanMSKs','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-25 17:18:51','0000-00-00 00:00:00','fe6102aa7bd064ef656454cc0dc02a11','\n'),(1032,'lukasku','lukas','lukas.kucinskas@gmail.com','1d3f931f78e0b3d60c3cd8a6b8224d45:qRjR7oNFh159glFKXsyQtMTTOK0tQrwC','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-25 17:24:49','0000-00-00 00:00:00','45b579715a40eaa408bfab423580ab68','\n'),(1033,'Paulius','pauliukas123','zaidimai.palepsys@gmail.com','e05496548a563bb0fe74b10fbe8c060d:9QAmYwlnq6onB2OpZQqVaHmAIW93KmGl','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-25 18:41:02','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4e11f7ba099ff45c9550e83afb614be8','\n'),(1034,'NJZ','galisamas','znasli@gmail.com','ca3275c58bbac6709c067ccafbf70771:opkfixIb45OIegfclGjRVcUOizFdbfy7','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-25 19:37:20','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2cfc174ce4afe2a86650c248d5758e01','\n'),(1035,'kasparas22','kaspis20','kaspis20@yahoo.com','11cc67f408fcabc3b57ebe341db6ebad:UNgYIdcGHRUHV1S9dxpiqpPKgcCm9gXY','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-25 19:38:47','0000-00-00 00:00:00','cd509863c7fc39065d1038cf984fef73','\n'),(1036,'mantvdyas','muntvydas','muntvydas@inbox.lt','9dd2907f8aefa21f802974c0212e55ff:S1FwcVYYFObXfHAV7ysFBGGB21lUtjim','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-25 20:31:40','0000-00-00 00:00:00','3e150d3ecc4c28dc19a7c9efe2812205','\n'),(1037,'Deividas','geidzas','geidzas@gmail.com','fb20e54c19ff4fb9ff4d7555580de26a:39iBSTgFokaZZI6WK5FeDGWxKrxA2RF5','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-25 20:57:12','0000-00-00 00:00:00','bfd28da3fda14d5bf300175fad96c1e0','\n'),(1038,'emilis','emis26','emis26@gmail.com','395e01a95c2b75e724b92c79d58c1744:MjIymxzgf5QeUIuY0onA9Q9QcKoxcIsj','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-26 09:07:06','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5d875d206147d85beda4dc5dc4daee0f','\n'),(1039,'vytis','vytis','vytis@n-18.lt','0730585001b8e3841ad6d16ed850fef3:nU1TfL7g9lPAmXVAF2Y3OZpXDNlS5e7u','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-26 09:46:28','0000-00-00 00:00:00','2d529e8630df87f7d3c7512cbbbbb3f8','\n'),(1040,'gaming','gaming','vytistam@gmail.com','15e1c0253a44290a8619d366385a74a8:reVEZij2o7yf5FlSM4AkPNePqgFQeQR2','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-26 09:50:26','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ee700831ed607cce03719002afd287e7','\n'),(1041,'milda','mildula','mildula@gmail.com','bba4d5374dd593f2be1f80264e721383:bzeX8vLI6kidvVy7MJUyTzA9IO3wimDs','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-26 13:49:30','0000-00-00 00:00:00','19135a7cbe6690db02f156bdc11cd9cf','\n'),(1042,'Herkus','humel','hnorkus@yahoo.com','30b6ba7269440d7632eb8473bf42c3fd:SStJ5qNDIfnbiQ0I1mfSspgbKaYPlyJM','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-26 14:26:39','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c84b7814df823ee4f6f4d0d937674910','\n'),(1043,'Kristina','kristiki5','christikea@gmail.com','a311c87a4880d414a65ec707ba9a1f80:zIkEsmascpbCF0VMJdFqKekiZg3d3c93','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-26 15:57:35','0000-00-00 00:00:00','93f3448d17f2ff16b4b90b301fccb277','\n'),(1044,'Gražvydas','Kinderevičius','gkinderevicius@gmail.com','d9fdf137f47bc528aa5d20101dc3ff16:zmFFT10p1SNzpdt1FAK50WxoAT9kdk1V','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-26 16:33:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','8aa1440761590f4f93e14cbe0b6706cb','\n'),(1045,'Gražvydas','grazvydas52','GRAZVYDAS5@ONE.LT','1220d7c606e51bcf1d2865792a7788bc:ZZEIEXdrEnt7zu6Jl0gPdsstttc9pYMN','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-26 16:37:57','0000-00-00 00:00:00','419455e778008af39d6a8133a00a5466','\n'),(1046,'darius48','darius48','Darius200xx.xx@gmail.com','778819b597012bcb9cf9b0ca12ffec7d:I0s7YtkVs5ybHueMGQCYGxrJFRmhWg89','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-26 17:26:55','0000-00-00 00:00:00','fa413f18ee5e8182785c9c16ce7220fe','\n'),(1047,'blabla','Zyvyle722','zyvyle722@gmail.com','f7a6565b86ed014921472fb3dc641275:9bGgvfJ8TcI71CKG8j0CABXnzdoCi727','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-26 17:49:45','0000-00-00 00:00:00','4a62a806babc2212d8b06f419aa055df','\n'),(1048,'ralislovas','ralislovas','ralislovas@gmail.com','852555f8f08db240b806424404f1fcb4:Sj9k0r4sOjN7S3NuKpgFtOItl33mVAjm','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-26 19:22:31','0000-00-00 00:00:00','28df038c8220801c3828d8f8a8ee451e','\n'),(1049,'agni','agni*','seseliotamsoje@gmail.com','4913316d1bbc2ce53875f904615b73e3:KO7aDwEYsQtsUyXn2f7gjQvatD8ueFIT','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-26 19:59:17','0000-00-00 00:00:00','ead9549a202e146c51fd912b15bc88eb','\n'),(1050,'nijolė','nijolė pilipavičienė','medicina_pens@zarasai.lt','34b7f76de17813db4d4c401cbf2dab3f:S5i7u78juOuVBcXoag2wu3q366TRaM1z','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-27 10:50:14','0000-00-00 00:00:00','5b0cfd2e2f429796add80a0359df65b5','\n'),(1051,'Jolanta Matulaityte','Jolanta','j.matulaityte@gmail.com','4bbe78b9453d45928ef1c0783c5d88cf:SnUvUgXSMt8uIqzAnMREWyGMaDRvnjfw','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-27 12:54:13','0000-00-00 00:00:00','a512d62a9384d963967c6a0be0750dce','\n'),(1052,'Ina','Uselienė','uina01@gmail.com','dc1ebcccb72f93232a24d1f2ae49e60f:9UGxtoR4ZsoAnpKXS9r0pwyt0bCMQoO5','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-27 20:51:23','0000-00-00 00:00:00','fdfe0f9084333f2e619334b45f48a3d0','\n'),(1053,'jolanta','jolka','jolantajuozupaitiene@gmail.com','95f5192e649324a3e800bb3c9591ef78:DztgxzD1OPjM0u89M8xZt9SDNqSupQsB','Registered',1,0,18,'2012-01-28 13:39:00','0000-00-00 00:00:00','c298d97c30ce3170427ea040701ff7d5','\n');
UNLOCK TABLES;
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `jos_users` ENABLE KEYS */;

--
-- Table structure for table `jos_weblinks`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `jos_weblinks`;
CREATE TABLE `jos_weblinks` (
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  `description` text NOT NULL,
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) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

--
-- Dumping data for table `jos_weblinks`
--


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